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+Project Gutenberg's The Loyalists of Massachusetts, by James H. Stark
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: The Loyalists of Massachusetts
+ And the Other Side of the American Revolution
+
+Author: James H. Stark
+
+Release Date: March 31, 2012 [EBook #39316]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Andrew Wainwright, Jonathan Ingram and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=).
+
+Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals.
+
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS HUTCHINSON.
+
+Born in Boston, Sept. 9, 1711. Governor of Massachusetts 1771-4. Died in
+London June 3, 1780.]
+
+
+
+
+ THE
+ LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS
+
+ AND
+
+ THE OTHER SIDE OF
+ THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
+
+ BY
+
+ JAMES H. STARK
+
+
+ "_History makes men wise._"--BACON.
+
+
+ W. B. CLARKE CO.
+ 26 TREMONT STREET
+ BOSTON
+
+
+
+
+ COPYRIGHTED 1907
+
+ BY
+
+ JAMES H. STARK
+
+
+
+
+ To
+ The Memory of the Loyalists
+ of
+ The Massachusetts Bay
+
+ WHOSE FAITHFUL SERVICES AND MEMORIES ARE NOW FORGOTTEN
+ BY THE NATION THEY SO WELL SERVED, THIS
+ WORK IS DEDICATED BY THE
+ AUTHOR
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+ INTRODUCTION 5
+
+ CHAPTER I
+
+ THE FIRST CHARTER 7
+
+ CHAPTER II
+
+ THE SECOND CHARTER 16
+
+ CHAPTER III
+
+ CAUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 27
+
+ CHAPTER IV
+
+ BOSTON MOBS AND THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTION 40
+
+ CHAPTER V
+
+ THE LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS 54
+
+ CHAPTER VI
+
+ THE REVOLUTIONIST 68
+
+ CHAPTER VII
+
+ INDIANS IN THE REVOLUTION 88
+
+ CHAPTER VIII
+
+ THE EXPULSION OF THE LOYALISTS AND THE SETTLEMENT OF
+ CANADA 93
+
+ CHAPTER IX
+
+ THE WAR OF 1812 AND THE ATTEMPTED CONQUEST OF CANADA 98
+
+ CHAPTER X
+
+ THE CIVIL WAR AND THE PART TAKEN BY GREAT BRITAIN IN
+ SAME 107
+
+ CHAPTER XI
+
+ RECONCILIATION. THE DISMEMBERED EMPIRE REUNITED IN
+ BONDS OF FRIENDSHIP. "BLOOD IS THICKER THAN WATER." 113
+
+
+
+
+ PART II
+
+
+ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE LOYALISTS OF MASS. 122
+
+ THE ADDRESS OF THE MERCHANTS AND OTHERS OF BOSTON TO
+ GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON 123
+
+ ADDRESS OF THE BARRISTERS AND ATTORNEYS OF MASSACHUSETTS
+ TO GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON 125
+
+ ADDRESS OF THE INHABITANTS OF MARBLEHEAD TO GOVERNOR
+ HUTCHINSON 127
+
+ ADDRESS TO GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON FROM HIS FELLOW TOWNSMEN
+ IN THE TOWN OF MILTON 128
+
+ ADDRESS PRESENTED TO GOVERNOR GAGE ON HIS ARRIVAL AT
+ SALEM 131
+
+ ADDRESS TO GOVERNOR GAGE ON HIS DEPARTURE 132
+
+ LIST OF INHABITANTS OF BOSTON WHO REMOVED TO HALIFAX
+ WITH THE ARMY MARCH, 1776 133
+
+ MANDAMUS COUNSELLORS 136
+
+ THE BANISHMENT ACT OF MASSACHUSETTS 137
+
+ THE WORCESTER RESOLUTION RELATING TO THE ABSENTEES
+ AND REFUGEES 141
+
+ THE CONFISCATION ACT 141
+
+ CONSPIRACY ACT 141
+
+ ABSENTEES ACT 143
+
+
+ BIOGRAPHIES
+
+ THOMAS HUTCHINSON 145
+
+ LIST OF GOV. HUTCHINSON'S CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY 174
+
+ THOMAS HUTCHINSON, SON OF THE GOVERNOR 175
+
+ ELISHA HUTCHINSON 177
+
+ FOSTER HUTCHINSON 177
+
+ ELIAKIM HUTCHINSON 178
+
+ LIST OF ELIAKIM HUTCHINSON'S CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY 180
+
+ ANDREW OLIVER--LIEUT. GOVERNOR 181
+
+ THOMAS OLIVER 183
+
+ PETER OLIVER--CHIEF JUSTICE 188
+
+ SIR FRANCIS BERNARD 191
+
+ SIR WILLIAM PEPPERRELL 205
+
+ JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY AND HIS SON LORD LYNDHURST 216
+
+ KING HOOPER OF MARBLEHEAD 221
+
+ WILLIAM BOWES 224
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES OF WILLIAM BOWES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY 225
+
+ GENERAL TIMOTHY RUGGLES 225
+
+ THE FANEUIL FAMILY OF BOSTON 229
+
+ THE COFFIN FAMILY OF BOSTON. ADMIRAL SIR ISAAC COFFIN
+ SIR THOMAS ASTON COFFIN ADMIRAL FROMAN H. COFFIN
+ GENERAL JOHN COFFIN 233
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES OF JOHN COFFIN IN SUFFOLK COUNTY 246
+
+ JUDGE SAMUEL CURWEN 246
+
+ JAMES MURRAY 254
+
+ SIR BENJAMIN THOMPSON--COUNT RUMFORD 261
+
+ COL. RICHARD SALTONSTALL 272
+
+ REV. MATHER BYLES 275
+
+ THE HALLOWELL FAMILY OF BOSTON 281
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES OF BENJAMIN HALLOWELL IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY 284
+
+ THE VASSALLS 285
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES OF JOHN VASSALL IN SUFFOLK COUNTY 290
+
+ GENERAL ISAAC ROYALL 290
+
+ GENERAL WILLIAM BRATTLE 294
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATE OF WILLIAM BRATTLE IN BOSTON 297
+
+ JOSEPH THOMPSON 297
+
+ COLONEL JOHN ERVING 298
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO COL. JOHN ERVING 299
+
+ MAJOR GENERAL SIR DAVID OCTHERLONY 299
+
+ JUDGE AUCHMUTY'S FAMILY 301
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES OF ROBERT AUCHMUTY 305
+
+ COLONEL ADINO PADDOCK 305
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES OF ADINO PADDOCK IN SUFFOLK COUNTY 308
+
+ THEOPHILUS LILLIE 308
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO THEOPHILUS
+ LILLIE 313
+
+ DR. SYLVESTER GARDINER 313
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO SYLVESTER
+ GARDINER 317
+
+ RICHARD KING 317
+
+ CHARLES PAXTON 318
+
+ JOSEPH HARRISON 319
+
+ CAPTAIN MARTIN GAY 321
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ MARTIN GAY 325
+
+ DANIEL LEONARD 325
+
+ JUDGE GEORGE LEONARD 332
+
+ COLONEL GEORGE LEONARD 333
+
+ HARRISON GRAY--RECEIVER GENERAL OF MASSACHUSETTS 334
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO HARRISON
+ GRAY 337
+
+ REV. WILLIAM WALTER, RECTOR OF TRINITY CHURCH 338
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ REV. WILLIAM WALTER 342
+
+ THOMAS AMORY 343
+
+ REV. HENRY CANER 346
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ REV. HENRY CANER 349
+
+ FREDERICK WILLIAM GEYER 350
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ FREDERICK WILLIAM GEYER 351
+
+ THE APTHORP FAMILY OF BOSTON 351
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ CHARLES WARD APTHORP 354
+
+ THE GOLDTHWAITE FAMILY OF BOSTON 355
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ JOSEPH GOLDTHWAIT 361
+
+ JOHN HOWE 361
+
+ SAMUEL QUINCY, SOLICITOR GENERAL 364
+
+ COLONEL JOHN MURRAY 376
+
+ JUDGE JAMES PUTNAM, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MASSACHUSETTS
+ BAY 378
+
+ JUDGE TIMOTHY PAINE 382
+
+ DR. WILLIAM PAINE 385
+
+ JOHN CHANDLER 388
+
+ JOHN GORE 392
+
+ JOHN JEFFRIES 394
+
+ THOMAS BRINLEY 395
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ THOMAS BRINLEY 397
+
+ REV. JOHN WISWELL 398
+
+ HENRY BARNES 399
+
+ THOMAS FLUCKER, SECRETARY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY 402
+
+ MARGARET DRAPER 404
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ MARGARET DRAPER 405
+
+ RICHARD CLARKE 405
+
+ PETER JOHONNOT 409
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ PETER JOHONNOT 411
+
+ JOHN JOY 411
+
+ RICHARD LECHMERE 413
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ RICHARD LECHMERE 414
+
+ EZEKIEL LEWIS 414
+
+ BENJAMIN CLARK 415
+
+ LADY AGNES FRANKLAND 417
+
+ COLONEL DAVID PHIPS 418
+
+ THE DUNBAR FAMILY OF HINGHAM 421
+
+ EBENEZER RICHARDSON 422
+
+ COMMODORE JOSHUA LORING 423
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ JOSHUA LORING 426
+
+ ROBERT WINTHROP 426
+
+ NATHANIEL HATCH 429
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ NATHANIEL HATCH 430
+
+ CHRISTOPHER HATCH 430
+
+ WARD CHIPMAN 431
+
+ GOVERNOR EDWARD WINSLOW 433
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ ISAAC WINSLOW 439
+
+ SIR ROGER HALE SHEAFFE, BARONET 439
+
+ JONATHAN SAYWARD 443
+
+ DEBLOIS FAMILY 445
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ GILBERT DEBLOIS 446
+
+ LYDE FAMILY 447
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ EDWARD LYDE 447
+
+ JAMES BOUTINEAU 448
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ JAMES BOUTINEAU 449
+
+ COL. WILLIAM BROWNE 449
+
+ ARCHIBALD CUNNINGHAM 451
+
+ CAPTAIN JOHN MALCOMB 451
+
+ THE RUSSELL FAMILY OF CHARLESTOWN 452
+
+ EZEKIEL RUSSELL 453
+
+ JONATHAN SEWALL 454
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO
+ SAMUEL SEWALL 457
+
+ THOMAS ROBIE 457
+
+ BENJAMIN MARSTON 459
+
+ HON. BENJAMIN LYNDE, CHIEF JUSTICE OF MASSACHUSETTS 462
+
+ PAGAN FAMILY 464
+
+ THE WYER FAMILY OF CHARLESTOWN 465
+
+ JEREMIAH POTE 467
+
+ EBENEZER CUTLER 468
+
+
+
+
+ APPENDIX
+
+ THE TRUE STORY CONCERNING THE KILLING OF THE TWO SOLDIERS
+ AT CONCORD BRIDGE, APRIL 19, 1775. THE FIRST BRITISH
+ SOLDIER KILLED IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 471
+
+ THE ENGAGEMENT AT THE NORTH BRIDGE IN CONCORD WHERE
+ THE TWO SOLDIERS WERE KILLED 476
+
+ PAUL REVERE, THE SCOUT OF THE REVOLUTION 477
+
+ WILLIAM FRANKLIN, SON OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 481
+
+ THE ROYAL COAT OF ARMS 482
+
+ JUDGE MELLEN CHAMBERLAIN'S OPINION OF COLONEL THOMAS
+ GOLDTHWAITE 483
+
+ NOTE ON PELHAM'S MAP OF BOSTON 483
+
+ NOTE ON GOV. JOHN WINTHROP 483
+
+ LIST OF LOYALISTS WHOSE NAMES OR BIOGRAPHIES ARE NOT
+ FOUND IN THIS WORK 484
+
+ PELHAM'S MAP OF BOSTON IN POCKET IN THE BACK COVER.
+
+
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENT.
+
+
+The author wishes to acknowledge the great assistance he has received
+from the New England Historic Genealogical Society, of which he has been
+a member for twenty-eight years,--whose library consisting of
+biographies and genealogies is the most complete in America. Other
+authorities consulted, have been the "Royalist" records in the original
+manuscript preserved in the archives of the State of Massachusetts, the
+Record Commissioners' Reports of the City of Boston, the Proceedings of
+the Massachusetts Historical Society, and the numerous town histories,
+and ancient records published in recent years, to the most important of
+which he has acknowledged his obligations in the reference given, and
+also to the Boston Athenaeum for the use of their paintings and
+engravings, in making copies of same.
+
+He also wishes to acknowledge the assistance rendered him by his
+daughter, Mildred Manton Stark, in preparing many of the biographies,
+also the assistance rendered by Mr. Thomas F. O'Malley, who prepared the
+very copious index to this work, which will, he thinks be appreciated by
+all historical students who may have occasion to use same.
+
+ James H Stark
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+ Thomas Hutchinson's Portrait, Opposite the title page.
+
+ James H. Stark, Portrait, Opposite page 7.
+
+ Landing of the Commissioners at Boston, 1664, " " 13.
+
+ Randolph threatened, " " 15.
+
+ Proclaiming King William and Queen Mary, " " 17.
+
+ Killing and scalping Father Rasle at Norridgewock, " " 32.
+
+ Reading the Stamp Act in King street, opposite the
+ State House, " " 37.
+
+ Andrew Oliver, Stamp Collector attacked by the Mob, " " 41.
+
+ Bostonians paying the Exciseman or Tarring and Feathering," " 49.
+
+ Colonel Mifflin's Interview with the Caughnawaga Indians, " " 89.
+
+ Cartoon illustrating Franklin's diabolical Scalp story, " " 91.
+
+ Burning of Newark, Canada, by United States Troops, " " 103.
+
+ Burning of Jay in Effigy, " " 105.
+
+ Map, Boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick, " " 115.
+
+ Governor Hutchinson's House Destroyed by the Mob, Page 155.
+
+ Benjamin Franklin Before the Privy Council, Opposite Page 165.
+
+ Views from Governor Hutchinson's Field, Page 168.
+
+ Governor Hutchinson's House on Milton Hill, " 170.
+
+ Inland View from Governor Hutchinson's House, " 171.
+
+ Andrew Oliver, portrait, Opposite page 181.
+
+ Andrew Oliver Mansion, Washington street, Dorchester, " " 183.
+
+ Thomas Oliver and John Vassall Mansion, Dorchester, " " 185.
+
+ Revolutionists Marching to Cambridge, " " 187.
+
+ Sir Francis Bernard, Portrait, " " 191.
+
+ Province House, " " 195.
+
+ Pepperell House, " " 210.
+
+ Reception of the American Loyalists in England, Page 214.
+
+ Arrest of William Franklin by order of Congress, Opposite page 215.
+
+ John Singleton Copley, Portrait, " " 218.
+
+ Lord Lyndhurst, Lord High Chancellor of England,
+ Portrait, " " 221.
+
+ King Hooper Mansion, Danvers, " " 223.
+
+ Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Portrait, " " 239.
+
+ Curwin House, Salem, Page 247.
+
+ Samuel Curwin, Portrait, Opposite page 253.
+
+ Country Residence of James Smith, Brush Hill, Milton, Page 256.
+
+ Birthplace of Benjamin Thompson, North Woburn, " 261.
+
+ Sir Benjamin Thompson, Portrait, Opposite page 267.
+
+ Rev. Mather Byles, D. D., Portrait, " " 277.
+
+ The Old Vassall House, Cambridge, " " 285.
+
+ Colonel John Vassall's Mansion, Cambridge, " " 289.
+
+ General Isaac Royall's Mansion, Medford, " " 293.
+
+ Major General Sir David Ochterlony, Portrait, " " 299.
+
+ British Troops preventing the destruction of New York, " " 303.
+
+ Landing a Bishop, Cartoon, " " 341.
+
+ Rev. Henry Caner, Portrait, " " 349.
+
+ Leonard Vassall and Frederick W. Geyer Mansion, " " 351.
+
+ Bishop's Palace, Residence of Rev. East Apthorp, " " 353.
+
+ Samuel Quincy, Portrait, " " 369.
+
+ Dr. John Jeffries, Portrait, " " 395.
+
+ Clark-Frankland House, " " 417.
+
+ Sir Roger Hale Sheaffe, Baronet, Portrait, " " 439.
+
+ The Engagement at the North Bridge in Concord, " " 471.
+
+ Monument to Commemorate the Skirmish at Concord Bridge, " " 475.
+
+ Pursuit and Capture of Paul Revere, " " 479.
+
+ Pelham Map of Boston, In the envelop of the back cover.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+At the dedication of the monument erected on Dorchester Heights to
+commemorate the evacuation of Boston by the British, the oration was
+delivered by that Nestor of the United States Senate, Senator Hoar.
+
+In describing the government of the colonies at the outbreak of the
+Revolution, he made the following statement: "The government of England
+was, in the main, a gentle government, much as our fathers complained of
+it. Her yoke was easy and her burden was light; our fathers were a
+hundred times better off in 1775 than were the men of Kent, the vanguard
+of liberty in England. There was more happiness in Middlesex on the
+Concord, than there was in Middlesex on the Thames."[1] A few years
+later Hon. Edward B. Callender, a Republican candidate for mayor of
+Boston, in his campaign speech said: "I know something about how this
+city started. It was not made by the rich men or the so-called
+high-toned men of Boston--they were with the other party, with the king;
+they were Loyalists. Boston was founded by the ordinary man--by Paul
+Revere, the coppersmith; Sam Adams, the poor collector of the town of
+Boston, who did not hand over to the town even the sums he collected as
+taxes; by John Hancock, the smuggler of rum; by John Adams, the
+attorney, who naively remarked in his book that after the battle of
+Lexington they never heard anything about the suits against John
+Hancock. Those were settled."[2]
+
+ [1] Speech of Senator Hoar at South Boston, March 18, 1901.
+
+ [2] Speech of Hon. Edward B. Callender, at Dorchester, Nov. 10, 1905.
+
+These words of our venerable and learned senator and our State Senator
+Edward B. Callender, seemed strangely unfamiliar to us who had derived
+our history of the Revolution from the school text-books. These had
+taught us that the Revolution was due solely to the oppression and
+tyranny of the British, and that Washington, Franklin, Adams, Hancock,
+Otis, and the host of other Revolutionary patriots, had in a supreme
+degree all the virtues ever exhibited by men in their respective
+spheres, and that the Tories or Loyalists, such as Hutchinson, the
+Olivers, Saltonstalls, Winslows, Quincys and others, were to be detested
+and their memory execrated for their abominable and unpatriotic actions.
+
+This led me to inquire and to examine whether there might not be two
+sides to the controversy which led to the Revolutionary War. I soon
+found that for more than a century our most gifted writers had almost
+uniformly suppressed or misrepresented all matter bearing upon one side
+of the question, and that it would seem to be settled by precedent that
+this nation could not be trusted with all portions of its own history.
+But it seemed to me that history should know no concealment. The people
+have a right to the whole truth, and to the full benefit of unbiased
+historical teachings, and if, in an honest attempt to discharge a duty
+to my fellow citizens, I relate on unquestionable authority facts that
+politic men have intentionally concealed, let no man say that I wantonly
+expose the errors of the fathers.
+
+In these days we are recognizing more fully than ever the dignity of
+history, we are realizing that patriotism is not the sole and ultimate
+object of its study, but the search for truth, and abiding by the truth
+when found, for "the truth shall make you free" is an axiom that applies
+here as always.
+
+Much of the ill will towards England which until recently existed in
+great sections of the American people, and which the mischief-making
+politician could confidently appeal to, sprung from a false view of what
+the American Revolution was, and the history of England was, in
+connection with it. The feeling of jealousy and anger, which was born in
+the throes of the struggle for independence, we indiscriminately
+perpetuated by false and superficial school text-books. The influence of
+false history and of crude one-sided history is enormous. It is a
+natural and logical step that when our children pass from our schoolroom
+into active life, feelings so born should die hard and at times become a
+dangerous factor in the national life, and it is not too much to say
+that the persistent ill will towards England as compared with the
+universal kindliness of English feeling towards us, is to be explained
+by the very different spirit in which the history of the American
+Revolution is taught in the schools of one country and in those of the
+other.
+
+[Illustration: James H Stark with signature]
+
+
+
+
+THE LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS
+
+AND THE OTHER SIDE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+_THE FIRST CHARTER._
+
+
+A nation's own experience should be its best political guide, but it is
+not certain that as a people we have improved by all the teachings of
+our own history, for the reason that our "patriot" writers and orators
+mostly bound their vision in retrospect by the revolutionary era. And
+yet, all beyond that is not dark, barren, and profitless to explore. It
+should be known that the most important truths on which our free forms
+of government now rest are not primarily the discoveries of the
+revolutionary sages.
+
+Writing of the Revolution, Mr. John Adams, the successor of Washington,
+declared that it was his opinion that the Revolution "began as early as
+the first plantation of the country," and that "independence of church
+and state was the fundamental principle of the first colonization, has
+been its principle for two hundred years, and now I hope is past
+dispute. Who was the author, inventor, discoverer of independence? The
+only true answer must be, the first emigrants." Before this time he had
+declared that "The claim of the men of 1776 to the honor of first
+conceiving the idea of American independence or of first inventing the
+project of it, is ridiculous. I hereby disclaim all pretension to it,
+because it was much more ancient than my nativity."
+
+It was the inestimable fortune of our ancestors to have been taught the
+difficulties of government in two distinct schools, under the Colonial
+and Provincial charters, known as the first and second charters. The
+Charter government as moulded and modelled by our ancestors, was as
+perfect as is our own constitution of today. It was as tender of common
+right, as antagonistic to special privilege to classes or interests, and
+as sensitive, too, to popular impulses, good or evil. And it is thus in
+all self-governing communities, that their weal or woe, being supposedly
+in their own keeping, the freest forms of delegated government written
+on parchment are in themselves no protection, but will be such
+instruments of blessing or of destruction as may best gratify the
+controlling influences or interests for the time being.
+
+In tracing the origin and development of the sentiment and the desires,
+the fears and the prejudices which culminated in the American
+Revolution, in the separation of thirteen colonies from Great Britain,
+it is necessary to notice the early settlement and progress of those New
+England colonies in which the seeds of that Revolution were first sown
+and nurtured to maturity. The Colonies of New England were the result of
+two distinct emigrations of English Puritans, two classes of Puritans,
+two distinct governments for more than sixty years--one class of these
+emigrants, now known as the "Pilgrim Fathers," having first fled from
+England to Holland, thence emigrated to New England in 1620 in "the
+Mayflower," and named their place of settlement "New Plymouth." Here
+they elected seven governors in succession, and existed under a
+self-constituted government for seventy years. The second class was
+called "Puritan Fathers." The first installment of their immigrants
+arrived in 1629, under Endicott, the ancestor of Mr. Joseph
+Chamberlain's wife. They were known as the "Massachusetts Bay Company,"
+and their final capital was Boston, which afterwards became the capital
+of the Province and of the State.
+
+The characteristics of the separate and independent governments of these
+two classes of Puritans were widely different. The one was tolerant,
+non-persecuting, and loyal to the King, during the whole period of its
+seventy years' existence; the other was an intolerant persecutor of all
+religionists who did not adopt its worship, and disloyal, from the
+beginning, to the government from which it held its Charter, and
+sedulously sowed and cultivated the seeds of disaffection and hostility
+to the Royal government until they grew and ripened into the harvest of
+the American Revolution.
+
+English Puritanism, transferred from England to the head of
+Massachusetts Bay in 1629, presents the same characteristics which it
+developed in England. In Massachusetts it had no competitor, it
+developed its principles and spirit without restraint; it was absolute
+in power from 1629 to 1689. During these sixty years it assumed
+independence of the government to which it owed its corporate existence;
+it made it a penal crime for any immigrant to appeal to England against
+a local decision of courts or of government; it permitted no oath of
+allegiance to the King, nor the administration of the laws in his name;
+it allowed no elective franchise to any Episcopalian, Presbyterian,
+Baptist, Quaker or Papist. Every non-member of the Congregational church
+was compelled to pay taxes and bear all other Puritan burdens, but was
+allowed no representation by franchise, nor had he eligibility for any
+public office.
+
+When the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Company emigrated from
+England, they professed to be members of the Church of England, but
+Endicott, who had imbibed views of church government and of forms of
+worship, determined not to perpetuate here the worship of the
+Established Church, to which he had professed to belong when he left
+England, but to establish a new church with a new form of worship. He
+seemed to have brought over some thirty of the immigrants to his new
+scheme, but a majority either stood aloof from, or were opposed to his
+extraordinary proceeding. Among the most noted adherents of the old
+Church of the Reformation were two brothers, John and Samuel Brown, who
+refused to be parties to this new and locally devised church revolution,
+and resolved for themselves, their families, and such as thought with
+them, to continue to worship God according to the custom of their
+fathers.
+
+It is the fashion of many American historians, as well as their echoes
+in England, to apply epithets of contumely or scorn to these men. Both
+the Browns were men of wealth, one a lawyer, the other a private
+gentleman, and both of them were of a social position in England much
+superior to that of Endicott. They were among the original patentees and
+first founders of the colony; they were church reformers, but neither of
+them a church revolutionist. The brothers were brought before the
+Governor, who informed them that New England was no place for such as
+they, and therefore he sent them both back to England, on the return of
+the ships the same year.
+
+Endicott resolved to admit of no opposition. They who could not be
+terrified into silence were not commanded to withdraw, but were seized
+and banished as criminals.[3]
+
+ [3] Mass. His. Soc. Vol. ix-3-5.
+
+A year later John Winthrop was appointed to supersede Endicott as
+Governor. On his departure with a fleet of eleven ships from England an
+address to their "Fathers and Brethren of the Church of England" was
+published by Winthrop from his ship, the Arbella, disclaiming the acts
+of some among them hostile to the Church of England, declaring their
+obligations and attachment to it. He said: "We desire you would be
+pleased to take notice of the principles and body of our Company as
+those who esteem it an honor to call the Church of England, from whence
+we rise, our dear Mother, and cannot part from our native countrie,
+where she especially resideth, without much sadness of heart and many
+tears in our eyes." It might be confidently expected that Mr. Winthrop,
+after this address of loyalty and affection to his Father and Brethren
+of the Church of England, would, on his arrival at Massachusetts Bay,
+and assuming its government, have rectified the wrongs of Endicott and
+his party, and have secured at least freedom of worship to the children
+of his "dear Mother." But he did nothing of the kind; he seems to have
+fallen in with the very proceedings of Endicott which had been
+disclaimed by him in his address.
+
+Thus was the first seed sown, which germinated for one hundred and
+thirty years, and then ripened in the American Revolution. It was the
+opening wedge which shivered the transatlantic branches from the parent
+stock. It was the consciousness of having abused the Royal confidence,
+and broken faith with their Sovereign, of having acted contrary to the
+laws and statutes of England, that led the Government of Massachusetts
+Bay to resist and evade all inquiries into their proceedings; to prevent
+all evidence from being transmitted to England, and to punish as
+criminals all who should appeal to England against any of their
+proceedings; to claim, in short, independence and immunity from all
+responsibility to the Crown for anything they did or might do. This
+spirit of tyranny and intolerance, of proscription and persecution,
+caused all the disputes with the parent Government, and all the
+bloodshed on account of religion in Massachusetts, which its Government
+inflicted in subsequent years, in contradistinction to the Governments
+of Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut and even Maryland.
+
+The church government established by the Puritans at Boston was not a
+government of free citizens elected by a free citizen suffrage, or even
+of property qualification, but was the "reign of the church, the members
+of which constituted but about one-sixth of the population, five-sixths
+being mere helots bound to do the work and pay the taxes imposed upon
+them by the reigning church but denied all eligibility to any office in
+the Commonwealth." It was indeed such a "connection between church and
+state" as had never existed in any Protestant country; it continued for
+sixty years, until suppressed by a second Royal Charter, as will appear
+in the next chapter.
+
+The Puritans were far from being the fathers of American Liberty. They
+neither understood nor practiced the first principles of civil and
+religious liberty nor the rights of British subjects as then understood
+and practiced in the land they had left "for conscience sake."
+
+The first Charter obtained of Charles I. is still in existence, and can
+be seen in the Secretary's Office at the State House, Boston. A
+duplicate copy of this Charter was sent over in 1629 to Governor
+Endicott, at Salem, and is now in the Salem Athenaeum.
+
+If the conditions of the Charter had been observed the colonists would
+have been independent indeed, and would have enjoyed extraordinary
+privileges for those times. They would have had the freest government in
+the world. They were allowed to elect their own governor and members of
+the General Court, and the government of the Colony was but little
+different from that of the State today, so far as the rights conferred
+by the charter were concerned. The people were subjects of the Crown in
+name, but in reality were masters of their own public affairs. The
+number of the early emigrants to New England who renounced allegiance to
+the mother church was exceedingly small, for the obvious reason that it
+was at the same time a renunciation of their allegiance to the Crown. A
+company of restless spirits had been got rid of, and whether they
+conformed to all the laws of church and state or not, they were three
+thousand miles away and could not be easily brought to punishment even
+if they deserved it, or be made to mend the laws if they broke them. The
+restriction of subjecting those who wished to emigrate to the oaths of
+allegiance and supremacy did not last long. Those who chose "disorderly
+to leave the Kingdom" did so, and thus what they gained in that kind of
+liberty is a loss to their descendants who happen to be antiquaries and
+genealogists.
+
+Under the charter they were allowed to make laws or ordinances for the
+government of the plantation, which should not be repugnant to the laws
+of England; all subjects of King Charles were to be allowed to come
+here; and these emigrants and their posterity were declared "to be
+natural-born subjects, and entitled to the immunities of Englishmen."
+The time of the principal emigration was auspicious. The rise of the
+civil war in England gave its rulers all the work they could do at home.
+The accession of Oliver Cromwell to the Protectorate was regarded very
+favorably by the colonists, who belonged to the same political party,
+and they took advantage of this state of affairs to oppress all others
+who had opinions different from their own. The Quakers, both men and
+women, were persecuted, and treated with great severity; many were hung,
+a number of them were whipped at the cart's tail through the town, and
+then driven out into the wilderness; others had their ears cut off, and
+other cruelties were perpetrated of a character too horrible to be here
+related. It was in vain that these poor Quakers demanded wherein they
+had broken any laws of England. They were answered with additional
+stripes for their presumption, and not without good reason did they
+exclaim against "such monstrous illegality," and that such "great
+injustice was never heard of before." Magna Charta, they said, was
+trodden down and the guaranties of the Colonial Charter were utterly
+disregarded.
+
+The following is a striking example of the very many atrocities
+committed by the authorities at that time: "Nicholas Upshall, an old
+man, full of years, seeing their cruelty to the harmless Quakers and
+that they had condemned some of them to die, bothe he and Elder Wiswell,
+or otherwise Deacon Wiswell, members of the church in Boston, bore their
+testimony in publick against their brethren's horrid cruelty to said
+Quakers. And Upshall declared, '_That he did look at it as a sad
+forerunner of some heavy judgment to follow upon the country_.'... Which
+they took so ill at his hands that they fined him twenty pounds and
+three pound more at their courts, for not coming to this meeting and
+would not abate him one grote, but imprisoned him and then banished him
+on pain of death, which was done in a time of such extreme bitter
+weather for frost, and snow, and cold, that had not the _Heathen
+Indians_ in the wilderness woods taken compassion on his misery, for the
+winter season, he in all likelihood had perished, though he had then in
+Boston a good estate, in houses and land, goods and money, as also wife
+and children, but not suffered to come unto him, nor he to them."[4]
+
+ [4] "Persecutors Maul'd With Their Own Weapons," p. 41. See also Court
+ Records, 1662.
+
+After the death of Oliver Cromwell, Charles II. was proclaimed in London
+the lawful King of England, and the news of it in due time reached
+Boston. It was a sad day to many, and they received the intelligence
+with sorrow and concern, for they saw that a day of retribution would
+come. But there was no alternative, and the people of Boston made up
+their minds to submit to a power they could not control. They, however,
+kept a sort of sullen silence for a time, but fearing this might be
+construed into contempt, or of opposition to the King, they formally
+proclaimed him, in August, 1661, more than a year after news of the
+Restoration had come. Meanwhile the Quakers in England had obtained the
+King's ear, and their representations against the government at Boston
+caused the King to issue a letter to the governor, requiring him to
+desist from any further proceedings against them, and calling upon the
+government here to answer the complaints made by the Quakers. A ship was
+chartered, and Samuel Shattock, who had been banished, was appointed to
+carry the letter, and had the satisfaction of delivering it to the
+governor with his own hand. After perusing it, Mr. Endicott replied, "We
+shall obey his Majesty's command," and then issued orders for the
+discharge of all Quakers then in prison. The requisition of the king for
+some one to appear to answer the complaints against the government of
+Boston, caused much agitation in the General Court; and when it was
+decided to send over agents, it was not an easy matter to procure
+suitable persons, so sensible was everybody that the complaints to be
+answered had too much foundation to be easily excused, or by any
+subterfuge explained away. It is worthy of note that the two persons
+finally decided upon (Mr. Bradstreet and Mr. Norton) were men who had
+been the most forward in the persecutions of the Quakers. And had it not
+been for the influence which Lord Saye and Seale of the king's Council,
+and Col. Wm. Crowne, had with Charles II., the colony would have felt
+his early and heavy displeasure. Col. Crowne was in Boston when Whalley
+and Goffe, the regicides, arrived here, and he could have made
+statements regarding their reception, and the persecution of the
+Quakers, which might have caused the king to take an entirely different
+course from the mild and conciliatory one which, fortunately for Boston,
+was taken. Having "graciously" received the letter from the hands of the
+agents, and, although he confirmed the Patent and Charter, objects of
+great and earnest solicitude in their letter to him, yet "he required
+that all their laws should be reviewed, and that such as were contrary
+or derogatory to the king's authority should be annulled; that the oath
+of allegiance should be administered; that administration of justice
+should be in the king's name; that liberty should be given to all who
+desired it, to use the Book of Common Prayer; in short, establishing
+religious freedom in Boston." This was not all--the elective franchise
+was extended "to all freeholders of competent estates," if they
+sustained good moral characters.
+
+[Illustration: LANDING OF THE COMMISSIONERS AT BOSTON, 1664.
+
+The Royal Commissioners were appointed to hold Court and correct
+whatever errors and abuses they might discover.]
+
+The return of the agents to New England, bearing such mandates from the
+king, was the cause of confusion and dismay to the whole country.
+Instead of being thankful for such lenity, many were full of
+resentment and indignation, and most unjustly assailed the agents for
+failing to accomplish an impossibility.
+
+Meanwhile four ships had sailed from Portsmouth, with about four hundred
+and fifty soldiers, with orders to proceed against the Dutch in the New
+Netherlands (New York), and then to land the commissioners at Boston and
+enforce the king's authority. The Dutch capitulated, and the expedition
+thus far was completely successful. The commissioners landed in Boston
+on Feb. 15th, 1664, and held a Court to correct whatever errors and
+abuses they might discover. The commission was composed of the following
+gentlemen: Col. Richard Nichols, who commanded the expedition; Sir
+Robert Carr, Col. Geo. Cartwright and Mr. Samuel Maverick. Maverick had
+for several years made his home on Noddle Island (now known as East
+Boston), but, like his friends, Blackstone of Beacon Hill and other of
+the earliest settlers, had been so harshly and ungenerously treated by
+the Puritan colonists of Boston that he was compelled to remove from his
+island domain. An early adventurous visitor to these shores mentions him
+in his diary as "the only hospitable man in all the country." These
+gentlemen held a commission from the king constituting them
+commissioners for visiting the colonies of New England, to hear and
+determine all matters of complaint, and to settle the peace and security
+of the country, any three or two of them being a quorum.
+
+The magistrates of Boston having assembled, the commissioners made known
+their mission, and added that so far was the king from wishing to
+abridge their liberties, he was ready to enlarge them, but wished them
+to show, by proper representation of their loyalty, reasons to remove
+all causes of jealousy from their royal master. But it was of no avail;
+the word loyalty had been too long expunged from their vocabulary to
+find a place in it again. At every footstep the commissioners must have
+seen that whatever they effected, and whatever impressions they made,
+would prove but little better than footprints in the sand. The
+government thought best to comply with their requirements, so far, at
+least, as appearances were concerned. They therefore agreed that their
+allegiance to the king should be published "by sound of trumpet;" that
+Mr. Oliver Purchis should proclaim the same on horseback, and that Mr.
+Thomas Bligh, Treasurer, and Mr. Richard Wait, should accompany him;
+that the reading in every place should end with the words, "God save the
+King!" Another requirement of the commissioners was that the government
+should stop coining money; that Episcopalians should not be fined for
+non-attendance at the religious meetings of the community, as they had
+hitherto been; that they should let the Quakers alone, and permit them
+to go about their own affairs. These were only a part of the
+requirements, but they were the principal ones. Notwithstanding a
+pretended acquiescence on the part of the government to the requests of
+the commissioners, it was evident from the first that little could be
+effected by them from the evasive manner in which all their orders and
+recommendations were accepted. At length the commissioners found it
+necessary to put the question to the Governor and Council direct,
+"Whether they acknowledged his Majesty's Commission?" The Court sent
+them a message, desiring to be excused from giving a direct answer,
+inasmuch as their charter was their plea. Being still pressed for a
+direct answer, they declared that "it was enough for them to give their
+sense of the powers granted them by charter, and that it was beyond
+their line to determine the power, intent, or purpose of his Majesty's
+commission." The authorities then issued a proclamation calling upon the
+people, in his Majesty's name (!), not to consent unto, or give
+approbation to the proceedings of the King's Commission, nor to aid or
+to abet them. This proclamation was published through the town by sound
+of trumpet, and, oddly enough, added thereto "_God save the King_." The
+commissioners then sent a threatening protest, saying they thought the
+king and his council knew what was granted to them in their charter; but
+that since they would misconstrue everything, they would lose no more of
+their labor upon them; at the same time assuring them that their denial
+of the king's authority, as vested in his commission, would be
+represented to his Majesty only in their own words. The conduct of Col.
+Nichols, at Boston, is spoken of in terms of high commendation; but
+Maverick, Carr and Cartwright are represented as totally unfitted for
+their business. It is, however, difficult to see how any commissioners,
+upon such an errand, could have given greater satisfaction; for a
+moment's consideration is sufficient to convince any one that the
+difficulty was not so much in the commissioners, as in their
+undertaking.
+
+After the return of the commissioners to England the government
+continued their persecutions of the Quakers, Baptists, Episcopalians,
+and all others who held opinions differing from their own. The laws of
+England regulating trade were entirely disregarded; the reason alleged
+therefor being, "that the acts of navigation were an invasion of the
+rights and privileges of the subjects of his Majesty's colony, they not
+being represented in Parliament."
+
+Again the king wrote to the authorities of Boston, requiring them not to
+molest the people, in their worship, who were of the Protestant faith,
+and directing that liberty of conscience should be extended to all. This
+letter was dated July 24th, 1679. It had some effect on the rulers; but
+they had become so accustomed to what they called interference from
+England, and at the same time so successful in evading it, that to stop
+now seemed, to the majority of the people, as well as the rulers, not
+only cowardly, but an unworthy relinquishment of privileges which they
+had always enjoyed, and which they were at all times ready to assert, as
+guaranteed to them in their charter. However, there was a point beyond
+which even Bostonians could not go, and which after-experience proved.
+
+[Illustration: RANDOLPH THREATENED.
+
+This Royal Commissioner reported that he was in danger of his life, and
+that the authorities resolved to prosecute him as a subverter of their
+government.]
+
+Edward Randolph brought the king's letter to Boston, and was required to
+make a report concerning the state of affairs in the colony, and to see
+that the laws of England were properly executed; but he did not fare
+well in his mission. He wrote home that every one was saying they were
+not subject to the laws of England, and that those laws were of no force
+in Massachusetts until confirmed by the Legislature of the colony.
+
+Every day aggravated his disposition more strongly against the people,
+who used their utmost endeavors to irritate his temper and frustrate his
+designs. Any one supporting him was accounted an enemy of the country.
+
+His servants were beaten while watching for the landing of contraband
+goods. Going on board a vessel to seize it, he was threatened to be
+knocked on the head, and the offending ship was towed away by Boston
+boats. Randolph returned to England, reporting that he was in danger of
+his life, and that the authorities were resolved to prosecute him as a
+subserver of their government. If they could, they would execute him;
+imprisonment was the least he expected. Well might the historian
+exclaim, as one actually did, "To what a state of degradation was a king
+of England reduced!" his commissioners, one after another, being
+thwarted, insulted and obliged to return home in disgrace, and his
+authority openly defied. What was the country to expect when this state
+of affairs should be laid before the king? A fleet of men-of-war to
+bring it to its duty? Perhaps some expected this; but there came again,
+instead, the evil genius of the colony, Edward Randolph, bringing from
+the king the dreaded _quo warranto_. This was Randolph's hour of
+triumph; he said "he would now make the whole faction tremble," and he
+gloried in their confusion and the success which had attended his
+efforts to humble the people of Boston. To give him consequence a
+frigate brought him, and as she lay before the town the object of her
+employment could not be mistaken. An attempt was made, however, to
+prevent judgment being rendered on the return of the writ of _quo
+warranto_. An attorney was sent to England, with a very humble address,
+to appease the king, and to answer for the country, but all to no
+purpose. Judgment was rendered, and thus ended the first charter of
+Massachusetts, Oct. 23rd, 1684.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+_THE SECOND CHARTER._
+
+
+Charles II. died Feb. 6th, 1685, and was succeeded by his brother, James
+II. News of this was brought to Boston by private letter, but no
+official notification was made to the governor. In a letter to him,
+however, he was told that he was not written to as governor, for as much
+as now he had no government, the charter being vacated. These events
+threw the people of Boston into great uncertainty and trouble as to what
+they were in future to expect from England. Orders were received to
+proclaim the new king, which was done "with sorrowful and affected
+pomp," at the town house. The ceremony was performed in the presence of
+eight military companies of the town, and "three volleys of cannon" were
+discharged. Sir Edmund Andros, the new Royal Governor, arrived in Boston
+Dec. 20th, 1686, and, as was to be expected, he was not regarded
+favorably by the people, especially as his first act after landing was a
+demand for the keys of the Old South Church "that they may say prayers
+there." Such a demand from the new governor could not be tolerated by
+the now superseded governing authority of Boston, and defy it they
+would. The Puritan oligarchy stoutly objected to being deprived of the
+right to withhold from others than their own sect the privileges of
+religious liberty. To enjoy religious liberty in full measure they had
+migrated from the home of their fathers, but in New England had become
+more intolerant than the church which they had abandoned, and became as
+arbitrary as the Spanish inquisition. Under direction of the king,
+Andros had come to proclaim the equality of Christian religion in the
+new colonies. Too evidently this was not what was wanted here.
+
+At last came the news of the landing of the Prince of Orange in England
+and the abdication of James the Second. The people of Boston rose
+against Andros and his government and seized him and fifty of his
+associates and confined them in the "Castle" until February, 1690, when
+they were sent to England for trial; but having committed no offence,
+they were discharged. Andros was received so favorably at home that
+under the new administration he was appointed governor of Virginia and
+Maryland. He took over with him the charter of William and Mary college,
+and later laid the foundation stone of that great institution of
+learning.
+
+[Illustration: PROCLAIMING KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY, 1689.
+
+This is said to have been the most joyful news ever before received in
+Boston.]
+
+Andros has never received justice from Massachusetts historians. Before
+his long public career ended he had been governor of every Royal
+Province in North America. His services were held in such high esteem
+that he was honored with office by four successive monarchs.
+
+It is gratifying to notice that at last his character and services are
+beginning to be better appreciated in the provinces over which he ruled,
+and we may hope that in time the Andros of partisan history will give
+place, even in the popular narratives of colonial affairs, to the Andros
+who really existed, stern, proud and uncompromising it is true, but
+honest, upright and just; a loyal servant of the crown and a friend to
+the best interests of the people.
+
+Not only were the governor and all of his adherents arrested and thrown
+into jail, but Captain George, of the Rose frigate, being found on
+shore, was seized by a party of ship carpenters and handed over to the
+guard.
+
+So strong was the feeling against the prisoners that it was found
+necessary to guard them against the infuriated people, lest they should
+be torn into pieces by the mob. The insurrection was completely
+successful, and the result was that the resumption of the charter was
+once more affirmed. A general court was formed after the old model, and
+the venerable Bradstreet was made governor. Nothing now seemed wanting
+to the popular satisfaction but favorable news from England, and that
+came in a day or two. On the 26th of May, 1689, a ship arrived from the
+old country with an order to the Massachusetts authorities to proclaim
+King William and Queen Mary. This was done on the 29th, and grave,
+Puritanical Boston went wild with joy, and all thanked God that a
+Protestant sovereign once more ruled in England. This has been said to
+have been the most joyful news ever before received in Boston.
+
+May 14, 1692, Sir William Phipps, a native of Massachusetts, arrived in
+Boston from England, bringing with him the new Charter of the province,
+and a commission constituting him governor of the same. Unfortunately he
+countenanced and upheld the people in their delusion respecting
+witchcraft, and confirmed the condemnation and execution of the victims.
+The delusion spread like flames among dry leaves in autumn, and in a
+short time the jails in Boston were filled with the accused. During the
+prevalence of this moral disease, nineteen persons in the colony were
+hanged, and one pressed to death. At last the delusion came to an end,
+and the leaders afterwards regretted the part they had taken in it.
+
+The new Charter of Massachusetts gave the Province a governor appointed
+by the Crown. While preserving its assembly and its town organization,
+it tended to encourage and develop, even in that fierce democracy, those
+elements of a conservative party which had been called into existence
+some years before by the disloyalty and tyranny of the ecclesiastical
+oligarchy.
+
+Thus, side by side with a group of men who were constantly regretting
+their lost autonomy, and looking with suspicion and prejudice at every
+action of the royal authorities, there arose another group of men who
+constantly dwelt upon the advantages they derived from their connection
+with the mother country. The Church of England also had at last waked up
+to a sense of the spiritual needs of its children beyond the seas. Many
+of the best of the laity forsook their separatist principles and
+returned to the historic church of the old home. This influence tended
+inevitably to maintain and strengthen the feeling of national unity in
+those of the colonists who came under the ministration of the church. In
+all the Royal Provinces there was an official class gradually growing
+up, that was naturally imperial rather than local in its sympathy. The
+war with the French, in which colonists fought side by side with
+"regulars" in a contest of national significance, tended upon the whole
+to intensify the sense of imperial unity.
+
+"The people of Massachusetts Bay were never in a more easy and happy
+situation than at the conclusion of the war with France in 1749. By
+generous reimbursement of the whole charge of L183,000 incurred by the
+expedition against Cape Breton, the English government set the Province
+free from a heavy debt by which it must otherwise have remained
+involved, and enabled by it to exchange a depreciating paper medium,
+which had long been the sole instrument of trade, for a stable medium of
+gold and silver. Soon the advantage of this relief from the heavy burden
+of debt was apparent in all branches of their commerce, and excited the
+envy of other colonies, in each of which paper was the principal
+currency."[5]
+
+ [5] Hutchinson, History Mass. Bay, Vol. III., page 1.
+
+The early part of the eighteenth century was filled with wars: France,
+England and Spain were beginning to overrun the interior of North
+America. Spain claimed a zone to the south, and France a vast territory
+to the north and west of the English colonies. Each of the three
+countries sought aid from the savage to carry on its enterprises and
+depredations. While the English colonies were beset on the north by the
+French, on the south by the Spaniards, on the west by native Indians
+along the Alleghany Mountains, and were compelled to depend on the
+"wooden walls of England" for the protection of their coasts, they were
+then remarkably loyal to the Crown of England. Their representative
+assemblies passed obsequious resolutions expressing loyalty and
+gratitude to the King, and the people; and erected his statue in a
+public place. This feeling of loyalty remained in the minds of a large
+majority of the people down to the battle of Lexington.
+
+In May, 1756, the English government, goaded by the constantly continued
+efforts of the French to ignore her treaty obligations in Acadia, and
+her ever-harrassing, irritating "pin-pricks" on the frontiers of the
+English colonies, declared war against France. Long before this official
+declaration the two countries had been, on this continent, in a state of
+active but covert belligerency. Preparations for an inevitable conflict
+were being made by both sides. French intrigue and French treachery were
+met with English determination to defend the rights of the mother
+country and of her children here. Money was pledged to the colonies to
+aid in equipping militia for active service, and the local governments
+and the inhabitants of every province became as enthusiastic as the home
+government in the prosecution of war.
+
+On the northern and western borders of New England and of New York,
+along the thin fringe of advanced English settlements bordering
+Pennsylvania and Virginia, Indians had long been encouraged or employed
+in savage raids, and in Nova Scotia, which, by the treaty of Utrecht had
+been ceded to England, systematic opposition to English occupation was
+constantly kept up.
+
+Intriguing agents of the French government, soldiers, priests of the
+"Holy Catholic" church--all were active in a determined effort to check
+and finally crush out the menacing influence and prosperity of the
+growing English colonies.
+
+The ambushing and slaughter of Braddock's force on the Monongahela, the
+removal of Acadians from Annapolis Valley, the defeat of Dieskau at
+Crown Point, the siege and occupation of Fort Beausejour, all occurred
+before the formal declaration of war. Clouds were gathering. Men of
+fighting age of the English colonies volunteered in thousands; British
+regiments, seasoned in war, were brought from the old country to the
+new, and with them and after them came ships innumerable. A fight for
+life of the English colonies was at hand. The brood of the mistress of
+the seas must not be driven into the ocean. France must be compelled to
+give pledges for the performance of her treaty engagements or find
+herself without a foothold in the country.
+
+With the hour came the man. Under the direction of the greatest war
+minister England had ever seen, or has since seen, William Pitt, the
+"Great Commoner," war on France was begun in earnest.
+
+At first a few successes were achieved by the French commanders. Fort
+William Henry, with its small garrison, surrendered to Montcalm, and
+Abercrombie's expedition to Fort Ticonderoga was a disastrous failure.
+But the tide of battle soon turned.
+
+The beginning of the end came in 1758. Louisbourg, the great fortress
+which France had made "The Gibraltar of the West," became a prize to the
+army and navy of Britain. New England soldiers formed a part of the
+investing force on land, and their record in the second capture of
+Louisbourg was something to be proud of. Fort Frontenac, on Lake
+Ontario, was taken, together with armed vessels and a great collection
+of stores and implements of war. Fort Duquesne, a strongly fortified
+post of the French, whose site is now covered by the great manufacturing
+city of Pittsburgh, surrendered to a British force. For many years after
+it was known as Fort Pitt, so called in honor of the great minister
+under whose compelling influence the war against France had become so
+mighty a success.
+
+In 1759, General Wolfe, who had been the leading spirit in the siege of
+Louisbourg, was placed in command of an expedition for the capture of
+Quebec. Next after Louisbourg, Quebec was by nature and military art the
+strongest place in North America. The tragic story of the capture of
+Quebec has been so often told that it is not necessary for us to repeat
+it here.
+
+Of the long, impatient watch by Wolfe, from the English fleet, for
+opportunity to disembark his small army, drifting with the tides of the
+St. Lawrence, passing and repassing the formidable citadel, the stealthy
+midnight landing at the base of a mighty cliff, the hard climb of armed
+men up the wooded height, and the assembly, in early morning mist, on
+the Plains of Abraham, are not for us to write of here. In the glowing
+pages of Parkman all this is so thrillingly described that we need not
+say more of the most dramatic and most pathetic story in all American
+history, than that Quebec fell, and with it, in short time, fell the
+whole power of France in North America.
+
+In the following year (September 8, 1760), Montreal, the last stronghold
+of the French in Canada, capitulated to Sir Jeffrey Amherst, who had
+ascended the St. Lawrence with a force of about 10,000 men, comprising
+British regiments of the line artillery, rangers and provincial
+regiments from New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. The provincial
+contingent numbered above four thousand.
+
+With the fall of Montreal the seven years' fight for supremacy was
+ended.
+
+Such a defeat to proud France was a bitter experience, and definite
+settlement of the terms of peace, which Great Britain was able to
+dictate, was not made until, on the 10th of February, 1763, the treaty
+of Paris was signed.
+
+By this treaty to Great Britain was ceded all Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape
+Breton and the West India Islands of Dominica, St. Vincent, Tobago and
+Grenada. Minorca was restored to Great Britain, and to her also was
+given the French possession of Senegal in Western Africa. In India,
+where the French had obtained considerable influence, France was bound
+by this treaty to raise no fortifications and to keep no military force
+in Bengal. To remove the annoyance which Florida had long been to the
+contiguous English colonies, that province of Spain was transferred to
+the English in exchange for Havana, which had been only recently wrested
+from the occupation of Spain by the brilliant victory of Pocock and
+Albamarle.
+
+And so 1763 saw the British flag peacefully waving from the Gulf of
+Mexico to the northern shores of Hudson's Bay. The coast of the Atlantic
+was protected by the British navy, and the colonists had no longer
+foreign enemies to fear.
+
+For this relief the colonists gave warm thanks to the king and to
+parliament. Massachusetts voted a costly monument in Westminster Abbey
+in memory of Lord Howe, who had fallen in the campaign against Canada.
+The assembly of the same colony, in a joyous address to the governor,
+declared that without the assistance of the parent state the colonies
+must have fallen a prey to the power of France, and that without money
+sent from England the burden of the war would have been too great to
+bear. In an address to the king they made the same acknowledgment, and
+pledged themselves to demonstrate their gratitude by every possible
+testimony of duty and loyalty. James Otis expressed the common sentiment
+of the hour when, upon being chosen moderator of the first town meeting
+held in Boston after the peace, he declared: "We in America have
+certainly abundant reason to rejoice. Not only are the heathen driven
+out, but the Canadians, much more formidable enemies, are conquered and
+become fellow subjects. The British dominion and power can now be said
+literally to extend from sea to sea and from the Great River to the ends
+of the earth." And after praising the wise administration of His
+Majesty, and lauding the British constitution to the skies, he went on
+to say: "Those jealousies which some weak and wicked minds endeavored to
+infuse with regard to these colonies, had their birth in the blackness
+of darkness, and it is a great pity that they had not remained there
+forever. The true interests of Great Britain and her plantation are
+mutual, and what God in his providence has united, let no man dare
+attempt to pull asunder."
+
+In June, 1763, a confederation, including several Indian tribes,
+suddenly and unexpectedly swept over the whole western frontier of
+Pennsylvania and Virginia. They murdered almost all the English settlers
+who were scattered beyond the mountains, surprised every British fort
+between the Ohio and Lake Erie, and closely blockaded Forts Detroit and
+Pitt. In no previous war had the Indians shown such skill, tenacity, and
+concert, and had there not been British troops in the country the whole
+of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland would have been overrun.
+
+The war lasted fourteen months, and most of the hard fighting was done
+by English troops, assisted by militia from some of the Southern
+colonies. General Amherst called upon the New England colonies to help
+their brethren, but his request was almost disregarded. Connecticut sent
+250 men, but Massachusetts, being beyond the zone of immediate danger,
+would give no assistance. After a war of extreme horror, peace was
+signed September, 1764. In a large degree by the efforts of English
+soldiers Indian territory was rolled back, and one more great service
+was rendered by England to her colonies, and also the necessity was
+shown for a standing army.[6]
+
+ [6] Trumbull's "His. of the U. S.," 445-467. Hildreth, Graham,
+ Hutchinson.
+
+The "French and Indian War," as it was commonly called, waged with so
+much energy and success, doubled the national debt of England and made
+taxation oppressive in that country. The war had been waged mainly for
+the benefit of the colonists, and as it was necessary to maintain a
+standing army to protect the conquered territory, it was considered but
+reasonable that part of the expense should be borne by the Americans.
+This was especially so in view that the conquest of Canada had been a
+prime object of statesmen and leading citizens of the colonies for many
+years.
+
+It has been said on good authority that Franklin brought about the
+expedition against Canada that ended with Wolfe's victory on the Plains
+of Abraham. In all companies and on all occasions he had urged conquest
+of Canada as an object of the utmost importance. He said it would
+inflict a blow upon the French power in America from which it would
+never recover, and would have lasting influence in advancing the
+prosperity of the British colonies. Franklin was one of the shrewdest
+statesmen of the age. After egging England on to the capture of Canada
+from the French, and then removing the most dreaded enemy of the
+colonies, he won the confidence of the court and people of France, and
+obtained their aid to deprive England of the best part of a continent.
+He was genial, thrifty, and adroit, and his jocose wisdom was never more
+tersely expressed than when he advised the signers of the Declaration of
+Independence to "hang together or they would hang separately."
+
+At the conclusion of the Peace of Paris in 1763, Great Britain had
+ceased to be an insular kingdom, and had become a world-wide empire,
+consisting of three grand divisions: the British Islands, India, and a
+large part of North America. In Ireland an army of ten or twelve
+thousand men were maintained by Irish resources, voted by an Irish
+Parliament and available for the general defence of the empire. In India
+a similar army was maintained by the despotic government of the East
+India Company. English statesmen believed that each of these great parts
+of the empire should contribute to the defence of the whole, and that
+unless they should do so voluntarily it was their opinion, in which the
+great lawyers of England agreed, that power to force contributions
+resided in the Imperial Parliament at Westminster, and should be
+exercised. It was thought that an army of ten thousand men was necessary
+to protect the territory won from France and to keep the several tribes
+of American Indians in subjection, especially as it was believed that
+the French would endeavor to recapture Canada at the first opportunity.
+
+Americans, it should be remembered, paid no part of the interest on the
+national debt of England, amounting to one hundred and forty million
+pounds, one-half of which had been contracted in the French and Indian
+war. America paid nothing to support the navy that protected its coasts,
+although the American colonies were the most prosperous and lightly
+taxed portion of the British Empire. Grenville, Chancellor of the
+Exchequer, asked the Americans to contribute one hundred thousand pounds
+a year, about one-third of the expense of maintaining the proposed army,
+and about one-third of one percent of the sum we now pay each year for
+pensions. He promised distinctly that the army should never be required
+to serve except in America and the West India islands, but he could not
+persuade the colonists to agree among themselves on a practical plan for
+raising the money, and so it was proposed to resort to taxation by act
+of Parliament. At the time he made this proposal he assured the
+Americans that the proceeds of the tax should be expended solely in
+America, and that if they would raise the money among themselves in
+their own way he would be satisfied. He gave them a year to consider the
+proposition. At the end of the year they were as reluctant as ever to
+tax themselves for their own defence or submit to taxation by act of
+Parliament. Then the stamp act was passed--it was designed to raise one
+hundred thousand pounds a year, and then the trouble began that led to
+the dismemberment of the empire. Several acute observers had already
+predicted that the triumph of England over France would be soon followed
+by a revolt of the colonies. Kalm, the Swedish traveller, contended in
+1748 that the presence of the French in Canada, by making the English
+colonists depend for their security on the support of the mother
+country, was the main cause of the submission of the colonies. A few
+years later Argenson, who had left some of the most striking political
+predictions upon record, foretold in his Memoirs that the English
+colonies in America would one day rise against the mother country, that
+they would form themselves into a republic and astonish the world by
+their prosperity. The French ministers consoled themselves for the Peace
+of Paris by the reflection that the loss of Canada was a sure prelude to
+the independence of the colonies, and Vergennes, the sagacious French
+ambassador at Constantinople, predicted to an English traveller, with
+striking accuracy, the events that would occur. "England," he said,
+"will soon repent having removed the only check that would keep her
+colonies in awe. They stand no longer in need of her protection; she
+will call upon them to contribute towards supporting the burden they
+have helped to bring on her, and they will answer by striking off all
+dependence."[7]
+
+ [7] Bancroft's His. of the U.S., Vol. I., 525.
+
+It is not to be supposed that Englishmen were wholly blind to this
+danger. One of the ablest advocates of the retention of Canada was Lord
+Bath, who published a pamphlet on the subject, which had a very wide
+influence and a large circulation.[8] There were, however, some
+politicians who maintained that it would be wiser to restore Canada and
+to retain Guadaloupe, St. Lucia, and Martinique. This view was supported
+with distinguished talent in an anonymous reply to Lord Bath.
+
+ [8] "Letters to Two Great Men on the Prospect of Peace."
+
+This writer argued "that we had no original right to Canada, and that
+the acquisition of a vast, barren, and almost uninhabited country lying
+in an inhospitable climate, and with no commerce except that of furs and
+skins, was economically far less valuable to England than the
+acquisition of Guadaloupe, which was one of the most important of the
+sugar islands. The acquisition of these islands would give England the
+control of the West Indies, and it was urged that an island colony is
+more advantageous than a continental one, for it is necessarily more
+dependent upon the mother country. In the New England provinces there
+are already colleges and academies where the American youths can
+receive their education. America produces or can easily produce almost
+everything she wants. Her population and her wealth are rapidly
+increasing, and as the colonies recede more and more from the sea, the
+necessity of their connection with England will steadily diminish. They
+will have nothing to expect, they must live wholly by their own labor,
+and in process of time will know little, inquire little, and care
+little, about the mother country. If the people of our colonies find no
+check from Canada they will extend themselves almost without bounds into
+inland parts. What the consequences will be to have a numerous, hardy,
+independent people, possessed of a strong country, communicating little,
+or not at all, with England, I leave to your own reflections. By eagerly
+grasping at extensive territory we may run the risk, and that, perhaps,
+in no distant period, of losing what we now possess. The possession of
+Canada, far from being necessary to our safety, may in its consequences
+be even dangerous. A neighbor that keeps us in some awe is not always
+the worst of neighbors; there is a balance of power in America as well
+as in Europe."[9]
+
+ [9] Remarks on the Letter Addressed to Two Great Men. Pp. 30-31.
+
+These views are said to have been countenanced by Lord Hardwicke, but
+the tide of opinion ran strongly in the opposite direction; the nations
+had learned to look with pride and sympathy upon that greater England
+which was growing up beyond the Atlantic, and there was a desire, which
+was not ungenerous or ignoble, to remove at any risk the one obstacle to
+its future happiness. These arguments were supported by Franklin, who in
+a remarkable pamphlet sketched the great undeveloped capabilities of the
+colonies, and ridiculed the "visionary fear" that they would ever
+combine against England. "This jealousy of each other," he said, "is so
+great that, however necessary a union of the colonies has long been for
+their common defence and security against their enemies, yet they have
+never been able to effect such a union among themselves. If they cannot
+agree to unite for defence against the French and Indians, can it
+reasonably be supposed there is any danger of their uniting against
+their own nation, which protects and encourages them, with which they
+have so many connections and ties of blood, interest, and affection, and
+which it is well known, they all love _much more than they love one
+another_."[10]
+
+ [10] Canada Pamphlet, Franklin's Works, IV., 41-42.
+
+Within a few years after Franklin made this statement he did more than
+any other man living to carry into effect the "visionary fear" which he
+had ridiculed.
+
+The denial that independence was the object sought for was constant and
+general. To obtain concessions and to preserve connection with the
+empire was affirmed everywhere. John Adams, the successor of Washington
+to the presidency, years after the peace of 1783 went farther than this,
+for he said, "There was not a moment during the Revolution when I would
+not have given everything I possessed for a restoration to the state of
+things before the contest began, provided we could have had a sufficient
+security for its continuance."
+
+In the summer of 1774, Franklin assured Chatham that there was no desire
+among the colonists for independence. He said: "Having more than once
+travelled almost from one end of the continent to the other, and kept a
+variety of company, eating and conversing with them freely, I have never
+heard in any conversation from any person, drunk or sober, the least
+wish for a separation or a hint that such a thing would be advantageous
+to America."
+
+Mr. Jay is quite as explicit: "During the course of my life," said he,
+"and until the second petition of Congress in 1775, I never did hear an
+American of any class or of any description express a wish for the
+independence of the colonies."
+
+Mr. Jefferson affirmed: "What eastward of New York might have been the
+disposition towards England before the commencement of hostilities I
+know not, but before that I never heard a whisper of a disposition to
+separate from Great Britain, and after that its possibility was
+contemplated with affliction by all."
+
+Washington in 1774 fully sustains their declarations, and in the
+"Fairfax County Resolves" it was complained that "malevolent falsehoods"
+were propagated by the ministry to prejudice the mind of the king,
+particularly that there is an intention in the American colonies to set
+up for independent state.
+
+Mr. Madison says: "It has always been my impression that a
+re-establishment of the colonial relations to the mother country, as
+they were previous to the controversy, was the real object of every
+class of the people till they despaired of obtaining redress for their
+grievances."
+
+This feeling among the revolutionists is corroborated by DuPortail, a
+secret agent of the French government. In a letter dated 1778 he says:
+"There is a hundred times more enthusiasm for the revolution in a
+coffee-house at Paris than in all the colonies united. This people,
+though at war with the English, hate the French more than they hate
+them; we prove this every day, and notwithstanding everything that
+France has done or can do for them, they will prefer a reconciliation
+with their ancient brethren. If they must needs be dependent, they had
+rather be so on England."
+
+Again, as late as March, 1775, only a month before the outbreak of
+hostilities at Lexington, John Adams wrote: "That there are any that
+hunt after independence is the greatest slander on the Province."
+
+This feeling must have arisen from gratitude for the protection afforded
+by the mother country, or at least satisfaction with the relations then
+existing. It is true, as has been shown in a previous chapter, that for
+some years before the English Revolution, and for some years after the
+accession of William and Mary, the relations of the colonies to England
+had been extremely tense, but in the long period of unbroken Whig rule
+which followed, most of the elements of discontent had subsided. The
+wise neglect of Walpole and Newcastle was eminently conducive to
+colonial interests. The substitution in several colonies of royal for
+proprietary government was very popular. There were slight differences
+in the colonial forms of government, but everywhere the colonists paid
+their governor and their other officials. In nearly every respect they
+governed themselves, under the shadow of British dominion, with a
+liberty not equalled in any other portion of the civilized globe; real
+constitutional liberty was flourishing in the English colonies when all
+European countries and their colonies were despotically governed. The
+circumstances and traditions of the colonists had made them extremely
+impatient of every kind of authority, but there is no reason for
+doubting that they were animated by a real attachment to England. Their
+commercial intercourse, under the restructions of the navigation laws,
+was mainly with her. Their institutions, their culture, their religion,
+their ideas were derived from English sources. They had a direct
+interest in the English war against France and Spain. They were proud of
+their English lineage, of English growth in greatness, and of English
+liberty. On this point there is a striking answer made by Franklin in
+his crafty examinations before the House of Commons in February, 1766.
+In reply to the question, "What was the temper of America towards Great
+Britain before the year 1763?" he said, "The best in the world. They
+submitted willingly to the government of the crown, and paid their
+courts obedience to the Acts of Parliament. Numerous as the people are
+in the several old provinces, they cost you nothing in forts, citadels,
+garrisons, or armies to keep them in subjection, they were governed by
+this country at the expense only of a little pen, ink, and paper; they
+were led by a thread. They had not only a respect, but an affection for
+Great Britain, for its laws, its customs, and manners, and even a
+fondness for its fashions that greatly increased the commerce. Natives
+of Britain were always treated with particular regard; to be an 'Old
+England' man was of itself a character of some respect and gave a kind
+of rank among us." In reply to the question, "What is their temper now?"
+he said, "Very much altered." It is interesting to inquire what happened
+during the three years intervening to change the temper of the
+colonists.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+_CAUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION._
+
+
+One of the principal causes that led to the American Revolution was the
+question of what was lawful under the constitution of the British
+empire, and what was expedient under the existing circumstances of the
+colonies. It was the contention of the American Whigs that the British
+parliament could not lawfully tax the colonies, because by so doing it
+would be violating an ancient maxim of the British constitution: "No
+taxation without representation."
+
+On the contrary, many of the profoundest constitutional lawyers of
+America as well as of England, both rejected the foregoing contention,
+and at the same time admitted the soundness and the force of the
+venerable maxim upon which the contention was alleged to rest, but the
+most of them denied that the maxim was violated by the acts of
+parliament laying taxation upon the colonies. Here everything depends on
+the meaning to be attached to the word "representation"--and that
+meaning is to be ascertained by examining what was understood by the
+word in England at the time when this old maxim originated, and in
+subsequent ages during which it had been quoted and applied. During this
+whole period the idea was that representation in parliament was
+constituted not through any uniform distribution among individual
+persons, but rather through a distribution of such privileges among
+certain organized communities, as counties, cities, boroughs, and
+universities. Very few people in England then had votes for members of
+the house of commons--only one-tenth of the population of the entire
+realm. Such was the state of the electoral system that entire
+communities, such as the cities of Leeds, Halifax, Birmingham,
+Manchester, and Liverpool, communities which were as populous and as
+rich as entire provinces in America, and yet they had no vote whatever
+for members of parliament. The people of these several communities in
+England did not refuse to pay taxes levied by act of parliament, because
+of that reason. It is still a principle of parliamentary representation
+that from the moment a member is thus chosen to sit in parliament, he is
+the representative of the whole empire, and not of his particular
+constituency. He "is under no obligation, therefore, to follow
+instructions from the voters or the inhabitants of the district from
+which he is chosen. They have no legal means of enforcing instructions.
+They cannot demand his resignation. Moreover, members of the house of
+lords represent, in principle, the interest of the whole empire and of
+all classes, as truly as the Commons."[11] Therefore the historic
+meaning of the word "representation," as the word has always been used
+in English constitutional experience, seemed to justify the Loyalist
+contention that the several organized British communities in America, as
+an integral part of the British empire, were to all intents and purposes
+represented in the British parliament, which sat at the capital as the
+supreme council of the whole empire and exercised legislative authority
+coextensive with the boundaries of that empire. The Loyalists admitted
+that for all communities of British subjects, both in England and
+America, the existing representation was very imperfect; that it should
+be reformed and made larger and more uniform, and they were ready and
+anxious to join in all forms of constitutional agitation under the
+leadership of such men as Chatham, Camden, Burke, Barre, Fox and Pitt,
+to secure such reform, and not for a rejection of the authority of the
+general government, nullification, and disruption of the empire.
+Accordingly, when certain English commoners in America at last rose up
+and put forward the claim that merely because they had no votes for
+members of the house of commons, therefore that house did not represent
+them, and therefore they could not lawfully be taxed by parliament, this
+definition of the word "representation" up to that time had never been
+given to it in England or enjoyed by commoners in England. Nine-tenths
+of the people of England did not vote. Had not those British subjects in
+England as good a right as these British subjects in America to deny
+they were represented in parliament, and that they could not be lawfully
+taxed by parliament? It was the right and duty of the imperial
+legislature to determine in what proportion the different parts of the
+empire should contribute to the defence of the whole, and to see that no
+one part evaded its obligation and unjustly transferred its part to
+others. The right of taxation was established by a long series of legal
+authorities, and there was no real distinction between internal and
+external taxation. It now suited colonists to describe themselves as
+apostles of liberty and to denounce England as an oppressor. It was a
+simple truth that England governed her colonies more liberally than any
+other country in the world. They were the only existing colonies which
+enjoyed real political liberty. Their commercial system was more liberal
+than that of any other colony. They had attained under British rule to a
+degree of prosperity which was surpassed in no quarter of the globe.
+England had loaded herself with debt in order to remove one great danger
+to their future; she cheerfully bore the whole burden of their
+protection by sea. At the Peace of Paris she had made their interests
+the very first object of her policy, and she only asked them in return
+to bear a portion of the cost of their own defence. Less than eight
+millions of Englishmen were burdened with a national debt of 140,000,000
+pounds. The united debt of about three millions of Americans was now
+less than 800,000 pounds. The annual sum the colonists were asked to
+contribute was less than 100,000, with an express condition that no part
+of that sum should be devoted to any other purpose than the defence and
+protection of the colonies, and the country which refused to bear this
+small tax was so rich that in the space of three years it had paid off
+1,755,000 pounds of its debt. No demand could be more moderate and
+equitable than that of England. The true motive of the resistance was a
+desire to pay as little as possible and to throw as much as possible
+upon the mother country. Nor was the mode of resistance more
+honorable--the plunder of private houses, and custom-houses, and mob
+violence, connived at and unpunished. This was the attitude of the
+colonies within two years after the Peace of Paris, and these were the
+fruits of the new sense of security which British triumphs in Canada had
+given to the colonists.
+
+ [11] John W. Burgess, "Political Science and Comparative Constitutional
+ Law," 67-68, also 65-69.
+
+This is a brief statement and a fair one of the principal arguments of
+the Loyalists. Certainly the position taken by them was a very strong
+one. A learned American writer upon law, one of the justices of the
+Supreme Court of the United States, in referring to the decision of
+Chief Justice Hutchinson sustaining the legality of the writs of
+assistance, gave this opinion: "A careful examination of the question
+compels the conclusion that there was at least reasonable ground for
+holding, as a matter of mere law, that the British parliament had power
+to bind the colonies."[12] This view has been sustained by the highest
+English authorities upon British constitutional law, from the time of
+Lord Mansfield to the present. "As a matter of abstract right," says Sir
+Vernon Harcourt, "the mother country has never parted with the claim of
+ultimate supreme authority for the imperial legislature. If it did so,
+it would dissolve the imperial tie, and convert the colonies into
+foreign and independent states." It is now apparent that those Americans
+who failed in their honest and sacrificial championship of measures that
+would have given us political reform and political safety, but without
+civil war, and without an angry disruption of the English-speaking race
+can justly be regarded as having been, either in doctrine or in purpose,
+or in act, an unpatriotic party, and yet even at the present time it is
+by no means easy for Americans, if they be descended from men who fought
+in behalf of the Revolution, to take a disinterested attitude, that is
+an historical one towards those Americans who thought and fought against
+the Revolution.
+
+ [12] Horace Gray, Quincy's Mass. Reports, 1761-62, Appendix I., page
+ 540.
+
+No candid historian, however, now contends that the government of
+England had done anything prior to the commencement of the Revolutionary
+War that justified a Declaration of Independence; for, as previously
+stated, the amount of taxes required by Parliament was moderate, the
+money was needed for a proper purpose, and it seemed there was no other
+way of obtaining it.
+
+Another important factor in the causes of the American Revolution was
+the so-called "Quebec Act." This act John Adams asserted constituted a
+"frightful system," and James Rowdoin pronounced it to be "an act for
+encouraging and establishing Popery." The policy of this legislation may
+be doubted. Of its justice there can be no doubt. The establishment of
+the Catholic clergy in Canada and their resultant domination has
+entailed many disadvantages upon the governing powers of the dominion.
+But at the time the law was passed it was a simple act of justice. Had
+Parliament refused to do this it would have been guilty of that tyranny
+charged against it by the Revolutionists, and today the dominion would
+not be a part of the British Empire. To the student of American history
+it at first seems very strange and unaccountable why at the outbreak of
+the Revolution, the recently conquered French provinces were not the
+first to fly to arms, especially as their mother country, France, had
+espoused the cause of the Revolutionists. Instead of this the French
+Canadians remained loyal to their conqueror and resisted by force of
+arms all attempts to conquer Canada. The explanation of this curious
+state of affairs is the "Quebec Act."
+
+By this act the French Canadians were to retain their property, their
+language, their religion, their laws, and to hold office. In fact, they
+were allowed greater liberty than they had when subject to France. All
+this was allowed them by the British Parliament, and this was resented
+by the English colonists, for they were not allowed to confiscate their
+lands and drive out the inhabitants as the New Englanders did when they
+conquered Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. They
+also claimed that by the laws of the realm Roman Catholics could not
+vote, much less hold office. At a meeting of the first Continental
+Congress, held October 21, 1774, an address to the people of Great
+Britain was adopted, setting forth the grievances of the colonies, the
+principal one of which was as follows:
+
+"Nor can we suppress our astonishment that a British Parliament should
+ever consent to establish in that country a religion that has deluged
+your island in blood and dispersed impiety, bigotry, persecution, murder
+and rebellion through every part of the world, and we think the
+legislature of Great Britain is not authorized to establish a religion
+fraught with such sanguinary and infamous tenets."
+
+This act also granted the Catholic clergy a full parliamentary title to
+their old ecclesiastical estates, and to tithes paid by members of their
+own religion, but no Protestant was obliged to pay tithes. It provided
+for a provincial governing council in which Catholics were eligible to
+sit, and it established the Catholic clergy securely in their livings.
+There were then in the Province of Quebec two hundred and fifty
+Catholics to one Protestant[13]. Surely it would have been a monstrous
+perversion of justice to have placed this vast majority under the
+domination of this petty minority, it would have degraded the Catholics
+into a servile caste and reproduced in America, in a greatly aggravated
+form, the social conditions which existed in Ireland, but those
+determined sticklers for freedom of conscience and "the right of
+self-government," those clamorers for the liberty of mankind, the
+disunion propagandists, were horrified at the bestowal of any "freedom"
+or "right" upon a people professing a religion different from their
+own. "The friends of America" in England, Chatham, Fox, Burke, Barre and
+others, joined them in their denunciation of the act, the last named
+especially deprecating the "Popish" measure.
+
+ [13] In the debates on the Canadian bill in 1779, it was stated that
+ there were but 365 Protestants and 150,000 Catholics within the Province
+ of Quebec.
+
+On February 15, 1776, it was resolved that a committee of three, "two of
+whom should be members of congress," be appointed to pursue such
+instructions as shall be given them by that body.[14] Benjamin Franklin,
+Samuel Chase and Chas. Carroll were chosen for this purpose, and John
+Carroll, a Jesuit, who afterwards became the first Roman Catholic
+Archbishop of the United States, accompanied them. The two Carrolls were
+chosen because they were Catholics, but they were not justified in
+joining an expedition that might kindle the flame of religious war on
+the Catholic frontier. The commissioners carried with them an "Address
+to the Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec"[15] from Congress, which
+for cool audacity and impertinence can scarcely be paralleled. It
+commenced with "We are too well acquainted with the liberality of
+sentiment distinguishing your natures to imagine that difference of
+religion will prejudice you against a hearty amity with us," etc.
+
+ [14] Washington's Writings, Vol. III., page 361.
+
+ [15] Debates, etc., page 603.
+
+The address from the Continental Congress was translated into French and
+was very favorably received. They then begged the translator, as he had
+succeeded so well, to try his hand on that addressed to Great Britain.
+He had equal success in this, and read his performance to a numerous
+audience. But when he came to that part which treats of the new
+modelling of the province, draws a picture of the Catholic religion and
+Canadian manners, they could not restrain their resentment nor express
+it except in broken curses. "O the perfidious, double-faced Congress!
+Let us bless and obey our benevolent prince, whose humanity is
+consistent and extends to all religions. Let us abhor all who would
+seduce us from our loyalty by acts that would dishonor a Jesuit, and
+whose address, like their resolves, is destructive of their own
+objects."
+
+While the commissioners were applying themselves with the civil
+authorities, Rev. Mr. Carroll was diligently employed with the clergy,
+explaining to them that the resistance of the united colonies was caused
+by the invasion of their charter by England. To this the clergy replied
+that since the acquisition of Canada by the British government its
+inhabitants had no aggression to complain of, that on the contrary the
+government had faithfully complied with all the stipulations of the
+treaty, and had in fact sanctioned and protected the laws and customs of
+Canada with a delicacy that demanded their respect and gratitude, and
+that on the score of religious liberty the British government had left
+them nothing to complain of.
+
+And therefore that when the well-established principle that allegiance
+is due to protection, the clergy could not teach that even neutrality
+was consistent with the allegiance due to such ample protection as
+Great Britain had shown the Catholics of Canada. The judicious and
+liberal policy of the British government to the Catholics had succeeded
+in inspiring them with sentiments of loyalty which the conduct of the
+people and the public bodies of some of the united colonies had served
+to strengthen and confirm. Mr. Carroll was also informed that in the
+colonies whose liberality he was now avouching, the Catholic religion
+had not been tolerated hitherto. Priests were excluded under severe
+penalties and Catholic missionaries among the Indians rudely and cruelly
+treated.
+
+John Adams, who was a member of the congress that sent the commissioners
+to Canada, in a letter to his wife, did not state the true reason for
+sending a Jesuit priest there, and also warned her against divulging the
+fact that a priest had been sent, for fear of offending his
+constituents[16]
+
+He wrote as follows:--
+
+"Mr. John Carroll of Maryland, a Roman Catholic priest and a Jesuit, is
+to go with the committee, the priests of Canada having refused baptism
+and absolution to our friends there. Your prudence will direct you to
+communicate the circumstances of the priest, the Jesuit, and the Romish
+religion, only to such persons as can judge of the measure upon large
+and generous principles, and will not indiscreetly divulge it."[16]
+
+ [16] Letter of John Adams to his wife, Vol. I., page 86.
+
+John Adams also wrote: "We have a few rascally Jacobites and Roman
+Catholics in this town (Braintree), but they do not dare to show
+themselves."[17]
+
+ [17] Life and Works of John Adams, Vol. IX., page 335.
+
+[Illustration: KILLING AND SCALPING OF FATHER RASLE AT NORRIDGEWOCK
+
+By Massachusetts scalp hunters, L100 bounty was offered for the scalp of
+a male Indian, and L50 for that of women or children.]
+
+To any statesman who looked into the question inquiringly and with clear
+vision, it must have appeared evident that, if the English colonies
+resolved to sever themselves from the British Empire, it would be
+impossible to prevent them. Their population was said to have doubled in
+twenty-five years. They were separated from the mother country by three
+thousand miles of water, their seaboard extended for more than one
+thousand miles, their territory was almost boundless in its extent and
+resources, and the greater part of it no white man had traversed or
+seen. To conquer such a country would be a task of greatest difficulty
+and stupendous cost. To hold it in opposition to the general wish of the
+people would be impossible. The colonists were chiefly small and
+independent freeholders, hardy backwoodsmen and hunters, well skilled in
+the use of arms and possessed of all the resources and energies which
+life in a new country seldom fails to develop. They had representative
+assemblies to levy taxes and organize resistance. They had militia,
+which in some colonies included all adult freemen between the ages of
+sixteen and fifty or sixty, and, in addition to Indian raids, they had
+the military experience of two great wars. The first capture of
+Louisburg, in 1745, had been mainly their work. In the latter stages of
+the war, which ended in 1763, there were more than twenty thousand
+colonial troops under arms, ten thousand of them from New England alone,
+and more than four hundred privateers had been fitted out in colonial
+harbors.[18]
+
+ [18] Ramsey, History of the American Revolution, Vol. I, page 40;
+ Hildreth, Vol. II., page 486; Grahame, Vol. IV., page 94.
+
+There were assuredly no other colonies in the world so favorably
+situated as these were at the close of the Seven Years' War. They had
+but one grievance, the Navigation Act, and it is a gross and flagrant
+misrepresentation to describe the commercial policy of England as
+exceptionally tyrannical. As Adam Smith truly said, "Every European
+nation had more or less taken to itself the commerce of its colonies,
+and upon that account had prohibited the ships of foreign nations from
+trading with them, and had prohibited them from importing European goods
+from any foreign nation," and "though the policy of Great Britain with
+regard to the trade of her colonies has been dictated by the same
+mercantile spirit as that of other nations, it has, upon the whole, been
+less illiberal and oppressive than any of them."[19]
+
+ [19] Wealth of Nations, Vol. IV., chapter 7; Tucker's Four Tracts, page
+ 133.
+
+There is, no doubt, much to be said in palliation of the conduct of
+England. If Virginia was prohibited from sending her tobacco to any
+European country except England, Englishmen were prohibited from
+purchasing any tobacco except that which came from America or Bermuda.
+If many of the trades and manufactures in which the colonies were
+naturally most fitted to excel were restrained or crushed by law,
+English bounties encouraged the cultivation of indigo and the
+exportation to England of pitch, tar, hemp, flax and ship timber from
+America, and several articles of American produce obtained a virtual
+monopoly of the English market by their exemption from duties which were
+imposed on similar articles imported from foreign countries.
+
+The revenue laws were habitually violated. Smuggling was very lucrative,
+and therefore very popular, and any attempt to interfere with it was
+greatly resented. The attention of the British government was urgently
+called to it during the war. At a time when Great Britain was straining
+every nerve to free the English colonies from the incubus of France, and
+when millions of pounds sterling were being remitted from England to pay
+colonists for fighting in their own cause, it was found that French
+fleets, French garrisons, and the French West India Islands were
+systematically supplied with large quantities of provisions by the New
+England colonies. Pitt, who still directed affairs, wrote with great
+indignation that this contraband trade must be stopped, but the whole
+community of the New England seaports appeared to favor or was partaking
+in it, and great difficulty was found in putting the law into
+execution.[20]
+
+ [20] Hildreth Vol. II., page 498; McPherson's Annals of Commerce, Vol.
+ III., page 330; Arnold's History of Rhode Island, Vol. II., pages
+ 227-235.
+
+From a legal point of view, the immense activity of New England was for
+the most part illicit. In serene ignorance the New England sailor
+penetrated all harbors, conveying in their holds, from the North, where
+they belonged, various sorts of interdicted merchandise, and bringing
+home cargoes equally interdicted from all ports they touched. The
+merchants, who since 1749, through Hutchinson's excellent statesmanship,
+had been free from the results of a bad currency, greatly throve. The
+shipyards teemed with fleets, each nook of the coast was the seat of
+mercantile ventures. It was then that in all the shore towns arose the
+fine colonial mansions of the traders along the main streets, that are
+even admired today for their size and comeliness. Within the houses
+bric-a-brac from every clime came to abound, and the merchants and their
+wives and children were clothed gaily in rich fabrics from remote
+regions. Glowing reports of the gaiety and luxury of the colonies
+reached the mother country.[21] The merchants and sailors were, to a
+man, law-breakers. It was this universal law-breaking, after the fall of
+Quebec, that the English ministry undertook to stop over its extended
+empire. This caused friction, which gave rise to fire, which increased
+until the ties with the mother land were quite consumed.
+
+ [21] Gordon's History of the American War, Vol. I., page 157.
+
+As early as 1762 there were loud complaints in Parliament of the
+administration of custom houses in the colonies. Grenville found on
+examination that the whole revenue derived by England from the custom
+houses in America amounted only to between one and two thousand pounds a
+year, and that for the purpose of collecting this revenue the English
+exchequer was paying annually between seven and eight thousand pounds.
+Nine-tenths, probably, of all the tea, wine, fruit, sugar and molasses
+consumed in the colonies, were smuggled. Grenville determined to
+terminate this state of affairs. Several new revenue officers were
+appointed with more rigid rules for the discharge of their duties.
+"Writs of assistance" were to be issued, authorizing custom house
+officers to search any house they pleased for smuggled goods. English
+ships of war were at the same time stationed off the American coast for
+the purpose of intercepting smugglers.
+
+Adam Smith, writing in 1776, says:
+
+"Parliament, in attempting to exercise its supposed right, whether well
+or ill-grounded, of taxing the colonies, _has never hitherto demanded of
+them anything which even approached to a just proportion to what was
+paid by their fellow subjects at home_. Great Britain has hitherto
+suffered her subjects and subordinate provinces to disburden themselves
+upon her of almost the whole expense."
+
+The colonists had profited by the successful war incomparably more than
+any other British subjects. Until the destruction of the French power, a
+hand armed with a rifle or tomahawk and torch seemed constantly near the
+threshold of every New England home. The threatening hand was now
+paralyzed and the fringe of plantations by the coast could now extend
+itself to the illimitable West in safety. No foreign foe could now
+dictate a boundary line and bar the road beyond it. The colonists were
+asked only to bear a share in the burden of the empire by a
+contribution to the sum required for maintenance of the ten thousand
+soldiers and of the armed fleet which was unquestionably necessary for
+the protection of their long coast line and of their commerce.
+
+James Otis started the Revolution in New England by what Mr. Lecky calls
+an "incendiary speech" against writs of assistance, and if half of what
+Hildreth asserts and Bancroft admits in regard to smuggling along the
+coast of New England is true, there is no reason to wonder that such
+writs were unpopular in Boston. James Otis, whose father had just been
+disappointed in his hopes of obtaining a seat upon the bench, was no
+doubt an eloquent man and all the more dangerous because he often
+thought he was right. That it is always prudent to distrust the
+eloquence of a criminal lawyer we have ample proof, in the advice he
+gave the people on the passage of the Stamp Act. "It is the duty," he
+said, "of all, humbly and silently to acquiesce in all the decisions of
+the supreme legislature. Nine hundred and ninety-nine in a thousand of
+the colonists will never once entertain a thought but of submission to
+our sovereign and to authority of Parliament, in all possible
+contingencies. They undoubtedly have the right to levy internal taxes on
+the colonies."
+
+In private talk he was more vigorous than in his formal utterance.
+"Hallowell says that Otis told him Parliament had a right to tax the
+colonies and he was a d---- fool who denied it, and that this people
+would never be quiet till we had a council from home, till our charter
+was taken away and till we had regular troops quartered upon us."[22]
+
+ [22] John Adams' Diary, January 16, 1776.
+
+John Adams wrote in his diary, under date of January 16, 1770,
+concerning Otis, as follows: "In one word Otis will spoil the club. He
+talks so much and takes up so much of our time and fills it with trash,
+obsceneness, profaneness, nonsense and distraction that we have none
+left for rational amusements or inquiries. I fear, I tremble, I mourn
+for the man and for his country. Many others mourn over him with tears
+in their eyes."
+
+Again John Adams says, after an attack upon him by Otis: "There is a
+complication of malice, envy and jealousy in the man, in the present
+disordered state of his mind, that is quite shocking."[23] On the 7th of
+May, 1771, Otis, who at this time had recovered his reason was elected
+with John Hancock to the assembly. They both left their party and went
+over to the side of the government. John Adams wrote "Otis' change was
+indeed startling. John Chandler, Esq., of Petersham gave me an account
+of Otis' conversion to Toryism, etc." Hutchinson writing to Governor
+Bernard, says, "Otis was carried off today in a post-chaise, bound hand
+and foot. He has been as good as his word--set the Province in a flame
+and perished in the attempt."
+
+ [23] John Adams' Diary, October 27, 1772; John Adams' Works, Vol. II
+ page 26; Letters to Bernard December 3, 1771.
+
+In Virginia the revolutionary movement of the poor whites or
+"crackers," led by Patrick Henry, was against the planter aristocracy,
+and Washington was a conspicuous member of the latter class. In tastes,
+manners, instincts and sympathies he might have been taken as an
+admirable specimen of the better class of English country gentlemen, and
+he had a great deal of the strong conservative feeling which is natural
+to that class. He was in the highest sense a gentleman and a man of
+honor, and he carried into public life the severest standard of private
+morals.
+
+It was only slowly and very deliberately that Washington identified
+himself with the disunionist cause. No man had a deeper admiration for
+the British constitution, or a more sincere desire to preserve the
+connection, and to put an end to the disputes between the two countries.
+From the first promulgation of the Stamp Act, however, he adopted the
+conviction that a recognition of the sole right of the colonies to tax
+themselves was essential to their freedom, and as soon as it became
+evident that Parliament was resolved at all hazards to assert its
+authority by taxing the Americans, he no longer hesitated. Of all the
+great men in history he was the most invariably judicious, and there is
+scarcely a rash word or action of judgment related of him. America had
+found in Washington a leader who could be induced by no earthly motive
+to tell a falsehood or to break an engagement or to commit a
+dishonorable act.
+
+In the despondency of long-continued failure, in the elation of sudden
+success, at times when his soldiers were deserting by hundreds, and when
+malignant plots were formed against his reputation; amid the constant
+quarrels, rivalries and jealousies of his subordinates; in the dark hour
+of national ingratitude and in the midst of the most universal and
+intoxicating flattery, he was always the same calm, wise, just and
+single-minded man, pursuing the course which he believed to be right,
+without fear, favor or fanaticism.
+
+In civil as in military life he was pre-eminent among his contemporaries
+for the clearness and soundness of his judgment, for his perfect
+moderation and self-control, for the quiet dignity and the indomitable
+firmness with which he pursued every path which he had deliberately
+chosen.
+
+[Illustration: READING THE STAMP ACT IN KING STREET: OPPOSITE THE STATE
+HOUSE.]
+
+As previously stated, the heart of the Old Dominion was fired by Patrick
+Henry, one of the most unreliable men living. Byron called him a
+forest-born Demosthenes, and Jefferson, wondering over his career,
+exclaimed: "Where he got that torrent of language is inconceivable. I
+have frequently closed my eyes while he spoke and, when he was done,
+asked myself what he had said without being able to recollect a word of
+it." He had been successively a storekeeper, a farmer and a shopkeeper,
+but had failed in all these pursuits and became a bankrupt at
+twenty-three. Then he studied law a few weeks and practiced a few years.
+The first success he made in this line was in an effort to persuade a
+jury to render one of the most unjust verdicts ever recorded in
+court. Finally he embarked on the stormy sea of politics. One day he
+worked himself into a fine frenzy, and in a most dramatic manner
+demanded "Liberty or Death," although he had both freely at his
+disposal. He was a slaveholder nearly all his life. He bequeathed slaves
+and cattle in his will, and one of his eulogists brags that he would buy
+or sell a horse or a negro as well as anybody.
+
+John Adams of Braintree, now Quincy, was a graduate of Harvard College,
+and a lawyer by profession. He ranks next to Washington as being the
+most prominent of the Revolutionary leaders. He was the son of a poor
+farmer and shoemaker. He married Abigail Smith, the daughter of the
+Congregational minister in the adjoining town of Weymouth. Much
+disapprobation of the match appears to have been manifested, for Mr.
+Adams, the son of a poor farmer, was thought scarcely good enough to be
+match with the minister's daughter, descended from many of the shining
+lights of the colony.[24]
+
+ [24] "Letters of Mrs. Adams." Memoirs, XXIX.
+
+John Adams was a cousin of Samuel Adams. He joined the disunionists,
+probably, because he saw that if the Revolution was successful there
+would be great opportunity for advancement under the new government.
+This proved to be the case, for he was the first minister to Great
+Britain, the successor of Washington as second president of the United
+States. His eldest son became the sixth president, and his grandson,
+Charles Francis Adams, ably represented his country as minister to Great
+Britain during the Civil War of 1861.
+
+The Stamp Act received the royal assent on March 22, 1765, and it was to
+come into operation on the first day of November following. The
+"Virginia Resolutions," through which Patrick Henry first acquired a
+continental fame, voted by the House of Burgess in May following, denied
+very definitely the authority of Parliament to tax the colonies. At
+first men recoiled. Otis was reported to have publicly condemned them in
+King street, which was no doubt true, for, as we have seen, he fully
+admitted the supremacy of Parliament.
+
+The principal objection made by the colonists to the Stamp Act was that
+it was an internal tax. They denied the right of Parliament to impose
+internal taxation, claiming that to be a function that could be
+exercised only by colonial assemblies. They admitted, however, that
+Parliament had a right to levy duties on exports and imports, and they
+had submitted to such taxation for many years without complaint.
+
+In order to soften the opposition, and to consult to the utmost of his
+power the wishes of the colonists, Grenville informed the colonial
+agents that the distribution of the stamps should be confided not to
+Englishmen but to Americans. Franklin, then agent for Pennsylvania,
+accepted the act and, in his canny way, took steps to have a friend
+appointed stamp distributor for his province. This made him very
+unpopular and the mob threatened to destroy his house.
+
+The Stamp Act, when its ultimate consequences are considered, must be
+deemed one of the most momentous legislative acts in the history of
+mankind.
+
+A timely concession of a few seats in the upper and lower houses of the
+Imperial Parliament would have set at rest the whole dispute. Franklin
+had suggested it ten years before, anticipating even Otis, Grenville was
+quite ready to favor it, Adam Smith advocated it. Why did the scheme
+fail? Just at that time in Massachusetts a man was rising into
+provincial note, who was soon to develop a heat, truly fanatical, in
+favor of an idea quite inconsistent with Franklin's plan. He from the
+first claimed that representation of the colonies in Parliament was
+quite impracticable or, if accepted, would be of no benefit to the
+colonies, and that there was no fit state for them but independence. His
+voice at first was but a solitary cry in the midst of a tempest, but it
+prevailed mightily in the end.
+
+This sole expounder of independence was Samuel Adams, the father of the
+Revolution. Already his influence was superseding that of Otis, in
+stealthy ways of which neither Otis nor those who made an idol of him
+were sensible, putting into the minds of men, in the place of the ideas
+for which Otis stood, radical conceptions which were to change in due
+time the whole future of the world. "Samuel Adams at this time was a man
+of forty-two years of age, but already gray and bent with a physical
+infirmity which kept his head and hands shaking like those of a
+paralytic. He was a man of broken fortunes, a ne'er-do-well in his
+private business, a failure as a tax collector, the only public office
+he had thus far undertaken to discharge."[25] He had an hereditary
+antipathy to the British government, for his father was one of the
+principal men connected with Land-Bank delusion, and was ruined by the
+restrictions which Parliament imposed on the circulation of paper money,
+causing the closing up of the bank by act of Parliament and leaving
+debts which seventeen years later were still unpaid.
+
+ [25] Hosmer, Life of Hutchinson, page 82.
+
+It appears that Governor Hutchinson was a leading person in dissolving
+the bank, and from that time Adams was the bitter enemy of Hutchinson
+and the government. Hutchinson in describing him says, "Mr. S. Adams had
+been one of the directors of the land bank in 1741 which was dissolved
+by act of Parliament. After his decease his estate was put up for sale
+by public auction, under authority of an act of the General Assembly.
+The son first made himself conspicuous on this occasion. He attended the
+sale, threatened the sheriff to bring action against him and threatened
+all who should attempt to enter upon the estate under pretence of a
+purchase, and by intimidating both the sheriff and those persons who
+intended to purchase, he prevented the sale, kept the estate in his
+possession and the debts to the land bank remained unsatisfied. He was
+afterwards a collector of taxes for the town of Boston and made
+defalcation which caused an additional tax upon the inhabitants. He was
+for nearly twenty years a writer against government in the public
+newspapers. Long practice caused him to arrive at great perfection and
+to acquire a talent of artfully and fallaciously insinuating into the
+minds of readers a prejudice against the characters of all he attacked
+beyond any other man I ever knew, and he made more converts to his cause
+by calumniating governors and other servants of the crown than by
+strength of reasoning. The benefit to the town from his defence of their
+liberties, he supposed an equivalent to his arrears as their collector,
+and prevailing principle of the party that the end justified the means
+probably quieted the remorse he must have felt from robbing men of their
+characters and injuring them more than if he had robbed them of their
+estates."[26]
+
+ [26] Hutchinson's History, Vol. III., pages 294-295.
+
+In a letter written by Hutchinson about this time he thus characterizes
+his chief adversary:
+
+"I doubt whether there is a greater incendiary in the King's dominion or
+a man of greater malignity of heart, who has less scruples any measure
+ever so criminal to accomplish his purposes; and I think I do him no
+injustice when I suppose he wishes the destruction of every friend to
+government in America."[27]
+
+ [27] M. A. History, Vol. XXV., page 437.
+
+In a letter dated March 13, 1769, Adams petitioned the town, requesting
+that he be discharged from his indebtedness to the town for the amount
+that he was in arrears as tax collector. He states that the town
+treasurer, by order of the town, had put his bond in suit and recovered
+judgment for the sum due L2009.8.8. He stated that his debts and
+L1106.11 will fully complete the sum which he owes and requests "that
+the town would order him a final discharge upon the condition of his
+paying the aforesaid sum of L1106.11 into the province treasury." This
+letter of Adams to the town of Boston fully confirms the statement made
+by Hutchinson that he was a defaulter, for it appears from this letter
+that during the several years he was collector of taxes for the town,
+that he did not make a proper return for the taxes which he had
+collected, and it was only after suit and judgment had been obtained
+against his bondsmen that restitution was made, his sureties having to
+pay over $5000 in cash and the balance was made up of uncollected
+taxes.[28]
+
+ [28] This letter was purchased at the E. H. Leffingwell sale of January
+ 6, 1891, for $185, by the city of Boston, and can be seen at the city
+ clerk's office. In connection with this see "Life of Samuel Adams," by
+ his great-grandson, William V. Wells, Vol. I., pages 35-38. Here he
+ emphatically denies that bonds or sureties were given by collectors.
+ Evidently he had not consulted Boston Town Records, 1767, page 9, when
+ it was voted that Samuel Adams' bond "shall be put in Suit," and when
+ bonds and sureties were required of his successor, neither could he have
+ known of the existence of this letter.
+
+Adams was poor, simple, ostentatiously austere; the blended influence of
+Calvinistic theology and republican principles had indurated his whole
+character. He hated monarchy and the Episcopal church, all privileged
+classes and all who were invested with dignity and rank, with a fierce
+hatred. He was the first to foresee and to desire an armed struggle, and
+he now maintained openly that any British troops which landed should be
+treated as enemies, attacked and if possible destroyed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+_BOSTON MOBS AND THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTION._
+
+
+After the adoption in Massachusetts of Patrick Henry's resolves, the
+people, brooding over the injuries which Adams made them believe they
+were receiving under the Stamp Act, became fiercer in temper. Open
+treason was talked, and many of the addresses to the Governor, composed
+by Adams, were models of grave and studied insolence. The rough
+population which abounded about the wharves and shipyards grew riotous,
+and, with the usual indiscrimination of mobs, was not slow to lift its
+hands against even the best friends of the people. "Mob law is a crime,
+and those who engage in mobs are criminals." This is a fundamental axiom
+of orderly government that cannot be denied.
+
+The first great riot was in anticipation of the arrival of the stamps.
+On the morning of August 14, 1765, there appeared, at what is now a
+corner of Washington and Essex streets, two effigies, hanging on an elm
+tree, representing Andrew Oliver, the stamp agent, and Lord Bute, the
+former prime minister. In the evening these images were carried as far
+as Kilby street, where there was a new unfinished government building,
+wrongly supposed to have been erected for use as a stamp office. This
+the mob completely demolished, and, taking portions of its wood-work
+with them, they proceeded to Fort Hill, where a bonfire was made in
+front of the house of Mr. Oliver, burning the effigy of Lord Bute there,
+and committing gross outrages on Oliver's premises, which were plundered
+and wrecked.
+
+A few nights later riots recommenced with redoubled fury, the rioters
+turning their attention to the house of Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson,
+who was also chief justice, and kinsman of Oliver. Hutchinson was not
+only the second person in rank in the colony, but was also a man who had
+personal claims of the highest kind upon his countrymen. He was an
+American, a member of one of the oldest colonial families, and, in a
+country where literary enterprise was very uncommon, he had devoted a
+great part of his life to investigating the history of his native
+province. His rare abilities, his stainless private character, and his
+great charm of manner, were universally recognized. He had at one time
+been one of the most popular men in the colony, and although Hutchinson
+was opposed to the Stamp Act, the determined impartiality with which, as
+Chief Justice, he upheld the law, soon made him obnoxious to the mob.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW OLIVER, STAMP COLLECTOR ATTACKED BY THE MOB.
+
+His beautiful mansion on Oliver street, Fort Hill, was wrecked and he
+narrowly escaped with his life.]
+
+When the mob surrounded his house in Garden Court street, they called
+for him to appear on his balcony, to give an account of himself as to
+the Stamp Act. He barred the doors and windows and remained within. One
+of his neighbors, alarmed, no doubt, as to the safety of his own
+property, told the mob that he had seen Hutchinson drive out just at
+nightfall, and that he had gone to spend the night at his country house
+at Milton. On hearing this the mob dispersed, having done no other
+damage than the breaking of windows.
+
+The popular fury had now become so ungovernable and perilous that
+Governor Bernard took refuge in the Castle, leaving Hutchinson to bear
+the brunt of this vehement hostility. Shortly after the governor's
+retreat, on the 26th of August, occurred a riot as disgraceful as any on
+record on either side of the Atlantic. It commenced at dusk with a
+bonfire on King street. One of the fire-wards attempted to extinguish
+it, but he was driven from the ground by a heavy blow from one of the
+mob which had assembled. The fire was doubtless kindled as a signal for
+the assembling of a ruffianly body of disguised men, armed with clubs
+and staves. They first went to the house of the register of the
+admiralty court, broke into his office in the lower story, and fed the
+fire hard by with the public archives in his keeping, and with all his
+own private papers. Next they went to the house of the comptroller of
+customs in Hanover street, tore down his fence, broke his windows,
+demolished his furniture, stole his money, scattered his papers, and
+availed themselves of the wine in his cellar as a potent stimulant to
+greater excesses.
+
+They then proceeded to Hutchinson's house, the finest and most costly in
+Boston. He had barely time to escape with his family, otherwise murder
+would no doubt have put a climax to the criminal orgies of the night.
+The rioters hewed down the doors with broad axes, destroyed or stole
+everything of value, including important historical data which he had
+spent years in collecting, papers which, if preserved to his countrymen,
+would be worth many times their weight in gold; and still further
+maddened by the contents of the cellar, the incendiary crowd broke up
+the roof and commenced tearing down the wood-work of the mansion.
+
+There exists competent evidence that the municipal authorities had
+timely notice of the pendency of this riot. They held a town meeting
+next day, denounced the rioters by unanimous vote, in which many who had
+been foremost in the affair gave assent to their own condemnation, but
+nothing was done towards punishing the perpetrators of the outrages, and
+it was evident that the prevailing feeling was with the rioters. Those
+who were arrested and committed for trial were released by a formidable
+body of sympathizers, undoubtedly fellow criminals, who went by night to
+the jail, forced the jailer to deliver up the keys, and released the
+culprits.
+
+The Custom House was selected for assault and pillage on the following
+night. The collector somehow gained information of this purpose. He had
+in his custody about four thousand pounds in specie, which could not be
+removed so secretly as to elude the espionage of eyes intent on rapine
+and plunder. The governor, at the urgent demand of the collector,
+called out the cadets, who constituted his special guard. The mob
+assembled. The commanding officers addressed them, first with
+persuasion, then with threats, but in vain. Driven to extremity he
+ordered his company to prime and load, and then begged the rioters to
+retire. They remained immovable until the order was given to "aim," when
+a hurried retreat of the tumultuous rabble ensued.
+
+There were, subsequently, various public demonstrations of a disorderly
+character; effigies of unpopular members of the home and provincial
+governments were hanged and burned, and there were frequent displays of
+violent hostility to the administration; but it was not till June, 1768,
+that there was another dangerous and destructive riot. In this there
+cannot be the slightest doubt that the mob had on their side as little
+moral justification as legal right. The sloop "Liberty," belonging to
+John Hancock, a leading merchant of the patriot party, arrived at
+Boston, laden with wine from Madeira, and a custom-house officer went on
+board to inspect the cargo. He was seized by the crew and detained for
+several hours, while the cargo was landed, and a few pipes of wine were
+entered on oath at the Custom House as if they had been the whole. On
+the liberation of the customs' officers the vessel was seized for a
+false entry, and in order to prevent the possibility of a rescue it was
+removed from the wharf to the protection of the guns of a man of war. A
+mob was speedily collected, and as the rabble could not get possession
+of the sloop, they attacked the revenue officers for doing their duty in
+properly seizing the vessel for false entry and smuggling. The
+collector, his son, and two inspectors, received the most barbarous
+treatment, were badly bruised and wounded, and hardly escaped with their
+lives. The mob next went to the house of the inspector-general, and to
+that of the comptroller of customs, and broke their windows. They then
+dragged the collector's boat to the Common and burned it there.
+
+When we consider the lawless condition of Boston, there cannot be any
+question that Governor Bernard was fully authorized to seek the presence
+of troops. The crown officers were in a rightful possession of their
+offices, and it would have been cowardly for them to desert their posts
+and sail for England, and thus to leave anarchy behind them. Meanwhile
+their lives were in peril, and they had an unquestionable right to
+demand competent protection. This they could have only by sending out of
+the province for it. The colonial militia could not be relied upon, for
+the mob must have been largely represented in its ranks. Nor could
+dependence be placed on the cadets, for Hancock, in whose behalf the
+last great riot had been perpetrated, was an officer of that corps. The
+only recourse was to the importation of royal troops--a measure which
+legal modes of remonstrance by patriots worthy of the name would never
+have rendered necessary or justifiable.
+
+Two regiments, the 14th and 29th, of about five hundred men each,
+arrived on Sept. 28, 1768. These soldiers were, of course, a burden and
+annoyance. They could not have been otherwise. Individually they were
+not gentlemen, and they could not have been expected to be so. Yet had
+their presence been desired or welcome, there is no reason to suppose
+that there would have been any unpleasant collision with them.
+
+The first token of resentment on the part of the populace occurred
+eleven days after their arrival. The colonel of one of the regiments had
+ordered a guard-house to be built on the Neck. The site was visited in
+the night by a mob, who tore down the frame of the building and cut it
+in pieces, so that no part of it could be put to further use. From that
+time on there were perpetual quarrels and brisk interchanges of
+contumely, abuse, and insult between the soldiers and the inhabitants,
+in which gangs of ropemakers bore a prominent part. There was
+undoubtedly no lack of ill-blood on either side, but, after patiently
+reading the contemporary record of what took place, we are inclined to
+adopt the statement of Samuel G. Drake, whose intense loyalty as a
+loving citizen of Boston no one can question, and who writes "That
+outrages were committed by the soldiers is no doubt true; but these
+outrages were exaggerated, and they probably, in nine cases out of ten,
+were the abused party."[29]
+
+ [29] "History of Boston," Samuel T. Drake, page 778.
+
+Passing over intervening dissensions and tumults, we now come to the
+so-called "Boston Massacre," on the 5th of March, 1770, an occasion on
+which loss of life was inevitable, and the only question was whether it
+should be among the soldiers or their assailants. The riot was evidently
+predetermined, as one of the bells was rung about eight o'clock, and
+immediately afterwards bands of men, with clubs, appeared upon the
+streets. Early in the evening there had been some interchange of
+hostilities, chiefly verbal, between the soldiers and town people, but
+an officer had ordered his men into the barrack-yard, and closed the
+gate. The "main guard," for that day's duty, was from the 29th regiment.
+
+About nine o'clock a solitary sentinel in front of the custom-house on
+King street, now known as State street, was assailed by a party of men
+and boys, who pelted him with lumps of ice and coal, and threatened him
+with their clubs. Being forbidden by the rules of the service to quit
+his post, he called upon the "main guard," whose station was within
+hearing. A corporal and seven soldiers were sent to his relief. They
+were followed by Captain Preston, who said, "I will go there myself to
+see that they do no mischief." By that time the crowd had become a large
+one, intensely angry, and determined on violence. The mob supposed the
+soldiers were helpless and harmless; that they were not permitted to
+fire unless ordered by a magistrate. The rioters repeatedly challenged
+the soldiers to fire if they dared, and the torrent of coarse and
+profane abuse poured upon the soldiers is astonishing even in its echoes
+across the century, and would furnish material for an appropriate
+inscription on the Attucks monument. The soldiers stood on the defensive
+while their lives were endangered by missiles, and till the crowd closed
+upon them in a hand-to-hand conflict. The leader of the assault was
+"Crispus Attucks," a half Indian and half negro, who raised the
+blood-curdling war-whoop, the only legacy save his Indian surname and
+his strength and ferocity, that he is known to have received from his
+savage ancestry. He knocked down one of the soldiers, got possession of
+his musket, and would, no doubt, have killed him instantly had not the
+soldiers fired at that moment and killed Attucks and two other men, two
+more being fatally wounded. There is no evidence that Captain Preston
+ordered the firing, though if he did he certainly deserved no blame, as
+the shooting was, for the soldiers, the only means of defence. There is
+no doubt that the mobs on these occasions were set in movement and
+directed by some persons of higher rank and larger views of mischief
+than themselves.
+
+Gordon, the historian of the American Revolution, informs us that the
+mob was addressed, in the street, before the firing, by a tall, large
+man, in a red cloak and white wig, and after listening to what he had to
+offer in the space of three or four minutes, they huzza for the "main
+guard" and say, "We will do for the soldiers." He also said, "But from
+the character, principles, and policies of certain persons among the
+leaders of the opposition, it may be feared that they had no objection
+to a recounter that by occasioning the death of a few might eventually
+clear the place of the two regiments."
+
+This avowal, which, coming from such a source, has all the weight of
+premeditation, chills us with its deliberate candor, and begets
+reflections on the desperate means resorted to by some of the leaders of
+the populace in those trying times, which historians generally have
+shrunk from suggesting.
+
+Hutchinson fulfilled at this time, with complete adequacy, the functions
+of chief magistrate. He was at once in the street in imminent danger of
+having his brains dashed out,[30] expostulating, entreating, that order
+might be observed. His prompt arrest of Preston and the squad which had
+done the killing was his full duty, and it is to the credit of the
+troops that the officer and his men, in the midst of the exasperation,
+gave themselves quietly into the hands of the law.
+
+ [30] "Life of Thomas Hutchinson," page 162.
+
+In the famous scenes which followed, the next day, Samuel Adams and
+other leading agitators, as representatives of the people, rushed into
+the presence of Hutchinson, and rather commanded than asked for the
+removal of the troops. Hutchinson hesitated. He was not yet
+governor--Bernard was in England. The embarrassment of the situation for
+the chief magistrate was really appalling. He knew that their removal
+would, under the circumstances, be a great humiliation to the government
+and a great encouragement to the mob. On the other hand, if the soldiers
+remained it was only too probable that in a few hours the streets of
+Boston would run with blood. He consulted the council, and found, as
+usual, an echo of the public voice. He then yielded, and the troops were
+sent to Fort William, on Castle Island, three miles from the town.
+
+Although, from that day to this, it has been held that the British
+uniform was driven with ignominy out of the streets of Boston, they
+deserve no discredit for their submission to the Governor and his
+council. They were two weak regiments, together amounting to not more
+than eight hundred effective men, isolated in a populous province which
+hated them, and were in great peril of life. It does not appear that
+they showed the white feather at all, but rather that they were
+law-abiding. Probably few organizations in the British army have a
+record more honorable. The 14th was with William III. in Flanders; it
+formed, too, one of the squares of Waterloo, breasting for hours the
+charges of the French cuirassiers until it had nearly melted away. The
+29th was with Marlboro at Ramillies, and with Wellington in the
+Peninsula; it bore a heavy part, as may be read in Napier, in wresting
+Spain from the grasp of Napoleon. To fight it out with the mob would no
+doubt have been far easier and pleasanter than to yield; for brave
+soldiers to forbear is harder than to fight, and one may be sure that in
+the long history of those regiments few experiences more trying came to
+pass than those of the Boston streets.
+
+Few things contributed more to commence the American Revolution than
+this unfortunate affray. Skillful agitators perceived the advantage it
+gave them, and the most fantastic exaggerations were dexterously
+diffused. It, however, had a sequel which is extremely creditable to the
+citizens of Boston.
+
+It was determined to try the soldiers for their lives, and public
+feeling ran so fiercely against them that it seemed as if their fate was
+sealed. The trial, however, was delayed for seven months till the
+excitement had in some degree subsided. Captain Preston very judiciously
+appealed to John Adams, who was rapidly rising to the first place among
+the lawyers and the popular party of Boston, to undertake his defence.
+Adams knew well how much he was risking by espousing so unpopular a
+cause, but he knew also his professional duty, and though violently
+opposed to the British Government, he was an eminently honest, brave,
+and humane man. In conjunction with Josiah Quincy, a young lawyer who
+was also of the popular party, he undertook the invidious task, and he
+discharged it with consummate ability. Three years afterwards he wrote
+in his diary: "The part I took in defence of Capt. Preston and the
+soldiers procured me anxiety and obloquy enough. It was, however, one of
+the most gallant, generous, manly, and disinterested acts of my whole
+life, and one of the best pieces of service I ever rendered my country.
+Judgment of death against those soldiers would have been as foul a stain
+upon this country as the execution of the Quakers or witches, anciently.
+As the evidence was, the verdict of the jury was exactly right."
+
+These noble words and his actions in this matter are sufficient alone to
+prove that John Adams was a fit successor to President Washington. He
+was entirely just in the estimate he put upon his conduct in these frank
+terms. His defence of the soldiers was one of the most courageous acts
+that a thoroughly manly man performed, and his summing up of the matter
+just quoted, is perfectly accurate. If John Adams showed himself here a
+man of sense and a hero, as much cannot be said of his cousin, Samuel
+Adams, who undoubtedly was one of the leaders who incited the mob to
+attack the soldiers, as hinted at by Gordon. And, again, in the
+vindictive persecution which followed, in the attempt to arouse in
+England and America indignation against the soldiers, by documents based
+on evidence hastily collected in advance of the trial, from wholly
+unreliable witnesses, and in the attempt to precipitate the trial while
+passion was still hot, the misbehavior of the people was grave. In all
+this no leader was more eager than Samuel Adams, and in no time in his
+career, probably, does he more plainly lay himself open to the charge of
+being a reckless demagogue, a mere mob-leader, than at this moment.
+
+Captain Preston and six of the soldiers, who were tried for murder, were
+acquitted; two of the soldiers, convicted of manslaughter, were branded
+on the hand and then released. The most important testimony in the case
+was that of the celebrated surgeon, John Jeffries, who attended Patrick
+Carr, an Irishman, fatally wounded in the affray. It is as follows: "He
+said he saw many things thrown at the sentry; he believed they were
+oyster shells and ice; he heard the people huzza every time they heard
+anything strike that sounded hard. He then saw some soldiers going down
+towards the custom-house; he saw the people pelt them as they went
+along. I asked him whether he thought the soldiers would fire; he said
+he thought the soldiers would have fired long before. I then asked him
+if he thought the soldiers were abused a great deal; he said he thought
+they were. I asked him whether he thought the soldiers would have been
+hurt if they had not fired; he said he really thought they would, for he
+heard many voices cry out, 'Kill them!' I asked him, meaning to close
+all, whether he thought they fired in self-defence or on purpose to
+destroy the people; he said he really thought they did fire to defend
+themselves; that he did not blame the man, whoever he was, that shot
+him. He told me he was a native of Ireland; that he had frequently seen
+mobs, and soldiers called to quell them. Whenever he mentioned that, he
+called himself a fool; that he might have known better; that he had seen
+soldiers often fire on people in Ireland, but had never in his life seen
+them bear so much before they fired."
+
+John Adams, in his plea in defence of the soldiers, said: "We have been
+entertained with a great variety of phrases to avoid calling this sort
+of people a mob. Some called them shavers, some called them geniuses.
+The plain English is, they were probably a motley rabble of saucy boys,
+negroes, mulattoes, Irish teagues, and outlandish Jack-tars, and why we
+should scruple to call such a set of people a mob, I can't conceive,
+unless the name is too respectable for them."
+
+Chief-Justice Lynde, eminent for his judicial integrity and
+impartiality, said on the announcement of the verdict: "Happy am I to
+find, after much strict examination, the conduct of the prisoners
+appears in so fair a light, yet I feel myself deeply affected that this
+affair turns out so much to the disgrace of every person concerned
+against them, and so much to the shame of the town in general."
+
+In 1887, at the instigation of John Boyle O'Reilly and the negroes of
+Boston, the Legislature passed a bill authorizing the expenditure of
+$10,000 for the purpose of erecting a monument to the memory of the
+"victims of the Boston Massacre." The monument was erected on Boston
+Common, notwithstanding the fact that the Massachusetts Historical
+Society, and the New England Historic Genealogical Society, voted
+unanimously against it. "That it was a waste of public money, that the
+affray was occasioned by the brutal and revengeful attack of reckless
+roughs upon the soldiers, while on duty, who had not the civilian's
+privilege of retreating, but were obliged to contend against great odds,
+and used their arms only in the last extremity; that the killed were
+rioters and not patriots, and that a jury of Boston citizens had
+acquitted the soldiers." A joint committee, composed of members of both
+societies, presented the resolutions to Governor Ames, and requested him
+to veto the bill. He admitted that "the monument ought not to be
+erected, but if he vetoed the bill it would _cost the Republican party
+the colored vote_." When the monument was erected and uncovered, it
+presented such an indecent appearance that the City Council immediately
+voted $250 for a new capstone. It now represents an historical lie, and
+is a sad commentary on the intelligence and art taste of the citizens of
+Boston. To be sure monuments of stone will not avail to perpetuate an
+error of history, as witness the monument erected to commemorate the
+Great Fire of London. The inscription on that monument, embodying a
+gross perversion of history, was effaced in 1831, after it had stood
+there one hundred and fifty years, but the just resentment, the
+ill-feeling, the grief and shame which it engendered during that period,
+had been evils of incalculable magnitude. The time will surely come when
+the monument on Boston Common will be removed for the same reason.
+
+On the 18th of March, 1766, the Stamp Act was repealed. It had remained
+in force but one year, and was then repealed in an effort to pacify the
+colonists. A duty was placed on tea and other imports which the
+colonists had always admitted to be a valid act of the Parliament.
+Whatever might be said of the Stamp Act, the tea duty was certainly not
+a real grievance to Americans, for Parliament had relieved the colonists
+of a duty of 12d. in the pound which had hitherto been levied in
+England, and the colonists were only asked, in compensation, to pay a
+duty of 3d. in the pound on arrival of the tea in America. The measure,
+therefore, was not an act of oppression, but of relief, making the price
+of tea in the colonies positively cheaper by 9d. per pound than it had
+been before. But the turbulent spirits were not to be satisfied so
+easily. They organized an immense boycott against British goods and
+commercial intercourse with England, and appointed vigilance committees
+in many communities to see that the boycott was rigidly enforced.
+Hutchinson, in describing them, says: "In this Province the faction is
+headed by the lowest, dirtiest, and most abject part of the community,
+and so absurdly do the Council and House of Representatives reason, that
+they justify this anarchy, the worst of tyranny, as necessary to remove
+a single instance of what they call oppression; they have persecuted my
+sons with peculiar pleasure." August 26, 1770, he wrote to William
+Parker, of Portsmouth: "You certainly think right when you think Boston
+people are run mad. The frenzy was not higher when they banished my
+pious great-grandmother, when they hanged the Quakers, when they
+afterwards hanged the poor innocent witches, when they were carried away
+with a Land Bank, or when they all turned "New Lights," than the
+political frenzy has been for a twelve-month past."[31]
+
+ [31] "Life of Hutchinson," page 195.
+
+In December, 1773, three ships laden with tea, private property of an
+innocent corporation, arrived at Boston, and on the 16th of that month,
+forty or fifty men, disguised as Mohawk Indians, under the direction of
+Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and others, boarded the vessels, posted
+sentinels to keep all agents of authority off at a distance, and flung
+the three cargoes, consisting of three hundred and forty-two chests,
+into the harbor. How can we, law-abiding citizens, applaud the "Boston
+Tea Party" and condemn the high-handed conduct of strike-leaders of the
+present time? In this transaction some respectable men were engaged, and
+their posterity affects to be proud of it. But they were not proud of it
+at the time. In their disguise as Indians they were not recognized, and
+the few well-known names among them were not divulged till the rebellion
+became a successful revolution. It probably made no "patriots." We have
+proof that it afterwards turned the scales against the patriot cause
+with some who had sympathized with it and taken part in it.
+
+Looking back to those times during later years, John Adams wrote: "The
+poor people themselves, who, by _secret manoeuvres_, _are excited to
+insurrection_, are seldom aware of the purposes for which they are set
+in motion or of consequences which may happen to themselves; and _when
+once heated and in full career_, _they can neither manage themselves nor
+be managed by others_."
+
+[Illustration: BOSTONIANS PAYING THE EXCISEMAN, OR TARRING AND
+FEATHERING.
+
+A cartoon published in London in 1771, showing how the authority of the
+government was wholly disregarded in Boston.]
+
+The illegal seizure of the tea was in a certain sense parallel to the
+so-called "respectable" mob which on the 11th of August, 1834, destroyed
+the Charlestown convent, and, a year later, nearly killed Garrison and
+made the jail his only safe place of refuge. Had slavery triumphed, that
+mob would at this day be the object and the subject of popular
+glorification; every man who belonged to it, who was present abetting
+and encouraging it, would claim his share of the glory, and a roll of
+honor would have been handed down for a centennial celebration in which
+every slaveholder in the land would have borne a part. But now that
+slavery is dead, and the statue of Garrison has its place in the
+fashionable avenue of Boston, there is no longer any merit in the
+endeavor to buttress the fallen cause. Had the Revolution failed, the
+disgrace of the men who threw the tea overboard would never have been
+removed, and the best that history could say of them would be that, like
+the Attucks mob, they were enthusiasts without reason.
+
+John Hancock, one of the principal leaders of the Tea Party Mob, and the
+owner of the sloop "Liberty," which was seized for smuggling, and later
+the first to sign the Declaration of Independence, inherited L70,000
+from his uncle, who had made a large part of it by importing from the
+Dutch island of St. Eustacia great quantities of tea, in molasses
+hogsheads, and, by the importation of a few chests from England, had
+freed the rest from suspicion, and not having been found out, had borne
+the reputation of a "fair trader." Partly by inattention to his private
+affairs, and partly from want of sound judgment, John Hancock became
+greatly involved and distressed, and his estate was lost with much
+greater rapidity than it had been acquired by his uncle.[32]
+
+ [32] His. Mass. Bay, page 207.
+
+John Adams had very positive opinions concerning the mobs of the
+Revolution. In a letter to his wife he says:
+
+"I am engaged in a famous cause. The cause of King of Scarborough
+_versus_ a mob that broke into his house and rifled his papers and
+terrified him, his wife, children and servants, in the night. The terror
+and distress, the distraction and horror of this family, cannot be
+described in words, or painted upon canvas. It is enough to move a
+statue, to melt a heart of stone, to read the story. A mind susceptible
+of the feelings of humanity, a heart which can be touched with
+sensibility for human misery and wretchedness, must relent, must burn
+with resentment and indignation at such outrageous injuries. These
+private mobs I do and will detest."[33]
+
+ [33] Letters of John Adams to his wife, Vol. I, pages 12-13.
+
+Concerning the Loyalists, he says: "A notion prevails among all parties
+that it is politest and genteelest to be on the side of the
+administration, that the better sort, the wiser few, are on one side,
+and that the multitude, the vulgar, the herd, the rabble, the mob, only
+are on the other."[34]
+
+ [34] Letters of John Adams to his wife, Vol. I., page 12.
+
+As regards his own actions towards the Loyalists, he writes in his later
+years as follows:
+
+"Nothing could be more false and injurious to me than the imputation of
+any sanguinary zeal against the Tories, for I can truly declare that
+through the whole Revolution, and from that time to this, I never
+committed one act of severity against the Tories."[35]
+
+ [35] Diary of John Adams, page 413.
+
+At the time of the shedding of the first blood at Lexington, Hancock was
+respondent, in the admiralty court, in suits of the crown to recover
+nearly half a million of dollars, as penalties alleged to have been
+incurred for violation of the statute-book. It was fit that he should
+be the first to affix his name to an instrument which, if made good,
+would save him from financial ruin.
+
+One-fourth of the signers of the Declaration of Independence were bred
+to trade or to the command of ships, and more than one of them was
+branded with the epithet of "smuggler."[36]
+
+ [36] Sabine. Vol. I., page 13.
+
+In 1773 John Hancock was elected treasurer of Harvard college. "In this
+they considered their patriotism more than their prudence." The amount
+of college funds paid over to him was upwards of fifteen thousand and
+four hundred pounds, and, like his friend, Samuel Adams, he, too, proved
+to be a defaulter. For twenty years the corporation begged and entreated
+him to make restitution. They threatened to prosecute him and also to
+put his bond in suit, as Adams' was, but it was all of no avail. He
+turned a deaf ear to their entreaties, and it was only after his death,
+in 1793, that his heirs made restitution to the college, when a
+settlement was made, in 1795, in which the college lost five hundred and
+twenty-six dollars interest.
+
+Josiah Quincy, the president of Harvard college, in referring to this
+matter, says:
+
+"From respect to the high rank which John Hancock attained among the
+patriots of the American Revolution, it would have been grateful to pass
+over in silence the extraordinary course he pursued in his official
+relation to Harvard college, had truth and the fidelity of history
+permitted. But justice to a public institution which he essentially
+embarrassed during a period of nearly twenty years, and also to the
+memory of those whom he made to feel and to suffer, requires that these
+records of unquestionable facts which at the time they occurred were the
+cause of calumny and censure to honorable men, actuated in this measure
+solely by a sense of official fidelity, should not be omitted. In
+republics, popularity is the form of power most apt to corrupt its
+possessor and to tempt him, for party or personal interests, to trample
+on right to set principle at defiance. History has no higher or more
+imperative duty to perform than, by an unyielding fidelity, to impress
+this class of men with the apprehension that although through fear or
+favor they may escape animadversion of contemporaries, there awaits them
+in her impartial record, the retribution of truth."[37]
+
+ [37] "History of Harvard University," by Josiah Quincy, Vol. II., pp.
+ 182-209.
+
+The action of the tea mob was the culmination of mob violence in Boston.
+It brought the king and parliament to decide that their rebellious
+subjects in Boston must be subdued by force of arms, and that mob
+violence should cease. General Thomas Gage was to have at his command
+four regiments and a powerful fleet. He arrived at Boston, May 13, 1774,
+and was appointed to supersede Governor Thomas Hutchinson, as governor,
+who had succeeded Governor Sir Francis Bernard in 1771. General Gage was
+now in the prime of life. He had served with great credit under several
+commanders, at Fontenoy and Culloden, and had fought with Washington,
+under Braddock, at Monongahela, where he was severely wounded, and
+carried a musket ball in his side for the remainder of his life as a
+memento of that fatal battle. An intimacy then existed between him and
+Washington, which was maintained afterwards by a friendly
+correspondence, and which twenty years later ended regretfully when they
+appeared, opposed to each other, at the head of contending armies, the
+one obeying the commands of his sovereign and the other upholding the
+cause of his people. How many cases similar to this occurred, eighty-six
+years later, when brother officers in arms faced each other with hostile
+forces, and friendship and brotherly love were changed to deadly hatred.
+
+The claim has been set up by American historians, and accepted as true
+by those of Great Britain, that hostilities were commenced at Lexington
+and by the British commander. This is not so. The first act of
+hostilities was the attack upon the government post of Fort William and
+Mary at Newcastle, in Portsmouth harbor, New Hampshire. The attack was
+deliberately planned by the disunion leaders, and executed by armed and
+disciplined forces mustered by them for that purpose.[38] The fort
+contained large quantities of government arms and ammunition, and being
+garrisoned by but a corporal's guard, it was too tempting a prize to be
+overlooked by Samuel Adams and his colleagues.
+
+Sir John Wentworth, governor of New Hampshire, tells us that the raiding
+party was openly collected by beat of drum in the streets of Portsmouth,
+and that, being apprised of their intent to attack a government fort, he
+sent the chief justice to warn them that such an act "was short of
+rebellion," and entreated them not to undertake it, "but all to no
+purpose." They embarked in three boats, sailed to the fortress and
+"forced an entrance in spite of Captain Cochrane, the commander, who
+defended it as long as he could. They then secured the captain
+triumphantly, gave three cheers, and hauled down the king's colors."[38]
+
+ [38] Letter of Governor Wentworth, New Eng. His. Gen. Reg., 1869, page
+ 274.
+
+Thomas Coffin Amory, in his "Military Service of General Sullivan," says
+(p. 295) that "the raiding force consisted of men whom Sullivan had been
+drilling for several months; that they captured 97 kegs of powder and a
+quantity of small ammunition which were used against the British at
+Bunker Hill."
+
+The attack on this fort is worthy of far more consideration than has
+been given to it, for not only did it occur prior to the conflict at
+Concord, but was the direct cause of that conflict. It was as much the
+commencement of the Revolutionary war as was the attack on Fort Sumpter
+by the disunionists, in 1861, the commencement of the Civil War, and had
+precisely the same effect in each case. When the news reached London
+that a government fort had been stormed by an organized force, its
+garrison made prisoners and the flag of the empire torn down, the
+ministers seem to have become convinced that it was the determination of
+the colonists to make war upon the government. To tolerate such a
+proceeding would be a confession that all law and authority was at an
+end. Some vindication of that authority must be attempted. An order was
+dispatched to General Gage to retake the munitions that had been seized
+by the disunion forces, and any other found stored that might be used
+for attacking the government troops; surely a very mild measure of
+reprisal. It was in obedience to this order that the expedition was
+dispatched to Concord, that brought about the collision between the
+British and colonial troops and the so-called "Battle of Lexingon."
+
+In Rhode Island, a revenue outrage of more than common importance
+occurred at this time. A small schooner named the Gaspee, in the
+government service, with a crew of some 25 sailors, commanded by
+Lieutenant Duddingston, while pursuing a suspected smuggler on June 6,
+1772, ran aground on a sand-bar near Providence, and the ship which had
+escaped brought the news to that town. Soon after a drum was beat
+through the streets, and all persons who were disposed to assist in the
+destruction of the king's ship were summoned to meet at the home of a
+prominent citizen. There appears to have been no concealment or
+disguise, and shortly after 10 at night eight boats, full of armed men,
+started with muffled oars on the expedition. They reached the stranded
+vessel in the deep darkness of the early morning. Twice the sentinel on
+board vainly hailed them, when Duddingston himself appeared in his shirt
+upon the gunwale and asked who it was that approached. The leader of the
+party answered with a profusion of oaths that he was the sheriff of the
+county, come to arrest him, and while he was speaking one of his men
+deliberately shot the lieutenant, who fell, badly wounded, on the deck.
+In another minute the "Gaspee" was boarded and taken without any loss to
+the attacking party. The crew was overpowered, bound and placed upon the
+shore. Duddingston, his wounds having been dressed, was landed at a
+neighboring house. The party set fire to the "Gaspee," and while its
+flames announced to the whole county the success of the expedition, they
+returned, in broad daylight to Providence. Large rewards were offered by
+the British government for their detection, but though they were
+universally known, no evidence could be obtained, and the outrage was
+entirely unpunished. It is to be observed that this act of piracy and
+open warfare against the government was committed by the citizens of a
+colony that had no cause for controversy with the home government, and
+whose constitution was such a liberal one that it was not found
+necessary to change one word of it when the province became an
+independent republic.
+
+General Gage, being informed that powder and other warlike stores were
+being collected in surrounding towns for the purpose of being used
+against the government, he sent, on Sept. 1, 1774, two hundred soldiers
+up the Mystic river, who took from the powder house 212 barrels of
+powder, and brought off two field-pieces from Cambridge. On April 18,
+1775, at 10 o'clock at night, eight hundred men embarked from Boston
+Common and crossed the Charles river in boats to the Cambridge shore.
+At the same time Paul Revere rowed across the river, lower down, and
+landed in Charlestown, and then, on horseback, went in advance of the
+troops to alarm the country. He was pursued, and with another scout
+named Dawes, was captured by the troops. At the dawn of day Lexington
+was reached, 12 miles distant from Boston, where the troops were
+confronted on the village green by the Lexington militia, which was
+ordered by the commander of the British expedition to disperse, but
+failing to do so they were fired on by the troops, and several of them
+killed. The militia dispersed without firing a shot.
+
+The troops gave three cheers in token of their victory, and continued
+their march to Concord, their objective point, where they were informed
+munitions of war were being collected. They arrived there at 9 o'clock,
+and after destroying the stores collected there, they took up their
+march for Boston. But now the alarm had spread through the country. The
+troops had hardly commenced marching, when, crossing the North Bridge
+they were fired upon by the Americans; one soldier was killed and
+another wounded.[39]
+
+ [39] As the wounded soldier was crawling away he was met by a boy who
+ had been chopping wood, and who, inflamed by the spirit of the hour,
+ killed him with his axe. The two soldiers lay buried near the stonewall
+ where they fell. More than a century later a young woman came here
+ recently from Nottinghamshire, who was a relative of one of them. She
+ went to the graves and placed upon them a wreath, singing as she did so,
+ "God save the King!"
+
+Captain Davis and Abner Hosmer, two Americans, were killed by the
+British fire. On the march towards Boston the troops were met by the
+fire of the Americans from the stonewalls on either side of the highway,
+along the skirt of every wood or orchard, and from every house or barn
+or cover in sight. The troops, exposed to such a galling attack in flank
+and rear, must have surrendered had they not been met with
+reinforcements from Boston. This very emergency had been anticipated,
+and General Gage had sent out a brigade of a thousand men, and two
+field-pieces, under Earl Percy. The forces met at Lexington about 2
+o'clock in the afternoon. After a short interval of rest and
+refreshment, the troops took up their line of march for Boston. At every
+point on the road they met an increasing number of militia, who by this
+time had gathered in such force as to constitute a formidable foe. It
+was a terrible march. Many were killed, on both sides, and it was with
+the greatest difficulty that Lord Percy was able at last, about sunset,
+to bring his command to Charlestown Neck under cover of the ships of
+war. The troops lost that day in killed, wounded, and missing, 273; the
+Americans, 93. The war of the Revolution had commenced. The fratricidal
+struggle was entered into, between men of the same race and blood who
+had stood shoulder to shoulder in many a hard-fought field; brothers,
+fathers and sons, were to engage in a deadly struggle that should last
+for years, and which, eighty-six years after wards, was to be repeated
+over again in the war between the North and South.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+_THE LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS._
+
+
+At the outbreak of the American rebellion the great majority of men in
+the colonies could be regarded as indifferent, ready to stampede and
+rush along with the successful party. Loyalty was their normal
+condition; the state _had_ existed and _did_ exist, and it was the
+disunionists who must do the converting, the changing of men's opinion
+to suit a new order of things which the disunionists believed necessary
+for their welfare. Opposed to the revolutionists were the crown
+officials, dignified and worthy gentlemen, who held office by virtue of
+a wise selection. Hardly to be distinguished from the official class
+were the clergy of the Established Church, who were partially dependent
+for their livings upon the British government. The officers and clergy
+received the support of the landowners and the substantial business men,
+the men who were satisfied with the existing order of things. The
+aristocracy of culture, of dignified professions and callings, of
+official rank and hereditary wealth, was, in a large measure, found in
+the Loyalist party. Such worthy and talented men of high social
+positions were the leaders of the opposition to the rebellion.
+Supporting them was the natural conservatism of all prosperous men. The
+men who had abilities which could not be recognized under the existing
+regime, and those that form the lower strata of every society and are
+every ready to overthrow the existing order of things, these were the
+ones who were striving to bring about a change--a revolution.
+
+The persecution of the Loyalists by the Sons of Despotism, or the "Sons
+of Liberty," as they called themselves, was mercilessly carried out;
+every outrage conceivable was practiced upon them. Freedom of speech was
+suppressed; the liberty of the press destroyed; the voice of truth
+silenced, and throughout the colonies was established a lawless power.
+As early as 1772 "committees of correspondence" had been organized
+throughout Massachusetts. Adams exclaimed in admiration: "What an
+engine! France imitated it and produced a revolution."[40] Leonard, the
+Loyalist, with "abhorrence pronounced it the foulest, subtlest and most
+venomous serpent ever issued from the egg of sedition."[41] Insult and
+threat met the Loyalist at every turn. One day he was, perhaps, set upon
+a cake of ice to cool his loyalty,[42] and was then informed that a
+certain famous liberty man had sworn to be his butcher. Next he was told
+that he might expect a "sans benito" of tar and feathers, and even an
+"auto da fe." The committee sent "Patriot" newspapers and other
+propaganda to the wavering or obstinate, but seldom failed to follow
+this system of conversion with a personal interview if the literature
+failed. Such were the means that were used by the "Sons of Despotism" to
+bring over the mass of the people to the disunion cause.
+
+ [40] John Adams' Letters. Vol. X, page 197.
+
+ [41] "Massachusettsensis."
+
+ [42] "Moor's Diary." Vol. I., page 359.
+
+In the courts of law, not even the rights of a foreigner were left to
+the Loyalist. If his neighbors owed him money he had no legal redress
+until he took an oath that he favored American independence. All legal
+action was denied him. He might be assaulted, insulted, blackmailed or
+slandered, though the law did not state it so boldly, yet he had no
+recourse in law. No relative or friend could leave an orphan child, to
+his guardianship. He could be the executor or administrator of no man's
+estate. He could neither buy land nor transfer it to another; he was
+denied his vocation and his liberty to speak or write his opinions. All
+these restrictions were not found in any one place, nor at any one time,
+nor were they always rigorously enforced. Viewed from the distance of
+one hundred years, the necessity of such barbarous severity is not now
+apparent.
+
+When this ostracism was approved by a large majority of the inhabitants
+of a town the victim was practically expelled from the community. None
+dared to give him food or comfort. He was a pariah, and to countenance
+him was to incur public wrath.
+
+On January 17, 1777, Massachusetts passed an Act punishing with death
+the "Crime of adhering to Great Britain." The full extent of this law
+was not carried into effect in Massachusetts, but it was in other
+colonies. The "Black List" of Pennsylvania contained the names of 490
+persons attainted of high treason. Only a few actually suffered the
+extreme penalty. Among these were two citizens of Philadelphia--Mr.
+Roberts and Mr. Carlisle. When the British army evacuated Philadelphia,
+they remained, although warned of their danger. They were at once seized
+by the returning disunionists and condemned to be hanged. Mr. Roberts's
+wife and children went before congress and on their knees supplicated
+for mercy, but in vain. In carrying out the sentence the two men, with
+halters around their necks, were walked to the gallows behind a cart,
+"attended with all the apparatus which makes such scenes truly
+horrible." A guard of militia accompanied them; but few spectators.[43]
+
+ [43] "Penn Packet," Nov. 17, 1778. "Penn Archives," Vol. VIII, page 22.
+ "Dallis," Vol. I., pp 39, 42; "Galloway's Examinations," page 77.
+
+At the gallows Mr. Roberts' behavior, wrote a loyal friend, "did honor
+to human nature," and both showed fortitude and composure.
+
+Roberts told his audience that his conscience acquitted him of guilt:
+that he suffered for doing his duty to his sovereign; that his blood
+would one day be required at their hands. Turning to his children he
+charged and exhorted them to remember his principles for which he died,
+and to adhere to them while they had breath. "He suffered with the
+resolution of a Roman," wrote a witness.
+
+After the execution, the bodies of the two men were carried away by
+friends and their burial was attended by over 4000 in procession.[44]
+Some of the more heartless leaders of the rebellion defended this
+severity of treatment and thought "hanging the traitors" would have a
+good effect and "give stability to the new government." "One suggested
+that the Tories seemed designed for this purpose by Providence."[44] The
+more thoughtful leaders, however, denounced the trial of Loyalists for
+treason, and Washington feared that it might prove a dangerous
+expedient. It was true, he granted, that they had joined the British
+after such an offence had been declared to be treason; but as they had
+not taken the oath, nor entered into the American service, it would be
+said that they had a right to choose their side. "Again," he added, "by
+the same rule that we try them may not the enemy try any natural-born
+subject of Great Britain taken in arms in our service? We have a great
+number of them and I, therefore, think we had better submit to the
+necessity of treating a few individuals who may really deserve a severer
+fate, as prisoners of war, than run the risk of giving an opening for
+retaliation upon the Europeans in our service."[45]
+
+ [44] "Records of North Carolina," Vol. XI., page 561.
+
+ [45] "Washington's Writings," Vol. VI., page 241.
+
+American writers never fail to tell of the "brutal and inhuman
+treatment" of the American prisoners by the British in the prisons and
+prison-ships at New York, where about five thousand prisoners were
+confined. We are informed that their sufferings in the prison-ships were
+greater than those in the prisons on land; that "every morning the
+prisoners brought up their bedding to be aired, and after washing the
+decks, they were allowed to remain above till sunset, when they were
+ordered below with imprecations and the savage cry, "Down, rebels!
+Down!" The hatches were then closed, and in serried ranks they lay down
+to sleep," etc.[46] That many died from dysentery, smallpox and prison
+fever, there is no doubt; but there is not any record that _they were
+starved to death_. Compare the above treatment of prisoners by the
+British with that of the Loyalists by the disunionists! In East Granby,
+Connecticut, was situated an underground prison which surpassed the
+horrors of the Black Hole of Calcutta. These barbarities and
+inhumanities were the portion of those who had been guilty of loyalty to
+their country, a social class distinguished by both their public and
+private virtues. It seemed almost incredible that their
+fellow-countrymen should have confined them in a place unfit for human
+beings.
+
+ [46] Lossing, "Field Book of the Revolution," Vol. II., page 661.
+
+This den of horrors, known as "Newgate Prison," was an old worked-out
+copper mine, sixty feet under ground, in the hills of East Granby. The
+only entrance to it was by means of a ladder down a shaft which led to
+the caverns under ground. The darkness was intense; the caves reeked
+with filth; vermin abounded; water trickled from the roof and oozed from
+the sides of the cavern; huge masses of earth were perpetually falling
+off. In the dampness and the filth the clothing of the prisoners grew
+mouldy and rotted away, and their limbs became stiff with rheumatism.
+
+During the Revolutionary war Loyalists of importance were confined in
+this place of horrors, then of national importance, although now but
+seldom referred to by American writers. Loyalists were consigned to it
+for safe keeping by Washington himself. In a letter dated December 11,
+1775, addressed to the Committee of Safety, Simsbury, Conn., he informed
+them that the "charges of their imprisonment will be at the Continental
+expense," and "to confine them in such manner so that they cannot
+possibly make their escape."[47]
+
+ [47] "History of Simsbury and Granby," page 125.
+
+"Driven to desperation the Loyalists rose against their guards. About 10
+o'clock at night, on the 18th of May, 1781, when all the guards but two
+had retired to rest, a wife of one of the prisoners appeared, to whom
+permission was given to visit her husband in the cavern. Upon the
+hatches being removed to admit her passing down, the prisoners who were
+at the door, and prepared for the encounter, rushed up, seized the gun
+of the sentry on duty, who made little or no resistance, and became
+master of the guard-room before those who were asleep could be aroused
+to make defence. The officer of the guard who resisted was killed, and
+others wounded. The guard was easily overcome, a few sought safety in
+flight, but the greater number were disarmed by the prisoners. The
+prisoners, numbering twenty-eight persons, having equipped themselves
+with the captured arms, escaped, and, with few exceptions avoided
+recapture."[48]
+
+ [48] "History of Simsbury and Granby," pp. 123, 124.
+
+The heart sickens at the recital of the sufferings of the Loyalists, and
+we turn in disgust from the views which the pen of faithful history
+records.
+
+After the legislation of 1778 every grievance the colonists had put
+forward as a reason for taking up arms had been redressed, every claim
+they had presented had been abandoned, and from the time when the
+English parliament surrendered all right of taxation and internal
+legislation in the colonies, and when the English Commissioners laid
+their propositions before the Americans, the character of the war had
+wholly changed. It was no longer a war for self-taxation and
+constitutional liberty. It was now an attempt, with the assistance of
+France and Spain, to establish independence by shattering the British
+empire.
+
+There were brave and honest men in America who were proud of the great
+and free empire to which they belonged, who had no desire to shirk the
+burden of maintaining it, who remembered with gratitude that it was not
+colonial, but all English blood that had been shed around Quebec and
+Montreal in defence of the colonies. Men who with nothing to hope for
+from the crown were prepared to face the most brutal mob violence and
+the invectives of a scurrilous press; to risk their fortunes, their
+reputation, and sometimes even their lives, in order to avert civil war
+and ultimate separation. Most of them ended their days in poverty and
+exile, and, as the supporters of a beaten cause, history has paid but a
+scanty tribute to their memory. But they comprised some of the best and
+ablest men America has ever produced, and they were contending for an
+ideal which was at least as worthy as that for which Washington fought.
+
+It was the maintenance of one great, free, industrial, and pacific
+empire, comprising the whole British race, holding the richest plains of
+Asia in possession, blending all that was most venerable in an ancient
+civilization with the abundant energies of a youthful social combination
+likely in a few generations to outstrip every commercial competitor, and
+to acquire an indisputable ascendency among the nations. Such an ideal
+was a noble one, and there were Americans who were prepared to make any
+personal sacrifice to realize it. These men were the LOYALISTS of the
+Revolution. Consider what the result would be today had not this
+"Anglo-Saxon Schism," as Goldwin Smith calls it, taken place. There
+would be a great English-speaking nation of 130,000,000 that could
+dominate the world. They would in all substantial respects be one
+people, in language, literature, institutions, and social usages,
+whether settled in South Africa, in Australia, in the primitive home, or
+in North America.
+
+Because the Revolution had its origin in Massachusetts, and the old Bay
+State furnished a large part of the men and the means to carry it to a
+successful issue,[49] it seems to have been taken for granted that the
+people embraced the popular side almost in a mass.
+
+ [49] The Southern States furnished 59,330 men; the Middle States 54,116,
+ and New England 118,355, of which number Massachusetts furnished 67,907.
+ ("General Knox's Report.")
+
+A more mistaken opinion than this has seldom prevailed. At the
+evacuation of Boston, General Gage was accompanied by eleven hundred
+Loyalists, which included the best people of the town. Boston at that
+time had a population of 16,000. "Among these persons of distinguished
+rank and consideration there were members of the council, commissioners,
+officers of the customs, and other officials, amounting to one hundred
+and two; of clergymen, eighteen; of inhabitants of country towns, one
+hundred and five; of merchants and other persons who resided in Boston,
+two hundred and thirteen; of farmers, mechanics and traders, three
+hundred and eighty-two."[50]
+
+ [50] Sabine, "Loyalists of the Revolution," Vol. I., page 25.
+
+Cambridge lost nearly all her men of mark and high standing; nearly all
+the country towns were thus bereft of the very persons who had been the
+most honored and revered. With the exiles were nearly one hundred
+graduates of Harvard college.
+
+Among the proscribed and banished were members of the old historic
+families, Hutchinson, Winthrop, Saltonstall, Quincy, the Sewells, and
+Winslows, families of which the exiled members were not one whit behind
+those that remained, in intelligence, social standing and moral worth.
+
+At the evacuation of New York and Savannah no fewer than 30,000 persons
+left the United States for Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. From northern
+New York and Vermont the Loyalists crossed over into Upper Canada, and
+laid the foundations of that prosperous province under the vigorous
+leadership of Governor Simcoe, who, during the war, commanded a regiment
+of Loyalist rangers which had done efficient service. Many of the
+Southern Loyalists settled in Florida, the Bahamas and the West India
+Islands.
+
+Familiar New England names meet one at every turn in the maritime
+provinces, especially Nova Scotia. Dr. Inglis, from Trinity church, New
+York, was the first bishop, and Judge Sewell, of Massachusetts, the
+first chief justice there. The harshness of the laws and the greed of
+the new commonwealth had driven into exile men who could be ill spared,
+and whose absence showed itself in the lack of balance and of political
+steadiness which characterized the early history of the republic, while
+the newly-founded colonies, composed almost exclusively of
+conservatives, were naturally slow, but sure, in their development. The
+men who were willing to give up home, friends and property, for an idea,
+are not men to be despised; they are, rather, men for us to claim with
+pride and honor as American--men of the same blood, and the same speech
+as ourselves; Americans who were true to their convictions and who
+suffered everything except the loss of liberty, for their political
+faith. We look in vain among the lists of voluntary and banished
+refugees from Massachusetts for a name on which rests any tradition of
+disgrace or infamy, to which the finger of scorn can be pointed. Can
+this be said of the Revolutionary leaders of Massachusetts, the
+so-called patriots, to whom the Revolution owes its inception? If the
+reader has any doubts on this subject, then let him compare the lives of
+the Loyalists, as given in this work, with those of Samuel Adams, John
+Hancock, and other Revolutionary leaders. The Loyalists were generally
+people of substance; their stake in the country was greater, even, than
+that of their opponents; their patriotism, no doubt, fully as fervent.
+"There is much that is melancholy, of which the world knows but little,
+connected with this expulsion from the land they sincerely loved. The
+estates of the Loyalists were among the fairest, their stately mansions
+stood on the sightliest hill-brows, the richest and best-tilled meadows
+were their farms; the long avenue, the broad lawn, the trim hedge about
+the garden, servants, plate, pictures, for the most part these things
+were at the homes of the Loyalists. They loved beauty, dignity and
+refinement." The rude contact of town meetings was offensive to their
+tastes. The crown officials were courteous, well-born and congenial
+gentlemen.
+
+"The graceful, the chivalrous, the poetic, the spirits over whom these
+feelings had power, were sure to be Loyalists. Democracy was something
+rude and coarse, and independence to them meant a severance of those
+connections of which a colonist ought to be proudest."
+
+"Hence when the country rose, many a high-bred, honorable gentleman,
+turned the key in his door, drove down his tree-lined avenue with his
+refined dame and carefully-guarded children at his side, turned his back
+on his handsome estate, and put himself under the shelter of the proud
+banner of St. George. It was a mere temporary refuge, he thought, and he
+promised himself a speedy return when discipline and loyalty should have
+put down the rabble and the misled rustics."
+
+"But the return was never to be. The day went against them; they crowded
+into ships, with the gates of their country barred forever behind them.
+They found themselves penniless upon shores sometimes bleak and barren,
+always showing scant hospitality to outcasts who came empty-handed, and
+there they were forced to begin life anew. Consider the condition of
+Hutchinson, Apthorp, Gray, Clarke, Faneuil, Sewell, Royal, Vassall, and
+Leonard, families of honorable note bound in with all that was best in
+the life of the Province." "Who can think of their destiny
+unpityingly."[51]
+
+ [51] Hosmer's "Life of Hutchinson." pages 321, 322.
+
+A man suspected of loyalty to the crown was not left at peace, but was
+liable to peremptory banishment unless he would swear allegiance to the
+"Sons of Liberty," and if he returned he was subject to forcible
+deportation, and to death on the gallows if he returned a second time.
+
+One of the first acts of the revolutionary party when they returned to
+Boston after the British evacuation, was to confiscate and sell all
+property belonging to Loyalists and apply the receipts to supply the
+public needs. The names and fate of a considerable proportion of these
+Loyalists and those that preceded and succeeded the Boston emigration,
+will be found in succeeding pages. Most of them went to Halifax, Nova
+Scotia, and St. John, New Brunswick, where they endured great privation.
+Many, however, subsequently went to England and there passed the
+remainder of their lives. We find seventy or more of the Massachusetts
+Loyalists holding offices of greater or less importance in the
+provinces, and many of them were employed in places of high trust and
+large influence in various parts of the Empire. They and their sons
+filled for more than half a century the chief offices in the Nova Scotia
+and New Brunswick judiciary, and they and their descendants must have
+contributed in a degree not easily estimated to the elevation and
+progress of those provinces.
+
+ Men whose fathers, mocked and broken
+ For the honor of a name.
+ Would not wear the conqueror's token,
+ Could not salt their bread with shame.
+
+ Plunged them in the virgin forest
+ With their axes in their hands,
+ Built a Province as a bulwark
+ For the loyal of the lands.
+
+ Won it by the axe and harrow,
+ Held it by the axe and sword,
+ Bred a race with brawn and marrow,
+ From no alien over-lord.
+ Gained the right to guide and govern;
+ Then with labor strong and free
+ Forged the land a shield of Empire,
+ Silver sea to silver sea.
+
+ --Duncan C. Scott.
+
+In this way the United States, out of their own children, built upon
+their borders a colony of rivals in navigation and the fisheries, whose
+loyalty to the British crown was sanctified by misfortune. It is
+impossible to say how many of these Loyalists would have been on the
+Revolutionists' side had the party opposed to the crown been kept under
+the control of its leaders. But they were, most of them, of the class of
+men that would have the least amount of tolerance for outrage and
+rapine, and when we consider how closely they were identified with the
+institutions of their native province, and how little remains on record
+of anything like rancor or malignity on their part, there can be little
+doubt that a considerable proportion of them would have been saved for
+the republic but for the very acts which posterity has been foolish
+enough to applaud, and for their loss Massachusetts was appreciably the
+poorer for more than one or two generations.
+
+It is also admitted by those who are authorities on the subject, that if
+it had not been for the brutal and intolerant persecution of the
+Loyalists, the ruthless driving of these unfortunate people from their
+homes, with the subsequent confiscation of property, the attempt to
+throw off the authority of Great Britain at the time of the
+Revolutionary War would not have succeeded; that is, people entirely or
+at least reasonably content with the previous political condition were
+terrorized into becoming patriots by the fear of the consequences that
+would follow if they remained Loyalists.
+
+The fact is, that, as far as the Americans were in it, the war of the
+Revolution was a civil war in which the two sides were not far from
+equality in numbers, in social conditions, and in their manners and
+customs. The Loyalists contended all through the war that they were in a
+numerical majority, and if they could have been properly supported by
+British forces, the war might have ended in 1777, before the French
+alliance had given hope and strength to the separatist party. Sabine
+computes that there were at least 25,000 Americans in the military
+service of the King, at one time or another, during the wars. In New
+York, New Jersey, the Carolinas, and Georgia, the Loyalists outnumbered
+the Revolutionists. Even in New England, the nursery of the Revolution,
+the number was so large and so formidable, in the opinion of the
+Revolutionary leaders, that in order to suppress them there was
+established a reign of terror, anticipating the famous "Law of the
+Suspected" of the French Revolution. An irresponsible tyranny was
+established, of town and country committees, at whose beck and call were
+the so-called "Sons of Liberty." To these committees was entrusted
+absolute power over the lives and fortunes of their fellow citizens, and
+they proceeded on principles of evidence that would have shocked and
+scandalized a grand inquisitor.[52]
+
+ [52] "Essays in American History," 180-181.
+
+The rigorous measures adopted by the new governments in New England
+States, and the activity of their town committees, succeeded in either
+driving out these Loyalist citizens, or reducing them to harmless
+inactivity. In New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, the Carolinas and
+Georgia, they remained strong and active throughout the war, and loyalty
+was in those states in the ascendancy.
+
+If the Loyalists were really a majority, as they claimed to be, the
+disunionists were determined to break them up. Loyalists were tarred and
+feathered and carried on rails, gagged and bound for days at a time;
+stoned, fastened in a room with a fire and the chimney stopped on top;
+advertised as public enemies, so that they would be cut off from all
+dealings with their neighbors; they had bullets shot into their
+bedrooms, their horses poisoned or mutilated; money or valuable plate
+extorted from them to save them from violence, and on pretence of taking
+security for their good behavior; their houses and ships burned; they
+were compelled to pay the guards who watched them in their houses, and
+when carted about for the mob to stare at and abuse, they were compelled
+to pay something at every town. For the three months of July, August and
+September of the year 1776, one can find in the American archives alone
+over thirty descriptions of outrages of this kind, and all this done by
+so-called "patriots" in the name of liberty! In short, lynch law
+prevailed for many years during the Revolution, and the habit became so
+fixed that it has never been given up. It was taken from the name of the
+brother of the man who founded Lynchburgh, Virginia.
+
+Wherever the disunionists were most successful with this reign of
+terror, they drove all the judges from the bench, and abolished the
+courts, and for a long time there were no courts or public
+administration of the law, notably in New England.
+
+To the mind of the Loyalists, all this lynching proceeding were an
+irrefragible proof not only that the disunionist party were wicked, but
+that their idea of independence of a country free from British control
+and British law were silly delusions, dangerous to all good order and
+civilization. That such a people could ever govern a country of their
+own and have in it that thing they were crying so much about,
+"liberty," was in their opinion beyond the bounds of intelligent belief.
+A recent American writer says: "The revolution was not by any means the
+pretty social event that the ladies of the so-called 'patriotic'
+societies suppose it to have been. It was, on the contrary, a rank and
+riotous rebellion against the long-established authority of a nation
+which had saved us from France, built us up into prosperity, and if she
+was ruling us today would, I am entirely willing to admit, abolish
+lynch-law, negro burning, municipal and legislative corruption, and all
+the other evils about which reformers fret." The same writer also says:
+"All that saved this country from complete annihilation was the
+assistance after 1778 of the French army, fleet, provisions, clothes,
+and loans of money, followed by assistance from Spain, and, at the last
+moment, by the alliance of Holland, and even with all this assistance
+the cause was, even as late as the year 1780, generally believed to be a
+hopeless one."[53] "In fact, Washington, at this time, was prepared to
+become a guerilla." In case of being further pressed, he said: "We must
+retire to Augusta County, in Virginia. Numbers will repair to us for
+safety, and we will then try a predatory war. If overpowered, we must
+cross the Allegheny Mountains."[54]
+
+ [53] "The American Revolution and Boer War," By Sidney Fisher, 1902.
+
+ [54] Irving's "Life of Washington," Vol. II., chap. xli.
+
+The question will naturally be asked why, if they were so numerous, were
+they not more successful, why did they yield to popular violence in New
+England, and desert the country while the contest was going on, Why did
+they not hold the Southern States, and keep them from joining the others
+in the Continental Congresses, and in the war?
+
+In the first place, a negative attitude is necessarily an inactive one,
+and in consequence of this, and the fact that they could not take the
+initiative in action, the Loyalists were put at a disadvantage before
+the much better organization of the Revolutionary leaders. Though these
+were few in number in the South, they were of families of great social
+influence, and in the North were popular agitators of long experience.
+They manipulated the committee system so carefully that the colonies
+found themselves, before they were aware of the tendency of the actions
+of their deputies, involved in proceedings of very questionable
+legality, such as the boycotting agreement known as the "American
+Association," and other proceedings of the Continental Congress.[55] In
+regard to the subject of legal attainder and exile, Mr. Sabine remarks,
+very moderately and sensibly: "Nor is it believed that either the
+banishment or the confiscation laws, as they stood, were more expedient
+than just. The latter did little towards relieving the public
+necessities, and served only to create a disposition for rapacity, and
+to increase the wealth of favored individuals. Had the estates which
+were seized and sold been judiciously or honestly managed, a
+considerable sum would have found its way to the treasury; but, as it
+was, the amount was inconsiderable. Some of the wisest and purest Whigs
+of the time hung their heads in shame because of the passage of measures
+so unjustifiable, and never ceased to speak of them in terms of
+reprobation. Mr. Jay's disgust was unconquerable, and he never would
+purchase any property that had been forfeited under the Confiscation Act
+of New York."[56]
+
+ [55] "Essays in American History," 179. See also "Royalists' Archives,"
+Mass. State House.
+
+ [56] "North American Review," LIX., page 280.
+
+Judge Curwen, a Salem Loyalist, says: "So infamously knavish has been
+the conduct of the commissioners, that though frequent attempts have
+been made to bring them to justice and to respond for the produce of the
+funds resting in their hands, so numerous are the defaulters in that
+august body, the _General Court_, that all efforts have hitherto proved
+in vain. Not two pence on the pound have arrived to the public treasury
+of all the confiscation."[57]
+
+ [57] The "Journal and Letters of Samuel Curwin," 147.
+
+"The Loyalists, to a great extent, sprung from and represented the old
+gentry of the country. The prospect of seizing their property had been
+one great motive which induced many to enter the war. The new owners of
+the confiscated property now grasped the helm. New men exercised the
+social influence of the old families, and they naturally dreaded the
+restoration of those whom they had dispossessed."
+
+At the close of the war, the Revolutionists committed a great crime.
+Instead of repealing the proscription and banishment acts, as justice
+and good policy required, they manifested a spirit to place the humbled
+and unhappy Loyalists beyond the pale of human sympathy. Hostilities at
+an end, mere loyalty should have been forgiven. When, in the civil war
+between the Puritans and the Stuarts, the former gained the ascendancy,
+and when at a later period the Commonwealth was established, Cromwell
+and his party wisely determined not to banish nor inflict disabilities
+on their opponents, and so, too, at the restoration of the monarchy, so
+general was the amnesty act in its provisions that it was termed an act
+of oblivion to the _friends_ of Charles, and of grateful remembrance to
+his _foes_. The happy consequences which resulted from the conduct of
+_both_ parties, and in both cases, were before the men of their own
+political and religious sympathies, the Puritans of the North and the
+Cavaliers of the South in America, but neither of them profited by it,
+at that time; but since then the wisdom of it has been exemplified by
+the happy consequences which have resulted to both parties engaged in
+the war of secession, where the United States wisely determined not to
+banish, confiscate, or inflict any disabilities on their opponents in
+the late seceded states.
+
+The crime having been committed, thousands ruined and banished, new
+British colonies founded, animosities to continue for generations made
+certain, the violent Revolutionists of Massachusetts, New York and
+Virginia, were satisfied: all this accomplished and the statute-book was
+divested of its most objectionable enactments, and a few of the
+Loyalists returned to their old homes, but by far the greater part died
+in banishment.
+
+No one who studies the history of the American Revolution can fail to be
+convinced that the persecution of the Loyalists had for its final result
+the severance of the North American continent into two nations. The
+people who inhabited Nova Scotia prior to the Revolution were largely
+New England settlers, who dispossessed the Acadians, and who for the
+most part sympathized with the revolutionary movement. But for the
+banishment of the Loyalists, Nova Scotia would have long continued with
+but a very sparse population, and certainly could never have hoped to
+obtain so enterprising, active, and energetic a set of inhabitants as
+those who were supplied to it by the acts of the several states hostile
+to the Loyalists. The same can also be said of Upper Canada. The hold of
+the British government upon the British provinces of North America which
+remained to the crown, would have been slight indeed, but for the active
+hostility of the Loyalists to their former fellow-countrymen. They
+created the state of affairs which consolidated British power on this
+continent, and built it up into the Dominion of Canada, which in another
+century will probably contain one hundred million inhabitants.
+
+The treaty of peace with Great Britain, like other documents of its
+kind, contained provisions of give and take. After signature by the
+commissioners in Paris it was ratified with due consideration by the
+Continental Congress. The advantages which it secured were not merely of
+a sentimental nature, but material. It was justly regarded by
+enlightened citizens of the states as a triumph of diplomacy. The credit
+of Britain in the bargain was more of the heart than of the head. She
+was willing to concede substantial and important benefits in order to
+secure the lives and property of the Loyalists who had clung to her and
+had sustained her arms. Looking at the matter now, in a cool light, she
+blundered into sacrifices that were altogether needless, even with this
+aim in view, and knowledge of the knavery that was to follow.
+
+The game was played, and she had lost. North America, in the eyes of her
+statesmen, was a strip of eastern seaboard; the great lakes were but
+dimly understood; the continent beyond the Mississippi was ignored. She
+gave much more than she needed to have given both in east and west, to
+attain her honorable end, and what was more immediately distressing, she
+received little or no value in return for her liberal concession.
+
+"That each party should hold what it possesses, is the first point from
+which nations set out in framing a treaty of peace. If one side gives up
+a part of its acquisitions, the other side renders an equivalent in some
+other way. What is the equivalent given to Great Britain for all the
+important concessions she has made? She has surrendered the capital of
+this state (New York) and its large dependencies. She is to surrender
+our immensely valuable posts on the frontier, and to yield to us a vast
+tract of western territory, with one-half of the lakes, by which we
+shall command almost the whole fur trade. She renounces to us her claim
+to the navigation of the Mississippi and admits us to share in the
+fisheries even on better terms than we formerly enjoyed. As she was in
+possession, by right of war, of all these objects, whatever may have
+been our original pretensions to them, they are, by the laws of nations,
+to be considered as so much given up on her part. And what do we give in
+return? We stipulate that there shall be no future injury to her
+adherents among us. How insignificant the equivalent in comparison with
+the acquisition! A man of sense would be ashamed to compare them, a man
+of honesty, not intoxicated with passion, would blush to lisp a question
+of the obligation to observe the stipulation on our part."[58] In return
+for these advantages which Hamilton informs us Great Britain gave to the
+States, Congress had most solemnly undertaken three things, and people,
+wearied by the sufferings of our eight years' war, would have gladly
+purchased the blessings of peace at a much higher price. The first of
+these conditions was that no obstacle or impediment should be put in the
+way of the recovery of debts due to British subjects from the citizens
+of the Republic; the second that no fresh prosecution or confiscation
+should be directed against Loyalists; the third, that Congress should
+sincerely recommend to the legislatures of the various states a repeal
+of the existing acts of confiscation, which affected the property of
+these unfortunate persons. On the last no stress could be laid, but the
+first and second were understood by every man, honest or dishonest, in
+the same sense as when peace was joyfully accepted. The American states
+took the benefits of peace which the efforts of Congress had secured to
+them, they accepted the advantages of the treaty which their
+representative had signed, they watched and waited until the troops of
+King George were embarked in transports at New York for England, and
+then proceeded to deny, in a variety of tones, all powers in the central
+government to bind them in the matter of the _quid pro quo_. It was not
+a great thing which Congress had undertaken to do, or one which could be
+of any material advantage to their late enemy. All their promises
+amounted to was that they would abstain from the degradation of a petty
+and personal revenge, and this promise they proceeded to break in every
+particular.
+
+ [58] The Works of Alexander Hamilton, by H. C. Lodge, 2d edition, Vol.
+ IV., page 239.
+
+As Hamilton wisely and nobly urged, the breach was not only a despicable
+perfidy, but an impolitic act, since Loyalists might become good
+citizens and the state needed nothing more urgently than population. But
+no sooner was danger at a distance, embarked on transports, than the
+states assumed an attitude of defiance. The thirteen legislatures vied
+with one another in the ingenuity of measures for defeating the recovery
+of debts due to British creditors. They derided the recommendation to
+repeal oppressive acts, and to restore confiscated property, and
+proceeded, without regard either for honor or consequences, to pass new
+acts of wider oppression and to order confiscation on a grander scale.
+There was a practical unanimity in engaging in fresh persecutions of
+Loyalists, not merely by the enactment of oppressive civil laws, but by
+even denying them the protection afforded by a just enforcement of the
+criminal laws. In many districts these unfortunate persons were robbed,
+tortured, and even put to death with impunity, and over a hundred
+thousand driven into exile in Canada, Florida and the Bahamas.
+
+Measures were passed amid popular rejoicing to obstruct the recovery of
+debts due to British merchants and to enable the fortunate Americans to
+revel unmolested in the pleasure of stolen fruits. It is remarkable how
+at this period public opinion was at once so childish and rotten, and
+one is at a loss whether to marvel most at its recklessness of credit or
+its unvarnished dishonesty; it was entirely favorable to the idea of
+private theft, and the interest of rogues was considered with compassion
+by the grave and respectable citizens who composed the legislatures of
+the various states. It was the same spirit which had violated the
+Burgoyne convention at Saratoga, the same which in later days preached
+the gospel of repudiation, greenbackism, silver currency, violated
+treaties with the Indians, that produced a "Century of Dishonor."
+
+Meanwhile the policy of breach of faith was producing its natural crop
+of inconvenience. Dishonest methods were not the unmixed advantages
+which these adherents had supposed, when they engaged upon them in a
+spirit of light-hearted cunning. For in spite of all the ill-feeling, a
+large demand arose for British goods. For these, specie had to be paid
+down on the nail in all cases where wares or material were not taken in
+exchange, since no British merchant would now give one pennyworth of
+credit, out of respect to the measures of the various states for the
+obstruction of the payment of British debts. It was true that Britain
+was in no mood to embark upon a fresh war for the punishment of broken
+promises. She had surrendered the chief hostage when she evacuated her
+strategical position at New York, but she declined to hand over the
+eight important frontier posts which she held upon the American side of
+the line between Lake Michigan and Lake Champlain. These posts were much
+in themselves, and as a symbol of dominion to the Indian tribes. They
+were much also as a matter of pride, while their retention carried with
+it the whole of the valuable fur trade, which consequently, until 1795,
+when they were at last surrendered, brought considerable profits to
+British merchants.
+
+To the short-sighted policy which banished the Loyalists may be traced
+nearly all the political troubles of this continent, in which Britain
+and the United States have been involved. "Dearly enough have the people
+of the United States paid for the crime of the violent Whigs of the
+Revolution, for to the Loyalists who were driven away, and to their
+descendants, we owe almost entirely the long and bitter controversy
+relative to our northeastern boundaries, and the dispute about our right
+to the fisheries in the colonial seas."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+_THE REVOLUTIONIST._
+
+
+The American Revolution, like most other revolutions, was the work of an
+energetic minority who succeeded in committing an undecided and
+fluctuating majority to courses for which they had little love; leading
+them, step by step, to a position from which it was impossible to
+recede. To the last, however, we find vacillation, uncertainty, half
+measures, and, in large classes, a great apparent apathy. There was,
+also, a great multitude, who, though they would never take up arms for
+the king; though they, perhaps, agreed with the constitutional doctrines
+of the revolution, dissented on grounds of principle, policy, or
+interest, from the course they were adopting.
+
+That the foregoing is a correct presentation of the case is shown by a
+letter written by John Adams, when in Congress, to his wife. He says:
+
+"I have found this congress like the last. When we first came together,
+I found a strong jealousy of us from New England, and the Massachusetts
+in particular--suspicions entertained of designs of independency, an
+American republic, Presbyterian principles, and twenty other
+things."[59]
+
+ [59] Letters of John Adams to His Wife, Vol. I., p. 45.
+
+It was an open question with many whether a community liable to such
+outbreaks of popular fury did not need a strongly repressive government;
+and especially when the possibilities of a separation from the mother
+country was contemplated, it was a matter of doubt whether such a people
+were fit for self-government. Was it not possible that the lawless and
+anarchical spirit which had of late years been steadily growing, and
+which the "patriotic" party had actively encouraged, would gain the
+upper hand, and the whole fabric of society would be dissolved?
+
+In another letter of John Adams to his wife at this time, he gives us an
+idea of what the opinion was of the Loyalists concerning the doctrines
+taught by the disunionists, and which, he says, "Must be granted to be a
+likeness." "They give rise to profaneness, intemperance, thefts,
+robberies, murders, and treason; cursing, swearing, drunkenness,
+gluttony, lewdness, trespassing, mains, are necessarily involved in
+them. Besides they render the populace, the rabble, the scum of the
+earth, insolent and disorderly, impudent and abusive. They give rise to
+lying, hypocrisy, chicanery, and even perjury among the people, who are
+drawn to such artifices and crime to conceal themselves and their
+companions from prosecution in consequence of them. This is the picture
+drawn by the Tory pencil, and it must be granted to be a likeness."[60]
+
+ [60] Letters of John Adams to His Wife, Vol. I., p. 8.
+
+There are several passages in the writings of John Adams that seem to
+indicate that he at times had doubts of the righteousness of the course
+he had pursued. They were written in his later years, though one refers
+to an incident alleged to have occurred during his early manhood. In a
+letter to a friend in 1811, he thus moralizes: "Have I not been employed
+in mischief all my days? Did not the American Revolution produce the
+French Revolution? And did not the French Revolution produce all the
+calamities and desolations to the human race and the whole globe ever
+since?" But he justifies himself with the reflection: "I meant well,
+however; my conscience was as clear as crystal glass, without a scruple
+or doubt. I was borne along by an irresistible sense of duty." In his
+diary Mr. Adams recalls to mind one incident which occurred in 1775. He
+mentions the profound melancholy which fell upon him in one of the most
+critical moments of the struggle, when a man whom he knew to be a
+horse-jockey and a cheat, and whom, as an advocate, he had often
+defended in the law courts, came to him and expressed the unbounded
+gratitude he felt for the great things which Adams and his colleagues
+had done. "We can never," he said, "be grateful enough to you. There are
+now no courts of justice in this province, and I hope there will never
+be another." "Is this the object," Adams continued, "for which I have
+been contending?" said I to myself. "Are these the sentiments of such
+people, and how many of them are there in the country? Half the nation,
+for what I know; for half the nation are debtors, if not more, and these
+have been in all the countries the sentiments of debtors. If the power
+of the country should get into such hands--and there is great danger
+that it will--to what purpose have we sacrificed our time, health and
+everything else?"[61]
+
+ [61] Adams' Works, Vol. II., 420.
+
+Misgivings of this kind must have passed through many minds. To some may
+have come the warning words of Winthrop, the father of Boston, uttered
+one hundred and fifty years before these events occurred, in which he
+said: "Democracy is, among most civil nations, accounted the meanest and
+worst of all forms of government, and histories record that it hath
+always been of least continuance and fullest of trouble."[62]
+
+ [62] Life of Winthrop, Vol. II., 427.
+
+There was a doubt in the minds of many people, which we have often heard
+uttered in recent times, with reference to the French people in their
+long series of revolutions, and equally so with the Spanish-American
+republics with their almost annual revolutions, whether these words of
+Winthrop were not correct, and that the people were really incapable of
+self-government. It was a doubt which the revolution did not silence,
+for the disturbing elements which had their issue in the Shay Rebellion,
+The Whiskey Insurrection and the mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line, in
+1781, were embers of a fire, smothered, not quenched, which rendered
+state government insecure till it was welded into the Federal Union.
+There was a widespread dislike to the levelling principles of New
+England, to the arrogant, restless and ambitious policy of its
+demagogues; to their manifest desire to invent or discover grievances,
+foment quarrels and keep the wound open and festering.[63]
+
+ [63] See Adams' Works, Vol. II, pp. 350, 410.
+
+Those who rebelled in good faith did so because they feared that the
+power of Parliament to tax them moderately to raise money for their own
+defence might be used sometime in the future for a less worthy purpose,
+and then they would all be "slaves." Their argument led to mob rule and
+anarchy, till the adaption of the Federal Constitution, after the close
+of the Revolutionary War.
+
+The opinion of such an authority as Lecky on our revolutionary movements
+must be worthy of thoughtful attention; and his opinion is this: "Any
+nation might be proud of the shrewd, brave, prosperous and highly
+intelligent yeomen who flocked to the American camps; but they were very
+different from those who defended the walls of Leyden, or immortalized
+the field of Bannockburn. Few of the great pages of history are less
+marked by the stamp of heroism than the American Revolution and perhaps
+the most formidable of the difficulties which Washington had to
+encounter were in his own camp."[64] And he concludes his survey of the
+movement with these words: "In truth the American people, though in
+general unbounded believers in progress, are accustomed, through a kind
+of curious modesty, to do themselves a great injustice by the
+extravagant manner in which they idealize their past. It has almost
+become as commonplace that the great nation which in our own day has
+shown such an admirable combination of courage, devotion and humanity in
+its gigantic Civil War, and which since that time has so signally
+falsified the prediction of its enemies and put to shame all the nations
+of Europe by its unparalleled efforts in paying off its national debt,
+is of far lower moral type than its ancestors at the time of the War of
+Independence. This belief appears to me essentially false. The nobility
+and beauty of Washington can, indeed, hardly be paralleled. Several of
+the other leaders of the Revolution were men of ability and public
+spirit, and few armies have ever shown a nobler self-devotion than that
+which remained with Washington through the dreary winter at Valley
+Forge. But the army that bore those sufferings was a very small one, and
+the general aspect of the American people during the contest was far
+from heroic or sublime. The future destinies and greatness of the
+English race must necessarily rest mainly with the mighty nation which
+has arisen beyond the Atlantic, and that nation may well afford to admit
+that its attitude during the brief period of its enmity to England has
+been very unduly extolled. At the same time, the historian of that
+period would do the Americans a great injustice if he judged them only
+by the revolutionary party, and failed to recognize how large a
+proportion of their best men had no sympathy with the movement."[65]
+
+ [64] Lecky, "American Revolution," p. 230.
+
+ [65] Lecky's "American Revolution," p. 375.
+
+Our native historians and the common run of Fourth of July orators have
+treated their countrymen badly for a hundred years. They have given the
+world to understand that we are the degenerate children of a race of
+giants, statesmen, and moralists, who flourished for a few years about a
+century ago and then passed away. An impartial examination of the
+records would show that we are wiser, better, more benevolent, quite as
+patriotic and brave as the standard heroes of 1776. We may give our
+ancestors credit for many admirable virtues without attempting to
+maintain that a multitude of unlettered colonists, scattered along the
+Atlantic coast, hunting, fishing, smuggling, and tilling the soil for a
+slender livelihood, and fighting Indians and wild beasts to save their
+own lives, possessed a vast fund of political virtue and political
+intelligence, and left but little of either to their descendants. The
+public is beginning to tire of this tirade of indiscriminate eulogy, and
+the public taste is beginning to reject it as a form of defamation. And
+so the ripening judgment of our people is beginning to demand portraits
+of our ancestors painted according to the command that Cromwell gave the
+artist; to paint his features, warts, blotches, and all, and to demand
+an account of our forefathers in which we shall learn to speak of them
+as they were.
+
+Sabine, in his valuable work, "Loyalists of the American Revolution,"
+says: "I presume that I am of Whig descent. My father's father received
+his death-wound under Washington, at Trenton; my mother's father fought
+under Stark at Bennington. I do not care, of all things, to be thought
+to want appreciation of those of my countrymen who broke the yoke of
+colonial vassalage, nor on the other hand, do I care to imitate the
+writers of a later school, and treat the great and the _successful_
+actors in the world's affairs as little short of divinities, and as
+exempt from criticism. Nay, this general statement will not serve my
+purpose. Justice demands as severe a judgment of the Whigs as of their
+opponents, and I shall here record the result of long and patient study.
+At the Revolutionary period the principles of unbelief were diffused to
+a considerable extent throughout the colonies. It is certain that
+several of the most conspicuous personages of those days were either
+avowed disbelievers in Christianity, or cared so little about it that
+they were commonly regarded as disciples of the English or French school
+of sceptical philosophy. Again, the Whigs were by no means exempt from
+the lust of land hunger. Several of them were among the most noted land
+speculators of their time, during the progress of the war, and, in a
+manner hardly to be defended, we find them sequestering and
+appropriating to themselves the vast estates of those who opposed them.
+Avarice and rapacity were seemingly as common then as now. Indeed, the
+stock-jobbing, the extortion, the fore-stalling of the law, the arts and
+devices to amass wealth which were practised during the struggle, are
+almost incredible. Washington mourned the want of virtue as early as
+1775, and averred that he 'trembled at the prospect'--soldiers were
+stripped of their miserable pittance that contractors for the army might
+become rich in a single campaign. Many of the sellers of merchandise
+monopolized (or 'cornered') articles of the first necessity, and would
+not part with them to their suffering countrymen, and to the wives and
+children of those who were absent in the field, unless at enormous
+profit. The traffic carried on with the army of the king was immense.
+Men of all descriptions finally engaged in it, and those who at the
+beginning of the war would have shuddered at the idea of any connection
+with the enemy, pursued it with increasing avidity. The public
+securities were often counterfeited, official signatures forged, and
+plunder and jobbery openly indulged in. Appeals to the guilty from the
+pulpit, the press, and the halls of legislature were alike unheeded. The
+decline of public spirit, the love of gain of those in office, the
+plotting of disaffected persons, and the malevolence of factions, became
+widely spread, and in parts of the country were uncontrollable. The
+useful occupations of life and the legitimate pursuits of commerce were
+abandoned by thousands. The basest of men enriched themselves, and many
+of the most estimable sank into obscurity and indigence. There were
+those who would neither pay their debts nor their taxes. The indignation
+of Washington was freely expressed. 'It gives me sincere pleasure,' he
+said, in a letter to Joseph Reed, 'to find the Assembly is so well
+disposed to second your endeavor in bringing those murderers of our
+cause to condign punishment. It is much to be lamented that each state,
+long ere this, has not hunted them down as pests of society and the
+greatest enemies we have to the happiness of America. No punishment, in
+my opinion, is too great for the man who can build his greatness upon
+his country's ruin.'"
+
+In a letter to another, he drew this picture, which he solemnly declared
+to be a true one: "From what I have seen, heard, and in part known,"
+said he, "I should in one word say, that idleness, dissipation, and
+extravagance seem to have laid fast hold on most; that speculation,
+peculation, and an insatiable thirst for riches, seem to have got the
+better of every other consideration, and almost every order of men, and
+that party disputes and personal quarrels are the great business of the
+day."
+
+In other letters he laments the laxity of public morals, the "distressed
+rumors, and deplorable condition of affairs," the "many melancholy
+proofs of the decay of private virtue." "I am amazed," said Washington
+to Colonel Stewart, "at the report you make of the quantity of provision
+that goes daily into Philadelphia from the County of Bucks."
+Philadelphia was occupied at that time by the British army, who paid in
+hard money and not in "continental stuff." and mark you! this was
+written in January of that memorable winter which the American army
+passed in nakedness and starvation at Valley Forge. There was always an
+army--on paper. At the close of one campaign there were not enough
+troops in camp to man the lines. At the opening of another "scarce any
+state in the Union," as Washington said, had an "eighth part of its
+quota" in service. The bounty finally paid to soldiers was enormous. The
+price for a single recruit was as high sometimes as seven hundred and
+fifty, and one thousand dollars, on enlistment for the war, besides the
+bounty and emoluments given by Congress. One hundred and fifty dollars
+"in specie" was exacted and paid for a term of duty of only five months.
+Such were the extraordinary inducements necessary to tempt some men to
+serve their country when its vital interests were at issue. Making every
+allowance for the effects of hunger and want, for the claims of families
+at home, and for other circumstances equally imperative, desertion,
+mutiny, robbery, and murder are still high crimes. There were soldiers
+of the Revolution who deserted in parties of twenty and thirty at a
+time, and several hundred of those who then abandoned the cause fled to
+Vermont and were among the early settlers of that state. A thousand men,
+the date of whose enlistment had been misplaced, perjured themselves in
+a body, as fast as they could be sworn, in order to quit the ranks which
+they had voluntarily entered. In smaller parties, hundreds of others
+demanded dismissals from camp under false pretexts, and with lies upon
+their lips. Some also added treason to desertion, and joined the various
+corps of Loyalists in the capacity of spies upon their former friends,
+or as guides and pioneers. Many more enlisted, deserted, and re-enlisted
+under new recruiting officers for the purpose of receiving double
+bounty, while others who placed their names upon the rolls were paid the
+money to which they were entitled, but refused to join the army; and
+others still who were sent to the hospitals returned home without leave
+after their recovery, and were sheltered and secreted by friends and
+neighbors, whose sense of right was as weak as their own. Another class
+sold their clothing, provisions, and arms to obtain means of indulgence
+in revelry and drunkenness; while some prowled about the country to rob
+and kill the unoffending and defenceless. A guard was placed over the
+grave of a foreigner of rank, who died in Washington's own quarters, and
+who was buried in full dress, with diamond rings and buckles, "lest the
+soldiers should be tempted to dig for hidden treasure." Whippings,
+drummings out of the service, and even military executions were more
+frequent in the Revolution than at any subsequent period of our history.
+
+If we turn our attention to the officers we shall find that many had but
+doubtful claims to respect for purity of private character, and that
+some were addicted to grave vices. There were officers who were
+destitute alike of honor and patriotism, who unjustly clamored for their
+pay, while they drew large sums of public money under pretext of paying
+their men, but applied them to the support of their own extravagance;
+who went home on furlough and never returned to the army; and who,
+regardless of their word as gentlemen, violated their paroles, and were
+threatened by Washington with exposure in every newspaper in the land as
+men who had disgraced themselves and were heedless of their associates
+in captivity, whose restraints were increased by their misconduct. At
+times, courts-martial were continually sitting, and so numerous were the
+convictions that the names of those who were cashiered were sent to
+Congress in long lists. "Many of the surgeons"--are the words of
+Washington--"are very great rascals, countenancing the men to sham
+complaints to exempt them from duty, and often receiving bribes to
+certify indisposition with a view to procure discharge or furlough"; and
+still further, they drew as for the public "medicines and stores in the
+most profuse and extravagant manner for private purposes." In a letter
+to the governor of a state, he affirmed that the officers who had been
+sent him therefrom were "generally of the lowest class of the people,"
+that they "led their soldiers to plunder the inhabitants and into every
+kind of mischief." To his brother, John Augustine Washington, he
+declared that the different states were nominating such officers as were
+"not fit to be shoe-blacks." Resignations occurred upon discreditable
+pretexts, and became alarmingly prevalent. Some resigned at critical
+moments, and others combined together in considerable number for
+purposes of intimidation, and threatened to retire from the service at a
+specified time unless certain terms were complied with. Many of those
+who abandoned Washington were guilty of a crime which, when committed by
+private soldiers, is called "desertion," and punished with death.
+Eighteen of the generals retired during the struggle, one for
+drunkenness, one to avoid disgrace for receiving double pay, some from
+declining health, others from weight of advancing years; but several
+from private resentments and real or imagined wrongs inflicted by
+Congress or associates in the service.
+
+John Adams wrote in 1777: "I am worried to death with the wrangles
+between military officers, high and low. They quarrel like cats and
+dogs. They worry one another like mastiffs, scrambling for rank and pay
+like apes for nuts."[66]
+
+ [66] Sabine, Vol. I, pp. 139-150.
+
+"The abandoned and profligate part of our army," wrote Washington, "lost
+to every sense of honor or virtue as well as their country's good, are
+by rapine and plunder spreading ruin and terror wherever they go,
+thereby making themselves infinitely more to be dreaded than the common
+enemy they are come to oppose. Under the idea of Tory property, or
+property that may fall into the hands of the enemy, no man is secure in
+his effects, and scarcely in his person."[67] American soldiers were
+constantly driving innocent persons out of their homes by an alarm of
+fire, or by actual incendiarism, in order more easily to plunder the
+contents, and all attempts to check this atrocious practice had proved
+abortive. The burning of New York was generally attributed to New
+England soldiers. The efforts of the British soldiers to save the city
+were remembered with gratitude, and there is little doubt that in the
+city, and in the country around it, the British were looked upon not as
+invaders, but as deliverers.
+
+ [67] Washington's Works, IV., 118, 119, Lecky, 257.
+
+"Wherever the men of war have approached, our militia have most manfully
+turned their backs and run away, officers and men, like sturdy fellows,
+and these panics have sometimes seized the regular regiments.
+
+"....You are told that a regiment of Yorkers behaved ill, and it may be
+true; but I can tell you that several regiments of Massachusetts men
+behaved ill, too. The spirit of venality you mention is the most
+dreadful and alarming enemy America has to oppose. It is as rapacious
+and insatiable as the grave. This predominant avarice will ruin America.
+If God Almighty does not interfere by His grace to control this
+universal idolatry to the mammon of unrighteousness, we shall be given
+up to the chastisement of His judgments. I am ashamed of the age I live
+in."[68]
+
+ [68] Letter of John Adams to His Wife, Vol. I., p. 171.
+
+Nor was the public life of the country at that time more creditable. In
+the course of the war, persons of small claims to notice or regard
+obtained seats in Congress. By force of party disruptions, as was
+bitterly remarked by one of the leaders, men were brought into the
+management of affairs "who might have lived till the millennium in
+silent obscurity had they depended upon their mental qualifications."
+Gouverneur Morris was, no doubt, one of the shrewdest observers of
+current events in his day, and the purity of the patriotism of John Jay
+entitled him to stand by the side of Washington. One day, in a
+conversation, thirty years after the second Continental Congress had
+passed away, Morris exclaimed: "Jay, what a set of damned scoundrels we
+had in that second Congress!" And Jay, as he knocked the ashes from his
+pipe, replied: "Yes, we had."
+
+Near the close of 1779, Congress, trying to dispel the fear that the
+continental currency would not be redeemed, passed a resolution
+declaring: "A bankrupt, faithless republic would be a novelty in the
+political world. The pride of America revolts at the idea. Her citizens
+know for what purpose these emissions were made, and have repeatedly
+pledged their faith for the redemption of them." The rest of the
+resolution is too coarse for quotation, even for the sake of emphasis.
+In a little more than three months from the passage of that resolution a
+bill was passed to refund the continental currency by issuing one dollar
+of new paper money for forty of the old, and the new issue soon became
+as worthless as the former emission. Indeed, the patriots repudiated
+obligations to the amount of two hundred million dollars, and did it so
+effectually that we still use the expression, "not worth a continental"
+as a synonym for worthlessness.
+
+It is a common belief that scurrilous and indecent attacks upon public
+men by American journalists is an evil of modern growth; but this is an
+error. A century ago such attacks exceeded in virulence anything that
+would be possible today. Among the vilest of the lampooners of that age
+were a quartette of literary hacks who for some years were engaged in
+denouncing the federalist party and government. Philip Freneau owned
+"_The National Gazette_," a journal that Hamilton declared disclosed "a
+serious design to subvert the government." He was among the most
+virulent assailants of Washington's administration, denouncing not only
+the members of the cabinet, except Jefferson, but the chief himself.
+Among other charges brought against him, Washington was accused of
+"debauching the country" and "seeking a crown," "and all the while
+passing himself off as an honest man." Benjamin F. Bache was a grandson
+of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. He inherited all his ancestor's duplicity,
+love of intrigue, and vindictiveness, but none of his suavity and tact.
+Sullen and malevolent of disposition, scarcely could he keep in accord
+with men of his own party. He owned and edited "The Aurora," a paper
+which in depth of malice and meanness exceeded the journal of Freneau.
+He also made vicious attacks upon Washington, both in the "Aurora" and
+other publications. Washington's "fame" he declared to be "spurious"; he
+was "inefficient," "mischievous," "treacherous," and "ungrateful." His
+"mazes of passion" and the "loathings of his sick mind" were held up to
+the contempt of the people. "His sword," it was declared, "would have
+been drawn against his country" had the British government given him
+promotion in the army. He had, it was asserted, "cankered the principles
+of republicanism" "and carried his designs against the public liberty so
+far as to put in jeopardy its very existence."
+
+William Duane, a man of Irish parentage, assisted Bache in the conduct
+of the "Aurora," and upon his death, in 1798, assumed full control of
+it. He was responsible for some of the most virulent attacks upon
+Washington, published in that paper. Bache and Duane both received
+severe castigations, administered in retaliation for abusive articles.
+
+James Thompson Callender, who disgraced Scotland by his birth, was a
+shameless and double-faced rascal. A professional lampooner, his pen was
+at the service of any one willing to pay the price. He, too, had a fling
+at the President, declaring that "Mr. Washington had been twice a
+traitor," and deprecating "the vileness of the adulation" paid him.
+
+In this quartette of scoundrels may be added the notorious Thomas Paine,
+who, after exalting Washington to the seventh heaven of excellence, upon
+being refused by him an office that to confer upon him would have
+disgraced the nation, showered upon him the vilest denunciation. "As for
+you, sir," he wrote, addressing him, "treacherous in private friendship,
+and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide
+whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you have abandoned
+good principles, or whether you ever had any." That these attacks upon
+members of the government were the direct results of the teachings of
+Jefferson there is no room for doubt. That he encouraged and supported
+their authors has been proved beyond a doubt. He was one of the worst
+detractors of Great Britain. For fifty years he employed his pen in
+reviling the mother country. Then occurred one of the most remarkable
+instances of political death-bed repentance that the annals of
+statecraft have to show. He who had so often asserted that Great Britain
+was a nation powerless, decrepit, lost to corruption, eternally hostile
+to liberty, totally destitute of morality and good faith, and warned his
+countrymen to avoid intercourse with her lest they become contaminated
+by the touch; he who had yearned for her conquest by a military despot,
+and proposed to burn the habitations of her citizens, like the nests of
+noxious vermin, is suddenly found proclaiming "her mighty weight,"
+lauding her as the protector of free government, and exhorting his
+fellow citizens to "sedulously cherish a cordial friendship with her."
+This change of heart was brought about by the announcement by Great
+Britain of the so-called "Monroe Doctrine." In Jefferson's letter to
+Monroe of October 24, 1823, he said: "The question presented by the
+letters you have sent me (the letters of Mr. Rush, reciting Mr.
+Canning's offer of British support against the attempt of the "Holy
+Alliance" to forcibly restore the revolted Spanish-American colonies to
+Spain), is the most momentous that has ever been offered to my
+contemplation since that of Independence. And never could we embark
+under circumstances more auspicious. By acceding to Great Britain's
+proposition we detach her from the bonds, bring her mighty weight into
+the scale of free government, and emancipate a continent at one stroke.
+With her on our side we need not fear the whole world. With her then we
+should most sedulously cherish a cordial friendship."
+
+Alexander Hamilton was a soldier of fortune of the highest type. He was
+born on the island of Nevis, in the West Indies. He was of illegitimate
+birth; his father was Scotch and his mother French. Endowed with a high
+order of intellect, possessed of indomitable energy and passionate
+ambition, he went forth into the world determined to win both.[69]
+Chance threw him into the colonies at a time when the agitation for
+independence was at its height. He landed at Boston in October, 1772;
+thence he went to New York, where in his sixteenth year he entered
+King's (now Columbia) College. At first he affiliated with the
+Loyalists, but soon deserted to the Disunionists, which gave him greater
+opportunities of realizing his ambitious dream. As a Loyalist the world
+would never have heard of him, but as John Marshall informs us, he ranks
+next to Washington as having rendered more conspicuous service to the
+United States than any other man in the Revolution. A great orator, a
+talented lawyer, a good soldier, master of every field he entered,
+punctilious and haughty of temperament, he scorned to bend even to the
+proud spirit of Washington. His position on Washington's staff was
+literally a secretaryship more civil than military. It was "the
+grovelling condition of a clerk," which his youthful genius revolted at.
+This caused him to resign his staff appointment. Alexander Hamilton was
+the deviser and establisher of the government of the United States. He
+it was that framed the Constitution, who urged and secured its adoption
+by the original thirteen states at a time when but a rope of sand bound
+them together. To Hamilton, more than any other man, is due the fact
+that the United States today form a nation. He lived long enough to see
+the nation to which he gave political stability submitting itself in
+entire respect and confidence to the declaration contained in the most
+remarkable document ever written.
+
+ [69] In a letter written by Hamilton when he was but thirteen years of
+ age, employed as a clerk, he declared: "I condemn the grovelling
+ condition of a clerk to which my future condition condemns me, and would
+ willingly risk my life, though not my character, to exalt my station."
+
+Like many of his contemporaries he was an _intrigaunt_, injuring his
+health and impairing the sanctity of his home, and was destined to meet
+his death at the hands of a man more dissolute than himself, and
+destitute of his honorable traits of character.
+
+Professor Sumner says: "It is astonishing how far writers kept from the
+facts and evidence. This is so much the case that it is often impossible
+to learn what was really the matter. The colonists first objected to
+internal taxes, but consented to import duties. Then they distinguished
+between import duties to regulate commerce, and import duties for
+revenue. They seem to have changed their position and to be consistent
+in one thing only, to pay no taxes and to rebel." After patiently
+examining their pamphlets and discussions, Sumner concludes: "The
+incidents of the trouble offer occasion at every step for reserve in
+approving the proceedings of the colonists. We therefore come to the
+conclusion that the Revolutionary leader made a dispute about the method
+of raising a small amount of revenue a pretext for rending an empire
+which, if united, might civilize and wisely govern the fairest portion
+of the globe."
+
+The foregoing statements are more than corroborated by a letter written
+to Washington by Rev. Jacob Duche, a former rector of Christ Church,
+Philadelphia, a man of great learning, eloquence, and piety, who was
+appointed chaplain to the first Congress. His prayer at the opening of
+the session was pronounced not only eloquent, but patriotic in the
+extreme. While it was being uttered there was but one man in that whole
+assembly who knelt, and that man was George Washington. When Washington
+received the letter he immediately transmitted it to Congress. The
+letter was in part as follows:--
+
+ Philadelphia, 8th October, 1777.
+
+"Sir--If this letter should find you in council or in the field, before
+you read another sentence I beg you to take the first opportunity of
+retiring and weighing its important contents. You are perfectly
+acquainted with the part I formerly took in the present unhappy contest.
+I was, indeed, among the first to bear my public testimony against
+having any recourse to threats, or indulging a thought of an armed
+opposition.
+
+"The current, however, was too strong for my feeble efforts to resist. I
+wished to follow my countrymen as far only as virtue and the
+righteousness of their cause would permit me. I was, however, prevailed
+on, among the rest of my clerical brethren of this city, to gratify the
+pressing desires of my fellow citizens by preaching a sermon, and
+reluctantly consented. From a personal attachment of nearly twenty
+years' standing and a high respect for your character, in private as
+well as public life, I took the liberty of dedicating this sermon to
+you. I had your affectionate thanks for my performance in a letter,
+wherein was expressed, in the most delicate and obliging terms, your
+regard for me, and your wishes for a continuance of my friendship and
+approbation of your conduct. Further than this I intended not to
+proceed. My sermon speaks for itself, and wholly disclaims the idea of
+independence. My sentiments were well known to my friends. I
+communicated them without reserve to many respectable members of
+Congress, who expressed their warm approbation of it then. I persisted
+to the very last moment to use the prayers for my Sovereign, though
+threatened with insults from the violence of a party.
+
+"Upon the declaration of independence I called my vestry and solemnly
+put the question to them whether they thought it best for the peace and
+welfare of the congregation to shut up the churches, or to continue the
+service without using the prayers for the Royal Family. This was the sad
+alternative. I concluded to abide by their decision, as I could not have
+time to consult my spiritual superiors in England. They determined it
+most expedient, under such critical circumstances, to keep open the
+churches that the congregations might not be dispersed, which we had
+great reason to apprehend.
+
+"A very few days after the fatal declaration of independence I received
+a letter from Mr. Hancock, sent by express to Germantown, where my
+family were for the summer season, acquainting me I was appointed
+Chaplain to the Congress, and desired my attendance next morning at nine
+o'clock. Surprised and distressed as I was by an event I was not
+prepared to expect, obliged to give an immediate attendance without the
+opportunity of consulting my friends, I easily accepted the appointment.
+I could have but one motive for taking this step. I thought the churches
+in danger, and hoped by this means to have been instrumental in
+preventing those ills I had so much reason to apprehend. I can, however,
+with truth declare I then looked upon independence rather as an
+expedient, and hazardous, or, indeed, thrown out in _terrorem_, in order
+to procure some favorable terms, than a measure that was seriously
+persisted in. My sudden change of conduct will clearly evince this to
+have been my idea of the matter.
+
+"Upon the return of the Committee of Congress appointed to confer with
+Lord Howe I soon discerned their whole intentions. The different
+accounts which each member gave of this conference, the time they took
+to make up the matter for public view, and the amazing disagreements
+between the newspaper accounts, and the relation I myself had from the
+mouth of one of the Committee, convinced me there must have been some
+unfair and ungenerous procedure. This determination to treat on no other
+strain than that of independence, which put it out of his lordship's
+power to mention any terms at all, was sufficient proof to me that
+independence was the idol they had long wished to set up, and that
+rather than sacrifice this they would deluge their country with blood.
+From this moment I determined upon my resignation, and in the beginning
+of October, 1776, sent it in form to Mr. Hancock, after having
+officiated only two months and three weeks; and from that time, as far
+as my safety would permit, I have been opposed to all their measures.
+
+"This circumstantial account of my conduct I think due to the friendship
+you were so obliging as to express for me, and I hope will be sufficient
+to justify my seeming inconsistencies in the part I have acted.
+
+"And now, dear sir, suffer me in the language of truth and real
+affection to address myself to you. All the world must be convinced you
+are engaged in the service of your country from motives perfectly
+disinterested. You risked everything that was dear to you, abandoned the
+sweets of domestic life which your affluent fortune can give the
+uninterrupted enjoyment of. But had you, could you have had, the least
+idea of matters being carried to such a dangerous extremity? Your most
+intimate friends shuddered at the thought of a separation from the
+mother country, and I took it for granted that your sentiments coincided
+with theirs. What, then, can be the consequences of this rash and
+violent measure and degeneracy of representation, confusion of councils,
+blunders without number? The most respectable characters have withdrawn
+themselves, and are succeeded by a great majority of illiberal and
+violent men. Take an impartial view of the present Congress, and what
+can you expect from them? Your feelings must be greatly hurt by the
+representation of your native province. You have no longer a Randolph, a
+Bland or a Braxton, men whose names will ever be revered, whose demands
+never ran above the first ground on which they set out, and whose truly
+glorious and virtuous sentiments I have frequently heard with rapture
+from their own lips. Oh, my dear sir, what a sad contrast of characters
+now presents! others whose friends can ne'er mingle with your own. Your
+Harrison alone remains, and he disgusted with the unworthy associates.
+
+"As to those of my own province, some of them are so obscure that their
+very names were never in my ears before, and others have only been
+distinguished for the weakness of their undertakings and the violence of
+their tempers. One alone I except from the general charge; a man of
+virtue, dragged reluctantly into their measures, and restrained by some
+false ideas of honor from retreating after having gone too far. You
+cannot be at a loss to discover whose name answers to this character.
+
+"From the New England provinces can you find one that as a gentleman you
+could wish to associate with, unless the soft and mild address of Mr.
+Hancock can atone for his want of every other qualification necessary
+for the seat which he fills? Bankrupts, attorneys, and men of desperate
+fortunes are his colleagues. Maryland no longer sends a Tilghman and a
+Carroll. Carolina has lost her Lynch, and the elder Middleton has
+retired. Are the dregs of Congress, then, still to influence a mind like
+yours? These are not the men you engaged to serve; these are not the men
+that America has chosen to represent her. Most of them were chosen by a
+little, low faction, and the few gentlemen that are among them now are
+well known to lie on the balance, and looking up to your hand alone to
+turn the beam. 'Tis you, sir, and you only, that supports the present
+Congress; of this you must be fully sensible. Long before they left
+Philadelphia their dignity and consequence were gone; what must it be
+now since their precipitate retreat? I write with freedom, but without
+invective. I know these things to be true, and I write to one whose own
+observation must have convinced him that it is so.
+
+"After this view of the Congress, turn to the army. The whole world
+knows that its only existence depends upon you, that your death or
+captivity disperses it in a moment, and that there is not a man on that
+side--the question in America--capable of succeeding you. As to the army
+itself, what have you to expect from them? Have they not frequently
+abandoned you yourself in the hour of extremity? Can you have the least
+confidence in a set of undisciplined men and officers, many of whom have
+been taken from the lowliest of the people, without principle, without
+courage? Take away them that surround your person, how very few there
+are you can ask to sit at your table! As to your little navy, of that
+little what is left? Of the Delaware fleet part are taken, and the rest
+must soon surrender. Of those in the other provinces some are taken, one
+or two at sea, and others lying unmanned and unrigged in your harbors.
+
+"In America your harbors are blocked up, your cities fall one after
+another; fortress after fortress, battle after battle is lost. A British
+army, after having passed unmolested through a vast extent of country,
+have possessed themselves of the Capital of America. How unequal the
+contest! How fruitless the expense of blood! Under so many discouraging
+circumstances, can virtue, can honor, can the love of your country
+prompt you to proceed? Humanity itself, and sure humanity is no stranger
+to your breast, calls upon you to desist. Your army must perish for want
+of common necessaries or thousands of innocent families must perish to
+support them; wherever they encamp, the country must be impoverished;
+wherever they march, the troops of Britain will pursue, and must
+complete the destruction which America herself has begun. Perhaps it may
+be said, it is better to die than to be made slaves. This, indeed, is a
+splendid maxim in theory, and perhaps in some instances may be found
+experimentally true; but when there is the least probability of a happy
+accommodation, surely, wisdom and humanity call for some sacrifices to
+be made to prevent inevitable destruction. You well know there is but
+one invincible bar to such an accommodation; could this be removed,
+other obstacles might readily be removed. It is to you and you alone
+your bleeding country looks and calls aloud for this sacrifice. Your arm
+alone has strength sufficient to remove this bar. May Heaven inspire you
+with this glorious resolution of exerting your strength at this crisis,
+and immortalizing yourself as friend and guardian to your country! Your
+penetrating eye needs not more explicit language to discern my meaning.
+With that prudence and delicacy, therefore, of which I know you
+possessed, represent to Congress the indispensable necessity of
+rescinding the hasty and ill-advised declaration of independence.
+Recommend, and you have an undoubted right to recommend, an immediate
+cessation of hostilities. Let the controversy be taken up where that
+declaration left it, and where Lord Howe certainly expected to find it
+left. Let men of clear and impartial characters, in or out of Congress,
+liberal in their sentiments, heretofore independent in their
+fortunes--and some such may be found in America--be appointed to confer
+with His Majesty's Commissioners. Let them, if they please, propose some
+well-digested constitutional plan to lay before them at the commencement
+of the negotiation. When they have gone thus far I am confident the
+usual happy consequences will ensue--unanimity will immediately take
+place through the different provinces, thousands who are now ardently
+wishing and praying for such a measure will step forth and declare
+themselves the zealous advocates for constitutional liberty, and
+millions will bless the hero that left the field of war to decide this
+most important contest with the weapons of wisdom and humanity.
+
+"O sir, let no false ideas of worldly honor deter you from engaging in
+so glorious a task! Whatever censure may be thrown out by mean,
+illiberal minds, your character will rise in the estimation of the
+virtuous and noble. It will appear with lustre in the annals of history,
+and form a glorious contrast to that of those who have fought to obtain
+conquest and gratify their own ambition by the destruction of their
+species and the ruin of their country. Be assured, sir, that I write not
+this under the eye of any British officer or person connected with the
+British army or ministry. The sentiments I express are the real
+sentiments of my own heart, such as I have long held, and which I should
+have made known to you by letter before had I not fully expected an
+opportunity of a private conference. When you passed through
+Philadelphia on your way to Wilmington I was confined by a severe fit of
+the gravel to my chamber; I have since continued much indisposed, and
+times have been so very distressing that I had neither spirit to write a
+letter nor an opportunity to convey it when written, nor do I yet know
+by what means I shall get these sheets to your hands.
+
+"I would fain hope that I have said nothing by which your delicacy can
+be in the least hurt. If I have, I assure you it has been without the
+least intention, and therefore your candor will lead you to forgive me.
+I have spoken freely of Congress and of the army; but what I have said
+is partly from my own knowledge and partly from the information of some
+respectable members of the former and some of the best officers of the
+latter. I would not offend the meanest person upon earth; what I say to
+you I say in confidence to answer what I cannot but deem a most
+_valuable purpose_. I love my country; I love you; but to the love of
+truth, the love of peace, and the love of God, I hope I should be
+enabled if called upon to the trial to sacrifice every other inferior
+love.
+
+"If the arguments made use of in this letter should have so much
+influence as to engage you in the glorious work which I have warmly
+recommended, I shall ever deem my success the highest temporal favor
+that Providence could grant me. Your interposition and advice I am
+confident would meet with a favorable reception from the authority under
+which you act.
+
+"If it should not, you have an infallible recourse still left--negotiate
+for your country at the head of your army. After all, it may appear
+presumption as an individual to address himself to you on a subject of
+such magnitude, or to say what measures would best secure the interest
+and welfare of a whole continent. The friendly and favorable opinion you
+have always expressed for me emboldens me to undertake it, and which has
+greatly added to the weight of this motive. I have been strongly
+impressed with a sense of duty upon the occasion, which left my
+conscience uneasy and my heart afflicted till I fully discharged it. I
+am no enthusiast; the course is new and singular to me; but I could not
+enjoy one moment's peace till this letter was written. With the most
+ardent prayers for your spiritual as well as temporal welfare, I am your
+most obedient and humble friend and servant,
+
+ Jacob Duche."
+
+The estimation in which Mr. Duche was held before he wrote this letter,
+by John Adams, who was not particularly friendly to Episcopalians, who
+as a class were Loyalists (although Washington was one), is here shown.
+Adams says: "Mr. Duche is one of the most ingenuous men, and of best
+character, and greatest orator in the Episcopal order upon this
+continent; yet a zealous friend of liberty and his country."[70]
+
+ [70] Letters of John Adams to His Wife, Vol. I., p. 24.
+
+In the cold light of truth it now seems quite clear that Americans took
+up arms before they were in any real danger of oppression, and George
+III. was persuaded to concede more than all their reasonable demands,
+but yielded too late to save the integrity of the empire.
+
+We are taught in many of our histories that George III. was a tyrant,
+seeking to establish despotism, and that Washington rescued and
+preserved Anglo-Saxon liberty, not only in America, but wherever it
+existed in the British domains; but this is too extravagant a compliment
+to the king. We may admit that he was a respectable man in private life,
+that he acted on principle, as he understood it, in his public career,
+and that he had some princely accomplishments, but was far from a great
+man. Certainly he was not in the class of conqueror, nor was he able to
+commit "a splendid crime." His mother was ever croaking in his ears:
+"George, be a king!" Thackeray gives us a touching account of the king's
+last years. All history, he tells us, presents no sadder picture. It is
+too terrible for tears. Driven from his throne, buffeted by rude hands,
+his children in revolt, his ending was as pitiful and awful as that of
+King Lear. In a lucid moment the Queen entered his room and found him
+singing and playing on a musical instrument. When he had finished he
+knelt and prayed for her and for his family, and for the nation, and
+last for himself. And then tears began to flow down his cheeks, and his
+reason fled again. Caesar, Henry VIII., and Napoleon tried to establish
+a dynasty of despots, and failed. As we glance at the figure of George
+III. and recall the traits of his character, we see that Anglo-Saxon
+civilization or liberty was in no danger of permanent injury from the
+last king of England who tried to reign.
+
+As we review the conflict we are apt to forget that the Americans were
+not alone in their efforts to throw off the restraint of law and
+authority of the government during the twenty years preceding the
+surrender at Yorktown; Wilkes, "Junius," and Lord George Gordon
+surpassed the efforts of Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, and Crispus Attucks,
+to make life unpleasant for King George. Mobs surged about the streets
+of London as they did in Boston, defying the law, destroying property,
+and disturbing the public peace. The house of Lord Mansfield, chief
+justice of England, was wrecked and burned to the ground in the same
+manner as the home of Thomas Hutchinson, chief justice of Massachusetts,
+was wrecked and pillaged. Both mobs claimed to act "on principle," and
+there is a curious likeness in the details of these two acts of
+violence. It was an age of insurrection, with no political genius able,
+or in a position, to direct the storm. During the Wilkes riots, in 1768,
+the civil power in England was reduced to extreme weakness. Lecky tells
+us "there were great fears that all the bulwarks of order would yield to
+the strain," and Franklin, then in London, said that if Wilkes had
+possessed a good character and the king a bad one, Wilkes would have
+driven George III. from the throne. In 1780, during the Gordon riots,
+chaos came again to London, and all England was threatened with anarchy.
+The time was out of joint on both continents, and George III. was not
+born to set it right. We may be sure there is something more serious
+than glory in all this turmoil that embittered the most beneficent of
+civilizing races. Whoever examines the dispute with impartial care, will
+probably perceive that the time had come for a new adjustment of the
+constitutional relations of the several parts of the British Empire, but
+the temper of George III. and the disorderly elements, active both in
+England and America, were unfavorable to rational treatment of the great
+problem.
+
+Early in the Revolution it was considered necessary, in order to insure
+its success, to obtain aid and recognition from the French.
+
+Mr. Silas Deane, of Connecticut, and three agents, were sent to France
+to feel the pulse of the king and nation upon the subject. They,
+however, neither acknowledged the agents nor directed them to leave the
+kingdom.
+
+It was not so with individuals, among whom was M. Beaumarchais, who, on
+his own account and credit, furnished the United States with twenty
+thousand stand of arms and one thousand barrels of powder of one hundred
+pounds weight each. Ten thousand of the muskets were landed at
+Portsmouth, N. H., and the remainder in some southern State. The first
+opportunity of testing the qualities of the new French muskets occurred
+September 19, 1777, which engagement led up to the battle of Saratoga
+October 7, which terminated in the convention with Burgoyne October 17,
+1777. Major Caleb Stark, the eldest son of Gen. John Stark, who was
+present in these actions, says: "I firmly believe that unless these arms
+had been thus timely furnished to the Americans, Burgoyne would have
+made an easy march to Albany. What then? My pen almost refuses to record
+the fact that these arms have never been paid for to this day. When the
+war ended, application was made to Congress for payment, which was
+refused on the frivolous pretext that they were a present from the
+French king. The claim was referred to the United States
+attorney-general, who reported in substance that he could find no
+evidence of their having been paid for, or that they were presented as a
+gift by the court of France.
+
+"Supposing the most favorable plea of Congress to be true, that there
+was an underhand connivance by France to furnish the arms, or the king
+had thought proper to deny it, is it just or magnanimous for the United
+States to refuse payment? Suppose the arms were clearly a 'gift'
+bestowed upon us in our poverty, ought not a high-minded people to
+restore the value of that gift with ten-fold interest, when their
+benevolent friend has become poor, and they have waxed wealthy and
+strong?
+
+"Congress, skulking behind their sovereignty, still refused payment. Yet
+the cries of Beaumarchais, reduced to poverty by the French Revolution,
+have not been heeded."[71]
+
+ [71] Memoir of Gen. John Stark, by his son Caleb Stark, pp. 356-7-8.
+
+The action of Congress concerning the Saratoga Convention was equally
+base. The whole number of prisoners surrendered by Burgoyne was 5791.
+The force of the Americans was, according to a statement which Gates
+furnished to Burgoyne, 13,222. The terms of the Convention was that
+Burgoyne's troops were to march out of their camp with all the honors of
+war, the artillery to be moved to the banks of the Hudson, and there to
+be left, together with the soldiers' arms; that a free passage should be
+granted the troops to Great Britain, on condition of their not serving
+again during the war; that the army should march to the neighborhood of
+Boston by the most expeditious and convenient route, and not delayed
+when transport should arrive to receive them; that every care should be
+taken for the proper subsistence of the troops till they should be
+embarked. Although Congress ratified the terms of the Convention entered
+into by General Burgoyne and Gates, yet they violated them in the most
+perfidious manner. Many Americans now regard this as the most
+disgraceful act ever perpetrated by the United States. There was not the
+slightest excuse for this treachery. When the British ministry charged
+Congress with positive perfidy, Congress added insult to injury by
+charging the ministry with "meditated perfidy," for they "believed the
+British would break their parole if released." After the arrival of the
+troops at Boston they were quartered at Cambridge, where they were
+subjected to the most cruel and inhuman treatment. Officers and soldiers
+were shot down and bayoneted in the most cold-blooded manner without the
+slightest provocation. If the officers resented any insults, they were
+sent to Worcester and treated as felons. They were charged the most
+exorbitant prices for food. Burgoyne alone was allowed to go home on
+parole; all the other officers and men were marched into the interior of
+Virginia, where they were kept in confinement for five years.[72]
+
+ [72] "Travels Through the Interior Parts of America," by Thomas Aubury.
+
+There is probably not one American in a thousand that knows the origin
+and meaning of Washington's advice to his countrymen against entering
+into "entangling foreign alliances," and the often quoted phrase:
+"French Spoliation Claims," and yet the two are inseparably connected,
+and form a most important phase in the early history of the United
+States. American historians have passed over this episode, fearing that
+it would bring odium on the "Fathers of the Revolution." By the treaty
+made by Franklin with France, in which she recognized the United States
+and by which means American independence was secured, it was agreed that
+the United States should assist France in foreign complications in which
+she might be involved, and furthermore to protect her possessions in the
+West Indies. This was the first treaty made by the United States. When
+the time came for putting these pledges into force, the United States
+refused to act.
+
+"The expense of the war of the Revolution was as much, if not more, to
+France, than to the United States, and it is a matter of historical
+truth that the expenses incurred in this war by France bankrupted the
+nation and hurried on the terrible events which convulsed the world from
+the commencement of the French Revolution until the battle of Waterloo.
+During all this distress and disaster, the Americans were chuckling in
+their sleeves, and wasting the treasures of the old world to embellish
+the half-fledged cities of the new world. Gratitude is a virtue often
+spoken of with apparent sincerity, but not so frequently exhibited in
+practice." This is the language of a well-known Revolutionary
+officer.[73] Therefore, the United States acted in a most shameful and
+disgraceful manner in violating the first treaty she ever entered into,
+through which she secured her independence; she did not give the French
+that assistance she had agreed to give by treaty, but remained neutral
+and indifferent, while England seized upon the larger part of the French
+colonies in the West Indies. The base ingratitude of the United States
+exasperated the French, so they issued orders to seize and destroy
+American property wherever found. Several naval engagements between the
+late allies ensued, and 898 vessels were seized by the French government
+or were destroyed by its cruisers, prior to the year 1800. Hence, when
+Ellsworth, Van Murray and Davie, the commissioners appointed by the
+United States to negotiate with France, and to settle the dispute, asked
+for damages for the seizure and destruction of American vessels, the
+French foreign minister turned upon them with the assertion that in
+performing her part of the Franklin treaty of 1778, France had spent
+$28,000,000, and had sacrificed the lives of thousands of her people,
+simply for the purpose of gaining the independence for the United
+States. All it had asked had been the friendship and assistance of the
+United States in the manner provided in this treaty. Instead of meeting
+these claims and requiting the generosity of France in the way such
+conduct deserved, the United States had ignored its obligations, and now
+came forward and advanced a petty claim for money, utterly forgetful of
+how much France had sacrificed in its behalf.
+
+ [73] "Letter of Major Caleb Stark in Memoir of General John Stark," p.
+ 364.
+
+As might be supposed, there was no answer that could be made to this
+assertion, and hence the new treaty then drawn up, in which the two
+states agreed to renounce respectively whatever pretensions they might
+have had to claims one against the other, was ratified by the Senate,
+and promulgated by President Jefferson December 21, 1801, thus
+relieving France of all responsibility for damages caused by her
+cruisers prior to 1800, and throwing the responsibility of liquidating
+these demands upon the United States government--a responsibility it
+succeeded in avoiding for a hundred years, as it succeeded in avoiding
+the demands which the French government could and did make upon it to
+defend French West India possessions. These were the "entangling foreign
+alliances" referred to by Washington.
+
+Bills granting payment of these claims, which originally amounted to
+$12,676,000, passed Congress twice, and were vetoed first by President
+Polk and then by President Pierce. If ever there was a just claim
+brought before Congress, these French spoliation claims deserve the
+title, and it is a historical disgrace to the government of the United
+States that the payment of them was delayed for nearly a hundred
+years.[74]
+
+ [74] During Cleveland's administrations a bill was passed allowing
+ claimants to present claims for adjudication to the amount of their face
+ value. If interest was added, they would exceed $100,000,000. The owners
+ of the 898 vessels destroyed, who were called upon to make this
+ sacrifice as a means of relieving the government from a great
+ responsibility, in many cases were reduced to poverty by the duplicity
+ of the government, and even now with this scant justice, there are many
+ that find it very difficult to prove their claim, so long a time has
+ elapsed, and many are dead without legal representation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+_INDIANS IN THE REVOLUTION._
+
+
+The writers of American histories severely condemn the British
+government for employing Indians in the war of the Revolution as well as
+in 1812, and give unstinted praise to the Americans for humanity in
+refusing to make use of the warlike but undisciplined and cruel Indian
+as an ally in the activities of a military campaign. Either an attempt
+is made to suppress the whole truth of this matter, or the writers have
+failed in their duty to thoroughly investigate sources of history easily
+accessible to the honest historian.
+
+The fact is, that in the incipient stage of the Revolutionary war,
+overtures were made by the political disturbers and leading instigators
+of trouble to win over to the side of the American party the fiercest,
+if not the most numerous Indian nation on the North American continent.
+
+From Concord, on the fourth of April, 1775, the Provincial Congress
+thought fit, with cunning prudence, to address the sachem of the
+Mohawks, with the rest of the Iroquois tribes, in the following words:
+
+"Brother, they have made a law to establish the religion of the pope in
+Canada, which lies near you. We much fear some of your children may be
+induced, instead of worshipping the only true God, to pay his due to
+images, made with their own hands."[75]
+
+ [75] American Archives, series I, p. 1350.
+
+Here, then, a religious reason was advanced, in lieu of the real one,
+why the Indians should oppose the British, by whom they had always been
+generously treated. The response to the insinuating address was not
+encouraging. May it not be assumed that these Indians had already
+experienced some of the same kind of love, generosity and good faith, as
+later every tribe has received from every government at Washington, from
+the days of the first president to the latest, through the past "century
+of dishonor."
+
+_Before the 19th of April_, the Provincial Congress had authorized the
+enlistment of a company of Stockbridge (Massachusetts) Indians. These
+Indians were used by the Americans during the siege of Boston. A letter,
+dated July 9, 1775, says: "Yesterday afternoon some barges were sounding
+the Charles River near its mouth, but were soon obliged to row off by
+our Indians, fifty in number, who are encamped near that place."
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL MIFFLEN'S INTERVIEW WITH THE CAUGINAWAGA INDIANS.
+
+At Watertown during the seige of Boston, the Revolutionists endeavored
+to obtain their assistance.]
+
+On the 21st of June, two of the Indians killed four of the regulars with
+their bows and arrows, and plundered them. Frothingham says the
+British complained, and with reason, of their mode of warfare.
+
+Lieut. Carter, writes July 2, 1775: "Never had the British army so
+ungenerous an enemy to oppose. They send their riflemen, five or six at
+a time, who conceal themselves behind trees, etc., till an opportunity
+presents itself of taking a shot at our advanced sentries, which done,
+they immediately retreat."[76]
+
+ [76] American Archives. Series I, p. 1350.
+
+During the siege of Boston, John Adams visited Washington's camp at
+Watertown, and wrote the following letter to his wife, which goes to
+prove the efforts made by the Americans to enlist the Canadian Indians
+in their cause, and which they afterwards complained so bitterly of the
+British for doing:
+
+ "Watertown, 24 January, 1776.
+
+"I dined at Colonel Mifflin's with the general and lady, and a vast
+collection of other company, among whom were six or seven sachems and
+warriors of the French Caughnawaga Indians, with several of their wives
+and children. A savage feast they made of it, yet were very polite in
+the Indian style. One of the sachems is an Englishman, a native of this
+colony, whose name was Williams, captivated in infancy, with his mother,
+and adopted by some kind squaw."[77]
+
+ [77] Frothingham Siege of Boston, p. 212. Letters of John Adams to his
+ Wife Vol. I., p. 79.
+
+Many attempts were made by the Americans to use the Indians. Montgomery
+made use of them in his Canadian expedition.
+
+In April, 1776, Washington wrote to Congress, urging their employment in
+the army, and reported on July 13th that, without special authority, he
+had directed General Schuyler to engage the Six Nations on the best
+terms he and his colleagues could procure, and again submitting the
+propriety of engaging the Eastern Indians. John Adams thought "we need
+not be so delicate as to refuse the assistance of Indians, provided we
+cannot keep them neutral." A treaty was exchanged with the Eastern
+Indians on July 17, 1776, whereby they agreed to furnish six hundred for
+a regiment, which was to be officered by the whites. As a result of
+this, the Massachusetts Council subsequently reported that seven
+Penobscot Indians--all that could be procured--were enlisted in October
+for one year.[78] It is interesting to remember, in this connection,
+that the courteous and chivalrous Lafayette raised a troop of Indians to
+fight the British and the Tories, though his reputation has been saved
+by the utter and almost ludicrous failure of his attempt.[79]
+
+ [78] Windsor Nar. and Crit. His. Vol. VI., 655, 657.
+
+ [79] Essays in American History, 178.
+
+When all this had been done, it needed the forgetfulness and the blind
+hypocrisy of passion to denounce the king to the world for having
+"endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless
+Indian savage." Yet Americans have never had the self-respect to erase
+this charge from a document generally printed in the fore-front of the
+Constitution and Laws, and with which every schoolboy is sedulously made
+familiar.
+
+The Revolutionists failed to enlist the Indians in their cause, for the
+Indian and the Colonist were bitter and irreconcilable foes. The Indian
+had long scores to pay, not upon the English nation or the English army,
+but upon the American settler who had stolen his lands, shot his sons,
+and debauched his daughters. It is well here to remember the speech of
+Logan, the Cayuga chief, on the occasion of the signing of the treaty of
+peace in 1764, at the close of the Pontiac Conspiracy. Logan said: "I
+appeal to any white man to say if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry
+and he gave him not meat; if ever he came cold and naked and he clothed
+him not. Such was my love of the white man that my countrymen in passing
+my cabin said: 'Logan is the friend of the white man.' I have even
+thought to have lived with you but for the injuries you did me last
+spring, when in cold blood and unprovoked, you murdered all the
+relations of Logan, not sparing even my women and children. There runs
+not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called
+for revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many. I have fully glutted
+my vengeance." Logan's family, being on a visit to a family of the name
+of Greathouse, was murdered by them and their associates under
+circumstances of great brutality and cowardice. It is known that in
+revenge, Logan took over 30 scalps with his own hand. And others than
+Indians had old scores to wipe out. Many loyalists who desired to be
+left alone in peace had been tarred and feathered by their former
+friends and fellow-townsmen; were driven from their homes and hunted
+like wild beasts; imprisoned, maimed, and compelled to suffer every kind
+of indignity. In many cases fathers, brothers and sons were hanged,
+because they insisted on remaining loyal to their country. Therefore it
+is not to be wondered at that many of these loyalists sought a terrible
+revenge against those who had maltreated them. If the loyalists of New
+York, Georgia and the Carolinas resolved to join the Indians and wreak
+vengeance on their fellow countrymen at Wyoming and Cherry Valley, and
+to take part in the raids of Tyron and Arnold, there was a rude cause
+for their retaliating. Their actions have been held up to the execration
+of posterity as being exceptionally barbarous, and as far surpassing in
+cruelty the provocative actions of the revolutionists, Sullivan's
+campaign through the Indian country being conveniently forgotten. There
+was not much to choose between a cowboy and a skinner, and very little
+difference between Major Ferguson's command and that of Marion and
+Sumpter. There were no more orderly or better behaved troops in either
+army than Simcoe's Queen's Rangers. There can be no doubt that the
+action of the loyalists have been grossly exaggerated, or at least dwelt
+upon as dreadful scenes of depravity, to form a background for the
+heroism and fortitude of the "patriotic" party whose misdeeds are passed
+lightly over. The methods of the growth of popular mythology have been
+the same in America as in Greece or Rome. The gods of one party have
+become the devils of the other. The haze of distance has thrown a halo
+around the American leaders--softening outlines, obscuring faults, while
+those of the British and the loyalists have grown with the advanced
+years.[80]
+
+ [80] Essays in American History, 176, 177.
+
+[Illustration: CARTOON ILLUSTRATING FRANKLIN'S DIABOLICAL SCALP STORY.
+
+From an old print in the possession of the Bostonian Society.]
+
+The following brief entry in a diary, will show that among the American
+forces savage customs found place: "On Monday, the 30th, sent out a
+party for some dead Indians. Toward morning found them, and skinned two
+of them from their hips down, for boot legs; one pair for the major, the
+other for myself."[81]
+
+ [81] Proceedings, N. J. His. Soc. II, 31.
+
+It has been the policy of American historians and their echoes in
+England to bring disrepute upon the Indians and the British government
+who employed them, and not only to magnify actual occurrences, but
+sometimes, when facts were wanting, to draw upon imagination for such
+deeds of ferocity and bloodshed as might serve to keep alive the
+strongest feelings of indignation against the mother country, and thus
+influence men to take the field for revenge who had not already been
+driven thither by the impulse of their sense of patriotism. Dr. Franklin
+himself did not think it unworthy of his antecedents and position to
+employ these methods to bring disrepute on the British. The "deliberate
+fiction for political purposes," by Franklin, were written as facts.
+Never before was there such diabolical fiction written as his well known
+scalp story, long believed and recently revived in several books
+purporting to be "authentic history." The details were so minute and
+varied as to create a belief that they were entirely true. For a century
+supposed to be authentic, it has since been ascertained to be a
+publication from the pen of Dr. Franklin for political purposes. It
+describes minutely the capture from the Seneca Indians of eight bales of
+scalps, which were being sent the governor of Canada, to be forwarded by
+him as a gift to the "Great King." The description of the contents of
+each bale was given with such an air of plausibility as to preclude a
+suspicion that it was fictitious. The following are a few brief
+abstracts from this story: "No. 1 contains forty-three scalps of
+Congress soldiers, also sixty-two farmers, killed in their houses in the
+night time. No. 2 contains ninety-eight farmers killed in their houses
+in the day time. No. 3 contains ninety-seven farmers killed in the
+fields in the day time. No. 4 contains 102 farmers, mixed, 18 burnt
+alive, after being scalped; sixty-seven being greyheads, and one
+clergyman. No. 5 containing eighty-eight scalps of woman's hair,
+long-braided in Indian fashion. No. 6 containing 193 boys' scalps of
+various ages. No. 7, 211 girls' scalps, big and little. No. 8, this
+package is a mixture of all the varieties above mentioned, to the number
+of 122, with a box of birch bark, containing twenty-nine infants' scalps
+of various sizes."[82]
+
+ [82] Life of Brandt. Appendix No. 1, Vol. I.
+
+With the bales of scalps was a speech addressed to the "Great King."
+
+One of the most cruel and bloodthirsty acts of the Americans was the
+massacre of the Moravian Indians. "From love of peace they had advised
+those of their own color who were bent on war to desist from it. They
+were also led from humanity, to inform the white people of their danger,
+when they knew their settlements were about to be invaded. One hundred
+and sixty Americans crossed the Ohio and put to death these harmless,
+inoffensive people, though they made no resistance. In conformity with
+their religious principles these Moravians submitted to their hard fate
+without attempting to destroy their murderers. Upward of ninety of these
+pacific people were killed by men who, while they called themselves
+Christians, were more deserving of the names of savages than were their
+unresisting victims."[83]
+
+ [83] Dr. Ramsay's His. U. S., Vol. II., Chapter XIX, pp. 330, 332.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+_THE EXPULSION OF THE LOYALISTS AND THE SETTLEMENT OF CANADA._
+
+
+The Huguenots and the proscribed of the French Revolution found
+sanctuary as welcome guests in England and the English colonies.
+
+The Moors were well treated when banished from Spain; the Revocation of
+the Edict of Nantes was civil death to all Huguenots; the Americans made
+the treaty of peace of 1783 worse than civil death to all Loyalists.
+
+The Americans, at the inception and birth of their republic, violated
+every precept of Christianity and of a boasted civilization, even to
+confiscating the estates of helpless women. For all time it is to be a
+part of American history that the last decade of the eighteenth century
+saw the most cruel and vindictive acts of spoliation recorded in modern
+history.
+
+At the treaty of peace, 1783, the banishment and extermination of the
+Loyalists was a foregone conclusion. The bitterest words ever uttered by
+Washington were in reference to them: "He could see nothing better for
+them than to recommend suicide." Neither Congress nor state governments
+made any recommendation that humane treatment should be meted out to
+these Loyalists. John Adams had written from Amsterdam that he would
+"have hanged his own brother had he taken part against him."[84]
+
+ [84] Address to the "United Empire Loyalists," by Edward Harris,
+ Toronto, 1897.
+
+At the close of the war the mob were allowed to commit any outrage or
+atrocity, while the authorities in each state remained apparently
+indifferent. An example of Loyalist ill-treatment is to be found in a
+letter written October 22, 1783, to a Boston friend, and preserved in
+New York City manual, 1870:--
+
+"The British are leaving New York every day, and last week there came
+one of the d----d refugees from New York to a place called Wall Kill, in
+order to make a tarry with his parents, where he was taken into custody
+immediately. His head and eyebrows were shaved, tarred and feathered, a
+hog-yoke put on his neck, and a cowbell thereon; upon his head a very
+high hat and feathers were set, well plumed with tar, and a sheet of
+paper in front with a man drawn with two faces, representing the traitor
+Arnold and the devil."
+
+Some American writers have been extremely severe upon Americans who
+served in the royal armies. Such condemnation is certainly illogical and
+unjust. They must have reasoned they were fighting to save their
+country from mob rule, from the domination of demagogues and traitors,
+and to preserve to it what, until then, all had agreed to be the
+greatest of blessings, the connection with Great Britain, the privilege
+of being Englishmen, heirs of all the free institutions which were
+embodied in a "great and glorious constitution." If the Loyalists
+reasoned in this manner, we cannot blame them, unless we are ready to
+maintain the proposition that the cause of every revolution is
+necessarily so sacred that those who do not sympathize with it should
+abstain from opposing it.
+
+Very early in the Revolution the disunionists tried to drive the
+Loyalists into the rebel militia or into the Continental army by fines,
+and by obliging them to hire substitutes. The families of men who had
+fled from the country to escape implication in the impending war were
+obliged to hire substitutes, and they were fined for the misdeeds of the
+mercenary whom they had engaged. Fines were even imposed upon neutral
+and unoffending persons for not preventing their families from entering
+the British service. If the fines were refused, the property was
+recklessly sold to the amount of the fine and costs of action. Loyalists
+convicted of entering the enemy's lines could be fined as high as 2000
+pounds, and even the unsuccessful attempt to enter might be punished by
+a fine of 1000 pounds.[85] If the property of the offender failed to
+answer for his offence, he became subject to corporal punishment,
+whipping, branding, cropping of ears, and exposure in the pillory being
+resorted to in some of the states.
+
+ [85] "Acts of New Jersey," Oct. 8, 1778, p. 60.
+
+The Disunionists had early a covetous eye upon the property of the
+Loyalists. The legislative bodies hastened to pass such laws as would
+prevent those suspected of Loyalism from transferring their property,
+real or personal, by real or pretended sale. Friends who tried to guard
+the property of refugees nailed up the doors that led to the room
+containing valuable furniture, but were obliged by bullying committeemen
+to remove their barricades and give up their treasures.
+
+The members of one wealthy refugee's family were reduced in their
+housekeeping to broken chairs and teacups, and to dipping the water out
+of an iron skillet into a pot, which they did as cheerfully as if they
+were using a silver urn. The furniture had been removed, though the
+family picture still hung in the blue room, and the harpsichord stood in
+the passage way to be abused by the children who passed through. These
+two aristocratic ladies were obliged to use their coach-house as a
+dining-room, and the "fowl-house" as their bed chamber. The picture
+continues: "In character the old lady looks as majestic even there, and
+dresses with as much elegance as if she were in a palace."[86] This
+mansion was General Putnam's headquarters at the battle of Bunker Hill,
+and was afterward confiscated.
+
+ [86] James Murray, Loyalist, p. 245, 253.
+
+When the treaty of peace was signed, the question of amnesty and
+compensation for the Loyalists was long and bitterly discussed. Even
+the French minister had urged it. John Adams, one of the commission,
+favored compensating "the wretches, how little soever they deserved it,
+nay, how much soever they deserve the contrary."[87]
+
+ [87] John Adams' Works, Vol. IX., p. 516.
+
+The commission hesitated "to saddle" America with the Loyalists because
+they feared the opposition at home, especially by the individual states.
+The British demand had been finally met with the mere promise that
+Congress would recommend to the states a conciliatory policy with
+reference to the Loyalists. This solution neither satisfied the
+Loyalists nor the more chivalrous Englishmen. They declared that the
+provision concerning the Loyalists was "precipitate, impolitic," and
+cruelly neglectful of their American friends.[88] But all of this
+cavilling was unreasonable and hasty, for England had gotten for the
+Loyalists the utmost attainable in the treaty, and later proved
+honorable and generous in the highest degree by compensating the
+Loyalists out of her own treasury--an act only excelled in the next
+century by the purchase and emancipation of all the slaves in the
+British Empire, for which the people of Great Britain taxed only
+themselves--the most generous act ever performed by any nation in the
+history of mankind.
+
+ [88] Stevens' "Facsimiles," 1054.
+
+In spite of the recommendation of Congress which had been made in
+accordance with the terms of the treaty, confiscation still went on
+actively. Governors of the states were urged to exchange lists of
+proscribed persons, that no Loyalists might find a resting-place in the
+United States, and in every state they were disfranchised, while in many
+localities they were tarred and feathered, driven from town and warned
+never to return again. Some were murdered and maltreated in the most
+horrible manner. Thousands of inconspicuous Loyalists did, nevertheless,
+succeed in remaining in the larger cities, where their identity was
+lost, and they were not the objects of jealous social and political
+exclusion as in the small town. In some localities where they were in
+the majority, the hostile minority was not able to wreak its vengeance.
+
+With the treaty of peace there came a rush for British American
+territory. The numbers were increased in Canada to some 25,000 during
+the next few years, and those in Nova Scotia and other British territory
+swelled the number to 60,000.
+
+Most of these exiles became, in one way or another, a temporary expense
+to the British government, and the burden was borne honorably and
+ungrudgingly. The care began during the war. The Loyalists who aided
+Burgoyne were provided with homes in Canada, and before the close of
+1779 nearly a thousand refugees were cared for in houses and barracks
+and given fuel, household furniture, and even pensioned with money.
+After the peace, thousands of exiles at once turned to the British
+government for temporary support. The vast majority had lost but little,
+and asked only for land and supplies to start life with. The minority
+who had lost lands, offices and incomes, demanded indemnity. As for the
+members of the humbler class, the government ordered that there should
+be given 500 acres of land to heads of families, 300 acres to single
+men, and each township in the new settlements was to have 2000 acres for
+church purposes and 1000 for schools. Building material and tools, an
+axe, spade, hoe and plow, were furnished each head of a family. Even
+clothing and food were issued to the needy, and as late as 1785 there
+were 26,000 entitled to rations. Communities were equipped with
+grindstones and the machinery for grist and saw mills. In this way
+$5,000,000 were spent to get Nova Scotia well started, and in Upper
+Canada, besides the three million acres given to the Loyalist, some
+$4,000,000 were expended for this benefit before 1787.
+
+But there was a far greater burden assumed by the British government in
+granting the compensation asked for by those who had sacrificed
+everything to their loyalty. Those who had lost offices or professional
+practice were, in many cases, cared for by the gift of lucrative offices
+under the government, and Loyalist military officers were put on half
+pay. It is said with truth that the defeated government dealt with the
+exiled and fugitive Loyalists with a far greater liberality than the
+United States bestowed upon their victorious army.
+
+After the peace, over five thousand Loyalists submitted claims for
+losses, usually through agents appointed by the refugees from each
+American colony. In July of 1783, a commission of five members was
+appointed by Parliament to classify the losses and services of the
+Loyalists. They examined the claims with an impartial and judicial
+severity. The claimant entered the room alone with the commissioners
+and, after telling his services and losses, was rigidly questioned
+concerning fellow claimants as well as himself. The claimant then
+submitted a written and sworn statement of his losses. After the results
+of both examinations were critically scrutinized, the judges made the
+award. In the whole course of their work, they examined claims to the
+amount of forty million of dollars, and ordered nineteen millions to be
+paid.
+
+If to the cost of establishing the Loyalists in Nova Scotia and Canada
+we add the compensation granted in money, the total amount expended by
+the British government for their American adherents was at least thirty
+million dollars. There is evidence that the greatest care that human
+ingenuity could devise was exercised to make all these awards in a fair
+and equitable manner. The members of the commission were of
+unimpeachable honesty. Nevertheless there was much complaint by the
+Loyalists because of the partial failure of giving the loyal exiles a
+new start in life. The task was no easy one--to transfer a disheartened
+people to a strange land and a trying climate, and let them begin life
+anew. But when, years later, they had made of the land of this exile a
+mighty member of the British empire, they began to glory in the days of
+trial through which they had passed.
+
+At a council meeting held at Quebec, November 9, 1789, an order was
+passed for "preserving a register of the Loyalists that had adhered to
+the unity of the empire, and joined the Royal Standard previous to the
+treaty of peace in 1783, to the end that their posterity may be
+distinguished from future settlers in the rank, registers, and rolls of
+the militia of their respective districts, as proper objects for
+preserving and showing the fidelity and conduct so honorable to their
+ancestors for distinguished benefit and privileges."
+
+Today their descendants are organized as the United Empire Loyalists,
+and count it an honor that their ancestors suffered persecution and
+exile rather than yield the principle and idea of union with Great
+Britain.
+
+The cause of the Loyalists failed, but their stand was a natural one and
+was just and noble. They were the prosperous and contended men--the men
+without a grievance. Conservatism was the only policy that one could
+expect of them. Men do not rebel to rid themselves of prosperity.
+Prosperous men seek to conceive prosperity. The Loyalist obeyed his
+nature, but as events proved, chose the ill-fated cause, and when the
+struggle ended, his prosperity had fled, and he was an outcast and an
+exile.
+
+If, when George III. and his government recognized the independence of
+the thirteen colonies, the Loyalists had been permitted to remain here
+and become, if they would, American citizens, the probabilities are
+that, long before this time, an expansion would have taken place in the
+national domain which would have brought under its control the entire
+American continent north of the United States, an extension brought
+about in an entirely peaceful and satisfactory manner. The method of
+exclusion adopted peopled Canada, so far as its English-speaking
+inhabitants were concerned, with those who went from the United States
+as political exiles, and who carried with them to their new homes an
+ever-burning sense of personal wrong and a bitter hatred of those who
+had abused them.
+
+The indifference shown to treaty obligations by Congress and the states,
+and the secret determination to eradicate everything British from the
+country, is now known to have been the deliberate, well-considered
+policy of the founders of the Republic.
+
+This old legacy of wrongdoing has been a barrier in the way of a
+healthful northern development of the United States. The contentions
+which gave rise to these hostile feelings have been forgotten, but the
+feelings themselves have long outlived the causes which gave rise to
+them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+_THE WAR OF 1812 AND THE ATTEMPTED CONQUEST OF CANADA._
+
+
+When the Revolutionary War had ended came the long twenty-three years'
+war in which Great Britain, for the most part, single-handed, fought for
+the freedom of Europe against the most colossal tyranny ever devised by
+a victorious general. No nation in the history of the world carried on a
+war so stubborn, so desperate, so costly, so vital. Had Great Britain
+failed, what would now be the position of the world? At the very time
+when Britain's need was the sorest, when every ship, every soldier and
+sailor that she could find was needed to break down the power of the man
+who had subjugated all Europe except Russia and Great Britain, the
+United States, the land of boasted liberty, did her best to cripple the
+liberating armies by proclaiming war against Britain in the hour of her
+sorest need.
+
+Napoleon was at the height of his power, with an army collected at
+Boulogne for the invasion of England. England was growing exhausted by
+the contest. Her great Prime Minister, Pitt, had died broken hearted.
+Every indication was favorable to the conquest of Canada by the United
+States and therewith the extinction of all British interests on the
+western continent.
+
+In the motherland it seemed, to the popular imagination, that on the
+other side of the Atlantic lived an implacable enemy, whose rancor was
+greater than their boasted love of liberty. Fisher Ames, who was
+regarded by his party as its wisest counsellor and chief ornament,
+expresses this general feeling on their part in a letter to Mr. Quincy,
+dated Dedham, Dec. 6, 1807, in which he says: "Our cabinet takes council
+of the mob, and it is now a question whether hatred of Great Britain and
+the reproach fixed even upon violent men, if they will not proceed in
+their violence, will not overcome the fears of the maritime states, and
+of the planters in Congress. The usual levity of a democracy has not
+appeared in regard to Great Britain. We have been steady in our hatred
+of her, and when popular passions are not worn out by time, but
+argument, they must, I should think, explode in war."[89]
+
+ [89] Life of Josiah Quincy, p. 119.
+
+The action of the United States in declaring war against Great Britain
+when she was most sorely pressed in righting for the liberty of mankind
+is best set forth in the famous speech of Josiah Quincy, delivered
+before Congress on the 5th of January, 1813. It was, as he himself says
+of it, "most direct, pointed and searching as to the motive and conduct
+of our rulers. It exposed openly and without reserve or fear the
+iniquity of the proposed invasion of Canada. I was sparing of neither
+language nor illustration." Its author, on reading it over in his old
+age, might well say that "he shrunk not from the judgment of after
+times." Its invective is keen, its sarcasm bitter, its denunciations
+heavy and severe, but the facts from which they derive their sting or
+their weight are clearly stated and sustained.
+
+As a means of carrying on the war, he denounces the invasion of Canada
+as "cruel, wanton, senseless, and wicked--an attempt to compel the
+mother country to our terms by laying waste an innocent province which
+had never injured us, but had long been connected with us by habits of
+good neighborhood and mutual good offices." He said "that the
+embarrassment of our relations with Great Britain and the keeping alive
+between this country and that of a root of bitterness has been, is, and
+will continue to be, a main principle of the policy of this American
+Cabinet."
+
+The Democratic Party having attained power by fostering the old grudge
+against England, and having maintained itself in power by force of that
+antipathy, a consent to the declaration of war had been extorted from
+the reluctant Madison as the condition precedent of his nomination for a
+second term of office.
+
+When war against Great Britain was proposed at the last session, there
+were thousands in these United States, and I confess to you I was myself
+among the number, who believed not one word of the matter, I put my
+trust in the old-fashioned notions of common sense and common prudence.
+That a people which had been more than twenty years at peace should
+enter upon hostilities against a people which had been twenty years at
+war, the idea seemed so absurd that I never once entertained it as
+possible. It is easy enough to make an excuse for any purpose. When a
+victim is destined to be immolated, every hedge presents sticks for the
+sacrifice. The lamb that stands at the mouth of the stream will always
+trouble the water if you take the account of the wolf who stands at the
+source of it. We have heard great lamentation about the disgrace of our
+arms on the frontier. Why, sir, the disgrace of our arms on the frontier
+is terrestrial glory in comparison with the disgrace of the attempt. Mr.
+Speaker, when I contemplate the character and consequences of this
+invasion of Canada, when I reflect on its criminality and its danger to
+the peace and liberty of this once happy country, I thank the great
+Author and Source of all virtue that, through His grace, that section of
+country in which I have the happiness to reside, is in so great a degree
+free from the iniquity of this transgression. I speak it with pride. The
+people of that section have done what they could to vindicate themselves
+and their children from the burden of their sin.
+
+Surely if any nation had a claim for liberal treatment from another, it
+was the British nation from the American. After the discovery of the
+error of the American government in relation to the repeal of the Berlin
+and Milan Decrees in November, 1810, they had declared war against her
+on the supposition that she had refused to repeal her orders in council
+after the French Decrees were in fact revoked, whereas it now appears
+that they were in fact not revoked. Surely the knowledge of this error
+was followed by an instant and anxious desire to redress the resulting
+injury. No, sir, nothing occurred. On the contrary the question of
+impressment is made the basis of continuing the war. They renewed
+hostilities. They rushed upon Canada. Nothing would satisfy them but
+blood.
+
+I know, Mr. Speaker, that while I utter these things, a thousand tongues
+and a thousand pens are preparing without doors to overwhelm me, if
+possible, by their pestiferous gall. Already I hear in the air the sound
+of "Traitor," "British Agent," "British Gold!" and all those changes of
+calumny by which the imagination of the mass of men are affected and by
+which they are prevented from listening to what is true and receiving
+what is reasonable.[90]
+
+ [90] Life of Josiah Quincy, pp. 256, 280, 281, 282, 283, 286, 287, 288,
+ 289, 291.
+
+As will be noticed in the foregoing extract from Josiah Quincy's
+celebrated speech, New England refused to take any part in the war. In
+fact, it must be said in their favor that they refused absolutely to
+send any troops to aid in the invasion of Canada. They regarded the
+pretexts on which the war had been declared with contemptuous
+incredulity, believing them to be but thin disguises of its real object.
+That object they believed to be the gratification of the malignant
+hatred the slave-holding states bore toward communities of free and
+intelligent labor, by the destruction of their wealth and prosperity.
+
+A town meeting was held in Boston at Faneuil Hall on June 11, 1812, at
+which it was "Resolved: That in the opinion of this town, it is of the
+last importance to the interest of this country to avert the threatened
+calamity of war with Great Britain," etc. A committee of twelve was
+appointed to take into consideration the present alarming state of our
+public affairs, and report what measures, in their opinion, it is proper
+for the town to adopt at this momentous crisis.
+
+The committee reported in part as follows: "While the temper and views
+of the national administration are intent upon war, an expression of the
+sense of this town, will of itself be quite ineffectual either to avert
+this deplorable calamity or to accelerate a return of peace, but
+believing as we do that an immense majority of the people are invincibly
+averse from conflict equally unnecessary and menacing ruin to themselves
+and their posterity, convinced as we are that the event will overwhelm
+them with astonishment and dismay, we cannot but trust that a general
+expression of the voice of the people would satisfy Congress that those
+of their representatives who had voted in favor of war, have not truly
+represented the wishes of their constituents, and thus arrest the
+tendency of their measures to this extremity."
+
+Had the policy of government been inclined towards resistance to the
+pretentions of the belligerants by open war, there could be neither
+policy, reason or justice in singling out Great Britain as the
+exclusive object of hostility. If the object of war is merely to
+vindicate our honor, why is it not declared against the first aggressor?
+If the object is defense and success, why is it to be waged against the
+adversary most able to annoy and least likely to yield? Why, at the
+moment when England explicitly declares her order in council repealed
+whenever France shall rescind her decrees, is the one selected for an
+enemy and the other courted as a conqueror? "Under present circumstances
+there will be no scope for valor, no field for enterprise, no chance for
+success, no hope of national glory, no prospect but of a war against
+Great Britain, in aid of the common enemy of the human race, and in the
+end an inglorious peace."
+
+The resolution recommended by the committee was adopted and it was voted
+that the selectmen be requested to transmit a copy thereof to each town
+in this commonwealth.
+
+At a town meeting held August 6, 1812, the following resolutions were
+passed: "That the inhabitants of the town of Boston have learned with
+heartfelt concern that in the City of Baltimore a most outrageous
+attack, the result of deliberate combinations has been made upon the
+freedom of opinion and the liberty of the press. An infuriated mob has
+succeeded in accomplishing its sanguinary purpose by the destruction of
+printing presses and other property, by violating the sanctuary of
+dwelling houses, breaking open the public prison and dragging forth from
+the protection of civil authority the victims of their ferocious
+pursuit, guilty of no crime but the expression of their opinions and
+completing the tissue of their enormities by curses, wounds and murders,
+accompanied by the most barbarous and shocking indignities."
+
+"In the circumstances attending the origin, the progress, and the
+catastrophe of this bloody scene, we discern with painful emotion, not
+merely an aggravation of the calamities of the present unjust and
+ruinous war, but a prelude to the dissolution of all free government,
+and the establishing of a reign of terror. Mobs, by reducing men to a
+state of nature, defeat the object of every social compact. The sober
+citizen who trembles in beholding the fury of the mob, seeks refuge from
+its dangers by joining in its acclamations. The laws are silenced. New
+objects of violence are discovered. The government of the nation and the
+mob government change places with each other. The mob erects its horrid
+crest over the ruins of liberty, of property, of the domestic relations
+of life and of civil institutions."[91]
+
+ [91] Boston Town Records, City Document No. 115, pp. 317, 318, 319, 320,
+ 321, 322.
+
+The foregoing is a fair example of the feelings shown in New England
+towards this unjustifiable war, and which culminated in the famous
+Hartford convention which was accused of designing an organized
+resistance to the general government, and a separation of the New
+England states from the Union if the war was not stopped. The
+resolutions condemning the Baltimore mob also show the change in public
+opinion that had taken place in Boston during the thirty-seven years
+that had elapsed since the commencement of the Revolution in Boston,
+which was inaugurated by mob violence, participated in by many who, by
+the strange irony of fate, by these resolutions condemned their own
+actions.
+
+Mr. Quincy did not stand alone among his countrymen of that day in a
+general championship of Great Britain in the hour of her extremity. The
+Reverend John Sylvester, John Gardner, rector of Trinity church, Boston,
+a man of great scholarship, among others lifted up his voice in protest
+against unfair treatment of Great Britain by the government and people
+of the United States.
+
+In a sermon at this time he said: "Though submissive and even servile to
+France, to Great Britain we are eager to display our hatred and hurl our
+defiance. Every petty dispute which may happen between an American
+captain and a British officer is magnified into a national insult. The
+land of our fathers, whence is derived the best blood of the nation, the
+country to which we are chiefly indebted for our laws and knowledge is
+stigmatized as a nest of pirates, plunderers and assassins. We entice
+away her seamen, the very sinews of her power.
+
+"We refuse to restore them on application; we issue hostile
+proclamations; we interdict her ships of war from the common rights to
+hospitality; we have non-importation acts; we lay embargoes; we refuse
+to ratify a treaty in which she has made great concessions to us; we
+dismiss her envoy of peace who came purposely to apologize for an act
+unauthorized by her government; we commit every act of hostility against
+her in proportion to our means and station. Observe the conduct of the
+two nations and our strange conduct. France robs us and we love her;
+Britain courts us and we hate her."
+
+It was during the summer of 1812, when Jefferson truly stated that every
+continental power of importance, except Russia, was allied with
+Napoleon, and Great Britain stood alone to oppose them, for Russia could
+not aid her if she would--her commerce paralyzed, her factories closed,
+commerce and her people threatened with famine. It was at this moment of
+dire extremity that Madison chose to launch his war message. His action
+was eagerly supported by Jefferson, Clay and Calhoun, and the younger
+members of his party.
+
+Jefferson wrote to Duane: "The acquisition of Canada this year (1812) as
+far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere matter of marching,
+and will give us experience for the attack on Halifax, the next and the
+final expulsion of England from the American continent. Perhaps they
+will burn New York or Boston. If they do, we must burn the city of
+London, not by expensive fleets of Congreve rockets, but by employing a
+hundred or two Jack-the-painters, whom nakedness, famine, desperation
+and hardened vice will abundantly furnish from among themselves."[92]
+
+ [92] "Jack-the-painter" was a miscreant employed by Silas Deane, one of
+ the U. S. Commissioners to France and the colleague of Dr. Franklin, to
+ burn the docks at Bristol. He partially succeeded and was hanged for the
+ crime, a far less infamous one than that advocated by Jefferson, the
+ champion of the rights of man.
+
+[Illustration: BURNING OF NEWARK, CANADA, BY UNITED STATES TROOPS.
+
+In retaliation for the destruction of the Public landing at Toronto and
+Newark, and other villages, the public building at Washington was
+burned.]
+
+Three months after making this prediction, the surrender of the United
+States invading force to the British General Brock, or as Jefferson
+preferred to style it, "the detestable treason of Hull," "excited," he
+writes, "a deep anxiety in all breasts." A few months later we find him
+lamenting that "our war on the land was commenced most inauspiciously."
+This has resulted, he thinks, from the employment of generals before it
+is known whether they will "stand fire" and has cost us thousands of
+good men and deplorable degradation of reputation.(*) "The treachery,
+cowardice, and imbecility of the men in command has sunk our spirits at
+home and our character abroad."[93]
+
+ [93] Jefferson's Works, Vol. VI., pp. 99, 193, 104.
+
+At the commencement of the war of 1812, the whole number of British
+troops in Canada was 4450, supplemented by about four thousand Canadian
+militia. With this corporal guard it was necessary to protect a frontier
+of over 1600 miles in length. Any part of this line was liable to an
+invasion of United States troops whose lines of communication were far
+superior. Moreover Great Britain was unable to send reinforcements until
+after the fall of Napoleon in June, 1814, when the war was nearly fought
+out.
+
+American writers have always severely criticised the British for burning
+the public buildings when they captured Washington. Ex-President
+Jefferson, who proposed that the criminal classes of London should be
+hired to burn that city, stigmatized the burning of Washington as
+"vandalism," and declared it would "immortalize the infamy" of Great
+Britain. He who could contemplate with equanimity the fearful horrors
+that must have resulted from the putting in practice of his monstrous
+proposition to burn a city crowded with peaceful citizens, professed to
+be horrified at the destruction of a few public buildings by which no
+man, woman or child, was injured in person or property. With equal
+hypocrisy he professed to believe that no provocation for the act was
+given by the United States commanders. Upon this point he was taken to
+an account by an open letter from Dr. John Strachan, afterwards Bishop
+of Toronto. This letter should be preserved as long as there lives a
+British apologist for the acts of the United States in the War of 1812.
+In part it was as follows:
+
+"As you are not ignorant of the mode of carrying on the war adopted by
+your friends, you must have known it was a small retaliation after
+redress had been refused, for burnings and depredations not only of
+public but private property, committed by them in Canada." In July, 1812,
+General Hull invaded Upper Canada and threatened by proclamation to
+exterminate the inhabitants if they made any resistance. He plundered
+those with whom he had been in habits of intimacy for years before the
+war. Their linen and plate were found in his possession after his
+surrender to General Brock. He marked out the loyal subjects of the king
+as objects of peculiar resentment, and consigned their property to
+pillage and conflagration.
+
+In April, 1813, the public buildings at York (now Toronto) the capital
+of Upper Canada, were burned by the troops of the United States contrary
+to the articles of capitulation. Much private property was plundered and
+several homes left in a state of ruin. Can you tell me, sir, the reason
+why the public buildings and library at Washington should be held more
+sacred than those at our York?
+
+In June, 1813, Newark came into possession of your army, and its
+inhabitants were repeatedly promised protection to themselves and
+property by General Dearborne and General Boyd. In the midst of their
+professions the most respectable of them, almost all non-combatants,
+were made prisoners and sent into the United States. The two churches
+were burned to the ground; detachments were sent under the direction of
+British traitors to pillage the loyal inhabitants in the neighborhood
+and to carry them away captive. Many farm-houses were burned during the
+summer and at length, to fill up the measure of iniquity, the whole of
+the beautiful village of Newark was consigned to flames. The wretched
+inhabitants had scarcely time to save themselves, much less any of their
+property. More than four hundred women and children were exposed without
+shelter on the night of the tenth of December, to the extreme cold of a
+Canadian winter, and great numbers must have perished, had not the
+flight of your troops, after perpetrating their ferocious act, enabled
+the inhabitants of the country to come to their relief. General McClure
+says he acted in conformity with the order of his government.
+
+In November, 1813, your friend General Wilkinson committed great
+depredations through the eastern district of Upper Canada. The third
+campaign exhibits equal enormities. General Brown laid waste the country
+between Chippewa and Fort Erie, burning mills and private houses. The
+pleasant village of St. David was burned by his army when about to
+retreat. On the 15th of May a detachment of the American army pillaged
+and laid waste as much of the adjacent country as they could reach. They
+burned the village of Dover with all the mills, stores, distillery, and
+dwelling houses in the vicinity, carrying away such property as was
+portable, and killing the cattle.
+
+On the 16th of August, some American troops and Indians from Detroit
+surprised the settlement of Port Talbot, where they committed the most
+atrocious acts of violence, leaving upwards of 234 men, women and
+children in a state of nakedness and want.
+
+[Illustration: BURNING OF JAY IN EFFIGY.
+
+For signing the Treaty of 1797 Jay was burned in effigy. Hamilton was
+stoned and the British Minister at Philadelphia insulted.]
+
+On the 20th of December, a second excursion was made by the garrison of
+Detroit, spreading fire and pillage through the settlements of Upper
+Canada. Early in November, General McArthur, with a large body of
+mounted Kentuckians and Indians, made a rapid march through the western
+part of the London districts, burning all the mills, destroying
+provisions and living upon the inhabitants. Other atrocities committed
+by the American troops, among them the wanton destruction of a tribe of
+Indians, unarmed and helpless, are detailed by Dr. Strachan. He adds,
+addressing Jefferson: "This brief account of the conduct of your
+government and army will fill the world with astonishment at the
+forbearance of Great Britain."
+
+After two years and a half had been expended in vain and puerile attacks
+on the "handful of soldiers" with which Great Britain was able to resist
+its invasion, combined with such assistance as the patriotic Canadians
+were able to afford, it was found that not only Canada could not be
+conquered, but that much of the territory of the United States had
+passed into the hands of the enemy, with not one foot of that enemy's
+territory in their own hands to compensate for the loss.
+
+When the arms of the United States had suffered many reverses and it
+became plain that they must accept the best terms from Great Britain
+that they could procure, John Adams declared that he "would continue the
+war forever rather than surrender one iota of the fisheries as
+established by the third article of the treaty of 1783." He boasted that
+he had saved the fishermen in that year, and now in 1814 he learned with
+dismay that they were again lost to his country, their relinquishment
+being one of the terms insisted on by the British commission as the
+price of peace.
+
+The Federalists also were not easily satisfied. They admitted that peace
+was a happy escape for a country with a bankrupt treasury, and all
+resources dissipated. "But what," they asked, "have we gained by a war
+provoked and entered into by you with such a flourish of trumpets? Where
+are your 'sailors' rights?' Where is the indemnity for our impressed
+seamen? How about the paper blockade? The advantages you promised us we
+have not obtained. But we have lost nothing? Have we not? What about
+Grand Manan and Moose Island and the fisheries and our West Indian
+commerce?" So severely did Boston suffer that there were sixty vessels
+captured at the entrance to the harbor by one small fishing smack of
+Liverpool, Nova Scotia, cruising in Massachusetts Bay.
+
+All who were concerned in the passage of the treaty were the subjects of
+the popular wrath. Jay was declared to be an "arch traitor," a "Judas
+who had betrayed his country with a kiss," and was burned in effigy in a
+dozen cities. Hamilton was stoned; the name of Washington was hooted,
+and the British flag dragged in the mud.
+
+Edmund Quincy, in the life of his father, says, "The fall of Bonaparte,
+although it occasioned as genuine joy to New England as to the mother
+country herself, did not bring with it absolutely unalloyed
+satisfaction." There was reason to apprehend that the English
+administration, triumphant over its gigantic foe, its army and navy
+released from the incessant service of so many years, might concentrate
+the whole of the empire upon the power which it regarded as a volunteer
+ally of its mighty enemy, and administer an exemplary chastisement. No
+doubt many Englishmen felt, with Sir Walter Scott, that "it was their
+business to give the Americans a fearful memento, that the babe unborn
+should have remembered," and there is as little question that infinite
+damage might have been done to our cities and seacoast and to the banks
+of our great rivers, had Great Britain employed her entire naval and
+military forces for that purpose. But happily the English people wisely
+refrained from an expenditure of blood and gold which could have no
+permanent good result, and which would only serve to exasperate passions
+and to prolong animosities which it was far wiser to permit to die out.
+It is not unlikely that the attention of English people had been so
+absorbed by the mighty conflict going on at their very doors that they
+had not much to spare for the distant and comparatively obscure fields
+across the Atlantic, and indeed the sentiments of the English people and
+the policy of English governments have never exhibited a spirit of
+revengefulness. The American war was but a slight episode in the great
+epic of the age. At any rate the English ministry were content to treat
+with the American commissioners at Ghent and to make a peace which left
+untouched the pretended occasion for the war, over in expressive
+silence, and peace was concluded, leaving "sailors' rights" the great
+watchword of the war party, substantially as they stood before
+hostilities began, except that our fishermen were deprived of the
+valuable privilege they enjoyed of catching and curing fish on the
+shores of the Gulf of the St. Lawrence.[94]
+
+ [94] Life of Josiah Quincy, p. 358.
+
+The news of peace was received in Boston with great joy. It was a day
+given up to rejoicing; salutes were fired; the bells rang out their
+merriest peals; the volunteer companies with their bands filled the
+streets; the school boys took a holiday; the wharves so long deserted
+were thronged, and the melancholy ships that rotted along side them were
+once more gay with flags and streamers. Thus rejoicing extended all
+along the seaboard and far inland, making glad all hearts and none more
+glad than those of the promoters of the war in high places and low.[95]
+
+ [95] Life of Josiah Quincy, pp. 360, 361.
+
+And so the "war of 1812" ended amid a general joy, not for what it had
+accomplished, for the American forces were defeated in their invasion of
+Canada, and the United States did not acquire one foot of additional
+territory, or the settlement of any of the questions which were the
+pretext for the war.
+
+Much that occurred during the war of 1812 has been conveniently
+forgotten by American historians, and much that had not occurred,
+remembered. By degrees failure was transformed into success. The new
+generations were taught that in that war their fathers had won a great
+victory over the whole power of Great Britain single handed and alone.
+This amazing belief is still cherished among the people of the United
+States, to the astonishment of well informed visitors who meet with
+evidence of the fact.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+_THE CIVIL WAR AND THE PART TAKEN BY GREAT BRITAIN IN SAME._
+
+
+For the first fifty years after the Revolution, the wealthy aristocratic
+slave-holding Southern states governed the Union and controlled its
+destiny. The acquisition of Florida and the Louisiana purchase doubled
+the area of the United States, and the territory derived from the
+Mexican War doubled it again. It was the intention of the South to
+extend slavery over this immense territory, but they were checked in the
+northern part of it by the enormous European immigration that poured
+into it and prevented it from becoming slave territory. Then came the
+"irrepressible conflict," the border war in Missouri and "bleeding
+Kansas," the battle of Ossawatomie and Harper's Ferry raid, and the
+constant pin-pricking of the abolition societies in the North, the
+headquarters of which were in Boston.
+
+The presidential election of 1860 showed the South that they had lost
+control of the government and that the free states were increasing
+enormously in wealth and population, and that, following the example of
+Great Britain, it would be only a question of time before they would
+insist on abolishing slavery. Then it was that the Southerners decided
+to do what their fathers had done eighty-five years before, secede and
+become Dis-unionists. They could not believe that there would be any
+opposition to their leaving, especially from Massachusetts, that place
+that had always been foremost in disunion sentiments. Besides, had not
+the Abolitionists said repeatedly in Faneuil Hall, "The Cradle of
+Liberty," that if they would leave the Union they would "pave their way
+with gold" to get rid of them, and did not the New York Tribune, which
+had been the organ of the Abolitionists, and which now declared that "if
+the cotton states wished to withdraw from the Union they should be
+allowed to do so"; that "any attempt to compel them to remain by force
+would be contrary to the principles of the Declaration of Independence,
+and to the fundamental idea upon which human liberty is based," and that
+"if the Declaration of Independence justified the secession from the
+British Empire of three million subjects in 1776, it was not seen why it
+would not justify the secession of five million of Southerners from the
+Union in 1861." This was quite consistent with the remark of a leading
+Abolitionist paper in Boston that "the Constitution was a covenant with
+hell." The South also contended that even if they were not justified in
+becoming Dis-unionists in 1776, they had established their right to
+independence by force of arms and that when they had entered into a
+confederation with the other seceding colonies, they had never assigned
+any of their rights which they had fought for, that they were sovereign,
+independent states, and that the bond that bound them together was
+simply for self-protection and was what the name signified "United
+States," and not a nation. In proof of this they stated that when the
+convention met in Philadelphia in May, 1787, for the purpose of adopting
+a constitution for a stronger form of government, the first resolution
+presented was, "Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committee that
+a national government ought to be established, consisting of a supreme
+legislature, executive and judiciary." This was followed by twenty-three
+other resolutions as adopted and reported by the committee in which the
+word "national" occurred twenty-six times. Mr. Ellsworth, of Connecticut
+moved to strike out the word "national" and to insert the words
+"Government of the United States." This was agreed to unanimously, and
+the word "national" was stricken out wherever it occurred, and nowhere
+makes its appearance in the Constitution finally adopted. The prompt
+rejection of this word "national" is obviously much more expressive of
+the intent of the authors of the Constitution than its mere absence from
+the Constitution would have been. It is a clear indication that they did
+not mean to give any countenance to the idea that the government which
+they organized was a consolidated nationality instead of a confederacy
+of sovereign members. The question of secession was first raised by men
+of Massachusetts, the birthplace of secession. Colonel Timothy Pickering
+was one of the leading secessionists of his day. He had been an officer
+in the Revolution; afterwards Postmaster General, Secretary of War,
+Secretary of State in the cabinet of General Washington and senator from
+Massachusetts.
+
+Writing to a friend on December 24, 1803, he says: "I will not despair.
+I will rather anticipate a new confederacy exempt from the corrupt and
+corrupting influence and oppression of the aristocratic Democrats of the
+South. There will be (and our children, at farthest, will see it) a
+separation. The white and black population will mark the boundary."[96]
+
+In another letter, written in January 29, 1804, he said: "The principles
+of our Revolution point to the remedy--a separation. This can be
+accomplished and without spilling one drop of blood, I have little
+doubt. It must begin in Massachusetts."[96]
+
+ [96] Life of Cabot, p. 491.
+
+In 1811, on the bill for the admission of Louisiana as a state of the
+Union, the Hon. Josiah Quincy, a member of Congress from Massachusetts,
+said: "If this bill pass, it is my deliberate opinion that it is
+virtually a dissolution of this Union; that it will free the states from
+other moral obligations, and as it will be the right of all, so it will
+be the duty of some definitely to prepare for a separation, amicably, if
+they can, violently if they must."
+
+The war between the North and the South produced an abundant crop of
+bitter prejudices against the mother country. This sentiment was shared
+by the South as well as by the North. Each imagined it had been unfairly
+treated by the British Government.
+
+Americans continually point to the period of the Civil war and
+triumphantly declare that Englishmen were unfriendly to the United
+States at that time. So they were. And Englishmen were unfriendly to the
+Confederate states during that time. In fact, Englishmen did exactly
+what Americans did at that time--some took the side of the North and
+others took the side of the South. This it was their privilege to do.
+They simply asserted the right of free men to think as they pleased, and
+to express those thoughts freely. But that in so doing they showed
+hostility to the United States it is false and foolish to assert. There
+was neither unfriendliness nor malice. This hostility to the South, so
+far as it existed, was based solely upon the existence of slavery there.
+That which existed against the North was based solely upon the belief
+that a stronger power was taking advantage of its strength to trample
+upon the political rights of a weaker one. Any person living either
+North or South at that time cannot deny that they met many examples of
+both of these opinions among their respective acquaintances in both
+these sections.
+
+At the commencement of the Civil War, the Queen issued a proclamation of
+neutrality, forbidding the sale of munitions of war to either party,
+warning her subjects against entering any blockaded port for purposes of
+trade under penalty of forfeiture of vessel and cargo if captured by
+either contestant.
+
+Great Britain, as well as all other civilized powers, granted to the
+Confederacy belligerent rights, the same as had been accorded to them by
+the United States. Many, through cupidity, were tempted to enter into an
+illegal traffic with the seceded states.
+
+A writer at that time says: "It is to the disgrace of our country that
+some of the goods smuggled into the Confederacy via Nassau were from
+Northern ports, as for example, shiploads of pistols brought from Boston
+in barrels of lard." There was also a considerable trade between Boston
+and Confederate ports via Halifax during the war, as well as an immense
+amount of contraband trade along the border even by the United States
+officials, as for example, the exploits of General Benjamin F. Butler
+while in command at Norfolk, Va., in 1864. If citizens of the United
+States, even those of Massachusetts, the home of the abolitionists,
+entered into this traffic, what could be expected of Great Britain with
+her mills closed and thousands of operatives obliged to resort to the
+poor rates for subsistence, because she was prevented from buying cotton
+with which the wharves of the Southern states were loaded down awaiting
+shipment. It was claimed by Unionists that the British ministry and
+aristocracy, from political and commercial considerations, openly and
+heartily sympathized with the South, and that, under the friendly flag
+of Great Britain, secessionists and blockade-runners were welcomed and
+assisted in the nefarious traffic; that this unfriendliness of the
+British government at that time furnished a solid foundation upon which
+the rebellion rested their hopes, thereby protracting the war. It
+should not be forgotten, however, that the Queen and the royal family
+stood faithfully by the Union in the days of its sorest peril, and
+refused to listen to the importunities of the French emperor, to
+recognize the Southern Confederacy and open the southern ports.
+
+France, having taken advantage of the Civil War, set the Monroe Doctrine
+at defiance and conquered Mexico. Her remaining there depended on the
+success of the Confederacy, as after events proved. Had Great Britain
+listened to France and joined her in recognizing the Southern
+Confederacy, the South would have surely succeeded. It is generally
+admitted that the strict blockade of the Southern ports is what defeated
+the Confederacy. It is due to Great Britain that the United States is
+not dismembered. It should be remembered that during the Civil War the
+great body of British workmen were on the side of the North. Even in the
+cotton famine districts they preferred to starve rather than have the
+Southern ports opened whereby they could obtain an abundance of cotton,
+thereby relieving their sore necessities.
+
+It is also true that the Confederacy had many friends in Great Britain;
+that Gladstone, the great Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer, so far
+forgot what was due to his position as to make a speech in which he said
+"he expected the liberation of the slaves by their own masters sooner
+than from the North; that Jefferson Davis and the leaders of the South
+have made an army; they are soon, I understand, to have a navy, but
+greater than all this, they have made a nation."
+
+It must be admitted that in building a navy the government connived at
+the building of cruisers, such as the Alabama, in British shipyards, for
+which they had to pay dearly afterwards. In answer to this speech of
+Gladstone, the robust yet tender tones of John Bright's voice rang out
+for the Northern cause in the darkest hour of the Civil War. His voice
+was heard with no uncertain sound when he uttered his indignant protest
+at anything like a reception being tendered Mason and Slidell on their
+release. John Bright for a long time sustained the enormous loss of
+keeping his mills open at hast half time with no material to work with.
+There he stood, all Quaker as he was, praying that the North might not
+stay its hand till the last slave was freed, even if no bales of cotton
+were sent to relieve his grievious losses protesting against outside
+interference. When the day came that marked the passing away of this
+venerable patriot, one of earth's greatest and best, an attempt was made
+in Congress to pass a vote of sympathy to his family and to the shame
+and disgrace of the United States it must be said that Congress refused
+to pay even this poor tribute to the memory of the best friend the
+United States had in the whole wide world in the hour of her great
+distress. This was done because it would be "offensive to the Irish."
+John Bright could see no difference between dis-union in the United
+States and dis-union in the United Kingdom. He had written to Mr.
+Gladstone concerning Parnell, Dillon, O'Brien, etc., saying, "You deem
+them patriots; I hold them not to be patriots, but conspirators against
+the crown and government of the United Kingdom." These men were
+afterwards found guilty of criminal conspiracy and Parnell was received
+with honor on the floor of Congress.
+
+Henry Ward Beecher stated that during the American Civil War there were
+thousands of mass meetings held in Great Britain in favor of the Union
+cause, and not one in favor of the Confederacy.
+
+Jefferson Davis complained bitterly of the action of Great Britain. He
+says "The partiality of Her Majesty's government in favor of our enemies
+was further evinced in the marked difference of its conduct on the
+subject of the purchase of supplies by the two belligerents. This
+difference was conspicuous from the commencement of the war."(*) Great
+Britain endeavored to deal justly with both parties in the contest, but
+pleased neither and was blamed by both. This is probably the best
+evidence that can be given to show the impartiality of Great Britain in
+the great Civil War, and it is safe to say that there were ten times
+more British subjects serving in the Northern armies than there were in
+the Southern.
+
+As previously stated, Great Britain has been greatly blamed by American
+historians for her treatment of American prisoners of war during the
+Revolution, and at Dartmouth prison in the war of 1812. In view of these
+facts it will be interesting to see how the Americans treated their
+prisoners when at war between themselves in the Civil War of 1861. One
+of the worst cases recorded in the history of the world is that of
+Andersonville. The first prisoners were received there in March, 1864.
+From that time till March, 1865, the deaths were 13,000 out of a total
+of 50,000 or 26 per cent. This enormous loss of life was due to the fact
+that in order to subjugate the South their crops were destroyed, their
+fields devastated, their railroads broken up, which interrupted their
+means of transportation, which reduced their people, troops and
+prisoners to the most straitened condition for food. If the troops in
+the field were in a half-starved condition, certainly the prisoners
+would fare worse.(*) The Confederates have been blamed for this enormous
+loss of life, but when the facts are examined it is found that it was
+due to the cold-blooded policy of the Federal Government, who would not
+exchange prisoners for the atrocious reason set forth in the dispatch
+from General Grant to General Butler, dated West Point, August 18, 1864.
+
+General Grant says: "On the subject of exchange, however, I differ from
+General Hitchcock. It is hard on our men in Southern prisons not to
+exchange them, but it is humanity to those left in the ranks to fight
+our battles. Every man released on parole or otherwise becomes an active
+soldier against us at once, either directly or indirectly. If we
+commence a system of exchange, which liberates all prisoners taken, we
+will have to fight on till the whole South is exterminated. If we hold
+those caught, they amount to no more than dead men. At this particular
+time to release all rebel prisoners North would insure Sherman's defeat
+and would compromise our safety."
+
+What brought forth this letter was a statement made by the Confederate
+government concerning the excessive mortality prevailing among the
+prisoners of Andersonville. As no answer was received, another
+communication was sent on Aug. 22, 1864 to Major General E. A.
+Hitchcock, United States Commissioner of Exchange, concerning the same
+proposal. But again no answer was made. One final effort was made to
+obtain an exchange. Jefferson Davis sent a delegation of prisoners from
+Andersonville to Washington. "It was of no avail. They were made to
+understand that the interest of the government required that they should
+return to prison and President Lincoln refused to see them. They carried
+back the sad tidings that their government held out no hope of their
+release."[97]
+
+ [97] Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, Vol. II., p. 606.
+
+Up to this time the mortality among the prisoners had been far greater
+in the Northern prisons than in the Southern prisons, notwithstanding
+there was an abundance of food and clothing and medical supplies in the
+North. In proof of this it is only necessary to offer two facts. First,
+the report of the Secretary of War, E. M. Stanton, made on July 19,
+1866, shows that of all the prisoners held by the Confederates during
+the war, only 22,576 died, while of the prisoners held by the Federal
+government, 26,246 died.
+
+Second, the official report of Surgeon General Barnes, an officer of the
+U. S. Government, stated that the number of Confederate prisoners in
+their hands amounted to 220,000. The number of U. S. prisoners in
+Confederate hands amounted to 270,000. Thus out of 270,000 held by the
+Confederates 22,000 died, and of the 220,000 Confederates held in the
+North, 26,000 died. Thus 12 per cent of the Confederates died in
+Northern prisons and only 9 per cent U. S. prisoners died in the
+South.[98]
+
+ [98] Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, Vol. II., p. 606.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+_RECONCILIATION. THE DISMEMBERED EMPIRE RE-UNITED IN BONDS OF
+FRIENDSHIP. "BLOOD IS THICKER THAN WATER."_
+
+
+It is well known and now acknowledged that for the past hundred years it
+has been the deliberate and well considered policy of the United States
+to eradicate everything British from the country to the north of us.
+
+During the Canadian rebellion of 1837, as well as during the Fenian raid
+of 1866, the American frontier was openly allowed to be made a base of
+operation against British North America.
+
+Canada has always claimed that she has been deprived of enormous areas
+of territory by the United States through sharp practice and
+unjustifiable means, especially in Oregon, Maine and Alaska. The most
+notable case of duplicity on the part of the United States was that of
+the Northeast boundary settled under the Ashburton Treaty of Washington
+in 1842. After a bitter controversy it was left out to arbitration for
+the King of the Netherlands to decide. The award was accepted by Great
+Britain and rejected by the United States. The question remained in
+abeyance for two years, during which there was imminent danger of a
+collision and of war. Military posts were simultaneously established and
+rashly advanced into the wild country which both parties claimed as
+their own. Redoubts and blockhouses were erected at several points.
+Reinforcement of troops from either side poured in. The public mind in
+the United States became inflamed by the too ready cry of "British
+outrage," proclaimed in all quarters by the reckless politicians of both
+parties in order to lash the national spirit into fury. The people in
+the whole length and breadth of the Union were, to a man, convinced of
+the justice of their claim and of the manifest wrong intended by Great
+Britain. The Nation at large was ready and anxious for war, and had a
+skirmish taken place on the frontier involving the death of a dozen men
+during the so-called "Aroostook War," the whole country would have
+rushed to war and plunged the two nations into hostilities, the end of
+which no man then living could have foreseen.
+
+During this trouble, the English people were quite calm and almost
+apathetic. With a vague notion of the locality of the disputed
+territory, a total ignorance of the merits or demerits of the dispute,
+and a profound contempt of the blustering and abuse of American
+politicians and newspapers, they were perfectly content to leave affairs
+in the hands of the government.
+
+Finally a joint commission was appointed from the States of Maine and
+Massachusetts (both having rights in the disputed territory) and sent to
+Washington to negotiate a treaty with Lord Ashburton, a nobleman well
+adapted to the occasion from his connection by marriage, and property in
+the United States.
+
+The odds were greatly against the British negotiator. His principal
+adversary was Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, who in one of his
+letters said: "I must be permitted to say that few questions have arisen
+under this government in regard to which a stronger or more general
+conviction was felt that the country was in the right than this question
+of the northeast boundary." He reiterated his own belief in "the justice
+of the claim which arose from our honest conviction that it was founded
+in truth and accorded with the intention of the negotiators of the
+treaty of 1783." The whole of the disputed territory amounted to
+6,750,000 acres. At last a compromise was effected which granted to
+Great Britain 3,337,000 acres, and to the United States 3,413,000 acres,
+and acknowledged the title of England to all the military positions upon
+the frontier, and 700,000 acres more was awarded her than was assigned
+to her by the King of the Netherlands.
+
+But the decision of the Commissioners suited neither party. The factions
+in England pronounced Lord Ashburton to have been sold, and those in
+America declared that Webster had been bought. The most violent
+opposition to the treaty was made; every part of it was denounced, and
+it became at last doubtful if the Senate would ratify it. That final
+consummation was, however, suddenly effected in a most remarkable
+manner, the Senate coming to its decision by an unexpected majority of
+thirty-nine to nine, after several days of secret debate. The sanction
+of the Queen and the British government had been given without
+hesitation and the people on both sides of the Atlantic were well
+satisfied with the termination of the long and virulent dispute, and the
+Northeastern Boundary Question would have sunk into the archives of
+diplomatic history, but truth like murder will out, and it so happened
+that Mr. Thomas Colley Grattan, British Consul for Massachusetts[99]
+who, at the request of the commissioners, had accompanied them to
+Washington to assist them in their negotiation, had the fortune to
+discover after the treaty was signed, the duplicity of the Senate during
+their secret debates leading to the ratification of the treaty. He says:
+"My informant gave unmeasured expression to his indignation, which he
+assured me was fully shared in by his friends, Judge Story and Dr.
+Channing. Judge Story expressed himself without reserve on Webster's
+conduct as a 'most disgraceful proceeding.'" Other gentlemen of Boston
+entirely coincided in these opinions.
+
+ [99] For full particulars see his work, "Civilized America," Vol. I,
+ Chap. XXI, XXII, XXIII.
+
+[Illustration: Map of the Boundary Line between Maine and New
+Brunswick.]
+
+"It is obvious to all persons familiar with boundary disputes that the
+most important evidence in such disputes is founded on surveys and maps.
+Early in the controversy there was a strange disappearance of the one in
+the archives of the State Department, that had been transmitted by
+Franklin to Jefferson in October, 1790, with the true boundary line
+traced on it. It was, therefore, with great astonishment that I learned
+from the confidential communication just alluded to that during the
+whole of the negotiations at Washington, while the highest functionaries
+of the American Government were dealing with Lord Ashburton with seeming
+frankness and integrity, pledging their faith for a perfect conviction
+of the justice of their claim to the territory which was in dispute. Mr.
+Webster had in his possession and had communicated to them
+all--President, Cabinet, Commissioners and Senate--the highest evidence
+which the case admitted, that the United States had never had a shadow
+of right to any part of the territory which they had so pertinaciously
+claimed for nearly fifty years. This evidence, as my conscientious
+informant told me, was nothing less than a copy of an original map
+presented by Dr. Franklin to Count de Vergennes, the Minister of Louis
+XVI, on December 6, 1782 (six days after the preliminaries of the treaty
+of Paris of 1783 were signed) tracing the boundary, as agreed upon by
+himself and the other commissioners, with a strong red line south of the
+St. John, and exactly where a similar line appears in an unauthenticated
+map discovered in London subsequent to Lord Ashburton's departure on his
+mission."
+
+Public attention being aroused by the statements made by the British
+Consul to his government, the injunction of secrecy imposed by the
+Senate on its members was dissolved, and permission was given for the
+publication of the speeches made in secret session of August 17-19,
+1842. The most important of those speeches was that of Mr. Rives,
+chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. His principal argument was
+that if they did not sign the treaty, the dispute would be referred to a
+second arbitration with very great danger of their losing the whole, Mr.
+Webster, the Secretary of State, having sent to him to be laid before
+the Senate a communication and a copy of the map presented by Dr.
+Franklin to Count de Vergennes. In short, it is exactly the line
+contended for by Great Britain except that it concedes more than is
+claimed. When this communication was read, Senator Benton informed the
+Senate that he could produce a map of higher validity than the one
+referred to. He accordingly repaired to the library of Congress and soon
+returned with a map which there is no doubt was the one sent by Franklin
+to Jefferson already alluded to as having been surreptitiously removed
+from the archives of the State Department some years before. The moment
+it was examined it was found to sustain, by the most precise and
+remarkable correspondence in every feature, the map communicated by Mr.
+Webster. Mr. Benton then stated that "if the maps were really authentic
+the concealment of them was a fraud on the British, and that the Senate
+was insulted by being a party to the fraud," and further that "if
+evidence had been discovered which deprived Maine of the title to
+one-third of its territory, honor required that it should be made known
+to the British."
+
+The sudden acceptance of the treaty was in consequence of the evidence
+of the maps, and the conviction of all concerned that a discovery of
+their existence before the conclusion of a treaty would have given
+irresistible strength to the English claims.
+
+Calhoun said: "It would be idle to suppose that these disclosures would
+not weigh heavily against the United States in any future negotiations."
+
+The settlement of the Oregon boundary question again showed American
+hatred of England to be chronic. The question finally resolved itself
+into whether the threat of 54.40 or fight should be carried out, (a
+threat to deprive Canada of access to the Pacific Ocean and the
+possession of most of the enormous wheat fields now being developed in
+the northwest) or to fight Mexico and extend its boundaries to the South
+instead of the north. This latter scheme suited the slaveholders best
+who were then in power. The United States government then entered into a
+war with Mexico, one of the most unjustifiable contests ever entered
+into by a civilized nation. By this war of conquest the United States
+nearly doubled its territory. It must be said to the credit of New
+England that she would not take any part in this war any more than she
+did in the war of 1812.
+
+When confederation of the Canadian provinces occurred in 1867, there was
+placed on record in the House of Representatives at Washington that it
+was disapproved and that the House regarded the Act of Confederation as
+a menace to the United States. For a hundred years after the Revolution
+it had been the policy of the United States to force Canada into
+annexation, and it was considered that she would be more likely to come
+into the Union if she was harrassed by a high tariff, boundary and
+fishing disputes, but now it is known to have been all wrong. The
+factors worked out just the reverse. Conditions have arrived that were
+little foreseen until within ten years. The American people have
+recognized the fact that a great change has taken place in Canada which
+materially effects the relation between Canada and the United States.
+Mr. Root, U. S. Secretary of State, recently said:
+
+"Canada is no longer the outlying northern country in which a fringe of
+descendants of royalists emigrating from the colonies when they became
+independent of Great Britain, lived and gained a precarious subsistence
+from a fertile soil. It has become the home of a great people increasing
+in population and wealth. The stirrings of a national sentiment are to
+be felt. In their relations to England one can see that while still
+loyal to their mother country, still a loyal part of the British Empire,
+they are growing up, and, as the boy is to his parents when he attains
+manhood, they are a personality of themselves. In their relations to us
+they have become a sister nation. With their enormous national wealth,
+with their vigor and energy following the pathway that we have followed,
+protecting their industries as we have protected ours, proud of their
+country as we are proud of ours, they are no longer the little remnants
+upon our borders; they are a great and powerful sister nation."
+
+For years after the Civil War there came from the press, from the
+lecture platform, and from the political rostrum, the most relentless
+abuse of Great Britain and everything British. Lecturers gave their
+audiences vivid descriptions of the Revolution and the war of 1812, in
+which American valor was always rated high and British brutality was
+held up to scorn. These lectures were frequently of thrilling interest
+because the speakers were not handicapped by matters so paltry as facts
+of history. But the most formidable batteries of wrath were trained
+against everything British from the political stump. The iron-lunged
+orators told of the iniquity of England, of its infamous tariff laws,
+the oppression of Ireland, etc. He was but a poor speaker who could not
+enliven a political meeting by twisting the tail of the British lion.
+All this is now changed. It was brought about by President Cleveland's
+Venezuelian message of December, 1895, and the Spanish War. When the
+Venezuelian episode occurred, England was believed to be isolated and
+without an ally. It proved that war could be declared against Great
+Britain at any time, in ten minutes, upon any pretext. The insolent
+message fell upon every one in England, from Lord Salisbury down, as a
+bolt from the blue sky. Englishmen were as innocent as babes of
+intentional offence to the United States. They had no conception that
+there existed in the United States such latent irritation or antagonism
+as under the first provocation would lead to an almost open avowal of
+national enmity. It, however, happily disclosed the fact that there
+still existed in the United States a numerous highly educated and
+conservative element (not dissimilar to the vanished Loyalists of the
+last century) in which one seldom finds a trace of antagonism to the old
+mother country. Following the message, magazine reviews, the public
+press, and the pulpit overflowed with a brilliant series of public
+utterances and these soon checked the noisy approving outbursts of a
+reckless half-educated majority to obtain whose votes at the next
+election undoubtedly prompted the presumptuous interference of the chief
+of the Republic and the unfriendly tone of his message.
+
+Within three years after the message a wonderful change came over the
+people of the United States. The Spanish War had taken place and instead
+of finding Great Britain to be the hereditary enemy of the United
+States, which they had been taught in the school histories to believe,
+it was found that among the great powers of the world, Great Britain was
+the only friend which the United States had, and that "blood was thicker
+than water." It was discovered that the nations were envious of the
+great Republic, and that Britain alone was proud of her eldest daughter.
+It was remarked to the writer by a Spanish officer shortly after the
+surrender of Porto Rico: "But mind you, this from an old man who has
+studied history. You would never have had these islands had not England
+stepped in at the beginning of the trouble and said to all the nations
+of the world, 'Allow me to present my daughter, America.'" It was found,
+too, that the "traditional friendship" of Russia was of but little
+account at that time.
+
+It was Russia that eagerly became the spokesman for envious Europe and
+gave voice to the words: "Now is the time for us to combine and crush
+this huge American monster before she becomes too strong for all of us,
+as she is already too strong for any one of us." It was Russia that
+planned to have the "concert of Europe" warn us that we were not to pose
+as champion of any other American people against any form of misrule by
+Europe--and that we were not to dare to meddle in Europe on any pretext.
+
+She failed because England refused to join the league, or to enter with
+the other powers into a naval demonstration before Cuba, but so long as
+the war lasted with Spain the Russian diplomats kept pounding at every
+backdoor in Europe with an insistence that something be done to cut our
+comb, or make trouble or lose us the friendship of England. Our people
+in Washington know all this. They know also the behavior of the Russian
+minister at Washington who thought to poison us against England in the
+very days when we were buying in that country and shipping in secret
+from that country the vital necessities which the war demanded and which
+we had not got; when great steamers were found abandoned off New York
+loaded with contraband of war, cannon, arms, ammunition, etc., and towed
+into port by United States warships; when coal and ammunition were left
+on desert islands in the Philippines by British warships for the use of
+the United States navy; when England's fleet at Manila stood ready to
+take sides with Dewey and to open fire, to begin war on the Germans
+should occasion arise. American naval officers who were there know these
+facts to be true, and it is very significant that the Navy Department
+has not published the correspondence between it and Admiral Dewey at
+that time. We are hated all over the continent of Europe. Paris made a
+fete day when she imagined Sampson's fleet was destroyed.
+
+The Germans hate us for taking 3,000,000 fighting men away from them,
+and also because we prevented them from purchasing the Philippines from
+Spain, and because the Monroe doctrine prevents them from obtaining
+colonies or naval stations in the Western Hemisphere. The Austrians hate
+us for humiliating Spain. There is not a country to the south of us but
+what hates us. Every republic in South America would put a knife in our
+back if the opportunity occurs.
+
+Very significant, too, was the reception and banquet given at Windsor
+Castle in 1896 by Queen Victoria to the Ancient and Honorable Artillery
+Company of Boston--the oldest military organization in the Western
+Hemisphere--and the grand reception they received everywhere they went
+in England. It was a revelation to the Americans, as every one of them
+acknowledged, to receive such marked expression of kindliness and
+brotherhood at the old home. It was something they did not expect. The
+company more than reciprocated when the parent company, The Honourable
+Artillery of London, visited Boston in 1903. Once more were seen armed
+British sailors and soldiers marching through Boston's streets under the
+British flag, the buildings along the entire route beautifully
+decorated, and the visitors received with vociferous welcome wherever
+they went. We will hope that something even better and more substantial
+may yet come to us, when the United States and Great Britain will be
+allied in amity as firm as that which now holds together these federal
+states. "Old prejudices should be cast aside; the English-speaking
+states recognizing their kinship, should knit bonds together around the
+world, forming a kingly brotherhood inspired by beneficence, to which
+supreme dominion in the earth would be sure to fall; for whatever may be
+said today for other stocks, the 135,000,000 of English-speaking men
+have been able to make themselves masters of the world to an extent
+which no people has thus far approached.
+
+"If love would but once unite, the seas could never sever. Earth has
+never beheld a co-mingling of men, so impressive, so likely to be
+frought with noble advantages through ages to come, as would be the
+coming together of English-speaking men in one cordial bond."[100]
+
+ [100] Short History of Anglo-Saxon Freedom.
+
+The statesmen of Britain and America can do no worthier service than to
+find a way by which their strength may be combined to secure the peace
+of the world and the betterment of mankind. It is not necessary that
+their governments should be unified, or even that any hard and fast
+treaty obligation incurred. It is only necessary that they should agree
+to be friends and to stand by each other in all that will further these
+great objects. They alone of all the nations can do this and that they
+ought to do it few will deny. Both must forget certain bitterness born
+of the past and certain jealousies growing out of the greatness of both.
+
+What Great Britain is doing for the many peoples under her care and what
+this nation is doing for the few outside our borders that we have in
+hand we might unitedly do for a great portion of the globe and its
+inhabitants. This combination must be strong enough to check certain
+highwaymen in international relations and to install a wholesome regard
+for human rights. Such an outcome of present friendliness will not be
+achieved in a day or generation. But it will come; it must come. Asia
+and the continent of Europe may become Chinese or Cossack, but the
+English-speaking race shall rule over every other land and all the
+islands and every sea.
+
+The present time is a critical period in the life of the American
+Republic, and therefore in the life of the world. The impotence of the
+federal government to stop strike disturbances, lynchings and
+disfranchisements, the growing power of an oligarchial and plutocratic
+Senate, and the perils of imperialism are disquieting enough, but worst
+of all is the evil of party rule and party strife.
+
+Washington abhorred party and regarded it as a disease which he hoped to
+avert by putting federalists and anti-federalists in his cabinet
+together. The intuition of the founders of the Republic was that the
+president should be elected by a chosen body of select and responsible
+citizens, but since the Jacksonian era, nomination and election have
+been completely in the hands of the Democracy at large, and the election
+has been performed by a process of national agitation and conflict
+which sets at work all the forces of political intrigue and corruption
+on the most enormous scale, besides filling the country with persons
+almost as violent and anti-social as those of the Civil War.
+
+The qualification for public office from that of president down to that
+of a member of a city council in national, state or city politics is not
+a question of which man is most worthy of public confidence. It is no
+longer eminence but availability. The great aim of each party is to
+prevent the country from being successfully governed by its rival. Each
+will do anything to catch votes and anything rather than lose them.
+Government consequently is at the mercy of any organization which has
+votes on a large scale to sell, or corporations that will freely
+contribute its funds. The Grand Army of the Republic is thus enabled to
+levy upon the nation tribute to the amount of a hundred and fifty
+million dollars each year, thirty-six years after the war, although
+General Grant at the close of the war said that the pensions should
+never exceed seven millions each year. And now both parties in their
+platform promise their countenance to this exaction.
+
+The recent exposures of the millions contributed by the trusts, tariff
+protected industries, life insurance companies, etc., to the campaign
+funds has astonished the world. The history of the most corrupt
+monarchies could hardly furnish a more monstrous case of financial
+abuse, to say nothing of the effect upon national character.
+
+Each party machine has a standing army of wire pullers with an apparatus
+of intrigue and corruption to the support of which holders of office
+under government are assessed. The boss is a recognized authority, and
+mastery of unscrupulous intrigue is his avowed qualification for his
+place. The pest of partyism invades all the large cities of the country.
+New York is made the plunder of the thieves of one party and
+Philadelphia of thieves of the other. It is surely impossible that any
+nation should endure such a system forever. A nation which deliberately
+gives itself up to government by faction, under the name of party, signs
+its own doom. The end may be delayed but it is sure. The American people
+undoubtedly have the political wisdom and force to deal with this
+crisis, but there is no evidence that these qualities are being brought
+to bear on the situation nor is there any great man arisen to lead the
+reform.
+
+
+
+
+ PART II.
+
+ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
+
+ of the
+
+ LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS
+
+ with
+
+ THE ADDRESSES TO GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON. THE CONSPIRACY ACT; AND
+ RESOLUTION, RELATING TO THE BANISHING AND CONFISCATION OF THE
+ ESTATES OF THE ABSENTEES, AND REFUGEES, AND A LIST OF THE LOYALISTS
+ THAT WENT TO HALIFAX ON THE EVACUATION OF BOSTON.
+
+
+
+
+ The Loyalists of Massachusetts
+
+WHO WERE THE INHABITANTS OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES AT THE TIME OF THE
+ REVOLUTION?
+
+
+The first and second chapters of this work treated of the settlement of
+Massachusetts and the framing and establishing of that social system and
+form of government which through successive generations, the settlers
+and their descendants took part, which culminated in the Revolution. The
+founders of Massachusetts and of all New England, were almost entirely
+Englishmen. Their emigration to New England began in 1620, it was
+inconsiderable till 1630, at the end of ten years more it almost ceased.
+A people consisting at that time of not many more than twenty thousand
+persons, thenceforward multiplied on its own soil, in remarkable
+seclusion from other communities, for nearly two centuries. Such
+exceptions to this statement are of small account. In 1651 after the
+battle of Dunbar, Cromwell sent some four or five hundred of his Scotch
+prisoners to Boston, but very little trace of this accession is left.
+After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, about one hundred
+and fifty families of French Huguenots came to Massachusetts; their
+names and a considerable number of their posterity are yet to be found.
+A hundred and twenty Scotch-Irish families, came over in 1719 and
+settled in Boston, and New Hampshire. Some slight emigrations from it
+took place at an early date, but they soon discontinued, and it was not
+till after the Revolution that those swarms began to depart, which have
+since occupied so large a portion of the territory of the United States.
+During that long period their identity was unimpaired. No race has ever
+been more homogeneous than this, at the outbreak of the Revolution, and
+for many years later. Thus the people of New England was a singularly
+unmixed race. There was probably not a county in England occupied by a
+population of purer English blood than theirs. Down to the eve of the
+war in 1775, New England had little knowledge of the communities which
+took part in that conflict with her. Till the time of the Boston Port
+Bill, Massachusetts and Virginia, the two principal English settlements,
+had with each other scarcely more relations of acquaintance, business,
+mutual influence, or common action, than either of them had with Bermuda
+or Barbados.
+
+During the latter part of the nineteenth century vast numbers of Irish,
+and next to them German, came to New England, so at the time of writing,
+1908, it is claimed that one half of the inhabitants of Boston are
+Irish, or of Irish parentage. During the past ten years the places of
+the Irish are being taken by the Italians, Jews, Portuguese, Greeks,
+Armenians, French Canadians, and others. The reader will see from the
+foregoing that the contestants in Massachusetts during the Revolutionary
+war were a race representing a peculiar type of the Englishmen of the
+seventeenth century who, sequestrated from foreign influences formed a
+distinct character by their own discipline, and was engaged in a work
+within itself, on its own problem, through a century and a half, and
+which terminated in the Revolutionary War, that dismembered the Empire.
+That the foregoing statement concerning the purity of the race at the
+time of the Revolution is a correct one, is shown in the following
+biographies of the Loyalists of Massachusetts, for in nearly every case
+their ancestry date back to that of the first settlers, through several
+generations.
+
+
+ THE ADDRESSERS.
+
+The importance of the following addressers is out of all proportion to
+their apparent significance. They are an indispensable genesis to the
+history of the Loyalists. For the next seven years the Addressers were
+held up to their countrymen as traitors and enemies to their country. In
+the arraignments, which soon began, the Loyalists were convicted not out
+of their mouths, but out of their addresses. The ink was hardly dry upon
+the parchment before the persecution began against all those who would
+not recant, and throughout the long years of the war, the crime of an
+addresser grew in its enormity, and they were exposed to the perils of
+tarring and feathering, the horrors of Simbury mines, a gaol or a
+gallows.
+
+
+ ADDRESS OF THE MERCHANTS AND OTHERS OF BOSTON
+ TO GOV. HUTCHINSON.
+
+ _Boston_, May 30, 1774.
+
+We, merchants and traders of the town of Boston, and others, do now wait
+on you, in the most respectful manner, before your departure for
+England, to testify, for ourselves the entire satisfaction we feel at
+your wise, zealous, and faithful administration, during the few years
+that you have presided at the head of this province. Had your success
+been equal to your endeavors, and to the warmest wishes of your heart,
+we cannot doubt that many of the evils under which we now suffer, would
+have been averted, and that tranquility would have been restored to this
+long divided province; but we assure ourselves that the want of success
+in those endeavors will not abate your good wishes when removed from
+us, or your earnest exertions still on every occasion to serve the true
+interest of this your native country.
+
+While we lament the loss of so good a governor, we are greatly relieved
+that his Majesty, in his gracious favor, hath appointed as your
+successor a gentleman who, having distinguished himself in the long
+command he hath held in another department, gives us the most favorable
+prepossessions of his future administration.
+
+We greatly deplore the calamities that are impending and will soon fall
+on this metropolis, by the operation of a late act of Parliament for
+shutting up the port on the first of next month. You cannot but be
+sensible, sir, of the numberless evils that will ensue to the province
+in general, and the miseries and distresses into which it will
+particularly involve this town, in the course of a few months. Without
+meaning to arraign the justice of the British Parliament, we could
+humbly wish that this act had been couched with less rigor, and that the
+execution of it had been delayed to a more distant time, that the people
+might have had the alternative either to have complied with the
+conditions therein set forth, or to have submitted to the consequent
+evils on refusal; but as it now stands, all choice is precluded, and
+however disposed to compliance or concession the people may be, they
+must unavoidably suffer very great calamities before they can receive
+relief. Making restitution for damage done to the property of the East
+India Company, or to the property of any individual, by the outrage of
+the people, we acknowledge to be just; and though we have ever
+disavowed, and do now solemnly bear our testimony against such lawless
+proceedings, yet, considering ourselves as members of the same
+community, we are fully disposed to bear our proportions of those
+damages, whenever the sum and the manner of laying it can be
+ascertained. We earnestly request that you, sir, who know our condition,
+and have at all times displayed the most benevolent disposition towards
+us, will, on your arrival in England, interest yourself in our behalf,
+and make such favorable representations of our case, as that we may hope
+to obtain speedy and effectual relief.
+
+May you enjoy a pleasant passage to England; and under all the
+mortifications you have patiently endured, may you possess the inward
+and consolatory testimonies of having discharged your trust with
+fidelity and honor, and receive those distinguishing marks of his
+Majesty's royal approbation and favor, as may enable you to pass the
+remainder of your life in quietness and ease, and preserve your name
+with honor to posterity.
+
+ William Blair, John Greenlaw, Theophilus Lillie,
+ James Selkrig, Benjamin Clark, Miles Whitworth,
+ Archibald Wilson, William McAlpine, James McEwen,
+ Jeremiah Green, Jonathan Snelling, William Codner,
+ Samuel H. Sparhawk, James Hall, James Perkins,
+ Joseph Turill, William Dickson, John White,
+ Roberts & Co., John Winslow, jr., Robert Jarvis,
+ William Perry, Joseph Scott, Thomas Aylwin,
+ Jas. & Pat. McMasters, Samuel Minot, William Bowes,
+ William Coffin, Benjamin M. Holmes, Gregory Townsend,
+ Simeon Stoddard, jr., Archibald McNiel, Francis Green,
+ John Powell, George Leonard, Philip Dumaresq,
+ Henry Laughton, John Borland, Harrison Gray,
+ Eliphalet Pond, Joshua Loring, jr., Peter Johonnot,
+ M. B. Goldthwait, William Jackson, George Erving,
+ Peter Hughes, James Anderson, Joseph Green,
+ Samuel Hughes, David Mitchelson, John Vassall,
+ John Semple, Abraham Savage, Nathaniel Coffin,
+ Hopestill Capen, James Asby, John Timmins,
+ Edward King, John Inman, William Tailor,
+ Byfield Lynde, John Coffin, Thomas Brinley,
+ George Lynde, Thomas Knight, Harrison Gray, jr.,
+ A. F. Phipps, Benjamin Green, jr., John Taylor,
+ Rufus Green, David Green, Gilbert Deblois,
+ David Phips, Benjamin Green, Joshua Winslow,
+ Richard Smith, Henry H. Williams, Daniel Hubbard,
+ George Spooner, James Warden, Hugh Turbett,
+ Daniel Silsby, Nathaniel Coffin, jr., Henry Lyddell,
+ William Cazneau, Silvester Gardiner, Nathaniel Cary,
+ James Forrest, John S. Copley, George Brinley,
+ Edward Cox, Edward Foster, Richard Lechmere,
+ John Berry, Colbourn Burrell, John Erving, jr.,
+ Richard Hirons, Nathaniel Greenwood, Thomas Gray,
+ Ziphion Thayer, William Burton, George Bethune,
+ John Joy, John Winslow, Thomas Apthorp,
+ Joseph Goldthwait, Isaac Winslow, jr., Ezekial Goldthwaite,
+ Samuel Prince, Thomas Oliver, Benjamin Gridley,
+ Jonathan Simpson, Henry Bloye, John Atkinson,
+ James Boutineau, Benjamin Davis, Ebenezer Bridgham,
+ Nathaniel Hatch, Isaac Winslow, John Gore,
+ Martin Gay, Lewis Deblois, Adino Paddock.
+
+
+ ADDRESS OF THE BARRISTERS AND ATTORNEYS OF
+ MASSACHUSETTS TO GOV. HUTCHINSON, MAY, 30, 1774.
+
+A firm persuasion of your inviolable attachment to the real interest of
+this your native country, and of your constant readiness, by every
+service in your power, to promote its true welfare and prosperity, will,
+we flatter ourselves, render it not improper in us, barristers and
+attorneys at law in the province of Massachusetts Bay, to address your
+Excellency upon your removal from us with this testimonial of our
+sincere respect and esteem.
+
+The various important characters of Legislator, Judge and first
+Magistrate over this province, in which, by the suffrages of your
+fellow-subjects, and by the royal favor of the best of kings, your great
+abilities, adorned with a uniform purity of principle, and integrity of
+conduct, have been eminently distinguished, must excite the esteem and
+demand the grateful acknowledgements of every true lover of his country,
+and friend to virtue.
+
+The present perplexed state of our public affairs, we are sensible, must
+render your departure far less disagreeable to you than it is to us--we
+assure you, sir, we feel the loss; but when, in the amiable character of
+your successor, we view a fresh instance of the paternal goodness of our
+most gracious sovereign; when we reflect on the probability that your
+presence at the court of Great Britain, will afford you an opportunity
+of employing your interests more successfully for the relief of this
+province, and particularly of the town of Boston, under their present
+distresses, we find a consolation which no other human source could
+afford. Permit us, sir, most earnestly to solicit the exertion of all
+your distinguished abilities in favor of your native town and country,
+upon this truly unhappy and distressing occasion.
+
+We sincerely wish you a prosperous voyage, a long continuation of health
+and felicity and the highest rewards of the good and faithful.
+
+ We are, sir, with the most cordial affection, esteem and respect,
+ Your Excellency's most obedient and very humble servants,
+
+ Robert Achmuty, Andrew Cazneau, David Ingersoll,
+ Jonathan Sewall, Daniel Leonard, Jeremiah D. Rogers,
+ Samuel Fitch, John Lowell, David Gorham,
+ Samuel Quincy, Daniel Oliver, Samuel Sewall,
+ William Pynchon, Sampson S. Blowers, John Sprague,
+ James Putnam, Shearjashub Brown, Rufus Chandler,
+ Benjamin Gridley, Daniel Bliss, Thomas Danforth,
+ Abel Willard, Samuel Porter, Ebenezer Bradish,
+
+
+ From the Essex Gazette of June 1, 1775.
+
+ _Salem, May 30, 1775._
+
+Whereas we the subscribers did some time since sign an address to
+Governor Hutchinson, which, though prompted to by the best intentions,
+has, nevertheless, given great offence to our country: We do now
+declare, that we were so far from designing by that action, to show our
+acquiescence in those acts of Parliament so universally and justly
+odious to all America, that on the contrary, we hoped we might in that
+way contribute to their repeal; though now to our sorrow we find
+ourselves mistaken. And we do now further, declare, that we never
+intended the offence which this address occasioned; that if we had
+foreseen such an event we should never have signed it; as it always has
+been and now is our wish to live in harmony with our neighbors, and our
+serious determination is to promote to the utmost of our power the
+liberty, the welfare, and happiness of our country, which is inseparably
+connected with our own.
+
+ John Nutting, N. Sparhawk, Thomas Barnard,
+ N. Goodale, Andrew Dalglish, Nathaniel Dabney,
+ Ebenezer Putnam, E. A. Holyoke, William Pickman,
+ Francis Cabot, William Pynchon, C. Gayton Pickman,
+
+In Committee of Safety, Salem, May 30, 1775.--The declaration, of which
+the above is a copy, being presented and read, it was voted unanimously
+that the same was satisfactory; and that the said gentlemen ought to be
+received and treated as real friends to this country.
+
+ By order of the Committee,
+
+ RICHARD DERBY, JR., Chairman.
+
+
+ ADDRESS OF THE INHABITANTS OF MARBLEHEAD TO
+ GOV. HUTCHINSON.
+
+ _Marblehead, May 25, 1774._
+
+His Majesty having been pleased to appoint his Excellency the Hon.
+Thomas Gage, Esq., to be governor and commander-in-chief over this
+province, and you, (as we are informed,) begin speedily to embark for
+Great Britain: We, the subscribers, merchants, traders, and others,
+inhabitants of Marblehead, beg leave to present your our valedictory
+address on this occasion; and as this is the only way we now have of
+expressing to you our entire approbation of your public conduct during
+the time you have presided in this province, and of making you a return
+of our most sincere and hearty thanks for the ready assistance which you
+have at all times afforded us, when applied to in matters which affected
+our navigation and commerce, we are induced from former experience of
+your goodness, to believe that you will freely indulge us in the
+pleasure of giving you this testimony of our sincere esteem and
+gratitude.
+
+In your public administration, we are fully convinced that the general
+good was the mark which you have ever aimed at, and we can, sir, with
+pleasure assure you, that it is likewise the opinion of all
+dispassionate thinking men within the circle of our observation,
+notwithstanding many publications would have taught the world to think
+the contrary; and we beg leave to entreat you, that when you arrive at
+the court of Great Britain, you would there embrace every opportunity of
+moderating the resentment of the government against us, and use your
+best endeavors to have the unhappy dispute between Great Britain and
+this country brought to a just and equitable determination.
+
+We cannot omit the opportunity of returning you in a particular manner
+our most sincere thanks for your patronizing our cause in the matter of
+entering and clearing the fishing vessels at the custom-house, and
+making the fishermen pay hospital money; we believe it is owing to your
+representation of the matter, that we are hitherto free from that
+burden.
+
+We heartily wish you, sir, a safe and prosperous passage to Great
+Britain, and when you arrive there may you find such a reception as
+shall fully compensate for all the insults and indignities which have
+been offered you.
+
+ Henry Saunders, John Fowle, Thomas Lewis,
+ Richard Hinkly, Robert Hooper, 3d, Sweet Hooper,
+ Samuel Reed, John Gallison, Robert Hooper,
+ John Lee, John Prince, Jacob Fowle,
+ Robert Ambrose, George McCall, John Pedrick,
+ Jonathan Glover, Joseph Swasey, Richard Reed,
+ Richard Phillips, Nathan Bowen, Benjamin Marston,
+ Isaac Mansfield, Thomas Robie, Samuel White,
+ Joseph Bubler, John Stimson, Joseph Hooper,
+ Richard Stacy, John Webb, John Prentice,
+ Thomas Procter, Joseph Lee, Robert Hooper, jr.
+
+
+ ADDRESS TO GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON FROM HIS FELLOW
+ TOWNSMEN IN THE TOWN OF MILTON.
+
+This document which was printed recently in the "History of Milton," was
+not a matter of record, and had never been printed before, it had also
+failed to meet the searching eye of the antiquarian, and the author said
+"it has come down to us in its original manuscript yellow with age."
+
+It will be noticed the signers were obliged to recant, so as to save
+their property from being destroyed by the mob, and from personal injury
+and insult such as tarring and feathering, etc. It was with such doings
+that the "Sons of Despotism" amused themselves, and made converts to the
+cause of "liberty." It, however, did not save James Murray and Stephen
+Miller, who were banished, and Miller's estate confiscated.
+
+
+_To_ THOMAS HUTCHINSON _Esquire Late Gov. &c._
+
+SIR,--We the Select Men, the Magistrates and other principal Inhabitants
+of the Town of Milton, hearing of your speedy Embarkation for England,
+cannot let you leave this Town which you have so long honored by your
+Residence without some publick Expression of our sincere wishes for your
+health and happiness.
+
+We have been Eye Witnesses, Sir, of your amiable private and useful
+publick Life; We have with concern beheld you, in the faithful and
+prudent Discharge of your Duty exposed to Calumnies, Trials and
+Sufferings, as unjust as severe; and seen you bearing them all with
+becoming Meekness and Fortitude.
+
+As to ourselves and Neighbours in particular; altho many of us, in
+future Perplexities will often feel the Want of your skillful gratuitous
+advice, always ready for those who asked it, we cannot but rejoice for
+your Sake Sir, at your being so seasonably relieved by an honourable and
+worthy Successor, in this critical and distressful period from the
+growing Difficulty of the Government of your beloved native Province.
+And we see your Departure with the less Regret, being convinced that the
+Change at present will contribute to your and your Family's Tranquility:
+possessed as you are of the applause of good men, of the favour of our
+Sovereign, and the Approbation of a good Conscience to prepare the Way
+to Rewards infinitely ample from the King of Kings; to whose Almighty
+protection, We, with grateful hearts commend you and your family.
+
+ Signed
+
+ SAML. DAVENPORT STEPHEN MILLER BENJAMIN HORTON
+ JA. MURRAY JOSIAH HOW ZEDAH CREHORE
+
+
+ REPLY OF GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON.
+
+ GENTLEMEN
+
+ I have received innumerable marks of respect and kindness from the
+ Inhabitants of the Town of Milton, of which I shall ever retain the
+ most grateful Remembrance. I leave you with regret. I hope to
+ return and spend the short remains of my life among you in peace
+ and quiet and in doing every good office to you in my power.
+
+ THO. HUTCHINSON.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Milton, Sept. 21, 1774.--Messrs. Davenport Miller and How were taken to
+Task by the Town Meeting for having signed the above address altho it
+was never presented or published. They were required by next day to make
+an acknowledgement of their offence--And a Committee of fifteen was
+chosen to treat with them and Mr. Murray.
+
+Sept. 22. These Culprits attended and made the following
+acknowledgement, of which the Committee accepted, requiring them to sign
+it and to read it severally before the Town Meeting on the green. This
+done the Meeting by some Majority voted it not satisfactory. The
+offenders all but Capt. Davenport went home without making any other.
+
+
+ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
+
+Whereas We the Subscribers did sign and endeavour to promote among the
+Inhabitants of our Town of Milton an Address to Gov. Hutchinson a few
+days before his Embarkation for England, which Address contained
+Compliments to the Gov. that we did and do still, in our consciences,
+believe to be justly due to him; and Whereas we did further believe that
+it would be very acceptable to the Town to give them such an Opportunity
+of showing their gratitude to the Governor.
+
+Now since the Temper of the Times is such, that what we meant to please
+has eventually displeased our Neighbours, We, who desire to live in
+peace and good will with them are sorry for it. Witness our hands this
+22d. day of Sept. 1774.
+
+ Signed
+
+ JA. MURRAY SAML. DAVENPORT
+ STEPHEN MILLER JOSIAH HOW
+
+
+After the departure of the first three of these, the meeting insisted on
+Capt. Davenport's making the following acknowledgement, and that the
+committee should have the rest to make it at or before the next
+town-meeting on Monday, 3d October:--
+
+Whereas We the Subscribers have given the good People of this Town and
+Province in General just Cause to be offended with each of us, in that
+unguarded action of ours in signing an address to the late Governor
+Hutchinson, for which we are heartily sorry and take this opportunity
+publickly to manifest it, and declare we did not so well consider the
+Contents. And we heartily beg their forgiveness and all others we may
+have offended: Also that we may be restored to their favour, and be made
+Partakers of that inestimable blessing, the good Will of our Neighbours,
+and the whole Community.
+
+ Witness our hands
+
+ Milton 22d Sept. signed SAML. DAVENPORT
+ 24 Sept. ---- JOSIAH HOW
+ 25 Sept. ---- JA. MURRAY
+ 25 Sept. ---- STEPHEN MILLER
+
+
+ ADDRESS PRESENTED TO HIS EXCELLENCY GOVERNOR GAGE, JUNE 11TH, 1774,
+ ON HIS ARRIVAL AT SALEM.
+
+ To his Excellency Thomas Gage, Esq., Captain-General, Governor and
+ Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in New
+ England, and Lieutenant-General of his Majesty's Forces.
+
+May it please your Excellency:
+
+We, merchants and others, inhabitants of the ancient town of Salem, beg
+leave to approach your Excellency with our most respectful
+congratulations on your arrival in this place.
+
+We are deeply sensible of his Majesty's paternal care and affection to
+this province, in the appointment of a person of your Excellency's
+experience, wisdom and moderation, in these troublesome and difficult
+times.
+
+We rejoice that this town is graciously distinguished for that spirit,
+loyalty, and reverence for the laws, which is equally our glory and
+happiness.
+
+From that public spirit and warm zeal to promote the general happiness
+of men, which mark the great and good, we are led to hope under your
+Excellency's administration for everything that may promote the peace,
+prosperity, and real welfare of this province.
+
+We beg leave to commend to your Excellency's patronage the trade and
+commerce of this place, which, from a full protection of the liberties,
+persons and properties of individuals, cannot but flourish.
+
+And we assure your Excellency we will make it our constant endeavors by
+peace, good order, and a regard for the laws, as far as in us lies, to
+render your station and residence easy and happy.
+
+ John Sargent, John Prince, Benjamin Lynde,
+ Jacob Ashton, George Deblois, William Browne,
+ William Wetmore, Andrew Dalglish, John Turner,
+ James Grant, Joseph Blaney, P. Frye,
+ Henry Higginson, Archelaus Putnam, Francis Cabot,
+ David Britton, Samuel Porter, William Pynchon,
+ P. G. Kast, Thomas Poynton, John Fisher,
+ Weld Gardner, Samuel Flagg, John Mascarene,
+ Nathaniel Daubney, Nathan Goodale, E. A. Holyoke,
+ Richard Nicholls, William Pickman, Jos. Bowditch,
+ William Cabot, C. Gayton Pickman, Ebenezer Putnam,
+ Cabot Gerrish, Nathaniel Sparhwak, S. Curwen,
+ William Gerrish, William Vans, John Nutting,
+ Rowland Savage, Timothy Orne, Jos. Dowse,
+ William Lilly, Richard Routh, Benjamin Pickman,
+ Jonathan Goodhue, Stephen Higginson, Henry Gardner.
+
+
+ THE "LOYAL ADDRESS FROM THE GENTLEMEN AND PRINCIPAL INHABITANTS OF
+ BOSTON TO GOVERNOR GAGE ON HIS DEPARTURE FOR ENGLAND, OCTOBER 6,
+ 1775," WAS SIGNED AS FOLLOWS:
+
+ John Erving, James Selkrig, John Greecart,
+ Thomas Hutchinson, jr., Archibald Cunningham, Richard Clarke,
+ Silvester Gardiner, William Cazneau, Benjamin Fanieul, jr.,
+ Wm. Bowes, David Barton, Thomas Amory,
+ John Timmins, John Semple, George Brindley,
+ Nathaniel Coffin, Henry Lawton, Ralph Inman,
+ John Winslow, jr., William Brattle, Edward Winslow,
+ Alexander Bymer, John Troutbeck, Benjamin M. Holmes,
+ Robert Hallowell, Stephen Greenleaf, William Jackson,
+ Robert Jarvis, William Walter, Richard Green,
+ David Phips, James Perkins, James Murray,
+ John Tayler, Phillip Dumaresque, Joseph Scott,
+ Archibald McNeal, Joshua Loring, jr., Peter Johonnot,
+ Francis Green, Henry Lloyd, Nathaniel Cary,
+ Benjamin Davis, William Lee Perkins, Martin Gay,
+ Thomas Courtney, George Leonard, Samuel Hughes,
+ John Sampson, Thomas Brinley, William Coffin, jr.,
+ William Tayler, Daniel Hubbard, Adino Paddock,
+ John Inman, Samuel Fitch, Andrew Cazneau,
+ Wm. Perry, John Atkinson, Henry Lindall,
+ John Gore, Joseph Turill, Theophilus Lillie,
+ Isaac Winslow, jr., Samuel Hirst Sparhawk, Henry Barnes,
+ William Dickerson, Ebenezer Brigham, M. B. Goldthwait,
+ William Hunter, William Codner, Lewis Gray,
+ Robert Semple, Jonathan Snelling, Nathaniel Brinley,
+ John Joy, Benjamin Gridley, John Jeffries, jr.,
+ Gregory Townsend, Gilbert Deblois, Archibald Bowman,
+ Isaac Winslow, Edward Hutchinson, Jonathan Simpson,
+ Byfield Lyde, Miles Whitworth, Nathaniel Tayler,
+ John Love, Daniel McMasters, James Anderson,
+ Hugh Tarbett, John Hunt, 3d, Lewis Deblois,
+ Nathaniel Perkins, James Lloyd,
+ John Powell, William McAlpine,
+
+
+ THE LOYAL ADDRESS TO GOVERNOR GAGE ON HIS DEPARTURE, OCTOBER 14,
+ 1775, OF THOSE GENTLEMEN WHO WERE DRIVEN FROM THEIR HABITATIONS IN
+ THE COUNTRY TO THE TOWN OF BOSTON, WAS SIGNED BY THE FOLLOWING
+ PERSONS:
+
+ John Chandler, Seth Williams, jr., David Phips,
+ James Putnam, Charles Curtis, Richard Saltonstall,
+ Peter Oliver, sen., Samuel Pine, Peter Oliver, jr.,
+ Jonathan Stearns, Thomas Foster, Edward Winslow, jr.
+ Ward Chipman, Pelham Winslow, Nathaniel Chandler,
+ William Chandler, Daniel Oliver, James Putnam, jr.
+
+
+ List of the inhabitants of Boston, who on the evacuation by the
+ British, in March, 1776, removed to Halifax with the army. Taken
+ from a paper in the handwriting of Walter Barrell from the
+ Proceedings of the Mass. Hist. Soc., Vol. 18, page 266.
+
+ Lieutenant-Governor Oliver and servants 6
+
+ _Council, &c._
+
+ Peter Oliver and niece 2
+ Harrison Gray and family 5
+ Timothy Ruggles and sons 3
+ Foster Hutchinson and family 13
+ Josiah Edson 1
+ John Murray and family 7
+ Richard Lechmere 12
+ John Erving 9
+ Nathaniel Ray Thomas and son 2
+ Abijah Willard and two sons 3
+ Daniel Leonard and family 9
+ Nathaniel Hatch 7
+ George Erving 6
+
+ _Custom House._
+
+ Henry Hulton 12
+ Charles Paxton 6
+ Benjamin Hallowel 7
+ Samuel Waterhouse, _Secretary_ 7
+ James Porter, _Comptroller Gen'l_ 1
+ Walter Barrell, _Inspector Gen'l_ 6
+ James Murray, _Inspector_ 7
+ William Woolen, _Inspector_ 2
+ Edward Winslow, _Collector, Boston_ 1
+ Charles Dudley, _Collector, Newport_ 2
+ George Meserve, _Collector, Piscataq_ 1
+ Robert Hallowel, _Comptroller, Boston_, 6
+ Arthur Savage, _Surveyor, &c._ 6
+ Nathaniel Coffin, _Cashier_ 4
+ Ebenezer Bridgham, _Tide Surveyor_ 8
+ Nathaniel Taylor, _Dep'y Naval Officer_ 2
+ Samuel Mather, _Clerk_ 3
+ Samuel Lloyd, _Clerk_ 6
+ Christopher Minot, _Land Waiter_ 1
+ Ward Chipman, _Clerk Sol._ 1
+ Robert Bethel, _Clerk Col._ 1
+ Skinner, Cookson, and Evans _Clerks_ 3
+ James Barrick, _Clerk Insp._ 5
+ John Ciely, _Tidesman_ 4
+ John Sam Petit, _Tidesman_ 6
+ John Selby, _Clerk_ 2
+ Edward Mulhall, _Tidesman_ 1
+ Hammond Green, _Tidesman_ 1
+ John Lewis, _Tidesman_ 6
+ Elkanah Cushman, _Tidesman_ 1
+ Edmund Duyer, _Messenger_ 3
+ Samuel Chadwel, Tidesman__ 1
+ Samuel Sparhawk, _Clerk_ 5
+ ---- Chandler, _Land Waiter_ 1
+ ---- Patterson, _Land Waiter_ 1
+ Isaac Messengham, _Coxwain_ 1
+ Owen Richard, _Coxwain_ 1
+
+ _Refugees._
+
+ Ashley, Joseph 1
+ Andros, Barret 1
+ Atkinson, John, _Merchant_ 4
+ Atkins, Gibbs 1
+ Ayres, Eleanor 3
+ Allen, Ebenezer 8
+ Bowes, William, _Merchant_ 4
+ Brinley, Thomas, _Merchant_ 3
+ Burton, Mary, _Milliner_ 2
+ Bowen, John 2
+ Blair, John, Baker 1
+ Bowman, Archibald, _Auctioneer_ 1
+ Broderick, John 3
+ Butter, James 2
+ Brown, Thomas, _Merchant_ 6
+ Byles, Rev'd Doctor 5
+ Barnard. John 1
+ Black, John 7
+ Baker, John, Jun'r 1
+ Badger, Rev'd Moses 1
+ Beath, Mary 4
+ Butler, Gilliam 1
+ Brandon, John 2
+ Brattle, William 2
+ Coffin, Williamn 2
+ Cazneau, Andrew, _Lawyer_ 1
+ Cednor, William 1
+ Connor, Mrs. 2
+ Cummins. A. and E. _Milliners_ 3
+ Coffin, William, Jun'r, _Merchant_ 4
+ Cutler, Ebnezer 1
+ Campbel, William 1
+ Caner, Rev'd Doctor 1
+ Cook Robert 1
+ Chandler, John, Esq'r 1
+ Chandler, Rufus, _Lawyer_ 2
+ Chandler, Nathaniel 1
+ Chandler, William 1
+ Carver, Melzer 1
+ Cooley, John 4
+ Courtney, Thomas 11
+ Carr, Mrs. 3
+ Deblois, Gilbert 5
+ Doyley, John 4
+ Dunlap, Daniel 1
+ Danforth, Thomas 1
+ Dumaresq, Philip, _Merchant_ 8
+ De Blois, Lewis 3
+ Duncan, Alexander 1
+ Doyley, Francis 1
+ Dickenson, Nathaniel 1
+ Draper, Margaret 5
+ Dougherty, Edward 2
+ Dechezzan, Adam 7
+ Duelly, William 3
+ Emerson, John 1
+ Etter, Peter 7
+ Fisher, Wilfree 4
+ Foster, Thomas 1
+ Faneuil, Benjamin, _Merchant_ 3
+ Fitch, Samuel, _Lawyer_ 7
+ Foster, Edward, _Blacksmith_ 7
+ Full, Thomas 5
+ Foster, Edward, Jun'r 5
+ Forest, James 7
+ Flucker, Mrs. 6
+ Gilbert, Thomas 1
+ Gallop, Antill 1
+ Gray, Andrew 1
+ Gray, John 3
+ Goldsbury, Samuel 3
+ Gardiner, Doctor Sylvester 8
+ Gridley, Benjamin 1
+ Grison, Edmund 2
+ Gay, Martin 3
+ Gilbert, Samuel 1
+ Grozart, John 1
+ Gray, Mary 1
+ Green, Francis 8
+ Greenwood, Samuel 5
+ Grant, James 1
+ Griffith, Mrs. 3
+ Gore, John 3
+ Griffin, Edmund 4
+ Hill, William 17
+ Hallowel, Rebecca 4
+ Hall, Luke 1
+ Henderson, James 5
+ House, Joseph 1
+ Hughes, Samuel 1
+ Hooper, Jacob 2
+ Hicks, John, _Printer_ 1
+ Hurlston, Richard 1
+ Holmes, Benjamin Mulberry 11
+ Hatch, Hawes 1
+ Hale, Samuel 1
+ Hester, John 6
+ Hutchinsen, Mrs. 7
+ Horn, Henry 7
+ Hefferson, Jane 1
+ Heath, William 1
+ Jones, Mary 6
+ Jarvis, Robert 1
+ Inman, John 3
+ Joy, John 8
+ Ireland, John 2
+ Jefferies, Doctor John 6
+ Johannot, Peter 1
+ Jones, Mrs. 4
+ Knutter, Margaret 4
+ King, Edward and Samuel 7
+ Lazarus, Samuel 1
+ Lovel, John, Sen'r 5
+ Leonard, George 9
+ Liste, Mrs. 5
+ Lillie, Theophilus 4
+ Lutwiche, Edward Goldston 1
+ Lyde, Byefield 5
+ Leddel, Henry 4
+ Laughton, Henry 5
+ Lloyd, Henry 10
+ Linkieter, Alexander 4
+ Lowe, Charles 2
+ Loring, Joshua, Jun'r 1
+ Murray, William 3
+ Moody, John, Jun'r 1
+ McKown, John 1
+ McAlpine, William 2
+ Moody, John 4
+ McKown, John (of Boston) 5
+ Macdonald, Dennis 1
+ Mackay, Mrs. 1
+ Mitchelson, David 2
+ McNeil, Archibald 13
+ Marston, Benjamin 1
+ Moore, John 1
+ Miller, John 5
+ Mulcainy, Patrick 4
+ MacKinstrey, Mrs. 12
+ Morrison, John 1
+ McMaster, Patrick and Daniel 3
+ McMullen, Alexander 1
+ Mitchel, Thomas 1
+ Mills, Nathaniel 2
+ McClintock, Nathan 1
+ Nevin, Lazarus and wife 2
+ O'Neil, Joseph 4
+ Oliver, William Sanford 1
+ Oliver, Doctor Peter 1
+ Powel, John 8
+ Philips, Martha 3
+ Phipps, David 11
+ Pelham, Henry 1
+ Putnam, James 7
+ Paine, Samuel 1
+ Perkins, Nathaniel 1
+ Patterson, William 3
+ Philipps, Ebenezer 1
+ Paddock, Adine 9
+ Pollard, Benjamin 1
+ Patten, George 3
+ Perkins, William Lee 4
+ Price, Benjamin 2
+ Page, George 1
+ Rummer, Richard 3
+ Rogers, Jeremiah Dummer 2
+ Rogers, Samuel 1
+ Richardson, Miss 1
+ Rose, Peter 1
+ Read, Charles 1
+ Ramage, John 1
+ Roath, Richard 6
+ Rhodes, Henry 5
+ Russell, Nathaniel 3
+ Richards, Mrs. 3
+ Ruggles, John and Richard 2
+ Smith, Henry 6
+ Sullivan, George 1
+ Serjeant, John 1
+ Scoit, Joseph 3
+ Simonds, William 3
+ Stow, Edward 4
+ Sterling, Elizabeth 1
+ Sterling, Benjamin Ferdinand 1
+ Simpson, John 5
+ Simpson, Jonathan, Jun'r 2
+ Semple, Robert 4
+ Stayner, Abigail 3
+ Stearns, Jonathan 1
+ Savage, Abraham 1
+ Saltonstal, Leveret 1
+ Service, Robert 5
+ Snelling, Jonathan 6
+ Sullivan, Bartholomew 2
+ Smith, Edward 4
+ Spooner, Ebenezer 1
+ Selknig, James 6
+ Scammel, Thomas 1
+ Shepard, Joseph 2
+ Thompson, James 1
+ Taylor, Mrs. 5
+ Terry, Zebedee 1
+ Terry, William 4
+ Taylor, William 2
+ Winslow, Isaac 11
+ Winslow, Pelham 1
+ Winslow, John 4
+ Winslow, Mrs. Hannah 4
+ Winslow, Edward 1
+ Williams, Seth 1
+ Willis, David 4
+ Wittington, William 3
+ Warden, William 2
+ Williams, Job 1
+ Warren, Abraham 1
+ Willard, Abel 4
+ Warden, Joseph 3
+ Willard, Abijah 1
+ Whiston, Obadiah 3
+ Wheelwright, Joseph 1
+ Winnet, John, Jun'r 1
+ Wright, Daniel 2
+ Welsh, Peter 1
+ White, Gideon 1
+ Wilson, Archibald 1
+ Welsh, James 1
+ Worral, Thomas Grooby 5
+ ----
+ [927]926
+
+
+ FOR MR. SAMUEL B. BARRELL
+ From his friend and kinsman,
+ THEODORE BARRELL
+
+ Saugerties Ulster Co.,
+ New York, Aug. 16, 1841
+
+
+ MANDAMUS COUNSELLORS.
+
+_Salem, Aug. 9, 1774._ The following were appointed by his majesty,
+counsellors of this province by writ of mandamas,[101] viz:--
+
+ [101] Those whose names are in italics alone took the oath of office.
+
+Col. Thomas Oliver, Lieut. Governor, President; Peter Oliver, _Thomas
+Flucker_, _Foster Hutchinson_, Thomas Hutchinson, Jr., _Harrison Gray_,
+Judge Samuel Danforth, Col. John Erving, Jr., James Russell, Timothy
+Ruggles, _Joseph Lee_, _Isaac Winslow_, Israel Williams, Col. George
+Watson, Nathaniel Ray Thomas, Timothy Woodbridge, William Vassall,
+_William Browne_, Joseph Greene, _James Boutineau_, Andrew Oliver, Col.
+Josiah Edson, Richard Lechmere, _Commodore Joshua Loring_, John
+Worthington, Timothy Paine, _William Pepperell_, Jeremiah Powell,
+Jonathan Simpson, Col. John Murray, Daniel Leonard, Thomas Palmer, Col.
+Isaac Royall, Robert Hooper, Abijah Willard, _Capt. John Erring, Jr._
+
+ BANISHMENT ACT OF THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+ An Act to prevent the return to this state of certain persons
+ therein named, and others who have left this state or either of the
+ United States, and joined the enemies thereof.
+
+Whereas Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., late governor of this state, Francis
+Bernard, Esq., formerly governor of this state, Thomas Oliver, Esq.,
+late lieutenant governor of this state, Timothy Ruggles, Esq., of
+Hardwick, in the county of Worcester, William Apthorp, merchant, Gibbs
+Atkins, cabinet maker, John Atkinson, John Amory, James Anderson, Thomas
+Apthorp, David Black, William Burton, William Bowes, George Brindley,
+Robert Blair, Thomas Brindley, James Barrick, merchant, Thomas Brattle,
+Esq., Sampson Salter Blowers, Esq., James Bruce, Ebenezer Bridgham,
+Alexander Brymer, Edward Berry, merchants, William Burch, Esq., late
+commissioner of the customs, Mather Byles, Jun., clerk, William Codner,
+book-keeper, Edward Cox, merchant, Andrew Cazneau, Esq., barrister at
+law, Henry Canner, clerk, Thomas Courtney, tailor, Richard Clark, Esq.,
+Isaac Clark, physician, Benjamin Church, physician, John Coffin,
+distiller, John Clark, physician, William Coffin, Esq., Nathaniel
+Coffin, Esq., Jonathan Clark, merchant, Archibald Cunningham,
+shop-keeper, Gilbert Deblois, merchant, Lewis Deblois, merchant, Philip
+Dumaresque, merchant, Benjamin Davis, merchant, John Erving, Jun. Esq.,
+George Erving, Esq., Edward Foster and Edward Foster, Jun., blacksmiths,
+Benjamin Faneuil, Jun., merchant, Thomas Flucker, Esq., late secretary
+for Massachusetts Bay, Samuel Fitch, Esq., Wilfret Fisher, carter, James
+Forrest, merchant, Lewis Gray, merchant, Francis Green, merchant, Joseph
+Green, Esq., Sylvester Gardiner, Esq., Harrison Gray, Esq., late
+treasurer of Massachusetts Bay., Harrison Gray, Jun., clerk to the
+treasurer, Joseph Goldthwait, Esq., Martin Gay, founder, John Gore,
+Esq., Benjamin Hallowell, Esq., Robert Hallowell, Esq., Thomas
+Hutchinson, Jun., Esq., Benjamin Gridley, Esq., Frederick William Geyer,
+merchant, John Greenlaw, shopkeeper, David Green, merchant, Elisha
+Hutchinson, Esq., James Hall, mariner, Foster Hutchinson, Esq., Benjamin
+Mulbury Holmes, distiller, Samuel Hodges, book-keeper, Henry Halson,
+Esq., Hawes Hatch, wharfinger, John Joy, housewright, Peter Johonnot,
+distiller, William Jackson, merchant, John Jeffries, physician, Henry
+Laughton, merchant, James Henderson, trader, John Hinston, yeoman,
+Christopher Hatch, mariner, Robert Jarvis, mariner, Richard Lechmere,
+Esq., Edward Lyde, merchant, Henry Lloyd, Esq., George Leonard, miller,
+Henry Leddle, book-keeper, Archibald McNeil, baker, Christopher Minot,
+tide-waiter, James Murray, Esq., William McAlpine, bookbinder, Thomas
+Mitchell, mariner, William Martin, Esq., John Knutton, tallow-chandler,
+Thomas Knight, shop-keeper, Samuel Prince, merchant, Adino Paddock,
+Esq., Charles Paxon, Esq., Sir William Pepperell, baronet, John Powell,
+Esq., William Lee Perkins, physician, Nathaniel Perkins, Esq., Samuel
+Quincy, Esq., Owen Richards, tide-waiter, Samuel Rogers, merchant,
+Jonathan Simpson, Esq., George Spooner, merchant, Edward Stowe, mariner,
+Richard Smith, merchant, Jonathan Snelling, Esq., David Silsby, trader,
+Samuel Sewall, Esq., Abraham Savage, tax-gatherer, Joseph Scott, Esq.,
+Francis Skinner, clerk to the late council, William Simpson, merchant,
+Richard Sherwin, saddler, Henry Smith, merchant, John Semple, merchant,
+Robert Semple, merchant, Thomas Selkrig, merchant, James Selkrig,
+merchant, Robert Service, trader, Simon Tufts, trader, Arodi Thayer,
+late marshal to the admiralty court, Nathaniel Taylor, deputy naval
+officer, John Troutbeck, clerk, Gregory Townsend, Esq., William Taylor,
+merchant, William Vassal, Esq., Joseph Taylor, merchant, Joshua Upham,
+Esq., William Walter, clerk, Samuel Waterhouse, merchant, Isaac Winslow,
+merchant, John Winslow. jr., merchant, David Willis, mariner, Obadiah
+Whiston, blacksmith, Archibald Wilson, trader, John White, mariner,
+William Warden, peruke-maker, Nathaniel Mills, John Hicks, John Howe,
+and John Fleming, printers, all of Boston, in the county of Suffolk,
+Robert Auchmuty, Esq., Joshua Loring, Esq., both of Roxbury, in the same
+county, Samuel Goldsbury, yeoman, of Wrentham, in the county of Suffolk,
+Joshua Loring, jr., merchant, Nathanial Hatch, Esq., both of Dorchester,
+in the same county, William Brown, Esq., Benjamin Pickman, Esq., Samuel
+Porter, Esq., John Sargeant, trader, all of Salem, in the county of
+Essex, Richard Saltonstall, Esq., of Haverhill, in the same county.
+Thomas Robie, trader, Benjamin Marston, merchant, both of Marblehead, in
+said county of Essex, Moses Badger, clerk, of Haverhill, aforesaid,
+Jonathan Sewall, Esq., John Vassal, Esq., David Phipps, Esq., John
+Nutting, carpenter, all of Cambridge, in the county of Middlesex, Isaac
+Royall, Esq., of Medford, in the same county, Henry Barnes, of
+Marlborough, in said county of Middlesex, merchant, Jeremiah Dummer
+Rogers, of Littleton in the same county, Esq., Daniel Bliss, of Concord,
+in the said county of Middlesex, Esq., Charles Russell, of Lincoln, in
+the same county, physician, Joseph Adams, of Townsend, in said county of
+Middlesex, Thomas Danforth, of Charlestown, in said county, Esq., Joshua
+Smith, trader of Townsend, in said county, Joseph Ashley, jr.,
+gentleman, of Sunderland, Nathaniel Dickenson, gentleman, of Deerfield,
+Samuel Bliss, shopkeeper, of Greenfield, Roger Dickenson, yeoman, Joshah
+Pomroy, physician, and Thomas Cutler, gentleman, of Hatfield, Jonathan
+Bliss, Esq., of Springfield, William Galway, yeoman, of Conway, Elijah
+Williams, attorney at law, of Deerfield, James Oliver, gentleman, of
+Conway, all in the county of Hampshire, Pelham Winslow, Esq., Cornelius
+White, mariner, Edward Winslow, jr., Esq., all of Plymouth, in the
+county of Plymouth, Peter Oliver, Esq., Peter Oliver, jr., physician,
+both of Middleborough, in the same county, Josiah Edson, Esq., of
+Bridgewater, in the said county of Plymouth, Lieutenant Daniel Dunbar,
+of Halifax, in the same county, Charles Curtis, of Scituate, in the said
+county of Plymouth, gentleman, Nathaniel Ray Thomas, Esq., Israel
+Tilden, Caleb Carver, Seth Bryant, Benjamin Walker, Gideon Walker, Zera
+Walker, Adam Hall, tertius, Isaac Joice, Joseph Phillips, Daniel White,
+jr., Cornelius White, tertius, Melzar Carver, Luke Hall, Thomas Decrow,
+John Baker, jr., all of Marshfield, in the said county of Plymouth,
+Gideon White, jr., Daniel Leonard, Esq., Seth Williams, jr., gentleman,
+Solomon Smith, boatman, all of Taunton, in the county of Bristol, Thomas
+Gilbert, Esq., Perez Gilbert, Ebenezer Hathaway, jr., Lot Strange, the
+third, Zebedee Terree, Bradford Gilbert, all of Freetown, in the same
+county, Joshua Broomer, Shadrach Hathaway, Calvin Hathaway, Luther
+Hathaway, Henry Tisdel, William Burden, Levi Chace, Shadrach Chace,
+Richard Holland, Ebenezer Phillips, Samuel Gilbert, gentleman, Thomas
+Gilbert, jr., yeoman, both of Berkley, in the said county of Bristol,
+Ammi Chace, Caleb Wheaton, Joshua Wilbore, Lemuel Bourn, gentleman,
+Thomas Perry, yeoman, David Atkins, laborer, Samuel Perry, mariner,
+Stephen Perry, laborer, John Blackwell, jr., laborer, Francis Finney,
+laborer, and Nehemiah Webb, mariner, all of Sandwich, in the county of
+Barnstable, Eldad Tupper, of Dartmouth, in the county of Bristol,
+laborer, Silas Perry, laborer, Seth Perry, mariner, Elisha Bourn,
+gentleman, Thomas Bumpus, yeoman, Ephraim Ellis, jr., yeoman, Edward
+Bourn, gentleman, Nicholas Cobb, laborer, William Bourn, cordwainer, all
+of Sandwich, in the county of Barnstable, and Seth Bangs, of Harwich, in
+the county of Barnstable, mariner, John Chandler, Esq., James Putnam,
+Esq., Rufus Chandler, gentleman, William Paine, physician, Adam Walker,
+blacksmith, William Chandler, gentleman, all of Worcester, in the county
+of Worcester, John Walker, gentleman, David Bush, yeoman, both of
+Shrewsbury, in the same county, Abijah Willard, Esq., Abel Willard,
+Esq., Joseph House, yeoman, all of Lancaster, in the said county of
+Worcester, Ebenezer Cutler, trader, James Edgar, yeoman, both of
+Northbury, in the same county, Daniel Oliver, Esq., Richard Ruggles,
+yeoman, Gardner Chandler, trader, Joseph Ruggles, gentleman, Nathaniel
+Ruggles, yeoman, all of Hardwick, in the said county of Worcester, John
+Ruggles, yeoman, of said Hardwick, John Eager, yeoman, Ebenezer Whipple,
+Israel Conkay, John Murray, Esq., of Rutland, in said county of
+Worcester, Daniel Murray, gentleman, Samuel Murray, gentleman, Michael
+Martin, trader, of Brookfield, in the said county of Worcester, Thomas
+Beaman, gentleman, of Petersham, in the same county, Nathaniel Chandler,
+gentleman, John Bowen, gentleman, of Princeton, in the said county of
+Worcester, James Crage, gentleman, of Oakham, in the same county, Thomas
+Mullins, blacksmith, of Leominster, in the said county of Worcester,
+Francis Waldo, Esq., Arthur Savage, Esq., Jeremiah Pote, mariner, Thomas
+Ross, mariner, James Wildridge, mariner, George Lyde, custom house
+officer, Robert Pagan, merchant, Thomas Wyer, mariner, Thomas Coulson,
+merchant, John Wiswall, clerk, Joshua Eldridge, mariner, Thomas Oxnard,
+merchant, Edward Oxnard, merchant, William Tyng, Esq., John Wright,
+merchant, Samuel Longfellow, mariner, all of Falmouth, in the county of
+Cumberland, Charles Callahan, of Pownalborough, in the county of
+Lincoln, mariner, Jonas Jones of East Hoosuck, in the county of
+Berkshire, David Ingersoll, of Great Barrington, Esq., in the same
+county, Jonathan Prindall, Benjamin Noble, Francis Noble, Elisha Jones,
+of Pittsfield, in the said county of Berkshire, John Graves, yeoman,
+Daniel Brewer, yeoman, both of Pittsfield, aforesaid, Richard Square, of
+Lanesborough, in the said county of Berkshire, Ephraim Jones, of East
+Hoosuck, in the same county. Lewis Hubbel, and many other persons have
+left this state, or some other of the United States of America, and
+joined the enemies thereof and of the United States of America, thereby
+not only depriving these states of their personal services at a time
+when they ought to have afforded their utmost aid in defending the said
+states, against the invasions of a cruel enemy, but manifesting an
+inimical disposition to the said states, and a design, to aid and abet
+the enemies thereof in their wicked purposes, and whereas many dangers
+may accrue to this state and the United States, if such persons should
+be again admitted to reside in this state:
+
+Sect. 1. Be it therefore enacted by the Council and House of
+Representatives, in general court assembled, and by the authority of the
+same, that if either of the said persons, or any other person, though
+not specially named in this act, who have left this state, or either of
+said states, and joined the enemies thereof as aforesaid, shall, after
+the passing this act, voluntarily return to this state, it shall be the
+duty of the sheriff of the county, and of the selectmen, committees of
+correspondence, safety, and inspection, grand jurors, constables, and
+tythingmen, and other inhabitants of the town wherein such person or
+persons may presume to come, and they are hereby respectively empowered
+and directed forthwith to apprehend and carry such person or persons
+before some justice of the peace within the county, who is hereby
+required to commit him or them to the common gaol within the county,
+there in close custody to remain until he shall be sent out of the
+state, as is hereinafter directed; and such justice is hereby directed
+to give immediate information thereof to the board of war of this state:
+and the said board of war are hereby empowered and directed to cause
+such person or persons so committed, to be transported to some part or
+place within the dominions, or in the possession of the forces of the
+king of Great Britain, as soon as may be after receiving such
+information: those who are able, at their own expense, and others at the
+expense of this state, and for this purpose to hire a vessel or vessels,
+if need be.
+
+Sect. 2. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that if
+any person or persons, who shall be transported as aforesaid, shall
+voluntarily return into this state, without liberty first had and
+obtained from the general court, he shall, on conviction thereof before
+the superior court of judicature, court of assize and general gaol
+delivery, suffer the pains of death without benefit of clergy.--[_Passed
+September, 1778._]
+
+
+WORCESTER RESOLUTIONS RELATING TO THE ABSENTEES AND REFUGEES.
+
+The following votes were passed by the citizens of Worcester, May 19,
+1783, and contain the substance of their doings relative to the
+refugees:
+
+Voted,----That in the opinion of this town, it would be extremely
+dangerous to the peace, happiness, liberty and safety of these states to
+suffer those who, the moment the bloody banners were displayed,
+abandoned their native land, turned parricides, and conspired to involve
+their country in tumult, ruin and blood, to become subjects of and
+reside in this government; that it would be not only dangerous, but
+inconsistent with justice, policy, our past laws, the public faith, and
+the principles of a free and independent state, to admit them ourselves,
+or have them forced upon us without our consent.
+
+Voted,----That in the opinion of this town, this commonwealth ought,
+with the utmost caution, to naturalize or in any other way admit as
+subjects a common enemy, a set of people who have been by the united
+voice of the continent, declared outlaws, exiles, aliens and enemies,
+dangerous to its political being and happiness.
+
+Voted,----That while there are thousands of the innocent, peaceable and
+defenceless inhabitants of these states, whose property has been
+destroyed and taken from them in the course of the war, for whom no
+provision is made, to whom there is no restoration of estates, no
+compensation for losses; that it would be unreasonable, cruel and
+unjust, to suffer those who were the wicked occasion of those losses, to
+obtain a restitution of the estates they refused to protect, and which
+they abandoned and forfeited to their country.
+
+Voted,----That it is the expectation of this town, and the earnest
+request of their committees of correspondence, inspection and safety,
+that they, with care and diligence, will observe the movements of our
+only remaining enemies; that until the further order of government, they
+will, with decision, spirit and firmness, endeavor to enforce and carry
+into execution the several laws of this commonwealth, respecting these
+enemies to our rights, and the rights of mankind; give information
+should they know of any obtruding themselves into any part of this
+state, suffer none to remain in this town, but cause to be confined
+immediately, for the purpose of transportation according to law, any
+that may presume to enter it.
+
+
+ CONFISCATION ACT.
+
+ CONSPIRACY ACT.
+
+ An Act to confiscate the estates of certain notorious conspirators
+ against the government and liberties of the inhabitants of the late
+ province, now state, of Massachusetts Bay.
+
+Whereas the several persons hereinafter mentioned, have wickedly
+conspired to overthrow and destroy the constitution and government of
+the late province of Massachusetts Bay, as established by the charter
+agreed upon by and between their late majesties William and Mary, late
+King and Queen of England, etc., and the inhabitants of said province,
+now state, of Massachusetts Bay; and also to reduce the said inhabitants
+under the absolute power and domination of the present king, and of the
+parliament of Great Britain, and, as far as in them lay, have aided and
+assisted the same king and parliament in their endeavors to establish a
+despotic government over the said inhabitants:
+
+Sect. 1. Be it enacted by the Council and House of Representatives, in
+General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, that Francis
+Bernard, baronet, Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., late governor of the late
+province, now state, of Massachusetts Bay, Thomas Oliver, Esq., late
+lieutenant governor, Harrison Grey, Esq., late treasurer, Thomas
+Flucker, Esq., late secretary, Peter Oliver, Esq., late chief justice,
+Foster Hutchinson, John Erving, jr., George Erving, William Pepperell,
+baronet, James Boutineau, Joshua Loring, Nathaniel Hatch, William
+Browne, Richard Lechmere, Josiah Edson, Nathaniel Rae Thomas, Timothy
+Ruggles, John Murray, Abijah Willard, and Daniel Leonard, Esqs., late
+mandamus counsellors of said late province, William Burch, Henry Hulton,
+Charles Paxon, and Benjamin Hallowell, Esqs., late commissioners of the
+customs, Robert Auchmuty, Esq., late judge of the vice-admiralty court,
+Jonathan Sewall, Esq., late attorney general, Samuel Quincy, Esq., late
+solicitor general, Samuel Fitch, Esq., solicitor or counsellor at law to
+the board of commissioners, have justly incurred the forfeiture of all
+their property, rights and liberties, holden under and derived from the
+government and laws of this state; and that each and every of the
+persons aforenamed and described, shall be held, taken, deemed and
+adjudged to have renounced and lost all civil and political relation to
+this and the other United States of America, and be considered as
+aliens.
+
+Sect. 2. Be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, that all the goods
+and chattels, rights and credits, lands, tenements, and hereditaments of
+every kind, of which any of the persons herein before named and
+described, were seized or possessed, or were entitled to possess, hold,
+enjoy, or demand, in their own right, or which any other person stood or
+doth stand seized or possessed of, or are or were entitled to have or
+demand to and for their use, benefit and behoof, shall escheat, enure
+and accrue to the sole use and benefit of the government and people of
+this state, and are accordingly hereby declared so to escheat, enure and
+accrue, and the said government and people shall be taken, deemed and
+adjudged, and are accordingly hereby declared to be in the real and
+actual possession of all such goods, chattels, rights and credits,
+lands, tenements and hereditaments, without further inquiry,
+adjudication or determination hereafter to be had: any thing in the act,
+entitled, "An act for confiscating the effects of certain persons
+commonly called absentees," or any other law, usage, or custom to the
+contrary notwithstanding; provided always, that the escheat shall not be
+construed to extend to or operate upon, any goods, chattels, rights,
+credits, lands, tenements or hereditaments, of which the persons afore
+named and described, or some other, in their right and to their use,
+have not been seized or possessed, or entitled to be seized or
+possessed, or to have or demand as aforesaid, since the nineteenth day
+of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and
+seventy-five.--[_Passed April 30, 1779. Not revised._]
+
+
+ STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+ An Act for confiscating the estates of certain persons commonly called
+ absentees.
+
+Whereas every government hath a right to command the personal service of
+all its members, whenever the exigencies of the state shall require it,
+especially in times of an impending or actual invasion, no member
+thereof can then withdraw himself from the jurisdiction of the
+government, and thereby deprive it of the benefit of his personal
+services, without justly incurring the forfeiture of all his property,
+rights and liberties, holden under and derived from that constitution of
+government, to the support of which he hath refused to afford his aid
+and assistance: and whereas the king of Great Britain did cause the
+parliament thereof to pass divers acts in direct violation of the
+fundamental rights of the people of this and of the other United States
+of America; particularly one certain act to vacate and annul the charter
+of this government, the great compact made and agreed upon between his
+royal predecessors and our ancestors; and one other act, declaring the
+people of said states to be out of his protection; and did also levy war
+against them, for the purpose of erecting and establishing an arbitrary
+and despotic government over them; whereupon it became the indispensable
+duty of all the people of said states forthwith to unite in defence of
+their common freedom, and by arms to oppose the fleets and armies of the
+said king; yet nevertheless, divers of the members of this and of the
+other United States of America, evilly disposed, or regardless of their
+duty towards their country, did withdraw themselves from this, and other
+of the said United States, into parts and places under the acknowledged
+authority and dominion of the said king of Great Britain, or into parts
+and places within the limits of the said states, but in the actual
+possession and under the power of the fleets or armies of the said king;
+thereby abandoning the liberties of their country, seeking the
+protection of the said king, and of his fleets or armies, and aiding or
+giving encouragement and countenance to their operations against the
+United States aforesaid:
+
+Sect. 1. Be it enacted by the Council and House of Representatives, in
+General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, that every
+inhabitant and member of the late province, now state, of Massachusetts
+Bay, or of any other of the late provinces or colonies, now United
+States of America, who, since the nineteenth day of April, Anno Domini
+one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, hath levied war or
+conspired to levy war against the government and people of any of the
+said provinces or colonies, or United States; or who hath adhered to the
+said king of Great Britain, his fleets or armies, enemies of the said
+provinces or colonies or United States, or hath given to them aid or
+comfort; or who, since the said nineteenth day of April, Anno Domini one
+thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, hath withdrawn, without the
+permission of the legislative or executive authority of this or some
+other of the said United States, from any of the said provinces or
+colonies, or United States, into parts and places under the acknowledged
+authority and dominion of the said king-of Great Britain, or into any
+parts or places within the limits of any of the said provinces,
+colonies, or United States, being in the actual possession and under the
+power of the fleets or armies of the said king; or who, before the said
+nineteenth day of April, Anno Domini one thousand seven hundred and
+seventy-five, and after the arrival of Thomas Gage, Esq., (late
+commander-in-chief of all his Britannic Majesty's forces in North
+America,) at Boston, the metropolis of this state, did withdraw from
+their usual places of habitation within this state, into the said town
+of Boston, with an intention to seek and obtain the protection of the
+said Thomas Gage and of the said forces, then and there being under his
+command: and who hath died in any of the said parts or places, or hath
+not returned into some one of the said United States, and been received
+as a subject thereof, and (if required) taken an oath of allegiance to
+such states, shall beheld, taken, deemed and adjudged to have freely
+renounced all civil and political relation to each and every of the said
+United States, and be considered as an alien.
+
+Sect. 2. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that all
+the goods and chattels, rights and credits, lands, tenements,
+hereditaments of every kind, of which any of the persons herein before
+described were seized or possessed, or were entitled to possess, hold,
+enjoy or demand, in their own right, or which any other person stood or
+doth stand seized or possessed of, or are or were entitled to have or
+demand to and for their use, benefit and behoof, shall escheat, enure
+and accrue to the sole use and benefit of the government and people of
+this state, and are accordingly hereby declared so to escheat, enure and
+accrue.--[_Passed April 30, 1779. Not revised._]
+
+
+
+
+ BIOGRAPHIES
+
+ OF THE
+
+ LOYALISTS _of_ MASSACHUSETTS
+
+
+
+
+ THOMAS HUTCHINSON.
+
+ GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS 1771-4.
+
+
+Among all the loyalists of the revolted colonies, there was none so
+illustrious, through his position and abilities, as Thomas Hutchinson,
+Governor of Massachusetts. No public man of this State was ever subject
+to more slander, personal abuse, and misrepresentation than he, and no
+son of Massachusetts ever did so much to benefit and advance the best
+interests of the State; beyond all question he was the greatest and most
+famous man Massachusetts has ever produced.
+
+Descended from one of the oldest and most noted of Massachusetts
+families, he was not one of the first members of it to acquire
+prominence, that distinction belongs to the celebrated Ann Hutchinson,
+wife of William Hutchinson who came over in 1634, "that woman of ready
+wit and bold spirit," more than a match for her reverend and magisterial
+inquisitors, and who won to her side men even of such power as John
+Cotton and Sir Henry Vane. She was finally banished and with her
+followers went to live under the protection of the Dutch, at Long Island
+where she and all of her family except one child were killed by the
+Indians[102], her husband having died the year previous.[103] Her
+grandson, Elisha Hutchinson, became the first chief justice under the
+old charter and afterwards assistant and commander of the town of
+Boston. His son, Col. Thomas Hutchinson, was of scarcely less note. He
+it was who seized Captain Kidd when he resisted the officers of justice
+sent against him, and was the father of Governor Thomas Hutchinson. He
+was a wealthy merchant, and councillor who made his native town a sharer
+in his prosperity by founding the North End Grammar School. He lived in
+the North Square in the finest house in Boston. Here his son, the future
+governor, was born Sept. 9, 1711 and the two, father and son, occupied
+it for more than sixty years, till it was sacked by the mob in 1765.
+
+ [102] This was Colonel Edward H. Hutchinson who was killed by the
+ Indians during King Philip's war. He was father of Elisha Hutchinson.
+
+ [103] William Hutchinson was the first grantee of East Milton, where the
+ Governor afterwards resided. He settled in Boston on the "Old Corner
+ Bookstore" lot, corner of School and Washington streets. William
+ Hutchinson was the grandson of John Hutchinson, Mayor of Lincoln,
+ England.
+
+When five and a half years old the boy was sent to the school
+established by his father, and at the age of twelve went thence to
+Harvard College. He graduated in 1727, and three years after he took the
+degree of Master of Arts. He then became a merchant--apprentice in his
+father's counting room. At the age of twenty-one, he had amassed by his
+own efforts L500. He married Margaret Sanford, daughter of the Governor
+of Rhode Island. In 1735 he joined the church, in 1737 he became
+selectman of Boston, and four months later, was elected Representative
+to the General Court. At the age of twenty-six, he entered upon his
+wonderful career, so strangely and sadly varied. When he stepped into
+leadership, he seemed simply to come to his own, for since the
+foundation of Massachusetts Bay there had been no time when some of his
+name and line had not been in the front.
+
+From the first he is set to deal with questions of finance; as early as
+June 3, 1737, he is appointed to wrestle with a tax bill, and before the
+end of the year he is settling a boundary dispute with New Hampshire,
+and it was a mark of confidence when in 1740 he was appointed, being
+then 29, to go to England to represent the case to men in power. A far
+more memorable service than this had already been entered upon by him,
+and was resumed upon his return in which he was thoroughly successful in
+spite of great difficulties, it also having a close relation with the
+coming into being of the United States.
+
+New England was at this time cursed with an irredeemable paper currency.
+Democracies never appear to so poor advantage as in the management of
+finances, and no more conspicuous instance in point can be cited, than
+that of provincial New England, throughout the first half of the 18th
+century. The Assembly, the members of which were simply the mouthpieces
+of the towns, surrendered their private judgment and became submissive
+to the "Instruction" which they received at the time of their election,
+was uniformly by a large majority, in favor of an irredeemable paper
+currency. Before the enormous evils which early became apparent and
+constantly grew in magnitude, the Assembly was impotent. Widows and
+orphans, classes dependent on fixed incomes, were reduced to distress,
+creditors found themselves defrauded of their just dues, till almost
+nothing was left, a universal gambling spirit was promoted. The people
+saw no way to meet the evil but by new, and ever new issues of the
+wretched script, until with utter callousness of conscience, men
+repudiated contracts voluntarily entered upon, and recklessly discounted
+the resources of future generations by placing upon them the obligations
+their own shoulders should have borne. The action of the Council in
+which the higher class was represented was uniformly more wise, and
+honorable, than that of the lower House during this period of financial
+distress, and it is especially to be noted that King and Parliament
+threw their influence on the right side, and sought repeatedly to save
+the poor blind people from themselves. The right of the home government
+to interfere in colonial affairs was then never questioned.
+Massachusetts would dodge if she could, the government mandates, but the
+theories of a later time, that Parliament had no jurisdiction over sea
+and that the King, having granted the charter, had put it out of his
+power to touch the provincial policy, in these days found no expression.
+
+The Revolution was now preparing, the Colonies were chafing under
+restrictions imposed beyond the ocean for their own benefit. It is now
+generally admitted, that this was one of the first causes of the
+Revolution, perhaps the most potent of all causes. In all this time of
+distress no figure is apparent so marked with traits of greatness as
+that of Thomas Hutchinson. All the Colonies were infected with the same
+craze, but no other man in America saw the way out. Franklin, level
+headed though he was, elaborately advocated paper money, turning a good
+penny in its manufacture.[104] The father of Samuel Adams was one of the
+directors of the iniquitous "Land Bank" and the part taken by Hutchinson
+in causing Parliament to close it, was what led to the undying hatred of
+Samuel Adams towards Hutchinson, and the Government. When "Instructions"
+were reported in Town Meeting, Hutchinson was immediately on his feet,
+and declared he would not observe them, there were immediately cries
+"Choose another Representative." This could not be done during the
+session; he consistently threw his influence on the hard money side, and
+so far lost popularity that he was dropped in 1739. He was, however,
+elected again in 1742, and was Speaker in 1746-7-8.
+
+ [104] A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper
+ Currency.
+
+What saved the province from financial ruin at this time was the capture
+of Louisburg. This warlike enterprise of Shirley led the country to
+increase its debt to between two and three million dollars, but the
+paper money was so depreciated at the close of the war that L1,200 was
+equal to only L100 sterling. Parliament very generously voted to
+reimburse the Province for the expense it had gone to in this war, and
+voted to pay L183,649, 2s 7 1-2d sterling.
+
+Mr. Hutchinson, who was then Speaker of the House of Representatives,
+considered this to be a most favorable opportunity for abolishing bills
+of credit, the source of so much iniquity, and for establishing a stable
+currency of gold and silver for the future. L2,200,000 would be
+outstanding in bills in the year 1749 L180,000 sterling at eleven for
+one, which was the rate at that time, would redeem all but L220,000. It
+was therefore proposed that Parliament should ship to the Province
+Spanish dollars, and apply same to redeem the bills, and that the
+remainder of the bills should be met by a tax on the year 1749. This
+would finish the bills. The Governor approved of the bill prepared by
+Mr. Hutchinson but when the Speaker laid the proposal before the House,
+it was received with a smile; for a long time the fight was hopeless,
+many weeks were spent in debating it.
+
+The large class of debtors preferred paper to anything more solid.
+Others claimed that though the plan might have merit, the bills must be
+put an end to in a gradual way, a "fatal shock" would be felt by so
+sudden a return to a specie basis. When the vote was taken the bill was
+decisively rejected. The chance of escaping from bondage seemed to be
+irrecoverably gone. A motion to reconsider having been carried, the
+conviction overtook some men of influence, and the bill for a wonder
+passed. The Governor and Council were prompt to ratify, and while the
+people marvelled, it was done. The streets were filled with angry men
+and when it was reported that Hutchinson's home was on fire there were
+cries in the street "Curse him, let it burn." His fine home at Milton, a
+recent purchase, many thought should be protected by a guard. The
+infatuation was so great, the wish was often expressed that the ship
+bringing the treasure might sink. Many doubted whether the treasure
+would really be sent, and this uncertainty perhaps helped the adoption
+of the bill.
+
+But the treasure came, seventeen trucks were required to cart from the
+ship to the Treasury, two hundred and seventeen chests of Spanish
+dollars, while ten trucks, conveyed one hundred casks of coined copper.
+At once a favorable change took place. There was no _shock_ but of the
+pleasantest kind, a revulsion of popular feeling followed speedily,
+until Hutchinson, from being threatened at every street corner, became a
+thorough favorite. Twelve years after this time Hutchinson wrote, "I
+think I may be allowed to call myself the father of the present fixed
+medium." There is no doubt of it. He alone saw the way out of the
+difficulty, and nothing but his tact, and persistency, pushed the
+measure to success. This is admitted by his enemy, John Adams, who
+thirty years after Hutchinson's death said, "If I was the witch of
+Endor, I would wake the ghost of Hutchinson, and give him absolute power
+over the currency of the United States, and every part of it, provided
+always that he should meddle with nothing but the currency. As little as
+I revere his memory, I will acknowledge that he understood the subject
+of coin and commerce better than any man I ever knew in this country. He
+was a merchant, and there can be no scientific merchant, without a
+perfect knowledge of a theory of a medium of trade."[105] Hutchinson, in
+the third volume of his history of Massachusetts, remarks that the
+people of Massachusetts Bay were never more easy and happy, than in 1749
+when, through the application of the Louisburg reimbursement to the
+extinction of the irredeemable bills, the currency was in an excellent
+condition. It excited the envy of the other colonies where paper was the
+principal currency.
+
+ [105] Curwen's Journal p. 456.
+
+In 1750 he was again elected to the Assembly and "he was praised as much
+for his firm" as he had before been abused for "his obstinate
+perseverance." He was made chairman of a commission to negotiate a
+treaty with the Indians of Casco Bay. He also settled the boundary
+question with Connecticut, and Rhode Island, as he had done previously
+with New Hampshire. Massachusetts became greatly the gainer by this
+settlement of its boundaries. The present boundaries of Massachusetts
+are those established by Hutchinson. In 1752 he was appointed Judge of
+Probate, and Justice of the Common Pleas, for the County of Suffolk. In
+the spring of 1754 he lost his wife. With her dying voice and with eyes
+fixed on him she uttered three words, "Best of husbands." He loved her
+tenderly; twenty years later, taking thought for her grave, as we shall
+see later on in this article (where his countrymen could not let her
+bones rest in peace, but they must desecrate her grave on Copps Hill.)
+
+"In 1754 he was sent as delegate to the Convention held in Albany, for
+the purpose of Confederating the Colonies, the better to protect
+themselves from the French. Hutchinson and Franklin were the leading
+minds of the body. To these two the preparation of important papers was
+confided and plans made to prevent the 'French from driving the English
+into the sea.'"
+
+In 1758 Hutchinson became Lieutenant Governor. The excellent financial
+condition produced by Hutchinson's measure ten years previous, still
+continued, and was made even better than before. Quebec had fallen, and
+Canada was conquered by the English, and the mother country, made
+generous by success, sent over large sums of money to reimburse the
+Colonies for the share they had taken in bringing about the brilliant
+success, the result was that the taxes became a burden of the lightest
+ever before known.
+
+In 1760 Chief Justice Sewall died. Hutchinson was appointed his
+successor by Governor Bernard. James Otis, Sr., then Speaker of the
+Assembly, desired the place. James Otis, Jr., a young vigorous lawyer,
+who was soon to arrive at great distinction, vigorously espoused his
+father's cause. Hutchinson warned the Governor of trouble, in case the
+Otises were disappointed. Bernard however, saw the risk of this, and
+declared he would in no case appoint Otis, but named Hutchinson instead.
+At once the younger Otis vowed vengence, a threat which he soon after
+proceeded to execute by embarrassing the Governor, including the new
+Chief Justice also in his enmity. Though before friends of government,
+the Otises now became its opposers, and as the younger man presently
+developed power as an unequalled popular leader, he became a most
+dangerous foe. "From so small a spark," exclaimed Hutchinson, "a great
+fire seems to have been kindled." Henceforth the two men are to have no
+feelings for each other, but dread and hatred. An agitation began
+between these two men, destined before it closes, to affect most
+profoundly the history of the whole future human race.
+
+In February, 1761, Hutchinson just warming to his work as Chief Justice,
+was a principal figure in the disturbance about "Writs of Assistance" or
+"Search Warrants." The customs taxes were evaded the whole country over,
+in a way most demoralizing. The warehouses were few indeed in which
+there were no smuggled goods. The measures taken for tariff enforcement
+were no more objectionable than those employed today. Freedom to be sure
+is outraged when a custom-officer invades a man's house, his castle, but
+high tariff cannot exist without outrages upon freedom. A change had
+come about; the government had declared the laws must be enforced, and
+it lay upon Hutchinson to interpret the laws and see to this
+enforcement. The position of the Chief Justice was an embarrassing one.
+His own proclivities were for free trade; his friends had been concerned
+in contraband commerce, according to the universal practice in the term
+of slack administration. Hutchinson was as yet a novice in the Chief
+Justiceship, but he made no mistake in postponing his decision, and have
+the Court wait till the English practice could be known. When news came
+from England, a form was settled on as near to that employed in England,
+as circumstances would permit. Writs were issued to custom-house
+officers, for which application should be made to the Chief Justice by
+the Surveyor-General of the customs.[106] Before this determination was
+reached James Otis made his memorable plea against "Writs of
+Assistance," one of the epoch-making events in the history of America.
+John Adams afterward said, "I do say in the most solemn manner, that Mr.
+Otis's oration against Writs of Assistance breathed into this nation the
+breath of life."
+
+ [106] For further matter concerning the Writs of Assistance and James
+ Otis see p. 34.
+
+Hutchison's popularity from now begins to wane, and the main hand in
+this was no doubt the teachings of James Otis whose phrase "no taxation
+without representation" was used as a rallying cry. Boston at once
+elected him as its Representative in the Assembly, and his leadership
+thus was scarcely broken even when he became insane. At last he became a
+great embarrassment to his party, from the fact that, although his wits
+were gone, the people would still follow him. Peter Oliver, who
+succeeded Hutchinson as Chief Justice is quoted by John Adams as saying
+to him, that Otis would at one time declare of the Lieutenant Governor,
+"that he would rather have him than any man he knows in any office"; and
+the next hour represent him as "the greatest tyrant and most despicable
+creature living."[107]
+
+ [107] Adams' Diary, June 5th, 1762.
+
+Hutchinson was now known as a "prerogative man," ready to defer to the
+home government in important things, but there was as yet no definite
+line drawn between prerogative men and patriots. Otis always scouted the
+idea of independence of the Colonies as disloyal folly, his successor,
+Samuel Adams, was the first to preach disloyalty and secession. Otis, as
+Moderator in Town Meeting in Boston, in 1763, spoke eloquently of the
+British empire and constitution. He said, "The true interests of Great
+Britain and her plantations are mutual, and what God in his providence
+has united, let no man dare pull asunder." As to parliamentary
+supremacy, Otis was much more emphatic than Hutchinson. He said, "the
+power of Parliament is uncontrollable, but by themselves, and we must
+obey. Forcibly resisting the Parliament and the King's laws is high
+treason. Therefore let the Parliament lay what burdens they please upon
+us; we must, it is our duty, to submit, and patiently to bear them till
+they will be pleased to relieve us."[108]
+
+ [108] Rights of the British Colonies.
+
+Otis conceded to Parliament supremacy, but insisted that the Colonies
+should have representatives there. Hutchinson considered representation
+there impracticable, and while conceding supremacy, thought it should be
+kept well in the background, while the Colonies managed for themselves.
+Great Britain has really always held to this position even to the
+present day--"Although the general rule is that the legislative assembly
+has the sole right of imposing taxes in the Colony, yet when the
+imperial legislature chooses to impose taxes according to the rule of
+law they have a right to do it." So decided the English judge Blackburn
+in 1868 in a case when Jamaica was involved.[109] Mansfield's position
+that the Colonies were _virtually_ represented in Parliament was an
+entirely reasonable one. Parliamentary supremacy in the British empire
+is, indeed kept well in the background at the present moment, but let
+any great emergency arise, such as some peril to the mother country. If
+the Colony should remain apathetic, or in any way render aid and comfort
+to the enemy, the dependency would be as arbitrarily ridden over by the
+fleets, and armies, as in the days of George III. So long as America
+remained dependent, parliamentary supremacy was necessary. It would only
+be got rid of by such a declaration as that of 1776. This, Hutchinson
+was not ready for nor any other person in the Colonies until many years
+after this time, except one man, Samuel Adams, who said taxation without
+representation was tyranny and representation was impossible.
+
+ [109] Yonge Const. His. of Eng. p. 66. See also Todd, Parl. Gov. in the
+ British Colonies 1899.
+
+The correctness of the position of Hutchinson in the case of the Writs
+of Assistance have been maintained and exhibited in detail by so high an
+authority as the late Horace Gray, Esq., for many years Chief Justice of
+the Supreme Court of Massachusetts and at the time of his decease
+justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.[110] A currency
+dispute took place in 1762 as regards the parity between gold and
+silver. Hutchinson represented the Council and Otis the House, the
+former, true to the policy which had already been of such advantage, set
+himself once more against a course certain to lead to a disastrous
+depreciation. This financial controversy led to further unpopularity,
+and lost him not only a great number of friends, but the House while
+reducing the allowance to the Superior Court in general, refused to make
+any allowance to him whatever as Chief Justice. After the great war with
+France, which was waged mainly for the benefit of the Colonies, it was
+found that England had a debt of L140,000,000 instead of L70,000,000
+which it had before the war. England also had paid the Colonies vast
+sums of money as previously stated, expenses incurred in protecting
+themselves from the French. The American civil and military
+establishments before the war was L70,000 per annum, it was now
+L350,000. George Grenville, Chancellor of the Exchequer thought that the
+Colonies ought to contribute towards it; he did not expect them to raise
+the whole, but a portion of it, and did not intend to charge them with
+any interest on the national debt, although it was largely incurred on
+their behalf.
+
+ [110] See Quincy, Massachusetts Reports 1761-1772. Appendix 1.
+
+In February, 1765, he laid a bill before Parliament for further
+defraying the expenses of protecting the colonies and he proposed to
+charge certain stamp duties in said colonies. The agents of the several
+colonies had an interview with him and tried to dissuade him from it. He
+replied that he had considered the whole case and believed the colonies
+should contribute something to the mother country to pay for their
+protection, every penny of which would be spent in the colonies, and
+that he knew of no better way than a stamp tax. "If," he said, "you can
+tell of a better, I will adopt it." Benjamin Franklin, proposed that the
+demand for money should be made in the old constitutional way in the
+form of a requisition to the Assembly of each province. Can you agree,
+rejoined Grenville, on the proportion that each colony should raise. The
+question touched the heart of the difficulty, the agents were obliged to
+answer in the negative, and the interview speedily closed, a few days
+later the fatal Bill passed,--one of the most momentous legislative Acts
+in the history of mankind.
+
+The position of Hutchinson was a trying one; he favored neither the
+issuance of the Writs of Assistance nor the Stamp Act. The whole course
+of the government he disapproved of he had been ready to cross the ocean
+to remonstrate for the Colony, against the impolitic treatment. On the
+other hand, the disloyal tone which daily grew rife about him, was
+utterly against his mind, he saw no outcome for it but independence, a
+most wise forecasting of the situation, in fact there was no middle
+ground. Independence seemed to him and to every man then, except Sam
+Adams, a calamity. If that was to be avoided, there was nothing for it
+but to admit the supremacy of Parliament.[111] But the Province, to
+which he had been like a father, was growing away from him, and before
+the summer ended, he was to receive a blow as ruthless, and ungrateful,
+as it was possible to give. He was at this time a Judge of the highest
+Judicial Court, a member of the Council, and Lieutenant Governor at the
+same time. He had performed the duties of these incompatible offices to
+the satisfaction of the community, as is shown in the writings of John
+Adams before he became Hutchinson's enemy. He says, "Has not his merits
+been sounded very high by his countrymen for twenty years? Have not his
+countrymen loved, admired, revered, rewarded, nay, almost adored him?
+Have not ninety-nine in a hundred of them really thought him the
+greatest and best man in America? Has not the perpetual language of many
+members of both Houses and of a majority of his brother-counselors been,
+that Mr. Hutchinson is a great man, a pious, a wise, a learned, a good
+man, an eminent saint, a philosopher etc? Nay, have not the affections
+and the admiration of his countrymen arisen so high as often to style
+him the greatest and best man in the world, that they never saw, nor
+heard, nor read of such a man--a sort of apotheosis like that of
+Alexander and that of Caesar while they lived?"[112]
+
+ [111] For further information concerning the Stamp Act, see p. 37.
+
+ [112] John Adams, Diary, March 17, 1766.
+
+It is not possible to give a more glowing eulogy in the English language
+of a person, than this written by John Adams, the successor of
+Washington as second President of the United States, but it could
+scarcely be less. The regularity of his life, his sympathy for the
+distressed, his affability, his integrity, his industry, his talents for
+business, and the administration of affairs, his fluency, and grace, as
+public speaker. His command of temper, and courteousness under
+provocation, united to form a rare man, and to give him influence. In a
+country where literary enterprise was very uncommon, he had devoted a
+great part of his life to investigating the history of his native
+province, busy though he was in so many places, in behalf of the public,
+he found time to carry it forward. In 1764 was published in Boston the
+first volume of his "History of Massachusetts Bay," a carefully studied
+work quite unparalleled in the meagre colonial literature, and is still,
+and will always remain, of the first authority respecting the beginning
+of New England. In 1767 came the second volume. He had access to
+original papers such as no person now possesses which were of the
+highest historical value. Writing to a friend in England in 1765, he
+said, "I think from my beginning the work until I had completed it,
+which was about twelve months, I never had time to write two sheets at a
+sitting without avocations by public business, but forced to steal a
+little time in the morning and evening while I was in town, and leave it
+for weeks together so I found it difficult to keep any plan in my mind."
+
+In his third volume, written twenty years later and not published till
+1828, more than forty years after his death, the heat of the fight is
+still in the heart beating behind the pen, in painting the portraits of
+his contemporaries. Otis, Sam Adams, Hancock and others, the men who
+bore him down after the fiercest possible struggle. His portrait drawing
+is by no means without candor, and one wonders that the picture is no
+darker. His presentment is always clear and dignified; his judgment of
+men and events are just. It is the work of the thoughtful brain whose
+comments on politics, finance, religion, etc., are full of intelligence
+and humanity.
+
+And now Hutchinson approaches the most crucial period of his life. As
+seen in a previous chapter after the passing of the Stamp Act, and the
+adoption of the Patrick Henry Resolves, the people grew riotous and
+treason was talked of openly. The first great riot was on August 14,
+1765. In the morning the effigies of Andrew Oliver, the Stamp agent, and
+Lord Bute the former prime minister, were hung on an elm tree, on the
+corner of what is now Washington and Essex streets, in the evening they
+were taken down, carried as far as Kilby street, where a new government
+building was torn down by the mob, who, taking portions of the wood-work
+with them, proceeded to Fort Hill, where they burnt the effigies in
+front of the home of Mr. Oliver and committed gross outrages on his
+premises which were plundered and wrecked.[113]
+
+ [113] See page 40 for a more full description.
+
+On the evening of the 26th the riots recommenced with redoubled fury.
+Lieutenant Governor Hutchinson, also Chief Justice, the second person in
+rank in the colony and a kinsman of Oliver, was made a mark for the most
+unmeasured outrage. The story is best told in the words of the victim in
+a letter to a friend.
+
+ To Richard Jackson, Boston, Aug. 30, 1765.
+
+ My Dear Sir--I came from my house at Milton the 26 in the morning.
+ After dinner it was whispered in the town there would be a mob at
+ night, and that Paxton, Hallowell, the custom house, and admiralty
+ officers' houses would be attacked; but my friends assured me that
+ the rabble were satisfied with the insult I had received, and that
+ I was become rather popular. In the evening, whilst I was at supper
+ and my children round me, somebody ran in and said the mob were
+ coming. I directed my children to fly to a secure place, and shut
+ up my house as I had done before, intending not to quit it; but my
+ eldest daughter repented her leaving me, hastened back and
+ protested that she would not quit the house unless I did. I
+ couldn't stand against this, and withdrew with her to a neighboring
+ house, where I had been but a few minutes before the hellish crew
+ fell upon my house with the rage of devils, and in a moment with
+ axes split down the doors and entered. My son being in the great
+ entry heard them cry 'Dam him, he is upstairs, we'll have him.'
+ Some ran immediately as high as the top of the house, then filled
+ the rooms below and the cellar, and others remained without the
+ house to be employed there. Messages soon came one after another to
+ the house where I was to inform me the mob were coming in pursuit
+ of me, and I was obliged to retire through yards and gardens to a
+ house more remote, where I remained until 4 o'clock, by which time
+ one of the best finished houses in the Province had nothing
+ remaining but the bare walls and floors.
+
+ Not content with tearing off all the wainscot and hangings, and
+ splitting the doors to pieces, they beat down the partition walls;
+ and although that alone cost them near two hours, they cut down the
+ cupola or lanthorn and they began to take the slate and boards from
+ the roof, and were prevented only by the approaching daylight from
+ a total demolition of the building. The garden house was laid flat,
+ and all my trees, etc., broke down to the ground. Such ruin was
+ never seen in America. Besides my plate and family pictures,
+ household furniture of every kind, my own, my children, and
+ servants, apparel, they carried off about L900 sterling in money
+ and emptied the house of everything whatsoever, except a part of
+ the kitchen furniture, not leaving a single book or paper in it,
+ and have scattered or destroyed all the manuscripts and other
+ papers I had been collecting for thirty years together, besides a
+ great number of public papers in my custody. The next evening, I
+ intended to go to Milton with my children, but meeting two or three
+ small parties of the ruffians who I suppose had concealed
+ themselves in the country, and my coachman hearing one of them
+ say, 'There he is'! my daughters were terrified, and said they
+ should never be safe, and I was forced to shelter them that night
+ at the Castle.[114]
+
+ [114] Mass. His. Soc. Vol. XXVI, p. 146.
+
+[Illustration: Governor Hutchinson's House Destroyed by the Mob.]
+
+Josiah Quincy, then twenty-one years old, writing in his diary Aug. 27,
+1765, says that Hutchinson's life "it is more than probable, was saved
+by his giving way to his eldest daughter and leaving the house." He
+described "the coming into court the next day of the stripped Chief
+Justice, clothed in a manner which would have excited compassion from
+the hardest heart. Such a man in such a station, thus habited, with
+tears starting from his eyes, and a countenance which strongly told the
+inward anguish of his soul,--what must an audience have felt, whose
+compassion had before been moved by what they knew he had suffered, when
+they heard him pronounce the following words which the agitation of his
+mind dictated, "Gentlemen,--There not being a quorum of the Court
+without me, I am obliged to appear. Some apology is necessary for my
+dress; indeed, I had no other. Destitute of everything,--no other shirt;
+no other garment but what I have on; and not one in my whole family in a
+better situation than myself. The distress of a whole family around me,
+young and tender infants hanging about me, are infinitely more
+insupportable than what I feel for myself, though I am obliged to borrow
+part of _this_ clothing.
+
+"Sensible that I am innocent, that all the charges against me are false,
+I can't help feeling: and although I am not obliged to give an answer to
+all the questions that may be put to me by every lawless person, yet I
+call God to witness--and I would not, for a thousand worlds, call my
+Maker to witness to a falsehood--I say I call my Maker to witness, that
+I never, in New England or Old, in Great Britain, or America, neither
+directly or indirectly, was aiding, assisting or supporting--in the
+least promoting or encouraging--what is commonly called the Stamp Act;
+but, on the contrary, did all in my power, and strove as much as in me
+lay, to prevent it. This is not declared through timidity, for I have
+nothing to fear. They can only take away my life, which is of but little
+value when deprived of all its comforts, all that was dear to me, and
+nothing surrounding me but the most pressing distress.
+
+"I hope the eyes of the people will be opened, that they will see how
+easy it is for some designing, wicked man to spread false reports to
+raise suspicion and jealousies in the minds of the populace, and enrage
+them against the innocent, but if guilty, this is not the way to
+proceed. The laws of our country are open to punish those who have
+offended. This destroying all peace and comfort and order of the
+community--all will feel its effects; and all will see how easily the
+people may be deluded, inflamed and carried away with madness against an
+innocent man. I pray God give us better hearts." The Court then
+adjourned to October 15th.
+
+Why Hutchinson should have fallen into such great disfavor, it is not
+easy to say. Gordon, a writer of Whig leaning, but a fair minded witness
+of all that occurred suggests that there were some who still
+entertaining rancor towards him for doing away with paper money in 1748,
+for, as we have seen, his position in 1762 on the currency was not
+popular. Moreover the mob was led on to the house by a secret influence,
+with a view to the destruction of certain public papers known to be
+there relating to the grant of the New Plymouth Company on the Kennebec
+River.[115] Hutchinson himself speaks on having given rise to animosity
+against him for having taken certain depositions in the interest of
+government, before him in his character of Chief Justice to which his
+name was signed. They were purely official acts; for the depositions he
+had no responsibility whatever, but the unreasoning mass of the people
+confused him with others. There was nothing in his course at the time of
+the Writs of Assistance, at which the people needed to feel aggrieved.
+He was with the people in opposing the external taxes, also in
+disapproving the Stamp Act. Now that they were imposed, he to be sure
+thought nothing would answer but submission, but certainly in his
+declaration here he was nothing like so emphatic as James Otis, who
+still remained the popular idol. Otis had said in May, "It is the duty
+of all humbly and silently to acquiesce in all the decisions of the
+supreme legislature." In private talk he was still more vigorous in his
+utterances. He said to Hallowell, "That Parliament had a right to tax
+the Colonies, and he was a d----d fool who denied it and that this
+people never would be quiet till we had a Council from home, till our
+charter was taken away, and till we had regular troops quartered upon
+us."[116] Hutchinson had never expressed his thoughts anywhere near so
+definitely as this.
+
+ [115] His. of Am. Rev., Vol. I., p. 180.
+
+ [116] John Adams' Diary, Jan. 16, 1776.
+
+The inhabitants of Boston and the Province were generally ashamed of the
+outrage upon Hutchinson, but the mob still dared to show its hand.
+Though in the first rush of feeling many of the rioters were sent to
+jail, they were afterwards set free. The chief actor seems to have been
+a shoemaker, named Mackintosh, who, though arrested, was presently
+discharged; Hutchinson declares this was through the interference of men
+of good position, who feared that a confession from him would implicate
+them. Hutchinson's demand of the legislature for compensation for the
+destruction of his home, was at last effectual. He is said to have
+received L3,194, 17s. 6d., a fair indemnity. The Act had attached to it
+for a "rider" pardon to all who had taken part in the disturbance
+connected with the Stamp Act. Bernard hesitated to sign the Act; but was
+finally induced to do so by his earnest wish to have Hutchinson receive
+justice. When the Act was sent to England, the King disallowed it; such
+lawlessness could not be condoned, even that a faithful official might
+receive his rights. But the money had been paid before the news of the
+King's displeasure arrived.
+
+A period of lawlessness now followed. Riots were absolutely unpunished,
+for no jury would convict the rioters. Governor Bernard wrote that his
+position was one of utter, and humiliating impotence, and that the first
+condition of the maintenance of English authority in Massachusetts was
+to quarter a powerful military force at Boston.
+
+Two regiments arrived Sept. 28, 1768. Shortly before their arrival the
+people gathered together in an immense meeting, and voted that a
+standing army could not be kept in the province without its consent. On
+the arrival of the troops everything was done by the people to provoke
+and irritate them. A perfect reign of terror was directed against all
+who supported the government. Soldiers could not appear in the streets
+without being the objects of the grossest insults. A press eminently
+scurrilous and vindictive was ceaselessly employed in abusing them. They
+had become as Samuel Adams boasted 'the objects of the contempt even of
+women, and children.' Every offence they committed was maliciously
+exaggerated and vindictively prosecuted, while in the absence of
+martial law, they were obliged to look passively on the most flagrant
+insults to authority. At one time the "Sons of liberty" in a procession
+a mile and a half long marched around the State House, to commemorate
+their riots against the Stamp Act, and met in the open fields to chant
+their "liberty song" and drink "strong halters, firm blocks, and sharp
+axes, to such as deserve them." At another an informer, who was found
+guilty of giving information to revenue officers, was seized by a great
+multitude, tarred and feathered, and led through the streets of Boston,
+which was illuminated in honor of the achievement.
+
+A printer who had dared to caricature the champions of freedom was
+obliged to flee from his house, to take refuge among the soldiers, and
+ultimately to escape from Boston in disguise. Merchants who had ventured
+to import goods from England were compelled by mob violence to give them
+up to be destroyed, or to be re-embarked. A shopkeeper who sold some
+English goods, found a post planted in the ground with a hand pointing
+to his door, and when a friend tried to remove it, he was stoned by a
+fierce mob through the streets. A popular minister delighted his
+congregation by publicly praying "that the Almighty would remove from
+Boston the English soldiers."[117]
+
+ [117] Lecky's Am. Rev. Chapt. XI., p. 127.
+
+These outrages led to the so-called Boston Massacre, more fully
+described in a previous chapter.[118] None of the mobs of that time of
+mobs was more brutal and truculent than that which provoked the firing
+of the group of baited men, standing their ground with steady
+discipline, among the clubs and missiles resorted to now, to enforce the
+usual foul and blasphemous abuse. Lieutenant Governor Hutchinson
+fulfilled at this time with complete adequacy the functions of chief
+magistrate, for Governor Bernard was at this time in England. Hutchinson
+was at once in the street, in imminent danger of having his brains
+dashed out, expostulating, entreating that order might be
+preserved.[119] It was a fine exhibition of power and courage. His
+standing in the east balcony of the State House, with the snow reddened
+beneath by the blood of the killed, with the regiments kneeling in rank
+ready for street firing, and several thousand of enraged men on the
+other side on the point of rushing into the fight, he was able to hold
+both parties in check. His prompt arrest of Captain Preston and the
+squad which had done the killing, was his full duty; and it is to the
+credit of the troop that the officer and his men in the midst of the
+exasperation gave themselves quietly into the hands of the law. Instead
+of a bloody battle, there was substituted a well-ordered civil process,
+due delay being observed that the passion of both sides might subside
+and the evidence, pro and con be calmly weighed. A mild and just verdict
+was the outcome, to which all submitted. Men they were, all of the same
+stock, for the time being fallen into antagonism, seeing things
+differently. All, however, bore themselves like Englishmen, showing the
+quality which has made the Anglo-Saxon race a mighty one.
+
+ [118] Boston Mobs, page 43.
+
+ [119] Mass. A. His. Vol. XXXI., p. 491. Witness at the trial of the
+ soldiers said "He stood close behind him, and one of the mob lifted up a
+ large club over my head, and was going to strike, but he seized him by
+ the arm and prevented it."
+
+Since the departure of Bernard there had been no session of the
+legislature. In March one took place that was the cause of a new dispute
+between the Lieutenant Governor and the legislature, which was destined
+to be long and important. It was as to how far the chief magistrate
+could be bound by royal instruction. Hutchinson says the Assembly was
+prorogued to meet at Boston March 14th, 1770, but before the time
+arrived there came a further signification of the King's pleasure that
+it should be held at Cambridge, unless the Lieutenant Governor had more
+weighty reasons for holding it at Boston, than those which were
+mentioned by the Secretary of State against it.[120] On the 15th of
+March therefore the legislature met in the "Philosophy Room" in Harvard
+College, in Cambridge.
+
+ [120] Hutchinson His. Vol. III., p. 280.
+
+Remonstrances were passed by the Council and the House against the
+removal to which Hutchinson replied "That the King by his prerogative
+could remove the legislature from the 'Town House in Boston' did not in
+his mind admit of a doubt and therefore he disregarded the
+remonstrance." Soon after the Massacre, Hutchinson begged the Earl of
+Hillsborough, the Colonial Secretary, to allow him to resign. He said,
+"I must humbly pray that a person of superior powers of body and mind
+may be appointed to the administration of the government of this
+Province. I shall faithfully endeavor to support such person according
+to the best of my abilities, and I think it not improbable that I may be
+capable of doing his Majesty greater service in the Province, even in a
+private station than at present."[121] Instead of accepting his
+resignation he was appointed Governor in March, 1771, and his wife's
+brother-in-law, Andrew Oliver, being at the same time commissioned
+Lieutenant Governor, and Thomas Flucker Secretary.
+
+ [121] M. A. Hist. Vol. XXVI., Mar. 27 to Hillsboro.
+
+At his inauguration while the Assembly and the Congregational ministers
+were silent, there were many congratulations, among them Harvard
+College. The students singing in Holden Chapel the anthem, "Thus saith
+the Lord from henceforth, behold! all nations shall call ye blessed; for
+thy rulers shall be of thine own kindred, your nobles shall be of
+yourself, and thy governors shall proceed from the midst of thee."
+
+April 1, 1771, he writes to Colonel Williams of Hatfield. "It's certain
+all the valuable part of the town have shown me as much respect
+personally, as in my public character, as I could desire. Two Adamses,
+Phillips, Hancock, and two or three others, who, with the least reason
+have been the most injurious, are all of any sort of consideration who
+stand out."[122] Again on April 19, 1771, in a letter to Hillsboro,
+referring to the Town Meeting he says, "In these votes, and in most of
+the public proceedings of the town of Boston, persons of the best
+character and estate have little or no concern. They decline attending
+Town Meetings where they are sure of being outvoted by men of the lowest
+order, all being admitted, and it being very rare that any scrutiny is
+made into the qualification of voters."[123]
+
+ [122] M. A. Hist. Vol. XVII., p. 131.
+
+ [123] M. A. Hist. Vol. XXVII., p. 151.
+
+The hopes Hutchinson and the friends of government were never brighter
+since the troubles began with the government, than in the spring of
+1771. Among Hutchinson opponents men like Andrew Eliot, thought "it
+might be as well not to dispute the legal right of Parliament." Otis
+too, pursued a strong reactionary course and when on May 29 the
+legislature met, at his instance, while the remonstrance was passed as
+had become usual, against the removal of the legislature from Boston,
+the clause was struck out which denied to the crown the right to remove.
+The principle so long contended for was then sacrificed, the right of
+prerogative to infringe the charter at this point was acknowledged, and
+it would be easy to proceed on the ground that the crown might take what
+liberties it pleased with the charter. Otis's change was indeed
+startling. Samuel Adams was going on in the old road, when Otis started
+up, and said they had gone far enough in that way, the Governor had an
+undoubted right to carry the court where he pleased, and moved for a
+committee to represent the inconveniences of sitting there, and for an
+address to the Governor. He was a good man; the minister said so, and it
+must be so: and moved to go on with the business, and the House voted
+everything he moved for.[124]
+
+ [124] John Adams' Works, Vol. II., p. 266.
+
+"Serious as was the defection of James Otis that of Hancock was even
+more so. His wealth, popular manners and some really strong qualities
+made his influence great. Samuel Adams had exploited Hancock, with all
+his consummate art ever since his appearance in public life, making him
+a powerful pillar of the popular cause. Contemptuous allusions to
+Hancock as little better than an ape, whom Samuel Adams led about
+according to his will, have come down from those times."[125] Such
+things were flying in the air and Hancock was feeble enough to be moved
+by them, if they came to his ears. Whatever may have been the reason,
+Hancock forsook his old guide, voted with the party of Otis for the
+acknowledgment of Hutchinson's right to convene the legislature where
+and when he choose. Hancock's defection at this time from the Whig cause
+seemed imminent, and when Hutchinson fled to England, three years later
+and his papers fell into the hands of his enemies, it was found
+necessary to suppress certain documents, belonging to this time as it is
+supposed they compromised Hancock, who in 1774 was once more firmly on
+the side of the Colonies.
+
+ [125] Hosmer's Life of Thomas Hutchinson p. 213.
+
+Samuel Adams probably never experienced a greater mortification than
+when, as a member of a committee, he waited, by command of the House,
+upon Hutchinson to present an address acknowledging the right of the
+Governor to remove the General Court "to Housantonic in the western part
+of the Province," if he desired, nor, on the other hand, did the
+Governor ever enjoy a greater triumph. Hutchinson must have felt that he
+was even with his chief adversary for the humiliation of the preceding
+year, the driving out of the regiments. Adams felt his defeat keenly,
+but gave no sign of it, he saw his influence apparently on the wane, but
+was as unremitting as ever in his attempts to retrieve lost ground. But
+for him the revolutionary cause at this time must have gone by the
+board.
+
+The revulsion was not long in coming. Before Hutchinson had time to
+restore the repentant legislature to the town house in Boston, the
+hearts of the members became hardened against him. When it became known
+that the decision of the king had been made for the support of the
+Massachusetts town officials from the revenue of the Colony by warrants
+drawn on the Commission of Custom, the wrath of the people became heavy,
+and the voice of Samuel Adams led the discontented. The Governor was
+paid L1500 sterling, instead of L1000, annually, which he was paid when
+dependent on the people. Hutchinson now plainly announced that he should
+now receive his salary from the King. The House protested in its usual
+temper, the set of the opposition being so powerful that several of the
+Loyalists withdrew disheartened. But in the midst of the fault-finding
+"Sons of Liberty", he received a mark of confidence from the General
+Court at which he was greatly pleased, as he had a right to be. We have
+already seen him as the principal figure in settling the boundary lines
+on the sides of New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut. The
+boundary line on the side of New York, not settled in 1767, and still in
+dispute, were equally in need of adjustment, and although his principles
+were popularly denounced, and the scheme was already in progress which
+was to drive him from his native land and deprive him of all his
+possessions in it, yet none but he could be trusted to undertake the
+delicate negotiations upon which the welfare of the Province
+depended.[126]
+
+ [126] The details are in Mass. Archives marked Colonial. Vol. IV. pp.
+ 335-344.
+
+The journal of the proceedings in the handwriting of the Governor, is
+still extant. With William Brattle, Joseph Hawley, and John Hancock,
+Hutchinson journeyed to Hartford, where on May 18, 1773, they discussed
+the matter with Governor Tyron, John Watts, William Smith, R. R.
+Livingston, and William Nicoll, Commissioners from New York. The New
+York men, although more compliant than the negotiators of seven years
+ago, were still disposed to exact hard concessions, to which all the
+commissioners but Hutchinson were about prepared to agree. Hutchinson,
+however, while diplomatic, was unyielding, insisting upon what had been
+substantially the demand of 1767. At last it was conceded, establishing
+for all time as a part of the Bay State the beautiful county of
+Berkshire. This alone should entitle him to a monument by the State of
+Massachusetts. He alone, it is said, prevented the giving up by
+Massachusetts of her claim to western lands; these were retained and
+afterwards sold for a large sum.[127]
+
+ [127] N. E. His. and Gen Reg., Vol. I., p. 310.
+
+It was a great victory for the Governor, the Massachusetts Commissioners
+had been left free to do what seemed to them best, but they cordially
+acknowledged that success belonged to him.
+
+On the return to Boston, the legislature was in session and the assembly
+authorized him to transmit the settlement to Lord Dartmouth, Secretary
+of State, at once, without formally laying it before them. They trusted
+him entirely. Hutchinson with some pride declared that "no previous
+instance of a like confidence of our Assembly in a Governor can be found
+in Massachusetts history."[128] This transient favor, and trust,
+aggravated for him the force of the blow he was so soon to receive. How
+bitter the home coming of Hutchinson was, the following extract from a
+letter to Sir Francis Bernard, the late Governor will show:
+
+ [128] Hutchinson His. Vol. III., p. 391, 392.
+
+June 29, 1773. "After every other attempt to distress me they have at
+last engaged in a conspiracy which has been managed with infinite art,
+and succeeded beyond their own expectation. They have buzzed about for
+three or four months a story of something that would amaze everybody as
+soon as the elections were over, it was said in the House something
+would appear in eight and forty hours, which, if improved aright, the
+Province might be as happy, as it was fourteen or fifteen years ago.
+These things were spread through all the towns of the Province, and
+everybody's expectations were raised. At length upon motion the gallery
+was ordered to be cleared and the doors shut. Mr. Samuel Adams informed
+the House that seventeen original letters had been put in his hands,
+written to a gentleman in England by several persons from New England,
+with an intention to subvert the constitution. They were delivered to
+him on condition that they should be returned, not printed, and no
+copies taken. If the House would receive them on these terms, he would
+read them. They broke through the pretended agreement, printed the
+resolves, and then the letters, which effrontery was never known before.
+The letters are mere narratives which you well know to be true, as
+respects remarks upon the Colonies, and such proposals as naturally
+follow from the principles which I have openly avowed; but by every
+malversation, which the talents of the party in each House, could
+produce they have raised the prejudices of the people against me, and it
+is generally supposed all the writers were concerned in one plan, though
+I suppose no one of them ever saw or knew the contents of the letters of
+any others unless by accident."
+
+After three weeks spent, the House resolved to address the King, to
+remove the Governor and Lieutenant Governor.[129] The name of the person
+to whom the letters were written was erased from all of them, but they
+appear to be all Mr. Thomas Whatley's six from the Governor, four from
+the Lieutenant-Governor, one from Rogers, and one from Auchmuty and the
+remainder from Rhode Island and Connecticut.
+
+ [129] M. A. His. Vol. XXVII., p. 502, etc.
+
+The affair of the Hutchinson Letter created great excitement both in
+America and England, an affair in which the best men of Massachusetts
+Bay were concerned, including Franklin, then the agent of his native
+Province, although a citizen then of Pennsylvania; a shade has rested
+therefrom upon the character of Franklin, which cannot yet be said to
+have been explained away. Is it creditable that those wary, able men,
+Franklin, Samuel Adams, Bowdoin, John Adams, Samuel Cooper, and others,
+really thought the very quiet statements contained "in the letters in
+which there was no sentiment which the Governor had not openly expressed
+in his addresses to the Legislature, was a danger and menace to the
+welfare of the colony?"[130] The only explanation is that they had
+persuaded themselves that Hutchinson was so dangerous that if conduct
+thoroughly above board would not answer, he must be cast out by
+questionable means. Mr. Winthrop justifies their conduct by believing
+that it may be classed among what Burke calls "irregular things done in
+the confusion of mighty troubles, not to be justified on
+principle."[130] When the printed copies of the letter arrived in
+England they excited great astonishment. Thomas Whatley was dead.
+William Whatley, his brother, and executor was filled with a very
+natural consternation, at a theft which was likely to have such
+important consequences, and for which public opinion was inclined to
+make him responsible. He in turn suspected a certain Mr. Temple, who had
+been allowed to look through the papers of his deceased brother, for the
+purpose of perusing one relating to the colonies, and a duel ensued in
+which Whatley was severely wounded. Mr. Temple continued to be
+suspected. A letter of Jan. 4, 1774, says: "Although when they first
+came abroad his own brother said: Whoever sent them was a d----d
+villian."[131]
+
+ [130] New Eng. Hist. and Gen. Reg. I., p. 307.
+
+ [131] Hosmer's Life of Hutchinson, p. 274
+
+Franklin then for the first time, in a letter to a newspaper, disclosed
+the part he had taken. He stated that "he, and he alone, had obtained
+and transmitted to Boston the letters in question, that they had never
+passed into the hands of William Whatley, and that, therefore, it was
+impossible, either that Whatley could have communicated them, or that
+Temple could have taken them, from his papers." There is some reason to
+believe that the original owner had left them carelessly in a public
+office, whence they had been stolen, but the mystery was never
+decisively solved.
+
+"In England Franklin's conduct was regarded with the utmost severity.
+For the purpose of ruining honorable officials it was said, their most
+confidential letters, written years before to a private member of
+Parliament, who had at that time no connection with Government, had been
+deliberately stolen; although the original thief was undiscovered, the
+full weight of the guilt and dishonor rested upon Franklin. He was
+perfectly aware that the letters had been written in the strictest
+confidence, that they had been dishonestly obtained without the
+knowledge of the person who received them, or the person who wrote them,
+and that their exposure would be a deadly injury to the writers. Under
+these circumstances he sent them to a small group of politicians whom he
+knew to be the bitterest enemies of the Governor, and one result was a
+duel in which the brother of the man whose private papers had been
+stolen, was nearly killed. Any man of high and sensitive honor, it was
+said, would sooner have put his hand into the fire than have been
+concerned in such a transaction."[132]
+
+ [132] Lecky's Am. Rev., pp. 149, 150.
+
+When the petition for the removal of Hutchinson and Oliver arrived the
+Government referred it to the Committee of the Privy Council that the
+allegations might be publicly examined with counsel on either side. The
+case exerted an intense interest which had been rarely paralleled. No
+less than thirty-five Privy Councillors attended; among the
+distinguished strangers who crowded the Bar were Burke, Priestley and
+Jeremy Bentham, Dunning and Lee, who spoke for the petitioners; they
+appear to have made no impression; while on the other side Wedderburn,
+the Solicitor-General, made one of his most brilliant but most virulent
+speeches, which was received with boundless applause.
+
+After a brief but eloquent eulogy of the character and services of
+Hutchinson he passed to the manner in which the letters were procured,
+and turning to Franklin, who stood before him he delivered an invective
+which appeared to have electrified his audience. "How the letters 'came
+into the possession of anyone but the right owner's,'" he said, "is still
+a mystery for Dr. Franklin to explain, and they could not have come into
+his hands by fair means. Nothing will acquit Dr. Franklin of the charge
+of obtaining them by fraudulent or corrupt means, for the most malignant
+of purposes, unless he stole them from the person who stole them. I
+hope, my Lords, you will brand this man for the honor of this country,
+of Europe, and of mankind.... Into what country will the fabrication of
+this iniquity hereafter go with unembarrassed face? Men will watch him
+with a jealous eye. They will hide their papers from him, and lock up
+their escritoires. Having hitherto aspired after fame by his writings,
+he will henceforth esteem it a libel to be called a man of
+letters--_homo trium literarum_. But, he not only took away those papers
+from our brother, he kept himself concealed, till he nearly occasioned
+the murder of another. It is impossible to read his account, expressive
+of the coolest, and most deliberate malice, without horror."
+
+[Illustration: BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BEFORE THE PRIVY COUNCIL.
+
+He stood there, conspicuous and erect, and without moving a muscle, was
+compelled to hear himself denounced as a thief, or the accomplice of
+thieves.]
+
+The scene was a very strange one, and it is well suited to the brush or
+an historical painter. Franklin was now an old man, sixty-seven, the
+greatest writer, the greatest philosopher America had produced, a member
+of some of the chief scientific societies in Europe, the accredited
+representative of the most important of the colonies of America, and for
+nearly an hour, and in the midst of the most distinguished of living
+Englishmen, he was compelled to hear himself denounced as a thief or the
+accomplice of thieves. He stood there conspicuous, and erect, and
+without moving a muscle, amid the torrent of invective, but his apparent
+composure was shared by few who were about him. Fox, in a speech which
+he made as late as 1803, reminded the House how on that memorable
+occasion, "all men tossed up their hats, and clapped their hands, in
+boundless delight, at Mr. Wedderburn's speech." The committee at once
+voted that the petition of the Massachusetts Assembly was "false,
+groundless, and scandalous and calculated only for the seditious purpose
+of keeping up a spirit of clamor and discontent in the province." The
+king and Council confirmed the report and Franklin was ignominiously
+dismissed from his office of Postmaster.[133] From this time Franklin
+and his friends had a deep personal grudge against the British
+Government.
+
+As the autumn deepened Hutchinson interpreted as favorable to himself
+the symptoms he perceived of the mood of the people. Oct. 16, 1773, he
+writes, "I now see so great a change in the people wherever I travel
+about the country, that I have reason to think I shall rather gain than
+lose by the late detestable proceedings, and my friends express stronger
+attachments to me than ever." This was only a brief Indian summer of
+favor before the outbreak, not now distant, of a storm more cold and
+pitiless than ever, for a crisis was now at hand more threatening than
+any that had preceded it. As shown in a previous chapter,[133] after the
+repeal of the Stamp Act in order to pacify the colonists, a duty was
+placed on tea, and other imports, which the colonists had always
+admitted to be a valid Act of the Parliament. No revenue probably had
+ever been expected from it. It was felt that the principle that
+Parliament might tax must be maintained; the cost of collection was
+greater than the proceeds. Instead of paying 12d per pound export duty
+from England, only 3d per pound was to be charged, when imported by the
+East India Company to the Colonies, thereby making a saving to the
+colonists of 9d per pound which would make tea cheaper than that
+smuggled in from the Dutch colonies.[134]
+
+ [133] Lecky's Am. Rev. pp. 150, 151, 152.
+
+ [134] See p. 47, for further information concerning the Stamp Act and
+ the Tea Tax.
+
+The project of sending the tea, was decided on in May, 1773, and
+Massachusetts was the Colony where the crisis was to come. The
+consignees were important persons. Two of them were Thomas and Elisha
+Hutchinson, sons of the Governor, a third was the Governor's nephew
+Richard Clarke, father-in-law of Copley, the painter, a fourth was
+Benjamin Faneuil, a nephew of Peter Faneuil, deceased, a fifth Joshua
+Winslow, also of a memorable family. These held bravely to the task that
+had been set for them, putting their property and lives in jeopardy
+until finally they were driven to seek refuge in the Castle. Of those
+opposed to them Samuel Adams was the chief, followed by Hancock,
+Bowdoin, Dr. Thomas Young, Dr. Joseph Warren, Dr. Benjamin Church,
+Josiah Quincy, John Scollay, and others who lent their hands to action
+and their heads to counsel. Historic truth also compels the statement
+that the man put forward to do the disreputable work for them was
+"Captain Mackintosh" leader of the South End toughs in street fights
+with the North Enders, leader of the rioters in the destruction of the
+Governor's home in August, 1765. For his part in that affair he had
+never been punished, and now seems to have been rather a popular pet. He
+was styled the "First Captain-General of Liberty-Tree," and managed the
+illumination, hanging of effigies, etc. Long afterwards, in speaking of
+the Tea Party he said, "It was my chickens that did the job."[135]
+
+ [135] Francis Drake. "Tea Leaves." Introd. p. CXXVII.
+
+An attempt was made to cause the consignees to resign their commissions
+under "Liberty Tree;" this they refused to do and in consequence they
+were mobbed in their houses, windows and doors were smashed and amid a
+tempest of missiles their lives and persons were in great danger.
+Hutchinson set himself against the "Sons of Liberty," "his course not
+showing one sign vacillation from first to last, but throughout bearing
+the marks of clear, cold, passionless inflexibility."[136]
+
+ [136] Richard Frothingham.
+
+Another American writer says, "To candid men, the letters he wrote in
+those days of struggle ought to have interest, as well as the
+declarations of those who have portrayed him as the disgraced minion of
+a tyrant."[137] Another writer, referring to his action at this time,
+says, "We can at this day well afford to mete out this tardy justice to
+a man, whose motives and conduct have been so bitterly and
+unscrupulously vilified and maligned as have been those of Thomas
+Hutchinson."[138]
+
+ [137] Hosmer's Life of Hutchinson, p. 299.
+
+ [138] Francis S. Drake. Tea Leaves. Int. LXIII.
+
+At last, in December, 1773, three ships laden with tea arrived at
+Boston, and what followed has been told a thousand times, with all
+possible elaborations by those who fully sympathize with the tea mob.
+The cold facts are that "Captain Mackintosh" and "his chickens,"
+disguised as Mohawk Indians, instigated by Samuel Adams, John
+Hancock[139] and other leading "patriots" flung the whole cargo
+consisting of 342 chests, into the harbor. In the course of the violent
+proceedings this year the Council, the militia, and the company of
+cadets, had been vainly asked to assist in maintaining the law and
+order. The sheriff was grossly insulted, the magistrates could do
+nothing, and as usual, the crowning outrage of the destruction of the
+tea was accomplished with perfect impunity, and not a single person
+engaged in it was in any way molested, but every soul in Boston knew the
+penalty must fall, as certain as night follows day. "The news of these
+events convinced most intelligent Englishmen, that war was imminent, and
+that taxation of America could only be enforced by the sword. Popular
+opinion in England, which had supported the repeal of the Stamp Act,
+was now opposed to further concession, England, it was said, had
+sufficiently humiliated herself. The claim and the language of the
+colonial agitators excited profound and not unnatural indignation, and
+every mail from America brought news that New England at least was in a
+condition of virtual rebellion, that Acts of the British Parliament were
+defied and disobeyed with the most perfect impunity, that the
+representatives of the British Government were habitually exposed to the
+grossest insults, and reduced to the most humiliating impotence."
+
+ [139] Hancock's uncle made his large fortune by smuggling tea. See
+ Hutchinson His., Vol. III., p. 297.
+
+The time for temporising, it was said, was over. It was necessary to
+show that England possessed some real power of executing her laws and
+the ministers were probably supported by a large majority of the English
+people, when they resolved to throw away the scabbard, and to exert all
+the power of Parliament to reduce Massachusetts to obedience.[140] The
+measures that were taken were very stringent. By one Act, the harbor of
+Boston was legally closed. "The Custom House officers were removed to
+Salem. All landing, lading, and shipping of merchandise in Boston harbor
+was forbidden, and English men-of-war were appointed to maintain the
+blockade. The town which owed its whole prosperity to its commercial
+activity was debarred from all commerce by sea and was to continue under
+this ban, till it had made compensation to the East India Company for
+the tea which had been destroyed, and had satisfied the crown that trade
+would for the future be safely carried on in Boston, property protected,
+laws obeyed, and duties regularly paid."[141] By another Act, Parliament
+was to remodel the charter of Massachusetts, the Council or Upper
+Chamber was now to be appointed as in most of the other colonies of
+America by the crown. The judges and magistrates of all kinds, including
+the sheriffs, were to be appointed by the royal governor. Jurymen were
+to be summoned by the Sheriffs. That these Acts of the British
+Parliament at this time was necessary is beyond question, for there was
+a mob in revolutionary Boston at this time, scarcely less foul-mouthed,
+pitiless, unscrupulous, than that which roared for the blood of the
+Bourbons in revolutionary Paris, or that of the Commons of later times.
+Mackintosh and his crew were unmistakably in evidence, certainly not
+restrained, but connived at by the better men, so that those just as
+conscientious and patriotic, who tried by lawful ways to oppose, found
+destruction for their property imminent, and could feel that their lives
+were secure only when they had fled down the harbor to the Castle.
+
+ [140] Lecky's Am. Rev., pp. 154, 164, 165, 166.
+
+ [141] 14 George III., c. 19, 45.
+
+John Adams was one of the very few "patriots" who really disowned and
+opposed mob violence; not only did he defend the soldiers for killing
+some of the mob, but in a letter to his wife, he said: "mobs I do and
+will detest."[142]
+
+ [142] Letters of John Adams, Vol. 1., p. 13.
+
+[Illustration: (View from Governor Hutchinson's Field.)]
+
+On May 10th, 1774, news reached Boston of the passing of the Boston Port
+Bill, and the penalties the Tea-Party had brought upon the town. General
+Gage, who was to command four regiments and a powerful fleet arrived
+three days later. A military governor was now to succeed the civilian,
+it being understood that Hutchinson, after the disturbances were
+quelled, should return to power; in the meantime he was to go to
+England, and help the King with personal counsel.[143] Hutchinson's work
+in America was done. It may be asked, why did he remain in office in all
+these years, up to this time, enforcing laws with which he had no
+sympathy, the instrument of a policy he disliked, wrecking in the minds
+of many of his countrymen the honorable name which for forty years he
+had been establishing. It was certainly not for emolument. It was not
+for fame, for instead of credit he had long received only abuse. He kept
+hoping against hope, that the home government would become wiser, that
+the supremacy of Parliament, having once been recognized, should be
+allowed to sink out of sight, the Colonies being allowed to control
+themselves as British Colonies do at the present time. He hoped that in
+his own land the question of taxation would be less hotly contested by
+the people. These things gained, the glorious empire of England might
+remain undivided, mother and daughter remaining in peace together, an
+affectionate headship dwelling in one, a filial and loving concession of
+precedence in the other. To attain such a consummation seemed to the
+Governor a thing worth suffering and striving for. To bring this about,
+as is shown by all his acts, and all his words, he contended year after
+year, sacrificing to his aim his reputation, his fortune, at last,
+hardest of all, his citizenship, dying in exile of a broken heart.
+
+ [143] Hutchinson Hist. Vol. III., p. 458.
+
+Before leaving Boston he received a most complimentary address signed by
+the principal inhabitants of that and other towns endorsing this course
+and conduct; they were known as "Addressers," and were afterwards
+persecuted and subjected to many indignities from their fellow townsmen.
+
+June the 1st, 1774, he turned away from his beautiful mansion and
+extensive farm, and walked down Milton Hill, to the Lower Mills, nodding
+and smiling to his neighbors on this side and that, it is said, whether
+Whig or Tory, he was good friends with all. He was in a cheerful mood on
+that day when he left his home forever, for had not the best people of
+the Province approved of him, and had shown him strong marks of favor in
+their addresses. It is very evident, as shown in all his writing, that
+he was greatly attached to his beautiful country home and to his Milton
+neighbors, with whom he was a favorite. He mingled with them in social
+life, and worshipped with them in the same church. His residence on
+Milton Hill is situated in one of the pleasantest places in the vicinity
+of Boston. It is the same to-day as it was when the Governor resided
+there, with the exception that the house has been remodeled, and the
+surrounding estates, now the homes of millionaires, have been greatly
+improved by art. It is situated on the crest of Milton Hill--a
+drumlin--to the south of which, across a beautiful valley are the Blue
+Hills, called by the Indians the "Massachusetts" or the place of the
+great hills, and from which the state has derived its name. They appear
+like mountains rising through the atmosphere charged with fragrant mist
+from the intervening blossoming fields, which give them a blue
+appearance, and soften all their ruggedness into beauty.
+
+The mansion faces the north on the road leading to Plymouth; across the
+road in front of the home is an extensive field sloping towards the
+green waving marshes that line the banks of the beautiful Neponset
+river, winding its course to the harbor, which bears upon its bosom many
+picturesque islands and in the remote distance is seen the rocky
+Brewsters, on which is situated the white lighthouse, marking the edge
+of the ocean.[144]
+
+ [144] Several wealthy citizens of Milton have recently purchased this
+ field donated it to the State as a public reservation to be known as the
+ "Governor Hutchinson Field."
+
+On that beautiful spring morning as the Governor walked down the hill he
+had no thought of a lasting absence, though martial law for a time was
+to be tried he was still Governor; meantime his salary was continued and
+he was about to give an account of his stewardship to his royal master.
+At the foot of the hill he crossed the river and there met his
+carriage, next year to be confiscated, and appropriated to the use of
+Washington. In it he rode to what is now South Boston Point; then
+embarking in a boat, he was rowed to the Castle, on Castle Island, the
+last bit of Massachusetts earth to feel his footfall. From here he
+embarked on the warship Minerva, which was to convey him to England,
+where he arrived July 1st, and was immediately received by the King, who
+during the interview said, "I believe you generally live in the country,
+Mr. Hutchinson, what distance are you from town?" Mr. Hutchinson
+replied, "I have lived in the country. Sir, in the summer for 20 years,
+but except the winter after my house was pulled down, I have never lived
+in the country in the winter until the last. My house is 7 or 8 miles
+from Town, a pleasant situation, and most gentlemen from abroad say it
+has the finest prospect from it they ever saw, except where great
+improvements have been made by art to help the natural view."[145]
+
+ [145] Hutchinson Diary, Vol. II., pp. 164, 165.
+
+[Illustration: (Governor Hutchinson's House on Milton Hill.)]
+
+He often afterwards was at Court, and was treated with the greatest
+kindness by both King and Queen. A baronetcy was offered him, which he
+declined because of insufficient means to support the title, his
+property in America having been confiscated. He was however handsomely
+pensioned. He does indeed write under date of September 1st, 1778, "The
+changes in the last four or five years of my life make the whole scene,
+when I look back upon it appear like a dream or other delusions. From
+the possession of one of the best houses in Boston, the pleasantest
+house and farm at Milton, of almost any in the world and one of the best
+estates in the Colony of Rhode Island, with an affluent income, and a
+prospect of being able to make a handsome provision for each of my
+children at my death--I have not a foot of land at my command, and
+personal estate of L7000 only, depending on the bounty of Government for
+a pension, which, though it affords a present ample provision for
+myself, and enables me to distribute L500 a year among my children, yet
+is precarious, and I cannot avoid anxiety. But I am still distinguished
+by a kind Providence from my suffering relations, friends, and
+countrymen in America as well as from many of them in England, and have
+great reason to be thankful that so much money is yet continued to
+me."[146]
+
+ [146] Diary and Letters of H. Vol. II., p. 216.
+
+[Illustration: (Inland View from Governor Hutchinson's House.)]
+
+The Governor's diary in England is a profoundly pathetic record of a man
+broken-hearted by his expatriation. His sons and daughters and their
+families to the number of twenty-five were all dependent upon him. "He
+is glad he has a home for them, when so many fellow-exiles are in
+want." As Hutchinson was by far the ablest and most eminent of his
+party, so his sufferings were especially sharp. His name was held to be
+a stigma. Hutchinson Street in Boston became Pearl Street. The town of
+Hutchinson in the heart of the Commonwealth, cast off its title as that
+"of one who had acted the part of a traitor and parricide," substituting
+for it that of Barre, the liberal champion in Parliament.
+
+The honorable name he had made through forty years of self-denying
+wisely directed public service, was blotted out, for generations it was
+a mark for obloquy. His great possession and large estate were
+confiscated, and to the shame of his countrymen be it said, they did not
+spare even his family tomb. It was sold by the State and the bones of
+his ancestors, some of the greatest men of the colony, and those of his
+wife and children were thrown out. The old stone with the Hutchinson
+crest on it still remains over the tomb in Copp's Hill burial ground
+with the name of the new owner of the tomb rudely marked on it. Could
+the governor have had a premonition of what was going to happen when he
+wrote to his son, Feb. 22, 1775, that he wished to have a new tomb built
+at Milton, and the remains of his wife, deceased twenty-one years, to be
+tenderly removed from Copp's Hill and deposited therein, with space for
+himself, and bade him "leave the wall or any ornament or inscription
+till I return, and the sooner it is finished the better."
+
+His son Thomas had left Milton and retired to Boston before he received
+his father's letter. Hostilities immediately followed, and were
+succeeded by the confiscation of the estates of the loyalists. Hence
+this cherished design of the governor was never carried out. Again on
+May 15th, 1779, he writes in his diary, "And though I know not how to
+reason upon it, I feel a fondness to lay my bones in my native soil and
+to carry those of my dear daughter with me." Again he writes, "The
+prospect of returning to America and laying my bones in the land of my
+forefathers for four preceding generations, and if I add the mother of
+W. H. it will make five, is less than it has ever been." Then at last
+this entry is found. "Sept. 16, 1779. Stopped at Croydon, went into the
+church, looked upon the grave of my dear child, inquired whether there
+was room for me, and was informed there was." He was indeed sinking
+fast, and his end was rapidly approaching. A few months later, June 3,
+1780, as he was walking down the steps of his house to his coach, going
+for his morning drive, he fell into the arms of his servant, and with
+one or two gasps he resigned his soul to God, who gave it. He was buried
+at Croydon on the 9th of June. It would scarcely be possible for a human
+life to close among circumstances of deeper gloom. Utter destruction had
+overtaken his family. His daughters and his son dispirited, dropped
+prematurely at the same time with him into the grave. His son "Billy"
+died on Feb. 20. A child of Elisha's died on June 25th, and his daughter
+Sarah died on the 28th. In daily contact with him was a company of
+Loyalist exiles, once men of position and wealth, now discredited,
+disheartened, and in danger of starvation. The country he loved and had
+suffered so much for, had nothing for him but contumely. To a man like
+Hutchinson public calamity would cause a deeper pang than private
+sorrow. No more threatening hour for England has probably ever struck
+than that in which the soul of this great and good man passed away. It
+had become apparent that America was lost, a separation that might be
+fatal to the empire, and which her hereditary enemies were hastening to
+make the most of. To America herself the rending seemed to many certain
+to be fatal.
+
+While the members were thus being torn away, destruction seemed to
+impend at the heart. At the moment of his death, London was at the mercy
+of the mob, in the Gordon riots. The city was on fire in many places, a
+drunken multitude murdered, right and left, laying hands even upon the
+noblest of the land. Lord Mansfield, Chief Justice of England, because
+he had recommended to the mercy of a jury, a priest arrested for
+celebrating mass, saved his life with difficulty, his home with all his
+possessions going up in flames. What a remarkable coincidence this was
+with what happened to the governor when he was Chief Justice of
+Massachusetts. The exile's funeral passed on its way through smoke, and
+uproar, that might easily have been regarded as the final crash of the
+social structure. No one foresaw then what was immediately to come; that
+England was to make good her loss twice over, that America was to become
+the most powerful of nations, that the London disorders were on the
+surface merely, and only transient. In Hutchinson's latest
+consciousness, every person, every spot, every institution dear to his
+heart must have seemed to be overwhelmed in catastrophe. Such was the
+end of a life thoroughly dutiful and honorable.[147]
+
+ [147] Hosmer's Life of Hutchinson, p. 349.
+
+On the death of Cromwell, his body was buried in Henry VII chapel, and
+after the restoration it was disinterred and gibbeted at Tyburn, and
+then buried under the gallows, the head being placed on a pike over
+Westminster Hall, where Cromwell had Charles I condemned to death. And
+now nearly two and one-half centuries since this event occurred a
+beautiful monument of Cromwell has been erected by Parliament on the
+lawn a few feet from Westminster Hall where the above events took place.
+Will the city of Boston ever do likewise and erect a statue to Governor
+Hutchinson in some public place as a slight atonement for the obloquy
+cast upon his name, the desecration of his family tomb, and as a
+recognition of the great services he rendered his native state, for
+certainly he was one of the worthiest sons that Massachusetts has ever
+produced, and there should be some memorial in the place of his birth,
+to record his private virtues, his historical labors, his high station,
+his commanding influences, and his sorrows, which have an interest,
+which none acquainted with his life can fail to feel.
+
+The following list of estates belonging to Thomas Hutchinson situated
+at, and near Boston, taken from him under the Conspiracy and
+Confiscation Acts comprises nineteen parcels of land. The state
+received for them L98,121, 4s or about $490,000. His mansion house on
+the corner of Fleet and Hanover Streets brought L33,500. The Governor
+owned other valuable real estate in Rhode Island and other parts of
+Massachusetts, particularly in that part now the State of Maine. He was
+probably the wealthiest person in the state of Massachusetts at the
+commencement of the Revolutionary War. The author is indebted to the
+late John T. Hassam, A. M., for the list of Confiscated Estates in
+Suffolk County contained in this work, giving the name of the purchaser
+at the sale, the Lib. and folio of the record and a brief description of
+the confiscated estates. It was originally printed in the proceedings of
+the Mass. His. Soc. for May, 1895.
+
+
+LIST OF GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON'S CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY AND
+ TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Joseph Veasey, Dec. 27, 1779; Lib. 131, fol. 21; Land and
+ dwelling-house in Boston, Fish St. W., land purchased by Thomas
+ Stephenson N.; passageway E; heirs of William Graves S.
+
+ To Samuel Broome, July 24, 1780, Lib. 131, fol. 233; Land, 43 A. 2
+ qr. 34 r., in Milton, a back lane E., Mr. Ivers and Milton River
+ N., Stephen Badcock and a brook N.W.; lane to Stephen Badcock S.W.;
+ road to Milton meeting-house S.E.----Land, 33 A. 1 r., mansion
+ house and barn in Milton road to Braintree E., heirs of William
+ Badcock S.E. and S.W., road to Milton meeting-house N.W.----14 A. 3
+ qr. 3 r. in Milton, road to Braintree S.W., Robert Williams S.E.;
+ heirs of William Badcock N., Milton River N.E.----Woodland, 48 A. 1
+ qr. 9 r., in Milton, road by Moses Glover's N.W.; Braintree town
+ line S.E.; John Bois S.W.; John Sprague N.E.----Tillage land, 17 A.
+ 2 qr. 27 r., and salt marsh, 16 A. 14 r. adjoining, in Dorchester,
+ lower road from Milton bridge to Dorchester meeting-house W.;
+ Hopestill Leeds N.E.; John Capen and others E.; Amariah Blake and
+ the river N., Ebenezer Swift, Daniel Vose and a creek S.----Salt
+ marsh, 2 A. 3 qr. 9 r., near the Hummucks in Dorchester, Levi
+ Rounsavel N.; Robert Swan and Madam Belcher S., the river
+ W.----Salt marsh, 7 A., in Dorchester, Billings Creek S. and W.;
+ Robert Spurr N.; Henry Leadbetter S.E. and E.----One undivided
+ third of 8 A. salt marsh in Dorchester, held in common with Timothy
+ Tucker and Joseph Tucker. Billings Creek S.; Nathan Ford
+ W.----Woodland, 33 1-2 A. 9 r. in Braintree.
+
+ To John Hotty. Aug 8, 1780, Lib. 131, 161, fol. 247; Land and
+ dwelling-house in Boston, Fish St. W., land purchased by Parsons
+ and Sargeant N.; passageways E. and S.
+
+ To Ebenezer Parsons, Daniel Sargent, Feb. 25, 1783; Lib. 137, fol.
+ 95; Land and dwelling-house in Boston, Fish St. W.; passageways N.
+ and E., land purchased by Thomas Stephenson S.----Land and
+ dwelling-house, Fish St. W.; land purchased by John Hancock N.;
+ Thomas Hutchinson E.; land purchased by John Hotty S.----Land,
+ store, block-maker's shop, and other work places near the above,
+ passageways S.; W. and E; Thomas Hutchinson N.----Flats, dock,
+ wharf and stores near the above passage W.: dock N.; sea E.; dock
+ S.----Flats, dock and wharf adjoining the above-described wharf,
+ John Brick S.; passageways W. and N.; dock N., the sea E.
+
+ To Ebenezer Parsons, Daniel Sargeant, Feb. 25, 1783; Lib. 137, fol.
+ 99; Land and dwelling-houses in Boston, Fish St. W.; land purchased
+ by said Parsons and Sargeant S.; passage N.; passage E.; land
+ purchased by said Parsons and Sargeant S.; passage W.; then running
+ W. and S.
+
+ To Thomas Stephenson, Mar. 13, 1783; Lib. 137, fol. 161; Land and
+ dwelling-house in Boston, Fish St. W.; land purchased by Parsons
+ and Sargent N.; passage E.; land purchased by Joseph Veasey S.
+
+ To Enoch Brown, Oct. 14, 1784; Lib. 145, fol. 126; Land and brick
+ dwelling-house in Boston, Middle St. W.; Fleet St. N.; street from
+ Clark's Square to Fleet St. E.; Lady Franklin S.
+
+
+
+
+ THOMAS HUTCHINSON.
+
+
+Eldest son of Governor Hutchinson. He was born in Boston in 1740. He
+married Oct. 10, 1771, Sarah, daughter of Lieut. Governor Andrew Oliver.
+He was Judge of the Probate Court for the County of Suffolk. He was
+Mandamus Councillor, and an Andresser of General Gage. He and his family
+were in Boston during the blockade, and bombardment. At the evacuation,
+they went aboard ship with their two children, when the third child was
+born, as they were leaving for England. Dr. Peter Oliver, the second son
+of Chief Justice Oliver, refers to this matter in his Diary, as follows:
+"We remained blocked up in Boston till the beginning of March, 1776,
+when we were ordered to embark. Tommy Hutchinson's family and mine went
+aboard the Hyde Pacquet for England, March 25th, 1776, we set sail for
+England. The day before we set sail from Nantasket, Tommy's wife was
+delivered of a boy which had not a drop of milk during the whole
+passage, was much emaciated, and no one thought it would have lived. The
+lady well. As to myself, I was sick 21 days without any support; reduced
+almost to a skeleton. Seven children on board ship, and the eldest not 6
+years old."
+
+The child born aboard ship was baptised Andrew, after its mother's
+father, Lieut. Gov. Andrew Oliver. It grew up, married, left children,
+was an eminent surgeon, and after a long life, died Dec. 23, 1846, aged
+70 years. He was the father of the late Peter Orlando Hutchinson, great
+grandson of the Governor who edited the two volumes of the Diary of
+Governor Hutchinson, published in 1883. He was a local antiquary, of
+local repute, and a gentleman of great kindness of heart. He was a
+bachelor, and died at Sidmouth, Devon, Oct. 1st, 1897, aged 87, and was
+the last of his generation.
+
+His last words at the end of the second volume, are as follows: "If in
+these volumes, I have anywhere said anything of my American friends that
+is untrue, or too harsh for the occasion, I regret it should have been
+so, and I willingly withdraw it altogether. I need not apologise for any
+unkind remarks that may have been made by the Governor, though most
+concerned, for he made none; and when they have made reparation for all
+the slander and misrepresentation which they have persistently heaped
+upon him during the last 120 years, then--we shall be quits. It is time
+to bury the hatchet. Farewell."
+
+Thomas Hutchinson, the subject of this sketch, writing to his brother
+under date of Nov. 15th, 1788, alluded to the trying position in which
+the Loyalists were placed, he says, "We will give a little attention to
+a large and suffering body of people whose only crime had been that of
+fidelity to the Mother country. Driven out of the land of their
+adoption, they fled back to the land of their ancestors, where most of
+them were strangers. Some pressed their claims for relief from the
+English Government; others applied to the American Courts for recovery
+of the estates themselves, while others despairing of success, gave up
+everything for lost, and sat down resigned to their fate. Sir Francis
+Bernard lost the valuable Island of Mount Desert, and Sir William
+Pepperell lost miles of coast line, stretching away from Kittery Point
+to Saco, extending miles into the interior."
+
+"These unfortunate people were very difficultly placed--if they had
+joined the American party, they would have been Rebels to England, but
+when the war was over and they applied for the restitution of their
+estates they were told they were Rebels to America."
+
+Writing again under date of 1789, he said: "We proceeded to Exeter, and
+I have taken a house at a mile from the town, but in the neighborhood,
+the house furnished, and has every convenience about it, with about six
+acres of land--mowing, orchard, and garden stocked with fruit trees. I
+could have had my house and garden without the land, at L45, and am to
+pay L60 per ann. for the whole. The last year my orchard produced 20
+hhds of cyder."
+
+Thus the family became settled in a respectable looking old house built
+in the Queen Anne style, known as East Wonford near Heavitree church,
+where it still stands. The rent appears to be extraordinarily low. He
+would not bind himself to a lease, for he still had hopes of returning
+to America, but the return was never to be. The Hutchinsons had very
+little chance of a favorable hearing in Massachusetts, and their large
+fortune there was forever lost to them. The family seems to have been
+content with their new home, for in another letter to his brother of May
+19, 1791, Thomas says:--"After eighteen months residence, we continue to
+think this a very agreeable part of England; and perhaps I could not
+have made a better pitch than I have done."
+
+Thomas Hutchinson, son of the Governor, died in 1811, and his wife in
+1802. They were deposited in a vault in the middle of Heavitree church.
+The church was pulled down in 1843 and a new one erected on the same
+site.
+
+Thomas, his eldest son, grandson of the Governor, was born in America in
+1772, brought to England by his father in 1776, he was a
+Barrister-at-Law, resided during the early years of his career at No. 14
+New Boswell Court, Lincoln's Inn, London, and after that in Magdalen
+Street, Exeter. He married twice, had three sons and one daughter. He is
+buried in the N. W. corner of Heavitree churchyard. A stone with the
+following inscription marks the spot: "Underneath this stone Lie the
+mortal remains of Thomas Hutchinson, Barrister-at-Law, who departed this
+life the 12th of November 1837, aged 65."
+
+Mary Oliver Hutchinson, daughter of Thomas Hutchinson, and granddaughter
+of the Governor, was born in America, Oct. 14, 1773, and was brought to
+England by her father in 1776, married Captain W. S. Oliver, R. N.,
+grandson of Lieut. Governor Andrew Oliver, at Heavitree, in Oct. 1811.
+She died at East Tergnmouth, Devon, July 11th, 1833, leaving one son and
+two daughters of whom more presently.
+
+William Hutchinson, son of Thomas and grandson of the Governor, was born
+in England, June 14, 1778. He entered the church and was pastor for some
+time at Heavitree and Colebrook, Devon. He had two sons and three
+daughters. Rev. William Hutchinson, died May 3rd, 1816.
+
+
+
+
+ ELISHA HUTCHINSON.
+
+
+Son of Governor Hutchinson, was born Dec. 24, 1745, at Boston. He
+graduated at Harvard College in 1762. His wife Mary was the eldest
+daughter of Colonel George Watson of Plymouth, Mass. He was the
+commercial partner of his brother Thomas. They were the consignees of
+one-third of the tea. Their names were given to the East India Company
+by a London correspondent, who solicits the consignment for them,
+without mentioning their connection with the Governor, although the
+historian Bancroft falsely asserts that he had a pecuniary interest in
+the shipment, of which there is not the slightest evidence.[148] He
+accompanied his father to England in 1774, leaving his wife in America,
+with the intention of rejoining her in a few months, but it was three
+years before she could join him in England. Having reached his 80th year
+he died at Tutbury, June 24, 1824, having had issue three daughters and
+two sons. His son John, born Sept. 21, 1793, was perpetual curate of
+Blurton near Trentham, Co. Staff. Percentor and Canon of Lichfield,
+Editor of Vol. 3 of Gov. Hutchinson Hist. of Mass., in 1828. He married
+his cousin Martha Oliver Hutchinson, May 10th, 1836. He died April 27,
+1865, at Blurton, having had issue two daughters and one son, John
+Rogers, born March 6, 1848, who married Ruth Hombersley, Oct. 19, 1882,
+at Kirk Ireton, Derbyshire.
+
+ [148] Tea Leaves, p. 324.
+
+
+
+
+ FOSTER HUTCHINSON.
+
+
+Was brother of Governor Hutchinson, and one of the last judges of the
+supreme court of Massachusetts. He graduated at Harvard University in
+1743. He accepted the appointment of mandamus councillor in 1774 and
+soon after was compelled to take refuge in Boston. He was proscribed and
+banished and his estates were confiscated. He left Boston at the
+evacuation in 1776, and with his family of twelve persons went to
+Halifax. He died in Nova Scotia in 1799. His son, Foster, an Assistant
+Judge of the Supreme Court of that Colony died in 1815, and his daughter
+Abigail deceased at Halifax, July 1843, aged seventy-four years. Foster
+and his brother Thomas had a dry goods store in 1765 below the "Swing
+Bridge" near what is now the corner of Hanover and Salem streets.
+
+
+CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO FOSTER HUTCHINSON ET AL IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Ebenezer Parsons, Daniel Sargent, Feb. 25, 1783; Lib. 137, fol.
+ 95; Land and dwelling-house in Boston, Fish St. W.; passageways N.
+ and E.; land purchased by Thomas Stephenson S.----Land and
+ dwelling-house, Fish St. W.; land purchased by John Hancock N.;
+ Thomas Hutchinson E.; land purchased by John Hotty S.----Land,
+ store, block-maker's shop and other work places near the above,
+ passageways S.; W. and E.; Thomas Hutchinson N.----Flats, dock,
+ wharf and stores, near the above, passage W.; dock N.; sea E.; dock
+ S.----Flats, dock and wharf adjoining the above described wharf,
+ John Brick S.; passageways W. and N.; dock N.; the sea E.
+
+ To John Codman, Jr., Sept. 25, 1783; Lib 140, fol. 4; Land, wharf
+ and dock in Boston. Town Dock N.; heirs of William Clarke deceased
+ W.; heirs of Benjamin Andrews S.; passage from the Town Dock to
+ Green's wharf E.
+
+
+
+
+ ELIAKIM HUTCHINSON.
+
+
+As previously stated, the ancestor of Governor Hutchinson who emigrated
+to Boston was William Hutchinson, grandson of the Mayor of Lincoln; he
+had a brother Richard in business in London whose son Eliakim also
+settled at Boston. There is nothing to show that Richard ever came to
+this country, and when William and his wife Anne was expelled from
+Boston, the lot which had been granted to him in 1634, now known as the
+"Old Corner Bookstore," which then extended to the City Hall lot, was
+sold by his son Edward to Richard Hutchinson of London, linen-draper.
+This was the father of Eliakim. The subject of this notice was the great
+grandson of the emigrant. He was born in 1711 and married Elizabeth,
+eldest daughter of Governor Shirley. He was a member of the Governor's
+Council and Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Suffolk
+County. In 1764 he purchased from his father-in-law "Shirley Hall," the
+finest estate in Roxbury. In 1746 Governor Shirley bought thirty-three
+acres of land and erected this palatial mansion on it. Its oaken frame
+and other materials, even the bricks, it is said, were brought from
+England, at a vast expense. It has been removed from its original
+location, and is now occupied as a tenement house, yet, notwithstanding
+the vicissitudes it has undergone, it is extremely well preserved. One
+of the peculiarities of "Shirley Place," as the governor styled it, is
+its double front. From the upper windows a fine view is obtained of the
+city, harbor and islands. Each front was approached by a flight of stone
+steps flanked by an iron railing of an antique and rustic pattern.
+Entering the northern or proper front, you find yourself in a spacious
+hall of grand proportions. To the right a broad staircase leads to a
+balcony extending around to the left where two doors open into the guest
+chambers in which Washington, Lafayette, Franklin, Daniel Webster and
+many other celebrated men have from time to time been accommodated. From
+the balcony the musicians entertained the company at the table in the
+hall. The carved balusters around the staircase and gallery are of three
+different patterns, and the rail surmounting them is inlaid at the top.
+The base of the balustrade and staircase, is also adorned with a carved
+running vine. To the right and left of the hall are doors leading into
+the reception room, parlors, etc. Upon great occasions the two halls
+were thrown into one by opening the folding doors between. Washington
+paid a visit to Governor Shirley in March 1756, to relate to him the
+circumstances of his son's death who was killed at the battle of the
+Monongahela. In a letter to his friend and patron Lord Fairfax, he says,
+"I have had the honor of being introduced to several governors,
+especially Mr. Shirley, whose character and appearance, have perfectly
+charmed me." The next time Washington visited "Shirley Place" it was not
+as a guest, but as an enemy.
+
+Governor Shirley was a man of great industry and ability, thoroughly
+able, enterprising, and deservedly popular. He was a strong advocate of
+prerogative and in 1756 advised the ministry to impose a stamp tax in
+America. In February, 1755, he was made a major-general, with
+superintendence of military operations in the Northern Colonies. It was
+then, after the disastrous defeat and death of General Braddock, that
+Major Washington came to report it to him, and he was superseded both in
+his command and his government, and ordered to England. Triumphantly
+vindicating himself from the charges against him, he was made a
+lieutenant-general in 1759, and was governor of the Bahamas from 1758 to
+June 1769 when he returned to Roxbury, residing with his son-in-law in
+the mansion built by him until his death, March 24, 1771, and was
+interred in the burying ground of King's Chapel, which edifice he caused
+to be built while governor.
+
+Judge Eliakim Hutchinson died in June, 1775. He had a high standing at
+the bar, being well versed in his profession, and enjoyed a good
+reputation as a general scholar, and as a man of high moral and
+religious principles. He was early imbued with principles favorable to
+the government, but was never a bitter, nor even a warm partisan.
+
+His patrimonial inheritance, aided by industry enabled him to acquire a
+handsome fortune, one of the largest in the province. He adhered to
+government from the beginning of the controversy, but the moderation of
+his conduct, his superior fitness for his office, and the confidence in
+his integrity, secured him public favor through the stormy period, which
+commenced soon after his appointment to the Governor's Council. But this
+was an unpardonable offence in the eyes of the "Sons of Despotism." It
+was however unsolicited, unexpected and accepted with great reluctance,
+and although he died before actual hostilities had scarcely commenced,
+yet his large and valuable estate was confiscated. That portion of it in
+Suffolk County was inventoried at L21,400, Shirley Place with eighty
+acres of land was valued at L12,000. During the siege of Boston the
+mansion was used as a barracks by the Revolutionary troops and was
+greatly injured thereby.
+
+It was purchased from the State by John Read, and then passed through
+many hands, and in 1819 was purchased by Governor Eustis, who passed
+the remainder of his days there, dying in 1825. Among the guests that
+accepted his hospitality was John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Daniel
+Webster, Aaron Burr, and John Calhoun.
+
+Judge Hutchinson's wife left Boston at the evacuation, and went to
+England. She died at London in 1790.
+
+WILLIAM HUTCHINSON, son of Eliakim Hutchinson, graduated at Harvard
+College in 1762. He went to the Bahamas when his grandfather Shirley
+became Governor of same. In 1771 William Hutchinson was appointed Judge
+of the Admiralty Court of the Bahama Islands. He died in England in
+1790.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO ELIAKIM HUTCHINSON IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To William McNeill, Archibald McNeill. Feb. 21, 1782; Lib. 134,
+ fol. 27; Land in Boston, Cow Lane E., Howe's ropewalk S.; W. and
+ S.; Milk St. W.; Palmer's pasture N.
+
+ To Edward Compton Howe, June 17, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 22; Land in
+ Boston, Milk St. N., Mr. McNeil E. and S.; McNeil's ropewalk E.;
+ Cow Lane S.; ropewalk of Ferister and Torrey W.
+
+ To John Read, Sept. 9, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 196; Land 37A., in
+ Roxbury, bounded by the road from Roxbury to Dorchester, the brook
+ and salt water creek between Roxbury and Dorchester, the way to the
+ clay pit and by the lands of John Howes, John Humphrey, John
+ Williams, Aaron White, James White, Caleb Williams, Samuel Warren,
+ Joseph Clapp, Isaac Williams and Benjamin Williams.----Woodland 13
+ A., in Roxbury, Elijah Wales S.; widow Bourne and heirs E.; Noah
+ Davis W. and N.----Right of William Shirley Esq., to the clay pits
+ above mentioned called the Town of Roxbury clay pits.----23 1-2 A.
+ in Roxbury, John Williams N.; Aaron White, Samuel Cheney, John
+ Hawes, widow Warren and heirs of Joseph Warren W.; Nehemiah Munroe
+ S; town way from Dorchester brook to Braintree road E.----Pasture
+ land, 19 A., in Roxbury, Daniel Holbrook N.; Braintree road W.;
+ James White S.W.; said town way S. and E.----22 A., in Roxbury,
+ said town way N.W.; John Williams and ---- Swan S.; John Humphrey
+ E. John Williams N.E.----Salt marsh and upland, 20 A., in Roxbury,
+ heirs of Benjamin Williams S.W.; town creek between Roxbury and
+ Dorchester S.E.; Joseph Curtis N.
+
+ To John Lucas, Edward Tuckerman. Oct. 4. 1782; Lib. 136, fol. 22;
+ Land in Boston, on Dock Square and Cooper's Alley, bounded by lands
+ of Thomas Green, Joshua Blanchard, widow Apthorp, John Newell,
+ William Greenleaf, Jonathan Simpson and heirs of Thomas Young.
+
+ To Nathan Spear, March 1. 1783; Lib. 137, fol. 131; Land in Boston,
+ passageway from the Town Dock to Green's wharf W.; Jonathan
+ Williams, William Hyslop, Nathaniel Correy, Alexander Hill, heirs
+ of John Gould, of Anthony Stoddard, and of John Walker deceased N.;
+ the end of the wharf E.; the dock between said wharf and Green's
+ wharf S.
+
+ To Francis Bigelow, April 3, 1783; Lib. 137 fol. 260; Land in
+ Boston on Milk St.; bounded by a passageway and by land of said
+ Bigelow, said Hutchinson and Mr. Bourne.
+
+ To Joseph Russell, July 12, 1783; Lib. 139. fol. 75; Land in Boston
+ near Fort Hill, Gridley's Lane S.; Cow Lane E.; land of Town of
+ Boston and of heirs of Andrew Oliver N.; Thomas Palmer W.
+
+ To Thomas Green, Feb. 18, 1784: Lib 141. fol. 136; Land in Boston.
+ Dock Square S.; Eliakim Hutchinson W.; Mr. Blanchard N.; Thomas
+ Green E.; N. and E.
+
+ To Thomas Walley, Aug. 28, 1784: Lib. 144. fol. 172; Land and
+ buildings in Boston, Cross St. S.; Thomas Walley W.; widow Holmes
+ N.; Samuel Ellinwood E.
+
+ To Samuel Emmons, Jr., Victor Blair. Dec. 24, 1792; Lib. 174. fol.
+ 183; Land in Boston, Milk St. and Cow Lane, between a highway and
+ ropewalk of Farreter and Torrey.
+
+ To Jeffery Richardson, May 17, 1793; Lib. 176, fol. 8; Land in
+ Boston. Cow Lane S.E.; Samuel Emmons N.E.; Thomas Davis S.W.;
+ extending towards Milk St. N.W.
+
+ To Jeffery Richardson, Dec. 15, 1795; Lib. 182, fol. 27;
+ Confirmation of above.
+
+ To Martin Brimmer, Apr. 13, 1796;, Lib. 183, fol. 37; Flats and
+ wharf in Boston, Minot's T N.; flats towards the town W.; wharf and
+ flats of William Davis S.; the channel E.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW OLIVER.
+
+Born in Boston, 1707. Lieutenant Governor 1770-4. Died in Boston, March,
+1774.]
+
+
+
+
+ ANDREW OLIVER.
+
+ LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS 1770-1774.
+
+
+The Oliver family are among the most prominent of the early colonial
+families. Thomas Oliver came from Bristol in 1632. He was one of the
+founders, and Elder of the First Church in Boston.[149] His son Peter
+born in England in 1622 and died in Boston in 1670, was a prominent
+merchant, and commander of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company
+in 1669 and was one of the founders of the Old South Church. Peter's son
+Daniel married Elizabeth, the daughter of Andrew Belcher, who was the
+father of Governor Jonathan Belcher.
+
+ [149] He lived on Washington Street; his lot extended north from Spring
+ Lane, including the head of Water Street.
+
+ANDREW OLIVER, son of Daniel Oliver, a member of the Council, and
+brother of Peter Oliver, the Chief Justice. He graduated at Harvard
+College in 1724. He was a representative from Boston, member of the
+council and Secretary of the Province. In 1765, soon after receiving the
+appointment of Stamp Collector, without his solicitation, he not
+approving of the Act, he became very unpopular. The rough population
+which abounded about the wharves and shipyards, whose movements were
+directed by persons of higher rank and larger views of mischief, grew
+riotous, and with the usual want of discrimination shown by mobs, were
+not slow to lift their hands against even their best friends. The houses
+of the Custom and Admiralty officials were attacked, which culminating
+in an extraordinary outrage against Andrew Oliver, which led John Adams
+to exclaim, "Has not the blind undistinguishing rage of the rabble done
+that gentleman irreparable injustice"?[150] He was hung in effigy, a
+drunken crowd carrying the effigy through the Town House, even while the
+Governor and Council were in session. The building he had fitted for the
+transaction of business was destroyed. Taking a portion of it for a
+fire, the mob proceeded to Fort Hill where Mr. Oliver lived and burned
+his effigy in a bonfire before his home; they then went to work on the
+barn, fence, garden, and dwelling house. After breaking all the windows
+they entered the house and damaged and destroyed his furniture,
+completely wrecking this beautiful mansion. The business being finished,
+the "Sons of Despotism" proceeded to the Province-house, gave three
+huzzas and dispersed. On the day following the riot, Mr. Oliver resigned
+his office. In writing to a friend he says, "I was persuaded to yield in
+order to prevent what was coming on the second night." This action of
+the mob caused intense suffering both to himself and family.[151]
+
+ [150] John Adams' Diary, Aug. 15, 1765.
+
+ [151] See page 40 for account of the riot.
+
+In 1770, Mr. Oliver was appointed Lieutenant Governor. In 1773, several
+letters which he had written to persons in England, and which were
+obtained surreptitiously by Franklin and sent to Boston, created much
+excitement and abuse of the writers.[152] In addition to the assaults
+at home, he was accused in England by Arthur Lee who signed himself
+Junius Americanus with the grave crime of perjury. "Scarce any man ever
+had a more scrupulous and sacred regard for truth, and yet, to such a
+degree did the malignant spirit of party prevail as to cause this man in
+the public papers in England, to bring against him a charge of perjury.
+The Council of Massachusetts Bay, from whose votes and resolves this
+writer attempted to support the charge, by vote which they caused to be
+printed, repaired the injury as well as they could, but a consciousness
+of his innocence and integrity, however, together with the reproaches
+most injuriously cast upon him by the resolves of the council and house,
+in which he was treated as the determined enemy of the liberties of his
+country, the interest whereof according to the best of his judgment
+(which was much superior to that of his most virulent persecutors) he
+always had at heart, affected his spirits and evidently accelerated his
+death."[153] Mr. Oliver was now advanced in life, and unable to endure
+the disquiet and misery caused by his position in affairs at so troubled
+a period, soon sunk under the burden. After a short illness he died at
+Boston in March 1774, aged 67. By the testimony of foes as well as
+friends, he was a most useful and estimable man, modest, indefatigable,
+well-cultured, soundly sensible. He had been the most beloved member of
+a family greatly beloved, and no charge could be brought against him
+except that in his political principles he sided with the Government. He
+was a liberal benefactor to his ALMA MATER in books, ancient
+manuscripts, and anatomical preparations. At his funeral the mob was
+again in evidence. The House of Representatives withdrew from the
+procession because a certain punctilio was neglected. The mob of Boston
+ran after the funeral train hooting and in an unseemly way hilarious,
+gave three cheers when the mourners came out of the graveyard, his
+brother the Chief Justice, intrepid as he was, did not dare to be
+present, because his life was threatened. Had he died before this
+violent spirit was raised, he would have been revered by all orders and
+degrees of men in the Province.
+
+ [152] See page 162, 163 concerning Hutchinson and other letters
+ abstracted by Franklin.
+
+ [153] Curwin's Journal, pp. 462, 463.
+
+He was a man of large wealth for those days. The inventory of his real
+estate was as follows:
+
+The Mansion House and Buildings situated near Fort Hill.
+
+The Brick School House near Griffin's Wharf.
+
+A Warehouse on Long Wharf.
+
+A right in said Wharf.
+
+The Buildings and Land etc., on Oliver's Dock.
+
+A Brick House on Union Street with a small Wooden Shop adjoining and
+Land belonging thereto.
+
+A Dwelling House and about three Acres of Land at Dorchester.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW OLIVER MANSION, WASHINGTON STREET, DORCHESTER.
+
+Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, 1770-74.]
+
+The last named building is the only one now in existence, and the
+following description of it at the time of writing, may be interesting
+to the reader.
+
+Lieut. Governor Oliver's country house in Dorchester is situated on the
+corner of Washington and Park streets. In the old deeds it is described
+as being "On the Road leading to Milton." The house appears the same as
+in the olden times. Not one whit has the estate changed outside of the
+interior of the great house. The broad acres that surround it still
+spread out before and behind it, the same drives are lined with great
+English Elms as in the old days; no finer old mansion house of the
+colonial period is to be found in New England, none is richer in
+memories of olden times. Here Lieut. Gov. Andrew Oliver entertained the
+finest of the land, where gentlemen in powdered wigs and ladies in fine
+old silks used to dance the minuet, and where the negro slaves used to
+be happy in their own way. It was sold by John J. Spooner, administrator
+of the estate of Andrew Oliver, to Col. Benjamin Hichborn, and was used
+by him as a summer residence. In 1817 it went into the hands of his
+brother, Samuel Hichborn, who entertained there Gen. Lafayette, and
+Presidents Jefferson, and Munroe. For many years it was owned and
+occupied by the famous chocolate manufacturer, Walter Baker. At the
+decease of Mrs. Baker, it was purchased by the Colonial Club who now
+occupy it as a club house.
+
+
+
+
+ THOMAS OLIVER.
+
+ LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1774-1775.
+
+
+Thomas Oliver was born in Antigua and graduated at Harvard College in
+1753, he was the son of Robert Oliver, a wealthy planter from Antigua
+who settled in Dorchester. His parentage is unknown, there were Olivers
+in Dorchester as early as 1637, and he may have descended from
+them.[154] He brought with him from Antigua his wife Anne and one son,
+Thomas, the subject of this notice. He purchased a number of pieces of
+land of which 30 acres had been the property of Comfort Foster, on this
+homestead lot he built in 1745 a fine mansion, on what is now known as
+Edward Everett square. Tradition records, that he brought many slaves
+with him, and when they were given wheelbarrows in which to carry the
+dirt, in ignorance of their proper use they carried them upon their
+heads, in just the same manner as the writer has seen negroes at the
+present time carry burdens on their heads on the "Pope's Head" estate in
+Antigua where these slaves came from. In Dorchester Robert Oliver had
+born to him sons, Isaac and Richard, and a daughter, Elizabeth, who
+became the wife of John Vassall, Jr. He died December 20, 1762. "The
+Post Boy" contained the following brief obituary: "Thursday morning
+last died at his seat in Dorchester, in the 63d year of his age, Col.
+Robert Oliver. A Gentleman of extensive Acquaintance, remarkable for his
+Hospitality to All, was kind to the Poor, and in his Military Character,
+beloved and esteem'd, his Family and Neighbours, have met with a great
+Loss in this Bereavement; His Remains are to be interr'd Tomorrow at 3
+o'clock in the Family Tomb at Dorchester." About two years before this
+Thomas, his eldest son, had married Elizabeth, daughter of Col. John
+Vassall of Cambridge, making a double connection by marriage between
+these two families. Closely allied with them by marriage were the
+Royalls, all three families being probably originally of New England,
+then resident in Antigua and Jamaica, and returning here to enjoy their
+acquired wealth. All three families built houses which have lasted to
+our time: Royall in Medford, Vassall in Cambridge and Oliver in
+Dorchester.
+
+ [154] Sabine says Dorchester. Dorchester Record says Thomas Oliver, the
+ son of Robert Oliver, Esqr., and Ann, his wife, was born Jan. 5, 1733-4
+ at ye Island of Antigua.
+
+Thomas Oliver remained for several years in Dorchester after his
+father's death. He inherited a large estate from his grandfather, James
+Brown, and from his great-uncle, Robert Oliver. He then began life under
+the most favorable auspices. His father-in-law was John Vassall of
+Cambridge, who married the daughter of Lieutenant-Governor Spencer
+Phips. Being a man of fortune he did not mingle in the stormy political
+contests of that period until a day fatal to his peace and quiet, when
+he accepted the office of Lieutenant-Governor. He has been represented
+as a mild, peaceable person, and gentlemanly in deportment. In 1766 he
+removed to Cambridge and built the fine mansion recently occupied by
+James Russell Lowell. He sold his Dorchester mansion to Richard
+Lechmere, who was the uncle by marriage of Oliver's wife, he having
+married May Phips, whose sister Elizabeth married Col. John Vassall, who
+died in 1741. In 1771 the mansion passed into the hands of John Vassall,
+a son of the Colonel, who was a Loyalist, and his property was
+confiscated. It was sold by the State to John Williams; it afterwards
+passed into the possession of Oliver Everett in 1792, and here his son
+Edward Everett was born in 1794. The house was torn down in 1900 and the
+square in front of it, previously known as the Five Corners, was named
+Edward Everett Square. On the opposite side of the square on a part of
+the same estate in a small park is situated a house built by one of the
+earliest settlers, about 1640, owned and occupied by the Dorchester
+Historical Society.
+
+Thomas Oliver was the last Royal Lieutenant-Governor and President of
+the Council of Massachusetts. He received his appointment from the Crown
+in 1774, after the decease of Andrew Oliver, who was of a totally
+distinct family; it is understood that the King thought he was
+appointing Chief Justice Peter Oliver, a brother of Andrew, a much more
+active man in the politics of the times.
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS OLIVER AND JOHN VASSALL MANSION, DORCHESTER.
+
+It stood on the north side of Edward Everett square. A bronze tablet
+marks its site. Edward Everett was born here April 11, 1794. (see p.
+183.)]
+
+His appointment as Councillor was by the King's writ of mandamus which
+was held, was contrary to the charter. This made him an object of
+popular resentment. He detailed the course pursued against him, in
+consequence of being sworn into office in the following narrative dated
+September 7, 1774, which as throwing light on the transaction of the
+times is inserted entire:
+
+"Early in the morning" (of September 2d), said he, "a number of
+inhabitants of Charlestown called at my house to acquaint me that a
+large body of people from several towns in the county were on their way
+coming down to Cambridge; that they were afraid some bad consequences
+might ensue, and begged I would go out to meet them, and endeavor to
+prevail on them to return. In a very short time, before I could prepare
+myself to go, they appeared in sight. I went out to them, and asked the
+reasons of their appearance in that manner; they respectfully answered,
+they 'came peaceably to inquire into their grievances, not with design
+to hurt any man.' I perceived they were landholders of the neighboring
+towns, and was thoroughly persuaded they would do no harm. I was desired
+to speak to them; I accordingly did, in such a manner as I thought best
+calculated to quiet their minds. They thanked me for my advice, said
+they were no mob, but sober, orderly people, who would commit no
+disorders; and then proceeded on their way. I returned to my house. Soon
+after they had arrived on the Common at Cambridge, a report arose that
+the troops were on their march from Boston; I was desired to go and
+intercede with his Excellency to prevent their coming. From principles
+of humanity to the country, from a general love of mankind, and from
+persuasions that they were orderly people, I readily undertook it; and
+is there a man on earth, who, placed in my circumstances, could have
+refused it? I am informed I am censured for having advised the general
+to a measure which may reflect on the troops, as being too inactive upon
+such a general disturbance; but surely such a reflection on a military
+man can never arise but in the minds of such as are entirely ignorant of
+these circumstances. Wherever this affair is known, it must also be
+known it was my request the troops should not be sent, but to return; as
+I passed the people I told them, of my own accord, I would return and
+let them know the event of my application (not, as was related in the
+papers, to confer with them on my own circumstances as President of the
+Council). On my return I went to the Committee, I told them no troops
+had been ordered, and from the account I had given his Excellency, none
+would be ordered. I was then thanked for the trouble I had taken in the
+affair, and was just about to leave them to their own business, when one
+of the Committee observed, that as I was present it might be proper to
+mention a matter they had to propose to me. It was, that although they
+had a respect for me as Lieutenant-Governor of the Province, they could
+wish I would resign my seat. I told them I took it very unkind that they
+should mention anything on that subject; and among other reasons I
+urged, that, as Lieutenant-Governor, I stood in a particular relation to
+the Province in general, and therefore could not hear anything upon that
+matter from a particular county. I was then pushed to know if I would
+resign when it appeared to be the sense of the Province in general; I
+answered, that when all the other Councillors had resigned, if it
+appeared to be the sense of the Province I should resign, I would
+submit. They then called for a vote upon the subject, and, by a very
+great majority, voted my reasons satisfactory. I inquired whether they
+had full power to act for the people, and being answered in the
+affirmative, I desired they would take care to acquaint them of their
+votes, that I should have no further application made to me on that
+head. I was promised by the Chairman, and a general assent, it should be
+so. This left me entirely clear and free from any apprehensions of a
+farther application upon this matter, and perhaps will account for that
+confidence which I had in the people, and for which I may be censured.
+Indeed, it is true, the event proves I had too much; but reasoning from
+events yet to come, is a kind of reasoning I have not been used to. In
+the afternoon I observed large companies pouring in from different
+parts; I then began to apprehend they would become unmanageable, and
+that it was expedient to go out of their way. I was just going into my
+carriage when a great crowd advanced, and in a short time my house was
+surrounded by three or four thousand people, and one quarter part in
+arms. I went to the front door, where I was met by five persons, who
+acquainted me they were a Committee from the people to demand a
+resignation of my seat at the Board. I was shocked at their ingratitude
+and false dealings, and reproached them with it. They excused themselves
+by saying the people were dissatisfied with the vote of the Committee,
+and insisted on my signing a paper they had prepared for that purpose. I
+found that I had been ensnared, and endeavored to reason them out of
+such ungrateful behavior. They gave such answers, that I found it was in
+vain to reason longer with them; I told them my first considerations
+were for my honor, the next for my life; that they might put me to death
+or destroy my property, but I would not submit. They began then to
+reason in their turn, urging the power of the people, and the danger of
+opposing them. All this occasioned a delay, which enraged part of the
+multitude, who, pressing into my back yard, denounced vengeance to the
+foes of their liberties. The Committee endeavored to moderate them, and
+desired them to keep back, for they pressed up to my windows, which then
+were opened: I could from thence hear them at a distance calling out for
+a determination, and, with their arms in their hands, swearing they
+would have my blood if I refused. The Committee appeared to be anxious
+for me, still I refused to sign; part of the populace growing furious,
+and the distress of my family who heard their threats, and supposed them
+just about to be executed, called up feelings which I could not
+suppress; and nature, ready to find new excuses, suggested a thought of
+the calamities I should occasion if I did not comply: I found myself
+giving way, and began to cast about to contrive means to come off with
+honor. I proposed they should call in the people to take me out by
+force, but they said the people were enraged, and they would not answer
+for the consequences. I told them I would take the risk, but they
+refused to do it. Reduced to this extremity, I cast my eyes over the
+paper, with a hurry of mind and conflict of passion which rendered me
+unable to remark the contents, and wrote beneath the following words:
+'My house at Cambridge being surrounded by four thousand people, in
+compliance with their commands, I sign my name, THOMAS OLIVER,' The five
+persons took it, carried it to the people, and, I believe, used their
+endeavors to get it accepted. I had several messages that the people
+would not accept it with those additions, upon which I walked into the
+court-yard, and declared I would do no more, though they should put me
+to death. I perceived that those persons who formed the first body which
+came down in the morning, consisting of the landholders of the
+neighboring towns, used their utmost endeavors to get the paper received
+with my additions; and I must, in justice to them, observe, that, during
+the whole transaction, they had never invaded my enclosures, but still
+were not able to protect me from other insults which I received from
+those who were in arms. From this consideration I am induced to quit the
+country, and seek protection in the town."
+
+[Illustration: REVOLUTIONISTS MARCHING TO CAMBRIDGE.
+
+To oblige Lieutenant-Governor Thomas Oliver to resign from the Council
+Board.]
+
+The document presented to Mr. Oliver on the 2d of September, and which
+he signed, was as follows: "I, Thomas Oliver, being appointed by his
+Majesty to a seat at the Council Board, upon, and in conformity to the
+late Act of Parliament, entitled an 'Act for the better regulation of
+the Province of Massachusetts Bay,' which being a manifest infringement
+of the Charter rights and privileges of this people, I do hereby, in
+conformity to the commands of the body of this county now convened, most
+solemnly renounce and resign my seat at said unconstitutional Board, and
+hereby firmly promise and engage, as a man of honor and a Christian,
+that I never will hereafter, upon any terms whatsoever, accept a seat at
+said Board on the present novel and oppressive plan of Government." To
+this, the original form, he added the words above recited. Judge
+Danforth and Judge Lee, who were also Mandamus Councillors and Mr.
+Phipps, the sheriff, and Mr. Mason, clerk of the county, were compelled
+to submit to the same body, and make written resignations.
+
+Governor Oliver, as stated by himself, went into Boston, and made
+assurances both to General Gage and to the Admiral on the station, which
+prevented a body of troops from being sent to disperse the large body of
+people who assembled at Cambridge on this occasion; and to these
+assurances it was owing, undoubtedly, that the day passed without
+bloodshed. But for the peaceable demeanor of those whom he met in the
+morning,--the landholders of the neighboring towns,--the first collision
+between the King's troops and the inhabitants of Massachusetts, would
+have occurred, very likely, at Cambridge, and not at Lexington. A
+detachment was sent to the former town the day before, to bring off some
+pieces of cannon, and from this circumstance arose, principally, the
+proceedings related by Governor Oliver. Indignant because the "redcoats"
+had been sent upon such an errand, thousands from the surrounding
+country assembled in the course of the day, (September 2d.) armed with
+guns, sticks, and other weapons; and when the Lieutenant-Governor's
+promise on his return from Boston, rendered it certain that they would
+not be opposed by the troops, they exacted from every official who
+lived at Cambridge full compliance with their demands, as has been
+stated.
+
+From this period Governor Oliver lived in Boston, until March, 1776,
+when at the evacuation he accompanied the Royal Army to Halifax, and
+took passage thence to England.
+
+His mansion near Mt. Auburn is the house in which he resided at the time
+he was mobbed by four thousand Disunionists. When Benedict Arnold with
+his Connecticut Company arrived at Cambridge just after the fight at
+Lexington, they were quartered in this house. After Bunker Hill the
+house became a hospital and the dead were buried in the opposite field.
+The mansion was afterwards the residence of Governor Gerry, and at a
+later period was owned and occupied by Prof. James Russell Lowell, which
+made it still more famous under the name of "Elmwood."
+
+He was proscribed and banished in 1778 and in the year following was
+included in the Conspiracy Act, and his large estate confiscated. Though
+he forfeited his estates in Massachusetts, he was better situated
+financially than most of his fellow sufferers, for he was wealthy from
+his professions in the West Indies, still owned by his descendants. He
+was a studious man and lived in retirement in England. He died at
+Bristol, Nov. 29, 1815, aged 82, and left six daughters.
+
+
+
+
+ PETER OLIVER.
+
+ CHIEF JUSTICE OF MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+
+Peter Oliver, son of Daniel Oliver and brother of Andrew Oliver, the
+Lieutenant Governor, born in 1713, married Mary, daughter of William
+Clark. His son Peter, Jr., married Sarah, daughter of Governor
+Hutchinson. Peter Oliver, Sr., graduated from Harvard College in 1730.
+He received the degree of L.L. D. He was appointed to the supreme bench
+of the province, September 15, 1756.
+
+An affair happened at the close of the year 1773, which drove Adams and
+all his factions into madness. It was a grant from the King of a salary
+to the judges of the Supreme Court. The Assembly had endeavoured to keep
+the judges in absolute dependence upon their humor and because they
+found them rather too firm to coincide with their views in the
+subversion of government, they made them the object of their resentment.
+The judges of the Court had the shortest allowance from the General
+Assembly of any publick officers, even their Doorkeeper had a large
+stipend. The judges' travel on their circuits were from 1100 to 1500
+miles in a year. Their circuit business engrossed seven months of the
+year during the extremes of heat and cold in a severe climate. For all
+their service, the highest grant made to them was L120 sterling per
+year, and it had been much less; the Chief Justice had L30 sterling
+more.
+
+His Majesty taking the cases of the judges into consideration, and from
+his known justice and benevolence, ordered their salaries to be paid out
+of his revenues in America, such salaries as would keep them above want,
+and below envy. The judges upon hearing of His Majesty's intention of
+such a grant had agreed to accept it, but four of them who lived at and
+near the focus of tarring and feathering, the town of Boston flinched in
+the day of battle, they were so pelted with soothings one day, and with
+curses and threatenings the next, that they prudentially gave the point
+up. The Chief Justice was now left alone in the combat, his brethren had
+but lately been seated on the Bench. He had been 17 years in the
+service, and had sunk more than L2000 sterling in it. He had offered not
+to accept of the grant (if His Majesty would permit him to do so),
+provided the Assembly would reimburse him one-half of his loss in their
+service, and for this he would resign his seat on the Bench. The Chief
+Justice very luckily lived at Middleborough, about 30 miles from Boston,
+or perhaps he would have followed suit of his brethren in giving up the
+King's grant. A message was sent to him by the Lower House signed
+"Samuel Adams, Clerk," requiring him to make explicit answer whether he
+would accept of the King's grant, or of their grant. He replied that he
+should accept the King's grant. Nothing less than destruction now
+awaited him. Col. Gardner, who was afterwards killed at Bunker Hill,
+declared in the General Assembly, that he himself would drag the Chief
+Justice from the Bench, if he should sit upon it.
+
+The Assembly voted that he had rendered himself obnoxious to the people,
+as an enemy, and immediately presented a petition for his removal.
+Articles of impeachment for high crimes and misdemeanors were exhibited,
+which Gov. Hutchinson refused to countenance. The grand jury at
+Worcester on April 19th following, presented to the court a written
+refusal to serve under the Chief Justice, considering it illegal for him
+to preside until brought to answer to the above mentioned charges. He
+became a refugee in 1775, and died at Birmingham, England, in October
+1791, aged 79.[155] Of the five judges of the Superior Court of
+Massachusetts at the commencement of the Revolution, four remained
+loyal, viz., Peter Oliver, Edmund Trowbridge, Foster Hutchinson, and
+William Browne. The Revolutionary member of the Court was William
+Cushing. Judges at this time wore swords, ermine robes, etc., while on
+the Bench.
+
+ [155] Curwin's Journal, p. 516.
+
+DR. PETER OLIVER. Second son of Chief Justice Oliver, of Massachusetts,
+graduated at Harvard University in 1761. He dwelt at Middleborough,
+Plymouth County. He had practised in Scituate in early life, was one of
+the eighteen country gentlemen who were driven into Boston and who were
+Addressers of General Gage in 1775. He was proscribed and banished in
+1778, and became a refugee in England, where he died at Shrewsbury, in
+Sept. 1822, aged eighty-one.
+
+DANIEL OLIVER, son of Chief Justice Oliver, a learned and accomplished
+lawyer of Worcester County, graduated at Harvard College in 1762. A
+refugee loyalist of the Revolution, he died at Ashted, Warwickshire, May
+6, 1826, aged 82. His father was an antiquarian, and copied with his own
+hand Hubbard's manuscript History of New England, which the son refused
+the loan of to the Massachusetts Historical Society for publication in
+their Collection.[156]
+
+ [156] Curwin's Journal, p. 510.
+
+Sabine says that it was Doctor Oliver who refused to lend his copy or at
+least to permit a transcript of such parts of it as were missing in the
+American manuscript. In consequence, we have "Hubbard" mutilated at the
+beginning, and at the end. At this time, 1814, when the Massachusetts
+Historical Society with the aid of the Legislature desired to publish
+that work, there was a very bitter feeling towards the United States on
+account of the war at that time existing between the two countries.
+
+ANDREW OLIVER of Salem, son of Lieutenant Governor Oliver, graduated at
+Harvard College in 1749. Studied law. Was often a representative to the
+assembly and a judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He was one of the
+founders of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of
+the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia; he was considered
+one of the best scholars of his day, and possessed fine talents. Judge
+Oliver was never fond of public life, but ardently attached to his books
+and friends. He was honored with a commission of mandamus councillor,
+which he declined. He married Mary, daughter of Chief Justice Lynde, and
+many of his descendants are now living here, for although Judge Oliver
+was a loyalist, he was the only member of his family that was not driven
+out of his country in consequence of the Revolution.
+
+PETER OLIVER of Salem, the son of Lieutenant Governor Andrew Oliver, was
+an Addresser of Gage in 1775 and was proscribed and banished in 1778. He
+became a surgeon in the British Army, and died at London in April, 1795.
+His widow afterwards married Admiral Sir John Knight, and died in 1839.
+
+BRINLEY SYLVESTER OLIVER, another son of Andrew Oliver, graduated at
+Harvard in 1774. Later became a surgeon in the British service; was also
+purser on the Culloden at the battle of the Nile. He died in 1828.
+
+[Illustration: SIR FRANCES BERNARD
+
+Born in 1712 at Brightwell England. Governor of Massachusetts from 1760
+to 1769. Died in England June 16, 1779. From Copley's painting in
+Fiske's American Revolution.]
+
+A third son, WILLIAM SANFORD OLIVER, in 1776 accompanied the Royal Army
+to Halifax. He settled at St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, and was
+the first Sheriff of the county. His official papers are dated at Parr
+or Parr-town, by which names St. John was then known. In 1792, he held
+the office of Marshal of the Court of Vice-Admiralty of New Brunswick.
+At the time of his death, he was Sheriff of the County of St. John, and
+Treasurer of the Colony. He died at St. John in 1813, aged 62. His son,
+William Sanford Oliver, was a grantee of St. John in 1783, but left New
+Brunswick about 1806, and entered the Royal Navy. He rose to the
+position of Captain and was married at Heavitree, in October, 1811, to
+Mary Oliver Hutchinson, the daughter of Thomas Hutchinson, Jr., who
+was brought to England in 1770 by her father and mother, when she was
+but three years of age. He was put on the retired list in 1844, and died
+in England the next year, aged 71.
+
+
+
+
+ SIR FRANCIS BERNARD.
+
+ GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS FROM 1760 TO 1769.
+
+
+Sir Francis Bernard was descended from Godfrey Bernard of Wansford in
+Yorkshire, who in the 13th century was a large landowner, whose clearly
+defined armorial bearings were the first of the family entered in the
+Heralds College.
+
+Francis, the only child of the Rev. Francis Bernard was baptized July
+12th, 1712, in the church of Brightwell in Berkshire. He was unfortunate
+in losing his father three years later. He became a scholar of St.
+Peter's College in 1725, and was admitted as a student to Christ Church,
+Oxford, later. In 1733 he entered himself a member of the Middle Temple
+and was called to the Bar in 1737, and soon after settled at Lincoln as
+a provincial counsel. Four years later he married Amelia, daughter of
+Stephen Offley, Esq., of Norton Hill, Derbyshire. In 1744 he was elected
+Steward of the City of Lincoln and Deputy Recorder of Boston. In 1745 he
+was appointed Receiver-General of the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln. In
+1750 he was admitted Procter of the Consistory Court of the Diocese. The
+years that Francis Bernard spent at Lincoln were probably some of the
+happiest in his life. He was fortunate in his domestic relations, was
+doing well in his profession, and his many accomplishments which were
+always at the service of his friends, rendered him a general favorite in
+society.
+
+In 1758 Mr. Bernard decided to seek a larger field for the support of
+his now large family. He was on intimate terms with the second Viscount
+Barrington, and his brothers and sisters; they were his wife's first
+cousins. It was thus through his influence that Francis Bernard received
+the office of Governor of New Jersey. The new world afforded an opening
+for his sons which meant much to the father. Mr. and Mrs. Bernard and
+four of their children left England in April, 1758. On his arrival in
+New Jersey, he entered into negotiations with the Indians. The war at
+the time raged between England and France rendering the positions of the
+Indians peculiarly important. By his address and tact he conciliated the
+Indians, and kept them steadfast in their allegiance to England,
+Governor Pownall of Massachusetts being appointed to South Carolina. Mr.
+Bernard was appointed as his successor. His residence in New Jersey was
+remembered as a time of happiness by the governor and his wife. His life
+was gladdened by a sense of the good he was able to achieve, and he was
+hopeful for the future, the page written by Thomas Bernard, his son, of
+this period reads like a pleasant fairy tale, but it was soon ended.
+Notwithstanding the supposed indignity offered to the colony of
+Massachusetts by the appointment of three officers of State by the
+Crown, the Constitution remained exceedingly democratic. Thomas Bernard
+gives a sketch of its leading features in which he depicts the colony as
+forming one of the freest communities in the world.
+
+Governor Bernard reached Boston August 2nd, 1760. He was received with
+great parade and ceremony. At Dedham he was met by Lieutenant-Governor
+Hutchinson, several of the Council, and Brigadier-General Isaac Royal
+and the troops escorted him to his residence at the Province House in
+Boston. The Militia was drawn up in the main streets, and salutes were
+fired from all the forts and ships in the harbor, and the Governor and
+his family were entertained at a great dinner at Fanueil Hall, was then
+escorted to the State House, and to the Kings Chapel where the Governors
+were in the habit of attending.
+
+Governor Bernard's nine years' administration in Massachusetts was
+during one of the most interesting periods in American history. When he
+arrived at Boston he found affairs on an apparently peaceful and
+prosperous footing. He stayed till all was in turmoil, and left only
+just before the storm broke. The first part of his administration was
+very agreeable. Soon after his arrival Canada was surrendered. The
+General Court in an address to the Governor declared that without the
+assistance of England the colonies must have fallen a prey to the power
+of France, and that without the money sent from England the burden of
+the war would have been too great to bear. For this relief the colonists
+gave warm thanks to the king and to parliament, and made the Governor a
+present of the great island of Mount Desert, and voted a costly monument
+in Westminster Abbey to Lord Howe, who had fallen in the campaign
+against Canada.
+
+Much harmony prevailed for two or three years, but this happy and
+prosperous commencement did not continue. Governor Bernard was soon
+classed with those who were desirous of strengthening the authority of
+the government.
+
+Shortly after Bernard's appointment, Chief Justice Sewall died on
+September 11. He was a great loss to the Province and it was a
+misfortune that his death occurred just at this time. Colonel Otis, as
+he was generally called, desired to succeed to this office. It was
+believed that he and his son were not friendly to the government.
+Governor Bernard, who had no doubt studied the affairs in Massachusetts,
+considered Colonel Otis to be wholly unsuited to the position of a Chief
+Justice, and determined not to appoint him. Thomas Hutchinson, the
+Lieutenant-Governor, an able and intelligent man, was appointed to the
+important office of Chief Justice. Governor Bernard had at once realized
+Hutchinson's qualities and said many years later, when they were both
+living in England, that he had never repented appointing Hutchinson
+Chief Justice.[157]
+
+ [157] Hutchinson's Diary & Letters. Vol. 1, p. 195.
+
+Lynde, the senior judge, who did not care particularly to succeed
+Sewall, appears to have been satisfied with the appointment of
+Hutchinson, also Gridley, the leader of the Bar, and apparently all
+possible rivals, save Colonel Otis. Hutchinson discharged the duties of
+his new office in the most satisfactory manner. He proved himself to be
+efficient, and always kind, as evinced by his special attention to the
+claims of the helpless.
+
+At this time, there were mutterings of a possible storm, and at this
+critical moment, in October of 1760, George II died. Just previous to
+his death Mr. Pitt, Secretary of State, sent a dispatch to the Governor
+touching on the trade of England and her American colonies. The
+organized system of smuggling that existed in the Colonies caused the
+Custom House officers to apply for the "writs of assistance," that were
+frequently employed in England.
+
+So far the Governor's course had been hampered only by factious
+opposition from the chief offenders, but this opposition assumed
+formidable dimensions when the question of "writs of assistance" was
+brought forward. The rights of the Custom House officers to demand such
+help was tried before the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. "The verdict
+was in their favor, but public opinion was strongly excited, and James
+Otis, the lawyer who opposed the Custom House officers, gained great
+popularity."[158] Notwithstanding Otis' eloquence, the case as already
+said was decided against his clients on the point of law. Governor
+Bernard was only performing his duty when he was active in promoting
+seizures for illicit trade.
+
+ [158] Doyle's History of America, Ch. XVIII.
+
+In speaking of his early life in Boston, Julia Bernard, Governor
+Bernard's youngest daughter, mentions their home in Boston as "the
+Government House." She says that they employed both black and white
+servants, and speaks of the formalities that existed while the family
+lived there. "In Boston, none of the family, grown up brothers excepted,
+ever walked out in the town. We had a large garden, but it seemed rather
+a confinement." She also speaks of her father's home at Jamaica Pond.
+"This residence we usually moved to in May I think, and here we enjoyed
+ourselves extremely. We ran pretty much at liberty; there was no form or
+ceremony. My father was always on the wing on account of his situation.
+He had his own carriage and servants, my mother hers; there was a town
+coach, and a whiskey for the young men to drive about. I was used from a
+child to ride on horseback, and from childhood none of us had any fear
+of anything." Speaking of these days she says, they "all seemed great,
+enlightened, and enjoyable."
+
+In describing her parents Julia Bernard says: "My father, though not
+tall, had something dignified and distinguished in his appearance and
+manner; he dressed superbly on all public occasions. My mother was tall,
+and a very fine woman. Her dresses were ornamented with gold and silver,
+ermine, and fine American sable."
+
+The Province House was visited about the middle of the nineteenth
+century by Nathaniel Hawthorne, who has written interesting but
+melancholy pages on the subject.[159]
+
+ [159] For description of House, see "The Bernards of Abington and Nether
+ Winchendon," by Mr. N. Higgins, Vol. I. p. 285.
+
+The Province or Government House occupied by Sir Francis Bernard was
+situated nearly opposite the head of Milk street. It was purchased by
+the Colonial Legislature in 1716, of the widow of Peter Sargent, who
+built it. It was a magnificent building, no pains had been spared to
+make it not only elegant, but also spacious and convenient. It stood
+back some distance in its ample lot, and had the most pleasant and
+agreeable surroundings of any mansion in town. It was of brick, three
+stories in height, with a high roof and lofty cupola. The house was
+approached over a stone pavement and a high flight of massive stone
+steps, and through a magnificent doorway. Two stately oaks of very large
+size, reared their verdant tops on either side of the gate separating
+the grounds from the highway, and cast a grateful shade over the
+approach, through the beautiful grass lawn in front of the mansion.
+
+After the evacuation of Boston the Province House and all other
+Government property was confiscated and became the property of the
+State. In 1811 the State gave the property to the Massachusetts General
+Hospital who leased it for ninety-nine years. Stores were erected in
+front of it. In 1864 it was destroyed by fire and only the walls are all
+that remain of the Old Province House. The engraving shown here was made
+from a sketch of it taken a short time before it was leased and altered.
+The Royal Arms, and the Indian vane are on exhibition in the Old State
+House.
+
+Sir Francis Bernard's country mansion was situated on the southwest side
+of Jamaica Pond, fronting on Pond street, now a part of the Boston Park
+system. This was and still is a most lovely spot. The mansion house was
+surrounded with an estate of sixty acres. Here, but for the gathering
+clouds which darkened the political horizon, the remaining years of this
+scholarly and able representative of the government might have been
+passed in the enjoyment of all that seemed the most enjoyable in life--a
+delightful home, set in a lovely landscape, and the esteem and regard of
+the people he had governed. His extensive and beautiful grounds were
+filled with choice fruit trees, plants and shrubs including one hundred
+orange and lemon trees besides fig, cork, cinnamon and other rare
+exotics.
+
+[Illustration: OLD PROVINCE HOUSE.]
+
+After Bernard went to England, it was occupied by the second Sir William
+Pepperell, until he too was driven out by the disunionists. Then came
+the siege and the occupation of loyalist dwellings by the
+revolutionists, this being the quarters of Col. Miller of Rhode Island,
+in the summer of 1775. Afterwards it was used as a hospital for the camp
+at Roxbury. The soldiers who died were buried on elevated ground some
+distance back from the buildings. The governor's hot house was taken by
+Major Crane and converted into a magazine for the artillery. Confiscated
+by the State in 1779, it was bought by Martin Brimmer, a Boston
+merchant, who died here in 1804. Capt. John Prince purchased it in 1806,
+in 1809 took down the old house, a part of which had stood one hundred
+and forty-one years, and no doubt many a bumper of good wine had been
+drunk to the health of the seven sovereigns of Great Britain, who had
+reigned during that period.
+
+Captain Prince made a road through the property from Pond to Perkins
+street, now known as Prince street; the whole estate was divided up into
+good sized building lots, on which many elegant residences have since
+been erected. In front of one of them are some fine large English elms
+probably planted by Gov. Bernard. One of them measures twenty-five feet
+in circumference.[160]
+
+ [160] The Town of Roxbury. Francis S. Drake.
+
+Governor Bernard soon after his arrival in Massachusetts became much
+interested in Harvard College, and his interests extended far beyond the
+formalities required of him in his official capacity. "Having regard to
+the Governor's delight in Latin verse, it is not surprising that he
+should have endeavored to refine and soften the somewhat rugged type of
+student which Harvard then produced." He suggested that the college
+should follow the custom established in the English universities, of
+writing poetical tributes in commemoration of public events. Thirty-one
+poems were written. Of these nine were by the Governor himself in Greek
+and Latin, and the others owed their existence to the stimulus of prizes
+offered by him. It was a difficult undertaking for him to start this
+custom. A recent writer (Mr. Goddard) styles this volume, indeed, "the
+most ambitious typographical and literary work attempted on the
+continent previous to the Revolution, etc."
+
+Governor Bernard's interest and exertion for the development of the
+material resources of his province should have won him lasting
+gratitude. He encouraged with all his power the manufacture of potash,
+the cultivation of hemp and flax on waste lands, and the carriage of
+lumber to British markets.
+
+The Province prospered under Bernard during these years preceding the
+Stamp Act, and peace came through his ability and guidance. Mr.
+Hutchinson writes: "If at the expiration of that term he had quitted the
+government, he would have been spoken of as one of the best of the New
+England Governors." His son Thomas, also remarked upon his popularity
+during these five out of the nine years he presided as Governor of
+Massachusetts. The House of Representatives, conscious that Mr. Bernard
+had expended a considerable sum of his own money in improving the
+castle, and for other public benefits, passed a resolution that the
+island of Mount Desert, lying on the northeastward of Penobscot Bay, be
+granted to him and his heirs and assigns. The Council at once concurred
+in the grant. The confirmation of the Assembly's grant of Mount Desert
+was contained in a letter from the English Lords of Trade, dated May 21,
+1763.
+
+In July, 1763 [writes Thomas Bernard], orders were transmitted to the
+American Governors for carrying into strict execution the laws of trade,
+at the same time notifying the new authority which had been delegated to
+commanders of the King's ships stationed in America, to seize all
+vessels concerned in any prohibited commerce. These were followed by
+further orders for improvement of the revenue, and for suppression of
+all clandestine and illicit trade with foreign nations; with directions
+for the Governors to transmit such information as they had to
+communicate on the subject.[161]
+
+ [161] Life of Sir Francis Bernard.
+
+Governor Bernard was compelled in the discharge of his official
+functions to enforce these commands, but he lost no time in
+remonstrating. His letter to the Earl of Egremont, Secretary of State,
+contains a plea for the indulgence granted, or tacitly allowed up to
+that time, with regard to wine and fruit, especially lemons, which he
+considered necessary to health in the climate of Massachusetts. This
+letter was followed by another addressed to the Lords Commissioners for
+Trade and Plantations, in which he entreats that the duties imposed by
+the Molasses Act may at least be reduced in the interest of England as
+well as of America, since it had been, and would be evaded, and its end
+to a large extent defeated. He continues: "this Act has been a perpetual
+stumbling block to the Custom House officers, and it will be most
+agreeable to them to have it in any way removed."[162]
+
+ [162] "The Bernards of Abington and Nether Winchendon," by Mr. Napier
+ Higgins.
+
+It was not until Bernard left America that the colonists knew of his
+protest to the government. A large number evidently were satisfied at
+his good will and perhaps suspected that he interceded in their favour,
+so their regard for him survived the trial of the new orders from
+England.
+
+In the midst of this agitation, the smallpox broke out in the capital,
+and the Governor was compelled to move the General Assembly to
+Cambridge. Here in January, 1764, another misfortune occurred. Harvard
+Hall was burned to a heap of ruins, the only one of the ancient
+buildings which still remained. Of five thousand volumes, only a hundred
+were saved, and of John Harvard's books, but a single one.
+
+The Governor at once appealed to the Assembly and obtained a vote for
+reconstruction. He set the example of contributing towards a new library
+by the gift of some of his own books; he also drew the architectural
+design for the new building and superintended its execution.
+Subscriptions were made both in England and America for the erection of
+the new hall.
+
+In June 1763, a confederation of several Indian tribes had suddenly and
+unexpectedly swept over the whole western frontier of Pennsylvania and
+Virginia, had murdered almost all the English settlers, and through
+unusual skill captured every British fort between the Ohio and Lake
+Erie, and had closely blockaded Fort Detroit and Pittsburg. After
+desperate fighting, the troops under Amherst succeeded in repelling the
+invaders and secured the three great fortresses of Niagara, Detroit and
+Pittsburg. The severe fighting appears to have been done by the English
+troops. Massachusetts seemed to be fatigued from the late war and could
+give no help when aid was asked. Connecticut finally sent 250 men. Peace
+was signed in September, 1764, the war having lasted fourteen months,
+months of extreme horror. The credit of the war belonged to the English
+soldiers, another great service rendered to the colonies by England.
+
+England felt that the colonies should help share the great expense of
+the late wars. George Grenville as First Lord of the Treasury, and
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, signalized his period of administration by
+the Stamp Act. On the 10th of March the House of Commons on the motion
+of the Minister, passed a variety of resolutions respecting certain
+duties on foreign goods imported into the British colonies of America.
+
+Grenville remarked in his honest way to the colonial agents in London,
+"I am not, however, set upon this tax. If the Americans dislike it, and
+prefer any other method, I shall be content. Write therefore, to your
+several colonies, and if they choose any other mode, I shall be
+satisfied, provided the money be but raised."[163]
+
+ [163] Samuel Adams (Hosmer) Ch. VI.
+
+The British Government gave the colonies a year to deliberate, and the
+House of Representatives trusted Governor Bernard to plead for the
+colonists. When the members met again on January 10, 1765, the Governor
+honestly stated how much he had done. On January 14 began in the British
+Parliament the vehement and eloquent debates, ending in a majority of
+both Houses declaring in favour of the Stamp Act. The Ministry seems to
+have paid no attention to Governor Bernard's suggestion. His "Principles
+of Law and Polity" were ignored and also the Petition of the Assembly.
+On March 22, 1765, the Stamp Act received the Royal Assent, and England
+and her colonies were divided.
+
+When the Colonists learned that the hated act had been passed, they
+became defiant. Riots soon took place in Boston, and Secretary Oliver,
+who was appointed by the British government as Stamp Distributor, was
+hung in effigy. This was during the summer of 1765 when the first cargo
+of stamps was daily expected. Then came the attack upon Mr. Oliver's
+house, and the complete destruction of Mr. Hutchinson's home.[164]
+
+ [164] For further information concerning the Stamp Act, see pp. 40, 41,
+ 42.
+
+During the warm months the Governor and his family were in the habit of
+residing at the castle. They were there when the stamps were expected
+and during the riotous times in Boston. The night that Hutchinson's home
+was destroyed seems to have made a deep impression on Julia Bernard,
+then in her sixth year. She afterwards wrote:
+
+"While the family was resident at Castle William, my father came one
+night in his barge from Boston and brought Lieutenant-Governor
+Hutchinson, his sister, and two daughters, whom he had thus rescued from
+the fury of the mob. They had forced the house; the family fled for
+their lives; my father's barge was in waiting for him and he took them
+under his protection. The house was stripped of everything, and pulled
+down that night. They had nothing but what they had on. I can remember
+my mother getting them out clothes, and ordering beds to be prepared.
+Terror and distress sat upon their countenances."
+
+Governor Bernard assured the people he had their interest at heart, but
+his road was a difficult one, and he was greatly worried over the
+performance of his duty. Because he represented the government, he was
+abused and insulted, and finally felt that he had no real authority, but
+was totally in the hands of the people. His son quotes his father's
+words: "Although I have never received any orders concerning the Stamp
+Act until this day, nor even a copy of the Act, I have thought it my
+duty to do all I could to get it carried into execution. And I must say
+in so doing I have exerted all possible spirit and perseverance.... I
+have made great sacrifices to his Majesty's service upon this occasion.
+My administration, which before was easy, respectable, and popular, is
+rendered troublesome, difficult, and dangerous, and yet there is no
+pretext to charge me with any other offence than endeavoring to carry
+the Stamp Act into execution; but that is here an high crime never to be
+forgiven." The struggle was carried on without intermission, but towards
+the end of April, Boston was delighted by the news of the repeal of the
+Stamp Act. "Letters published in England," writes Hutchinson, "Allowed
+that Governor Bernard's letters to the Ministry, and the petition from
+the Council and House in 1764, which had been drawn by the
+Lieutenant-Governor, forwarded the repeal. But they had no merit with
+the prevailing party, because they solicited the repeal as a matter of
+favour, and not as a claim of right."
+
+Great rejoicings now took place in the city and for a while Governor
+Bernard's life became a little easier.
+
+In August 1768, the King offered the Governor a Baronet's title, which
+he accepted. Rule and order was vanishing in Massachusetts. On September
+28, 1768, two regiments from Halifax with artillery, arrived off Boston,
+and the vessels which brought them, cast anchor in Nantasket Roads, a
+few miles below Castle William. The troops were landed on Saturday,
+October 1, and on Saturday, October 15, General Gage arrived with his
+officers to look after the quartering of the troops himself, a difficult
+problem to solve in this divided community. Thus was the Governor
+placed, trying to fulfil his duty to England, and yet always with the
+best interest of the people at heart. Commodore Hood wrote to Mr.
+Stephens, Secretary to the Admiralty on November 25, 1768, stating that
+"The General [Gage] and Governor Bernard have been lately burnt in
+effigy, in a most public manner."
+
+All through the next winter a fierce controversy raged in the newspapers
+regarding England and her colonies. Samuel Adams was the most prolific
+and forcible writer, and his contributions went also to newspapers at a
+distance. In the spring of this year the Governor became "Sir Francis
+Bernard of Nettleham, in the county of Lincoln, Baronet." The patent
+bears the date April 5, 1769. The King had ordered the expense of the
+patent to be paid out of his privy purse, and this according to the
+Governor's son, was a compliment seldom offered.
+
+The grant of the baronetcy was accompanied by an order summoning Sir
+Francis Bernard to proceed to England and there report on the state of
+his province. Ere long the Governor and the whole body of loyalists were
+struck with consternation by the intelligence that General Gage had
+ordered the removal of the troops from Boston. They considered this
+extremely dangerous.
+
+On the 4th of January, 1770, a town meeting was held by which every one
+was declared an enemy who had in any way assisted in obtaining or
+retaining troops. Sir Francis Bernard was making preparations for his
+departure, and this of course, was intended as a parting shot. He
+yielded to the advice of friends to attend the Harvard Commencement as
+usual and Mr. Hutchinson says that, "When he had gone through it without
+any insult worth notice from the rude people, who always raise more or
+less tumult on that day, he thanked his friends for their advice." It is
+satisfactory to think that his last public appearance in Massachusetts
+was at Harvard, the institution he had always felt such a deep interest
+in.
+
+A few days before the Governor departed, he received a circular from the
+Earl of Hillsborough announcing the intended repeal of the duties on
+glass, paper and paint, and one of his last acts of administration
+consisted in making this intention known, and the assurance of the good
+will of the British Government for the American colonies. Governor
+Bernard then bequeathed the administration to Lieutenant-Governor
+Hutchinson and made his last farewells.
+
+"He embarked on board the Rippon, a man-of-war ordered from Virginia to
+convey him, and sailed for England. Instead of the marks of respect
+commonly shown, in a greater or less degree, to governors upon their
+leaving the province, there were many marks of public joy in the town of
+Boston. The bells were rung, guns were fired from Mr. Hancock's wharf,
+Liberty Tree was covered with flags, and in the evening a great bonfire
+was made upon Fort Hill."[165] The Governor sailed on August 1, 1769, a
+sad ending to nine years of laborious and anxious administration.
+Perhaps there were some staunch friends with him to the last in whose
+sympathy he found consolation for sights and sounds which must have
+jarred upon his feelings, and were of set purpose arranged to aggravate
+his sorrow in parting, for an indefinite time, from his nearest and
+dearest. Hosmer, the biographer and eulogist of Samuel Adams, speaks of
+Francis Bernard as "an honourable and well-meaning man, and by no means
+wanting in ability."
+
+ [165] Hutchinson Hist. Mass., Vol. III., p. 253.
+
+Thomas Bernard, who accompanied his father, states that he was
+graciously received in England and by George III. A petition arrived
+from the colonies asking for a new governor, it concludes:
+
+"Wherefore we most humbly entreat your Majesty that his Excellency Sir
+Francis Bernard, Baronet, may be forever removed from the government of
+this province, and that your Majesty would be graciously pleased to
+place one in his stead worthy to serve the greatest and best Monarch on
+earth."
+
+The Governor's resignation soon followed. His life was filled with much
+anxiety for the financial welfare of his family as during his eleven
+years of residence in America, his private fortune had not been
+increased. He received a pension, but many troubles arose which greatly
+taxed his physical and mental strength. Mrs. Bernard and the remaining
+members of her family, moved from their country home at Jamaica Pond,
+which was afterwards occupied by Sir William Pepperell, to a new
+residence called the Cherry House, which the Governor caused to be built
+on a lot of land containing about 30 acres on the "Road leading to
+Castle William" at Dorchester Neck, now South Boston. The Governor
+probably selected this location on which to build his house on account
+of its nearness to Castle Island, to which he and his family could take
+refuge in case of mob violence.[166] John Bernard's name continued for
+some time to head the list of proscribed traders and his position,
+entailing loss, insult, and even danger, must have been a constant
+source of apprehension to his relatives. After learning that her husband
+had definitely resigned, Lady Bernard prepared to join him in England.
+Many of their household possessions were sold at the Province house on
+September 11. Just before the vessel sailed, young Francis Bernard died
+November 20, 1770, at the age of twenty-seven, and is probably buried
+beside his brother Shute in the burial ground of the King's Chapel at
+Boston. Mrs. Bernard was accompanied by four of her children, Amelia,
+William, Scrope and Julia.
+
+ [166] One lot of 261/2 acres was purchased of John Baker et al. in
+ 1762. Lib. 98, Fol. 113. Another lot adjoining same, of 3 acres of James
+ Baker in 1764. Lib. 102, Fol. 39. During a raid made by the "Ministerial
+ Troops" from the Castle on Feb. 13th, 1776, nearly all the houses on the
+ Neck were burnt; among them was "An House and Stable and Barn belonging
+ to Francis Bernard burnt; valued at L100.00," also damage done "by our
+ Soldiers," L40.00. (See New Eng. Gen. Reg. Jan. 1897.) This tract of
+ land extended from Fourth street (Way leading to Castle William) to
+ Dorchester Bay, M street running through the center of it. The writer's
+ father in 1858 purchased a portion of this land, and it was here he
+ spent his boyhood days. After the war another house was erected on the
+ site of the one burnt; its location was on Fourth street between M and N
+ streets. The writer remembers that a boyhood companion that lived there
+ picked up in the garden an English guinea.
+
+Sir Francis took a house in the vicinity of Hampstead and for a while
+the family was united, the children from America joining those in
+England. The two youngest had never seen their eldest sisters, Jane and
+Frances, who had remained in the mother country. A short time later, Sir
+Francis suffered from a paralytic stroke and his recovery was partial
+and imperfect. Realizing this, he applied for leave to resign his
+appointment to Ireland, having been appointed to the Irish Board of
+Commissioners. This was granted him in 1774, and his former pension
+restored to him. The vigor of his mental faculties is evinced by the
+fact that on July 2, 1772, he went to Oxford and received the degree of
+D. C. L. and from Christ Church the honour of having his picture by
+Copley among other illustrious students in the Hall of that society.
+
+After a stay at Nether Winchendon, the family removed to the Prebendal
+House at Aylesbury, and now for a short period enjoyed comparative
+peace. The colonies were in open revolt. Soon after Governor
+Hutchinson's arrival in England, he resumed his habits of friendly
+intercourse with Sir Francis Bernard and his family. Thomas Bernard
+studied for the Bar, and William and Scrope were sent to Harrow. Jane,
+the eldest daughter, married Charles White, a barrister, in 1774. Fanny,
+the third daughter, became greatly attached to her newly found sister
+Julia, and proved herself very capable with her pen. Scrope later
+entered Christ Church at Oxford and William embarked for Canada. John
+left England for America probably in 1775. William, who was a Lieutenant
+in the army, was drowned before reaching Canada. He was on board a
+provision ship bound for Quebec which took fire, and he, with some
+others, took to a boat which overset and they all were drowned. This
+cast a gloom over the family, from which the father and mother never
+fully recovered.
+
+A London visit of Sir Francis and Lady Bernard in March, 1777, is
+mentioned by Governor Hutchinson.
+
+"8th.--Sir Francis and Lady came to town last evening, and dined with us
+to-day, with Paxton, Dr. Caner, Chandler, and Boucher."
+
+Later came Lady Bernard's death and Hutchinson in his "Dairy," 1778,
+says:
+
+"2nd.--Lady Bernard died last week, the 20th. [May], at Aylesbury.
+Paxton was there on a visit. She had been in poor health several months,
+but took an airing the day before the night in which she died, or rather
+towards morning."
+
+This remarkable woman was married to Sir Francis Bernard thirty-seven
+years and had shared every vicissitude of his career. She had felt the
+cares of his agitated public life in America and had seen him gradually
+broken down by much trouble, not the least of which was the final blow
+received in England at the hands of supposed friends.
+
+Thomas, who was now eight and twenty, relieved his father from business
+cares, and became a worthy head to the family. News reached England of
+the act of banishment. John Bernard had reached America before the
+Declaration of Independence and lived in a remote part of Maine, but his
+name does not appear among the proscribed. News of the Confiscation Act
+did not reach Sir Francis before his death, and Thomas says that his
+last days were free from anxiety on that ground. He died believing in
+the honesty of America.
+
+The engagement of Julia Bernard about this time to the Rev. Joseph
+Smith, brought a gleam of happiness into the family.
+
+On June 21, Hutchinson writes:
+
+"A gentleman, who knew me and asked how I had been since he last saw me,
+informed me Saturday morning, as I was taking my morning walk, that he
+went to Aylesbury a day or two before, and that Sir Francis Bernard died
+Wednesday night, the 16, [1779], which has since been confirmed."
+
+He suffered from several complaints, and an epileptic fit more violent
+than any he had had before, hastened the end. He died surrounded by his
+children, within a month of completing his sixty-seventh year, and was
+buried by the side of Lady Bernard in a vault under Aylesbury church.
+Sir Francis Bernard's memory was held in high honor by his children, and
+by none more tenderly than Thomas, his father's companion and confidant.
+After his father's death, Thomas wrote:
+
+"May his children contemplate with pleasure and confidence, the talents
+and probity of their father, and, soothed with the memory of his
+virtues, forget the return which those virtues have received! And may
+they, by retracing the events of his life, strengthen and fortify their
+minds, that if ever they should be called to such a trial as he
+underwent, they may imitate him in the conscientious and honourable
+discharge of their duty, and in integrity of life."[167]
+
+ [167] Life of Sir Francis Bernard, by One of his Sons.
+
+SIR JOHN BERNARD, on the death of his father, succeeded to the Baronetcy
+in 1779. When, in 1769, Sir Francis was recalled from the government, he
+possessed a large landed estate in Maine of which the large island of
+Mount Desert, which was given him by the Colony, and afterwards
+confirmed by the Crown, was a part. He also owned Moose Island, now
+Eastport, and some territory on the mainland. John, at the time of his
+departure, had an agency for the sale and settlement of these and other
+lands, and until the war commenced, was in comfortable circumstances. In
+order to hold his property and prevent its confiscation, he remained in
+the country, and therefore it could not be claimed that he was an
+absentee, or a refugee, and as he did not take any part in the
+controversy, it could not be claimed that he was an enemy to the new
+government. His place of residence during the war appears to have been
+at Bath, Machias, and at Pleasant Point, a few miles from Eastport. An
+unbroken wilderness was around him. The only inhabitants at the head of
+the tidewater of the St. Croix were a few hunters and Indians. He lived
+in a small hut built by himself, with no companions but a dog.
+Robbinston and Perry were uninhabited, Eastport contained but a single
+family, yet at the spot now occupied by the remnant of the Passamaquoddy
+Indians, he attempted to make a farm. He had been bred in ease and
+refinement, had hardly done a day's laborious work in his life, yet he
+believed he could earn a competence by labor. He told those who saw him
+that "other young men went into the woods, and made themselves farms,
+and got a good living, and he saw no reason why he could not." But he
+cut down a few trees, became discouraged, and after the confiscation of
+the property of Sir Francis in 1778, he was in abject poverty, and the
+misfortune of himself and family seemed to have unsettled his mind.
+After the peace, he lived at Pleasant Point, and occasionally went to
+Boston. His abject condition in mind and estate rendered him an object
+of deep commiseration, and his conduct during hostilities having
+entitled him to consideration, the Legislature of Massachusetts restored
+to him one half of his father's estate, which included one half of the
+island of Mount Desert, and an estate in Boston consisting of wharves,
+land, and flats, which he sold for L600 to Wm. Allen. Of his subsequent
+history while he continued in the United States, but little is known.
+Later in life he held offices under the British Crown at Barbadoes and
+St. Vincent. He died in the West Indies in 1809 in his sixty-fifth year,
+without issue, and was succeeded by his brother Thomas.
+
+SIR THOMAS BERNARD, the third surviving son of Sir Francis, succeeded
+his brother John to the Baronetcy. He took his degree from Harvard
+College in 1767. After he took up his residence in England, much of his
+time was devoted to institutions of benevolence in London, and he wrote
+several essays with a design to mitigate the sorrows, and improve the
+condition of the humbler classes of English society. The University of
+Edinburgh conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws. He married a
+lady of fortune who died in 1813 while preparing to go to church.
+
+Sir Thomas' account of his father's life makes him stand out perhaps the
+most prominent of Sir Francis' children. His death occurred in England
+in 1818. The Baronetcy of Sir Francis Bernard now stands in the name of
+Morland.
+
+The following is a list of Sir Francis Bernard's confiscated property in
+Suffolk County situated in what is now South Boston, and Jamaica Plain,
+together with the name of the purchasers. He had also much property in
+Maine, including one half of Mount Desert island, that was confiscated.
+
+
+ CONFISCATED PROPERTY OF SIR FRANCIS BERNARD SITUATED IN SUFFOLK COUNTY.
+
+ To Martin Brimmer, Aug. 18, 1779; Lib. 130 fol. 178; Farm, 50 A.,
+ mansion house and barn in Roxbury, highway to Benj. Child S.E.;
+ Jamaica Pond N.E.; Joseph Winchester N.W.;, Samuel Griffin and
+ school lands S.W.; the hill N.; Samuel Griffin W.; S W; W. and
+ S.W.--Wood lot in Roxbury, 12 A. 3 qr. 36 r., Sharp and Williams S;
+ land of heirs of William Douglas deceased W.; land of heirs of
+ Edward Bromfield deceased N. land of heirs of Elizabeth Brewer
+ deceased E.----Wood lot in Roxbury, 2A. 1 qr 17 r, highway W.:
+ Capt. Baker S.; John Harris E.; Mr. Walter N.----Salt marsh in
+ Roxbury, 3 A. 1 qr., John Williams S., creek N.W.; Robert Pierpoint
+ N; creek to Dorchester E.
+
+ To William Allen, Jan. 2, 1781; Lib. 132 fol. 76; Land in
+ Dorchester, 25 A. 3 r., road to Point of Dorchester Neck N.; land
+ of town of Dorchester and Richard Withington deceased E; said
+ Withington, James Baker, Samuel Blake deceased and James Blake S.;
+ Jonathan [Clap] W.----Salt marsh in Dorchester. 2 A. 3 qr., Sir
+ Francis Bernard N.; salt marsh of Richard Withington deceased E.;
+ James Blake W; the sea S.
+
+
+
+
+ SIR WILLIAM PEPPERELL.
+
+ BARONET OF KITTERY, MAINE.
+
+
+William Pepperell was a native of Tavistock near Plymouth in Devon, who
+at the age of twenty-two, about the year 1676, emigrated to the Isle of
+Shoals, and became a fisherman. He acquired property and removed to
+Kittery on the mainland, where he died in 1734, leaving an only son of
+his own name, who continued the business of fishing, amassed great
+wealth, and arrived at great honors. It is interesting and instructive
+to trace the rising steps of the Pepperell family, from a destitute
+young fisherman to the princely affluence and exalted station, civil,
+political, and military, to which his son arrived. It throws light upon
+the early history of the infant colonies, the character of the early
+settlers, the nature of their occupations, their commerce, the
+condition, and relative importance of places of trade, and the influence
+of the times, and events, in forming the character and shaping the
+fortunes of the illustrious subject of this memoir. The name once so
+celebrated, has in America long since become extinct, and but for its
+record in the page of history, would ere this have passed into oblivion.
+To account for this curious fact, it will be necessary to give a more
+extended notice of the history of the family than would otherwise seem
+necessary.
+
+While a fisherman at the Isle of Shoals, Pepperell had frequent occasion
+to sail to Kittery Point for the purpose of traffic, and for the
+purchase and repair of boats. A shipwright there named John Bray
+welcomed him to his home, and supplied his wants. He had a daughter
+Margery, who had arrived at the age of seventeen when she first saw Mr.
+Pepperell, who was smitten with her youthful charms. At the time of this
+marriage Mr. Pepperell removed from the Shoals to Kittery Point, where
+Mr. Bray gave him the site of the present Pepperell mansion. The south
+part of this structure was built by him and the north part by his son
+Sir William, who was born here in 1696, and here dwelt the two families
+till the decease of the father in 1734, which left the son's family sole
+occupants till 1759. The home has since been curtailed in its dimensions
+by the removal of ten feet from each end of the building. It was during
+this period of little more than half a century that the largest fortune,
+then known in New England, was gradually accumulated. The principal
+business of the Pepperells was done in the fisheries. They sometimes had
+more than one hundred small vessels at a time on the Grand Banks.
+Ship-building was also a very extensive branch of industry on the
+Pascataqua, and its tributary streams. The Pepperells built many vessels
+and sent them to the West India islands, laden with lumber, fish, oil,
+and live stock, to exchange for cargoes of rum, sugar, and molasses, for
+home consumption; others to European markets to exchange for dry goods,
+wine, and salt, and to sell both vessel and cargo. To the Southern
+colonies fish was sent in exchange for corn, tobacco, and naval stores.
+Mills were erected by them on the small rivers, and lumber and
+ship-timber, were floated down to Kittery Point, and Newcastle, to be
+shipped to European and American ports.
+
+Sir William was his only son. About 1727 he was elected a member of the
+Council of Massachusetts, and held a seat in that body by annual
+election for thirty-two years, until his death. He was also selected to
+command a regiment of militia, and being fond of society, rich, and
+prosperous, was highly popular, and possessed much influence. With a
+vigorous frame, firm mind, and great coolness, when in danger, he was
+well fitted for his residence in a country exposed to ferocious enemies.
+
+The Treaty of Utrecht which secured Nova Scotia to the British Crown,
+gave France undisputed right to Cape Breton. Here they built the city of
+Louisburg at enormous cost, and protected it with fortresses of great
+strength. The walls of the defences were formed with bricks brought from
+France, and they mounted two hundred and six pieces of cannon. The city
+had nunneries, and Palaces, gardens, and squares, and places of
+amusement, and was designed to become a great capital, and to perpetuate
+French dominion, and the Catholic faith in America. Twenty-five years of
+time and six million dollars in money were spent in building, arming,
+and adorning this city, "The Dunkirk of the New World." That such a plan
+existed, at so early a period of our history, is a marvel, and the
+lovers of the wonderful may read the works of Parkman which contain
+accounts of its rise, and ruin, and be satisfied that "truth is
+sometimes stranger than fiction."
+
+The possession of this stronghold by the French was a source of
+continual annoyance to the New England fishermen, and at last became
+intolerable. Situated as it was directly off the fishing grounds, it
+meant destruction to the fishing interest every time there was a war
+with France. At last its capture was seriously conceived and undertaken.
+Governor Shirley, in 1744, listening to the propositions made to him on
+the subject, submitted them to the Legislature of Massachusetts, and
+that body in secret session, the first ever held in America, authorized
+a force to be raised, equipped, and sent against it, and the command was
+conferred upon Colonel William Pepperell. His troops consisted of a
+motley assemblage of fishermen, and farmers, sawyers, and loggers, many
+of whom were taken from his own vessels, mills, and forests. Before such
+men, and others hardly better skilled in war, in the year 1745,
+Louisburg fell. The achievement is the most memorable in the Colonial
+annals. For this great service Colonel Pepperell was created a Baronet
+in 1746. After the fall of Louisburg, he went to England and was
+presented at Court. In 1759 he was appointed Lieutenant-General. He died
+the same year at his seat at Kittery, aged sixty-three years, and was
+buried in the large and beautiful tomb erected in 1734 which was placed
+near the mansion home. His children were two, Andrew, a son who
+graduated at Harvard University in 1743, and died March 1, 1751, aged
+twenty-five, and a daughter, Elizabeth, who married Colonel Nathaniel
+Sparhawk. Lady Pepperell, who was Mary Hirst, daughter of Grove Hirst of
+Boston, and granddaughter of Judge Sewall of Massachusetts, survived
+until 1789. Mrs. Sparhawk bore her husband five children, namely
+Nathaniel, William Pepperell, Samuel Hirst, Andrew Pepperell, and Mary
+Pepperell. Sir William, her father, soon after the decease of her
+brother, executed a will, by which after providing for Lady Pepperell,
+he bequeathed the bulk of his remaining property to herself, and her
+children. Her second son was made the residuary legatee, and inherited a
+large estate. By the terms of his grandfather's will he was required to
+procure an Act of the Legislature to drop the name of Sparhawk, and
+assume that of Pepperell. This he did on coming of age, and was allowed
+by a subsequent Act, to take the title of Sir William Pepperell,
+Baronet. He received the honors of Harvard University in 1766,
+subsequently he visited England, and became a member of the Council of
+Massachusetts. In 1774 when that body was recognized under the Act of
+Parliament, he was continued, under the mandamus of the King, and
+thereby incurred the wrath of the disunionists, who at a county
+congress, held at Wells, York County, Maine, on the 16th of Nov. 1774,
+declared a boycott against him, and denounced him in the following
+manner: "The said William Pepperell, Esq., hath, with purpose to carry
+into force, Acts of the British Parliament, made with apparent design to
+enslave the free and loyal people of this country, accepted, and now
+holds, a seat in the pretended Board of Councillors in this Province, as
+well as in direct repeal of the charter thereof, as against the solemn
+compact of kings, and the inherent right of the people. It is therefore
+Resolved, that said William Pepperell, Esq. hath thereby justly
+forfeited the confidence, and friendship of all true friends to American
+liberty, and with other pretended councillors, now holding their seats
+in like manner, ought to be detested by all good men, and it is hereby
+recommended to the good people of this country, that as soon as the
+present leases made to any of them by said Pepperell, are expired, they
+immediately withdraw all connection, commerce, and dealings, from him,
+and they take no further lease, or conveyance of his, farms, mills, or
+appurtenances thereunto belonging (where the said Pepperell is the sole
+receiver and appropriator of the rents and profits), until he shall
+resign his seat, pretendedly occupied by mandamus. And if any persons
+shall remain, or become his tenants, after the expiration of their
+present leases, we recommend to the good people of this country, not
+only to withdraw all connections, and commercial intercourse with them,
+but to treat them in the manner provided by the third resolve of this
+Congress."
+
+The Baronet not long after this denouncement retired to Boston. His
+winter residence was on Summer street, near Trinity church, and his
+country residence was an estate on the southerly side of Jamaica Pond
+containing sixty acres, which he leased from Sir Francis Bernard. In
+1775 he arrived in England under circumstances of deep affliction. Lady
+Pepperell, who was Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. Isaac Royall, of Medford,
+having died on the passage. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished, and
+the year following was included in the Conspiracy Act. In May, 1779, the
+Committee on confiscated estates offered for sale "his large and elegant
+house, gardens, and other accommodations, &c., pleasantly situated on
+Summer street, Boston, a little below Trinity church." His vast domain
+in Maine, the largest owned by any individual in New England, though
+entailed upon his heirs, was confiscated. This estate extended from
+Kittery to Saco, with a coast line of upwards of thirty miles, and
+extending back many miles into the interior, and, for the purposes of
+farming and lumbering, was of great value, and the water power and mill
+privileges, rendered it even at the time of the sequestration, a
+princely fortune. His possessions were large in Scarboro, Elliot,
+Berwick, Newington, Portsmouth, Hampton and Hubbardston. In Saco alone
+he owned 5,500 acres, including the site of that populous town and its
+factories. A large portion of this property was purchased by Thomas
+Cutts who had served as a clerk in Sir William's counting room. He was
+active during the revolution, was a noted merchant, president of a bank,
+colonel of a regiment, senator in the Massachusetts Legislature, and one
+of the founders of the Massachusetts General Hospital. He died in 1821.
+
+All of Sir William's brothers were loyalists and were forced to leave
+the country, and their vast domains passed into other hands. A life
+interest or dower right in the Saco lands was enjoyed by Lady Mary
+Pepperell, the widow of the first Sir William and her daughter, Mrs.
+Sparhawk, which was devised to them by the Baronet's will. In exchange
+for the right thus arising, the State afterwards assigned two-ninths in
+absolute property to Lady Pepperell and her daughter, by a deed executed
+in 1788. This small portion of this great estate was saved through these
+ladies residing in the country during the war, the "sons of despotism"
+could hardly tar and feather two defenceless women, or drive them forth
+as they did their sons and brothers, and make absentees or refugees of
+them.
+
+Thus the princely fortune of Pepperell, that required a century to
+construct, from the foundation laid by John Bray the shipwright to the
+massive structure raised by the fisherman William Pepperell and
+completed by his son Sir William, fastened and secured though it was, by
+every instrument that his own skill and the best legal counsel could
+devise to give stability and perpetuity, was in a brief hour overthrown,
+and demolished by the confiscation act of 1778. So complete was the
+wreck that two of his daughter's grandsons, were saved from the
+almshouse by the bounty of some persons on whom they had no claim for
+favor.
+
+Never before in the history of this country has there been a more
+conspicuous fall of a family from a high estate. There has always been a
+doubt as to the legality of the Confiscation Act, as far as the
+remainder or reversionary interest, of the first Sir William was
+concerned, since it is apparently clear that the life-interest of the
+second Sir William could only be, or by the statute actually was,
+diverted and passed to the State.[168]
+
+ [168] This question was decided in the case of Roger Morris of New York
+ who married Mary, daughter of Frederick Phillips, who it is said had
+ previously refused George Washington, the estate which belongs in right
+ to his wife was confiscated, and that the whole interest should pass
+ under the Act Mrs. Morris was included in the attainder. Humanity is
+ shocked that a woman was attainted of treason, for no crime but that of
+ clinging to the fortunes of the husband whom she had vowed on the altar
+ never to desert. However, in the year 1809, their son, Captain Henry
+ Gage Morris of the Royal Navy, in behalf of himself and his two sisters,
+ sold their reversionary interest to John Jacob Astor of New York for the
+ sum of L20,000 sterling. In 1828 Mr. Astor made a compromise with the
+ State of New York by which he received for the rights thus purchased by
+ him, the large sum of five hundred thousand dollars, having obtained a
+ judgment of the Supreme Court of the United States affirming the
+ validity and perfectibility of his title.
+
+After the death of the first Sir William, his widow, Lady Pepperell,
+caused a neat house to be erected near that of her daughter, and the
+village church which still remain. Here she died in 1789 after being a
+widow thirty years.
+
+This house came into the possession of Captain Joseph Cutts. He was a
+large ship owner and a successful merchant. Ruined by Mr. Jefferson's
+embargo, and the war of 1812, he lost his reason, and his two sons also
+went insane. One fell by his own hand in Lady Pepperell's bedchamber,
+the other was so violent at times that it was necessary to chain him.
+Under these misfortunes the daughter Sally's reason gave way. The town
+allowed a small sum for the board of her father, and her brother. Her
+home even was sold to satisfy a Government claim for duties owed by her
+father. It would seem that the doom of the Pepperells was transmitted to
+all who should inhabit this house. Surely a blight seemed to have fallen
+upon it which consumed the lives and fortunes of a family until its evil
+destiny was fully accomplished.
+
+The old mansion built by the first Colonel Pepperell, and enlarged by
+his son, is plain in its architecture, and contained a great many rooms
+before it was curtailed ten feet from each end. It was well adapted to
+the extensive domains and hospitalities of its former owners. The lawn
+in front extends to the sea, and the restless waves over which Sir
+William successively sought fortune and fame, still glitter in the
+sunbeams, and dash around the disconsolate abode. The fires of
+hospitality are extinguished. It is now occupied by the families of poor
+fishermen who do not like to be troubled with visitors or strangers. The
+hall is spacious and well finished; the ceiling is ornamented, and the
+richly carved bannisters bear traces of former elegance. The large hall
+was formerly lined with some fifty portraits of the Pepperell and
+Sparhawk families and of the companions in arms of Sir William, such as
+Admiral Sir Peter Warren Commodore Spry and others. We have now no
+sympathy with the joyous acclamations once bestowed on these successful
+victors returning from the field of glory to be crowned with laurels.
+The American people feel no desire to perpetuate the fame of their
+achievements, although characterized at the time by patriotism as pure,
+and disinterested as any exhibited since this government was formed.
+Patriotism in those days implied loyalty and fidelity to the king of
+England, but how changed the meaning of that word in New England after
+the Declaration of Independence? Words and deeds before deemed
+patriotic, were now traitorous, and so deeply was the idea of their
+moral turpitude impressed on the public mind, as to have tainted popular
+opinion concerning the heroic deeds of our ancestors performed in the
+king's service, in the French wars, but criticism of this is apt to
+produce what Coleridge declared the cold waters of reason thrown on the
+burning embers of democracy inevitably produced--namely a hiss. The
+Revolution absorbed and neutralized all the heroic fame of the
+illustrious men that preceded it. The extinction of their fame was not
+more remarkable than the wreck of their fortunes. The Penns, Fairfaxes,
+Johnsons, Phillips, Robinsons and Pepperells were stripped of their
+immense possession, by confiscation, who up to that time had been but
+little less than hereditary noblemen and viceroys of boundless domains.
+
+[Illustration: THE PEPPERELL MANSION.]
+
+During the Revolution the Baronet was treated with great respect and
+deference by his fellow exiles in England. His home in London was open
+for their reception, and in most cases in which the Loyalists from New
+England united in representations to the ministry or to the throne, he
+was their chairman or deputed organ of communication. He was allowed
+L500 sterling per annum by the British Government, and this stipend,
+with the wreck of his fortune, consisting of personal effects, rendered
+his situation comfortable, and enabled him to relieve the distress of
+the less fortunate. And it is to be recorded in respect for his memory,
+that his pecuniary benefactions were not confined to his countrymen who
+were in banishment, for their loyalty, but were extended to his
+countrymen who were disloyal, who languished in England in captivity
+sharing with them the pension which he received from the government,
+after their government had despoiled him of all his great possessions.
+It is to be remembered, too, that his private life was irreproachable,
+and that he was among the founders of the British and Foreign Bible
+Society.
+
+In 1779 the Loyalists then in London formed an Association, and Sir
+William was appointed President. The first meeting was held at Spring
+Garden Coffee House, May 29th, 1779, and the next at the Crown and
+Anchor, in the Strand on the 26th. About ninety persons met at this
+place composed of Loyalists from each Colony. A Committee appointed at
+this meeting, on July 6th, reported an Address to the King. In this
+document it is said, that, "notwithstanding your Majesty's arms have not
+been attended with all the effect which those exertions promised, and
+from which occasion has been taken to raise an indiscriminate charge of
+disaffection in the Colonists, we beg leave, some of us from our own
+knowledge, and others from the best information, to assure your Majesty
+that the greater number of your subjects in the Confederated Colonies,
+notwithstanding every art to seduce, every device to intimidate, and a
+variety of oppressions to compel them to abjure their sovereign,
+entertain the firmest attachment and allegiance to your Majesty's sacred
+person and government. In support of those truths, we need not appeal to
+the evidence of our own sufferings; it is notorious that we have
+sacrificed all which the most loyal subjects could forego, or the
+happiest could possess. But, with confidence, we appeal to the struggles
+made against the usurpations of Congress, by Counter Resolves in very
+large districts of country, and to the many unsuccessful attempts by
+bodies of the loyal in arms, which have subjected them to all the rigors
+of inflamed resentment; we appeal to the sufferings of multitudes, who
+for their loyalty have been subjected to insults, fines, and
+imprisonments, patiently enduring all in the expectation of that period
+which shall restore to them the blessings of your Majesty's Government;
+we appeal to the thousands now serving in your Majesty's armies, and in
+private ships-of-war, the former exceeding in number the troops enlisted
+to oppose them; finally, we make a melancholy appeal to the many
+families who have been banished from their once peaceful habitations; to
+the public forfeiture of a long list of estates; and to the numerous
+executions of our fellow-citizens, who have sealed their loyalty with
+their blood. If any Colony or District, when covered or possessed by
+your Majesty's troops had been called upon to take arms, and had
+refused; or, if any attempts had been made to form the Loyalist militia,
+or otherwise, and it had been declined, we should not on this occasion
+have presumed thus to address your Majesty; but if, on the contrary, no
+general measure to the above effect was attempted, if petitions from
+bodies of your Majesty's subjects, who wished to rise in aid of
+Government, have been neglected, and the representations of the most
+respectable Loyalists disregarded, we assure ourselves that the equity
+and wisdom of your Majesty's mind will not admit of any impressions
+injurious to the honor and loyalty of your faithful subjects in those
+Colonies."
+
+Sir William Pepperell, Messrs. Fitch, Leonard, Rome, Stevens, Patterson,
+Galloway, Lloyd, Dulaney, Chalmers, Randolph, Macknight, Ingram, and
+Doctor Chandler, composing a committee of thirteen, were appointed to
+present this Address. At the same meeting it was resolved, "That it be
+recommended to the General Meeting to appoint a Committee, with
+directions to manage all such public matters as shall appear for the
+honor and interest of the Loyal in the Colonies, or who have taken
+refuge from America in this country, with power to call General
+Meetings, to whom they shall from time to time report." Of this
+Committee, Sir Egerton Leigh, of South Carolina, was Chairman. This body
+was soon organized. On the 26th of July, Mr. Galloway, of Pennsylvania,
+who was a member of it, reported rules for its government, which, after
+being read and debated, were adopted. The proceedings of this Committee
+do not appear to have been very important; indeed, to meet and
+sympathize with one another, was probably their chief employment. On the
+2d of August, it was, however, "Resolved, That each member of the
+Committee be desired to prepare a brief account of such documents,
+facts, and informations, as he hath in his power, or can obtain,
+relating to the rise, progress, and present state of the rebellion in
+America, and the causes which have prevented its being suppressed, with
+short narratives of their own, stating their facts, with their remarks
+thereon, or such observations as may occur to them; each gentleman
+attending more particularly to the Colony to which he belongs, and
+referring to his document for the support of each fact." This resolution
+was followed by another, having for its design to unite with them the
+Loyalists who remained in America, in these terms: "Resolved, That
+circular letters be transmitted from the Committee to the principal
+gentleman from the different Colonies at New York, informing them of the
+proceedings of the General Meeting, the appointment and purposes of this
+Standing Committee, and requesting their co-operation and
+correspondence."
+
+August 11, 1779, at a meeting of the Committee, report was made that
+General Robertson had been "so obliging as to undertake the trouble of
+communicating to our brethren in New York our wishes to have an
+institution established there on similar principles to our own, for the
+purpose of corresponding with us on matters relative to the public
+interests of British America." Whereupon it was resolved, that, in place
+of the circular letter resolved upon on the 2d, "a letter to General
+Robertson, explanatory of our designs and wishes, and entreating his
+good offices to the furtherance of an establishment of a Committee at
+New York, be drawn up and transmitted." At the same meeting, (August
+11th,) Sir William Pepperell stated that Lord George Germain had been
+apprised of the proceedings of the "Loyalists for considering of
+American affairs in so far as their interests were concerned, and that
+his Lordship had been pleased to declare his entire approbation of their
+institution."
+
+The framing of the letter to General Robertson, above mentioned, seems
+to have been, now, the only affair of moment, which, by the record,
+occupied the attention of the Association. It may be remarked, however,
+that agreeably to the recommendation above stated, a Board of Loyalists
+was organized at New York, composed of delegates from each Colony.
+Another body, of which the Baronet was President, was the Board of
+Agents constituted after the peace, to prosecute the claims of Loyalists
+to compensation for their losses by the war, and under the Confiscation
+Acts of the several States. Sir James Wright, of Georgia, was first
+elected, but at his decease, Sir William was selected as his successor,
+and continued in office until the Commissioners made their final report,
+and the commission was dissolved. Sir William's own claim was of
+difficult adjustment, and occupied the attention of the Commissioners
+several day. In 1788, and after Mr. Pitt's plan had received the
+sanction of Parliament, the Board of Agents presented an Address of
+thanks to the King for the liberal provision made for themselves and the
+persons whom they represented, which was presented to his Majesty by the
+Baronet. On this occasion, he and the other Agents were admitted to the
+presence, and "all had the honor to kiss his Majesty's hand." As this
+Address contains no matter of historical interest, it is not here
+inserted. But some mention may be made of West's picture, the "Reception
+of the American Loyalists by Great Britain in 1783," of which an
+engraving is here shown. The Baronet is the prominent personage
+represented, and appears in a voluminous wig, a flowing gown, in advance
+of the other figures, with one hand extended and nearly touching the
+crown, which lies on a velvet cushion on a table, and holding in the
+other hand, at his side, a scroll or manuscript half unrolled.
+
+The full description of this picture is as follows: "Religion and
+Justice are represented extending the mantle of Britannia, whilst she
+herself is holding out her arm and shield to receive the Loyalists.
+Under the shield is the Crown of Great Britain, surrounded by Loyalists.
+This group of figures consists of various characters, representing the
+Law, the Church, and the Government, with other inhabitants of North
+America; and as a marked characteristic of that quarter of the globe, an
+Indian Chief extending one hand to Britannia, and pointing the other to
+a Widow and Orphans, rendered so by the civil war; also, a Negro and
+Children looking up to Britannia in grateful remembrance of their
+emancipation from Slavery. In a Cloud, on which Religion and Justice
+rest, are seen in an opening glory the Genii of Great Britain and of
+America, binding up the broken fasces of the two countries, as
+emblematical of the treaty of peace and friendship between them. At the
+head of the group of Loyalists are likenesses of Sir William Pepperell,
+Baronet, one of the Chairmen of their Agents to the Crown and Parliament
+of Great Britain; and William Franklin, Esq., son of Dr. Benjamin
+Franklin, who, having his Majesty's commission of Governor of New
+Jersey, preserved his fidelity and loyalty to his Sovereign from the
+commencement to the conclusion of the contest, notwithstanding powerful
+incitements to the contrary. He was arrested by order of Congress and
+confined for two years, when he was finally exchanged. The two figures
+on the right hand are the painter, Mr. West, the President of the Royal
+Academy, and his lady, both natives of Pennsylvania."
+
+[Illustration: RECEPTION OF THE AMERICAN LOYALISTS IN ENGLAND.]
+
+Sir William continued in England during the remainder of his life. He
+died in Portman Square, London, in December, 1816, aged seventy.
+William, his only son, deceased in 1809. The baronetcy was inherited by
+no other member of the family, and became extinct. His daughters were
+Elizabeth, who married the Rev. Henry Hutton, of London; Mary, the
+wife of Sir William Congreve; and Harriet, the wife of Sir Charles
+Thomas Palmer, Baronet.
+
+[Illustration: ARREST OF WILLIAM FRANKLIN BY ORDER OF CONGRESS.
+
+THE LAST ROYAL GOVERNOR OF NEW JERSEY, SON OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN]
+
+NATHANIEL SPARHAWK, brother of the second Sir William Pepperell, was
+born August, 1744. Graduated at Harvard University in 1765. He was an
+Addresser to Gov. Gage and went to England where he remained till 1809,
+when he returned, and died in Kittery, 1814. His two sons never married,
+and were by the kindness of their neighbors saved from the almshouse, on
+account of their noble ancestor, being great grandsons of the elder Sir
+William Pepperell.
+
+SAMUEL HIRST SPARHAWK, also brother to Sir William Pepperell, graduated
+at Harvard University in 1771, an Addresser to both Hutchinson and Gage.
+Subsequently he went to England with his family of four persons. He died
+at Kittery, August 29, 1789, aged thirty-eight. He left an only
+daughter, Miss Harriet Hirst Sparhawk, who at his request was adopted by
+his sister in Boston, wife of Dr. Jarvis, with whom she lived till the
+death of that lady in 1815. She afterwards lived at Portsmouth, and
+expended one hundred dollars in repairing the old Pepperell tomb. She
+was the last Sparhawk living of Pepperell blood, in America.
+
+ANDREW SPARHAWK, the fourth son of Colonel Sparhawk, married a Miss
+Turner. Was a Loyalist and went to England with his brothers, where his
+wife died soon after their arrival, and he died there in 1783, leaving
+no children.
+
+MARY PEPPERELL SPARHAWK, married Dr. Charles Jarvis of Boston, and after
+his death, she passed the remainder of her days at Kittery Point near
+the village church, and nearly opposite the residence of her
+grandmother, Lady Pepperell's dwelling, built after the Baronet's death.
+She died in 1815.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO SIR WILLIAM PEPPERELL IN
+ SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Thomas Russell, Jan. 2., 1783; Lib. 136, fol. 203; Land and
+ dwelling-house in Boston, Summer St. S.; Benjamin Goldthwait E.;
+ heirs of Benjamin Cunningham deceased N.; Samuel Whitwell
+ W.----Land and Buildings, Summer St. N.; widow Jones W. and N.;
+ Joseph Balch W.: John Rowe and Thomas Thompson S.; said Thompson
+ W.; John Rowe S.; Zachariah Brigdon E.
+
+
+
+
+ JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY
+
+ AND HIS SON
+
+ LORD LYNDHURST, LORD CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+John Singleton Copley of Boston was the son of Richard Copley of County
+Limerick, who married Mary Singleton, of Deer Park, County Clare. Her
+father was of a Lancashire house of that name which had settled in
+Ireland in 1661.
+
+Richard and Mary came to Boston in 1736, and their son John was born
+July 3rd, 1737. The father went to the West Indies and died there about
+the time of the birth of his son.
+
+The widow of Richard Copley married Peter Pelham, an engraver and
+artist, by whom she had one son, Henry Pelham, who followed his father's
+profession. Peter Pelham died in 1751. John S. Copley became one of the
+most famous painters of his time. Without instruction, or master, he
+drew and painted, and "saw visions" of beautiful forms and faces which
+he transferred to canvass. His pictures show up the features and the
+figures of the aristocracy of Boston, of a time when there were
+aristocrats here, so that it has been frequently said that one of these
+ancestral portraits is a Bostonian's best title of nobility.
+
+Major George Washington visited Boston in 1755 and sat to young Copley
+for a miniature. In 1766 Copley sent, without name or address, an
+exquisite portrait of his half brother, Henry Pelham, known as the "Boy
+and the Flying Squirrel," to Benjamin West, a fellow countryman then
+settled in London with a request to have it placed in the Exhibition
+Rooms of the Society of British Artists. The attention and admiration
+excited by this wonderful painting were such that the friends of the
+artist wrote most warmly to persuade him to go to England for the
+pursuit of his vocation, and West extended to him a pressing invitation
+to his own home. In 1769 he married Susannah Farnum, daughter of Richard
+Clarke, a wealthy merchant of Boston, and agent of the East India
+Company for their trade in that town. The tie between the artist and his
+wife was peculiarly close. We constantly meet her familiar lineaments
+through the whole course of Copley's works. Now Mary by the manger, with
+the Divine Infant at her breast, in "The Nativity," again in "The Family
+Picture" and in the fabled scene of Venus and Cupid, or in the female
+group in "The Death of Major Pierson," dissolved in an agony of grief,
+and fear, as they escape from the scene of violence and death.
+
+The locality associated with his married life in Boston was a solitary
+house on Beacon Hill, chosen with his keen perception of picturesque
+beauty. His prophecy has been fully verified that the time would come
+when that situation would become the favorite site for the homes of the
+wealthy. Singular as it may appear the site selected by Copley was the
+same as that selected by William Blackstone, the first settler of
+Boston. In after years Copley's thoughts fondly reverted to his early
+home--his farm, he called it--which contained 11 acres on the southwest
+side of Beacon Hill, now bounded by Charles, Beacon, Walnut, and Mt.
+Vernon streets, Louisburg Square and Pinckney street.
+
+In 1771 Copley wrote that he was earning a comfortable income. At this
+time, he moved in the best society, where his courtly manners and genial
+disposition made him a general favorite. He was now approaching the
+crucial period of his life. He saw the approaching storm that was soon
+to break and deluge his country in blood. He was peculiarly situated,
+and in a trying position. It is said that his sympathies were at first
+with the revolutionists, and he acted as an intermediary between them
+and his father-in-law, Richard Clarke,[169] to whom the tea was
+consigned, but when the infuriated mob destroyed the tea, and attacked
+the warehouse, and residence of Mr. Clarke, forcing him to flee for his
+life, Copley could no longer tolerate mob rule. His case was like that
+of many others of whom it is said "persecution made half of the king's
+friends." These outrages occurred in December 1773. Less than two years
+afterwards he wrote to his wife, from Italy, July 1775: "You know years
+ago I was right in my opinion that this would be the result of the
+attempt to tax the colony; it is now my settled conviction that all the
+power of Great Britain will not reduce them to obedience. Unhappy and
+miserable people, once the happiest, now the most wretched. How warmly I
+expostulated with some of the violent 'Sons of Liberty' against their
+proceedings, they must remember; and with how little judgment, in their
+opinion, did I then seem to speak! But all this is past; the day of
+tribulation is come, and years of sorrow will not dry the orphan's
+tears, nor stop the widow's lamentations, the ground will be deluged in
+the blood of its inhabitants before peace will again assume its dominion
+in that country."[170] Copley embarked for England, June 1774, six
+months after his father-in-law was driven out of Boston by the mob, and
+one year before the conflict with the mother country commenced. Leaving
+his aged mother, his favorite brother, his wife and children behind him,
+he went to prepare a place of refuge for them from the impending storm.
+Probably the desire to visit Europe and behold the work of the great
+masters of the art he loved so well had something to do with leaving his
+native land, to which he was never to return. After travelling and
+studying two years on the Continent, he went back to London, and was
+soon joined by his family. Then began a career of uninterrupted success.
+He became the fashion, and many of the nobility sat to him as did also
+three of the princesses, daughters of George III. Following the fashion
+of the day he took up historical painting, which included the death of
+Major Pierson and the death of Chatham (both now in the English National
+Gallery): The siege of Gibraltar, now in the Guild Hall of London, and
+Charles I demanding in the House of Commons, the surrender of the five
+impeached members, which now hangs in the Boston Public Library. "The
+death of Major Pierson" in repelling the attack of the French at St.
+Helier's, Jersey, on the 6th of January 1781, was painted in 1783 for
+Alderman Boydell, for his gallery. When this was dispersed it was bought
+back by Copley, and remained in the house in George Street till Lord
+Lyndhurst's death, when it was purchased for the National Gallery for
+1500 guineas. The woman flying from the crowd in terror, with the child
+in her arms, was painted from the nurse of Mr. Copley's family; the
+figure between her and the wall, with the upraised arm, is Mrs. Copley;
+the boy running by the nurse's side is young Copley.
+
+ [169] Tea Leaves 322, 323, 327, 329.
+
+ [170] Life of Copley, p 62.
+
+Copley was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, the year he left Boston,
+and in 1776, on his return from Italy to London, he became a member of
+the Loyalist club, for weekly conversation and a dinner. He died at his
+residence in George Street, London, Sept. 9, 1815, aged seventy-eight
+and was buried in the tomb belonging to Governor Hutchinson's family in
+the parish church at Croydon, near London. Copley had one son and two
+daughters who lived to maturity.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY
+
+Born in Boston July 3, 1737. Painter to the King. Died in London Sept.
+9, 1815.]
+
+JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY, the younger, was born in Boston May 20, 1772, was
+early destined for his father's profession, and, accordingly he attended
+the lectures of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Barry, at the Royal Academy.
+He, however, had no inclination to follow in his father's footsteps. He
+threw off his instructors, impatiently declaring that he would not be
+known as the "son of Copley the painter" but it should be "Copley, the
+father of the Lord Chancellor." So early did he prognosticate his own
+future eminence. He was entered 1790 at Trinity College, Cambridge. In
+the mathematical tripos of 1794, was second wrangler, sickness alone
+preventing him from obtaining the highest honor of the year. He was also
+Smith's Prizeman, won the King William prize, and, the following year,
+was appointed a "travelling bachelor" with a grant for three years of a
+L100 a year, and, a month later, was elected a fellow of Trinity,
+improved the opportunity to visit Boston, the town of his birth, with
+the ulterior view of regaining the family estates on Beacon Hill, owned
+by his father before leaving Boston, more than twenty years before. For
+although Copley was an Absentee, or Refugee, and therefore had laid
+himself liable to the confiscation of his property, yet, through his
+well known sympathy with the Revolutionists before the commencement of
+open war, and through the assistance of some of his friends, his
+property, which consisted of the largest landed estate in Boston, had
+not been confiscated. There were however several real estate speculators
+who had profited largely by purchasing the confiscated estates of the
+Loyalists for a mere trifle who determined to possess themselves of
+Copley's property. Jonathan Mason, and Harrison Grey Otis, made a
+contract with Gardiner Green, who was Copley's agent, to purchase the
+same, without adequate authority from the owner. When the deed was sent
+to him for execution he refused to sign it. A bill in equity was
+bought to enforce the contract of sale. Copley executed a power of
+attorney to his son, when he went to Boston, giving him authority to
+settle the case. He arrived in Boston Jan. 2nd, 1796, and wrote to his
+father: "The business cannot come on till May. If you can make yourself
+a subject of the United States you are clear. If otherwise I am not yet
+sufficiently informed to say what may be the result, if you are decreed
+an alien, but take courage." He wrote again in February 27, 1796,
+saying, "I have, my dear sir, concluded my negotiations with Messrs.
+Mason, Otis, and others. I have acted for the best. I was very strongly
+of the opinion that the event of the contest would be in favor of the
+plaintiffs. Your counsel agreed with me in their sentiments upon that
+head.[171] A compromise became, therefore, necessary, and for the
+consideration of $18,450 a deed of release was given, dated February 22,
+1796, recorded in Lib. 182, fol. 184, Suffolk Deeds."[172]
+
+ [171] Life of Copley, p. 141.
+
+ [172] Gleaner Articles, p. 196.
+
+No deed of any lands in Boston within a century will compare with this
+in importance and interest. Taking into consideration the upland, beach,
+and flats, this purchase is at a considerably less rate than $1,000 per
+acre. That the son acted wisely his letters prove, but the transaction
+was one of deepest regret to the whole family, and embittered the
+remainder of the artist's life.
+
+In a letter to his mother from Boston, the young man says: "Shall I
+whisper a word in your ear? The better people are all aristocrats. My
+father is too rank a Jacobin to live among them. Samuel Adams is
+superannuated, unpopular and fast decaying in every respect." Again he
+wrote to his mother from Philadelphia: "_I have become a fierce
+Aristocrat._ This is the country to cure your Jacobins. Send them over
+and they will return quite converted. The opposition here are a set of
+villains. Their object is to overset the government, and all good men
+are apprehensive lest they should be successful. A great schism seems to
+be forming, and they already begin to talk of a separation of the States
+north of the Potomac from those on the southern side of the river."[173]
+He was a visitor at Mount Vernon and spent a week as a guest of the
+first President of the young Republic.
+
+ [173] Life of Copley. p. 140, 145.
+
+After nearly two years spent in the new United States, John Singleton
+Copley, the younger, returned to what had now become the settled home of
+the Copley family. He commenced a long course of study and systematic
+preparation for a life which was to become of the most distinguished,
+among the most famous men of the first half of the 19th century. Called
+to the bar in 1804 he, with no other influence than that of his own
+commanding talents, soon ranked among the leading men of his profession
+and that at a time when an unusually large number of great advocates
+were at the English bar.
+
+But it was not at the bar only, or when on the bench at the head of the
+judiciary of England that this son of Boston distinguished himself. In
+both houses of Parliament, as Copley or Lyndhurst, he was an
+acknowledged leader of men.
+
+Copley took his seat in the House of Commons as member for Yarmouth in
+the Isle of Wight, in March 1818, and until his removal to the House of
+Lords, nine years later, sat continuously as a member. Meanwhile
+promotion, professionally and politically, was constantly growing. In
+1819, he was made a king's sergeant (at large) and chief justice of
+Chester. In June of the same year he was appointed Solicitor General
+(with knighthood), five years later became Attorney General. In 1826 he
+succeeded Lord Gifford as Master of the Rolls, a high judicial office,
+which at that time and for many years after did not compel the vacating
+of a seat in Parliament.
+
+The town Council of Bristol unanimously elected him in the same year
+Recorder of that city.
+
+In April 1827 in his 55th year on the retirement of Lord Chancellor
+Eldon, the ambition of his life was realized. The great prize of the
+legal profession was offered to him by the express desire of the king
+and with it of course a peerage, Sir John Singleton Copley became Baron
+Lyndhurst of Lyndhurst in the County of Hampshire and, for nearly forty
+years thereafter remained to adorn the House of Lords by his high
+talents, his noble character, and his fervid eloquence.
+
+Lyndhurst's first Chancellorship, was not of long duration. From 1830 to
+1834 we find him occupying the chiefship of the Court of Exchequer. He a
+strong tory, had been honored by a whig ministry, in his appointment to
+the office of Lord Chief Baron. This dignified and permanent position he
+resigned again to became Chancellor following the passing of the Reform
+Bill. As Lord Chancellor once more, and for the third time, from 1841 to
+1846 he was a member of the ministry of Sir Robert Peel. The fame of the
+great jurist and statesman had become as precious to the citizens of
+Breton, as it was to the mother country. Here in Massachusetts he was
+born, and from his American parents received the first vivid impression
+of childhood. The reminiscences of his youth however, were
+always-accompanied by a heartfelt effusion of gratitude that his lot was
+cast in England. To London he was especially attached, and used to say
+"that every product known to man, every wonder of art, and skill, which
+the civilized world produced, could be found there."[174]
+
+ [174] Life of Copley, p. 126.
+
+He was called the "Nestor of the House of Lords." His speeches were
+remarkable for their clearness, vigor, and force, even when he had
+reached nearly to his ninetieth year. A portrait of Lord Lyndhurst in
+his Chancellor robes is in the portrait gallery of the New York
+Historical Society. Lord Lyndhurst died October, 1863, in his 92nd year.
+Leaving no male heirs, his title died with him.
+
+[Illustration: LORD LYNDHURST, LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND.
+
+Born in Boston May 20, 1772. Son of John Singleton Copley. Died in
+London Oct. 12, 1863.]
+
+He married Sarah Geray, daughter of Charles Brunsden, and widow of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas, who fell at Waterloo. He was the father of
+Sarah Elizabeth, Susan Penelope, and Sophia Clarence. His second wife,
+Georgiana, daughter of Lewis Goldsmith, bore him a single child,
+Georgiana Susan.
+
+His Lordship's eldest sister, Elizabeth Clarke, born in Boston, 1770,
+was educated at a boarding school at Clapham, London, and married
+Gardiner Greene of Boston, a man of high social standing and business
+position, who had come to Boston from Demerara after the Revolution,
+where he had accumulated a large fortune. While on a visit to London in
+July, 1800, he married Miss Copley. She died at Boston in 1866, aged 95
+years. In her will she left to Harvard College a collection of proof
+copies of all of Copley's historical paintings. Her daughter, Martha B.
+Greene, born in 1812, married Charles Amory and wrote the Life of John
+Singleton Copley, and to this valuable work we are indebted for much of
+the information we have given in this biographical notice. She died in
+1880 leaving many descendants.
+
+
+
+
+ KING HOOPER OF MARBLEHEAD.
+
+
+Marblehead is a rough peninsular, projecting into the Bay, with craggy
+shores, and a narrow harbor a mile and a half in length and a half mile
+wide. It is distant about eighteen miles from Boston.
+
+From its peculiar adaptation to fisheries and commerce, though very
+limited in territory, this place was once famous for the hardihood and
+daring enterprise of its citizens. It was the principal fishing port in
+all the colonies, and now it does not contain one single fisherman that
+goes to the "Banks," but it has since become the principal yachting
+centre in the United States if not in the world; frequently there will
+be seen gathered here more than five hundred yachts of all classes and
+descriptions.
+
+It was naturally a wilderness of rock, with here and there a green
+valley or glade just fitted for a little garden, where the mariner
+perched his pretty nest, on the adjacent cliff. No herds or flocks
+ranged on this barren place. A Marbleheader ploughed only the deep for
+his living, his pasture lay afar off on the Banks of Newfoundland, or
+the Georges, and his harvest whitened the shores with their wide spread
+fish flakes. Even at this day, with its cluster of antique dwellings and
+rough trapesian streets, this seaport has an odd look, like some ancient
+town in England. But in this secluded spot, where stands the dilapidated
+fortresses of Sewall and Lee, several eminent men, merchants, mariners
+and lawyers, were born and educated, who became staunch loyalists. They
+were sincere in their convictions and had the courage to declare them in
+defiance of a rough and turbulent population. They could not view the
+revolutionary proceedings of their townsmen without deep concern, and
+doing all in their power to dissuade their fellow-citizens from the
+course they had taken, they protested that the entire policy of the
+colonies was suicidal and that the town had been guilty of treason by
+its action. With a sincere belief that these rebellious acts of the
+colonists must sooner or later bring disaster and ruin upon the country,
+and death and imprisonment to the leaders, they entreated their friends
+and neighbors to recede from their position before it was too late, but
+in vain. It was voted in town meeting that they "ought not to be
+indulged in their wickedness" and that a committee should be chosen to
+attend to the conduct of these ministerial tools and Jacobites, that
+effectual measures might be taken "either for silencing them or
+expelling them from the community". What brought about this action of
+the Revolutionists was the address to Governor Hutchinson on his
+departure for England signed by thirty-three of the principal citizens
+of the town. Among these names there were five of the name of Hooper,
+chief of whom was "King Hooper," the principal merchant in the town. He
+had a high reputation for honor and integrity in his business dealings
+and for his benevolence.
+
+ROBERT HOOPER, the first to appear in Marblehead, is first mentioned in
+Massachusetts records as master of a shallop hired of Mr. Moses
+Maverick, a wealthy business man of Marblehead, in 1663. From a
+deposition he made in court, he was born about 1606. This would make him
+old enough to have been the father of John, Robert and Henry Hooper, the
+other very early residents of Marblehead. He died after 1686.
+
+ROBERT HOOPER, supposed to be the son of the aforesaid, was born as
+early as 1655. Married Dec. 4, 1684, Anna, daughter of Peter and Hannah
+Greenfield. Hannah was a daughter of John and Ann Devereux. He was an
+inn keeper and died about 1689.
+
+GREENFIELD HOOPER, son of the aforesaid, was born about 1686. He resided
+at Marblehead, was a merchant. He also had a "workshop," with loom for
+weaving. He married, Jan. 16, 1706, Alice, daughter of Andrew Tucker,
+Sr., and received a share of his real estate. He died about October 1,
+1747.
+
+[Illustration: KING HOOPER MANSION, DANVERS.
+
+At his elegant mansion in Danvers, Robert Hooper entertained General
+Gage, who made it his headquarters in 1774.]
+
+ROBERT HOOPER, known as "King Hooper," was born at Marblehead, June 26,
+1709, son of the aforesaid Greenfield Hooper. He was married four times.
+Was a merchant who rose from poverty to apparently inexhaustible wealth,
+engrossing for years a large part of the foreign fishing business of
+Marblehead, which was very extensive about the year 1760. For awhile he
+purchased all the fish brought into that port, sent it to Bilboa and
+other parts of Spain and received gold and silver in return, with which
+he purchased goods in England. He owned lands in Marblehead, Salem,
+Danvers, and an extensive tract at Lyndeborough, N. H., and elsewhere.
+He had a large and elegant house at Marblehead, and also a mansion at
+Danvers, where he did "royal" entertaining, rode in a chariot like a
+prince, and was ever after known as "King Hooper." He was one of the
+wealthiest and most benevolent men in the colony. He presented
+Marblehead with a fire engine in 1751.[175]
+
+ [175] Hooper Genealogy. Curwen's Journal. History of Marblehead.
+
+At his elegant house in Danvers he entertained General Gage for some
+time in 1774, and was an Addresser of Hutchinson the same year. He was
+appointed representative to the General Court in 1775, and declined a
+seat in the Governor's council in 1759 on account of deafness. He was
+one of thirty-six persons appointed as mandamus councillors of the
+province in 1774, at the beginning of the agitation that led to the
+Revolution, and was one of the twelve that did not accept of the honor,
+his deafness previously referred to being probably the reason, for he
+was a staunch loyalist. This, together with his age and known
+generosity, prevented his being driven forth from the town; it however
+did not prevent the loss of his great property, for when he died in 1790
+he was insolvent. In a letter dated Marblehead, March 17, 1790,
+addressed to his granddaughter Ruth, the wife of Lewis Deblois, a Boston
+loyalist residing at St. John, N. B., he says: "But as you justly
+observe we have been and still are 300 miles distance from each other
+and my advanced age make it doubtful whether I may ever see you more in
+this world, your parting from me was next to burying you, there is
+nothing would give more pleasure than to hear of the health and
+prosperity of every branch of my family." This truly great and honorable
+man died, a little more than a month after writing this letter. He died
+May 20, 1790, aged 81 years.
+
+JOSEPH HOOPER, son of the aforesaid, was born at Marblehead, May 29,
+1743, married Oct. 30, 1766, Mary, daughter of Benjamin and Lucy
+(Devereux) Harris of Newburyport, Nov. 20, 1746. She died at Newburyport
+Oct. 3, 1796.
+
+He graduated from Harvard College in 1763, was a merchant in his native
+town, carrying on a foreign trade. He built the mansion in Marblehead
+afterwards occupied by Chief Justice Sewall. He was an Addresser of
+Governor Hutchinson in 1774. Being an ardent loyalist he was forced to
+leave his home in 1775 and go to England. He became a paper manufacturer
+at Bungay, Suffolk, England, where he died in 1812. The Marblehead
+Revolutionary committee recorded May 8th, 1781, that "they believed he
+had voluntarily gone over to our enemies," that is he was a loyalist,
+and proceeded to administer on his affairs. One third share was set off
+to his wife June 9, 1783, and the balance confiscated and sold. He had
+two sons and two daughters.
+
+ROBERT HOOPER, son of King Hooper, was born at Marblehead, Feb. 9, 1746,
+married May 23, 1769, Anna, daughter of Richard and Jemima Corwell. He
+was an Addresser of Governor Hutchinson, but evidently made peace with
+the Revolutionists and was allowed to remain. He died about 1781 at
+Marblehead. "He had usually traded beyond the sea."
+
+SWEET HOOPER, son of King Hooper. Married at Boston, Aug. 4, 1779, Mary,
+daughter of Hector McNeil. He was an Addresser of Governor Hutchinson,
+but was allowed to remain. He was a merchant at Marblehead, died
+October, 1781.
+
+ROBERT HOOPER, 3d. as described in the Addressers to Governor
+Hutchinson, was probably a son of Deacon Robert Hooper, cousin to the
+aforesaid Hoopers. He was born at Marblehead 1757, and married Sept. 21,
+1777, Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. Nathaniel Whittaker of Salem. In 1794
+he sold his two-sixths of the mansion house, etc., which had belonged to
+his father, the late Deacon Robert Hooper. He removed to Lexington,
+Maine, was master of Limerick Academy. He died May 11, 1836.
+
+
+
+
+ WILLIAM BOWES.
+
+
+Nicholas Bowes of Cambridge, Mass., married 26 June, 1684, Sarah
+Hubbard, who died 26 Jan. 1686, and for second wife married 6 May, 1690,
+Dorcas Champney, and a third wife, Martha Remington, of Cambridge, June
+21, 1718. It is claimed that he was descended from Sir Martin Bowes,
+Lord Mayor of London. Nicholas Bowes, son of the preceding was born at
+Boston, Nov. 2nd, 1706. He graduated at Harvard College as M. A., was
+minister at Bedford from 1730 to 1754. He married Lucy Hancock, the aunt
+of John Hancock, the Revolutionary Governor of Massachusetts. Their son
+
+WILLIAM BOWES, was born at Boston, 3 December 1734. He married Ann
+Whitney, March 22, 1761, who died Jan. 2, 1762. His second wife was Mary
+Stoddard, whom he married Oct. 30, 1769, and who died 9 May, 1774. He
+was a merchant and had inherited in 1764 a large property from his
+uncle, Thomas Hancock, one of the wealthiest merchants in Boston. He was
+an Addresser of Governor Hutchinson in 1774, and of General Gage in
+1775. At the evacuation of Boston he went to Halifax with his family of
+four persons. In 1788 he was proscribed and banished, and his estates
+confiscated. He died near London, April, 1805. His eldest son,
+
+WILLIAM BOWES, born at Boston, 15 Oct. 1771, lived in England and died
+near London 10 June, 1850, aged 79. He married Harriet Troutbeck,
+daughter of Rev. John Troutbeck, born at Boston 1 Oct. 1768, and died in
+England, 14 January, 1851, aged 82. Their children were Emily Bowes born
+1806, Edmund Elford Bowes, born 1808, M. A. Trinity College. Cambridge.
+Arthur Bowes, born 1813. All born and living in England in 1856.
+
+Sarah Bowes, daughter of William Bowes, Sr., was born at Boston, Jan.
+31, 1773, and died in England. July 1850, unmarried.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO WILLIAM BOWES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY
+ AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Richard Driver. Feb. 16, 1782, Lib. 134, fol. 23; Land in
+ Boston, Fitch's Alley W.; Margaret Phillips N., Corn Court E.
+ Andrew Oliver S.
+
+ To Mungo Mackey. June 11, 1783; Lib. 139, fol. 16. One fourth of
+ land, brick distill house and other buildings in Boston, Cambridge
+ St. N.; George St E. heirs of John Guttridge deceased S.; Belknap
+ St. W.
+
+ To Robert Jenkins, Feb. 16, 1784; Lib. 141, fol. 132; Land and
+ buildings in Boston. Wilson's Lane W.; Dock Square N.; Arnold and
+ Samuel Wells E. heirs of Charles Hammock deceased S.
+
+ To James Welch. Nov. 6, 1784; Lib. 145, fol. 250; Land in Boston.
+ Wings Lane N., Nathan Frazier and heirs of Charles Apthorp deceased
+ E.; said heirs S.; E.; S. and W.
+
+
+
+
+ GENERAL TIMOTHY RUGGLES.
+
+
+THOMAS RUGGLES of Nazing, Essex County, England, was born in Sudbury,
+Suffolk County, England, in 1584. He came to Roxbury, Massachusetts, in
+1637 and was freeman May 22, 1639. He married in Nazing, England, Mary
+Curtis. He died in Roxbury, November 16, 1644, and his wife died in
+1674, leaving four children.
+
+His son Samuel was many years selectman, representative, and captain of
+the Roxbury company. His son Samuel succeeded his father in the several
+offices named and in company with seven other persons purchased, Dec.
+27, 1686, for L20, from John Nagers and Lawrence Nassawano, two noted
+Indians, a tract of land containing by estimation 12 miles long north
+and south and eight miles wide east and west. This purchase is now known
+as the town of Hardwick, Mass. His son, the Rev. Timothy Ruggles, was
+born in Roxbury, Massachusetts November 3., 1685, and married Mary
+White, the daughter of Benjamin and Susanna White. He graduated from
+Harvard College in 1707, and was ordained pastor of the Rochester church
+in 1710, which office he held until his death which occurred October 26,
+1768. He was a great worker in the community and much beloved.
+
+GENERAL TIMOTHY RUGGLES, born in Rochester, Mass., October 20, 1711,
+eldest son of Rev. Timothy Ruggles, one of the fifth generation of
+Ruggles in America, graduated at Harvard College in 1732 and commenced
+practicing law in Rochester. He represented his native town in the
+provincial assembly at the age of 25, and procured the passing of a bill
+still in force prohibiting sheriffs from filing writs. He removed to
+Harwich about 1753 on to the lands bought by his grandfather from the
+Indians. In 1757 he was appointed judge and in 1762 Chief Justice of the
+Court of Common Pleas, which he held till the Revolution. He was also
+surveyor-general of the king's forest, an office of profit, attended
+with but little labor. Besides professional employment he was engaged in
+military and political occupation.
+
+In 1756 almost immediately before Mr. Ruggles' appointment to the
+bench, he accepted a Colonel's Commission in the forces raised by his
+native province for service on the frontier of Canada. In the campaign
+which followed, he served under the command of Sir William Johnson, and
+did good service in the expedition against Crown Point. In September of
+the same year he was second in command under that leader at the battle
+of Lake George, in which the French under Baron Dieskau, met a signal
+defeat, after very severe fighting, in which he distinguished himself
+for coolness, courage and ability, and so highly were his services
+esteemed on that occasion that he was promoted to the position of General
+of Brigade and placed under the command of the Commander-in-Chief.
+
+In 1758 he commanded the Third Division of the Provisional troops under
+Abercrombie, in the unsuccessful attack upon Ticonderoga. He also served
+with distinction and courage in the campaign of 1759-1760. In the winter
+of 1762 while the belligerent forces on both sides were in winter
+quarters, he had the honor to be chosen speaker of the House of
+Representatives. On the passing of the Stamp Act in 1765 delegates were
+chosen by the legislature of the various colonies, to seek out some
+relief from immediate and threatened evils, by a representation of their
+grievances to the king and parliament. Gen. Ruggles was chosen as one of
+the delegates from Massachusetts. The Stamp Act Congress met at New
+York, Oct. 19, 1765, and General Ruggles was elected president of same.
+An address to the king was voted and certain resolves framed setting
+forth the rights of the colonies, and claiming an entire exemption from
+all taxes, excepting those imposed by the local assemblies. Gen. Ruggles
+refused his concurrence in the proceedings for which he was censured on
+his return by the House of Representatives, and was reprimanded by the
+speaker who occupied his place. John Adams, who claimed relationship
+with Ruggles before his defection found nothing in his character but
+what was noble and grand. "Ruggles' grandeur" he wrote, "consists in the
+quickness of his apprehension, steadiness of his attention, the boldness
+and strength of his thoughts and his expressions, his strict honor,
+conscious superiority, contempt of meanness, etc." He was, he said, a
+man of genius and great resolution. At an early period of the Disunion
+propaganda. Ruggles, conceiving that the course of the British
+Government was neither politic nor just, and believing that the Disunion
+leaders honestly intended to bring about a reform, joined hands with
+them and as previously stated he was elected President of the Stamp Act
+Congress, but on the discovery of the real aim of that body, he refused
+to proceed any further on the road to Disunion and left the Congress.
+Adams then suddenly discovered, "an inflexible oddity about him, which
+has gained him a character for courage and probity, and that at
+Congress." "His behavior was very dishonorable" and governed by
+"pretended scruples and timidities" and ever since he was "held in utter
+contempt and derision by the whole continent." But fifty years later,
+when no advantage could be gained by blackening the character of this
+brave and honest man, he remembered he was a high-minded man, an
+exalted soul acting in scenes he could not comprehend.[176] General
+Ruggles was a staunch, independent and fearless supporter of the
+government, a son of Massachusetts of which she should be proud.
+
+ [176] Diary and Letters of John Adams.
+
+An extract from the "History of the County of Annapolis, Nova Scotia,"
+says, "The conduct of Mr. Ruggles as a military commander has been
+highly praised by most competent judges. Few men in the province were
+more distinguished and few more severely dealt with in the bitter
+controversies preceding the Revolution. His appearance was commanding
+and dignified, being much above the common size; his wit was ready and
+brilliant; his mind clear, comprehensive and penetrating; his judgment
+was profound and his knowledge extensive; his abilities as a public
+speaker placed him among the first of the day; and had he embraced the
+popular sentiments of the times, there is no doubt he would have ranked
+among the leading characters of the Revolution."
+
+By pen and tongue, in the halls of the Legislature, and on the platform,
+he declared against rebellion and bloodshed; General Ruggles was a good
+scholar and possessed powers of mind of a very high order. Many
+anecdotes continue to be related of him in the town of his nativity,
+which show his shrewdness, his sagacity, his military hardihood and
+bravery. As a lawyer he was an impressive pleader and in parliamentary
+debate able and ingenious. He remained in the army until 1760, the last
+three years being Brigadier General under Lord Amherst.
+
+As the Revolutionary quarrel progressed he became one of the most
+violent supporters of the ministry and he and Otis as leaders of the two
+opposing parties were in constant collision in the discussion of the
+popular branch of government. In 1774 he was named a Mandamus
+Councillor, which increased his unpopularity to so great a degree that
+his house was attacked by night and his cattle were maimed and poisoned.
+General Ruggles tried to form a plan of combining the Loyalists against
+the Disunionists after the model of similar associations formed in other
+colonies. On December 22, 1774, he sent a communication to the "Printers
+of the Boston Newspaper" concerning the forming of an Association "and
+if attended to and complied with by the good people of the province
+might put it in the power of anyone very easily to distinguish such
+loyal subjects to the king and are to assert their rights to freedom, in
+all respects consistent with the laws of the land from such rebellious
+ones as under the pretence of being friends of liberty, are frequently
+committing the most enormous outrages upon the persons and the property
+of such of his Majesty's peaceable subjects who for want of knowing whom
+to call upon, in these distracted times for assistance, fall into the
+hands of bandits, whose cruelties surpass those of savages."
+
+The "Association" consisted of a preamble and six articles. The
+principal were the first and third, which provided "That we will upon
+all occasions, with our lives and fortunes, stand by and assist each
+other in the defence of life, liberty and property, whenever the same
+shall be attacked or endangered by any bodies of men, riotously
+assembled upon any pretence, or under any authority not warranted by the
+laws of the land." And "That we will not acknowledge or submit to the
+pretended authority of any Congress, Committees of Correspondence, or
+any other unconstitutional assembly of men, but will at the risk of our
+lives if need be, oppose the forcible exercise of all such authority."
+
+The Association did not succeed, the Loyalists were not inclined to such
+organization, nor fitted for secret intrigue without which it could not
+have succeeded in combatting the measures of the Disunionists. They were
+slow to join, and inefficient in action. No good was accomplished by
+this association and the Disunionists proceeded on their way triumphant.
+
+When the appeal to arms had been finally decided on by the Disunionists,
+the popular excitement was at a fearful height, and all those who had
+counselled moderation, either in demand or action, were declared to be
+enemies to their country and traitors to the cause of liberty, and as
+such worthy of death. No man in Massachusetts was regarded as so
+inimical to the cause of rebellion as General Ruggles, whose known and
+recognized ability, great energy, and unflinching courage made him an
+object of fear as well as dislike.
+
+They denounced him as malignant and openly threatened his life. In
+consequence of this violence he was forced, with his family and such of
+his neighbors as remained loyal, to seek safety and refuge from his
+dwelling house which he had built in Harwich by joining the British
+forces in Boston. On the very day of the battle of Lexington, a body of
+Loyalists formed in Boston, composed of tradesmen and merchants. They
+are spoken of as "the gentlemen volunteers," or Loyal American
+Association. They were placed under the command of Brigadier General
+Ruggles. During the siege of Boston they were joined by other Loyalist
+companies, Loyal Irish Volunteers, Captain James Forrest, Royal
+Honorable Americans, Colonel Gorham. After the evacuation of Boston he
+was in Long Island for a while and in 1783 he was an exile from his
+native province in his old age, but still as vigorous as he was loyal.
+His extensive estates in Harwich were confiscated, but were made up to
+him subsequently by the crown. He was living at Digby or Annapolis in
+the year of 1783, and made an application for a grant of land in that
+portion of the province. "In the following year the grant was issued.
+The undismayed grantee commenced a labor at the age of more than seventy
+years, which few, if any of the young men of to-day would voluntarily
+undertake. The work of chopping down the forests and clearing the lands
+for crops and of preparation for building went on simultaneously and
+rapidly under his direction.
+
+"Two young men, Stromach and Fales, were employed to work with him for a
+limited number of years and receive their pay in land. They did their
+work, and he paid them, and their descendants are now the occupiers of
+many a fair home in the beautiful township of Wilmot."
+
+General Ruggles' four daughters were married before the Revolution
+broke out and their husbands probably adhered to the Colonial side, for
+they never came to Nova Scotia. Three of his sons followed him into
+exile and settled in that country, Timothy, John, and Richard. It may
+not be without use to remark that for much the greater part of his life,
+General Ruggles ate no animal food, and drank no spirituous or fermented
+liquors, small beer excepted, and that he enjoyed health to his advanced
+age. This remarkable leader of men died in 1795. The "Royal Gazette" in
+August, 1795, said of him that "the district of county in which he lived
+will long feel the benefits resulting from the liberal exertions he made
+to advance the agricultural interests of the Province." It was also said
+of General Timothy Ruggles that he was one of the best soldiers in the
+colonies.
+
+He was buried to the eastward of the chancel of the (then new) church,
+lately known as the "Pine Grove Church," in Central Wilmot, near the
+present village of Middleton,--a church toward the erection of which he
+was a considerable contributor.
+
+Numerous descendants of General Ruggles are to be met with in Nova
+Scotia. There is a street and church in Roxbury named after this
+illustrious family.
+
+JOHN RUGGLES, son of General Ruggles of Harwich, Mass., was proscribed
+and banished in 1778. He settled in Nova Scotia and died there in 1795.
+His widow Hannah, only daughter of Dr. Thomas Sackett of New York, died
+at Wilmot, N. S. in 1839, aged 76. His only son, CAPTAIN TIMOTHY AMHERST
+RUGGLES of the Nova Scotia Fencibles died at the same place in 1838 at
+the age of 56.
+
+TIMOTHY RUGGLES, another son of the General, was a member of the House
+of Assembly of Nova Scotia for many years. He died at N. S. in 1831.
+Sarah, his widow, died at that place in 1842, aged 92.
+
+RICHARD RUGGLES, son of the General, was born at Rochester, Mass., in
+1774 and died at Annapolis in 1832.
+
+
+
+
+ THE FANEUIL FAMILY OF BOSTON.
+
+
+The Faneuils were Huguenot refugees from La Rochelle, France. When they
+came to America they brought with them considerable wealth in jewels and
+money. From their coat of arms we should judge they dated back as far as
+the crusades, as the crossed palm branches can have no other meaning.
+
+There is a paper extant in the French language and written by Benjamin
+Faneuil the elder. It is a family record in which he states that in 1699
+he married Ann Bureau; then follows the birth of Peter Faneuil,
+afterwards the birth of three daughters. This paper was left by Benjamin
+Faneuil the younger, and is now in the possession of his great-grand-son
+George A. Bethune, M. D., Boston (1884). They first settled near New
+Rochelle, N. Y., and in 1699 Benjamin Faneuil was given the freedom of
+the city of New York. In Valentine's "History of New York," P. 219, we
+read in a list of the principal merchants of the city the name of
+Benjamin Faneuil the third in the list.
+
+Andrew, the brother of Benjamin settled in Boston and made an immense
+fortune as a merchant. His wife was born in Holland and was a very
+beautiful woman.
+
+Andrew Faneuil had no children that lived to maturity. He adopted two
+sons of his brother Benjamin of New York--Peter, born in 1701, and
+Benjamin the younger, born in 1702. Benjamin Faneuil the younger,
+married the daughter of Dr. John Cutler from a noted German family.
+Andrew Faneuil was offended about this marriage and left most of his
+fortune to his nephew Peter Faneuil. Peter Faneuil died five years after
+his uncle and left no will, and his brother Benjamin was declared sole
+heir to his fortune.
+
+Benjamin Faneuil the elder is buried on the north side of Trinity church
+in New York City and the gravestone is in good preservation. His brother
+Andrew lived in a splendid house at the corner of Somerset and Beacon
+Streets, Boston; the house after his death was owned and occupied by
+Gardner Greene. From that home in Boston Andrew Faneuil was buried,
+having a most imposing funeral. (See Memorial Hist. of Boston). His tomb
+is in the graveyard at the south side of the common.
+
+Benjamin Faneuil the younger, and Mary Cutler, had two sons neither of
+whom left descendants, and a daughter. He lived at one time in Boston at
+the corner of Washington and Summer Streets, and later in Brighton. He
+was stone blind for twenty years and lived to be eighty-four years of
+age. He was an admirable character and greatly beloved. His daughter
+entertained General Washington at their home during the seige of Boston,
+and General Lee was with him. Benjamin Faneuil admired Washington and he
+told him so, emphatically, whether a Whig or not. But he also told
+General Lee who was an Englishman that he had his "head in the noose"
+for he was a very decided old man and had to state his opinions under
+any circumstances.
+
+Peter Faneuil possessed his uncle's estate only about five years but
+during that time he lived in sumptuous style at the corner of Somerset
+and Beacon Streets in the house that Andrew built. He gave great sums to
+charity and Faneuil Hall was but one of his gifts to the city. Every
+charity of that day has his name down for a large sum. To Trinity church
+he gave a L100 for an organ and a donation to support the families of
+the deceased clergy of that church. It became so large that it was
+divided between Trinity church and Kings Chapel, and has done much good.
+There is a fine portrait of Peter Faneuil still extant; it was given to
+the Antiquarian Society of Boston by his niece, Miss Jones, and is a
+better picture than the one in Faneuil Hall.
+
+Peter Faneuil was a careful business man, but was always generous. At
+the time of the erection of Faneuil Hall there was no market house then
+in the town, and so he erected a building one hundred feet in length by
+forty feet in width. Besides the market there were several rooms for
+town officers, and a hall which would contain one thousand persons. On
+the completion of the building the first public oration held there was a
+funeral eulogy delivered in honor of its donor, Peter Faneuil, March 14,
+1743 by Master Lovell of the Latin School, and was "Recorded by Order of
+Town."[177] The Hall was dedicated to Liberty and Loyalty to the King in
+the following words, "May Liberty always spread its Joyful Wings, over
+this Place. And may Loyalty to a King under whom we enjoy this Liberty
+ever remain our Character." That the building should ever be used by
+conspirators against the King, and become synonymous for disloyalty to
+the King, was the very last purpose that its founder intended it to be
+used for, yet by the strange irony of fate Faneuil Hall became known to
+the world as the "Cradle of Liberty" in which the Revolution was rocked.
+The town also voted to purchase the "Arms of Peter Faneuil and Fix them
+up in Faneuil Hall." Only a few years passed when the very people he had
+so benefited by his bounty tore down his "Arms" and portraits, and
+showed the most violent marks of disrespect to the memory of him who had
+been their best friend, but it was unreasonable violence that moved the
+mob who called themselves patriots. Faneuil Hall is a permanent memorial
+of the Huguenots of Boston and with the exception of a few crumbling
+gravestones it is the only visible monument of their residence here.
+
+ [177] See Boston Town Records 1742 to 1757. pp. 14, 15, 16. Printed by
+ the City of Boston.
+
+Peter Faneuil died in 1742 and left his vast fortune to his two nephews,
+Peter and Benjamin Faneuil the younger, the latter being an eminent
+merchant and was one of the consignees of the tea that was destroyed by
+the mob. The following letter sent to him by the "patriots" at that time
+undoubtedly expresses the feelings and the sentiment of those who formed
+the "Boston Tea Party." The letter he said was found in his entry.
+
+ "Gentlemen, It is currently reported that you are in the extremest
+ anxiety respecting your standing with the good people of this Town
+ and Province, as commissioners of the sale of the monopolized and
+ dutied tea. We do not wonder in the least that your apprehensions
+ are terrible, when the most enlightened humans and conscientious
+ community on the earth view you in the light of tigers or mad dogs,
+ whom the public safety obliges them to destroy. Long have this
+ people been irreconcilable to the idea of spilling human blood, on
+ almost any occasion whatever, but they have lately seen a
+ penitential thief suffer death for pilfering a few pounds, from
+ scattering individuals you boldly avow a resolution to bear a
+ principal part in the robbing of every inhabitant of this country,
+ in the present and future ages of every thing dear and interesting
+ to them. Are there no laws in the Book of God and nature that
+ enjoin such miscreants to be cut off from among the people, as
+ troublers of the whole congregation. Yea, verily, there are laws
+ and officers to put them into execution, which you can neither
+ corrupt, intimidate, nor escape, and whose resolution to bring you
+ to condign punishment you can only avoid by a speedy imitation of
+ your brethren in Philadelphia. This people are still averse to
+ precipitate your fate, but in case of much longer delay in
+ complying with their indispensable demands, you will not fail to
+ meet the just rewards of your avarice and insolence. Remember,
+ gentlemen, this is the last warning you are ever to expect from the
+ insulted, abused and most indignant vindicators of violated liberty
+ in the Town of Boston.
+
+ Thursday evening 9 o'clock,
+ Nov. 4. 1773. O. C. Secy, per order.
+
+ To Messrs. the Tea Commissioners,
+ Directed to B---- F---- Esq."[178]
+
+ [178] Tea Leaves pp. 292-3.
+
+The Faneuils did not lack patriotism. They counselled prudence until the
+country was prepared for action in a constitutional way. They were
+entirely opposed to mob violence, and their patriotism took a reasonable
+practical form, looking to the best interests of all. Further they had
+no angry feelings against the English; they had too recently been
+received and protected by them when their own country turned them out.
+They always spoke of the English as a great nation. They admired their
+liberality as to religious opinions in which France was wanting.
+
+BENJAMIN FANEUIL the elder previously referred to, the father of Peter
+and Benjamin, the younger, and Mary died at Cambridge in 1785 aged 84.
+
+PETER FANEUIL his son, who shared with his brother the vast fortune left
+them by their uncle went to Canada at the outbreak of the Revolution and
+then to the West Indies.
+
+BENJAMIN FANEUIL found that it was necessary for his safety to leave
+Boston. He went to Halifax with the fleet when Boston was invaded on
+March 17, 1776, he afterwards went to England where he had $300,000 in
+English funds, with which he entertained his friends, the less fortunate
+refugees. In writing to a friend he said, "When we shall be able to
+return to Boston I cannot say, but hope and believe it will not exceed
+one year, for sooner or later America will be conquered, that you may
+depend on." He, however, was destined never to return but was proscribed
+and banished. He resided at Bristol where he died in 1785. His wife Jane
+was the daughter of Addington Davenport. The Faneuil name has become
+extinct; there are, however, numerous descendants through the female.
+Mary Faneuil, daughter of Benjamin Faneuil the elder became the wife of
+George Bethune, Oct. 13, 1754, and died in 1797, leaving many
+descendants. Mary Ann Faneuil, sister of Peter, who built the hall,
+married John Jones, who died at Roxbury in 1767, and whose son Edward
+died in Boston in 1835 at the age of 83. She was a loyalist, and resided
+for some time in Windsor, Nova Scotia. A letter from her son dated at
+Boston, June 23, 1783, advising her if desirous of returning, not to
+come directly to Boston, as the law was still in force; but first to
+some other State and thence to Boston.[179]
+
+ [179] Dealings with the Dead, p. 510.
+
+
+
+
+ THE COFFIN FAMILY OF BOSTON.
+
+ ADMIRAL SIR ISAAC COFFIN, SIR THOMAS ASTON COFFIN, ADMIRAL
+ FROMAN H. COFFIN, GENERAL JOHN COFFIN.
+
+
+The name of Coffin is widely spread over this continent; thousands take
+pride in tracing their descent from Tristram Coffin of Alwington, which
+extends along the Severn Sea, south of the boundary between Somerset and
+Devon, fronting the broad Atlantic.
+
+The Coffins came over with William the Conqueror and settled there in
+1066. It is said that the name Coffin was a corruption or translation of
+Colvinus, signifying a basket or chest, and that from the charge of the
+King's treasure, such employment, like royalty itself, being hereditary,
+the name became attached to the family. In 1085, according to the
+"Doomsday Book," Alwington was possessed by David De la Bere, and that
+the heiress of that name brought it to the Coffins. On a subject less
+grave this might be suspected for a jest but the authority is proof.
+Tristram came over to New England in 1642 and settled at Salisbury, and
+also at Haverhill and Newbury. He resided at these places for sixteen
+years and then went to Nantucket, which at that time was a dependency of
+New York. For 80 pounds he and his associates bought of the Indians a
+large part of the island. Tristram's third son, James, was Judge of the
+Court of Common Pleas and of Probate. James' son, Nathaniel, married the
+daughter of William Gayer, and niece of Sir John Gayer. William, the
+eldest son of Nathaniel, born 1699, removed to Boston and became
+proprietor of the Lunch of Grapes Tavern in 1731. It was situated on
+King street at the corner of Mackerel lane, the site now occupied by the
+Exchange building, on the corner of State and Kilby streets. It was a
+tavern from 1640 to 1760, when the Great Fire swept everything away.
+
+The Coffins were strong in numbers and near neighbors, along the
+principal thoroughfare, now Washington street, dwelt twenty families,
+descended from William Coffin, or their near kinfolk, who lived in
+constant intercourse. The patriarch, at four score, his vigor hardly
+abated, lived on this street near his son's house. His daughter,
+Elizabeth, married her cousin, Thomas C. Amory, who had bought the house
+opposite her father's, at the corner of Hollis street, built by Governor
+Belcher for his own use. He was one of the organizers of Trinity church
+in 1734 and was one of the first wardens of same. He lived in honor and
+affluence till he died in 1774, just before the war broke out, which
+saved him from witnessing the exile and widespread confiscation that
+awaited his sons. His children and their children counted about sixty
+when he died, but of his descendants bearing the name of Coffin, all
+have died out in Massachusetts. He had four sons, all staunch Loyalists,
+William, Nathaniel, John and Ebenezer. The daughters, Mrs. De Blois,
+Mrs. Amory, and Mrs. Dexter, married into the best families of Boston,
+and through love for their husbands took the other side. The sons were
+proscribed and banished by an Act of the Massachusetts Legislature.
+
+WILLIAM COFFIN, JR., the eldest son of William, was born in Boston,
+April 11th, 1723. He was an Addresser of General Gage, was proscribed
+and banished. He accompanied the Royal Army to Halifax in 1776 on the
+evacuation of Boston.
+
+SIR THOMAS ASTON COFFIN, Baronet, son of William, Jr., was born at
+Boston, March 31, 1754. He graduated at Harvard College in 1772. He was
+for a long time Secretary to Sir Guy Carleton, by whose side he sat in
+the last boat which left Castle Garden on the evacuation of New York,
+25th Nov., 1783. When Sir Guy Carleton became Lord Dorchester and
+Governor of Quebec, 1784, Coffin accompanied him and by his influence
+was appointed in 1804 Secretary and Comptroller of Accounts of Lower
+Canada. At another part of his life he was Commissary General in the
+British Army. He went to England and died in London in 1810, very
+wealthy. He was grandfather to Mrs. Bolton, wife of Col. Bolton, R. A.,
+who took an active part in the Red River Expedition of 1870.
+
+WILLIAM COFFIN, the second son of William Coffin, Jr., was born in
+Boston, 1758, and died at Kingston, Canada, in 1804.
+
+EBENEZER COFFIN, the third son of William Coffin, Jr., was born at
+Boston, 1763, went to South Carolina where he acquired property as a
+merchant and planter and was the father of Thomas Aston Coffin of
+Charleston, South Carolina, whose descendants, with an hereditary
+instinct, distinguished themselves by their chivalrous devotion to a
+failing cause in the late Confederate war.
+
+NATHANIEL COFFIN, second eldest son of William, was born in Boston in
+1725, graduated at Harvard College in 1744, received in 1750 an honorary
+degree at Yale. Brought up a merchant, he was early appointed King's
+Cashier of the Customs and acquired considerable property. He resided on
+the corner of Essex and Rainsford Lane, now Harrison avenue. The tide
+washed up to the garden wall. Near by in front, on what is now called
+Washington street, was the "Liberty Tree," where Captain Mackintosh and
+his "chickens," met to plan outrages upon loyal citizens.
+
+In August, 1767, a flagstaff was erected which went through and above it
+highest branches. A flag hoisted on this was the notice for the
+assembling of the "Sons of Liberty" for action. In 1775, his son
+Nathaniel, and his friends cut it down, much to the disgust of
+Mackintosh who was known as the "First Captain General of Liberty Tree."
+On the building occupying its site is a stone bas-relief of the tree
+with an inscription on it. Nathaniel Coffin held one of the most
+lucrative positions under the crown, his acquaintances and friends were
+naturally among the government officials and the better class of the
+community. He had much to lose if he severed from his fealty to the
+mother country and, banishment and confiscation would be the penalty, if
+the disunionists succeeded.
+
+NATHANIEL COFFIN was the last Receiver General and Cashier of his
+Majesty's Customs at the Port of Boston, he was an addressor of
+Hutchinson in 1774 and of Gage in 1775. With his family of three persons
+he accompanied the Royal Army to Halifax in 1776 and in July of that
+year embarked for England in the ship Aston Hall. In May, 1780, while
+returning, he died the day before the vessel arrived at New York. His
+wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Barnes of Boston.
+
+NATHANIEL COFFIN, JR., son of the aforesaid, was born in Boston in 1749.
+Was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774 and a Protester against the
+disunionists the same year. He was brought up to the bar, and succeeded
+well in his profession. As he took a prominent part on the side of the
+Government; and caused the "Liberty Tree" to be cut down, he was obliged
+to fly, or he would have been tarred and feathered. He employed a negro
+to assist him in cutting it down. A thousand dollars reward was offered
+by the Revolutionists for the offender, the darky informed against him,
+and he had to leave.[180] He was at New York in 1783, and was one of the
+petitioners for lands in Nova Scotia. At a subsequent period he was
+appointed Collector of Customs at the island of St. Kitt's and filled
+that position for thirty-four years. He died in London in 1831, aged 83.
+
+ [180] "Memoir of General John Coffin." By Captain Henry Coffin. R. N.,
+ 1880, p. 17.
+
+WILLIAM COFFIN, second son of Nathaniel, the Cashier. An Addresser of
+Hutchinson in 1774; went to Halifax in 1776, proscribed and banished,
+1778. Assisted his brother in destroying the "Liberty Tree." He had
+three sons in the British service. After the peace, he was at St. John,
+New Brunswick, a prosperous merchant.
+
+GENERAL JOHN COFFIN, the third son of Nathaniel, the Cashier, was born
+in Boston, 1756, was sent to sea at a very early age, and at the age of
+eighteen was in command of a ship. In 1775, while his ship was in
+England, she was engaged by the government to take troops to America. He
+had on board nearly a whole regiment with General Howe in command of the
+troops, who was ordered out to supersede General Gage at Boston. The
+vessel arrived at Boston June 15th. Mr. Coffin landed the regiment on
+June 17th at Bunker Hill, and the action having already commenced, he
+was requested by the Colonel, "to come up and see the fun," the only
+weapon at hand being the tiller of his boat; he immediately, to use a
+nautical phrase, "unshipped it," and with equal determination, commenced
+"laying about" him, and "shipped" the musket, powder and belt of the
+first man he knocked down. He bore an active part and distinguished
+himself during the rest of the action. In consideration of his gallant
+conduct he was presented to General Gage after the battle and made an
+ensign on the field, shortly after he was promoted to a lieutenancy,
+but still retained the command of his ship. He was promised by General
+Howe on his arrival at Boston the command of 400 men, if he would go to
+New York and raise them. He accordingly went to New York when Boston was
+evacuated March 17, 1776, where he raised among the Loyalists a mounted
+rifle corps, called the "Orange Rangers," of which he was made
+Commandant, and from which he exchanged into the New York Volunteers in
+1778. He took part in the defeat of Washington in the battle of Long
+Island in 1777 and went with that corps to Georgia in 1778. Here he
+raided a corps of partisan cavalry, composed chiefly of loyal planters.
+At the battle of Savannah, at that of Hobkerk's Hill, and the action of
+Cross Creek near Charleston, and on various other occasions, his conduct
+won the admiration of his superior.
+
+At the battle of Eutaw Springs which he opened on the part of the King's
+troops, his gallantry and good judgment attracted the notice and remark
+of General Greene, the Revolutionary leader, one of General Washington's
+ablest lieutenants. Major Coffin with 150 infantry and 50 cavalry
+averted the advance on Eutaw. Colonel William Washington, a
+distinguished partisan leader, with numerous cavalry rashly dashed
+forward; he lost most of his officers and many of his men, and his horse
+was shot under him, and he would have been slain had not Major Coffin
+interposed, who took him prisoner. These two men, who had known each
+other well in private life, rode back to camp to share the same meal and
+the same tent.
+
+In the Southern colonies the Revolutionists and Loyalists, waged a war
+of extermination, the partisans on both sides, seldom gave quarter or
+took prisoners. At the close of the conflict in Virginia Lord Cornwallis
+made him a gift of a handsome sword, accompanied by a letter conferring
+on him the rank of Major Brevet. Whilst Coffin was attached to
+Cornwallis, he was able to be of great service to him, but the bravery,
+not to say the extraordinary sagacity mingled with audacity of one man,
+could not save the army. Lord Cornwallis' army cooped up in Yorktown by
+a superior army of French and Americans, and blockaded by a French
+fleet, was in danger of starvation, and Coffin stood almost alone in
+successful forays, in which he frequently eluded the whole American and
+French army, and returned laden with the fruits of his success. In one
+of these raids he accidentally came to the house of a wealthy planter
+whose daughter was to be married that day. He quietly surrounded the
+house with his troops and knocking at the door, sent in word that he
+wished to speak with the proprietor. On presenting himself, the
+gentleman was courteously made aware of his condition. He was told not
+to make any noise, but to order sufficient turkeys, ham, wine and other
+provisions to be put up, to satisfy his men; if this was done no harm
+would happen, but on the contrary, if any resistance was attempted,
+everything and everybody in the house would be destroyed. Coffin's
+character and resolution were well known, so the planter thought it best
+to graciously comply with the mandate. A large quantity of provisions
+was thus secured.
+
+Captain Coffin supped with the wedding party, danced with the bride, and
+left in safety, taking care that no alarm should be given, and reached
+Cornwallis without accident by daylight.
+
+Even when the enemy held Charleston, during which time he ran very great
+risks of being taken prisoner, he went to see Miss Ann Matthews,
+daughter of William Matthews, Esq., of St. John's Island, to whom he was
+eventually married in 1781. On the occasion of one visit, the house was
+searched for him by authority, and the gallant soldier took refuge under
+Miss Matthews' ample dress. At that time ladies wore hoops and they must
+have been of considerable size, when Major Coffin, who stood six feet
+two and was proportionately stout, could successfully conceal himself
+under one. At the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, that portion of
+his army consisting of native Americans, he failed to obtain special
+terms for, in the articles of capitulation. He, however, availed himself
+of the conceded privilege of sending an armed ship northerly, without
+molestation, to convey away the most obnoxious of them. Major Coffin
+determined not to be taken by the Revolutionists who had offered $10,000
+for his head, so he cut his way through the lines, and reached
+Charleston, attracted by the charms of Miss Matthews. When Charleston
+was evacuated Major Coffin made his way up to New York, crossed the
+Hudson, having eluded all attempts at his capture and presented himself
+at headquarters, to the great astonishment of his friends in the British
+Army. Sir Guy Carleton, Commander-in-chief, appointed him Major of the
+King's American Regiment, vacant by the death of Major Grant.
+
+Previous to the evacuation of New York, and probably in view of it,
+Major Coffin and others who were feared and disliked by the victorious
+Revolutionists, and were, therefore, thrust out beyond the pale of
+redemption, were sent by the British Government, to New Brunswick. At
+twenty-seven he laid down his sword and took up his axe, accompanied by
+a wife delicately nurtured in a wealthy family and a warm climate, and
+four negroes, one woman and three men, all brought from Charleston. They
+arrived in October, 1783, when there were but two persons in or near the
+harbor of St. John. Mr. Symonds and Mr. White, fur-traders, kindly
+supplied the newcomers with provisions, and they immediately commenced
+clearing and felling timber. During the first winter they suffered great
+hardships, particularly Mrs. Coffin. His first mishap was the loss of
+his boots in crossing a swamp, now the market place of the city of St.
+John. Having selected some lots of ground fronting the harbor, he
+proceeded to explore the interior of the country. An ascent of about
+twelve miles up the beautiful St. John, opened out a rich and lovely
+landscape-hill and dale, magnificent woods, rivers and lakes, swarming
+with game and fish.
+
+In this fine and fertile locality Major Coffin purchased for a trifle a
+tract of land from Colonel Grazier, to whom it had been granted by
+Government. Four men were sent up there to build a house, and in the
+following May, 1784, he and his wife and four black servants, took
+possession of their new residence, and called it Alwington Manor, after
+the family estate in Devonshire, which belonged to them in the time of
+William the Conqueror. Two of the men, and the woman, proved to be good
+and faithful servants, and when the slaves were emancipated, still
+remained with the family.
+
+Settlers soon flocked into the province. Ten years' residence, with
+Major Coffin's activity, aided by his willing men, made it a respectable
+and desirable settlement. He was made a Magistrate of the county and in
+due time a Member of the Provincial Parliament, and of the Legislative
+Council, which offices he filled till within a few years of his death.
+
+In June, 1794, His Royal Highness, the Duke of Kent, the father of Queen
+Victoria, who was then Governor of Nova Scotia, stopped at Alwington
+Manor.
+
+Although retired from active employ, he still remained in the service on
+half pay, and in 1804 he was advanced to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.
+In 1805 he went to England, where he was received with much distinction,
+and was presented to the King by the commander-in-chief.
+
+The war of 1812 aroused all the warlike instincts of the old partisan;
+he snuffed the battle afar off, and at once offered to raise a regiment
+for home service. He soon had 600 men ready for service, which enabled
+the Government to send the 104th regiment to Canada, then hardly pressed
+by invasion. At the peace of 1815 he was promoted to the rank of
+Major-General, and the regiment disbanded and General Coffin returned to
+half pay once more.
+
+He for many years alternated in his residence between England and New
+Brunswick. He was the oldest General in the British Army when he died in
+1838, aged 82, at the house of his son, Admiral T. Coffin, in King's
+County, New Brunswick.
+
+Those who knew the General well in his later days, recall with
+affectionate recollection the noble presence and generous character of
+the chivalrous old soldier, a relic of the days in which giants were in
+stature and in heart, true to his king and country, a humble Christian
+and an honest and brave man, who united to the heroism of a Paladin the
+endurance of the pioneer, and when he could no longer serve his Prince
+in the field, served him still better by creating a new realm of
+civilization and progress in the heart of primeval forest. His name will
+ever be held in honor in New Brunswick.
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL SIR ISAAC COFFIN.
+
+Born in Boston, 1759. Died in England, June 23, 1839. From a painting in
+possession of the Boston Atheneum.]
+
+Eight of the children of General and Mrs. Coffin, all natives of New
+Brunswick, lived to make their way in the world, thanks to a grateful
+government and helpful country. The eldest son, General Guy Carleton
+Coffin, died in 1856, a General of the Royal Artillery; John Townsend
+Coffin, the second eldest, entered the British Navy as midshipman in
+1799 and became admiral in 1841. Under the will of his uncle, Sir Isaac
+Coffin, he became the owner of the Magdalen Islands in the Gulf of St.
+Lawrence. He died in 1882. Henry Edward Coffin, the third son, became a
+lieutenant in the British Navy in 1814 and an Admiral in 1856. He
+died in 1881. The eldest daughter, Caroline, married the Hon. Charles
+Grant of Canada, afterwards Baron de Longueuil; their son, the present
+Baron, married a daughter of Lewis Trapmane of Charleston, S. C. The
+second daughter married General Sir Thomas Pearson, K. C. B., an officer
+much distinguished in Canada during the war of 1812.
+
+A third married Colonel Kirkwood of the British Army and went to live in
+Bath, England.
+
+A fourth married John Barnett, Esq., also an officer in the British
+Army, who subsequently occupied a high official position in the Island
+of Ceylon.
+
+The fifth, Mary, married Charles R. Ogden, Esq., Attorney-General, Lower
+Canada.
+
+ADMIRAL SIR ISAAC COFFIN was the fourth son of Nathaniel, the Cashier.
+He was born in Boston in 1759. At eight years of age he entered the
+Boston Latin School. He was a diligent student in a class that embraced
+numerous celebrities and when in Parliament he acknowledged himself
+indebted to the methods and discipline of the Boston schools for his apt
+classical quotations, then a mode much in vogue in that august
+assemblage. His constitution was, however, too vigorous, his animal
+spirits too buoyant for scholarship alone to mark his schoolboy days. He
+led the sports of the playground and was the leader on the 5th of
+November, the anniversary of the Gunpowder plot. Boston was a pleasant
+place to dwell in, broad stretches of tree or turf, sloping pastures,
+and blooming gardens, surrounded the abodes of the wealthy. Tide water
+fresh from the ocean, spread nearly around the peninsular. Beyond these
+basins, wooded heights of considerable elevation lifted themselves above
+boundless tree tops. For fishing, or shooting, rowing, sailing, or
+swimming, coasting or skating, Boston with its environs of lake, and
+orchard, was then the paradise for boys. It was a capital school for his
+play hours, and the old Latin,--the oldest school in the
+country,--dating from 1635, for his studies of a graver sort. There
+fifteen of his cousins were his school mates, a host of his own
+celebrities and four--Scheaffe, Moreland, Mackay, and Ochterlony--who
+became baronets, or generals by military service in England, he was well
+placed for development nor were his opportunities neglected. At the
+commencement of the Revolution Isaac was too young to enter into it, or
+to realize what it meant, but long before he entered, at the age of
+fourteen, the British navy, he no doubt had formed opinions of his
+own.[181] It was doubtless of advantage to him, quickening his faculties
+and maturing his character, that such events were transpiring about him
+at this plastic period. His sense of justice and right and of what
+freedom signified, proved in his subsequent career that these advantages
+had not been without effect.
+
+ [181] It is a singular fact that all persons of American birth that were
+ in the navy remained loyal. Washington came very near entering the navy
+ as midshipman and going with his brother Lawrence under Admiral Vernon
+ to the attack on Cartagena. His trunk was packed and he was all ready to
+ depart when his mother prevailed upon him to remain. Had he gone he
+ would have remained loyal, or his case would have been the exception.
+
+At the age of fourteen Isaac entered the Royal navy under the auspices
+of Rear Admiral Montague. By him he was confided to the care of
+Lieutenant William Hunter, at that time commanding the Brig Gaspee and
+who then spoke of his pupil, "Of all the young men I ever had the care
+of, none answered my expectations equal to Isaac Coffin. He pleased me
+so much that I took all the pains in my power to make him a good seaman,
+and I succeeded to the height of my wishes, for never did I know a young
+man acquire so much nautical knowledge in so short a time." After
+serving on the Gaspee he served as midshipman on the Kingfisher,
+Captain, Diligent, Fowey, Le Pincon and the Sybl, frigate. In 1779
+Coffin, now Lieutenant, went to England and joined the Adamant. His next
+appointment was to the London of 98 guns, the flagship of Rear Admiral
+Graves on the coast of America, from her he removed into the Royal Oak
+where he acted as signal lieutenant in the action off Cape Henry, March
+16, 1781. By following such traces the naval histories of Great Britain
+afford of these several ships, we can reasonably conjecture the part
+Coffin took in the Revolutionary War. We learn what duties were
+performed by him on each of them, and we have no reason to doubt, from
+his rapid promotions, of his efficiency and zeal. We know that his
+patron, Admiral Montague, protected the rear of Howe's retreat from
+Boston in 1776, that the ships were often engaged with the enemy, and
+that they captured several valuable prizes in which action he
+participated. The events of the first four years of the war from 1775 to
+1779 are sufficiently familiar. D'Estraing's repulse at Savannah and
+Prescott's evacuation of Newport in 1779, its reoccupation by Tiernay in
+July 1780. The reduction of Charleston, defeat of Gates at Camden.
+Capture at sea of Henry Laurens, president of Congress. After the
+surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown to the combined French and American
+armies and French fleet, De Grasse hastened to the West Indies intending
+to join the Spaniards, and capture Jamaica and drive the English out of
+the West Indies. After the battle of March 16 at Cape Henry, on the
+return to New York, the Royal Oak took several valuable prizes, and then
+went to Halifax for repairs. In the middle of June a vessel arrived from
+Bristol with the remains of his father, who died the day before. Having
+held an important government position, his obsequies in New York on
+Broadway showed due regard to his memory. Isaac was placed soon after in
+command of Avenger, the advanced post of the British up the North River,
+which he held during the autumn till he exchanged with Sir Alexander
+Cochrane, for the Pocahontas and joined Admiral Hood at Barbados and
+served on his flagship, the Barfleur. Soon after Coffin joined him he
+learned that De Grasse was at St. Kitts, after an engagement there in
+which the French lost one thousand men, Hood joined Lord Rodney's fleet.
+
+For two days the hostile fleets manoeuvered in sight of each other near
+Dominica. In number the fleets were equal, in size and complement of
+crew the French were immensely superior; they had twenty thousand
+soldiers on board to be used in the conquest of Jamaica; a defeat at
+this time would be England's ruin. The English Admiral was aware that
+his country's fate was in his hands. It was one of those supreme moments
+which great men dare to use and weak ones tremble at. At seven in the
+morning, April 12, 1782, the signal to engage was flying at the masthead
+of the Formidable Rodney's flagship. The Admiral lead in person and in
+passing through the enemy's line engaged the Glorieux, a 74, at close
+range. He shot away her masts and bowsprit and left her a bare hull. All
+day long the cannons roared and one by one the French ships struck their
+flags or fought till they sank. The carnage on them was terrible,
+crowded as they were with troops. Fourteen thousand were reckoned as
+killed besides the prisoners. The Barfleur, Hood's flagship, on which
+was Coffin engaged the "Ville de Paris," the flagship of the French
+Admiral, the pride of France, and the largest ship in the world. After
+fighting valiantly all day, after all hope was gone, and a broadside
+from the Barfleur had killed sixty men, she surrendered. Her decks above
+and below were littered over with mangled limbs and bodies. It was said
+when she struck there were but three men on the upper deck unhurt, the
+Count was one. The French fleet was totally destroyed, and on that
+memorable day Yorktown was avenged, and the British empire was saved.
+Peace followed but it was peace with honor. The American Colonies were
+lost but England kept her West Indies. The hostile strength of Europe
+all combined had failed to wrest Britannia's ocean sceptre from her. She
+sat down, maimed and bleeding, but the wreath had not been torn from her
+brows. She was and is still the sovereign of the seas. After the battle
+Captain Coffin went in his sloop to Jamaica, where through the influence
+of Hood, he was appointed by Lord Rodney captain of the Shrewsbury, of
+74 guns; he was then only 22 years of age. This indicated the estimate
+of both Hood and Rodney of the value of his services in the late famous
+battle. Peace soon came, but there was much to discourage him. His
+family was broken up. The remains of his father lay in their last
+resting place in New York. The Shrewsbury was paid off, and he was put
+out of commission. He was his own master with abundance of prize money.
+Many of his family and friends from Boston had taken up their abode in
+London, and the refugee loyalists formed there a large circle. They all
+liked Isaac, a handsome young fellow with pleasant ways, generous and
+unpretending and loaded with laurels. He was held in high estimation by
+the great naval celebrities and by the public, their attention might
+have turned the head of one less sensible.
+
+Sir Guy Carleton, who had been created Lord Dorchester, could hardly
+have saved Canada for the Crown in 1775 without the aid of the Coffins,
+was now appointed Governor of Canada. It was probably at his request
+that Isaac was appointed to the command of the Thisbe, to take him and
+his family and suite to Quebec in 1786. While on his way up the river
+to Quebec the Thisbe was becalmed off the Magdalen Islands, and struck
+by their appearance, perhaps the more attractive from the autumnal
+splendor, Coffin requested, probably not in very serious earnest, that
+Lord Dorchester as representative of the Crown, would bestow them on
+him. This request seemed reasonable to the governor, and eventually
+letters patent were granted to him on the Islands. The records recite
+the grant of the islands to him for his zeal and unremitting persevering
+efforts in the public service. At Sir Isaac's death he left the island
+by will to his nephew, Admiral John T. Coffin, who died in 1882. On his
+return to Europe he was employed in many branches of the service. In
+1794 he was in charge of the Melampus frigate, in 1796 he was resident
+commissioner of Corsica. From Elba he removed to Lisbon, to take charge
+of the naval establishment there for the next two years. He was then
+dispatched to superintend the arsenal at Port Mahon when Minorca fell
+into the hands of the British, and from there to Nova Scotia, in the
+Venus frigate. At Halifax and afterwards at Sheerness, as resident
+commissioner, he was employed till April 1804, when appointed rear
+admiral he hoisted his flag on the Gladiator, and the following month
+was created a baronet.
+
+March, 1811, he married Elizabeth Browne, but within a few years
+satisfied of their utter incompatibility, they very amicably, on both
+sides, arranged for independence of each other. She was said to be
+addicted to writing sermons at night to the disturbance of the slumber
+of her rollicking spouse. The fault was certainly not hers, for she was
+a clever and exemplary woman. She lived nearly as long as he did, but
+they rarely met, though he made repeated overtures to reconciliation,
+some rather amusing. It is the reasonable ambition of all Englishmen,
+whose conditions and circumstances justify such aspirations, to be
+permitted to take part in the legislation and government of the country,
+and when Sir Isaac's health and peace rendered active service in the
+navy no longer desirable, his wish was gratified by his return to
+Parliament in 1818 for the borough of Ilchester for which he sat till
+1826. His reputation and experience, gave considerable weight to his
+opinion when he took part as he frequently did in debates on naval
+affairs. He was tall, robust, but of symmetrical proportions, his voice
+powerful, and his countenance expressive and noble. Sir Isaac died at
+Cheltenham in Gloucestershire, June 23, 1839, at the age of 80. Lady
+Coffin preceded him to the tomb on the 27th of January that year. His
+brother, General John Coffin, died the year previous, June 12, 1838, in
+New Brunswick. Sir Isaac made frequent visits to his native town, having
+made more than thirty voyages to and from America. The many brilliant
+gentlemen of Boston in professional life, or among its merchant princes,
+affluent and convivial, were pleased to have him as their guest. Loyalty
+to the mother country died out slowly, and a Boston born boy, who had
+attained great distinction, whose kinsfolk had ample means for
+hospitality, had much attention paid him. His kinsman, Thomas C. Amory
+writes, "Often when at my father's, who resided in Park street, where
+now is the Union Club house, the festal entertainments extended into the
+small hours, and those upon whom it devolved to sit up to receive the
+roisters, would gladly welcome from far off his shout of 'Home ahoy!'
+breaking the silent watches of the night."
+
+His prize money amounted to considerable. This he entrusted to his
+cousin Amory in Boston, and the income finally equalled the original
+deposit.
+
+He was very generous to his native land. Soon after the war ended he
+established a schoolship in Massachusetts waters, for mates and skippers
+to learn the art of navigation. The barge Clio which he purchased for
+the purpose, was commanded by his kinsman, Captain Hector Coffin, who
+was imprudent enough in 1826 to go up in her to Quebec with the American
+flag flying and act in a very indiscreet manner, and when his brother,
+General John Coffin, of New Brunswick, urged him to abandon what gave
+umbrage at home, he acquiesced in giving up what had cost him several
+thousand pounds. He also sent over to the land of his birth famous race
+horses and cattle to improve the breed; also fish, rare fruit and
+plants.
+
+He was warmly attached to Nantucket, where his ancestors and their
+descendants had dwelt for many generations. He visited the place and
+became acquainted with his kinsfolk and in 1826 appropriated $12,000
+afterwards increased till now it is upwards of $60,000, as a fund for a
+school for the instruction of the posterity of Tristram. This includes
+nearly every native born child of the island. The Duke of Clarence,
+William the Fourth, who succeeded his brother George to the throne,
+through his long connection with the navy, attached to him the officers
+who had grown old with him. It is said the King had Sir Isaac upon his
+list as Earl of Magdalen and intended to make him Governor of Canada,
+and the only obstacle that prevented it was the attachment he had for
+the land of his birth.
+
+This memoir of a Boston boy, who by dint of his own native energy
+attained a title, and the highest rank in the British navy, and a
+generous benefactor, whose works still bear witness to the noble impulse
+that prompted them, will ever be kindly remembered and cherished by his
+countrymen.
+
+Jonathan Perry Coffin, Sir Isaac's youngest brother, born in Boston in
+1762, was a barrister of repute in London.
+
+JOHN COFFIN, the third son of William and Ann Coffin, was born in
+Boston, August 19, 1729, and was brother of Nathaniel, the Cashier, and
+uncle of General John, and Admiral, Sir Isaac Coffin. In the
+confiscation Act he was described as distiller, and combined this
+business, no doubt, with that of merchant and ship owner. Loyal to the
+core, and knowing that he was a marked man, he resolved early in 1775,
+to place his family in safety. Embarking, therefore, his household
+goods, his wife and eleven children, on board his own schooner, the
+Neptune, he brought them around safely to Quebec where on the 23d
+August, 1775, he bought from "La Dame Veuve Lacroix" a piece of land at
+the _pres de ville_, well known during the siege which followed as the
+"Potash." He went to work with characteristic energy to establish a
+distillery, when his work was interrupted by that celebrated event. In
+the autumn the Revolutionary forces under Arnold and a former British
+officer, Montgomery, invaded the Province, and Quebec was invested. Late
+in the year John Coffin joined the Quebec enrolled British militia and
+the building he had designed for a distillery, became a battery for the
+defence of the approach from Wolfe's cove. The battery was armed with
+the guns of a privateer frozen in for the winter. Her commander,
+Barnsfare, and his seamen handled the pieces, and by his side John
+Coffin, the Boston Loyalist, shared the merit of the defence.
+
+Before that battery, on the memorable morning of the 1st January, 1776,
+fell, General Montgomery, and the chief officers of his staff, and with
+them the last hopes of the Revolutionary cause in Canada.
+
+In a paper prepared by his nephew, Lieutenant-Colonel Coffin of Ottawa,
+read before the Literary and Historical society of Quebec Dec. 18, 1872,
+it is shown on the testimony of Sir Guy Carleton, then Governor of
+Canada, and of Colonel Maclean, Commandant of Quebec, "that to the
+resolution and watchfulness of John Coffin, in keeping the guard at the
+_pres de ville_ under arms, awaiting the expected attack, the coolness
+with which he allowed the rebels to approach, the spirits which his
+example kept up among the men, and to the critical instant when he
+directed Captain Barnsfare's fire against Montgomery and his troops, is
+to be ascribed the repulse of the rebels from that important post where,
+with their leader, they lost all heart."
+
+There can be no question but that the death of Montgomery and the
+repulse of this attack, saved Quebec, and with Quebec, British North
+America to the British Crown, and that of the brave men who did this
+deed John Coffin was one of the foremost.
+
+John Coffin died September 28, 1808, aged 78, as the record of his
+burial has it, "One of His Majesty's Justices of the Peace of the City
+of Quebec and Inspector of Police for said City."
+
+He had thirteen children born to him, 11 survived him. Directly, or
+indirectly, all throve under the fostering protection of the Crown and a
+grateful government. The eldest daughter, Isabella, married Colonel
+McMurdo. Her sons served in India, a grandson was captain in the Royal
+Canadian Rifles, when that fine regiment disbanded at Kingston in 1870.
+
+The second daughter, Susannah, married the Hon. John Craigie of Quebec,
+Provincial Treasurer, a brother of Lord Craigie, Lord of Sessions in
+Scotland. One son, Admiral Craigie, died in 1872. A daughter married
+Captain Martin, who led one of the storming parties at the capture of
+Fort Niagara in 1814.
+
+MARGARET, the youngest daughter, married her cousin, Roger Hale
+Sheaffe. At the time of the marriage he was major in Brock's regiment.
+That gallant officer was slain at Queenstown Heights at 7 o'clock in the
+morning. At noon Colonel Sheaffe moved up from Niagara, attacked the
+American forces and hurled them from the rocks into the river. For this
+great service he was made a Baronet.
+
+Of John Coffin's sons, the oldest, JOHN, born in Boston in 1760, died
+Deputy Commissary-General at Quebec, March, 1837.
+
+WILLIAM, the second son, born in Boston, 1761, obtained a commission in
+the 1st Battalion of the King's Royal Regiment. Subsequently through the
+kind influence of His Royal Highness, the Duke of Kent, he obtained a
+commission in the regular army and served half the world over. He
+retired from the service in 1816 a captain in the 15th Regiment and
+Brevet Major, and died in England in 1836. His son WILLIAM FOSTER
+COFFIN, was Commissioner of Ordnance and Admiralty, Land Department of
+the Interior, Canada. This gentleman married, in 1842, MARGARET, second
+daughter of Isaac Winslow Clarke, of Montreal, who, in 1774, was the
+youngest member of the firm of Richard Clarke and Sons of Boston, to
+which was consigned the historical cargo of tea. He rose to the rank of
+Deputy Commissary General, and after 50 years service died in 1822.
+
+The third son, THOMAS COFFIN, born in Boston, 1762, was a member of the
+Legislative Council of Lower Canada, and Lieutenant-Colonel of Militia.
+He married a Demoiselle de Tonancour and lived and died at Three Rivers,
+1841. A son of his was for many years Prothonotary for the District of
+Montreal.
+
+The fifth son, FRANCIS HOLMES COFFIN, born in Boston, 1768, entered the
+Royal Navy and served during the long war with France, and died an
+Admiral in 1835. His eldest son, General Sir Isaac Coffin, K. C. Star of
+India, died at Black Heath, October, 1872.
+
+The fourth son, NATHANIEL COFFIN, born in Boston, 1766, lived and died
+in Upper Canada. In the war of 1812 he joined the volunteer companies
+and was aide-de-camp to Sir Roger Sheaffe at the battle of Queenstown
+Heights, where General W. Scott was taken prisoner. He became Adjutant
+General of Militia in Upper Canada. He died at Toronto in 1835.
+
+The sixth son, JAMES, born in Boston, 1771, died at Quebec in 1835,
+Assistant Commissary-General.
+
+These Boston men and women, sons and daughters of brave John Coffin, are
+all living instances of the loyal faith in which they were born, and of
+its honorable and just reward of a grateful and kind government, and is
+but one case of many which goes to show that the Americans who were
+loyal, as a body fared infinitely better than the Revolutionists who
+were successful. It is proverbial that republics are ungrateful.
+
+Today their descendants are organized as the United Empire Loyalists and
+count it an honor that their ancestors suffered persecution and exile
+rather than yield the principals and the ideal of union with Great
+Britain. They have made of the land of their exile a mighty member of
+the great British empire, they begin to glory in the days of trial
+through which they passed.
+
+
+ LIST OF JOHN COFFIN'S CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY AND
+ TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Christopher Clark, Aug. 9, 1783; Lib. 139, fol. 151; Land in
+ Boston, Essex St. S.; Short St. W.; Joseph Ford E.; Thomas Snow N.
+
+ To Moses Wallack, Mar. 12, 1785; Lib. 146, fol. 260; Land in
+ Boston, Essex St. S.; said Wallack W.; S. and W.; Blind Lane N.;
+ Thomas Downes and Samuel Bradley E.
+
+ To Edward Jones, Feb. 13, 1786; Lib. 155, fol. 111; Land in Boston,
+ Essex St. N.; the sea S.; sugar house and land of heirs of Thomas
+ Child deceased E.; Mary Pitman and heirs of Samuel Bradley W.; with
+ flats to low water mark.
+
+
+
+
+ JUDGE SAMUEL CURWEN.
+
+
+The paternal ancestry of Samuel Curwen, the subject of this sketch were
+for many centuries amongst the leading families in the county of
+Cumberland, in the north of England, where the family seat Workington
+Hall still remains, George Curwin his immediate ancestor was an early
+emigrant to New England, having established his residence in Salem in
+1638. He was highly esteemed for his active, and energetic character,
+and for several years represented Salem in the "General Court" or
+Legislature of the colony. He also commanded a squadron of horse in the
+Indian wars and assisted in checking the inroads of the savage enemy. He
+died at Salem in 1685 at the age of 74 years, leaving a large estate.
+His son Jonathan was of the provincial council named in the second
+charter granted by William and Mary in 1691, and a judge of the superior
+court of the province. He married a daughter of Sir Henry Gibbs and
+their son George was the father of the subject of this sketch. George
+Curwin graduated at Harvard College in 1701 and was pastor of a church
+at Salem. He died in 1717 at the early age of thirty-five years. The
+subject of this memoir was born in 1715 and graduated at Harvard College
+in 1735. In 1738 he traveled in England and the Continent. On his return
+he engaged in commercial pursuits with success. His business was
+subsequently interrupted by the depredation of French cruisers fitted
+out from Louisburg. In 1744-5 Mr. Curwin as a captain and his brother as
+a commissary joined an expedition for the reduction of that stronghold.
+The result of the expedition was completely successful, and reflected
+great credit on the participators in it.
+
+Annexed is a cut of the Curwin House, Salem, erected by Captain Curwin
+in 1642, now known as the witch house. The unfortunate persons arrested
+during the witchcraft delusion were examined in this house by Justices
+Jonathan Curwin and Hawthorn before being committed.
+
+[Illustration: CURWIN HOUSE, SALEM. ERECTED IN 1642.]
+
+At the commencement of the Revolution Samuel Curwin was Judge of
+Admiralty and had been in the commission of the peace for thirty years.
+He was one of the signers of the address to Governor Hutchinson when he
+went to England. This gave great offence to the disunionists, they
+attempted to compel him to make public recantations in the newspapers.
+This he refused to do, saying that the prescribed recantation contained
+more than in conscience he could own, and that to live under the
+character of reproach, which the fury of the mob might throw upon him,
+was too painful a reflection to suffer for a moment. He therefore
+resolved to withdraw from the impending storm. He accordingly embarked
+for Philadelphia on the 23rd of April, 1775, and thence to London on the
+13th of the following month. While in exile he kept a journal, which has
+been published. No work extant contains so much information of the
+unfortunate Loyalists while abroad. The journal commences at
+Philadelphia, May 4th, 1775, and says: "Since the unhappy affairs at
+Concord and Lexington, finding the spirit of the people to rise on every
+fresh alarm, (which has been almost hourly) and their temper to get more
+and more soured and malevolent against all moderate men, who they see
+fit to reproach as enemies of their country by the name of tories, among
+whom I am unhappily (although unjustly) ranked, and unable longer to
+bear their undeserved reproaches and menace, hourly denounced against
+myself, and others, I think it a duly I owe to myself to withdraw for a
+while from the storm, which to my foreboding mind is approaching. Having
+in vain endeavored to persuade my wife to accompany me, her
+apprehensions of danger from an incensed soldiery, a people licentious,
+and enthusiastically mad, and broke loose from all the restraints of law
+or religion, being less terrible to her than a short passage on the
+ocean, and being moreover encouraged by her, I left my late peaceful
+home (in my sixtieth year) in search of personal security, and those
+rights which by the laws of God I ought to have enjoyed undisturbed
+there, and embarked at Beverly on board the schooner Lively, Captain
+Johnson, bound hither, on Sunday the 23rd ultimo, and have just arrived.
+Hoping to find an asylum among quakers and Dutchmen, who I presume from
+former experience have too great a regard for ease and property to
+sacrifice either at this time of doubtful disputation on the altar of an
+unknown goddess or rather doubtful divinity."
+
+On landing he writes "I went in pursuit of lodgings, and on enquiring at
+several houses, ascertained they were full or for particular reasons
+would not take me in; and so many refused, as made it fearful whether
+like Cain I had not a discouraging mark upon me, or a strong feature of
+toryism. The whole city appears to be deep in congressional principles
+and inveterate against _Hutchinson Addressers_." Under date of May 9th,
+1775, he writes, "Dined with Stephen Collins. Passed the evening at
+Joseph Reed's in company with Col. Washington (a fine figure and of most
+easy and agreeable address) Richard Henry Lee, and Col. Harrison, three
+of the Virginia delegates. Besides Mr. and Mrs. Reed, were Mrs.
+Deberatt, Dr. Shippen and Thomas Smith. I staid till twelve o'clock, the
+conversation being chiefly on the most feasible and prudent method of
+stepping up the channel of the Deleware to prevent the coming up of any
+large ships to the city. I could not perceive the least disposition to
+accommodate matters." He wrote, "Having had several intimations that my
+residence here would be unpleasant, if allowed at all, when it shall be
+known that I am what is called '_an addresser_' I have therefore
+consulted the few friends I think it worth while to advise with, and on
+the result am determined to proceed to London in the vessel in which I
+came here."
+
+Following is a brief description of the journal, which Curwin kept while
+in England, the four hundred and more pages contain matters of the
+deepest interest to those who are interested in the lives of those
+Loyalists who returned to England, July 3, 1775. "On landing at Dover,
+visited the Castle. Next day arrived at the New England Coffee House,
+Threadneedle Street. Visited Westminster Hall with my friend Benjamin
+Pickering. Went to old Jewery meeting-house where I met Gov. Hutchinson,
+and his son and daughter, and received a cordial reception and
+invitation to visit him. There is an army of New Englanders here.
+Evening to Vauxhall Gardens. Spent the day at Hempstead in company with
+Isaac Smith, Samuel Quincy, David Greene, and P. Webster. I am just
+informed of the most melancholy event, the destruction of Charlestown by
+the King's troops, of great carnage among the officers. My distress and
+anxiety for my friends and countrymen embitter every hour. By invitation
+dined at Grocers' Company feast, at their hall in the Poultry. Dined
+with Governor Hutchinson in company with Mr. Joseph Green, Mr. Manduit
+and Mr. Ward Nicholas Boylston. It is a capital mistake of our American
+friends to expect insurrections here, there is not a shadow of hope for
+such an event. It is said most vigorous measures will take place in the
+spring, if no offer be made on the part of the colonies. Visited Hampton
+Court, and Gardens. Thence to Windsor. From the terrace we saw almost
+under our feet Eaton college. Saw Mr. Garrick in Hamlet at Drury Lane.
+To the Herald's office where Parson Peters, with his friend Mr.
+Punderson lodges, the latter has lately arrived from Boston. It seems he
+was harshly dealt with by the _sons of liberty_, being obliged to make
+two confessions to save his life notwithstanding which he was hunted,
+pursued, and threatened, and narrowly escaped death (or the Simsbury
+mines to which he was finally adjudged, and he thinks with the loss of
+his eyes) which would have been his fate but for his seasonable and
+providential retreat.[182] At Chapel Royal, St. James, saw the king and
+queen, who joined in the service with becoming devotion. Bishop of
+London preached. To the Adelphia, Strand, where by appointment met
+twenty-one of my countrymen, who have agreed on a weekly dinner here,
+viz., Messrs. Richard Clark, Joseph Green, Jonathan Bliss, Jonathan
+Sewell, Joseph Waldo, S. S. Blowers, Elisha Hutchinson, Wm. Hutchinson,
+Samuel Sewell, Samuel Quincy, Isaac Smith, Harrison Grey, David Green,
+Jonathan Clark, Thomas Flucker, Joseph Taylor, Daniel Silsbee, Thomas
+Brindley, William Cabot, John S. Copley and Nathaniel Coffin, Samuel
+Porter, Edward Oxnard, Benj. Pickman, Jno. Amory, Judge Robert Auchmuty
+and Major Urquhart, absent, are members of this New England club, as is
+also Gov. Hutchinson. At Parson Peters saw Mr. Troutbeck, lately arrived
+from Halifax, and Mr. Wiswall, mutually invited each other to visit and
+gave cards. Drank tea at Mr. Green's in company with Gov. Hutchinson,
+whom I had not seen for some weeks, and who expressed an uneasiness at
+my neglect to call. I called at Mr. Copley's to see Mr. Clark and the
+family who kindly pressed my staying to tea. Was presented to Mr. West,
+a Philadelphian, a most masterly hand in historic painting. Mr. West is
+the king's history painter. Called on my friend Browne. He acquainted
+me with some facts relative to the unfortunate abandonment of Boston by
+the king's troops, which has all the appearance of being forced. Would
+to God this illjudged, unnatural quarrel was ended."
+
+ [182] For description of Simsbury mines see pp. 56-57.
+
+Went to Shepton Mallet.[183] Walked to the market-cross, an open
+structure supported by Gothic arches and pillars, and ornamented in
+front by a few mutilated statues, but whether of saints or heroes of
+antiquity, I know not. A few gentlemen of fortune live here, but many
+worthy clothiers. Walked with Mr. Morgan over the hills to the remains
+of Roman-way, the ditch continues, although in an imperfect state, and
+carried over the Meridep hills, running from north to south and from
+shore to shore. Rode to Bath. Met Col. Saltonstall who with Mr.
+Boyleston has taken lodgings here for sometime past. Visited Glastonbury
+Abbey ruins. In the Bristol Gazette is the following: 'Gov. Howe has
+landed the British army and taken possession of New York on the 15th of
+September, the provincials had fled from the city with great
+precipitation, towards Kingsbridge.' There have been some discouraging
+accounts from France, respecting the intention of that court to assist
+the colonies, and advices from Spain say their ports are open to the
+English colonists. Received a letter informing me of my wife's health,
+and that she had been obliged to pay ten pounds sterling to find a man
+for the American army in my stead. Dec. 14. This day, General Burgoyne's
+mortifying capitulation arrived in town. We all know the General's
+bravery, and skill. He did not surrender whilst there was a possibility
+of defence. On confirmation of the American news, Manchester offered to
+raise a thousand men at their own expense, to be ready for service in
+America in two months, and was soon followed after by Liverpool. It is
+said there are to be proposals for raising two thousand men out of each
+parish through the kingdom.
+
+ [183] The native town of the author, J. H. Stark.
+
+Lord North, has proposed terms of reconciliation, but nothing short of
+independency will go down with the colonies. France will support them,
+all thoughts of conquest, of unconditional submission, be assured are
+given up. I am fully convinced the colonies will never find any good
+purpose answered by independence. God only knows what is before us. I
+cannot review the state of Great Britain four years since, and regard
+the present crisis without horror, without trembling. France and Spain
+are armed from head to foot at all points ready to sally forth. Heard
+the dreaded sound, war declared against France.
+
+Exeter, Sept. 6. Am informed that I am suspected to be an American spy
+disaffected to government. Have heard that Paul Jones in the French
+king's service, has taken a forty-four gun frigate, and entered the
+harbor of Hull and destroyed sixteen ships.
+
+Visited Col. Erving and family, afterwards dined and took tea with my
+worthy friend Judge Sewall, his company Mr. and Mrs. Faneuil. From
+thence I went to see Mrs. Gardner, her husband the doctor, and their
+daughter Love Eppes. Meeting Colonel Oliver, late lieutenant-governor of
+Massachusetts, he informed me of his residence.
+
+Visited Mr. Lechmere, drank tea with Judge Sewall, Captain Carpenter,
+young Jonathan Gardner, both of Salem, and a Mr. Leavitt, having arrived
+in a cartel ship from Boston, dined and passed the afternoon and
+evening. From them I obtained much information relating to our country
+and town. Those who five years, ago were the "_meaner people_" are now
+by a strange revolution become the only men of power, riches and
+influence. Those who, on the contrary, were leaders in the highest line
+of life, are glad at this time to be unknown, and unnoticed, to escape
+insult, and plunder, the wretched condition of all who are not violent,
+and adopters of republican principles. The Cabots of Beverly, who you
+know, had but five years ago a very moderate share of property, are now
+said to be by far the most wealthy in New England. It is a melancholy
+truth that whilst some are wallowing in undeserved wealth, that plunder
+and rapine has thrown into their hands, the wisest, most peaceable and
+most deserving such as you and I know are now suffering want,
+accompanied by many indignities that a licentious, lawless people can
+pour forth upon them.
+
+The number of Americans in Bristol are compiled in the following list:
+Col. Oliver and six daughters. Mr. R. Lechmere, his brother Nicholas,
+with wife and two daughters. Mr. John Vassal, wife and niece, Miss
+Davis, Mr. Barnes, wife and niece, Miss Arbuthnot, Mr. Nathaniel Coffin,
+wife and family. Mr. Robert Hallowell, wife and children. Judge Sewell,
+wife, sister, and two sons. Samuel Sewall with his kinsman. Mr. Faneuil,
+and wife. Mr. Francis Waldo and Mr. Simpson, together with Mrs. Borland,
+a son and three daughters.
+
+April 24, 1780. This day, five years are completed since I abandoned my
+house, estate, effects and friends. God only knows whether I shall ever
+be restored to them, or they to me. Party rage, like jealousy and
+superstition is cruel as the grave;--that moderation is a crime and in
+times of civil confusions, many good, virtuous and peaceable persons
+now suffering banishment from America are the wretched proofs and
+instances. By letter from Salem from our friend Pynchon, all our friends
+there are well and longing, but almost without hope, for the good old
+times as is the common saying now except among those as he expresses it,
+whose enormous heaps have made them easy and insolent, and to wish for
+a continuance of those confusions by which they grow rich.
+
+London, Oct. 30th, 1781. To Samuel Sewell, Esq., You wish me to write
+you favorable news from America. Would to God such was to be found
+written in the book of fate. The French you know are in possession of
+the Chesapeake, with a much superior fleet to that of Great Britain, for
+they reckon thirty-six capital ships to our twenty-four, even after
+Digby's junction. General Cornwallis's royal master is in the utmost
+distress for him, who, all the world here fears to hear will have been
+_Burgoyned_ and therefore an end to this cursed, ill-omened quarrel,
+though not in a way they wish, for which the instigators and continuers
+deserve execution. At New England Coffee House heard the glorious news
+of Admiral Rodney's defeat and capture of the French Admiral de Grasse,
+with five capital ships and one sunk.
+
+London, March 17, 1783. Before the preliminaries are ratified or
+hostilities ceased in the channel an American ship laden with oil, with
+thirteen stripes flying, came into the river from Nantucket. The ship,
+Captain Holton Johnson of Lynn, with whom I came from America, was, by a
+revolution common at such periods translated into a legislator in our
+Massachusetts Assembly, being about two months in London, told me that
+had not his interests and efforts prevailed, my name would have been
+inserted in the banishment list, and my estate confiscated, the reason,
+if any, must be private spite and malice, no public crime was ever
+alleged, but merely leaving the country in her distress. If success is
+justification, I confess my guilt. Read a Boston newspaper, where I saw
+poor Coomb's estate in Marblehead advertised for sale. I really pity my
+poor fellow refugee and think him cruelly treated by his savage
+townsmen. At New England Coffee House to read the papers filled with
+relations of the rising spirit of Americans against the refugees, in
+their towns and assemblies. Intoxicated by success under no fear of
+punishment, they give an unrestrained loose to their angry, malevolent
+passions attribute to the worst of causes the opposition to their
+licentious, mobbish violation of all laws human and divine; and even
+some of the best of the republican party seem to think at least their
+practice squints that way, that the supposed goodness of their cause
+will justify murder, rapine, and the worst of crimes. But cool impartial
+posterity will pass a better judgment, and account for the violence of
+the times from party rage which knows no bounds.
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL CURWEN.
+
+Born at Salem in 1715. Judge of Admiralty. Died at Salem in 1802.]
+
+London, Aug. 9, 1783. By the newspapers from America, particularly our
+quarter, I find there but slender grounds of hope for success in
+attempting the recovery of debts or estates; a general shipwreck is
+seemingly intended of all absentees' property--the towns in their
+instructions to the representatives making it a point to prevent the
+return of them, and consequent confiscations of all their property,
+notwithstanding the provision in the fifth preliminary article. These
+lawless people regard not any obstacle when the gratification of their
+angry passions or the object of gain are in view. For an explicit
+answer, "Do you propose to spend the remainder of your days abroad?" The
+wished for period of my return is not arrived, it is a subject I
+consider with some indifference, age and infirmities having made such
+inroads on my constitution as leave me but little to hope, or fear from
+the result of public councils, or the imprudence of private conduct. I
+am free to declare my apprehension that the lower, illiterate classes,
+narrow-minded and illiberal all over the world, have too much influence.
+Oct. 6. This day was proclaimed peace with France, Spain, and Holland.
+At New England Coffee House in company with Mr. Nathaniel Gorham,
+lately arrived from Boston, whom I had well known. He is a native of
+Charlestown, late a member of Congress, and of the Massachusetts
+Assembly, and who is now here on the score of obtaining a benevolence
+for the sufferers at the destruction of that town June 17, 1775, by the
+king's troops, which all things considered, carries with it such a face
+of effrontery as is not to be matched. Invited him to tea; received a
+letter from my wife's brother, James Russell. To him he replied, I thank
+you for your favor of the 21st of August, the first from you since my
+unhappy abandoning my former home in April, '75. In truth, were your
+sister (Mrs. Curwin) no more, there would need no act of Massachusetts,
+or any other assembly, or senate to prohibit my return. To his wife he
+writes: If it was not for your sake, or that you would follow my fortune
+or accompany my fate, I should not hesitate for a moment taking up my
+future abode, which cannot possibly be but of short continuance,
+somewhere out of the limits of the republican government. Wishes for the
+welfare of my friends still warm my heart, as to the rest, I read with
+cold indifference the insurrection in Pennsylvania, and the carryings-on
+in the late English colonies, having lost local attachment. If your
+fortitude has increased in the proportion that your health and spirits
+have improved, perhaps you will not find it an insurmountable difficulty
+to resolve on a land tour to Canada, or a voyage to some other English
+settlement. Whatever shall be the result of your thoughts let me be made
+acquainted therewith as soon as convenient. Should a final expulsion be
+concluded on, you will no longer hesitate. Captain Nathaniel West brings
+me a message from the principal merchants and citizens of Salem
+proposing and encouraging my return which instance of moderation I view
+as an honor to the town and respectful to myself. It affords me
+pleasure, and I would cheerfully accept the offer, but should the
+popular dislike rise against me, to what a plight should I be reduced,
+being at present (out for how long is a painful uncertainty) on the
+British government list for L100 a year (a competency for a single
+person exercising strict economy) to surrender this precarious allowance
+without public assurance of personal security. Imagine to yourself the
+distress of an old man, without health under such adverse circumstances
+and you will advise me to wait with resignation till the several
+Assemblies shall have taken decisive measures. Went to the Treasury and
+there received the agreeable information that the commissioners had
+granted my petition to appoint an agent to receive my quarterly
+allowance, after my departure from England, on making satisfactory proof
+of my being alive at the successive periods of payment. From this date
+an end to my doubts respecting my embarkation, its issue time must
+reveal. I know not in what employment I am to pass the small remainder
+of my days, should Providence permit my safe return home, but I shall
+not think part of it ill-bestowed in directing and assisting the studies
+and pursuits of my niece's children who are just of an age to receive
+useful ideas--with regard to the English, Latin, and Greek tongues.
+Sept. 25, 1784. Arrived at Boston at half past three o'clock. Landed at
+the end of Long Wharf after an absence of nine years and five months,
+occasioned by a lamented civil war. By plunder and rapine some have
+accumulated wealth, but many more are greatly injured in their
+circumstances. Some have to lament over the wreck of their departed
+wealth and estates, of which pitiable number I am, my affairs sunk into
+irretrievable ruin. On Sunday, being the day following, I left for
+Salem, where I alighted at the house of my former residence, and not a
+man, woman, or child, but expressed a satisfaction at seeing me, and
+welcomed me back. The melancholy derangement of my affairs has so
+entirely unsettled me, that I can scarcely attend to anything. I think
+it very unlikely that my home can be saved.[184] Salem, Nov. 22, 1784.
+Judge Curwin wrote to his friend Judge Sewall, Bristol, England, saying:
+"I find myself completely ruined. I confess I cannot bear to stay and
+perish under the ruins of my late ample property and shall therefore as
+soon as I can recover my account-books, left in Philadelphia on my
+departure from America and settle my deranged affairs, retreat to Nova
+Scotia, unless my allowance be taken from me." He however remained at
+Salem where he passed the remainder of his days dying in 1802 at the age
+of eighty-six. The foregoing brief abstracts from Curwin's Journal give
+some of the things which he saw and heard, and the hopes and fears which
+agitated him and his fellow exiles. He left no children. Samuel Curwin
+Ward, a grandson of his brother George, at the request of Judge Curwin,
+took his name by an act of the Legislature, and his descendants are all
+that now bear the name in New England.
+
+ [184] It was saved from confiscation by his wife remaining in it during
+ the war, and her furnishing a substitute for her husband to serve in the
+ army.
+
+
+
+
+ JAMES MURRAY.
+
+
+James Murray was a direct descendant of Sir John Murray of Philiphaugh,
+Scotland, who sat in Parliament for the County of Selkirk in 1612. Sir
+John's second son, was John Murray of Bowhill. This John Murray was the
+father of John Murray of Unthank, born in 1677, who in turn was the
+father of James Murray, the subject of this notice, who was born in 1713
+at Unthank. Here on this ancestral estate he passed the first fifteen
+years of his life, after the wholesome manner of Scotch
+lads--porridge-fed, bare legged--he protested in after life against his
+grandson wearing stockings. The people amongst whom he lived had
+married, thriven and multiplied until the population had become one vast
+cousinship, bound together by that clannish loyalty which, quite apart
+from pride of name, is ineradicable in the Scots to the present day.
+Through the influence of Sir John Murray he was apprenticed to William
+Dunbar of London, a merchant in the West India trade. On the death of
+his father, he received a thousand pounds as his share of the estate.
+With this small patrimony he decided to try his fortune in the New
+World. His objective point in his new venture was the Cape Fear Region
+in North Carolina. The Carolinas having shaken off their proprietary
+rule were now entering, it was hoped, upon a more prosperous period as
+dependencies of the Crown. Gabriel Johnson, a Scotchman who had been a
+physician and professor at St. Andrews University, had been recently
+appointed Governor. This made some stir in Scottish circles, a fact
+which directed James Murray's desire to this particular Colony. With
+letters of recommendation to Governor Johnson, he embarked at Gravesend,
+September 20, 1735, for Charleston. He settled at Wilmington, on the
+Cape Fear River, and purchased a house in town and a plantation of 500
+acres and Negro slaves. He was also appointed collector of the Port, and
+in 1729 he was appointed a member of the Board of Councillors. In 1737
+Mr. Murray received news of the death of his mother. This necessitated a
+journey to Scotland to settle her estate. On returning he brought with
+him his younger brother and his sister Elizabeth, not quite fourteen
+years of age. She was installed as his housekeeper, and then began that
+affectionate intimacy between them which was perhaps the most vital and
+enduring element in the life of each. James Murray prospered as a
+planter and merchant. He imported from England such goods as the
+colonists required and in exchange sent to England naval stores, tar,
+pitch, and turpentine.
+
+In 1744 he returned to Scotland with his sister Elizabeth, married his
+cousin, Barbara Bennet, and remained in England and Scotland for five
+years. On his return in 1749, accompanied by his wife and daughter and
+his sister Elizabeth, their ship put into Boston, and he returned alone
+to Wilmington, leaving his family in Boston, because, as he wrote, "they
+had an opportunity of spending three of the most disagreeable months of
+this climate in that poor Healthy Place, New England--their health they
+owe to God's goodness, their poverty to their own bad policy and to
+their Popular Government." His sister Elizabeth remained in Boston and
+married Thomas Campbell, a Scotchman, merchant and trader. Their married
+life was short, for the husband died in a few years.
+
+A comfortable, prosperous figure in Boston at that time was Mr. James
+Smith, a Scotchman, a sugar-baker, whose refinery had been in working
+since 1729 or before and who had amassed wealth as well as years. His
+home on Queen Street, now Court Street, was central in position,
+surrounded by other residences of its kind, yet conveniently near his
+sugar house, which stood in Brattle Street, between the old church and
+what was known as Wing's Lane. At the same time it was not far from
+King's Chapel. As one of the Church Wardens of King's Chapel and a
+generous contributor to its needs Mr. Smith stood high in the esteem of
+his fellow townsmen and the few allusions to him in the records and
+traditions of his day indicate that he was no less genial a friend than
+an open handed citizen. Mr. Smith married Mrs. Campbell in 1760. "I can
+assure you," wrote James Murray in 1761, "they both enjoy a happiness
+which is rarely met with in a match of such disparity." Her brother
+rejoiced in this marriage, which he declared placed her "in the best
+circumstances of any of her sex in the town." Prosperity for one member
+of the family must help for all. Boston thus became a second home for
+the Murrays in America.
+
+[Illustration: COUNTY RESIDENCE OF JAMES SMITH, BRUSH HILL, MILTON.
+
+BUILT IN 1734.]
+
+Shortly after his sister's marriage he lost his wife and all his
+children but two, owing to the unhealthy climate. This caused him to
+leave the South and his opinion of New England was changed, for he wrote
+at this time, 1760, "you cannot well imagine what a land of health,
+plenty and contentment this is among all ranks, vastly improved within
+these ten years. The war on this continent has been a blessing to the
+English subjects and a calamity to the French, especially in the
+Northern Colonies, for we have got nothing by it in Carolina."
+
+In 1761 Mr. Murray married Miss Thompson, a daughter of Mrs. Mackay, who
+lived on King Street. The marriage proved to be a fortunate one for Mr.
+Murray's two daughters as well as for the two most concerned. Mr. Smith
+was withdrawing from the sugar business and wished Mr. Murray to take it
+up. He was, however, in no haste to be off from his plantation, which
+he really loved, but at last the break was made and in 1765 he removed
+to Boston to cast in his lot permanently. Mr. Murray had warm friends in
+Boston and felt himself in congenial surroundings. He occupied Mr.
+Smith's home on the corner of Queen Street, the Smiths reserving a
+portion of it for themselves, though their permanent residence was now
+at Brush Hill, Milton. Mr. Smith had purchased in 1734, and
+subsequently, 300 acres at Brush Hill and erected the mansion house now
+owned and occupied by Murray Howe.
+
+Mr. Smith's long life came to an end on the 4th of March, 1769. He died
+at Brush Hill and was buried from his home on Queen Street. Mrs. Smith
+returned to Scotland and before leaving she made over to her brother the
+Brush Hill Farm, in trust for his daughters, Dorothy and Elizabeth. This
+was very fortunate, as it afterwards turned out, for it saved it from
+confiscation. Mr. Murray, with much content, established himself there,
+hoping to "run off the dregs of his days" in peace. Of the farm he had
+given his brother, some years before, a graphic description; it was in
+many respects as pleasantly situated as Governor Hutchinson's. It had,
+he said "a good house, well furnished, good garden and orchards, meadows
+and pasturage, in 300 acres. A riverlet washed it and by several
+windings lost itself between two bushy hills, before it ran into the
+great bay. Of this bay, often covered with sails, and of the
+light-house, there is a fair prospect from the house which stands on an
+eminence and overlooks also a pleasant country round. It is in short one
+of the pleasantest and most convenient seats I see in the country."
+
+Dorothy Murray, who, family traditions say, had grown to be a beautiful
+and fascinating young lady, accepted the hand of Rev. John Forbes, a
+clergyman then settled at St. Augustine, Florida. Their marriage
+occurred in 1769. The Forbes of Milton are the descendants.
+
+The political turmoil in the midst of which Mr. Murray found himself
+upon his removal to Boston, in 1765, filled him with surprise and
+dismay. He had hoped, on leaving North Carolina, that he was turning his
+back upon rebellion, but here he had alighted upon the very seat of
+disorder. By force of circumstances, as well as by inclination, it was
+inevitable that in North Carolina, and afterwards in Massachusetts, his
+associates should have been those whose sympathies were on the side of
+law and order. The Boston of the disunionists, of Otis, Hancock, and the
+"brace of Adams" he never knew. "He shared so completely Hutchinson's
+convictions that the best interests of America were being sacrificed" by
+the very men who maintained they were asserting their rights and
+although, like those who sided with the Government, he incurred
+suspicion and hatred, he never to the end of his life could see himself
+as an enemy to the land he helped to build.[185]
+
+ [185] James Murray, Loyalist; pp. 152, 154, 155.
+
+To such men as him, men who were averse to partisanship and whose
+interests centered wholly within the domestic circle, yet who could
+take a large impersonal view of passing events, the inevitable ban
+under which, as Tories, they afterward fell, bore all the sting of
+injustice. He wrote in 1766, "the truth is we are all the children of a
+most indulgent Parent, who has never asserted his authority over us,
+until we are grown almost to manhood and act accordingly; but were I to
+say so here before our Chief Ruler, the Mob, or any of their adherents,
+I should presently have my house turned inside out."
+
+When the troops sent by General Gage from New York arrived in Boston and
+were refused shelter in various places under control of the
+disunionists, Mr. Murray came forward and the sugar house was opened to
+them for barracks. Thenceforth "Murray's Barracks" or "Smith's
+Barracks," as they were indiscriminately called, were a source of
+irritation to the disloyal section of the town. Moreover, his
+willingness to lodge British soldiers, and a free hospitality shown to
+British officers (among others who frequented his house was General
+Mackay, a relative, probably, of his wife) marked Mr. Murray as a King's
+man. His appointment in 1768 as a Justice of the Peace drew him still
+further into public notice. Popular displeasure in fact, so far
+distinguished him as to make him, in the autumn of the next year, the
+victim of a mob. The condition of affairs was rapidly growing worse. The
+troops were called from Murray's barracks to protect the guard on King's
+Street from the fury of the mob and this brought about the so-called
+"State Street Massacre." Then followed the Lexington affair and Bunker
+Hill and the siege of Boston by Washington's army. During this time Mr.
+Murray remained in Boston. His daughter, Mrs. Forbes, had returned from
+Florida and with her sister Elizabeth, lived on the farm at Brush Hill.
+His sister, Elizabeth Smith, had married Ralph Inman of Cambridge and
+while her husband remained in Boston, she stayed in the Cambridge
+mansion to prevent its being confiscated. Communications between Milton
+and Boston were carried on by vessels sailing up the Neponset.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Murray visited Brush Hill in this manner and Mrs. Inman
+even journeyed back and forth between Cambridge, Boston and Milton in
+this way. Finally the evil day came when the evacuation of Boston became
+a necessity. The consternation was indescribable. Men who had lived all
+their lives in Boston and were a part and parcel of it found themselves
+suddenly compelled to take leave of friends, old associations and
+property and to flee with the army to Nova Scotia. The departure of
+General Howe was hampered and delayed by the necessity of caring for the
+removal of the Loyalists. All the transports which were at hand,
+assisted by such other vessels as could be procured, were inadequate for
+the purpose. The refugees, on their part, were in a state of distraction
+between the impossibility of taking with them more than a small part of
+their possessions. Mr. Murray, like the rest, had no recourse but to
+sail with the troops for Halifax. The parting he must have believed to
+be only temporary, but it was final.
+
+A lady writing from Brush Hill under date of May 17th, 1776, and signing
+herself E. F., gives a graphic description of the condition in which the
+Murray family were left. She writes, "This amiable family are going to
+be involved in new troubles. Did I fear for myself alone, I should be
+happy compared with what I now suffer, for I have nothing to fear from
+the malevolence of man, but when I see the few but valuable friends I
+have remaining upon the point of becoming destitute like myself my heart
+sinks within me, and I can not avoid exclaiming "Great God!" Surely for
+all these things people shall be brought to judgment. I am hunted from
+one retreat to another, and since I left your Ark, like Noah's dove I
+can find no resting place. The Committee at Cambridge have left Mrs.
+Inman's farm, in spite of all assiduity to prevent it and the same tribe
+of demons have been here to take this into possession during the life of
+Mr. Murray. When this affair will end, God knows. Nature is all blooming
+and benevolent around us. I wish to Heaven that she could inspire the
+breasts of this deluded people with the same affectionate glow towards
+each other. _May eternal curses fall on the heads of those who have been
+instrumental to this country's ruin._"
+
+Again under the date of June 16th she writes, "Rejoice with me, my dear
+Aunt, _this infernal crew cannot succeed in taking the farm from this
+amiable family_. _The Almighty Father of infinite perfection will not
+permit them to prosper in all their wickedness._"[186]
+
+ [186] James Murray, Loyalist; pp. 248, 249, 251.
+
+James Murray now began the weary life of banishment, the pathos of which
+was so many times repeated in the history of the Loyalist exiles. He
+first went to Halifax; there he established himself with his wife and
+his sister, Mrs. Gordon, but he could not be content to stay so far from
+his sister and his children, who remained in Boston to prevent their
+property from being confiscated, and soon, as he puts it, he came
+"creeping towards" them, hoping at least to be able more easily to
+communicate with them and to serve them by sending occasional supplies.
+He visited Newport, New York and Philadelphia. He found himself,
+however, no nearer the accomplishment of his wishes in New York than in
+Halifax and to Halifax, in 1778, after some two years spent in
+profitless wanderings, he returned. There he remained the rest of his
+life. In his last letter to his daughter dated Halifax, February 17th,
+1781, he said "A man near seventy, if in his senses, _can want but
+little here below, nor want that little long_. Therefore the withdrawing
+of my salary for some time past gives me but little concern." In this
+letter he seems to have had a premonition of his death, for he died a
+few months later. The salary that he refers to was that which he
+received from England for several years after leaving Boston--about 150
+Pounds a year as inspector of imports and exports, many sufferers
+received from 50 to 300 Pounds a year in addition to their salary for
+their present subsistence. Mrs. Inman, his sister, survived her brother
+but a few years and those were sad ones. Her friends were scattered,
+her means reduced and her health undermined. She died May 25, 1785.
+
+ELIZABETH MURRAY, his daughter, married Edward Hutchinson Robbins, who
+in 1780, when but twenty-two years of age, became a member of the
+disloyal government and who occupied the position of Speaker of the
+House of Representatives, Lieutenant Governor and Judge of Probate.
+Brush Hill afterwards passed into the possession of her son, James
+Murray Robbins, who lived here until his death in 1885. It then passed
+into the possession of his nephew, James Murray Howe, its present
+occupant.
+
+As previously stated, the only thing that prevented the confiscation of
+this estate was that Elizabeth and Dorothy Murray, to whom their aunt
+had given it had remained on the property during the war and would not
+leave it, although every effort was made to drive them off it by their
+disloyal neighbors. Their father was proscribed and banished under the
+Act of 1778, he was forbidden to return to Massachusetts and for a time
+did not even dare to write to his family. A daughter of Mary Robbins
+married a son of Paul Revere. Two of their sons fell upon the
+battlefield in the war for the Union, fighting on the loyal side in
+support of their government, giving to their country on the one hand
+lives derived from the disunionists and on the other from their loyal
+ancestor.
+
+Rev. John Forbes wrote to his wife in 1783, just previous to his death,
+as follows: "Upon hearing of the peace, having all my property in
+Florida, I thought of going immediately to England. I might be of use to
+myself either by giving a short representation of the importance of
+retaining the province under the Crown of Great Britain or in finding
+early what hopes I might entertain of being in a situation of remaining
+in England with my united family, when the boys might be educated under
+my eye." After Mr. Forbes' death his wife, Dorothy Forbes, hoping to
+recover something from his estate as well as from her father's, made a
+trip to Wilmington and St. Augustine. The land which Mr. Forbes owned in
+Florida, which had been given over to the Spaniards, she received
+compensation for from the British Government. In Wilmington, however,
+she did not succeed, for when her father went to Boston he turned over
+his Cape Fear estate, which he valued at that time at L3000, to his
+nephew, Thomas Clark, who had recently come over from England. After the
+war commenced, the whole of Mr. Murray's property was confiscated. It
+was then claimed by Thomas Clark, who presented an account for more than
+the assessed value of the property for his salary for caring for it. As
+he had joined the disunionists it was ultimately made over to him by act
+of the Legislature. Mrs. Forbes tried to recover some of her patrimony,
+but without success. She did not even see her cousin, who wrote from his
+plantation that floods prevented his leaving his estate to visit
+Wilmington but that if she would come to him he would be happy to see
+her and did not doubt of being able to convince her that he had acted
+for the best in what he did.
+
+
+
+
+ SIR BENJAMIN THOMPSON.
+
+
+Benjamin Thompson, otherwise known as Count Rumford was one of the most
+distinguished men of his age. He came on both sides of his parentage
+from the original stock of the first colonists of Massachusetts Bay.
+JAMES THOMPSON, one of the original settlers of Woburn, was prominent
+among those who fixed their residence in that part of the town now known
+as North Woburn. Little is known of his English antecedents except that
+he was born in 1593, his wife's name was Elizabeth and by her he had
+three sons and one daughter all probably born in England. As early as
+1630 when he was thirty-seven he joined the company of about fifteen
+hundred persons who under lead of Governor Winthrop landed on New
+England shores during the eventful year. He was one of the first
+settlers of Charlestown and belonged to sturdy yeomanry of the country.
+He was among the few adventurers who early pushed their way into an
+unknown region and fixed their home in the wilderness, with Henry
+Baldwin and a few others, in that part of Charlestown Village now known
+as North Woburn. James Thompson was twice married. Elizabeth died
+November 13, 1643, and he married February 15, 1644, Susannah Blodgett,
+widow of Thomas Blodgett of Cambridge. The descendants of this early
+settler are now very numerous in the country.
+
+[Illustration: BIRTHPLACE OF BENJAMIN THOMPSON, NORTH WOBURN.]
+
+Jonathan Thompson, son of the former had a son Jonathan who had a son
+Ebenezer. Captain Ebenezer Thompson and Hannah Converse were the
+grandparents, Benjamin Thompson, the son of the last, and Ruth Simonds
+were the father and mother of the celebrated Count Rumford. His mother
+was the daughter of an officer who performed distinguished service in
+the French and Indian wars, which were in progress at the time of the
+birth of his eminent grandson. The parents were married in 1752, and
+went to live at the house of Captain Ebenezer Thompson. Here under his
+grandfather's roof, the future Count Rumford was born, March 26, 1753,
+in the west end of the strong substantial farm-house. The father of the
+little boy died November 7, 1754, in his twenty-sixth year, leaving his
+wife and her child to the care and support of the grandparents. In
+March, 1756, when the child was three years old, his widowed mother was
+married to Josiah Pierce, the younger, of Woburn. Mr. Pierce took his
+wife and her child to a new home, which, now removed, stood but a short
+distance from the old homestead.
+
+Ellis in his "Life of Count Rumford" says, that Benjamin Franklin and
+Benjamin Thompson were the two men most distinguished for philosophical
+genius of all that have been produced on the soil of this continent.
+"They came into life in humble homes within twelve miles of each other,
+under like straits and circumstances of frugality and substantial
+thrift. They both sprang from English lineage, of an ancestry and
+parentage yeoman of the soil on either continent, to be cast, as their
+progenitors had been, upon their own exertions, without dependence upon
+inherited means, or patronage, or even good fortune. Born as subjects of
+the English monarch, they both, at different periods of their lives,
+claimed their privileges as such, visiting their ancestral soil, though
+under widely unlike circumstances, and their winning fame and
+distinction for services to humanity. We almost forget the occasion
+which parted them in the sphere of politics, because they come so close
+together in the more engrossing and beneficent activity of their
+genius." It is not known whether these two men ever met together, or
+sought each other's acquaintance, or even recognized each other's
+existence, though they were contemporaries for more than thirty years.
+
+Benjamin Thompson in his youth attended the village grammar school.
+Later he was apprenticed to Mr. John Appleton, an importer of British
+goods at Salem, and later still was for a short time a clerk in a dry
+goods store in Boston where he was when the "Massacre" occurred. It was
+while at Salem he first displayed his fondness for experimental
+philosophy, when accidentally his face was somewhat marked by a
+pyrotechnical explosion. He used to steal moments to play the fiddle as
+he was passionately fond of music. Lacking taste for trade he engaged in
+the study of medicine with Dr. Hay of Woburn, meanwhile in company with
+his friend and neighbor, Loammie Baldwin, walking to and fro from
+Cambridge, in order to attend scientific lectures at Harvard College. At
+length he became a teacher, first in Wilmington, then in Bradford and
+then in a more permanent and lucrative position in Concord, New
+Hampshire, then a part of Essex County, Massachusetts; once known as
+Penacook but at this time as Rumford. His more public and noticeable
+life now began. Here he married at the early age of nineteen Sarah, the
+widow of Colonel Rolfe and the daughter of the Rev. Timothy Walker. When
+he went to Concord as a teacher he was in the glory of his youth, and
+his friend Baldwin describes him as of a fine manly make and figure,
+nearly six feet in height, of handsome features, bright blue eyes, and
+dark auburn hair. He had the manners and polish of a gentleman, with
+fascinating ways, and an ability to make himself agreeable. His diligent
+study and love of learning also added to his attractions. He was married
+about November, 1772, and his wife brought to him a fortune. It was at
+about this time that Benjamin Thompson met Governor Wentworth,--an event
+which led to that series of difficulties and troubles which resulted in
+his leaving the country. The governor was struck by the young man's
+commanding appearance, and a vacancy having occurred in a majorship in
+the Second Provincial Regiment of New Hampshire, Governor Wentworth at
+once commissioned Thompson to fill it. Thus the young man received an
+appointment over the heads of other officers of age and experience. It
+was a mistake on the part of the governor and a mistake for him to
+accept the office. The veteran officers over whom he had been appointed
+so suddenly and unexpectedly from the plain life of a civilian were very
+angry as was to be expected.
+
+Young Thompson manifested in early manhood the tastes, aptitudes and
+cravings which prompt their possessor, however humbly born, and under
+whatever repression from surrounding influence, to push his way in the
+world by seeking and winning the patronage of his social superiors, who
+have favor and distinctions to bestow. He was regarded from his boyhood
+as being above his position; he had also a noble and imposing figure,
+with great personal beauty, and with those whose acquaintance he
+cultivated he was most affable and winning in his manners. His marriage
+enabling him to give over the necessity of school keeping, furnished him
+the means for making excursions at his pleasure. Besides his
+acquaintance with Governor Wentworth at Portsmouth, he had also on
+visits with his wife to Boston, been introduced to Governor Gage and
+several of the British officers, and had partaken of their
+hospitalities. Two soldiers, who had deserted from the army in Boston,
+finding their way to Rumford (Concord), had been employed by him upon
+his farm. Wishing to return to their ranks and comrades, they had sought
+for the intervention of their employer to secure them immunity from
+punishment. Thompson addressed a few lines for this purpose to General
+Gage asking at the same time that his own agency in their behalf should
+not be disclosed. Besides his acquaintance with the royal governors, the
+patronage he had received from one of them, the intimacy in which he was
+supposed to stand with others, the return of the deserters, and his
+independent spirit, as shown in speaking his mind with freedom, in a
+way to check the rising spirit of rebellion, and in distrust of the
+ability and success of the disunionists, caused him to be distrusted,
+and unpopular by the inflammable materials around him. He therefore
+became a suspected person in Rumford, where there were watching enemies,
+and talebearers, as well as jealous committees, who soon brought their
+functions to bear in a most searching and offensive way against all who
+did not attend revolutionary assemblies. It was well known as it was
+observable that Thompson took no part in these. He had occasion to fear
+any indignity which an excited and reckless county mob, directed by
+secret instigators might see fit to inflict upon him, whether it were by
+arraying him in tar and feathers, or by riding him upon a rail to be
+jeered at by his former school-pupils. If ill usage stopped short of
+these extremes, the condition of escape and security was a public
+recantation, unequivocally and strongly expressed, involving a
+confession of some act, or word, in opposition to the will of the
+disunionists, and solemn pledge of future uncompromising fidelity to
+them.
+
+There was something exceedingly humiliating and degrading to a man of
+independent and self-respecting spirit, in the conditions imposed upon
+him by the "Sons of Despotism" in the process of clearing himself from
+the taint of "Loyalism." The Committees of "Correspondence and of
+Safety" whose services stand glorified to us through their most
+efficient agency in a successful struggle, delegated their authority to
+every witness or agent who might be a self-constituted guardian of the
+disloyal cause or a spy, or an eaves-dropper, to catch reports of
+suspected persons. It was this example, followed a few years later that
+led to such terrible results in the French Revolution.
+
+Major Thompson insisted from the first, and steadfastly to the close of
+his life, affirmed that he had never done anything hostile to the
+revolutionary cause up to this time. He demanded first in private, and
+then in public, that his enemies should confront him with any charges
+they could bring against him, and he promised to meet them and defend
+himself against all accusations. He resolved, however, that he would not
+plead except against explicit charges, nor invite indignity by
+self-humiliation. Major Thompson was summoned before a Committee of the
+people of Rumford (Concord), in the summer of 1774 to answer to the
+suspicion of "being unfriendly to the cause of Liberty." He positively
+denied the charge and boldly challenged proof. The evidence, if any such
+was offered, was not a sort to warrant any proceedings against him, and
+he was discharged. This discharge, however, though nominally an
+acquittal, was not effectual in relieving him from popular distrust and
+in assuring for him confidence. Probably his own reluctance to avow
+sympathy with the disloyal cause, and make professions in accordance
+with the wishes of his enemies, left him still under a cloud. A measure
+less formal and more threatening than the examination before a self
+constituted tribunal, was secretly planned by the "Sons of Despotism."
+This was a visit to his comfortable home, the most conspicuous
+residence in the village. It was carried into effect in November, 1774.
+A mob gathered at the time agreed on, around his dwelling, and after a
+serenade of hisses, hootings and groans, demanded that Major Thompson
+should come out before them. The feeling must have been intense and was
+of a nature to feed its own flames. Had Thompson been within, he would
+inevitably have met with foul handling. The suspicion that he was hiding
+there would have led to the sacking of his dwelling, and the destruction
+of his goods, though the daughter of their venerated minister was its
+mistress, and she was the mother, not only of Thompson's infant, but of
+the only child of their former distinguished townsman, Colonel Benjamin
+Rolfe. Mrs. Thompson and her brother, Colonel Walker, came forth and
+with their assurance that her husband was not in town, the mob
+dispersed.
+
+Having received a friendly warning that this assault was to be made upon
+him, his brother-in-law and other friends advised him to quit the place,
+for although his family connections, beginning with the minister, and
+the squire of the town, were, the most powerful set among the
+inhabitants, yet they were unable to vindicate him and protect him from
+outrage, and we may infer that his apprehensions were not in vain,
+notwithstanding his own consciousness of rectitude.
+
+Mr. Thompson therefore had secretly left Rumford just before the mob
+came to his home. He thought it was to be only a temporary separation
+from the place, for all his friends were there, and his wife and infant
+child; but he was never to see that pleasant home again, nor anyone of
+those whom he left there, except that he had a brief and troubled visit
+from his wife and infant, and met the latter again only after an
+interval of twenty-two years. He made a hasty effort to collect some
+dues which belonged strictly to himself, but he scrupulously avoided
+taking with him anything that belonged to others, or even to his wife.
+What of his own he left there was soon subjected to the process of
+confiscation.
+
+Thompson sought refuge in his former home at Woburn with his mother.
+Here for a short time, he sought to occupy himself in quiet retirement
+with his favorite pursuits of philosophical study and experiment. But
+popular suspicion found means to visit its odium upon him there, and
+seeking a new refuge, he found temporary shelter in Charlestown, with a
+friend, nine miles from Woburn and one from Boston. In compliance with
+an earnest appeal, his wife with her infant joined him at his mother's
+home in Woburn, though it required of them a ride of more than fifty
+miles in winter. They remained with him till the end of May, 1775, after
+which he never saw his wife again. Thompson offered his services to the
+patriot army but his enemies interposed their veto. Ellis says, "There
+is no record, or even tradition of unwise or unfriendly expressions
+dropped by Mr. Thompson which could be used against him even when he
+challenged proof of his alleged disaffection to the cause of his
+country. However he was young and he had an independent spirit. His
+military promotion by pure favoritism, and, what he insisted was simply
+an act of humanity, his seeking immunity for two returning deserters,
+were enough in themselves to assure him zealous enemies."
+
+Through all this trouble Thompson had a staunch and loyal friend.
+Colonel L. Baldwin was an ardent patriot, but stood faithfully by his
+old friend and fellow-student, believed in him and protected him from
+violence. At last Thompson's pride was so wounded and he felt the
+humiliation so keenly that in the hot impulse of youth and a naturally
+proud spirit, he embraced an opportunity to leave a land which he
+honestly thought to be ungrateful and cruel. It is not true as has often
+been said that Benjamin Thompson lost his interest in his family and
+country. Some of the most tender and most touching letters were written
+by him to his mother and his family still in Concord who believed in his
+integrity. Some of these letters have never been published, others after
+the lapse of nearly a century appeared in the "life of Count Rumford" by
+Dr. Ellis. These errors as to matters of fact may persuade us that the
+early predilection of Thompson for the loyalist cause, and the opening
+of opportunities, more than any settled purpose, decided the course of
+this forlorn and ill-treated young husband and father, adrift on the
+world, when he found himself loosed from all home ties and that there
+was nothing secret or disguised in the plans he formed for seeking in a
+foreign land and among strangers at the risk of homelessness and
+poverty, the peace and protection which he could not find in his own
+dwelling. He did not privately steal away; he remained in and about
+Woburn two months after writing his last letter to his friend, Mr.
+Walker, in which he so deliberately avowed his intentions. He settled
+his affairs with his neighbors, collecting dues and paying debts, well
+assured that his wife and child would lack none of the means of a
+comfortable support. Having made all his preparations he started from
+Woburn October 13, 1775, in a country vehicle, accompanied by his
+step-brother, Josiah Pierce, who drove him to the shores of Narragansett
+Bay where he was taken aboard of the British frigate Scarborough, in the
+harbor of Newport. The vessel very soon came round to Boston and
+remained till the evacuation, of which event he was undoubtedly the
+bearer of the tidings to England in despatches from General Howe. From
+henceforth we are to know Benjamin Thompson till the close of the war as
+an ardent loyalist, and in council and in arms an opponent to the
+revolutionary cause. He must have done appreciable service in the four
+or five months he was in Boston, in order to have won so soon the place
+of an official in the British government. Thenceforward the rustic youth
+became the companion of gentlemen of wealth, and culture, of scientific
+philosophers, of the nobility and of princes. The kind of influences
+which he at once began to exert, and the promotion which he so soon
+received in England, answers to a class of services rendered by him of a
+nature not to be misconceived. They had not in England at that time much
+exact information about the state of the country. Thompson thoroughly
+understood the matter. He could give trustworthy information about the
+topography, and about the events of the war in which he had played a
+part. He was not slow in winning the confidence of Lord George Germaine,
+Secretary of State for the Colonies, who was sadly deficient in his
+knowledge of the American Colonies. Major Thompson was immediately
+admitted to a desk in the Colonial office. He of course proffered and
+showed he could impart "information." The young man became such a
+favorite with Lord George that he was daily in the habit of
+breakfasting, dining and supping with him at his lodgings and at his
+country seat, Stoneland. Apart from the discharge of his duties as a
+private secretary, he made the most and the best use of his
+opportunities in acquainting himself with London and seeking
+introductions alike to men in public station and to those engaged in
+scientific pursuits; nothing of interest would escape his keen
+observation, and no means of personal improvement or acquisition through
+men or things, would fail to yield him advancement.
+
+[Illustration: SIR BENJAMIN THOMPSON.
+
+Born in North Woburn, March 26, 1753. In the uniform of a British
+Officer. Known as Count Rumford. Died at Paris Aug. 21, 1814.]
+
+He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and became one of the most
+active and honored members of the Society. In 1780 he was made "Under
+Secretary of State for the Northern Department." The oversight of all
+the practical details for recruiting, equipping, transporting, and
+victualling the British forces, and of many other incidental
+arrangements was then committed to him. Major Thompson, who had always
+clung to that title, though its provisional commission gave him no rank
+in the regular army, was now honored with the commission in the regular
+army of a Lieutenant Colonel; though now at the age of only
+twenty-eight, not yet a veteran, he wished for, and meant to do, full
+military duty. He needed a command. Where should he find a regiment. He
+provided for himself, and resolved to secure a following from those in
+his native land, who had been loyal to the government. They were known
+as the "Loyal American Regiments" and for the most part, they were the
+most desperate, and hated of any of the combatants, they had suffered
+the loss of their homes, and endured the most cruel treatment from their
+neighbors, and countrymen, and when the opportunity occurred they often
+retaliated. In this partisan warfare quarter was neither given or taken.
+In the early part of January, 1782, Lieutenant Colonel Thompson arrived
+at Charleston, South Carolina, General Green's army at that time
+invested the city. Becoming desperate in their need of supplies, a
+sortie was made under Thompson's command, an attack was made by him on
+the partisan forces under the command of Marion, the famous partisan
+leader, near the Santee. When the brigade was first attacked it was
+under the command of Colonel Horrey, and though Marion came in season to
+take part in the action, he had the mortification of witnessing the
+discomfiture of his band with the loss of many men and munition.[187]
+
+ [187] Memoir of the war in the Southern Department of the United States.
+ By Henry Lee, p. 397.
+
+Rivington's New York Gazette, under date of Feb. 18th, 1782, says "A
+detachment of the Royal Americans went on service against Greene," March
+27th. A person who left the Southern Army Feb. 13th, says Lieutenant
+Colonel Thompson has taken command of the British cavalry under Colonel
+Leslie. "A considerable force of cavalry and infantry commanded by
+Colonel Thompson sallied out from Charleston on the side opposite the
+American camp and surprised and dispersed a party of militia. The
+British retreated before Greene could send reinforcements."
+
+Charleston, March 2. Lieutenant Colonel Thompson moved Sunday, Feb. 24
+from Daniel's Island, with the cavalry, Cunningham's and Young's troops
+of mounted militia, Yagers, and Volunteers of Ireland, with one three
+pounder, and a detachment of the Thirtieth Regiment. By the spirited
+exertion of his troops, and by the Colonel's mounting the infantry
+occasionally on the dragoon horses, he carried his corps thirty-six
+miles without halting. Having secured the American scouts to prevent
+information being given he drove in Horrey's regiment. They were pursued
+by Major Doyle with mounted militia. On seeing the enemy, Colonel
+Thompson sounded a charge and dashed forwards. Marion's marque and men
+refreshed our soldiers. Colonel Thompson marched back driving the
+cattle, etc. The admirable conduct of the officer who commanded can be
+equalled by the spirit with which his orders were executed. (Rivington,
+April 17). In the war of posts, of desultory skirmishes, and of raids
+into the farming country, to which the struggle at the South was
+reduced, there was indeed little opportunity for Thompson to win
+laurels. He made use of his energetic and methodical skill in doing what
+he could to organize and discipline such materials as he had before him.
+
+Towards the end of the war he was sent to New York to organize a
+regiment out of the broken and scattered bands of Loyalists on Long
+Island. "Recruits for the King's American Dragoons, likely and spirited
+young lads who were desirous of serving their King and country, and who
+prefer riding to going on foot, were offered ten guineas each, if
+volunteers." Such was the advertisement. His ability in organizing this
+regiment was a great achievement. He commanded at Huntington, Long
+Island in 1782-3 where he caused a fort to be built. In August, 1782,
+near Flushing, standards were presented to his corps, with imposing
+ceremonies. Prince William came forward to the center of the regiment,
+received the colors from Admiral Digby, and presented them with his own
+hand to Lieutenant Colonel Thompson. On a given signal the whole
+regiment gave three shouts, the music played "God save the King", the
+artillery fired a royal salute and the ceremony ended.
+
+An ox was roasted whole, to grace this occasion. He was spitted on a
+hickory sapling, twelve feet long, supported on crutches, and turned by
+handspikes. An attendant dipped a swab in a tub of salt and water to
+baste the ox, and moderate the fire. Each soldier then sliced off for
+himself a piece of juicy beef.[188]
+
+ [188] The barbecue is still in vogue in the Southern States at all large
+ social gatherings.
+
+The Prince who officiated on this occasion was the King's third son,
+afterwards William IV. He had sailed on board the Prince George under
+Admiral Digby, to qualify himself for rank in the Royal Navy.
+
+Returning to England Thompson, as a commissioned officer of high rank
+now on half pay, obtained leave to travel on the Continent. He left
+England in September, 1783, with no anticipation of the ultimate result
+of what was to him in intent mainly a trial of fortune. On his arrival
+at Strasburg, Prince Maximilian, who became Elector of Bavaria in 1799
+and King in 1805, was attracted by the young man's appearance. On
+acquaintance he soon realized that the Englishman was a man of
+remarkable intelligence and later Thompson received an earnest
+invitation to enter into the service of the elector. Thompson therefore
+returned to England to receive the necessary permission from the king.
+The king not only granted the permission but also conferred on him the
+honor of Knighthood on February 23, 1784.
+
+Returning to the continent Thompson became a fast friend of the Elector
+of Bavaria. His great mind was put to useful service in a country that
+needed his wisdom, philanthropy and personal help. Many honors were
+conferred upon him and he was admitted to several academies. In 1788 the
+Elector made him Major-General of Cavalry and Privy Councillor of State.
+He was also put at the head of the War Department. His constant study in
+science and philosophy, and the great problems of the day, made him an
+invaluable help to the people, besides his ability as a statesman. In
+Munich, where beggary had been reduced to a system and had become an
+intolerable curse, he received from all classes multiplied tokens of
+most grateful regard for his acts of disinterested benevolence. Both in
+England and on the continent he was held in the highest esteem for the
+broad and wise plans for the amelioration of the condition of the poor
+which he devised and executed. He dealt with those who lived in the
+filthiest order and it was his aim to show them that virtue came from
+cleanliness, and he worked unceasingly that their surroundings might
+first be clean.
+
+Honors of all kinds were heaped upon this worker for mankind, but
+nothing so deeply moved him or was so tenderly cherished in his memory,
+as that scene, when once he was dangerously ill, the poor of Munich went
+publicly in a body, in processions, to the cathedral, and offered public
+prayers for his recovery. And on another occasion four years later, when
+he was again dangerously ill at Naples, these people of their own
+accord, set apart an hour each evening, after they had finished their
+work in the Military Work-house, to pray for him. On his return, after
+an absence of fifteen months, the subjects of his benevolence gave him a
+most affecting reception. He in response, provided for them a festival
+in the English Gardens which his own skill and taste had laid out where
+before was an unhealthy marsh. Here eighteen hundred poor people of all
+ages enjoyed themselves, in presence of above eighty thousand visitors.
+Thompson says, "Let him imagine, I say, my feelings, upon hearing the
+confused noise of the prayers of a multitude of people who were passing
+by in the streets, upon being told that it was the poor of Munich, many
+hundreds in number, who were going in procession to the church to put up
+public prayers for me;--public prayers for me!--for a private person!--a
+stranger!--a Protestant!"
+
+"Such testimonies as these were more valuable than all his military
+honors, all his scientific reputation, his diplomas of Knighthood in
+England, and in Poland, and his decoration as a count of the Holy Roman
+Empire and there is reason to believe that he so regarded them
+himself."[189]
+
+ [189] Memorial of James Thompson of Charlestown, Mass., and Woburn,
+ Mass., by Leander Thompson, A. M.
+
+He was accused of being selfish and devoid of all honor, coarse and
+cruel. That he married another woman while his wife was alive and was
+always a tyrant! The records of Concord give the date of his wife's
+death as January 19, 1792, while the register of Paris gives the date of
+his second marriage as October 24, 1805.
+
+Sarah, the only child of Count Rumford, who was born in the Rolfe
+Mansion in Concord, Oct. 18, 1774, remained in the care of her mother
+until the latter's death. Her father had taken great interest in her and
+never forgot his family, and he made provision also for his mother.
+After his wife's death, Sarah accepted her father's invitation to rejoin
+him in Europe where she shared his honors both in London and on the
+Continent. She received her title as countess and her pension both of
+which she enjoyed to the close of her life.
+
+While the countess was on a return visit to her old home she gained the
+first news of her father's coming marriage through his letters to her.
+Father and daughter kept up a continual correspondence, and from these
+letters which have since been published much of their private life is
+revealed.[190] Count Rumford married the widow of General Anthony
+Laurence Lavosier at Paris in 1805, but the marriage soon proved unhappy
+and he retired to the Villa Auteuil, within the walls, but removed from
+the noise of the great city. Count Rumford never returned to his old
+home in Massachusetts though it was his wish to do so. The United States
+government through its ambassador, Hon. Rufus King, then resident of
+London, formally invited him to return, assured of his loyalty and great
+ability, and offered him the responsible position of superintendent of
+the proposed American Military Academy and of inspector-general of
+artillery. Though to the mutual regret of both parties concerned, the
+count was not able to accept the invitation of the American government,
+he gave in order to assist in the equipment of the Military Academy,
+some of his very valuable models and drawings and offered to give his
+whole rich collection of military books, plans, drawings, and models,
+provided they would be acceptable.
+
+ [190] See "Life of Count Rumford," by George Ellis.
+
+The Count's last days were spent near Paris, as that climate was best
+suited to him. He lived a very retired life spending most of his days in
+philosophical pursuits and experiments, almost secluded from the world.
+Constant friendship between Colonel Baldwin and Benjamin Thompson
+remained until the end, and the latter was always grateful for the
+interest and care his old friend had bestowed upon his daughter during
+their separation.
+
+Thompson published essays and papers on his work and that he could have
+been great in theoretical science is shown by his experiment at Munich
+in 1798, and his clear reasoning upon it which was in advance of the
+prevailing scientific opinion by half a century. When he was in London
+in 1800 he projected the Royal Institute of Great Britain.
+
+Besides a great number of communications to scientific journals, he
+published four volumes of essays, political, economical, experimental,
+and philosophical. He was ever a great friend to Harvard College. When
+the Colleges were converted into barracks, during the siege of Boston,
+he was instrumental in preserving the library and philosophical
+apparatus from destruction by the revolutionists who regarded the
+College as a hotbed of toryism. By his will he laid the foundation of
+that professorship to Harvard University, which has rendered his name
+justly esteemed with his friends. He bequeathed an annuity of one
+thousand dollars and the reversion of another of four hundred dollars,
+also the reversion of his whole estate, which amounted to twenty-six
+thousand dollars, "for the purpose of founding a new institution and
+professorship, in order to teach by regular courses of academical and
+public lectures accompanied with proper experiments, the utility of the
+physical and mathematical science for the improvement of the useful
+arts, and for the extension of the industry, prosperity, happiness and
+well being of society." In 1796 he remitted five thousand dollars in
+three per cent. stocks, to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
+the income to be appropriated as a premium to the author of the most
+important discovery on light and heat.
+
+This great, useful and influential life came to a close on August 21,
+1814. He was just about to depart for England to which country, as long
+as he lived, he retained the most devoted attachment. His death resulted
+from a nervous fever at Auteuil, about four miles from Paris and he is
+buried within the limits of that city. In the Monthly Magazine or
+British Register (London) for September, 1814, appeared the following:
+
+"At his seat near Paris, 60, died, August 21, that illustrious
+philosopher, Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, F. R. S., Member of the
+Institute, &c., an American by birth, but the friend of man, and an
+honor to the whole human race."
+
+Many testimonies were given in remembrance of Benjamin Thompson
+throughout the civilized world. In Munich the king erected at his own
+cost a bronze statue of Count Rumford, and it stands in the Maximillian
+Strasse, the finest street of Munich, perhaps of any city of Europe. The
+new and beautiful library which was erected in Woburn, Massachusetts,
+has paid tribute also to this man's memory. A bronze monument of heroic
+size stands boldly out upon the library lawn, and the inscription was
+written by President Eliot of Harvard College. The Rumford Historical
+Association was organized in 1877 with the simple desire to do justice
+to Count Rumford's transcendent abilities as a great scientist and to
+his marked usefulness as one of the greatest philanthropists of his age.
+A portrait of Count Rumford by Page after one Kellerhofer hangs in
+Memorial Hall, Cambridge.
+
+Sarah, the Countess of Rumford, after living in Paris and London several
+years, returned to her old home in Concord, where she spent her last
+years. She possessed many memorials and pictures which she was fond of
+exhibiting to visitors. She was eccentric but had a quick and vigorous
+mind and idolized America. She was never married and her death occurred
+December 2, 1852, at the age of seventy. In her will she left $15,000
+and her homestead, worth $5,000, for the endowment of an institution for
+widows and orphans of Concord, the homestead to be the site of the
+institution, to the New Hampshire Asylum for Insane in Concord she left
+$15,000, to the Concord Female Charitable Society who have under their
+care a school for poor children, called the Rumford School, she left
+$2,000, and the rest of her property, estimated at from $75,000 to
+$100,000, to distant relatives.
+
+
+
+
+ COLONEL RICHARD SALTONSTALL.
+
+
+The ancestors of Sir Richard Saltonstall resided for centuries in the
+parish of Halifax, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, and the
+earliest date at which we find this name recorded is in 1276. Thomas de
+Saltonstall of the West Riding of Yorkshire is the first name of whom
+any record is preserved. Sir Richard Saltonstall, born in 1521 was
+knighted by Queen Elizabeth in 1598. After holding several prominent
+offices under the crown he became Lord Mayor of London in 1597-8. He was
+the uncle of Sir Richard Saltonstall who was born in 1586 at Halifax and
+was one of the patentees of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay and was
+appointed First Assistant. He came over with the Winthrop fleet, and
+arrived in Salem aboard of the Arabella, June 12, 1630, "bringing out
+the charter with them." He returned to England, and at his death, left a
+legacy to Harvard College. He dissented from the action of the
+tyrannical rulers who were his associates, who inflicted punishment on
+such as differed from them, but slightly in their notion of policy, and
+requested that his dissent should be entered upon the records, which
+stand much to his honor and credit. After his return to England he wrote
+to Mr. Cotton and Mr. Wilson, the ministers in Boston "that it did not a
+little grieve his spirit to hear what sad things were reported daily of
+the tyranny and persecution in New England, as that they fined, whipped
+and imprisoned men for their consciences." His son Richard, born in
+1610, settled at Ipswich, Massachusetts, returned to England, and died
+there in 1694. His son Nathaniel, born about 1639 and died in 1707,
+settled at Haverhill, Mass., of which he is called the father. He
+married Elizabeth, the daughter of the first minister, Rev. John Ward,
+who gave the young couple the land for their home, on which was erected
+the Saltonstall mansion which remained in the possession of the
+Saltonstall family for several generations. In the early part of the
+last century it was purchased by Major James Duncan, who erected the
+present mansion which is now owned and occupied by the Haverhill
+Historical Society. Nathaniel had a son Richard, who also had a son
+Richard born June 24, 1703. He graduated from Harvard College in 1722
+and became Colonel in 1726. In 1736 he became judge of the Superior
+Court and died in 1756. His eldest son, Richard Saltonstall, the subject
+of this notice, was the sixth generation from Sir Richard the First
+Assistant, and the fourth of the family in succession who held the
+office of Colonel. He graduated from Harvard College with high honors
+and delivered the Latin Oration at Commencement.
+
+His acceptance from Governor Shirley of the commission of Colonel, so
+soon after leaving college, evinced a spirit which was not long after to
+be tried in arduous service for his country. During the French war he
+was Major in the army and was one of the unfortunate prisoners at the
+capitulation of Fort William Henry. He escaped being massacred by the
+Indians by concealing himself in the woods where he lay for many hours,
+and when at last he reached Fort Edward was nearly exhausted with
+fatigue and hunger. He remained in active service until the close of the
+war, and later was appointed Sheriff to the County of Essex.
+
+Colonel Saltonstall was always a steady loyalist in principle and never
+for a moment wavered in his devotion to the flag which he had so bravely
+fought under and which he had so often sworn to support. "The
+proceedings (of the Government) were in his opinion extremely
+inexpedient, but he never doubted their right to tax the Colonies."
+
+"He was much beloved by the people of Haverhill, and its vicinity. He
+resided on the beautiful family estate in Haverhill known as 'the
+Saltonstall Place,' where he lived in a liberal style of hospitality,
+sustaining the character of a truly upright man, and an accomplished
+gentleman. It was long before he lost his popularity, but in 1774 a mob
+assembled from the West Parish of Haverhill and Salem, N. H., for the
+purpose of proving themselves _Sons of Liberty_ by attacking him. By a
+word he could have collected a great part of the inhabitants of the
+village to his defence, but he would not, though urged by some of his
+friends. The rioters marched to his home and paraded before it, armed
+with clubs and other offensive instruments, when he came to the door and
+addressed them with great firmness and dignity. He told them he was
+under the oath of allegiance to the king, that he was bound to discharge
+the duties of the office he held under him, that he did not think the
+people were pursuing a wise or prudent course but that he was as great a
+friend to the country as any of them, and had exposed his life in its
+cause, etc. He then ordered some refreshment for the _gentlemen_, who
+soon began to relent, when he requested them to go to the tavern and
+call for entertainment at his expense. They then huzzard to the praise
+of Colonel Saltonstall, and never attempted to mob him again."
+
+Colonel Saltonstall left Haverhill in the fall of 1774 and embarked for
+England. He did not enter the British service, saying, if he could not
+conscientiously engage on the side of his native country he never would
+take up arms against her. If he had joined the continental army he
+undoubtedly would have held an office of high command. The king granted
+him a pension and he passed the remainder of his life in England, where
+he died. In one of his last letters in which he expressed great
+affection for the "_delightful place of his nativity_," he wrote, "I
+have no remorse of conscience for my past conduct. I have had more
+satisfaction in a private life here than I should have had in being next
+in command to General Washington, where I must have acted in conformity
+to the dictates of others, regardless of my own feelings."
+
+In Haverhill Colonel Saltonstall was much beloved and had a great
+influence from his integrity, benevolence of disposition and his
+superior understanding and knowledge of the world. In England he was
+hospitably received by his remote family connections, who paid him every
+kind and generous attention while living, and erected a monument to his
+memory in Kensington church, on which is the following inscription:
+
+"Near this place are interred the remains of Richard Saltonstall, Esq.,
+who died October, 1785, aged fifty-two. He was an _American loyalist_,
+from Haverhill in Massachusetts, where he was descended from a first
+family, both for the principal share it had in the early erecting as
+well as in rank and authority in governing that province, and wherein he
+himself sustained, with unshaken loyalty and universal applause, various
+important trusts and commands under the Crown both civil and military,
+from his youth till its revolt; and throughout life maintained such an
+amiable private character, as engaged him the esteem and regard of many
+friends. As a memorial of his merits this stone is erected."
+
+Colonel Saltonstall was not married. He was Proscribed and Banished by
+the law of 1778. His mansion home at Haverhill passed into the hands of
+his brother, Dr. Nathaniel Saltonstall who joined the Disunionists, at a
+time when his brothers remained true to those principals of loyalty in
+which they had been educated. He however did not take up arms against
+the government. At his death he left three sons and four daughters, the
+only family of that name in Massachusetts.
+
+LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, youngest son of Judge Saltonstall was born in 1754
+and at the commencement of the war had nearly completed his term of
+service with a merchant of Boston, when Col. Saltonstall came to that
+place for protection from mob violence. Being in the habit of looking
+up to him for advice and direction, he embraced the same political
+opinion, and becoming acquainted with the British officers he was
+fascinated with their profession. After the passing of the Act of
+Disunion July 4, 1776 he unlike his brothers decided to enter the
+British service and fight for his government. He was in many battles,
+and commanded a company in the army of Lord Cornwallis. He died at the
+close of the war at New York, 1782. His brother-in-law, the Rev. Moses
+Badger, who was also a loyalist, in a letter to Dr. Nathaniel
+Saltonstall concerning his sickness (consumption), says, "It may be some
+consolation to you and his mother to hear, that his behaviour in the
+regiment endeared him to every officer, and the soldiers who had so
+frequent opportunities to see his intrepidity, coolness and gallantry in
+action, absolutely revered him. He was agreeable to people of all ranks.
+He was exceedingly cautious in speaking, seldom uttering a word without
+reflection and was never heard to speak ill of any one and reprobated
+the man or woman who indulged themselves in this infirmity. He never
+fell into the scandalous and fashionable vice of profaneness. In short,
+I looked upon him to be as innocent a young man as any I have known
+since I have been capable of making observations on mankind."[191]
+
+ [191] Mass. His. Coll. 2, series Vol. IV, pp. 167, 168.
+
+
+
+
+ REV. MATHER BYLES.
+
+
+Josiah Byles, a saddler by trade, came from Winchester, Hants county. He
+was in Boston in 1695 and joined the church October 11, 1696; seven
+years later he married the pastor's daughter.
+
+He had four children by his wife Sarah. His second wife, Elizabeth, he
+married October 6, 1703; she was the widow of William Greenough and the
+daughter of Increase Mather.
+
+Mather Byles, D. D., son of Josiah and Elizabeth, was born in Boston in
+1706. He graduated from Harvard University in 1725 and was ordained
+first pastor of the Hollis street church in 1733. This church was built
+on land given by Governor Belcher in 1733, the site is now occupied by
+the Hollis street Theatre. He married, February 14, 1733, Mrs. Anna
+Gale; the ceremony took place in the state room of the Province House,
+Rev. Thomas Prince of the Old South officiating. By this marriage he had
+six children born, all of whom died young except Elizabeth. His second
+wife was Rebecca, daughter of Lieutenant Governor Hon. William Tailor;
+the ceremony was performed by Rev. Joseph Sewell, D. D. By his second
+wife he had four children. He was created Doctor of Divinity at Aberdeen
+in 1765. He lived happily with his parish until 1776 when the connection
+was dissolved and never renewed. Of the Congregational clergy he stood
+alone against the revolution.
+
+Mather Byles is one of the most interesting men of this period. He was a
+scholar and a great wit. Pope, Lansdowne and Watts were among his
+correspondents. In his pulpit he avoided politics and on being asked the
+reason, replied: "I have thrown up four breastworks, behind which I have
+entrenched myself, neither of which can be enforced. In the first place
+I do not understand politics; in the second place, you all do, every man
+and mother's son of you; in the third place you have politics all the
+week, pray let one day in seven be devoted to religion; in the fourth
+place, I am engaged in work of infinitely greater importance; give me
+any subject to preach on of more consequence than the truth I bring you,
+and I will preach on it the next Sabbath."
+
+The preacher became known as the "celebrated Dr. Byles." He wrote in
+poetry and prose very well, and some of his sermons are still extant.
+Also several of his essays, in the New England Weekly Journal, a poem on
+the death of George I; and the accession of George II, in 1727. A sort
+of memorial address to Governor Belcher, on the death of his wife, and a
+poem called the conflagration, and a volume of metrical matters
+published in 1744.
+
+The serious writings of Dr. Byles are singularly free from everything
+suggestive of frivolous association. In his pulpit there was none of it,
+while out of it, unless on solemn occasions, there was very little else.
+One of that day said his wit at times was quite as clever as Jonathan
+Swift or Sydney Smith.
+
+Mather Byles and his family were staunch loyalists. News of the repeal
+of the stamp act arrived in Boston May 16, 1766. The nineteenth of May
+was appointed for merry-making. "At one in the morning the bell of the
+Hollis street church began to ring," says a zealous writer of that day.
+"The slumbers of the pastor, Dr. Byles, were disturbed of course, for he
+was a tory, though a very pleasant tory, after all." In 1777 he was
+denounced in town meeting, and having been by a subsequent trial
+pronounced guilty of attachment to the Royal cause, was sentenced to
+confinement, and to be sent to England with his family. This Byles
+steadfastly refused to do and the doom of the banishment was never
+enforced, and he was permitted to remain in Boston. The substances of
+the charges against him were that he continued in Boston during the
+siege; and that he prayed for the king and the safety of the town.
+
+For a time he was kept a prisoner in his own house. On one occasion
+while under guard he persuaded the sentinel to go on an errand for him,
+promising to perform sentinel's duty himself; and to the great amusement
+of all gravely marched before his own door with a musket on his
+shoulder, until his keeper returned. This was after his trial; and
+alluding to the circumstances that he had been kept prisoner, that his
+guard had been removed and replaced again, he said, that "he had been
+guarded, re-guarded, and disregarded."
+
+[Illustration: REV. MATHER BYLES, D. D.
+
+Born in Boston in 1706. "A man of infinite wit." Died in Boston July 5,
+1788.]
+
+Near his house, in wet weather, was a very bad slough. It happened that
+two of the selectmen who had the care of the streets, passed that way
+driving in a chaise, stuck fast in this hole, and were obliged to get
+out in the mud to extricate their vehicle. Dr. Byles came out, and
+making them a respectful bow, said: "Gentlemen, I have often
+complained to you of this nuisance, without any attention being paid to
+it, and I am very glad to see you 'stirring' in this matter now."
+
+Dr. Byles' wit created many a laugh and many an enemy. In person he was
+tall and commanding. His voice was strong and harmonious and his
+delivery graceful. He was intimate with General Knox, who was a
+bookseller before the war. When the American troops took possession of
+the town after the evacuation, Knox, who had become quite corpulent,
+marched in at the head of his artillery. As he passed on Byles thought
+himself privileged, on old scores, exclaimed, loud enough to be heard,
+"I never saw an ox fatter in my life." When confined in his own house
+and quite poor and had no money to waste on follies, he caused the
+little room in which he read and wrote to be painted brown, that he
+might say to every visitor, "You see, I am in a brown study."
+
+From the time of the stamp act in 1765 to the period of the revolution
+the cry had been repeated in every form of phraseology, "that our
+grievances should be redressed." One fine morning the multitude had
+gathered on the common to see a regiment of redcoats parade there, who
+had recently arrived. "Well," said the doctor, gazing at the spectacle,
+"I think we can no longer complain that our grievances are not
+red-dressed." "True," said one of his neighbors who were standing near,
+"but you have two d's, Dr. Byles." "To be sure, sir, I have," the doctor
+instantly replied, "I had them from Aberdeen in 1765."
+
+Some visitors called one morning, and Mrs. Byles unwilling to be found
+at her ironing board, and desiring to hide herself, as she would not be
+so caught by those ladies, the doctor put her in a closet, and buttoned
+her in. After a few remarks the ladies expressed a wish to see the
+doctor's curiosities, which he proceeded to exhibit; and after
+entertaining them very agreeably for some time, he told them he had kept
+the greatest curiosity to the last; and proceeding to the closet,
+unbuttoned the door and exhibited Mrs. Byles.
+
+He had at one time a remarkably stupid and literal Irish girl as a
+domestic. With a look and voice of terror he said to her in haste, "Go
+and say to your mistress, Dr. Byles has put an end to himself." The girl
+ran upstairs and with a face of horror, screamed, "Dr. Byles has put an
+end to himself." The astonished wife and daughter ran into the
+parlor--and there was the doctor, calmly waltzing about with a part of a
+cow's tail, that he had picked up in the street, tied to his coat or
+cassock behind.
+
+On the celebrated Dark-day in 1780 a lady who lived near the doctor,
+sent her young son with her compliments, to know if he could account for
+the uncommon appearance. His answer was, "My dear, you will give my
+compliments to your mamma, and tell her that I am as much in the _dark_
+as she is." He paid his addresses unsuccessfully to a lady who
+afterwards married a gentleman of the name of Quincy; the doctor on
+meeting her said: "So madam, it appears that you prefer a Quincy to
+Byles." "Yes, for if there had been anything worse than _biles_ God
+would have afflicted Job with them."
+
+Mather Byles had two daughters by his second wife, Mary born in 1750 and
+Katherine born in 1753. They were famous for their hospitality and their
+stout, unflinching loyalty to the throne, to the last hours of their
+existence. This thread of life was spun out more than half a century
+after the Royal government had ceased in these States; yet they retained
+their love of, and strict adherence to monarch and monarchies, and
+refused to acknowledge that the Revolution had transferred their
+allegiance to new rulers. One of these ladies of a by-gone age, wrote to
+William the Fourth, on his accession to the throne. They had known the
+"sailor-king" during the Revolution and now assured him that the family
+of Doctor Byles always had been, and would continue to be, loyal to the
+rightful sovereign of England.
+
+Dr. Byles continued to live in Boston after the Revolution, the last
+twelve years of his life being spent in retirement. He died of paralysis
+July 5th, 1788 at the age of 82. As Dr. Byles refused to be driven out
+and made a refugee, or absentee, he therefore saved his property from
+confiscation, and his two daughters, maiden ladies, lived and died in
+the old family house at the corner of Tremont and Nassau street, now
+Common street. They were repeatedly offered a great price for their
+dwelling, but would not sell it, nor would they permit improvements or
+alterations. In the course of improvements in Boston a part of the
+building had to be removed in widening the street. This had a fatal
+influence upon the elder sister; she mourned over the sacrilege, and, it
+is thought, died its victim. "That," said the survivor, "is one of the
+consequences of living in a Republic. Had we been living under a king,
+he would have cared nothing about our little property, and we could have
+enjoyed it in our own way as long as we lived. But," continued she,
+"there is one comfort, that not a creature in the States will be any
+better for what we shall leave behind us." She was true to her promise,
+for the Byles estate passed to relatives in Halifax at their decease.
+One of them died in 1835, the other in 1837. They worshipped in Trinity
+church under which their bodies were buried, and on Sundays wore dresses
+almost as old as themselves. Among their furniture, was a pair of
+bellows two centuries old, a table on which Franklin drank tea on his
+last visit to Boston, a chair which more than a hundred years before the
+Government of England had sent as a present to their grandfather,
+Lieutenant-Governor Tailer. They showed to visitors commissions to their
+grandfather, signed by Queen Anne, and three of the Georges. They talked
+of their walks arm-in-arm, on Boston Common, with General Howe, and Lord
+Percy, while the British Army occupied Boston. They told of his
+Lordship's ordering his band to play under their window for their
+gratification. They took pleasure in exhibiting the many heirlooms which
+were in the possession of the family and enjoyed hearing a recitation of
+the bright stories of the day. The works of Watts were sent to Byles by
+the author from time to time and among the treasures highly prized by
+the family was a presentation copy, in quarto from Pope, of his
+translation of the Odyssey. At the sale of the library of Dr. Byles a
+large folio Bible in French, was purchased by a private individual. This
+Bible had been presented to the French-Protestant church in Boston, by
+Queen Anne, and at the time when it came into the hands of Dr. Byles was
+the last relic of that church, whose visible temple had been erected in
+School Street about 1716.[192]
+
+ [192] For further information about these French Protestants see the
+ "Memoir" by Dr. Holmes, or to Vol. XXII. p. 62. of Massachusetts
+ Historical Collections.
+
+The bible is now preserved in the library of the Divinity School at
+Cambridge and was presented in 1831 by the widow of the late Samuel Cobb
+of Boston, who had bought it at the sale of Mather Byle's library.
+
+MATHER BYLES, JR., D. D., a son of Rev. Mather Byles by his second wife,
+was born in 1734, and married Rebecca, daughter of Rev. N. Walter of
+Roxbury in 1761. He graduated in 1751 at Harvard University. In 1757 at
+the age of twenty-three he was ordained at New London; his father
+preached the sermon. Eleven years after, his ministry came to an abrupt
+termination. Without previous intimation, he called a meeting of his
+church and requested dismission, that he might accept an invitation to
+become Rector of the North Episcopal, or Christ Church, Salem street,
+Boston. His change to Episcopacy was soon a matter of discussion all
+over New England. Among the reasons he gave in the course of the
+discussion that ensued, were, that "another minister would do much
+better for them than he had done or could do, for his health was infirm,
+and the position of the church very bleak, the hill wearisome, he was
+not a country minister, and his home and friends were all in Boston."
+The debate was long and warm, and produced total alienation. April 12,
+1768, the record is "The Rev. Byles dismissed _himself_ from the church
+and congregation." Before the close of 1768, he was inducted into the
+desired rectorship; and of Christ Church, was the third in succession.
+He continued to discharge his ministerial duties until 1775, when the
+force of events compelled him to abandon his flock. He was a staunch
+loyalist, and resigned the rectorship of Christ Church on Easter
+Tuesday, 1775, meaning to go to Portsmouth, in New Hampshire, but
+political tumults there, making that impossible, he remained in Boston,
+and performed the duty of chaplain to some of the regiments, until the
+evacuation in 1776, when he left Boston. Accompanied by his family of
+four persons, he went to Halifax. In 1778 he was proscribed and
+banished. He settled at St. John, New Brunswick, after the war, and was
+Rector of the city, and Chaplain of the Province. He died at St. John in
+1814.
+
+His daughter Rebecca, born in 1762, married W. J. Almon, M. D., Surgeon
+to the Ordnance and Artillery, and died at Halifax in 1853.
+
+MATHER BYLES (3) born in 1764, went to the British West Indies, was
+Commissary General at Grenada. He married June, 1799, Mary, eldest
+daughter of Chief Justice Bridgewater of Grenada. The writer was at St.
+George, Grenada, in 1907, and saw there in the Episcopal Church a
+marble tablet erected to the memory of Mather Byles of Boston, by his
+Brother Belcher. He died Dec. 17, 1802.
+
+ELIZABETH, born in 1767, married William Scoville, Esq., of St. John,
+and died in 1808.
+
+ANNA, born at Boston, married General Thomas DesBrisay, Lieut. General
+in the Army, Commandant at Halifax in 1799.
+
+BELCHER was born in 1780 at Halifax, and died in England in 1815.
+
+MATHER BROWN, was a grandson of Rev. Mather Byles (1). His mother was
+Elizabeth, born in 1737, who married in 1760 Gawler Brown and died in
+1763.
+
+Mather Brown went to Europe in 1780, with a letter of introduction from
+his grandfather to Harrison Gray, Esq., London, a firm friend of the
+family. Mr. Copley had likewise been intimate with Dr. Byles before he
+left Boston. He also gave him a letter addressed by the old patriarch
+"To Mr. Copley in the Solar system." In a letter dated Paris 23, 1781,
+he writes: "Dr. Franklin has given me a pass, and recommendatory letter
+to the famous Mr. West. He treats me with the utmost politeness; has
+given me an invitation to his home. I delivered him my grandfather's
+message, he expressed himself with the greatest esteem and affection for
+him, and has since introduced me at Versailles, as being grandson to one
+of his most particular friends in America."
+
+In his first letter from London, 1781, he writes: "In consequence of the
+recommendation of Dr. Franklin, who gave me letters to his fellow
+townsman, the famous Mr. West of Philadelphia, I practice gratis with
+this gentleman, who affords me every encouragement, as well as Mr.
+Copley, who is particularly kind to me, welcomed me to his home, and
+lent me his pictures, etc. At my arrival Mr. Treasurer Gray carried me
+and introduced me to Lord George Germaine." In a letter in 1783 he
+wrote: "I have exhibited four pictures in the exhibition; the king and
+queen were there yesterday." In 1784: "I have painted several Americans.
+Yesterday I had two pictures shown his royal highness, the Prince of
+Wales. They were carried to the palace by his page. He criticised them,
+and thought them strong likenesses. I believe I never told you that the
+king knew a picture of mine in the last exhibition, of the keeper of
+Windsor Castle, and took particular notice of Mr. Gray's picture; asked
+him who it was, and who did it, and what book he had in his hand. Mr.
+West told him it was the treasurer of Boston painted by his pupil, a
+young man, Mr. Brown of America. The king asked him what part. He told
+him Massachusetts." In 1785 he writes: "Among other great people I have
+painted, Sir William Pepperell and family, and Hon. John Adams,
+ambassador to His Britannic Majesty. On the 20th of June, I had the
+honor to be introduced to the Duke of Northumberland at his palace; his
+Grace received me with the utmost politeness."
+
+Mather Brown became afterwards artist to the king, a worthy successor to
+Copley. And thus two Boston-born boys filled this honorable position.
+
+
+
+
+ THE HALLOWELL FAMILY OF BOSTON.
+
+
+Robert Hallowell arrived in Boston from London, in 1764 and entered upon
+his duties as Comptroller of the Customs. He was Collector of the
+Customs at Portsmouth, New Hampshire before the age of twenty-five. In
+1765, Sabine says, "A mob surrounded his elegant house in Hanover
+Street, tore down his fences, broke his windows, and forcing the doors
+at last destroyed furniture, stole money, scattered books and papers,
+and drank of the wines in the cellar to drunkenness."
+
+In 1768 Hallowell ordered Hancock's vessel, the _Liberty_, seized for
+smuggling wine, to be removed from the wharf to a place covered by the
+guns of the _Romney_ frigate; and in the affray which occurred, received
+wounds and bruises that at the time seemed fatal.
+
+He removed his office to Plymouth, June 1, 1774, when the port of Boston
+was closed. In 1775, he was an Addresser of Gage; and the year following
+with his family of five persons, he accompanied the British Army to
+Halifax. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He went to England and
+resided at Bristol. Hallowell came to the United States in 1788 and in
+1790--as the executor of his own father and of his wife's father. In
+1792 he removed to Boston with his family, and lived in the homestead on
+Batterymarch Street, which because of his mother's life interest, had
+not been confiscated. He was kindly received and became intimate with
+some distinguished citizens.
+
+In 1816, when failing in health, he went to Gardiner, Maine to reside
+with his son, and died there April, 1818, in his seventy-ninth year. His
+wife was Hannah, daughter of Doctor Sylvester Gardiner. His two
+daughters, Hannah and Anne, died unmarried. His son, the Hon. Robert
+Hallowell, became a gentleman of great wealth and a highly respected
+citizen. Two of Mr. Hallowell's sisters died in England; Sarah, wife of
+Samuel Vaughan, in 1809; and Anne, widow of General Gould, in 1812.
+
+The towns of Hallowell and Gardiner on the Kennebec River are named
+after their families.
+
+BENJAMIN HALLOWELL of Boston, brother of Robert Hallowell, was
+Commissioner of the Customs. In early life he commanded a small armed
+vessel, and during the war ending in the conquest of Canada, commanded
+the province twenty-gun ship, "King George," rendering essential service
+notably at the retaking of Newfoundland.
+
+Captain Hallowell's acceptance of the office of Mandamus Councillor made
+him a special object of public detestation.
+
+On September 2, 1774, while the mob were assembled on Cambridge Common
+to receive the resignations of Danforth, Lee, and Oliver as Mandamus
+Councillors, Hallowell passed on his way to Roxbury. About one hundred
+and sixty horsemen pursued him at full gallop. Some of the leaders
+however, prudently dissuaded them from proceeding and they returned and
+dismounted, except for one man who followed Hallowell to Roxbury and
+caused him much annoyance. Through the action of the mob he was obliged
+to seek protection in Boston and leave his mansion which was built in
+1738. It was used afterwards by the disunion forces as a hospital for
+the camp at Roxbury and his pleasure grounds were converted into a place
+of burial for the soldiers who died there.
+
+In March, 1776, Captain Hallowell accompanied the British army to
+Halifax with his family of six persons. In July, 1776, he sailed for
+England in the ship Aston Hall. While at Halifax he wrote: "If I can be
+of the least service to either army or navy I will stay in America until
+the Rebellion is subdued."
+
+The British Government granted him lands in Manchester, and two other
+towns in Nova Scotia, and a township in Upper Canada, which bears his
+name. He was a large proprietor of lands on the Kennebec, Maine, prior
+to the Revolution, but in 1778, he was proscribed and banished and
+included in the Conspiracy Act a year later, and his entire estate
+confiscated. His mansion house in Roxbury was seized and sold by the
+State, but as the fee was in Mrs. Hallowell, her heirs sued to recover
+of the person who held under the deed of the Commission of Confiscation
+and obtained judgement in 1803 in the United States Circuit Court, by
+which she recovered the property.
+
+In 1784, when Mrs. Adams, the wife of the first minister from the United
+States was in England, she relates that both Mr. Hallowell and his wife
+treated her with respect and kindness. They also urged her to take
+lodgings with them, but this she declined. She records, too, that they
+lived in handsome style but not as splendidly as when in Boston. She
+accepted an invitation to "an unceremonious family dinner" as Mrs.
+Hallowell called it and met the Rev. Dr. Walter, Rector of Trinity
+Church, and two other gentlemen who belonged to Massachusetts.
+
+On visiting Boston in 1796, Captain Hallowell was accompanied by his
+daughter, Mrs. Emsley, whose husband had just been appointed Chief
+Justice of Upper Canada. During his stay the odium which attached to his
+official relations to the Crown seemed to have been forgotten, since he
+was received by his former associates with the greatest kindness and
+hospitality. He died at York (Toronto) Upper Canada, in 1799, aged
+seventy-five, and was the last survivor of the Board of Commissioners.
+
+Captain Hallowell had two sons, both of whom changed their names. WARD
+NICHOLAS HALLOWELL'S name was changed to Boylston. He was born in Boston
+in 1749. Sabine says: "I have before me the original license bearing the
+signature of George III by which he was authorized to change his name;"
+it recites--"That Nicholas Boylston, his uncle by his mother's side has
+conceived a very great affection for him, the petitioner, and has
+promised to leave him at his death, certain estates which are very
+considerable, etc." In early life he made a tour of Europe, visiting
+Italy, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and along the coast of Barbary;
+and arrived in England in 1775 through France, and Flanders. He dined
+at Governor Hutchinson's, London, with some fellow Loyalists, July 29,
+1775, and entertained the company with an account of his travels, and,
+at subsequent periods, exhibited the curiosities which he brought from
+the Holy Land, Egypt, and other countries to the unhappy exiles from his
+native state.
+
+In the Autumn of the next year, he was in lodgings at Shepton Mallet. He
+became a member of the Loyalist Association, formed in London in 1799.
+In 1800 he returned to Boston and laid claim to his father's estate that
+had been confiscated and sold, as being the property of his mother in
+her own right. Having assumed her name of Boylston, he obtained the
+estate by due process of law, as previously stated. In 1810 he presented
+Harvard College with a valuable collection of medical and anatomical
+works and engravings. He took his mother's name of Boylston, and thus
+claimed the family estate. He died at his seat in Roxbury, January 7,
+1828.
+
+He was a gentleman of education and took an active interest in the
+Roxbury schools. His liberality is commemorated by a school, and a
+street named after him, Boylston street being one of the principal
+streets in Boston.
+
+SIR BENJAMIN HALLOWELL (Carew), another son of Captain Hallowell, who,
+succeeding to the estates of the Carews of Beddington, assumed the name
+and arms of that family. He was one of the eight Boston boys who
+subsequently attained high rank in the British service. Admiral Sir
+Isaac Coffin, Sir Benjamin Hallowell (Carew), John Singleton Copley, the
+younger, who became Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Chancellor of England, General
+Sir John Coffin, Hugh Mackay Gordon, Sir David Ochterlony, Sir Roger
+Hale Sheaff, Sir Aston Coffin.
+
+Entering the royal navy during the American war he was at the time of
+his death in 1834, an admiral of the Blue in the British Navy, G. C. B.,
+K. St. F. M. His commission as Lieutenant, bears date August, 1781; as
+Captain, in 1793; as Rear-Admiral, in 1811; as Vice-Admiral, in 1819. He
+was made a Knight Commander of the Bath in 1819, and was promoted to the
+rank of Grand Cross in 1831.
+
+His employments at sea were various and arduous. He was with Rodney in
+the memorable battle with De Grasse; also at the siege of Bastia; and in
+command of a ship-of-the-line under Hotham, in the encounter with the
+French off the Hieres Islands. He served as a volunteer on board the
+_Victory_, in the battle of Cape St. Vincent. In the battle, Admiral
+Jarvis took his official post on the quarter deck of the Victory.
+Calder, the captain of the fleet kept bringing reports of the increasing
+numbers, observed till he reached twenty-seven, and said something of
+the disparity. Enough of that, said Jarvis, the die is cast and if there
+are fifty sail, I will go through them. Hallowell could not contain
+himself. He slapped the great admiral on the back, crying "That's right,
+Sir John, and by God, we'll give them a damned good licking." He was in
+command of the _Swiftsure_ of seventy-four guns, and contributed
+essentially to Nelson's victory in the battle of the Nile. From a part
+of the mainmast of L'Orient, which was picked up by the _Swiftsure_,
+Hallowell directed his carpenter to make a coffin, which was sent to
+Nelson with the following letter:
+
+ "Sir, I have taken the liberty of presenting you a coffin made from
+ the mainmast of L'Orient, that when you have finished your military
+ career in this world, you may be buried in one of your trophies. But
+ that that period may be far distant is the earnest wish of your
+ sincere friend,
+
+ BENJAMIN HALLOWELL."
+
+Southey, in his "Life of Nelson," remarks: "An offering so strange and
+yet so suited to the occasion, was received in the spirit in which it
+was sent. And, as if he felt it good for him, now that he was at the
+summit of his wishes, to have death before his eyes, he ordered the
+coffin to be placed upright in his cabin. An old favorite servant
+entreated him so earnestly to let it be removed, that at length he
+consented to have the coffin carried below; but he gave strict orders
+that it should be safely stowed, and reserved for the purpose for which
+its brave and worthy donor had designed it."
+
+In 1799, Sir Benjamin was engaged in the attacks on the castles of St.
+Elmo and Capua, and was honored with the Neapolitan Order of St.
+Ferdinand and Merit. Two years later he fell in with the French
+squadron, and surrendered his ship--the Swiftsure--after a sharp
+contest. During the peace of Amiens, he was stationed on the coast of
+Africa. He was with Hood in the reduction of St. Lucia and Tobago; with
+Nelson in the West Indies; in command of the convoy of the second
+expedition to Egypt; with Martin, off the mouth of the Rhone, where he
+assisted in driving on shore several French ships-of-war; and in the
+Mediterranean. His last duty seems to have been performed on the Irish
+station. He died at Beddington Park, in 1834, at the age of
+seventy-three. His wife was a daughter of Commissioner Inglefield, of
+Gibraltar Dock-yard. His son and heir, Charles Hallowell Carew who at
+the time of his decease, had attained the rank of Captain in the Royal
+Navy, and who married Mary, the daughter of Sir Murray Maxwell, C. B.,
+died at the Park, in 1848. In 1851 his fifth son, Robert Hallowell
+Carew, late captain in the 36th Regiment, married Ann Roycroft, widow of
+Walter Tyson Smythes.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO BENJAMIN HALLOWELL IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY, AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Samuel Gardner Jarvis, July 24, 1780: Lib. 131, fol. 230 Farm, 7
+ 1-2 A., and dwelling-house in Roxbury, Jamaica Plain N.W.; road by
+ widow Parker's N.E.; Joseph Williams S.E.; heirs of Capt. Newell,
+ deceased, S.W.
+
+ To John Coffin Jones, Mar. 15, 1782; Lib. 134, fol. 60; Land and
+ brick dwelling-house in Boston, Hanover St. N.; heirs of Alexander
+ Chamberlain, deceased, and heirs of Miles Whitworth, deceased, W.;
+ land in occupation of Samuel Sumner S. and W.; said Sumner and
+ Joseph Scott, an absentee, S.; said Scott and heirs of Benjamin
+ Andrews, deceased, E.
+
+ To John Coffin Jones, Mar. 15, 1782; Lib. 134, fol. 62; Land and
+ dwelling-house in Boston, land purchased by said Jones N.; Joseph
+ Scott E.; S. and E.; said Scott and Sampson Mason S. and E.; Masons
+ Court S.; heirs of Miles Whitworth, deceased, W.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD VASSALL HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE.
+
+Occupied during the siege of Boston by Dr. Benjamin Church,
+Surgeon-General, who was arrested and confined here until his trial.]
+
+
+
+
+ THE VASSALLS.
+
+
+John Vassall, the first member of this illustrious family of which
+anything is definitely known, was an alderman of London, and in 1588
+fitted out and commanded two ships of war to oppose the Spanish Armada.
+He was descended from an ancient French family traced back to about the
+eleventh century of the house of Du Vassall, Barons de guerdon, in
+Querci, Perigord.
+
+John Vassall had two sons, Samuel and William. Samuel was one of the
+original patentees of lands in Massachusetts in 1628. His monument in
+King's Chapel, Boston, erected by Florentinus Vassall, his great
+grandson, in 1766, sets forth that he was "a steady and undaunted
+asserter of the liberties of England in 1628, he was the first who
+boldly refused to submit to the tax of tonnage and poundage, an
+unconstitutional claim of the crown arbitrarily imposed for which to the
+ruin of his family, his goods were seized and his person imprisoned by
+the star chamber court, the Parliament in July, 1641, voted him
+L10,445:12:2 for his damages, and resolved that he should be further
+considered for his personal sufferings."
+
+His name headed the subscription list to raise money against the rebels
+in Ireland, and his whole life was indicative of the energy and
+liberality which characterized many of his descendants.
+
+His son, WILLIAM VASSALL, born about 1590, was the first of his name who
+came to America. He was an assistant in the Massachusetts Bay Company
+and one of the original patentees of New England. In June, 1635, he
+embarked with his wife and six children on board the Blessing, for New
+England. He undoubtedly settled at first in Roxbury, for in the church
+record of that town is the following entry: "Mrs. Anna Vassaile, the
+wife of Mr. William Vassaile. Her husband brought five children to this
+land, Judith, Frances, John, Margaret, Mary." Also one other, Anne, who
+afterwards married Nicolas Ware.
+
+William Vassall removed later to Scituate, where he proved himself to be
+an ever staunch Episcopalian. The Puritans had strong suspicion of him
+always as "inclining to the Bishops." While he lived in Scituate he was
+regarded as a highly respectable citizen and of "a busy and factious
+spirit." He was proprietor of a large estate, which bore the name of
+Newland. In 1646 he sailed to England for the redress of wrongs in the
+government and never returned, but in 1648 removed to Barbados and
+resided in the parish of St. Michael, where he died in 1655, aged 65
+years. He bequeathed to his son John one-third of his real estate and
+the remainder to his five daughters. His Scituate estate consisted of
+about 120 acres, with house, barns, and the privilege of "making an
+oyster bed in North River," before his house. The estate was conveyed by
+Joshua Hubbard to John Cushen and Mathyas Briggs for L120.
+
+His daughter Judith married Resolved White, the eldest brother of
+Peregrine White, at Scituate, 1640. Frances married James Adams at
+Marshfield 1646. Ann married Nicholas Ware of Virginia. Margaret married
+Joshua Hubbard of Scituate. Mary was unmarried and alive at Barbados in
+1655.
+
+JOHN VASSALL, only son of William Vassall, born about 1625. In 1643 his
+name is on the militia roll of Scituate, and later bore the rank of
+captain. In 1652 he sold his house in Boston for L59. In 1661 he sold
+his Scituate estates and removed, it is supposed, to Cape Fear, N. C,
+and later to the West Indies.
+
+JOHN VASSALL, the only son of Samuel, whose monument is in King's
+Chapel, married Ann, the daughter of John Lewis, an English resident of
+Geno. He went to Jamaica shortly after it was taken in 1655, and laid
+the foundation of the great estate which his posterity enjoyed until the
+emancipation in 1834. He had two sons, William and Leonard, from whom
+descended all of the name of which there is any subsequent record.
+
+LEONARD VASSALL, son of said William, was born in Jamaica, 1678, and was
+twice married. His first wife was Ruth Gale, of Jamaica by whom he had
+seventeen children. She died in Boston in 1733. His second wife was
+widow Phebe Goss, by whom he had one daughter. He removed to Boston
+previous to 1723. He was early connected with Christ Church. In 1730 he
+was instrumental in founding Trinity church. The original building was
+built on land which he had purchased of William Speakman, baker, 1728,
+for L450. The lot covered by the church was bounded by Seven-starr Lane
+(Summer street), 86 feet and 169 feet on Bishop's Lane (Hawley street),
+and is nearly opposite the estate which he purchased in 1727 of Simeon
+Stoddard, and where he resided until his death. He had large and
+valuable estates in Braintree and Jamaica.
+
+John and William Vassall, two of Major Leonard's sons, were important
+men in Boston, and added much to the prosperity of the town.
+
+JOHN VASSALL, the elder brother of William, was born in the West Indies
+Sept. 7, 1713, and graduated from Harvard college in 1732. In 1734 he
+married Elizabeth, the daughter of Lieut. Gov. Spencer Phips by whom he
+had four children, and later he married Lucy, the daughter of Jonathan
+Barren of Chelmsford by whom he had one child. He resided in Cambridge
+most of his life and died there November 27, 1747. December 30, 1741,
+John Vassall conveyed to his brother Henry (a planter who had married
+Penelope the daughter of Isaac Royal of Antigua), in consideration of
+L9050 over seven acres of land in Cambridge, with dwelling house, barn
+and outhouses. During the Revolution, no doubt, this house was the
+headquarters of the Surgeon-General and perhaps a hospital. Dr. Benjamin
+Church, after he was detected in correspondence with the enemy, was
+arrested here and confined to his quarters until trial, and left a
+record of his occupation of the house by his name, cut with a penknife
+on one of the doors of his chamber, which is still legible though since
+covered with several coats of paint.
+
+After the death of John Vassall, his son, who was also known by the
+name of John, erected the house in Cambridge, which has since become
+famous through Washington's connection with it, as during the Revolution
+it was used as his headquarters, and afterwards it was the home of Prof.
+Henry W. Longfellow.
+
+MAJOR JOHN VASSALL, the grandson of Leonard Vassall, was born in
+Cambridge, June 12, 1738, and graduated from Harvard College in 1757. He
+erected a beautiful edifice on the estate inherited from his father and
+occupied it until driven from it by the rage of the mob. The estate was
+confiscated in 1774 and he removed to Boston for protection, and in that
+city continued to dwell upon the estate adjoining that of his uncle,
+William Vassall, on Pemberton Hill, until 1776.
+
+At the commencement of the Revolution he was obliged to flee with his
+family to England. He had large possessions in Cambridge, Boston and
+Dorchester,[193] all of which were confiscated and himself exiled, soon
+after he departed from home. He joined the British army in Halifax, and
+from there sailed to England. He died there suddenly, October 2, 1796.
+An obituary published in the "Gentleman's Magazine" said of him, "he had
+a very considerable property in America where he lived in princely
+style." Sometime after the disturbances took place, having taken a very
+active part and spared no expense to support the royal cause, he left
+his possessions there to the ravagers, and having fortunately very large
+estates in Jamaica, he came with his family to England. He carried his
+loyalty so far as not to use the family motto, "Soepe pro rege, semper
+pro republica."
+
+ [193] See p. 184 concerning his mansion in Dorchester.
+
+In 1774 he had been addresser of Hutchinson and for this great offence
+to the mobs, he was driven from his home, his property was confiscated
+and he was exiled. During his residence in England, he seems to have
+lived near Bristol and died at Clifton. A part of the Jamaica grant was
+still in the family, and his several children inherited a competence.
+His wife Elizabeth, sister of Lieut.-Gov. Thomas Oliver, died at
+Clifton, in 1807. His children were John, who died at Lyndhurst, in the
+year 1800; Thomas Oliver, who died in England in 1807; Elizabeth; Robert
+Oliver, who became a member of the Council of Jamaica, and died at
+Abington Hall, in that island in 1827; a second Elizabeth, who married a
+Mr. Lemaistre and died at Cheltenham, in 1856; Leonard and Mary, who
+alone was born in England, who married Mr. Archer, and who with her only
+child, deceased, at Clifton, in 1806.
+
+SPENCER THOMAS VASSALL, son of the aforesaid John Vassall, born at
+Cambridge, Mass., 1764. Entered the British Army as Ensign at the age of
+twelve years. He rose to the command of the 38th regiment, and was
+regarded as one of the bravest officers in the service. He was mortally
+wounded at the storming of Monte Video, in 1807. His remains were taken
+to England and buried in St. Paul's church, Bristol, where there is a
+monument to his memory. His son, Spencer Lambert Hunter, who died in
+1846, was a Knight and a captain in the Royal Navy. His other son,
+Rawdon John Popham, was a colonel in the Royal Artillery. His youngest
+daughter Catherine married Thomas L. Marchant Saumerez, son of the
+admiral.
+
+WILLIAM VASSALL, brother of Major John Vassall, was born in Jamaica,
+November 23, 1715, and graduated at Harvard College in 1733. In 1774 he
+was appointed Mandamus Councillor, but was not sworn. He was also
+sheriff of Middlesex County. He owned considerable property, and was the
+possessor of a fine estate near Bristol, R. I. He was prominent among
+the Loyalists of Boston, and was singled out early as an enemy to the
+Revolutionary cause. He was proscribed and banished and obliged to flee
+with his family to England. Mr. Vassall was for many years connected
+with King's Chapel, Boston, and in 1785 protested by proxy against the
+change in the Liturgy and the unauthorized ordination of James Freeman.
+
+The confiscation of his estate gave rise to a singular suit. As the
+Federal Constitution was adopted, a State could be sued; and, at Mr.
+Vassall's instance, proceedings against Massachusetts were commenced in
+the court of the United States; and Hancock, who was governor, was
+summoned as defendant in the case; he however declined to appear, and
+soon after the eleventh amendment to the Constitution put an end to the
+right of Loyalists to test the validity of the Confiscation Acts of the
+Revolution. Mr. Vassall died at Battersea Rise, England, in 1800, aged
+eighty-five. He was upright, generous, and loving. Church and society
+lost in him an eager, zealous advocate, an upright Christian, of an
+honorable and unblemished reputation. His first wife, Ann Davis, bore
+him Sarah, four named William, two named Fanny, Francis, Lucretia, Henry
+and Catherine. His second wife, Margaret Hubbard, was the mother of
+Margaret, Ann, Charlotte, Leonard and Nathaniel. Each wife had twins.
+Nathaniel, the youngest son, a captain in the Royal Navy, died in London
+in 1832.
+
+WILLIAM VASSALL, son of the preceding William Vassall, was born in
+Boston in 1753, and graduated at Harvard College in 1771. He was a
+Loyalist and went to England. He inherited the bulk of his father's
+property in the West Indies, which descended to his nephew, Rev. William
+Vassall, rector of Hardington, England, "but so burdened and
+deteriorated in consequence of emancipation of the slaves that it was
+not worth anything," and that gentleman declined to administer upon it.
+He died at the Weston House, near Totness, December 2, 1843. Ann, his
+widow, died at the same place October 1846, aged seventy-five years.
+
+FLORENTINUS VASSALL was the son of William Vassall and a
+great-grandson of Samuel, to whose memory he erected the beautiful
+marble monument in King's Chapel, when he was in Boston in 1766. He was
+here again in 1775 and in that year went to England. He was born in
+Jamaica, and lived there the greater part of his life. He died in London
+in 1778.
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL JOHN VASSELL'S MANSION, CAMBRIDGE.
+
+Washington's headquarters during the siege of Boston afterwards known as
+the Craigle and Longfellow House.]
+
+Of the immense domain fifteen miles wide on both sides of the Kennebec
+River, extending from the vicinity of Merry Meeting Bay to the
+southerly line of the town of Norridgwock, he was the owner of one
+twenty-fourth part. In his will, executed in 1776, he gave to his son
+Richard and to Richard's daughter, Elizabeth, life estate in these
+lands, and then devised them in entail to his male children. The bequest
+proved of little value to either. After the lapse of years the rights of
+Elizabeth and her son Henry were transferred separately to parties in
+Boston, to test the title which was claimed by squatters. Three of them
+were sued in the name of the son. The cases were carried up to the
+United States Supreme Court, where it was decided that during his
+mother's life, he could not maintain an action. After her decease, suit
+against one settler was renewed, but on intimation by the court that
+fifty years' possession was sufficient to presume a grant, or title
+without consideration, another point, namely, whether the right of the
+plaintiff to recover was barred by the statute of limitation. The
+defendant paid a small sum for the land he occupied, and each party his
+own costs. Thus in 1851 terminated litigation, which for a long time was
+the subject of great interest on the Kennebec, and elsewhere in Maine.
+This granddaughter Elizabeth was a remarkable woman. Those who knew her
+speak of her as brilliant and witty, as possessed of queenly grace of
+manner, as well informed, of wonderful tact, and of excellent sense. Her
+first husband was Sir Godfrey Webster, Bart. By this marriage she was
+the mother of Sir Godfrey Vassall Webster, Bart., who died in 1836, of
+Lieut-Col. Sir Henry Vassall Webster, K. T. S., of the British Army, who
+died in London in 1847, aged 54, and of Harriet, who married Admiral Sir
+Fleetwood B. Reynolds C. B. K. C. H., who died at Florence in 1849,
+leaving an only child, the wife of the son and heir of the Earl of
+Oxford. Another son, Charles Richard Fox, whose father was Lord Holland,
+married Mary Fitzclarence, second daughter of King William IV., and who,
+in 1845 was a colonel in the army, and aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria.
+
+In 1797 Lady Webster married Lord Holland, who took by sign-manual the
+surname of Vassal which, however, was not assumed by his children. As
+Lady Holland, she was the mother of three children, who died young, of
+Henry Holland, who became at the death of his father, Lord Holland, of
+Mary Elizabeth, wife of Lord Lilford, and of Georgianna Anne who died in
+1819.
+
+The friendly feelings of Bonaparte towards Lady Holland, especially
+after the peace of Amiens, is well known, and that in return "for the
+many acts of kindness, which she had bestowed upon him" he left her a
+gold snuff box which had been presented to him by Pope Pius VI.,
+containing a card with these words: "L'Empereur to Lady Holland,
+temoigne de satisfaction et d'estime." She died at London, in 1845, aged
+75. Among her bequests were the income of an estate, about L1500 per
+annum, to Lord John Russell, for his life, and a legacy of L100 to
+Macaulay the historian.
+
+"The Vassall family has ever been distinguished for enterprise,
+magnanimity, and noble bearing. If some of this name were not only
+often, but always, for their king it must be admitted that they made as
+great sacrifices to loyalty as did their forefathers to liberty."
+
+The Vassals were connected by marriage and business dealings with the
+Olivers and Royalls. All three families had acquired great wealth in the
+West Indies, and although they lost their great possessions in New
+England, by the Confiscation Act, yet they were much better situated
+than their fellow sufferers as they retained their West Indian estates
+till they, too, became worthless, after the emancipation of the slaves.
+
+
+ LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO JOHN VASSAL IN SUFFOLK COUNTY
+ AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To John Williams, Sept. 25. 1781; Lib. 133, fol. 110; Land 3 1-2
+ A., and buildings in Dorchester, the high road S. and W.; Ebenezer
+ and Lemuel Clap N.; Zebadiah Williams E.----1-2 A South of the
+ above, Mr. Jeffries E.; the high road on the other side.
+
+ To Isaiah Doane, Jan. 8, 1784; Lib. 141, fol. 2; Land and buildings
+ in Boston. Tremont St. E; heirs of John Jefferies deceased S.;
+ heirs of Jeremiah Allen deceased, William Vassall and heirs of
+ Joseph Sherburne W.; William Vassall and land of the old brick
+ church N.
+
+
+
+
+ GENERAL ISAAC ROYALL.
+
+
+William Royall, the first member of this family of which there is
+anything definitely known, emigrated to Salem probably during the year
+of 1629. He had a grant of land there known as "Royall's side" or
+"Ryall's Neck." He married, at Boston or Malden, Phoebe Green. He was in
+Casco Bay as early as 1635. His house was built on the south side of
+what was afterwards known as Royall's River, near its mouth, in North
+Yarmouth. Here he lived until the troubles with the neighboring Indians,
+which induced him to remove to Dorchester in 1675, accompanied by his
+son William, who was born probably at the Casco settlement in 1640. He
+was a carpenter by occupation, and died in 1724, in the 85th year of his
+age, and is buried in the tomb built by his son Isaac in the Dorchester
+burying ground.
+
+Isaac Royall, son of the aforesaid William, born probably at the
+settlement in Casco Bay about 1672. He early settled at Boston, and
+engaged in trade, making frequent voyages to Antigua and other West
+India islands. He married, according to Boston records, on July 1, 1697,
+Elizabeth, daughter of Asaph Eliot and grandniece of the apostle to the
+Indians of that name. His wife was the widow of one Oliver, probably of
+Dorchester.
+
+For a period of forty years Isaac Royall was a resident of Antigua,
+although his frequent presence in Boston during that time is evinced by
+his signature to conveyances. His name first appears on the Suffolk
+records in a mortgage deed given by himself and wife on the 24th August,
+1697, he then being styled a "merchant of Boston." His trading
+operations between 1704 and 1710 with the West Indies, proved the
+foundation of his fortune.
+
+On December 26, 1732, he purchased of the heirs of Lieutenant Governor
+Usher the estate in Charlestown (Medford) containing about five hundred
+acres. The large Mansion house was built by Usher, but has since become
+widely known as the Royall Mansion. It was one of the finest and most
+pretentious residences of the time within the suburbs of Boston. It is
+described by a visitor at that time as "A fine Country Seat belonging to
+Mr. Isaac Royall, being one of the grandest in N. America." This mansion
+was greatly added to, and almost rebuilt by the wealthy West Indian
+planter. He petitioned the General Court in December, 1737, that he
+might not be taxed on the twenty-seven slaves which he brought with him
+from Antigua. "That he removed from Antigua with his family, and brought
+with him among other things, and chattels, a parcel of negroes, designed
+for his own use, and not any of them for merchandise."
+
+Isaac Royall, the builder of this mansion, did not live long to enjoy
+his princely estate, dying in 1739, not long after its completion. His
+widow, who survived him eight years, died in this house, and was
+interred from Colonel Oliver's in Dorchester April 25, 1747. The pair
+share the same tomb in the old Dorchester burying place. His daughter
+Penelope married Colonel Henry Vassall of Cambridge in 1742. He died in
+1769, and she died in Boston in 1800, aged 76.
+
+GENERAL ISAAC ROYALL, a son, who was born in Antigua, probably in 1719,
+married Elizabeth McIntosh in 1738, but lived mostly in Boston. He
+became an extensive purchaser of lands in various parts of the State,
+and was one of the original proprietors of the township of Royalston in
+Worcester County. He was a member of the Artillery Company of Boston in
+1750, was made a brigadier general in 1761, the first of that title
+among Americans. He was elected by the House a Councillor of the
+Province, and served in that office until 1774, completing twenty-three
+years of consecutive service.
+
+Much has been written of this man's position at the time of the colonial
+disturbances in 1774. Possessed of large wealth, and the influence that
+riches and education carried with them, his course was watched by the
+people with intense anxiety. He was known to have much in common with
+the faithful band of Loyalists, who were gathered about Cambridge and
+Boston, yet he was still faithful to the people's church, and most of
+his family ties held him to the popular cause. A long letter, written by
+him to Lord Dartmouth, dated in January of 1774, exists in the archives
+of the Massachusetts Historical Society's Proceedings, 1873-1875, page
+179. Harris says, "there can be no good reason for doubting the
+sincerity of his sympathy with the people, and although, when the time
+came to make a choice, he was prevailed upon to adhere to the side of
+the government, there is abundant evidence of his continued love towards
+New England and his desire to return and end his days here." How much
+harder was it then for a man in his position to make the great
+sacrifices he did, to give up his loved home and his property, all for
+the cause of his King.
+
+He wrote to Lord Dartmouth, "I am conscious that in all public affairs I
+have made the honor of my king and the real Interests and Peace of my
+country the ultimate end of all my transactions. I am so to live in this
+world as that I may be happy in another, and no man more ardently wishes
+and earnestly prays to the God of Peace for the Restoration of those
+happy days, which formerly subsisted between us and our mother country
+than I do."
+
+Three days before the battle of Lexington, Colonel Royall took his
+departure from Medford. He drove in his chariot, which was one of the
+few in this vicinity, to Boston, and never again returned.
+
+The mansion itself was indeed one of the finest of colonial residences,
+standing, as it did, in the midst of elegant surroundings. In the front,
+or what is now the west side, was the paved court. Reaching farther west
+were the extensive gardens, opening from the courtyard, a broad path
+leading to the summer house. The slave quarters were at the south. The
+brick slave quarters have remained unchanged, and are the last visible
+relics of slavery in New England. The deep fireplace where the slaves
+prepared their food is still in place, and the roll of slaves has
+certainly been called in sight of Bunker Hill, though never upon its
+summit.
+
+The interior woodwork of the house is beautifully carved, especially the
+drawing room, guest chamber, and staircase. The walls are panelled, and
+the carving on either side of the windows is very fine, that in the
+guest chamber being the most elaborate.
+
+One interested in colonial architecture may wander for hours through
+this noble house, and yet feel that there is more to learn. The dark
+cellar, full of passages, the garret with its corners, and the secret
+staircase so often searched for, yet undiscovered, all furnish good
+material for imaginary pictures of the Revolutionary days of our
+ancestors.
+
+The Royall mansion is now owned and occupied by "The Royall House
+Association" and is open for the public.
+
+When Colonel Royall left his mansion he had prepared to take passage
+from Salem to Antigua, but, having gone into Boston, the Sunday previous
+to the battle of Lexington, and remained there until that affair
+occurred, he was, by the course of events, shut up in the town. He
+sailed for Halifax very soon, still intending, as he says, for Antigua,
+but on the arrival of his son-in-law. George Erving, and his daughter,
+with the troops from Boston, he was by them persuaded to sail for
+England, whither his other son-in-law, Sir William Pepperell, had
+preceded.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL ISAAC ROYALL'S MANSION, MEDFORD.
+
+He was kind to his slaves, charitable to the poor and friendly to
+everybody.]
+
+Upon his arrival in England, he exchanged visits with Governors Pownall,
+Bernard, and Hutchinson. Colonel Royall after the loss of some of his
+nearest relatives and of his own health, requested that he be allowed to
+return "home" to Medford and to be buried by the side of his wife, his
+father and mother, and the rest of his friends. He would fain have
+lived in amity with all men and with his king too, but the Revolution
+engulfed him. But he is not forgotten. He died in England 1781, his
+large hearted benevolence showed itself in many bequests to that country
+that had driven him forth and to which he was an alien. He bequeathed
+upwards of two thousand acres of land in Worcester County to found the
+first Law Professorship of Harvard University and his other bequests
+were numerous and liberal. He has a town (Royalston) in Massachusetts
+named for him, and is remembered with affection in the place of his
+former abode. His virtues and popularity at first saved his estate, as
+his name was not included with those of his sons-in-law, Sir William
+Pepperell and George Erving, in the "conspirators act," but on the
+representation of the selectmen of Medford "_that he went voluntarily to
+our enemies_" his property was taken under the confiscation act and
+forfeited. It was held by the State until 1805, when it was released by
+the Commonwealth, owing to the large bequests that Colonel Royall made
+to the public. It was then purchased by Robert Fletcher, who divided the
+estate up into house lots and sold them to various persons.
+
+General Royall's mansion was the centre of great festivities, and the
+most noted families of Boston and vicinity were entertained there. He
+was noted for his hospitality and was always generous and charitable to
+the poor, and an excellent citizen. Brooks in his "History of Medford"
+says hospitality was almost a passion with him. No home in the Colony
+was more open to friends, no gentleman gave better dinners, or drank
+costlier wines. As a master he was kind to his slaves, charitable to the
+poor, and friendly to everybody.
+
+He was a most accurate man and in his daily journal minutely described
+every visitor, topic, and incident and even descended to recording what
+slippers he wore and when he went to bed. Some one said in speaking of
+Colonel Isaac Royall, "it is not that he loved the colonies less but
+England more." Among his bequests was a legacy of plate to the first
+church of Medford, and legacies to the clergymen, and while a member of
+the House of Representatives, he presented the chandelier which adorned
+its hall.
+
+After the departure of General Royall from his beautiful home, it was
+taken possession of by the rebels who came pouring into the environs of
+Boston and laid siege to same. Colonel, afterwards General, John
+Stark,[194] made the mansion his headquarters, and his New Hampshire
+troops pitched their camp in the adjacent grounds. It was afterwards
+occupied by General Lee, who took up his quarters in the mansion, whose
+echoing corridors suggested to his fancy the name of Hobgoblin Hall.
+
+ [194] General John Stark's brother Colonel William Stark, was a man of
+ great bravery and hardihood. Before the Revolution he was a much greater
+ man than his brother John. He commanded New England troops in the
+ capture of Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Louisburg and Quebec. In West's
+ picture, "The Death of Gen. Wolf," he is shown as holding Wolf in his
+ arms. William Stark remained loyal and became a colonel in the Royal
+ Army. He was killed from a fall from his horse at the battle of Long
+ Island.
+
+Elizabeth, the wife of Isaac Royall, died at Medford, July, 1770, and
+was buried in the marble tomb in Dorchester. Their daughter Elizabeth,
+the wife of Sir William Pepperell, died at sea upon the voyage to
+England in 1775.[195]
+
+ [195] For an account of the Pepperell family see New Eng. Gen. Reg., xx.
+ 4. Those descended from him comprise probably a hundred families holding
+ the highest social positions including dignitaries in church and state,
+ baronets, presidents of colleges, D. D's., and bishops, and others of
+ exalted rank, perhaps more numerous than can be found in any one family
+ in the British realms.
+
+It is said that the male line of the Royalls has ceased to exist in
+Maine and Massachusetts. The writer knows not of a single living
+individual bearing the surname who has descended from the stock that in
+the beginning of the settlement was so vigorous, and promised to be so
+prolific. This statement will also apply to many other Loyalists'
+families that were driven from their homes at the commencement of the
+Revolution.
+
+
+
+
+ GENERAL WILLIAM BRATTLE.
+
+
+Thomas Brattle, the forefather of the Brattle family that settled in
+Boston, was at his death accounted the wealthiest man in the Colony.
+Though we have no information concerning the family prior to the coming
+of Thomas Brattle to New England, it is only reasonable to believe that
+he was descended from an educated and intelligent line. Only four
+generations bearing the name existed here, and it is a notable
+circumstance that all the male representatives of those four generations
+were men of remarkable powers and distinguished abilities.
+
+THOMAS BRATTLE was born about 1624, and was a merchant of Boston. He was
+a member of the Artillery Company and captain in the militia, and the
+commander of several expeditions against hostile Indians. He was one of
+the founders of the Old South Church. He married Elizabeth, the daughter
+of Captain William Tyng, by whom he had seven children. His death
+occurred in 1683.
+
+THOMAS BRATTLE, the son of the former, was born in 1658, and was a
+graduate of Harvard College. He was a very intelligent man, and was
+treasurer of Harvard College for twenty-five years. He was one of the
+founders of the Brattle Street church, and gave an organ to the King's
+Chapel when it was rebuilt in 1710, the first organ used in Boston in a
+church. He was a steadfast opposer of the proceedings of the courts
+during the witchcraft delusion in 1692. He was a Fellow of the Royal
+Society, and died in 1713. President Ouincy says of him: "He was
+distinguished for his private benevolences and public usefulness."
+
+WILLIAM BRATTLE graduated from Harvard college, and for over twenty
+years was pastor of the Cambridge church. He was also a member of the
+Royal Society of London.
+
+WILLIAM BRATTLE, son of the former, was baptized by his father in 1706.
+He graduated from Harvard College in 1722, and was a member of the
+Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company. He was a theologian, and as a
+physician he was widely known, and no higher tribute to his eminence as
+a barrister need be sought than in the years 1736-7, when, only thirty
+years of age, he was elected by the House and Council to the office of
+Attorney General.
+
+He possessed strong peculiarities, and Sabine says of him that "A man of
+most eminent talents and of greater eccentricities has seldom lived." He
+inherited a large and well invested property, and had ample means to
+cultivate those tastes to which, by his nature and education, he was
+inclined. He was for many years Major General of the Province, and
+afterwards Brigadier General. His large and beautifully situated house,
+which now exists in Cambridge, though greatly transformed, known as the
+"Old Brattle House" was the resort of the fashion and style of this
+section of the country. At the age of twenty-one he married Katherine,
+the daughter of Governor Gurdon Saltonstall. She died at Cambridge in
+1752, and he married again in 1755, Mrs. Martha, widow of James Allen,
+and daughter of Thomas Fitch. General Brattle seems to have inherited
+from his father the same love for and interest in the welfare of his
+Alma Mater, which so characterized the beloved minister of the church in
+Cambridge. He was long one of her overseers, and in 1762 was appointed
+by the Council one of a committee for the erection of Hollis Hall, a
+task which was satisfactorily completed.
+
+When the Revolution broke out in 1775, he was holding a very honorable
+office under the crown. Harris says he was "on terms of friendship with
+many of the regular army officers quartered in Boston and vicinity. His
+cultivated and refined tastes tending always to draw him to court,
+rather than plebeian society, were, no doubt, inducements for him to
+remain loyal. Certain it was, while studiously endeavoring to preserve
+friendly and peaceful relations with his townsmen and neighbors, he was
+openly opposed to their principles. He was an Addresser of Gen. Gage and
+approved of his plans, but at last public excitement reached such a
+height that he deemed it wise to withdraw from Cambridge, and leaving
+his house and property in the hands of his only daughter, Madame
+Wendell, at that time a widow, he quietly joined the Royal army in
+Boston, and at the evacuation in 1776, sailed with the forces to
+Halifax, where he died in October of the same year. It is said that his
+gravestone is still to be seen in the churchyard in that city." There is
+a portrait of William Brattle in the possession of his descendants,
+which was painted by Copley, being one of the first productions of that
+eminent artist. Of his nine children, only two lived to maturity,
+Katherine in whom the line but not the name was perpetuated, and Thomas.
+
+Katherine was married to John Mico Wendell, a merchant of Boston, in
+1752, who was of Dutch origin. After the death of her husband, Katherine
+removed to Cambridge and resided there until her death in 1821, at the
+age of nearly ninety-one years. The house was situated near the corner
+of what afterwards became Wendell street, and North ave. The Centinel
+of February 10, 1821, contained a memoir from which we gain some
+knowledge of her character.
+
+"Descended from honorable families, she possessed the virtues and and
+maintained the honors of her ancestors.... During the war of the
+Revolution, both her talents and virtues were put to severe tests, and
+by her wisdom and discretion, her energy, and integrity, her
+benevolence, and charity, she conciliated the favor of men in power,
+civil and military; secured to herself personal respect, and rescued the
+paternal inheritance from the hazard of confiscation. It was by her
+means that the portion of the estate that fell to her brother Thomas,
+then in England, was in a like manner preserved.... Her contributions
+aided in the translation of the Bible into the languages of the East,
+and in the diffusion of Christian knowledge among the poor and destitute
+of our own country."
+
+She had five children, but three of them died before reaching maturity.
+Governor James Sullivan, who knew Thomas Brattle well, wrote of him:
+"Major Brattle exercised a deep reverence for the principles of
+government, and was a cheerful subject of the laws. He respected men of
+science, as the richest ornament of their country. If he had ambition,
+it was to excel in acts of hospitality, benevolence, and charity. The
+dazzling splendor of heroes, and the achievements of political
+intrigues, passed unnoticed before him, but the character of the man of
+benevolence filled his heart with emotions of sympathy."... "In his
+death, the sick, the poor and the distressed have lost a liberal
+benefactor, politeness an ornament, and philanthropy one of its most
+discreet and generous supporters."
+
+THOMAS BRATTLE, the youngest and only surviving son of General William
+and Katherine Saltonstall Brattle, was born at Cambridge in 1742. He
+graduated from Harvard College in 1760, and not long afterwards visited
+England and the Continent, for the double purpose of study and travel.
+
+When the war broke out, he was still abroad, and being informed of the
+position taken by his father, he conceived to be the most prudent course
+to remain in England. While abroad he traveled over various parts of
+Great Britain, and made a tour through Holland and France, and was
+noticed by persons of distinction. Returning to London, he zealously and
+successfully labored to ameliorate the condition of his countrymen, who
+had been captured and were in prison. This restored to him his estates,
+for he was included in the Confiscation, Proscription and Banishment Act
+of 1778. He returned to America in 1779, and 1784 the enactments against
+him in Massachusetts were repealed, and he took possession of his
+patrimony. He found his mansion home at Cambridge had been thoroughly
+ransacked and damaged by the Continental troops, who had occupied it
+during the war. The neglected estate was restored to its former beauty,
+and improved by the erection of a green-house, probably one of the
+earliest known in this part of the country. He lived here for many
+years, and became well known for his charities. He died, universally
+lamented and beloved, on the seventh of February, 1801, and was laid to
+rest in the family tomb, the last of his name. He was never married.
+
+The only descendants of General William and Katharine Saltonstall
+Brattle, are through their daughter Katherine, who married John Mico
+Wendell.
+
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATE OF WILLIAM BRATTLE IN BOSTON, AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To James Allen, May 12, 1781; Lib. 132, fol. 202: Land and
+ buildings in Boston. Tremont St W.; John Rowe and Henry Caner, an
+ absentee, S.; Nathaniel Holmes E.; George Bethune N. and E.; John
+ Andrew and heirs of Samuel Pemberton deceased N.; Robert McElroy W.
+ and N.; passageway W. and W. [N.]
+
+
+
+
+ JOSEPH THOMPSON.
+
+
+Joseph Thompson was the son of Joseph and Sarah (Bradshaw) Thompson, who
+were located in Medford as early as 1772, coming from Woburn, and
+descended from the same family as Sir Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford).
+They lie buried side by side in the little burial ground on Salem
+street, Medford. Joseph, the subject of this sketch, was born May 16,
+1734. He was married in Boston, 1759, to Rebecca Gallup, whom Isaac
+Royall refers to in his will as a kinswoman of his wife.
+
+In addition to the double portion assigned to him out of his father's
+estate, he added to it from time to time by the purchase of several
+estates. His occupation is mentioned in the deeds as that of merchant.
+In June, 1775, news reached the Provincial Congress that the Ervings of
+Boston, had fitted out, under color of chartering to Thompson, a
+schooner of their own, to make a voyage to New Providence (Nassau,
+Bahama Islands), to procure "fruit, turtle and provisions of other kinds
+for the sustenance and feasting of those troops who are, as pirates and
+robbers, committing daily hostilities and depredations on the good
+people of this colony and all America." Congress therefore resolved that
+Captain Samuel McCobb, a member, "be immediately dispatched to Salem and
+Marblehead, to secure said Thompson, and prevent said vessel from going
+said voyage, and cause the said Thompson to be brought before this
+Congress." Thompson, however, escaped, and afterwards went to England.
+On June 3, 1780, on the petition of Rebecca Thompson, asking leave be
+granted her to rejoin her husband in England on the first convenient
+opportunity, and to also return again to this state, the General Court,
+and the committee of Inspection for Medford, were directed to see that
+she carried no letters nor papers that might be detrimental to this, or
+any of the United States of America.[196]
+
+ [196] Medford Historical Register, Vol. viii, p. 59.
+
+James Prescott, Joseph Hosmer and Samuel Thatcher, Esq., were ordered
+to make sales of certain estates situated in the county of Middlesex,
+confiscated to the use of the government, belonging to Joseph Thompson,
+merchant. Six acres of salt marsh on Medford river were sold to Ebenezer
+Hall, Jr., for L70; a dwelling house and yard bounded south on the great
+road, to Thomas Patten for L295; 11/2 rods of land (part of the dower
+estate of his mother), with 3-16 of the dwelling house, 1-4 of an acre
+of mowing land, 20 rods of plow land, to Samuel Kidder for L24.15; a pew
+in the meeting house to Susanna Brooks, widow, for L10; 8 acres of land
+bounded south on the great road and west on Proprietor's Way, and
+situated near the Hay Market, to Jonathan Foster for L252. 10, and about
+10 poles of land with a joiner's shop thereon, bounded north on the road
+to Malden, to Ebenezer Hall for L40.5, making a total of L692.5.
+
+A Mr. Thompson died in England during the war, probably the same.
+
+
+
+
+ COLONEL JOHN ERVING.
+
+
+The Erving family was one of the oldest and most respected families in
+Boston. Hon. John Erving, the father of the colonel, was one of the most
+eminent merchants in America, and was a member of the Council of
+Massachusetts for twenty years. The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, his
+great-grandson, in a public address in 1845, thus refers to him: "A few
+dollars earned on a commencement day, by ferrying passengers over
+Charles River, when there was no bridge--shipped to Lisbon in the shape
+of fish, and from thence to London in the shape of fruit, and from
+thence brought home to be reinvested in fish, and to be re-entered upon
+the same triangular circuit of trade--laid the foundations of the
+largest fortunes of the day, a hundred years ago." Mr. Erving, by his
+wife Abigail, had a large family. He died in Boston in 1786, aged
+ninety-three.
+
+COLONEL JOHN ERVING, eldest son of the preceding, was born in Boston,
+June 26, 1727, was a colonel of the Boston regiment of militia, a warden
+of Trinity church. He graduated at Harvard University in 1747. In 1760
+he signed the Boston Memorial, and was thus one of the fifty-eight who
+were the first men in America to array themselves against the officers
+of the Crown, but like many others that did not favor many acts of the
+government, he could not tolerate mob rule, and therefore threw his lot
+in on the side that represented law and authority.
+
+When Hancock's sloop Liberty was seized for smuggling in 1768, by the
+commissioners, the fury of the mob became great. They fell upon the
+officers, several of whom barely escaped with their lives. Mr. Erving,
+besides having his sword broken, was beaten with clubs and sticks, and
+considerably wounded. He was not concerned with the seizure of the
+sloop.
+
+[Illustration: MAJOR GENERAL SIR DAVID OCHTERLONY.
+
+Born in Boston Feb. 12, 1758. There is erected in Calcutta a monument to
+him, which is one of the notable sights of that city. Died at Meerut,
+India in 1825.]
+
+In 1774 he was an addresser of Hutchinson, and the same year appointed
+mandamus councillor. On the evacuation of Boston, he and his family
+of nine persons accompanied the army to Halifax, and from there he went
+to England. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He died at Bath,
+England, June 17, 1816, aged eighty-nine. His wife, Maria Catherina
+(youngest daughter of Governor Shirley), with whom he lived sixty years,
+died a few months before him. A daughter of Mr. Erving married Governor
+Scott of the island of Dominica and died at that island February 13,
+1768. His son, Dr. Shirley Erving, entered Harvard College in 1773, but
+his education was cut short by the Revolution. He became a prominent
+physician at Portland, Maine, and died at Boston in 1813, aged
+fifty-five. His widow survived him for many years. They left two sons
+and one daughter. The Erving mansion house was on Milk street, and was
+confiscated.
+
+GEORGE ERVING was a prominent merchant of Boston. He was one of the
+fifty-eight memorialists who were the first men in America to array
+themselves against the officers of the Crown, but he could not take part
+with the mobs in their lawless and brutal actions. He was an Addresser
+of Hutchinson in 1774, was proscribed under the Act of 1778, and his
+estate was confiscated under the Conspiracy Act of 1779. He went to
+Halifax with his family of five persons, and thence to England. He died
+in London in 1806 at the age of seventy. His wife was a daughter of
+General Isaac Royall of Medford.
+
+
+ CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO COLONEL JOHN ERVING AND TO
+ WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To James Lloyd, May 4. 1787; Lib. 160, fol. 105; Land and buildings
+ in Boston. Kilby St., formerly Mackerel Lane, E; heirs of John
+ Erving deceased N; heirs of Samuel Hughes W.; Joseph Winthrop S.
+
+ To John Codman, Jr., July 2. 1787. Lib. 160, fol. 201; Land and
+ messuage in Boston. Newbury St., W.; John Crosby N.; E. and N.,
+ John Soley E. and S., passage or alley S.----Land 14 A., in
+ Walpole, road from Walpole to the sign of the Black Lamb in
+ Stoughton N.; Nathaniel Preble S.E.; Philip Bardin S.W. and N.W.
+
+ To Nathaniel Appleton. Feb. 13, 1789; Lib. 164, fol. 149; Land, 14
+ A, in Walpole, road from Walpole to the sign of the Black Lamb in
+ Stoughton N.; Nathaniel Preble S.E.; Philip Bardin S.W. and N.W.
+
+ To John Deming. May 6, 1789; Lib. 166, fol. 11; Land and messuage
+ in Boston. Newbury St. W.; John Crosby N.; E. and N.; John Soley E.
+ and S.; passage or alley S.
+
+
+
+
+ MAJOR GENERAL SIR DAVID OCHTERLONY.
+
+
+Captain David Ochterlony, the father of the subject of this memoir, was
+born in Forfarshire, Scotland, and was descended from one of the most
+ancient families in that country. In 1226 the land of "Othirlony" was
+exchanged by his ancestors for those of Kenney in Forfarshire possessed
+by the Abbey of Aberbrothock. Kenney had been bestowed on the Abbey by
+its founder, King William, the Lion King of Scotland.
+
+David, was a captain in the merchant service, and resided for a while
+at Montrose. Boston was one of the many ports visited by him in his
+voyages. Five years after his first appearance in Boston, June 4, 1757,
+intention of marriage was published, to Katherine, daughter of Andrew
+Tyler of Boston, by his wife Miriam, a sister of Sir William Pepperell.
+On 27th of June, 1762, he purchased a brick house with about 1500 square
+feet of land on Back street, which at that time was that part of Salem
+street from Hanover to Prince street. Meanwhile three sons and daughter
+were born. The eldest of these, MAJOR GENERAL SIR DAVID OCHTERLONY born
+12 Feb. 1758, who was to revive the name in a new locality. Captain
+Ochterlony, the father, continued his career as a mariner but a few
+years after locating in Boston, he died in 1765, at St. Vincent W. I.
+His widow went to England, where she married Sir Isaac Heard of London,
+Norroy and Garter King of Arms, and gentleman of the Red Rod, to the
+order of the Bath.
+
+The son David was a scholar at the Latin School in Boston, when his
+father died. At the age of eighteen he entered the army and went to
+India, as a cadet, and in 1778 received an appointment as Ensign. In
+1781 he was Quartermaster to the 71st Regiment of Foot. During the
+twenty years that succeeded, he was exposed to all the danger and
+fatigue of incessant service in the East. He attained the rank of Major
+in 1800 and of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1803, and Colonel in 1812. His
+commission of Major General bears date June 1, 1814. In 1817 he received
+the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. His health, after nearly fifty
+years of uninterrupted military duty in a tropical climate, became
+impaired and he resigned a political office in India with the intention
+of proceeding to Calcutta, and thence to England. This plan he did not
+live to execute. He died at Meerut in 1825, while there for a change of
+air. He was Deputy-Adjutant-General at the Battle of Delhi, after which
+he was sent as envoy to the Court of Sha Alum. For his conduct in the
+Nepaulese war, he was created a Knight Commander of the Bath and May 7,
+1816, was made a baronet. After his death there was erected in Calcutta
+a monument to him, which is one of the notable signs of the city. Sir
+David never married. His title descended to Charles Metcalf Ochterlony,
+and was succeeded in it by his son, the present baronet, Sir David
+Ferguson Ochterlony. Gilbert Ochterlony, the second son of Captain
+David, died Jan. 16, 1780, aged 16, at the home of his step-father Isaac
+Heard, Esq., at the college of arms.[197] Alexander, the third son died
+in 1803, and Catherine in 1792.
+
+ [197] It was Sir Isaac Heard that took such pains in searching out the
+ pedigree of the Washington family.
+
+Captain David's will, made at the time of his marriage, was probate
+March 7, 1766, and left everything to his wife Katrin, but his estate
+was not settled till after the peace. 1791, and then it was insolvent,
+the sum then obtained to close up the estate paid a dividend of only six
+and a half pence on the pound. The name of Ochterlony in New England
+became extinct.
+
+
+
+
+ JUDGE AUCHMUTY'S FAMILY.
+
+
+Robert Auchmuty first of the American family of that name was descended
+from an ancient Scottish family, holding a barony in the north of that
+country. His father settled in England early in the eighteenth century,
+and Robert studied law at the Temple, London, and came to America and
+settled in Boston about the year 1700. He was a profound lawyer and
+possessed remarkable talents and wit, but when he was admitted to
+practice does not appear. He was in practice soon after 1719 and the
+profession owed much to his character and system and order which now
+began to distinguish its forms of practice. His talents were
+extraordinary, "Old Mr. Auchmuty says a contemporary would sit up all
+night at his bottle, yet argue to admiration next day, and was an
+admirable speaker." He was sent to England to settle a boundary dispute
+between Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. His services
+were so valuable, that on December 1738, he received from the former a
+grant of two hundred acres of land. He was judge of the Court of
+Admiralty for New England from 1733 until 1747. While he was in England
+he advocated the expedition to Cape Breton in an ably written pamphlet
+published in 1744. This tract probably gave to the historian Smollett
+the erroneous impression that Auchmuty was the originator of that
+brilliant enterprise, the credit of which belongs to Governor Shirley.
+
+Judge Auchmuty held his office until 1747 when he was superseded by
+Chambers Russell. His home was in Roxbury, Massachusetts, and many
+anecdotes of him have been handed down from generation to generation. He
+was "greatly respected and beloved in public and private life." His
+memory is held in high veneration by the bar in Massachusetts and his
+opinions are still respected.
+
+Judge Auchmuty died in April, 1750, leaving several children. His
+daughter married Judge Pratt of New York and his son, Judge Robert
+Auchmuty, followed in his father's footstep, and became a noted lawyer
+in Massachusetts. Although he had not the advantage of a collegiate
+education he became an able lawyer. As an advocate he was eloquent and
+successful. "Among his contemporaries were Otis, Quincy, Hawley, and
+judges Paine, Sargent, Bradbury, R. Sewall, W. Cushing and Sullivan and
+though less learned than some of these he was employed in most of the
+important jury trials."
+
+"It was when together with that class of lawyers above named that the
+profession owed the respectability which since his day has characterized
+the bar of Massachusetts."[198] He held the office of Advocate of the
+Court of Admiralty from August 2, 1762, until his appointment as judge,
+having been originally appointed in the place of Mr. Bollan, to hold
+the office during his absence. Chambers Russell was appointed in the
+place of the elder Auchmuty as judge of the Admiralty for Massachusetts,
+New Hampshire and Rhode Island in 1747. He held the office until his
+death in 1767, and Robert Auchmuty, the younger, was appointed by the
+governor to fill his place. This was in April, but on the sixth of July
+he was duly commissioned as Judge of the Admiralty for all New England
+with a salary of L300 a year. His commission was received in March,
+1760, when his salary was increased to L600 per annum. Judge Auchmuty
+continued to hold this office as long as the authority of the British
+was recognized, as he was a zealous Loyalist.
+
+ [198] Updike History of Narrangansett church.
+
+Robert Auchmuty was one of the commissioners with Governor Wanton of
+Rhode Island, Samuel Horsemanden, Chief Justice of New York, Frederic
+Smythe, Chief Justice of New Jersey, and Peter Oliver, Chief Justice of
+Massachusetts, to inquire into the destruction of the Gaspee, in
+1772.[199] He was a colleague of Adams and Quincy in defence of the
+British soldiers tried for participation in the "Boston Massacre."[200]
+He appeared once after his appointment in defence of Captain Preston and
+his soldiers, and his argument was described as so memorable and
+persuasive, "as almost to bear down the tide of prejudice against him,
+though it never swelled to a higher flood."
+
+ [199] See page 52 for description of same.
+
+ [200] Ibid. 45.
+
+The Auchmuty house in Roxbury stands at the corner of Cliff and
+Washington Streets. It was build about 1761 by the younger Judge
+Auchmuty, who resided there until the outbreak of the revolution. Here
+as a convenient halting place between the Province House and the
+Governor's country seat at Jamaica Plain, and the Lieutenant Governor
+residence at Milton, met the crown officers to make plans to stem the
+rising tide of disloyalty and lawlessness of the mobs, and their secret
+leaders. Here Bernard Hutchinson Auchmuty, Hallowell, and Paxton
+discussed the proposed alterations in the charter, and the bringing over
+of British troops to preserve the peace. Letters of Judge Auchmuty to
+persons in England were sent to America with those of Governor
+Hutchinson by Franklin in 1773 and created much commotion.[201]
+
+ [201] See page 162.
+
+At the Declaration of Independence in 1776 he left his native country
+and settled in England. At one period he was in very distressed
+circumstances. He never returned to the United States and his estate was
+confiscated. His mansion in Roxbury became the property of Governor
+Increase Sunmer and was occupied by him at the time of his decease.
+Auchmuty Lane was that part of Essex Street between Short and South
+Street in Boston. Robert Auchmuty died in London an exile from his
+native land in November, 1778.
+
+[Illustration: BRITISH TROOPS PREVENTING THE DESTRUCTION OF NEW YORK.
+
+On its evacuation by Washington; it was set on fire, it was saved by the
+summary execution of all incendaries by the British.]
+
+HONORABLE JAMES AUCHMUTY, son of the elder Robert, was a storekeeper in
+the Engineer Department. At the peace he removed to Nova Scotia where he
+became an eminent lawyer, and was appointed judge. He had a son, a
+very gallant officer in the British Army, who was killed in the West
+Indies.
+
+REVEREND SAMUEL AUCHMUTY, another son of the elder Judge Auchmuty who
+settled in New York, was born in Boston in 1725. He graduated from
+Harvard college in 1742 and was taken by his father to England, where he
+was ordained a minister in the Episcopal church. The degree of D. D. was
+conferred on him by Oxford. He was appointed by the Society for the
+Propagation of the gospel, an assistant minister of Trinity church in
+New York. He married in 1749 a daughter of Richard Nichols, governor of
+that province. In 1764 at the death of the Rector of Trinity church he
+was appointed to succeed him and took charge of all the churches in the
+city, performing his arduous duties with faithfulness until the
+revolution. In 1766 he received the degree of S. T. D. at Oxford. Dr.
+Auchmuty opposed the revolution and when the Americans took possession
+of New York City in 1777, it is said a message was sent him from Lord
+Sterling by one of his sons, "that if he read a prayer for the King the
+following Sunday, he would send a band of soldiers and take him out of
+the desk." His son, knowing his father's indomitable spirit did not
+deliver the message, but with some of his classmates from Columbia
+college attended the church with arms concealed under their gowns and
+sat near the pulpit for his protection. His conscience would not allow
+him to omit these prayers without violating his ordination vows. As soon
+as he commenced reading, Lord Sterling marched into the church with a
+band of soldiers and music playing Yankee Doodle. The Doctor's voice
+never faltered and he finished his prayer and the soldiers marched up
+one aisle and down another, and went out again without violence. After
+the service Dr. Auchmuty sent for the keys of Trinity and its chapels,
+and ordered that they should not be opened again until the liturgy could
+be performed without interruption, and took them to New Jersey. When the
+British took possession of New York he resolved at once to return to his
+loved flock and applied for leave to pass the American lines. This was
+denied him. With the unfailing energy which marked his character he
+determined to return on foot through circuitous paths to avoid the
+American lines. After undergoing great hardships, sleeping in the woods
+and great exposure, he reached the city. On its evacuation by
+Washington's Army it had been set on fire, and it was only by using the
+most drastic means,--the summary execution of all incendaries by the
+British--that the city was saved from total destruction. Nearly one
+thousand buildings were burned in the western part of the city and among
+them Trinity church, the Rector's home, and the Charity School. Through
+the exertions of the British troops, St. Paul's and King's College
+barely escaped. The Vestry of Trinity reported their loss at L22,000,
+besides the annual rent of 246 lots of ground on which the buildings had
+been destroyed. After the fire, Dr. Auchmuty searched the ruins of his
+church and of his large and elegant mansion; all of his papers and
+records had been destroyed; he found no articles of value except the
+church plate and his own. His personal loss he estimated at upwards of
+$12,000.
+
+The Sunday following Dr. Auchmuty preached in St. Paul's church for the
+last time. The hardships which he had undergone terminated in an illness
+which resulted in his death after a few days. This venerable and
+constant worker for mankind died March 4, 1777 in his fifty-second year,
+and was buried under the altar of St Paul's. Interesting notices of his
+labors and sufferings and death may be found in Hawkins' "Historical
+Notices of the Missions of the Church of England, in the North American
+Colonies," London, 1845. By the old inhabitants of the city Dr. Auchmuty
+was much respected and beloved and was spoken of as Bishop Auchmuty. He
+had seven children. Jane, one of his daughters, married Richard Tylden
+of Milstead, of county Kent in England. One of her sons was Sir John
+Maxwell Tylden, who was in the army for twenty years in which he greatly
+distinguished himself. Another, William Burton Tylden was a major in the
+Royal Engineers. Dr. Auchmuty had two other daughters of which there is
+no account, save that they were married.
+
+SIR SAMUEL AUCHMUTY, the eldest son of the Rev. Dr. Auchmuty, was a
+Lieutenant General in the British Army. At the beginning of the
+Revolution he was a student at Kings College and was intended by his
+father for the ministry. His own inclinations were military from his
+boyhood and soon after he graduated he joined the Royal army under Sir
+William Howe as an ensign in the 45th regiment and was present at most
+of the actions in that and the following year. In 1783 he commanded a
+company in the 75th Regiment, in the East Indies, and was with Lord
+Cornwallis in the first siege of Seringaptarn. In 1801 he joined the
+expedition to Egypt, and held the post of adjutant-general. He returned
+to England in 1803 and three years after was ordered to South America,
+where as brigadier-general, he assumed the command of the troops; and in
+1807 assaulted and reduced--after a most determined resistance--the city
+and fortress of Montevideo. In 1809 he was transferred to India.
+Subsequently he succeeded Sir D. Baird as chief of staff in Ireland. He
+was knighted in 1812, his nephew, Sir John Maxwell Tylden,
+lieutenant-colonel of the 52 regiment being his proxy. He twice received
+the thanks of Parliament, and was presented with a service of plate by
+that body and by the East India Company. His seat was Syndale House, in
+Kent, near Feversham. He died in Ireland suddenly in 1822 at the age of
+64.
+
+ROBERT NICHOLAS AUCHMUTY, another son of the Rev. Dr. Auchmuty,
+graduated at Kings College, New York and in the revolution served as a
+volunteer in the British army. His wife was Henrietta, daughter of Henry
+John Overing and he died at Newport, Rhode Island in 1813. His daughter
+Maria M., widow of Colonel E. D. Wainwright of the United States
+Marines, died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 1861, aged 71.
+
+RICHARD HARRISON AUCHMUTY, brother of the above, was a surgeon in the
+British Army. Taken prisoner in the storming of Stony Point. With
+Cornwallis at Yorktown, and died soon after the surrender, while on
+parole.
+
+"It is regretted that men as distinguished in their day as were the
+Auchmuty's, father and sons, so few memorials new remain." They were men
+who adorned their profession and "left a distinct and honorable
+impression upon their age."
+
+
+ LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO ROBERT AUCHMUTY ET AL. IN
+ SUFFOLK COUNTY, AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Samuel Clark, Feb. 26, 1780; Lib. 131, fol. 58; Land and
+ dwelling-house in Boston, School St. S.; the town's land W.; John
+ Rowe N; Joseph Green E----Garden land near the above. Cook's Alley
+ W.; Leverett Saltonstall N.; William Powell E. S. and E.; Leverett
+ Saltonstall S. [Description corrected in margin of record.]
+
+ To Josiah Waters, Jr., April 13, 1782; Lib. 134, fol. 164.
+ Discharge of mortgage Fillebrown et al to Auchmuty dated Feb. 10.
+ 1766.
+
+ To Increase Sumner, July 31, 1783; Lib. 139, fol. 122; 6 A. 3 qr.
+ 10 r. land and dwelling-house near the meeting-house in Roxbury,
+ the road N.; Jonathan Davis E., S. E; and S.; the lane and Increase
+ Sumner W.
+
+
+
+
+ COLONEL ADINO PADDOCK.
+
+
+Robert Paddock was one of the Pilgrim Fathers, he was one of the early
+settlers of Plymouth, and was a smith by trade. He had a son, Zachariah,
+born in 1636, who was the ancestor of the subject of this sketch. Robert
+Paddock was probably a relative of Captain Leonard Peddock who was
+master of one of the ships that came to Plymouth in 1622, it being
+frequently the case in those times that names were mis-spelled. This is
+the origin of the name of Peddock's Island at the entrance of Boston
+Harbor. Branches of this family at the Revolutionary period were to be
+found in various parts of New England, New Jersey, and South Carolina.
+Adino Paddock was the son of John and Rebecca (Thatcher) Paddock; was
+born March 14, 1727, and was baptized in the First Church, Harwich,
+March 31, 1728.
+
+His father died in 1732 and his mother removed soon after to Boston,
+where her name appears as a communicant in Brattle Square church "from
+Church East Yarmouth" December 5, 1736. Adino Paddock was married in
+Boston, June 22, 1749, to Lydia Snelling, daughter of Robert and Lydia
+(Dexter). He settled in Boston, where he manufactured chaises and
+transacted his business near the head of Bumstead Place. He lived
+opposite the burying ground, on the east side of Long-Acre Street. Adino
+Paddock was the first coach-maker of the town, and was a man of
+substance and character. His name is best known in connection with the
+famous Paddock elms. Mr. James Smith, a prosperous sugar baker, whose
+house was on Queen Street,--now Court Street,--when in London, was
+struck by the beauty of the elms in Brompton Park. The story goes that
+Mr. Smith procured young trees of the same kind, and had them planted in
+his nursery, on his beautiful farm, Brush Hill, in Milton. The fame of
+these trees spreading, one of his friends, Mr. Gilbert Deblois, asked
+for some, saying that he would in return name his newborn son for Mr.
+Smith. The bargain was struck, and James Smith Deblois, baptized May 16,
+1769, bore witness to its fulfilment. Other elms of this stock were also
+planted, but those received by Mr. Gilbert Deblois became the most
+celebrated. These were set out in front of the granary, just opposite
+Mr. Deblois' house in Tremont Street. As Adino Paddock's shop window
+looked out upon them, Mr. Deblois enjoined Mr. Paddock to have an eye to
+their safety.
+
+It is related that on one occasion, Paddock offered the reward of a
+guinea, for the detection of the person who "hacked" one or more of the
+trees. He guarded the infant elms very carefully and the "Gleaner" tells
+of his darting across the street upon one occasion and vigorously
+shaking an idle boy who was making free with one of the sacred saplings.
+The elms were thought to have been planted in 1762. They grew to
+magnificent proportions, and withstood the axe for more than a century.
+They escaped in 1860, but were cut down a few years later. The largest
+was one that stood near the Tremont House. Its circumference near the
+sidewalk was nearly seventeen feet. This was the largest of all the
+trees belonging to the public walks of the city, excepting the great
+American elm on Boston Common that was destroyed by the tornado of 1869.
+
+Adino Paddock was in 1774 captain of the train of artillery belonging in
+Boston of which John Erving was colonel. This company was particularly
+distinguished for its superior discipline and the excellence of its
+material. The gun house stood at the corner of West and Tremont Streets,
+separated by a yard from the school house. In this gun house was kept
+two brass three-pounders, which had been recast from two old guns sent
+by the town to London for that purpose, and had the arms of the province
+engraved upon them. They arrived in Boston in 1768, and were first used
+at the celebration of the King's birthday, June 4th, when a salute was
+fired in King Street.
+
+When the mobs began to be in evidence Captain Paddock expressed an
+intention to turn them over to General Gage, for safe keeping, some of
+the men that composed the company, resolved, that it should not be so,
+they met in the school-room, and watching their opportunity they crossed
+the yard, entered the building and, removing the guns from their
+carriages, carried them to the school room where they were concealed in
+a box in which fuel was kept. They were finally taken to the American
+lines, in a boat, and were in actual service during the whole war. The
+two guns were called the "Hancock" and "Adams," and were in charge of
+the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, until presented in 1825 by
+the State to the Bunker Hill Monument Association. They are now
+suspended in the chamber at the top of Bunker Hill Monument, with a
+suitable inscription on each.
+
+Before Mr. Paddock's departure from Boston he was entitled to the higher
+military appellation of Colonel. As an active officer, and for a time
+commander of the Boston train of artillery, he felt himself particularly
+honored, as he was then in a position of great usefulness, for, in fact
+his lessons in military matters while in the Train, were productive of
+much good, as laying the foundation of good soldiership, in the
+Province, by giving thorough instruction to many who afterwards became
+distinguished officers in the revolutionary war.
+
+Ardently attached to the interests of the government he was one of the
+foremost of the loyalist party. He left Boston at the evacuation, March
+17, 1776. There were nine in his family. They went to Halifax and in the
+following June he embarked with his wife and children for England.
+
+In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. From 1781 until his death he
+resided on the Isle of Jersey and for several years held the office of
+Inspector of Artillery Stores with rank of Captain. Colonel Paddock
+received a partial compensation for his losses as a Loyalist, and died
+March 25, 1804, aged seventy-six years. Lydia, his wife died at the Isle
+of Jersey, in 1781, aged fifty-one.
+
+Colonel Paddock's house was situated on the south corner of Bromfield
+and Tremont Streets, formerly Common Street and Ransom Lane. Thomas
+Bumstead, a coach-maker, purchased the estate when it was confiscated
+and carried on the coach-making business there. Bumstead Place was laid
+out in 1807 on the site of the home, and was closed in 1868. Gilbert
+Deblois occupied the opposite corner, on which was built Horticultural
+Hall, the trustees of the new office building recently erected there, at
+the suggestion of Alex S. Porter, named the new building the "Paddock
+Building" who said "I think that we ought to do all we can to preserve
+the memory of those good old citizens who by their influence and hard
+labor did so much in laying the foundation of our beloved city."
+
+Adino Paddock and Lydia Snelling had thirteen children, nine of them
+died in infancy, and John a student at Harvard College was drowned while
+bathing in Charles River in 1773.
+
+ADINO PADDOCK, the younger, accompanied his father to Halifax in 1776
+and in 1779 followed his father to England, where he entered upon the
+study of medicine and surgery. Having attended the different hospitals
+of London and fitted himself for practice, he returned to America before
+the close of the Revolution, and was surgeon of the King's American
+Dragoons. In 1784 he married Margaret Ross of Casco Bay, Maine, and
+settling at St. John, New Brunswick, confined his attention to
+professional pursuits. In addition to extensive and successful private
+practice he enjoyed from Government the post of surgeon to the ordinance
+of New Brunswick. He died at St. Mary's, York County in 1817, aged 58.
+Margaret his wife died at St. John in 1815 at the age of 50. The fruit
+of this union was ten children, of whom three sons, Adino, Thomas and
+John were educated physicians. Adino commenced practice in 1808 at
+Kingston, New Brunswick. Thomas married Mary, daughter of Arthur
+McLellan, Esq., of Portland, Maine, and died at St. John, deeply
+lamented in 1838, aged 47.
+
+
+ LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO ADINO PADDOCK IN SUFFOLK COUNTY
+ AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Thomas Bumstead. Aug. 1, 1782, Lib. 135, fol. 139; Land and
+ buildings in Boston, Common St. W.; land of the commonwealth S.;
+ heirs of Gillum Taylor deceased E. and S.; Thomas Cushing E., N.
+ and E.; Rawson's Lane N.
+
+
+
+
+ THEOPHILUS LILLIE.
+
+
+Edward Lillie by the recorded births of his children appears to have
+been in Boston as early as 1663. As he was devoted to the Church of
+England, it may be presumed that he came from that country, and the date
+of his eldest child's birth makes it likely that he was born before
+1640. This branch of the Lillie family probably lived for a while in
+Newfoundland, and if so, they are likely to have been of the Devonshire
+or West-of-England stock, which supplied the first settlers for that
+Province. They became possessed of real estate at St. John's during the
+latter half of the seventeenth century, described as "a plantation"--a
+term signifying full proprietorship.
+
+Edward Lillie married about 1661, Elizabeth, whose maiden name is
+unknown. He was one of the well known citizens of the town of Boston
+when its estimated population was from five to seven thousand
+inhabitants. In 1687 he was one of the sixty citizens whose property was
+rated at L50 or more,--taking rank with such contemporaries as Elisha
+and Eliakim Hutchinson, Adam Winthrop, Samuel and Anthony Checkley, and
+Simon Lynde.[202] Edward Lillie carried on a large business as "cooper,"
+at that period one of the most important industries of New England in
+its connection with commerce.
+
+ [202] Memorial Hist. of Boston, II. 8. Record Com. Report VII. 69.
+
+Prior to 1670 Edward Lillie had land "in his tenure and occupation" at
+the North End. He purchased July 8, 1670, an estate at what was then the
+South End of the town,--a dwelling-house and land. This estate was
+situated on the south-east corner of Washington and Bedford Streets, and
+it is in part now (1907) the site of R. H. White's dry-goods
+establishment. In January 1674 he purchased of Captain Thomas Savage
+land on Conduit (now North) Street and erected thereon in 1684 a brick
+dwelling-house. The estate was valued in inventory at L1300.
+
+Edward Lillie's will was dated December 24, 1688, and proved January 7,
+1688-9. His wife was probably the "Mrs. Lily" whose death, according to
+town records, took place January 4, 1705. They had six children.
+
+Samuel Lilly, born March 20, 1663, was the eldest child. June 4, 1683,
+he married at the age of twenty Mehitable Frary, daughter of Captain
+and Deacon Theophilus Frary, one of the founders of the Old South
+Church. Her mother was the daughter of Jacob Eliot, and the niece of
+John Eliot, the "Apostle to the Indians." Mehitable, was born February
+4, 1665-6, and as her father had no sons, his estate was divided between
+the daughters.
+
+Samuel Lillie, like his father, was a "cooper," but early in life became
+interested in commerce, sending as early as May 23, 1684, merchandise to
+the island of Nevis. For the next twenty-three years he was widely
+engaged in commercial transactions, and was uniformly styled "merchant"
+in formal documents. After his father's death he bought and occupied the
+latter's premises at the North End, enlarging them by other purchases.
+
+Mrs. Royall, wife of Isaac Royall and mother of the Loyalist was a
+cousin of Mrs. Samuel Lillie. During his latter years Samuel Lillie was
+absent from America quite frequently. It is not likely that he was in
+Boston from 1708 till shortly before his death.[203] Mrs. Lillie died
+March 4, 1723. They had eleven children, born in Boston and baptised
+(except one or two) in the Second church, each a few days after birth.
+
+ [203] "The Lillie Family of Boston" by Edward L. Pierce.
+
+Theophilus Lillie, the fourth child of Samuel and Mehitable Lillie, was
+baptized August 24, 1690. He married July 8, 1725, Hannah Ruck (Rev.
+Cotton Mather officiating). Seems to have done much in settling his
+father's affairs, but was not engaged in active business.
+
+On the 28th of July, 1732, in Town Meeting, he with others, was
+appointed a committee to receive proposals, touching the demolishing,
+repairing, or leasing out the old buildings belonging to the town in
+Dock Square. The committee to give their attendance at Mr. William
+Coffin's the Bunch of Grapes tavern, on Thursdays weekly, from six to
+eight o'clock in the evening. In 1736 he appears as one of the
+subscribers to Prince's Chronological History of Boston, the list
+containing, according to Drake, the names of persons most interested at
+that period in literary concerns.
+
+Hannah Ruck, his wife, was born December 4, 1703 and was the daughter of
+John Ruck, a successful merchant, a citizen active in municipal affairs
+and holding municipal offices. Her mother was Hannah Hutchinson,
+daughter of Colonel Elisha Hutchinson, and aunt of Thomas Hutchinson,
+the last Royal Governor. A close friendship existed between the two
+families, and their homes were near together at the North End. This
+friendship was continued in Halifax, after the Loyalist exodus in 1776.
+
+Theophilus Lillie sold the family estate at the corner of Newbury and
+Pond Streets March 9, 1754. Before this sale he had removed to the Ruck
+homestead "near the old North Meeting House." Mr. Lillie died late in
+March, 1760. He left but little property. His eldest son Samuel, died
+young and John and Theophilus Lillie were his father's sole heirs.
+
+THEOPHILUS LILLIE, the youngest son, was born August 18, 1730. He
+married late in 1757 (intentions of marriage published October 27, 1757)
+Ann Barker, who had been a shop-keeper, in company with Abiel Page,
+"near Rev. Mr. Mather's meeting-house." He was educated as a merchant
+and was in retail trade as early as 1758, as shown by the numerous
+collection suits brought by him, and his advertisements in the Boston
+"Gazette" May 22 of that year. His store was on "Middle (Hanover)
+Street, near Mr. Pemberton's meeting-house." His stock was miscellaneous
+English Dry Goods and Groceries.
+
+When it was determined to resist the tax on imports, a non-importation
+agreement was entered into in August, 1768, by the merchants of Boston,
+many were forced to sign it through fear of offending the mob, the
+agreement ended in 1769, and some of those who had been forced into it
+were determined to proceed in their regular business, and would pay no
+attention to a renewal of it, among these was Theophilus Lillie. They
+were proscribed and persecuted for several weeks by the rabble
+collecting to interrupt customers, passing to and from their shops, and
+houses, by posts erected before their shops with a hand pointed towards
+them, and by many marks of derision. At length on February 22nd, 1770, a
+more powerful mob than common, collected before the house of Theophilus
+Lillie and set up a post on which was a large Wooden Head, with a board
+faced paper, on which was painted the figures of four of the principal
+importers. One of the neighbors, Ebenezer Richardson, found fault with
+the proceedings which provoked the mob to drive him into his home for
+shelter. Having been a custom house officer, he was peculiarly obnoxious
+to the mob. They surrounded his house, threw stones and brick-bats
+through the windows, and, as it appeared upon trial were forcing their
+way in, when he fired upon them, and killed a boy eleven or twelve years
+of age. He was soon seized, and another person, George Wilmot with him,
+who happened to be in the house. They were in danger of being sacrificed
+to the rage of the mob, being dragged through the streets and a halter
+having been prepared, but some more temperate than the rest, advised to
+carry him before a justice of peace, who committed him to prison.
+
+The boy that was killed was Christopher Snider, the son of a poor
+German. The event was taken advantage of by Sam Adams, and other
+revolutionary leaders to raise the passion of the people, and thereby
+strengthen their cause. A grand funeral therefore was judged to be the
+proper course to pursue. In the _Evening Post_ of 26 Feb. is a very
+minute account of the affair, which had a very great deal to do with
+subsequent events. The corpse was set down under 'Liberty Tree' whence
+the procession began. About 50 school boys preceded, and there was "at
+least 2000 in the procession, of all ranks, amid a crowd of spectators."
+The pall was supported by six youths chosen by the parents of the
+deceased. On the Liberty Tree and upon each side and foot of the coffin
+were inscriptions well calculated to excite sympathy for the deceased,
+and at the same time indignation against him, who occasioned his death.
+
+On the 20th of April following the two culprits were tried for their
+lives. Richardson was brought in guilty of murder, but Wilmot was
+acquitted. Drake says "In this account of the case of Richardson and
+Wilmot, it must be borne in mind that it is almost entirely made up from
+the facts detailed by their enemies. Richardson was no doubt insulted
+beyond endurance, which caused his rashness, in a moment of intense
+excitement he fired on the mob. These facts doubtless had their weight
+with the court, for the Chief Justice Thomas Hutchinson, viewed the
+guilt of Richardson as everybody would now, a clear case of justifiable
+homicide, and consequently refused to sign a warrant for his execution,
+and, after lying in prison two years, was, on application to the King
+pardoned and set at liberty."[204]
+
+ [204] Drake's History of Boston, p. 777.
+
+After the affair of the Wooden Figure at Lillie's, there was constant
+trouble in Boston between the soldiers and roughs of the town, until the
+5th of March, when occurred the affray between the Mob and the Soldiers
+known as the "Boston Massacre."[205]
+
+ [205] See pages 43 and 44 for account of the "Massacre."
+
+Mr. Lillie had taken no part in the affair that happened near his store,
+but popular feeling was influenced by that occurrence against him. Mr.
+Lillie's full statement of the interference with his business by the
+illegal committee of citizens, will be found in the "Massachusetts
+Gazette," January 11, 1770. An extract will show his attitude towards
+the affair.
+
+"Upon the whole, I cannot help saying--although I have never entered far
+into the mysteries of government, having applied myself to my shop and
+my business--that it always seemed strange to me that people who contend
+so much for civil and religious liberty should be so ready to deprive
+others of their natural liberty: that men who are guarding against being
+subject to laws [to] which they never gave their consent in person or by
+their representative should at the same time make laws, and in the most
+effectual manner execute them upon me and others, to which laws I am
+sure I never gave my consent either in person or by my representative.
+But what is still more hard, they are laws made to punish me after I
+have committed the offence; for when I sent for my goods, I was told
+nobody was to be compelled to subscribe; after they came, I was required
+to store them. This in no degree answered the end of the subscription,
+which was to distress the manufacturers in England. Now, my storing my
+goods could never do this; the mischief was done when the goods were
+bought in England; and it was too late to help it. My storing my goods
+must be considered, therefore, as punishment for an offence before the
+law for punishing it was made.
+
+"If one set of private subjects may at any time take upon themselves to
+punish another set of private subjects just when they please, it's such
+a sort of government as I never heard of before; and according to my
+poor notion of government, this is one of the principal things which
+government is designed to prevent; and I own I had rather be a slave
+under one master (for I know who he is, I may perhaps be able to please
+him) than a slave to a hundred or more whom I don't know where to find,
+nor what they will expect of me."
+
+In 1770 Mr. Lillie removed to Oxford in Worcester County,--a removal
+induced probably by his recent experiences in Boston. His domicile is
+stated to be in that town in actions brought by him in Suffolk County.
+On account of his political views his new residence did not prove to be
+any more congenial than Boston had been.
+
+In 1772 he attached for a debt the house of Dr. Alexander Campbell and
+the people of Oxford took umbrage, and threatened him with violence. In
+the same year he sold his place in Oxford, and returned to Boston. He
+bought in 1774 an estate in Brookfield, but it does not appear that he
+lived upon it at any time. Until the political troubles Mr. Lillie seems
+to have been in good circumstances, and to have kept up in his manner of
+dress the fashions of the period, according to family traditions. He
+left Boston in March, 1776 with the British troops for Halifax. His
+family thus embarking numbered four persons--himself and wife, and one
+of the other two being, doubtless, a negro servant.
+
+Mr. Lillie's death occurred in Halifax two months after leaving Boston,
+on May 12. His property in Massachusetts was confiscated. Jacob Cooper,
+of Boston, administered on his estate. Mrs. Lillie continued to live at
+Halifax, and notwithstanding the confiscation proceedings, she undertook
+to collect, by suits in Massachusetts in 1784-85, some of the debts due
+to her husband. The Confiscation Act however, was a bar to any recovery.
+
+Mrs. Lillie survived her husband eighteen years. Her funeral is
+registered on the records of St. Paul's church, Halifax, as being on
+September 16, 1794, at the age of seventy-nine. Her will dated December
+10, 1791, and August 5, 1794 (appointing Foster Hutchinson, the younger,
+Executor) was proved September 20, 1794, on the oath of John Masters and
+Foster Hutchinson, the younger. Certain provisions of the will show a
+particular interest in a colored servant. The will provides: "It is also
+my will and intention that my black man Caesar be free, and that the sum
+of ten pounds be retained and left in the hands of my hereinafter named
+executor, to be applied to the use of said Caesar in case of sickness,
+or other necessity, at the discretion of said executor." She also
+bequeathed to him "a suit of mourning cloths suitable for a man in his
+situation in life"; and in a later codicil, "the feather-bed and
+bedstead whereupon he usually sleeps, and also the bedclothes and
+bedding belonging thereto." Mr. Lillie's confiscated personal effects
+indicate that he lived in a liberal style. At the time of his death.
+Governor Hutchinson, then in England, wrote in his Diary, July 24, 1776:
+
+When I came home I heard of Mr. Lillie's death at Halifax. What numbers
+have been brought to poverty, sickness, and death by refusing to concur
+with the present measures of America!
+
+Theophilus Lillie died childless. Search was made in July, 1895, by
+Edward Lillie Pierce and his son George, in the old graveyard at
+Halifax, but no stone for him or his wife was discovered, although her
+funeral had been duly recorded in the church register. The stones of
+Foster Hutchinson and his family were well preserved; and the Lillie
+stone if ever set up, would be likely to be found near them.
+
+Mr. Lillie's personal property in Massachusetts was disposed of and his
+three pieces of real estate were sold at public auction. His debts were
+small and the whole amount turned into the treasury, L595, valued at
+L446 in sterling money. The public gain was considerable.
+
+JOHN LILLIE, the only surviving brother of Theophilus was born August 8,
+1728. He is described as a "mariner" in public documents, but no details
+of his career on the sea have been transmitted. He married in Trinity
+church, August 16, 1754 Abigail Breck (born June 19, 1732.) She was the
+daughter of John and Margaret Breck. John Lillie died April, 1765, and
+his will was proved on the 19th. He left six children. John Lillie, his
+son, became a Major in the Continental Army and served in many
+engagements with great bravery during the war. General Washington
+certified that Major Lillie "conducted himself on all occasions with
+dignity, bravery, and intelligence." He was married to Elizabeth Vose,
+January 20, 1785, and was survived by several children.
+
+Mehitable and Ann Lillie, two of John Lillie's daughters (the mariner)
+have always with their descendants been well known.
+
+
+ LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO THEOPHILUS LILLIE IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To John Greenough, May 26, 1781; Lib. 132, fol. 216. Land and
+ buildings in Boston. Middle St. E.; Samuel Ridgeway S.; Thomas
+ Greenough W. Thomas Greenough and Edward Foster, an absentee, N.
+
+ To Samuel Howard. Aug. 3, 1781: Lib. 133, fol. 5. One undivided
+ third of land and large brick dwelling-house in Boston, Sun Court
+ St. N.; Joseph Hemmingway and others E.; John Leach and others S.;
+ Market Square W.
+
+
+
+
+ DR. SYLVESTER GARDINER.
+
+
+Sylvester Gardiner was born in South Kingston, Rhode Island, in 1707. He
+was descended from the first emigrant of the name to the Narragansett
+country. His father was William Gardiner, the son of Benoni, the son of
+Joseph, an English emigrant. Sylvester was the fourth son of William
+Gardiner and was educated by his brother-in-law, the Rev. Dr. McSparran,
+for the medical profession. He studied eight years in England and
+France, and returning to Boston, entered and pursued a successful
+professional career. He established a store for the importation of drugs
+and acquired a fortune. He accumulated much real estate in Maine and
+became proprietor of one-twelfth part of the "Plymouth Purchase,"
+so-called, on the Kennebec River. At one time he owned 100,000 acres and
+was grantor of much of the land in ancient Pittston. "His efforts to
+settle the large domain were unceasing from the year 1753 to the
+Revolution. He was made perpetual moderator of the proprietors at all
+their meetings; he executed their plans, built mills, houses, stores and
+wharves, cleared lands, made generous offers to emigrants; established
+an episcopal mission, and furnished the people of that region with their
+first religious instruction. And most of all this was accomplished with
+his own money."[206] He erected houses and mills at Swan Island,
+Pownalborough and other places, and was the author of the beginnings of
+many settlements. He was a public spirited man of great zeal and energy,
+broad and liberal in his views.
+
+ [206] Sabine's Loyalists, Vol. I. p. 459.
+
+Dr. Gardiner was married three times. His first wife was Anne, daughter
+of Doctor John Gibbons of Boston; his second, Abigail Eppes of Virginia;
+his third, Catharine Goldthwaite. In Boston he was respected by all
+classes. Of the "Government Party," he entertained as guests, Sir
+William Pepperell, Governor Hutchinson, Earl Percy, Admiral Graves,
+Major Pitcairn, General Gage, Major Small and others. He was an
+Addresser of the Royal Governors in 1774 and the year following he
+became identified with the Royal cause. In 1776, at the evacuation, he
+abandoned all and found temporary shelter at Halifax. When he left his
+native country close to the age of three score and ten, he took only
+about L400 with him. The vessel in which he embarked was destitute of
+common comforts, poorly supplied with provisions, and the cabin, which
+he and several members of his family occupied, was small and crowded
+with passengers. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished and settled in
+Poole, England. His property in Boston and Maine was confiscated and all
+goods that could be found were sold at public auction. A library
+containing five hundred volumes, was sold in 1778-79 at auction by
+William Cooper. His books and other personal effects amounted to
+L1658.18.
+
+The estates on the Kennebec were confiscated but the Attorney-General
+found that the action was illegally prosecuted and instituted new
+proceedings. Before they were brought to a close peace was declared and
+the proceedings stayed. The heirs of Dr. Gardiner learned these facts
+and obtained the property. Had there not been a flaw in the first suit
+this would not have been the case.
+
+"In 1785 Doctor Gardiner returned to the United States. For a part of
+his losses he petitioned Massachusetts for compensation. He had never
+borne arms, he said, nor entered into any association, combination or
+subscription against the Whigs. When he quitted Boston, he stated, too,
+that he had in his possession a valuable stock of drugs, medicines,
+paints, groceries and dye stuffs, which having a vessel fully equipped
+and entirely under his control, he could easily have carried off, but
+which he left, of choice, for the benefit of the country, which he knew
+was in need. The claim was acknowledged to the extent of giving his
+heirs tickets in the State Land Lottery, by which they obtained nearly
+six thousand acres in the county of Washington, Maine."[207]
+
+ [207] Sabine's Loyalists, Vol. I, p 460.
+
+Washington, on taking possession of Boston, ordered the medicines, etc.,
+in Doctor Gardiner's store, to be transferred to the hospital department
+for the use of the Continental Army; but the State authorities
+interfered and required delivery to the Sheriff of Suffolk county. The
+result, however, was a vote of the council complying with the
+requisition of the commander-in-chief.
+
+After the peace Doctor Gardiner resided in Newport, Rhode Island, where
+he still practiced medicine and surgery. There he died suddenly of a
+malignant fever on August 8, 1786, in his eightieth year. His body was
+interred under Trinity church and his funeral was attended by most of
+the citizens. The shipping displayed its colors at half-mast, and much
+respect was shown by the people. Dr. Gardiner had always been
+philanthropic and a benefit to mankind. He seems to have been identified
+in church work wherever he lived and from the following extract appears
+to have been a member of King's chapel, while residing in Boston: "April
+3, 1740.--Rec'd of Mr. Sylvester Gardiner Sixteen Pounds Two Shills, in
+full for wine for the Chapple for the year past. John Hancock."[208]
+
+ [208] "Dealings with the Dead," by a Sexton of the Old School.
+
+Dr. Gardiner acted conscientiously in his course in remaining loyal and
+his "Christian fortitude and piety were exemplary as his honesty was
+inflexible and his friendship sincere."[209] In the Episcopal church in
+Gardiner, Maine, near the pulpit, a beautiful cenotaph of black marble
+about eight feet high enclosed in a fine oaken frame, is erected to the
+memory of Dr. Gardiner, by Robert Hallowell Gardiner, his grandson and
+heir.
+
+ [209] Newport Mercury. Aug. 14, 1786.
+
+JOHN GARDINER, the eldest son of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, was born in
+Boston in 1731, and was sent to England, to complete his education. He
+studied law at Inner Temple and practiced in the courts of Westminster
+Hall. He received the appointment of Attorney-General in the West Indies
+at St. Christopher's. He was denied promotion by the British Government
+because of his sympathy for the Whigs, and in 1783 he returned to
+Boston. On February 13, 1784, John Gardiner, his wife, Margaret, and
+their children were naturalized. John Gardiner was an ardent reformer
+and an active Unitarian. He was the principal agent in transforming the
+King's Chapel into a Unitarian church. He wrote an able treatise in
+defence of the theatre. Removing to Pownalborough, Maine, he represented
+that town in the General Court from 1789 until his death in 1793-94. He
+was drowned by the loss of a packet in which he was sailing to Boston to
+attend the session of the Legislature.
+
+JOHN SYLVESTER JOHN, son of John Gardiner, was born in Wales in 1765.
+His father had left America in 1748 before he was of age and resided in
+England and South Wales until 1768, when he went to St. Christopher's,
+remaining in the West Indies until 1783. John Sylvester John, became an
+able theological and political writer. He was rector of Trinity church,
+Boston, from 1805 until his death, which occurred at Harrowgate Springs,
+England, in 1830, while traveling for his health.
+
+A tablet was erected in Trinity church to the memory of John Sylvester
+John Gardiner, who had first been an assistant and later the rector of
+the church. At the time of the great Boston fire, November 9, 1872, when
+old Trinity church on Summer street was destroyed, this tablet was the
+only relic saved from the interior of the church. It was rescued from
+the flames by a great-grandson of John Sylvester John Gardiner, and is
+now in Trinity church, Copley square. Boston.
+
+WILLIAM GARDINER, son of the rector, was an eminent Boston lawyer. He
+had two daughters, Louisa, who married John Cushing of Watertown, and
+Elizabeth.
+
+WILLIAM GARDINER, the second son of Sylvester Gardiner, removed to
+Gardinerston, Maine, soon after the settlement commenced. He employed a
+housekeeper and entertained his friends and was famous for his fun
+making. He gave offence to the Whigs because he "would drink tea";
+because he refused to swear allegiance to their cause; and because he
+called them "Rebels." "Arrangements were made to take him from his bed
+at night, and tar and feather him, but a Whig, friendly to him, carried
+him to a place of safety. He was, however, made prisoner, tried and sent
+to jail in Boston."[210] In March, 1778, he petitioned for release and
+was soon after allowed to return home where "he was regarded as a
+harmless man and was allowed for the most part to remain unmolested,
+except by petty annoyances." William Gardiner died, unmarried at
+Gardiner, Maine, and was buried "beneath the Episcopal vestry."
+
+ [210] Sabine's Loyalists, Vol. I, p. 462.
+
+ANNE GARDINER, third child of Sylvester Gardiner, married the second son
+of the Earl of Altamont. HANNAH, a fourth child, was the wife of Robert
+Hallowell. REBECCA, the fifth child, married Philip Dumarisque. Last,
+ABIGAIL, married Oliver Whipple, counsellor-at-law, Cumberland, Rhode
+Island, and subsequently of Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
+
+Nearly the whole of the estate in Maine passed under the provisions of
+Doctor Gardiner's will, to Hannah's only son, Robert Hallowell, who, as
+one of the conditions of that instrument, added the name of Gardiner.
+John on account of his political and religious opinions failed to become
+the principal heir, and William "was not an efficient man."
+
+Sylvanus Gardiner's second wife was the widow of William Eppes of
+Virginia, daughter of Col. Benj. Pickman of Salem. She died at Poole,
+England, leaving a son, Wm. Eppes, who married Miss Randolph of Bristol,
+whose son was a commissary general in the British Army. A daughter,
+Love Eppes, married Sir John Lester of Poole, and Abigail Eppes married
+Richard Routh, a loyalist.
+
+
+ LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO SYLVESTER GARDINER IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To William Coleman, Benjamin Coleman, Dec 12. 1782. Lib. 136, fol.
+ 146; Land and buildings in Boston, Marlborough St. W.; John Sprague
+ and Samuel Partridge S.; alley between said land and land of John
+ Erving E.; Samuel Partridge N.
+
+ To Joseph Gardner, Nov. 21. 1783; Lib. 140, fol. 113; Land in
+ Boston, Marlborough St. E.; alley S. and E., Samuel Dashwood S. and
+ E., Martin Gay E.; Winter St. S.; heirs of William Fisher W.; S.;
+ W. and S.; heirs of Henderson Inches S.; John Williams and land of
+ the State W.; Jonathan Cole N.; John Lucas E. and N.
+
+ To John Boles, March 2, 1784; Lib. 141, fol. 195. Land in Boston.
+ Winter St. N.; John R. Sigourney W.; Dr. John Sprague S. and E.
+
+ To Joseph Henderson. Aug. 7, 1784. Lib. 144 fol. 111; Land and
+ buildings in Boston, Long Lane E.; Dr. John Sprague S. and E.;
+ Andrew Johonnot S., Charles Paxton and Dr. Sprague W.; said Sprague
+ N.
+
+
+
+
+ RICHARD KING.
+
+
+Of Scarborough, he was a prosperous merchant, "with a leaning towards
+the Government." Many persons had become indebted to him beyond their
+ability to pay. In consequence, apparently of this circumstance, his
+troubles soon began, after the attack and destruction of Mr.
+Hutchinson's residence, of which the following outrage appears to have
+been an imitation, and the story has been handed down by no less a
+person than John Adams: "Taking advantage of the disorders occasioned by
+the passage of the Stamp Act, a party disguised as Indians, on the night
+of the 16th of March, 1760, broke into his store, and his dwelling-home
+also, and destroyed his books and papers, containing evidences of debts.
+Not content with this, they laid waste his property and threatened his
+life if he should venture to seek legal mode of redress."
+
+John Adams was counsel for King, and he, who had no pity for Hutchinson,
+but rather rejoiced in the impunity of his assailants, writes, "The
+terror and distress, the distraction and horror of his family cannot be
+described by words or painted on canvas. It is enough to move a statue,
+to melt a heart of stone to read the story."[211]
+
+ [211] John Adams' Letters to His Wife. Note to No. 9.
+
+The popular bitterness then engendered did not, however, subside, and in
+1774, a slight incident occurred which soon caused it once more to break
+out. A vessel of Mr. King's was found to have delivered a load of lumber
+in Boston, by special license, after the port had been closed, and the
+material had been purchased for the use of the troops. On this occasion
+forty men from the neighboring town of Gorham came over and compelled
+Mr. King, in fear of his life, to make a disavowal of his opinion. These
+repeated shocks seem to have been too much for Mr. King's constitution.
+He became insane and died in the following March.
+
+Such were the means adopted by the Sons of Despotism, to make patriots,
+to convert their fellow countrymen to their ways of thinking.
+Intimidation and oppression are the accompaniments of all successful
+revolutions. The same holds true of the methods adopted at the present
+time by the leaders of a strike. The leaders, like the revolutionary
+leaders, are unwilling to acknowledge that they are disturbers of the
+peace, or that acting under them their followers are brutally assailing
+those who seek employment under other than union conditions.
+
+
+
+
+ CHARLES PAXTON.
+
+ COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS.
+
+
+The subject of this sketch was born at Boston, February 28, 1707.
+Wentworth Paxton and Faith, his wife, were his parents. Charles Paxton
+was a Commissioner of Customs and as such early incurred the ill will of
+the so-called patriotic party. In 1769 he and his associates were posted
+in the "Boston Gazette," by James Otis. It was this card of Otis which
+brought on the altercation with Robinson, another commissioner, in the
+coffee-house in State street, and which resulted in injuries to the head
+of the first champion of the revolution, from which he never recovered.
+Otis subsequently became insane and while confined in an asylum met his
+death, being struck by a bolt of lightning.
+
+Charles Paxton was a warden of King's Chapel in 1762, and was remarkable
+for finished politeness and courtesy of manners. His office was
+unpopular and odious and the wags of the day made merry with qualities,
+which at any other time would have commanded respect. On Pope-day, as
+the gun-powder plot anniversary, or the 5th of November was called,
+there was usually a grand pageant of various figures on a stage mounted
+on wheels and drawn through the streets with horses. The Pretender
+suspended on a gibbet between the Devil and the Pope, with appropriate
+implements and dress, were among the objects devised to make up the
+show. Sometimes political characters, who in popular estimation should
+keep company with personages represented, were added; and of these,
+Commissioner Paxton was one. On one occasion he was exhibited between
+the figures of the Devil and the Pope in proper figure. As the disputes
+which preceded the war increased, the visits of Paxton to London became
+more frequent. He went there as the authorized agent to the crown
+officers, to complain of the merchants for resisting the Acts of
+Parliament, and for the interest of the supporters of the Crown. After
+he entered upon his duties he was efficient and active beyond his
+associates. John Adams says of him that he appeared at one time to have
+been Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary and Chief Justice.
+
+Paxton and his fellow-commissioners seized one of Hancock's vessels for
+smuggling wine which caused a fearful mob and the flight of the officers
+of the revenue to Castle William. Then came the hanging of Paxton in
+effigy on the "Liberty Tree," then at the instance of the Commissioner
+the first troops came to Boston; then the card of Otis, denouncing the
+commissioners by name, the assault upon him in answer to it, and later
+came the destruction of three cargoes of tea; then the shutting of the
+port of Boston; then the first continental congress; then war,--a war
+which cost England $500,000,000 and the Anglo-Saxon race 100,000 lives
+in battle, storm and in prison.
+
+In 1776, with his family of five persons, Mr. Paxton embarked at Boston
+with the British Army for Halifax, and in July of that year sailed for
+England in the ship Aston Hall. He came under the Confiscation Act and
+was proscribed and banished. In 1780 he was a pallbearer at the funeral
+of Governor Hutchinson. In 1781 he was seen walking with Harrison Gray,
+the last Colonial treasurer of Massachusetts, near Brompton. This able
+and determined supporter of the crown died in 1788 at the age of
+eighty-four at the seat of William Burch (one of his fellow
+commissioners) at Norfolk, England.
+
+
+
+
+ JOSEPH HARRISON.
+
+ COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS.
+
+
+As previously stated, after the close of the last war with France which
+ended in the conquest of Canada, the Government decided on enforcing the
+revenue laws.[212] The frigate Romney of fifty guns had arrived from
+Halifax and at the same time the sloop "Liberty," owned by John Hancock,
+arrived loaded with wine from Madeira; there was a duty of L7 per tun on
+such wines; several cargoes had been smuggled in without payment of the
+duty, and it seemed probable that there would either be a connivance by
+the custom house officer in this case, as in others, or there would be a
+great disturbance by the mob. Harrison determined that there should be
+no connivance by the officers and that the laws against smuggling should
+be enforced, even if the vessel did belong to one of the principal
+merchants and a representative of Boston and an officer of the corps of
+cadets. Before the vessel arrived it had been frequently mentioned that
+the duties would not be paid, and it was expected that an open refusal
+would be made. When the vessel arrived and was lying at Hancock's wharf
+on the tenth of June, 1768, the custom house officer, Thomas Kirk, went
+on board, and was followed by Captain John Marshall,--who commanded Mr.
+Hancock's ship, the London Packet,--with five or six others. These
+persons confined Kirk below and kept him some three hours, and in the
+meantime the wine was taken out and no entry made of it at the Custom
+House or Naval Office. The cargo was landed in the night and carted
+through the streets of Boston under a guard of thirty or forty stout
+fellows armed with bludgeons, and though it was notorious to the
+greatest part of the town, no officer of the customs thought fit to
+attempt a seizure, nor is it probable that he could have succeeded if he
+had attempted it. On the liberation of the custom house officer, an
+entry was made the next morning by the master, Mr. Nathaniel Barnard,
+who entered four or five pipes of wine, and made oath that that was all
+he brought into port. This was as much a submission to the authority of
+the act as if the whole cargo had been seized.
+
+ [212] Ibid. 33-4, Hutchinson, Vol. III, p. 189.
+
+It was determined to seize the sloop upon a charge of false entry.
+Accordingly Mr. Joseph Harrison, the collector and Benjamin Hallowell,
+the comptroller, repaired to Hancock's wharf and made the seizure, and
+fearing an attempt to rescue the vessel, made a signal to the Romney,
+which lay at a small distance from the shore, and a boat with armed men
+came to their aid. To prevent a rescue the vessel was taken from the
+wharf into the harbor. This removal brought on a riot, a mob was soon
+gathered together and the officer, insulted and beaten, several of whom
+barely escaped with their lives. Among the numerous missiles thrown at
+Mr. Harrison was a brick or stone which struck him on the breast, from
+the effects of which he was confined to his bed. His son, Mr. Richard
+Acklom Harrison, was thrown down, dragged by the hair of his head and
+otherwise barbarously treated. Mr. Hallowell and Mr. Erving, inspectors,
+did not fare much better. The former was confined to his home from the
+wounds and bruises he received and the latter besides having his sword
+broken was beaten with clubs and sticks, and considerably wounded. The
+mob next proceeded to the home of Mr. John Williams, the
+Inspector-General, broke his windows and also those of the Comptroller,
+Mr. Hallowell. They then took Mr. Harrison's boat and dragged it to the
+Common and there burned every fragment of it. Captain Marshall, the
+captain of the "London Packet," died the same night as the riot, at
+Hancock wharf, and it is said his death was caused by the over-exertion
+which he made in removing the wine from the sloop Liberty. The most
+conspicuous man on the part of the mob was Captain Daniel Malcolm, a
+trader in Fleet street, who, it is said, was deeply interested in the
+wines attempted to be smuggled. The revenue officer knew him well and
+owed him no good will, for the reason that some time before they
+undertook to search his premises for contraband goods, but were obliged
+to retreat before deadly weapons, without effecting their object. On the
+occasion of the seizure of the Liberty he headed a party of men who
+exerted themselves to prevent her removal to the Romney, they said the
+sloop should not be taken into custody, and declared they would go on
+board and throw the people belonging to the Romney overboard.[213] When
+the ministry became advised concerning the riots which followed the
+seizure of the sloop Liberty, they gave orders for two regiments to sail
+for Boston from Ireland.[214] They arrived September 30. The 29th
+regiment camped on the Common and the 14th was quartered in Faneuil
+Hall. The revenue officers retired after the assaults upon them to the
+Castle until the arrival of the troops. Joseph Harrison and his wife and
+family went to England. He was succeeded in the collectorship by Edward
+Winslow, who held the office till the evacuation of Boston.
+
+ [213] Drake's History of Boston, pp. 735-6-7.
+
+ [214] See chapter on Boston Mobs, p. 40.
+
+
+
+
+ CAPTAIN MARTIN GAY.
+
+
+John Gay emigrated to America about 1630. He settled first at Watertown
+and was a grantee in the great Dividends and in Beaver Brook plowlands,
+owning forty acres. He was Freeman May 6, 1635 and a Selectman in 1654.
+He died March 4, 1688, and his wife Joanna died August 14, 1691. He had
+eleven children.
+
+Nathaniel, third child of John Gay was born January 11, 1643. Was
+Freeman May 23, 1677, and Selectman in 1704 and other years. He married
+Lydia Lusher. He died Feb. 20, 1712. His wife died August 6th, 1774,
+aged ninety-two. He had ten children.
+
+Rev. Ebenezer Gay, D. D., Minister of Hingham was born in 1696 graduated
+at Harvard University in 1714, and was ordained in 1718. He was a
+devoted loyalist, and died 1787, at the age of ninety, and in the
+sixty-ninth year of his ministry. Rev. Doctor Chauncy "pronounces him to
+have been one of the greatest and most valuable men in the country." His
+son, MARTIN GAY, was Captain of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery
+Company. He was born at Hingham on the 29 December, 1726. He married
+first, 13 December, 1750, Mary Pinckney, by whom he had seven children.
+After her death he married Ruth Atkins, by her he had two children. He
+carried on the business of a brass founder, and copper smith, on Union
+Street, Boston. He was also deacon in the West Church in Lynde Street.
+On the thirtieth of April, 1775, shortly after the battle of Lexington,
+Deacon Gay, with Deacon Jones was requested to "take care of the plate,
+etc., belonging to this church, and Congregation." The church and
+congregation were at this time dispersed and the meeting house occupied
+as a barrack by the troops, and the pastor had gone to Nova Scotia. Mr.
+Gay was true to his trust, at the evacuation he took "the plate and
+linnen" to Nova Scotia and afterwards returned it, for long years after
+in 1793 the church voted him their thanks for "having taken care of the
+plate belonging to the church, while the town was in the hands of the
+British troops, and when it was evacuated." When the new church was
+built in 1805 he subscribed three hundred dollars towards it. From 1758
+to 1774, he was yearly chosen one of the two Assay Masters, and for many
+years he was chosen one of the sixteen Firewards of the Town, in which
+office he had as associates John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and Adino
+Paddock, he was chosen one of the twelve Wardens of the Town in 1771,
+and occupied many other offices of importance, which shows the esteem in
+which he was held by his fellow townsmen. In June, 1774, he signed the
+Address to Governor Hutchinson, and from that time, he was not elected
+to any town office, owing to his public avowal of Loyalist sentiments.
+
+Mr. W. Allan Gay of West Hingham, a grandson of Martin Gay, has three
+letters written by the Captain, they have been published in the
+Collection of the Colonial Society of Mass., Vol. 3. They are
+interesting as they bring us almost into personal contact with people
+who were living in Boston more than a hundred years ago, and one of whom
+saw the Battle of Bunker Hill. The first was written by Captain Martin
+Gay to his brother Jotham, seven years his elder. He had been an officer
+in the French war of 1755 and had taken part in the expedition against
+Nova Scotia under Gen. John Winslow. He afterwards settled in the
+province he had helped to conquer from the French and at the date of the
+letter had been for more than ten years a resident of Cumberland, Nova
+Scotia. Within but three weeks after the battle, it gives one of the
+first authentic accounts published. The writer's loyalty to his "King
+and Country" is very apparent, as well as his detestation of all Rebels,
+and especially the "famous Doctor Warren." The letter in part is as
+follows: "The victory obtained by about two thousand regular troops
+commanded by General Howe, over a large body of the County Rebels, ('tis
+said about six thousand,) on the heights of Charlestown, on the 17ult,
+was a remarkable Action. It proves that nothing the enemies to Great
+Britain can do, will daunt the courage of British troops. The Rebels had
+entrenched themselves on the top of a high hill, with two cannon mounted
+in the Redoubt, besides several field pieces, on the hill, which is
+about a quarter of a mile from Charles River in approaching which, the
+troops had to break through stone walls, and other difficulties, which
+gave the enemy every advantage they could wish for. However, after a
+most violent hot fire, the brave soldiers forced the entrenchments to
+the joy of all the spectators, (myself being one) and others on this
+side of the river, who are friends to King and Country. Immediately on
+the King's troops appearing on the top of the Redoubt, the Rebels ran
+off in great confusion leaving their cannon, entrenching tools and a
+large number of their dead and wounded. The loss was great on both
+sides, the action lasted about an hour and a quarter. We have reason to
+lament the loss of so many valuable brave officers and men, of the
+King's Army who were killed on the field of battle, and since dead of
+the wounds they received. I have not seen any account of the transaction
+of that day made public by authority, therefore will not pretend to say
+which suffered most in the loss of men. Will mention one on the Rebel
+side, the famous Doctor Warren, who has for some years been a stirrer up
+of Rebellion, was killed in the action. Had some others of his
+disposition which I could name been there, and meet the same fate with
+him, it would have made the victory of that day the more glorious,
+though the Rebels meet with a shameful defeat, they still continue in
+their opposition, in fortifying hills and others places near this town.
+I am not apprehensive of their ever being able to take or destroy this
+town, but 'tis a melancholy consideration to be in this situation, which
+must in time prove fatal to this town and province, if not soon
+prevented by that almighty being, whose providence preserves and governs
+the world in all things."
+
+On the evacuation of Boston in March, 1776, by the British troops, he
+accompanied them to Halifax. There went with him his son Martin, and his
+daughter Mary, who afterwards married Rev. William Black of Halifax, and
+also "his man London." He remained in Nova Scotia during the whole
+period of the war. Mrs. Ruth Gay, second wife of Martin Gay, whose
+maiden name as already stated was Atkins, remained in Boston during the
+war, probably with her father's family. Her father, Thomas Atkins, was a
+bricklayer by trade, and a well-to-do citizen, his real estate having
+been appraised at his death in 1785 at L1,696. He, with his eldest son,
+joined the revolutionists, but his second son, Gibbs Atkins, was a
+loyalist. So were families divided in those days.
+
+The second letter was from his wife in Boston and was sent to him at
+Halifax. It is interesting as showing some of the devices reported to by
+the loyalists, their families and friends to save at least a portion of
+their estates for the original owners. The letter is as follows:
+
+ Boston, 24 June, 1786.
+
+ My Dear Mr. Gay:
+
+ My last of the 8th instant containing the melancholy account of the
+ death of my father, I make no doubt you have received. In that I
+ also informed you that the house was to be sold the 15 of this
+ month which was done accordingly. Mr. Whalley chose to bid it of
+ and Brother Timothy bought it at L380. He paid 129 Dollars Earnest
+ money, the rest is to be paid in 6 weeks. I wish you could settle
+ your affairs so as to come home before the time is up. Mr. Whalley
+ has sent you the account of the sale properly authentic, and has
+ directed them to be left at Mr. Pike's at Halifax. Do come home as
+ soon as you can. Our friends unite with me in love to you and
+ children. Father Gay has got quite well. Fanny is with me and
+ desires her duty to you. Love to her Brothers and Sisters. Believe
+ me to be your tender, affectionate Wife,
+
+ R. GAY.
+
+The sale mentioned by Mrs. Gay took place under the Confiscation Act of
+1777-1780. These estates were treated by the Probate Court as those of
+deceased persons. As Martin Gay's wife was not an absentee she was
+entitled to her third or dower right in her husband's estate. The
+Commissioners appointed by the Probate Court assigned to Mrs. Gay as
+"her third" "the two middle tenements of the house on Union Street,
+Boston, with the cellars chambers and upper rooms. Also the shop
+fronting Union Street and the land under same with the liberty to go
+through the great entry into the said shop, with the use and
+improvements of the yard, Well, Pump, and Privy." This division was made
+at her request as a shrewd means of retaining for herself and eventually
+for her husband, the _whole_ of the property, for it would be difficult
+to sell or to lease the two ends of the house so divided, with the
+middle taken out. The result was that the remainder of the house was
+unsaleable and as stated in the letter was bought in by her brother
+Timothy Atkins. As Mrs. Gay by her right of dower had only a life estate
+on the property, it was necessary that she should require what is known
+as the "remainder" which was still vested in the Commonwealth. This was
+conveyed to her by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 7th, 1807, for the
+consideration $1,680. In 1809, the widow, Ruth Gay, and her son Ebenezer
+Gay, sold this property for fifteen thousand dollars.
+
+The third letter is dated at London, 7 July, 1788. In it he says "I
+cannot pretend to say when my affairs will admit of my return to
+America. By a late act of parliament a final settlement will (it is
+sayed) be made with the Loyalists within a few months. I must wait with
+patience this important event, then prepare to leave this both wonderful
+and delightful kingdom, and return to my family and friends in my native
+country, though an Alien when in it."
+
+He remained two years in England and returned to Boston in 1792, when he
+resumed his business as a coppersmith at his old stand in Union Street,
+and soon after entered into business relations with Mr. James Davis, a
+brass founder, then but twenty-two years of age, who had learned the
+trade from a Hessian, who like many of his countrymen were obliged to
+remain in the country when Congress violated the terms of the Saratoga
+Convention.[215] Mr. Gay subsequently sold the business to Mr. Davis,
+who incorporated it in 1828 under the name of the Revere Copper Company,
+Mr. Joseph Warren Revere being one of the incorporators.
+
+ [215] See page 85 for further account of the Saratoga Convention.
+
+Martin Gay died in 1809, and he was buried in the Granary Burial Ground.
+SAMUEL GAY was the eldest son of Martin Gay who graduated at Harvard in
+1775. Owing to the disturbed state of the times, and the quarterings of
+the rebel troops in the College buildings, he did not take his degree at
+the College Commencement, which was not held this year. He became a
+permanent resident of New Brunswick, and was a member of the first House
+of Assembly organized in the Colony, and represented the County of
+Westmoreland several years. He was also a magistrate of that County, and
+Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. He died at Fort Cumberland
+(where his father had a grant of land from the Crown) January 21, 1847
+in the ninety-third year of his age.
+
+EBENEZER GAY was the youngest son of Martin Gay, and can hardly be
+classed as a loyalist. He was a child when his father went to Halifax,
+and he remained in Boston with his mother during the war. He graduated
+at Harvard College in 1789, practiced law, and was a member of the State
+Senate, and resided at Hingham. Mr. Wickworth Allen Gay, the artist, is
+his son. Martin Gay the younger, was fifteen years of age when he
+accompanied his father to Halifax. Three years later he was accidentally
+shot by a friend while hunting near Windsor, Nova Scotia.
+
+
+ LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO MARTIN GAY IN SUFFOLK COUNTY
+ AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To John Davis. Jan. 7, 1783; Lib. 136, fol. 228; Land in Boston,
+ Winter St. S.. Samuel Dashwood E. and N.; Dr. Sylvester Gardner, an
+ absentee, W.
+
+ To Timothy Atkins. Dec. 13. 1787; Lib. 161, fol. 240; Land and
+ buildings in Boston. Union St. E.; Philip Freeman S.; E.; E. and
+ S.; heirs of Benjamin Andrews W; N. and W.; Dorothy Carnes N. and
+ W.; Jeremiah Bumstead N.; reserving that part of the premises set
+ off to Ruth Gay, wife of said Martin Gay.
+
+
+
+
+ DANIEL LEONARD.
+
+
+The Leonard family was established in this country in 1652, by three
+sons of Thomas Leonard, who remained in England. The three sons were
+James, Henry, and Philip, all of whom have left many descendants. The
+Leonards were interested in the first iron works established in this
+country at Lynn, Braintree, Rowley Village, and Taunton, and at a later
+date at Canton, so that the observation "where you can find iron works
+there you will find a Leonard" has been almost literally verified. They
+were probably interested in most, if not all the iron works established
+in this country within the first century after its settlement, and it is
+a remarkable fact that the iron manufacture has continued successively,
+and generally very successfully, in the hand of the Leonards or their
+descendants, down to the present day.
+
+James was the progenitor of the Leonards of Taunton, Raynham and Norton.
+He and his sons often traded with the Indians, and were on such terms of
+friendship with them, that when war broke out King Philip gave strict
+orders to his men never to hurt the Leonards. Philip resided in winter
+at Mount Hope, but his summer residence was at Raynham, about a mile
+from the forge. The family was noted throughout Plymouth County in
+Colonial times for its wealth, and the number of able men it produced in
+successive generations, who were entrusted by the public with offices of
+honor and importance. To this family belonged Daniel Leonard, the third
+Taunton lawyer, a man who was no unconspicuous actor in the affairs of
+his time. He was the only son of Ephraim Leonard, a judge of the Court
+of Common Pleas, a colonel in the militia, and the possessor of a large
+property, who resided on a homestead of five hundred acres connected
+with which were extensive iron works, situated in that part of the town
+of Norton now known as Mansfield. There, in a house on this estate the
+subject of this sketch was born May 29, 1740. His boyhood was passed
+tranquilly amid comforts which usually wait on an only child of wealthy
+and influential parents. Entering Harvard College at an early age, he
+graduated in 1760 in the class of John Lowell, the celebrated lawyer. He
+took up law as a profession, and had not been long at the bar before he
+was engaged in a fair practice, his generous disposition and affable
+manners having established his popularity, while his acquirements won
+for him reputation as an orator and a scholar. In 1770 he received from
+Yale College the degree of M. A.; in 1769 he was appointed as King's
+Attorney of Bristol County. Having become possessed of a fortune by a
+Boston heiress, he adopted what for that age and vicinity was considered
+great style, and display of dress, and mode of living. He set up a
+chariot, and pair of horses with which he travelled to Boston several
+times a week, something no lawyer in the Province had ever ventured to
+do before. In 1769 he began his political career by entering the
+Legislature where he represented Taunton during the year's of 1770-71-73
+and 74. At first he made the most ardent speeches, which had been up to
+that time delivered in the House against Great Britain in favor of the
+colonists, but in the latter years of his service as a representative,
+he, like many more of his countrymen, became alarmed at the mob
+outrages, and the drifting of the country towards rebellion, he slowly
+changed his opinions and became a Loyalist and a supporter of the
+government that represented law, and authority. The revolutionists
+attributed this change to the influence of Governor Hutchinson and
+Attorney-General Sewall with whom he was on terms of intimacy, although
+this friendship formed some cause of distrust; the change in his views
+was not known publicly, or with certainty until the summer of 1774, as
+is evidenced by his being a member of the Committee of Nine on the state
+of the Province in the Legislature of that year, a committee made up of
+those only who were believed to be against the government. In June of
+that year he became an "addresser" to Governor Hutchinson. A few weeks
+later he was appointed Mandamus Councellor by the King. When it became
+known that he had taken the oath for qualifications for this office a
+mob of upward of two thousand men gathered on the "green" near his home,
+uttering oaths and angry threats and menacing him with personal
+indignities, which they would undoubtedly have proceeded to put into
+execution if they could have found him, but being informed by his father
+that he had gone to Boston and that he would use his influence to induce
+his son to resign his office, they were mollified for the time and
+refrained from pulling the house down, and gradually dispersed. They,
+however, assembled again the following evening, and seeing a light in
+the south chamber where Mrs. Leonard lay sick in bed, and thinking that
+Leonard was there, they fired through the window into the room; the
+bullets passed through the upper sash and shutter, and lodged in the
+partition of the next chamber.[216] Friends had acquainted Mr. Leonard
+of the mob's intention to attack his home. He therefore went to Boston
+where his family soon joined him, and was protected from further
+violence by the presence of the troops. This outrage upon his home
+greatly embittered him against the revolutionists and their cause, and
+was undoubtedly the cause of his writing his celebrated letters, which
+so ably championed those principles of civil liberty, for which the
+loyalists so nobly contended.
+
+ [216] Mrs. Leonard was confined to bed with childbirth. Charles, their
+ only son, was born an idiot, due no doubt to this outrage. The mother of
+ Curtis Guild, the present governor of Massachusetts, was born in this
+ room, she being a descendant of the Leonard family.
+
+Daniel Leonard was the author of the famous letters signed
+Massachusettensis, mis-attributed by the first President Adams to
+Jonathan Sewall. These letters that appeared in the Massachusetts
+Gazette "reviewed with much ingenuity with the purpose of showing that
+the course of the government was founded in law and reason; that the
+colonies had no substantial grievance; that they were a part of the
+British Empire and properly subject to its authority." From the great
+skill in which they were written they were attributed to Jonathan
+Sewall, a man of much talent. It was more than a generation before the
+authorship was assigned to Daniel Leonard. John Adams answered these
+papers as "Novanglus." "Massachusettensis" bears dates between December,
+1774, and April, 1775, and was published three times in a single year:
+first, in the "Massachusetts Gazette and Post Boy," next in a pamphlet
+form; and last, by Rivington, in New York. Still another edition
+appeared in Boston in 1776. The replies were numerous. "Novanglus" bears
+dates between January and April, 1775. Both were printed in 1819, with a
+preface, by Mr. Adams, who remarks of "Massachusettensis," that "these
+papers were well written, abounded with wit, discovered good
+information, and were conducted with a subtlety of art and address
+wonderfully calculated to keep up the spirits of their party, to depress
+ours," etc., etc.
+
+The following are a few brief extracts from these letters.
+
+"The press when opened to all parties and influenced by none, is a
+salutary engine in a free state, to preserve the freedom of that state,
+but when a party has gained the ascendancy, so far as to become the
+licensers of the press, either by act of government, or by playing off
+the resentment of the populace against printers, and authors, the press
+itself becomes an engine of oppression or licentiousness, and is as
+pernicious to society as otherwise it would be beneficial. It is too
+true that ever since the origin of our controversy with Great Britain,
+the press of this town have been indulged in publishing what they
+pleased, while little has been published on the part of the government.
+The effect this must have had upon the minds of the people in general is
+obvious. In short, the changes have been so often rung upon oppression,
+tyranny, and slavery, that, whether sleeping or waking, they are
+continually vibrating in our ears, and it is now high time to ask
+ourselves whether we have not been deluded by sound only. Should you be
+told that acts of high treason are flagrant through the country, that a
+great part of the province is in actual rebellion, would you believe it
+true? Nay, you would spurn it with indignation. Be calm, my friends, it
+is necessary to know the worst of a disease, to enable us to provide an
+effectual remedy. Are not the bands of society cut asunder and the
+sanctions that hold man to man trampled upon? Can any of us recover a
+debt, or obtain compensation for an injury by law? Are not many persons,
+whom once we respected, and revered, driven from their homes, and
+families, and forced to fly to the army for protection, for no other
+reason but their having accepted commissions under our king? Is not
+civil government dissolved?
+
+"Reader, apply to an honest lawyer (if such a one can be found) and
+inquire what kind of an offence it is for a number of armed men to
+assemble, and forcibly to obstruct the courts of justice, to pass
+governmental acts, to take the militia out of the hands of the king's
+representatives to form a new militia, to raise men and appoint officers
+for public purposes, without order or permission of the king or his
+representatives, or for a number of men to take to their arms, and march
+with a professed design of opposing the king's troops. Ask, reader, of
+such a lawyer, what is the crime, and what the punishment, and if,
+perchance, thou art one that has been active in these things, and art
+not insensibility itself, his answer will harrow up thy soul.
+
+"The shaft is already sped, and the utmost exertion is necessary to
+prevent the blow. We already feel the effects of anarchy, mutual
+confidence, affection, and tranquility, those sweeteners of human life
+are succeeded by distrust, hatred, and wild uproar; the useful arts of
+agriculture and commerce are neglected for caballing, mobbing this or
+the other man, because he acts, speaks or is suspected of thinking
+different from the prevailing sentiment of the times, in purchasing
+arms, and forming a militia. O height of madness! Can you indulge the
+thought one moment that Great Britain will consent to this? For what has
+she protected and defended the colonies against the maritime powers of
+Europe, from their first British settlement to this day? For what did
+she purchase New York of the Dutch? For what was she so lavish of her
+best blood and treasure in the conquest of Canada, and other territories
+in America? Was it to raise up a rival state, or to enlarge her own
+empire? I mention these things, my friends, that you may know how people
+reason upon this subject in England, and to convince you that you are
+deceived, if you imagine, that Great Britain will accede to the claims
+of the colonies. And now, in God's name, what is it that has brought us
+to this brink of destruction? Has not the government of Great Britain
+been as mild and equitable in the colonies, as in any part of her
+extensive domains? Has she not been a nursing mother to us from the days
+of our infancy to this time. Has she not been indulgent almost to a
+fault?
+
+"I have as yet said nothing of the difference in sentiment among
+ourselves. Upon a superficial view we might imagine that this province
+was nearly unanimous; but the case is far different. A very considerable
+body of men of property in this province are at this day firmly attached
+to the cause of government, bodies of men compelling persons to disavow
+their sentiments, to resign commissions or to subscribe leagues, and
+covenants, has wrought no change in their sentiments. It has only
+attached them more closely to government and pray more devoutly for its
+restoration.
+
+"A new, and until lately unheard of mode of opposition, has been devised,
+said to be the invention of the fertile brain of one of our party
+agents, called a committee of correspondence. This is the foulest,
+subtlest, and most venomous serpent that ever issued from the eggs of
+sedition. These committees when once established, think themselves
+amenable to none, they assume a dictatorial style, and have an
+opportunity under the apparent sanction of their several towns, of
+clandestinely wreaking private revenge on individuals by traducing their
+characters, and holding them up as enemies of their country, wherever
+they go, also of misrepresenting facts and propagating sedition through
+the country. Thus a man of principle and property in travelling through
+the country would be insulted by persons whose faces he had never seen
+before. He would feel the smart without suspecting the hand that
+administered the blow. These committees, as they are not known in law,
+and can derive no authority from thence. They frequently erect
+themselves into a tribunal where the same persons are at once
+legislators, accusers, witnesses, judges, and jurors and the mob the
+executioners. The accused has no day in court, and the execution of the
+sentence is the first notice he receives. It is chiefly owning to these
+committees, that so many respectable persons have been abused and forced
+to sign recantations and resignation though so many persons, to avoid
+such reiterated insults, as are more to be deprecated by a man of
+sentiment than death itself, have been obliged to quit their houses,
+families and business, and fly to the army for protection. That husband
+has been separated from wife, father from son, brother from brother, and
+the unfortunate refugee forced to abandon all the comforts of domestic
+life. Have not these people that are thus insulted, as good a right to
+think and act for themselves in matters of the last importance. Why
+then, do you suffer them to be cruelly treated for differing in
+sentiment from you? Perhaps by this time some of you may inquire who it
+is, that suffers his pen to run so freely. I will tell you; it is a
+native of this province that knew it before many that are now basking in
+the rays of political sunshine, had a being. He was favored not by
+whigs, or tories, but the people. He is now repaying your favors, if he
+knows his own heart, from the purest gratitude. I saw the small seed of
+sedition when it was implanted; it was as a grain of mustard. I have
+watched the plant until it has become a great tree; the vilest reptiles
+that crawl upon the earth are concealed at the root, the foulest birds
+of the air rest upon its branches.
+
+"At the conclusion of the late war Great Britain found that the national
+debt amounted to almost one hundred and fifty million, and heavy taxes
+and duties were laid. She knew that the colonies were as much benefited
+as any part of the empire, and indeed more so, she thought it reasonable
+that the colonies should bear a part of the national burden, as that
+they should share in the national benefit. For this purpose the stamp
+act was passed. At first we did not dream of denying the authority of
+parliament to tax us, much less legislate for us. We had paid for
+establishing a post office, duties imposed for regulating trade, and
+even for raising a revenue to the crown without questioning the right.
+Some resolves in Virginia denying the right of parliament made their
+appearance. We read them with wonder, they savoured of independence. It
+now became unpopular to suggest the contrary, his life would be in
+danger that asserted it. The newspapers were open to but one side of the
+question and the inflammatory pieces that issued weekly from the press,
+worked up the populace to a fit temper to commit the outrages that
+ensued. It has been said that several thousands were expended in
+England, to ferment the disturbance there. However that may be,
+opposition to the ministry was then gaining ground, from circumstances
+foreign to this. The ministry was changed and the stamp act repealed.
+When the statute was made imposing duties upon glass, paper, India teas,
+etc. imported into the colonies, it was said this was another instance
+of taxation. We obtained a partial repeal of this statute which took off
+the duties from all articles except teas. We could not complain of the
+three-penny duty on tea as burdensome, for a shilling which had been
+laid upon it for the purpose of regulating trade, and therefore was
+allowed to be constitutional, was taken off; so that we were, in fact,
+gainers nine pence on the pound by the new regulation. The people were
+told weekly that the ministry had formed a plan to enslave them that the
+duty upon tea was only a prelude to a window tax, hearth tax, land tax
+and poll tax, etc. What was it natural to expect from a people bred
+under a free constitution, jealous of their liberty, credulous, even to
+a proverb when told their privileges were in danger. I answer outrages,
+disgraceful to humanity itself. What mischief was not an artful man, who
+had obtained the confidence and guidance of such an enraged multitude,
+capable of doing? He had only to point out this or that man, as an enemy
+of his country, and no character or station, age or merit could protect
+the proscribed from their fury. Happy was it for him, if he could
+secrete his person, and subject his property only to their lawless rage.
+By such means acts of public violence has been committed as will blacken
+many a page in the history of our country. They have engrossed all the
+power of the province into their own hands. A democracy or republic it
+has been called, but it does not deserve the name of either. It was,
+however, a despotism cruelly carried into execution by mobs, and riots,
+and more incompatible with the rights of mankind than the enormous
+monarchies of the East. The government under the British Constitution
+consisting of kings, lords, and commons, is allowed both by Englishmen
+and foreigners to be the most perfect system that the wisdom of ages has
+produced. The distributions of power are so just, and the proportions so
+exact, as at once to support and control each other. An Englishman
+glories in being subject to and protected by such a government.
+
+"Let us now suppose the colonies united and moulded into some form of
+government, in order to render government operative and salutary,
+subordination is necessary. This our patriots need not be told of, and
+when once they had mounted the steed and found themselves so well seated
+as to run no risk of being thrown from the saddle, the severity of their
+discipline to restore subordination would be in proportion to their
+former treachery in destroying it. We have already seen specimens of
+their tyranny, in the inhuman treatment of persons guilty of no crime
+except that of differing in sentiment. What then must we expect from
+such scourges of mankind when supported by imperial powers?
+
+"I do not address myself to whigs or tories, but to the whole people. I
+know you well, you are loyal at heart, friends to good order, and do
+violence to yourselves in harboring one moment, disrespectful sentiments
+towards Great Britain, the land of our forefathers' nativity, and sacred
+repository of their bones, but you have been most insidiously induced to
+believe that Britain is rapacious, cruel and vindictive, and envies us
+the inheritance purchased by the sweat and blood of our ancestors. Could
+that thick mist be but once dispelled that you might see our Sovereign,
+the provident father of all his people, and Great Britain a nursing
+mother to the colonies, as they really are. Long live our gracious king,
+and happiness to Britain would resound from one end of the province to
+the other."[217]
+
+ [217] Extracts from Massachusettensis. Letter addressed to the
+ Inhabitants of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Dec. 12th, 1774.
+
+In February, 1775, Daniel Leonard was appointed Solicitor General of the
+Commission of Customs with a salary of L200 sterling, a body exercising
+powers similar to those of a court of admiralty. Thirteen months after
+this time, March, 1776, he accompanied the British Army to Halifax with
+his family of eight persons and thence to London, where he practiced as
+a barrister in the Courts of Westminster.
+
+In 1780, William Knox, Under Secretary of State for the American
+Department suggested the division of Maine, and a province of the
+territory between the Penobscot and St. Croix rivers, with Thomas Oliver
+for Governor, and Daniel Leonard for Chief Justice. The plan was
+approved by the King and Ministry, but was abandoned because Wederburne,
+the Attorney-General, gave the opinion that the whole of Maine was
+included in the charter of Massachusetts.
+
+Mr. Leonard was in Massachusetts in 1799 and again in 1808. He was
+included in the Banishment Act of 1778 and the Conspiracy Act of 1779.
+He received the appointment of Chief Justice to Bermuda. After filling
+this office for many years, he again in his last days took up his
+residence in London, where he died June 27, 1829, aged 89. His death was
+the result of an accident while withdrawing the charge from a pistol, he
+accidentally discharging it so as to cause almost instant death.
+
+The generous temper and affable manners of Mr. Leonard seemed to have
+fascinated those who were in his household. The nurse who was entrusted
+with the care of the infant daughter of his first wife, would never
+leave him. She went with his family in all their wanderings, first to
+Boston, then to Halifax, London, and Bermuda, then to the United States,
+back again to the West Indies, then to London, and died in their
+service. His Deputy Sheriff, who had been a Captain in the Provincial
+service, a person of great address, wit, and accomplishments, followed
+his fortunes and was killed in the battle of Germantown, then a Major in
+the British Army. A young gentleman educated at Harvard College, and in
+his office, went with him to London where he died.
+
+Daniel Leonard married twice. His first wife was Anna, daughter of Hon.
+Samuel White of Taunton, his second Sarah Hammock of Boston, who died on
+the passage from Bermuda to Providence, R. I., aged 78. He left a
+daughter Anna, who married a Mr. Smith of Antigua, Harriet who died in
+London in 1849, Sarah who married John Stewart, a captain in British
+army and afterwards Collector of the Port of Bermuda. Sarah had four
+children. The eldest Duncan Stewart, on the death of an uncle who died
+childless, succeeded to an ancient Lairdship in Scotland. His brother,
+Leonard Stewart, was an eminent physician in London. His sister Emily
+married a Captain in the service of the East India Company, the other
+sister, Sarah, married a Mr. Winslow, descended from the ancient
+governor of Plymouth, and a relative of Lord Lyndhurst, (Copley) whose
+private Secretary he was during his Chancellorship.[218] Mr. Leonard had
+an only son Charles, who was born when the mob attacked his house, and
+was feeble-minded. He entered Harvard College in 1791, but did not
+graduate. He was subsequently under the guardianship of Judge Wheaton,
+and was found dead in the road in Barrowsville, near Taunton in 1831.
+Col. Ephraim Leonard, who lived till the close of the Revolution devised
+his large estate to his grandson Charles. It was understood, however,
+that the father and sisters of Charles were to participate in the
+enjoyment of the property. Had Daniel Leonard returned from banishment
+and taken the oath of naturalization and allegiance to the new
+government, he would have inherited this large estate, but this he would
+not do, nothing could swerve him from his loyalty to the old flag.
+
+ [218] Genealogical Memoir of the Leonard Family, by William R. Deane.
+
+
+
+
+ JUDGE GEORGE LEONARD.
+
+
+Major George Leonard was the third in descent from James, the immigrant.
+He removed in 1690 to Norton, then a part of Taunton, where he became
+the proprietor of very large tracts of land, and was in fact the founder
+of that town. Here this family, as possessors of great wealth and of the
+largest landed estate probably of any in New England, have lived for
+over two hundred years. Major George was Judge of the Court of Common
+Pleas. His eldest son George, the subject of this sketch, was born March
+4, 1698. He was in office from early manhood until old age. He served
+his town in nearly every capacity and was appointed a judge of the Court
+of Common Pleas, in 1725; a member of the Council in 1741; and Judge of
+Probate in 1747; while in the Militia he rose to rank of Colonel. In
+1740 he was dismissed from the bench, in consequence of his connection
+with the famous Land Bank scheme, but was restored six years afterwards,
+and became Chief Justice. He was called a "neutral" by Clark the
+historian of Norton, and he remarks that though the most influential man
+in town he took no active part in public affairs during the war. A
+_neutral_ in the Revolution was a Loyalist, the Revolutionists did not
+allow such a thing as a "neutral" to exist. The fact was that he was an
+old man, whom all classes respected, and on that account they did not
+molest him, and drive him out.
+
+He died in 1778, in his eighty-first year. "Tradition," says Clark, "has
+universally given him a character above reproach, and of sterling
+worth." He married Rachel Clap, of Scituate, who bore him four children
+and who died in 1783, in her eighty-second year.
+
+George Leonard, son of the former, was born in 1729, and graduated at
+Harvard University in 1748. He held several important offices under the
+Colonial government, and after the adoption of the Federal Constitution,
+was a member of Congress. It is said "he was a genuine specimen of an
+American country gentleman," that "he was a kind and considerate
+landlord, who never raised his rents, and who regarded his old tenants
+as his friends," that "he was tenaciously attached to old customs, and
+wore the short breeches and long stockings to the day of his death."
+
+
+
+
+ COLONEL GEORGE LEONARD.
+
+
+Was the son of Rev. Nathaniel Leonard the brother of Judge Leonard and
+fifth in descent from James the immigrant. He was driven forth from his
+native land and settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and was much employed
+in public affairs. The year after his arrival, he was appointed one of
+the agents of government to locate lands granted to Loyalists, and was
+soon after made a member of the Council, and commissioned as a Colonel
+in the militia. He died at Sussex Vale in 1826, at an old age. His wife
+Sarah, died a year before aged eighty-one. He had several children. His
+daughter Caroline married R. M. Jarvis, Esq., in 1805, and his daughter
+Maria married Lieutenant Gustavus Rochfort of the Royal Navy in 1814.
+His son, Colonel Richard Leonard of the 104th Regiment of the British
+army and Sheriff of the District of Niagara, died at Lundy's Lane in
+1833.
+
+GEORGE LEONARD, JR., son of George Leonard, accompanied his father to
+New Brunswick in 1783. He was a grantee of the city of St. John. He was
+bred to the law, and devoted himself to his profession. He died at
+Sussex Vale in 1818.
+
+
+
+
+ HARRISON GRAY.
+
+ RECEIVER GENERAL OF MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+
+Harrison Gray, was the son of Edward Gray and his wife Susanna. He was
+born in Boston, 24 February, 1711.
+
+Edward Gray was from Lancashire, England, was an apprentice in Boston in
+1686, and married Susanna Harrison in 1699, by whom he had several
+children.
+
+Harrison Gray was bred a merchant. His patrimonial inheritance, aided by
+industry, enabled him to acquire a handsome fortune. In June 1753, he
+was chosen Treasurer of the province by the General Court and continued
+in that office till October, 1774. He was an ardent loyalist, and
+adhered to government from the beginning of the controversy, but the
+modification of his conduct, his superior fitness for the office and the
+confidence in his integrity secured him public favor through the stormy
+period which commenced soon after his first election, and continued
+until his appointment to, and acceptance of, the office of mandamus
+counsellor in 1774. But this was an unpardonable offence in the eyes of
+the "sons of despotism." It was however unsolicited, unexpected, and
+accepted with great reluctance, being strongly pressed upon him by the
+leaders of the loyalist party; and as most of those who had been
+appointed his colleagues living in the country were compelled by the
+mobs to decline the office, he was led to believe that residing in
+Boston then garrisoned by the troops, he had no such apology for
+shrinking from the service, and accordingly sacrificed inclination to a
+conscientious sense of duty. This brought upon him the ill will and
+malice of his political opponents, among these was John Adams, who said,
+"I went in to take a pipe with brother Cranch and there I found Zab
+Adams. He told me he heard that I had made two very powerful enemies in
+this town, and lost two very valuable clients--Treasurer Gray, and
+Ezekiel Goldthwaite; and that he had heard that Gray had been to me for
+my account, and paid it off, and determined to have nothing more to do
+with me. O the wretched, impotent malice! they show their teeth--they
+are eager to bite--but they have not strength. I despise their anger,
+their resentment, and their threats; but I can tell Mr. Treasurer that I
+have it in my power to tell the world a tale which will infallibly
+unhorse him, whether I am in the house or out. If this province knew
+that the public money had never been counted these twenty years, and
+that no bonds were given last year, nor for several years before, there
+would be so much uneasiness about it that Mr. Treasurer would lose his
+election another year." This was one of the meanest and most
+contemptible statements John Adams ever made. It was a reckless
+accusation, and insinuation, and was ably answered by his grandson,
+Harrison Gray Otis, who prepared a clear refutation of the unjust
+accusation in Russell's Centinel, June, 1830. It was also refuted by
+subsequent events. In October, 1774, the royal government was
+superseded by the revolutionary congress who resolved "_that no more
+taxes be paid to him_," and made choice of Henry Gardner for his
+successor. This authority he could not be expected to recognize. He
+therefore retained the books and files at his office till the evacuation
+of Boston, and then left them in exemplary order. They are still in the
+public archives of Massachusetts and show the model of a faithful state
+treasurer. He might have been justified in retaining a lien upon these
+as a security against loss and damage to his very valuable real, and
+personal estate, which he left, and which was soon confiscated, but his
+high sense of official duty forbade his recourse to any such precaution,
+and he withdrew from a country which he loved, not less than those who
+stayed at home, taking nothing which belonged to the public, but
+surrendered all his property into the keeping of the public that treated
+him so basely. He was also a creditor to many of the "sons of
+despotism," at the head of whom was John Hancock, who owed him a large
+sum for borrowed money, no part of which would he pay in his lifetime,
+and of which a small part was received from his executors.[219]
+
+ [219] This was the same as he did towards Harvard college, when
+ treasurer of same. History of Harvard College by Josiah Quincy.
+
+In the House of Representatives, August 8, 1775, "Ordered, that Mr.
+Hopkins be directed to inquire how the Committee of Supplies have
+disposed of the horse and chaise formerly Harrison Gray's which was used
+by the late Dr. Warren, and came to the hands of the said Committee
+after Dr. Warren's death." The next day, "Ordered, that Dr. William
+Eustis be, and hereby is directed, immediately to deliver to the
+Committee of Supplies the horse and chaise which were in the possession
+of the late Doctor Warren, and which formerly belonged to Harrison
+Gray."
+
+When Boston was evacuated, Mr. Gray, urged by a sense of duty, with the
+male members of his family, tore himself away from his adored and only
+daughter, Mrs. S. A. Otis, which so preyed upon her peace of mind that
+it finally caused her death.
+
+He went to Halifax with his family of four persons where he stayed a
+short time. "He was passenger in one of the six vessels that arrived at
+London from Halifax, prior to June 10, 1776, laden with Loyalists and
+their families."
+
+In Mr. Gray's house in London about the year 1789, Arthur Savage gave
+the Rev. Mr. Montague a bullet taken from the body of General Warren the
+day after his death. Mr. Montague after his return to Boston, became
+rector of Christ Church. Harrison Gray, in a letter to him, dated
+London, August 1st, 1791, remarks to him in a spirit of loyalty to the
+crown of Britain as follows: "The melancholy state in which you
+represent religion to be in Boston and New England is confirmed by all
+who come from thence. Is this one of the blessings of your independence
+to obtain which you sacrificed so many lives? I am glad your federal
+constitution 'has had a very great and good effect', but very much
+question whether you will ever be so happy as you were under the mild
+and gentle government and protection of Great Britain; for,
+notwithstanding the freedom my countrymen boast of, if in order to
+obtain it they have sacrificed their religion, they have made a poor
+bargain. They cannot, in a religious sense, be a free people till the
+Son of God has made them free. It is very surprising, considering the
+establishment of the Roman Catholic religion at Quebec was one of the
+heavy grievances the American Congress complained of[220] that your
+governor and other great men in your town should attend the worship of
+God in a Roman Catholic church, to hear a Romish bishop on a Sunday; and
+that he should be one of the chaplains who officiated at a public
+dinner. I cannot at present account for their inconsistency any
+otherwise than by supposing the part they took in the late unhappy
+contests lays so heavy upon their consciences that they imagine no one
+can absolve them but a Romish priest."
+
+ [220] See Chapter III. in relation to this matter.
+
+Mr. Gray lived in England upon a pension granted by the British
+government. In 1794 at the advanced age of eighty-four, this excellent
+and virtuous man sunk to rest. Perhaps no man among the many excellent
+persons who went into exile at this time was more beloved and regretted
+by his political enemies, for a more genuine model of nature's nobleman
+never lived.
+
+JOHN GRAY, son of Harrison Gray and his wife Elizabeth, born in Boston,
+18th of May, 1755. He went to Ireland soon after the battle of
+Lexington. Hearing that the difficulties would probably be adjusted, he
+embarked for Massachusetts, the vessel was taken off Newburyport. He was
+in Newbury Jail, February, 1776, when at the solicitation of his sister,
+the mother of Harrison Gray Otis, an order was passed to allow his
+removal to the Otis homestead in Barnstable on condition of his giving a
+bond with security in L1,000 not to pass without the limits of that
+town, or deal or correspond with the enemy. Mr. Gray was in London,
+January, 1781.
+
+JOSEPH GRAY was descended from an old Boston family, his grandfather
+Joseph Gray, was married by Rev. Samuel Williard to Rebecca Sears, June
+27, 1706. Their son Joseph Gray was born April 9, 1707, and married
+Rebecca, daughter of John West of Bradford, or Haverhill of
+Massachusetts. The old people were displeased with the match and cut
+Rebecca off with "one pine tree shilling." Their son Joseph, the subject
+of this sketch, was born July 19, 1729. He was a loyalist and settled at
+Halifax, Nova Scotia, and was a member of the firm of Proctor & Gray,
+merchants. His wife was Mary, daughter of Hon. Joseph Gerrish. His son,
+the Rev. Benjamin Gerrish Gray, D. D., was born in 1768, married Mary,
+daughter of Nathaniel Roy Thomas a Loyalist, and was many years rector
+of St. George's parish, Halifax, and afterwards of an Episcopal church
+in St. John, N. B. Died at the latter city in 1854. Another son of
+Joseph Gray was William, born in 1777. Was British Consul for Virginia
+for a long time and died in England in 1845.
+
+Joseph Gray died at Windsor, N. S., in 1803 at the age of seventy-four,
+leaving a large number of descendants.
+
+John Gray of Boston, another brother of Joseph Gray. He was bred to
+business in that town by Caleb Blanchard. About the year 1768 he went to
+England, but returned previous to hostilities, and was appointed Deputy
+Collector of Customs, in which office he was popular. In 1776 he
+embarked for Halifax with the Royal Army, and before the close of that
+year was at Charleston, S. C., and in prison. He was still in that city
+as late as 1780, when he was an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton. Before
+the last mentioned date, however, he had engaged in business as a
+commission merchant, and had purchased a plantation on account of
+himself and of John Simpson, a fellow Loyalist of Boston. But involved
+politically beyond the hope of extrication he sold his interest in the
+plantation, and invested the proceeds in indigo and in a ship with the
+intention of sailing for London. The Revolutionists not only defeated
+this plan, but seized his vessel and his cargo, and the result was that
+of both he barely saved one hundred guineas. With this sum he fled to
+his brother Joseph at Halifax, who provided him a passage to England in
+a ship of war. Without any accession to his fortune yet, with letters to
+the agents of the East India Company, he soon embarked for India, and,
+on his arrival there, was well received. The family account is that he
+wrote a treatise on the Cultivation of Indigo, which the Governor and
+Council considered so valuable as to grant him L4,000 sterling, and
+jointly with a Mr. Powell, an extensive tract of land. These two
+grantees, assisted by the Company, established a factory, and began the
+culture of indigo, which was said to be the first attempt to cultivate
+this beautiful dye in India. Both died suddenly in 1782 on the same day.
+Gray was at the plantation, and Powell was two hundred miles away at the
+factory, and the supposition was that they had incurred the jealousy of
+the natives, who had caused their death by poison. Powell's brother told
+Joseph Gray, prior to 1799 that the estate of our Loyalist and his
+associate had become "the greatest indigo plantation in the known
+world."[221]
+
+ [221] Sabine, Vol. I., Pp. 490-1.
+
+Samuel Gray was also a brother of Joseph Gray. He died at Boston in 1776
+leaving issue, male and female. His wife was a daughter of Captain Henry
+Atkins of Boston.
+
+Thomas Gray of Boston was a merchant, a Protester against the
+Revolutionists, and one of the Addressers of Hutchinson. He died at
+Boston in 1783.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO HARRISON GRAY IN SUFFOLK COUNTY
+ AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To John Stanton, David Devens, Jonathan Harris, Feb. 11, 1780; Lib.
+ 131, fol. 51; Land and two brick dwelling-houses in Boston,
+ Cornhill W.; land purchased by Samuel Allen Otis N.; E. and N.;
+ Wilson's Lane E.; Nathaniel Appleton S.
+
+ To Samuel Allen Otis, April 4, 1780; Lib. 131, fol. 93; Land and
+ brick dwelling-house in Boston, Cornhill W.; land purchased by John
+ Stanton and others S.; W. and S.; Wilson's Lane E.; Samuel
+ Vallentine N.
+
+
+
+
+ REV. WILLIAM WALTER.
+
+ RECTOR OF TRINITY CHURCH, BOSTON.
+
+
+Thomas Walter, an Attorney at Law, came to America from Youghall,
+Ireland, about 1679, bringing a recommendatory letter to the churches in
+New England from a Congregational church in Youghall,--and by virtue
+thereof was admitted a member of the Second church, Boston, November 2,
+1680. His family were originally of Lancashire, England, and were of
+gentle blood. He died before the year 1698.
+
+REV. NEHEMIAH WALTER, son of the former, was born in Ireland, December,
+1663, and came to America with his father. He early distinguished
+himself by proficiency in his studies at school, and by the age of
+thirteen was a master of the Latin tongue. It soon became evident that
+his genius pointed to a professional life, and he was sent to Harvard
+University where he graduated with honors in 1684. Shortly thereafter he
+removed to Nova Scotia where he resided some months for the purpose of
+acquiring the French language. He became a distinguished scholar and
+became noted among the literati of the day. After a careful and
+impartial examination and great deliberation, "he fell in the way of the
+Churches of New England, as thinking their constitution practice in
+general, with respect to worship, discipline and order, most comfortable
+to gospel institution and primitive practice." He was ordained a
+colleague of the Rev. John Eliot October 17, 1688 at the age of
+twenty-five. The first church at Roxbury had, at the earnest request of
+the venerable Apostle Eliot, been seeking a colleague to share the
+duties which increasing infirmity rendered irksome to him; and Nehemiah
+Walter was chosen. Mr. Eliot died soon after this after a life crowned
+with glory, honors, and labor, and it was a great consolation to him in
+his latter days to see his people so happily settled under Mr. Walter.
+For more than sixty years his successor faithfully discharged the duties
+of his office always to the acceptance of his people. He married Sarah,
+the daughter of Rev. Increase Mather by Maria, daughter of the
+distinguished Rev. John Cotton. Nehemiah Walter died September 17, 1750,
+and he was buried in the ministerial vault in the old burial ground,
+corner of Washington and Eustis Streets, Roxbury.
+
+REV. THOMAS WALTER, second son of Nehemiah Walter, was born in Roxbury,
+December 13, 1696, and early gave evidence of most extraordinary genius.
+He graduated from Harvard University in 1713 and was ordained October
+29th, 1718, and December 25th of the same year was married to Rebeckah,
+daughter of Rev. Joseph Belcher. He was a man who combined great wit and
+humor with infinite learning and excelled in the science of harmony. He
+published works on music, and one of his sermons upon the 2nd Samuel
+XXIII 1 "The Sweet psalmist of Israel" which was delivered at the Boston
+Lecture, has been pronounced "the most beautiful composition among the
+sermons which have been handed down to us by our fathers." Others of his
+sermons were also published. Thomas Walter was one of the most
+distinguished scholars and disputants of the day. "He had all his
+father's vivacity and richness of imagination with more vigor of
+intellect." For his genius and powers he was reckoned to be one of the
+ablest clergymen that New England up to that time had produced. His
+death occurred on Sunday, January 10, 1724-5, and he expressed his hope
+that he might die on that day, when lying prostrate with consumption.
+His tomb is in the old burying ground, Roxbury. His daughter Rebeckah,
+who was born in 1722, died unmarried January 11, 1780.
+
+Rev. William Walter, the subject of this sketch, was a nephew of Thomas
+Walter. He was born in 1739, and graduated at Harvard College in 1756.
+Up to the time of the Revolution the preachers in the Episcopal church
+occupied the position of missionaries in the American colonies. They
+were sent here and were in the pay of the "Society for the Propagation
+of the Gospel in Foreign Parts." The following extracts are from letters
+written to the Secretary of the Society, and they explain themselves.
+
+"Copy of a letter written to the Reverend Mr. Hooper of Trinity church
+in Boston, by Mr. Barnard, an eminent dissenting clergyman, in answer to
+one from the former desiring the latter would be so good as to send him
+a just and honest character of Mr. William Walter, who was talked of as
+a fit person to be assistant Minister at said church."
+
+"He came out of our College with the reputation of one of the best
+classical scholars of his class. He lived first in this town in the
+business of a Grammar Schoolmaster, which trust he executed for several
+years to universal acceptance, faithful, and careful. I have reason to
+believe, in forming the tender minds of his pupils to virtue and
+religion, as well as forwarding them in their scholastic exercise. When
+to the sorrow of the town, he quitted that employ, he became connected
+with the Custom House. This business naturally raised complaints against
+him among trading people. But all I have heard were of his not being so
+flexible in some matters as they wished, none of oppression, much less
+of mean fraudulent ways of filling his own pockets.
+
+"His temper is innocently cheerful, open, and friendly. He has a tender
+and delicate sense of honor, a just idea of the truest honor. He is kind
+and compassionate, etc." This letter had the desired effect. It was
+written Oct. 15, 1763. He was ordained by the Bishop of London the
+following year and became an assistant to the Rev. Mr. Hooper, whom he
+succeeded as rector of Trinity church, the third Episcopal church in
+Boston, being opened in 1735. It stood on the corner of Summer and
+Hawley Streets. It was a plain wooden structure without steeple or
+tower.
+
+In 1767 he joined with the Clergy of Massachusetts and Rhode Island in
+sending a letter to England requesting that a Bishop be sent to
+America. The letter says, "We are too remote and inconsiderable to
+approach the Throne, yet could His Majesty hear the voice of so distant
+a people the request for American Bishops would appear to be the crye of
+many of his most faithful subjects."
+
+"We do, however, think ourselves happy in this, that the Society will
+omit no favorable opportunity of representing the advantage that may
+accrue to these Colonies, to religion and to the British Interests, by
+condescending to this one request."[222] The Episcopal form of worship
+was always disagreeable to the Congregationalists, and when they
+discovered that the ministry entertained the design of sending over a
+bishop to the colonies, a controversy for years ran high on the subject.
+So resolute was the opposition to this project that it was abandoned.
+This controversy John Adams says contributed as much as any other cause
+to arouse attention to the claims of Parliament. The spirit of the times
+is well represented in a cartoon in the Political Register of 1769 which
+is here reproduced.
+
+ [222] Papers relating to the church in Massachusetts, Pp. 506-7, 531-2.
+
+The Rev. William Walter was a firm Loyalist. At the evacuation of Boston
+he was obliged to leave his house and accompanied by his family he went
+to Halifax. In 1776 he went to England, then returned and went to New
+York, and acted for some time as Chaplain of a British regiment. While
+in New York he sent a letter to the Secretary of the S. P. G. F. P.,
+dated Dec. 8, 1781. It is interesting as it shows the trials and
+difficulties of the ministers of the Church of England during the
+Revolution. It is in part as follows: "I disbelieve that Mr. Bass ever
+preached a sermon for cloathing a rebel battalion, or ever read the
+Declarative Act for independence in his church, or has altered his
+sentiments since his dismission, but that he opens his church on the
+days appointed by Congress as Public days, is most certain, and if this
+is to be criminal, then every clergyman within the rebel lines is
+criminal, and among others, Dr. Inglis, of this city, who did the same
+when Mr. Washington's army was here, yet no clergyman stands higher in
+the esteem of the Society for his loyalty." The occasion of this letter
+was the stopping of Mr. Bass's salary by the Society, as it had been
+reported to it that Mr. Bass had gone over to the rebels.
+
+At the peace, accompanied by his family of six persons and by three
+servants, he went from New York to Shelburne, N. S., where the Crown
+granted him one town and one water lot. His losses in consequence of his
+loyalty were estimated at L7,000. In 1791 he returned to Boston and the
+next year was chosen Rector of Christ church.
+
+[Illustration: LANDING A BISHOP.]
+
+William Walter was a zealous supporter of the church and crown, and
+vindicated his sincerity by the sacrifices he made for them. His
+discourses are described as rational and judicious, "recommended by an
+eloquence, graceful and majestical." He was no knight errant, but while
+adhering to his own convictions with quiet persistency, he exercised a
+large charity towards all forms of faith and Christian worship. The
+degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Kings College, Aberdeen, in
+1784. In 1796 he was invited to deliver the Dudleian lecture at Harvard
+College and in 1798 he pronounced the anniversary discourse before the
+Massachusetts Humane Society, which was published. Dr. Walter was a
+remarkably handsome man; tall and well proportioned. When in the street,
+he wore a long blue coat over his cassock and gown, wig dressed and
+powdered, a three-cornered hat, knee breeches of fine black cloth, and
+with silk hose, and square quartered sleeves with silver buckles. His
+countenance was always serene, his temper always cheerful; happy
+himself, he communicated happiness to all around him. In the desk he
+read the glorious service like one inspired; his voice was clear,
+musical and well modulated. In his family he was loved, reverenced and
+admired. His heart, his house, his purse, were ever open to the needy.
+He married Lydia, daughter of Benjamin Lynde, the younger, of Salem, and
+by her had seven children. Her death occurred in 1798.
+
+Dr. Walter continued his rectorship at Christ church until his death in
+1800, at the age of sixty-one. The Rev. Dr. Parker, who preached his
+funeral sermon, delineated his character as ornamental to religion and
+to the church, to literature and humanity. Dr. Walter's grandson, Lynde
+Minshall Walter, born in 1799, graduated at Harvard University in 1817.
+He established the Boston Evening Transcript in 1830, and was the first
+editor of the paper. His death occurred in 1842. Another grandson,
+William Bicker was born in Boston, April 19, 1796, and graduated at
+Bowdoin College in 1818. He studied divinity at Cambridge but did not
+preach. He became best known as an author, possessing an active fancy
+and a great faculty of versification. He contributed odes and sonnets
+and translations to the newspapers and in 1821 in Boston, he published
+"Poems" and "Sukey" a poem. In 1822 he went to the southern states to
+give lectures on poetry, but he died shortly after his arrival in
+Charleston, South Carolina, April 23, 1822.
+
+This family so distinguished in ecclesiastical history of New England is
+believed now to be extinct. There were others of the name in Boston at
+an early period, who have perhaps left descendants, but they are not
+known to have any connection with this family.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO REV. WILLIAM WALTER IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Leonard Jarvis, Sept. 27, 1784; Lib. 145, fol. 32; Land and
+ buildings in Boston, South St. W.; Samuel Quincy, an absentee, S.;
+ Robert Robbins and heirs of Benjamin Clark, deceased, E; Samuel
+ Connant N. and E.; Nathaniel Taylor, an absentee, N.
+
+
+
+
+ THOMAS AMORY.
+
+
+Hugh Amory was living in the year 1605 at Wrington in Somersetshire,
+under the northern side of Mendip Hills, this town and Shepton Mallett
+was noted at this time for its broad cloth manufactures which, within
+fifty years had transformed England's industry and commerce in Somerset
+and Devon. Hugh and one of his sons was a merchant the other was a
+woolen-draper, the latter, Thomas Amory, was the ancestor of the
+American branch of the family, his career was the troubled one of a
+Bristol merchant in the middle of the seventeenth century, when the city
+was besieged and taken by both the Parliamentary and the King's army.
+His son Jonathan was born in the county of Somerset in the year 1654,
+his father owned the estate of St. Anne and other lands in the county
+which in the next century went to his descendants in this country, but
+too heavily encumbered to be of any value. Jonathan was brought up under
+the care of his elder brother Thomas, who married Elizabeth Fitzmaurice
+a daughter of the 19th Lord of Kerry, ancestor of the present Marquis of
+Landsdowne. In consequence of this connection he removed to Ireland,
+taking his younger brother Jonathan with him, who in time became a
+merchant at Dublin, where he is recorded in 1675 as the purchaser from
+the city of the north bank of the Liffy. Dublin, hitherto, had lain
+wholly on the south side of the river. As late as 1816, L2, 10s. annual
+rent for it from "Jonathan Armory" still formed an item of the city's
+income. It is now as other crowded city districts, which have wharves at
+one end and a railway station at the other, with streets of
+age-blackened tenements and workshops between.
+
+Jonathan Amory married Rebecca Houston in 1677, he went to the West
+Indies with his brother Robert in 1682, and his wife died at Barbados in
+1685. Jonathan Amory then went to South Carolina taking with him his
+infant son Thomas. He married again, and invested largely in lands and
+houses. He was elected speaker of the Colonial Legislature, and
+subsequently treasurer of the Province. He died in the fall of 1699 of
+yellow fever.
+
+THOMAS AMORY, son of the former, was born in Limerick, Ireland, in 1682
+and accompanied his father to South Carolina. In the year 1696 he was
+sent with his sister Anne to their relatives in England to be educated.
+He was placed under the care of his cousin, Counsellor Amory, and was
+sent to the Westminster school. After his father's death he entered the
+counting-house of Mr. Ozell, a French merchant in London who in the year
+1709 sent him to the Azores as supercargo. Here he established himself
+as a merchant and was appointed Dutch and English consul, and making
+only an occasional visit to Europe. Here he remained many years. About
+1719 he embarked for Boston, and spent the following winter with his
+sister in Carolina. Returning to Boston he met Rebecca Holmes, daughter
+of Frances Holmes, and married her in May, 1721.
+
+Thomas Amory bought lands at the South end of Boston, built a house and
+wharves, hired a counting-house of his friend, Governor Belcher, on the
+Long wharf and engaged in commerce with England, the Azores and
+Carolinas. He died in 1728, but his widow long survived him, dying in
+Boston in 1770 at the age of seventy. He left three sons and two
+daughters.
+
+THOMAS AMORY, son of the former, was born in Boston April 23, 1722, and
+entered the Latin school in 1735, and graduated at Harvard College in
+1741. He studied Divinity, but never took orders. As eldest son he
+inherited a double share of his father's estate. He married Elizabeth,
+the daughter of William Coffin and by her had Rebecca, afterwards the
+wife of Dr. Aron Dexter. He purchased the house built by Governor
+Belcher at the corner of Harvard and Washington streets, the gardens of
+which extended to the water, and this was his principal residence for
+the rest of his life. Thomas Amory was one of the Addressers of Gage but
+he did not take an active part in controversies preceding the
+revolution. He is described in a deed in 1769 as "Thomas Amory
+gentleman" in 1772 as "Distiller" and at other times as merchant. It was
+said that as the Revolution drew near he and his brother John planned to
+withdraw to England, leaving in the care of their brother Jonathan, who
+was childless, their combined families, to the number of twenty-three.
+He was on terms of friendship with the British officers and when the
+troops garrisoned the town, his house was attacked by the mob. He was
+entertaining some of the officers at his home, when bricks were thrown
+at his windows. One of these missiles waked his little daughter, by
+smashing the pane and falling on her bed. He spoke to the mob from the
+porch and it dispersed, but he had first hastily sent his guests by the
+garden way, to his boat, by which they were enabled to get to their
+quarters. His wife's family, the Coffins, were all Loyalists, and Thomas
+Amory therefore was regarded with some suspicion, especially as he was
+an "Addresser" of Gen. Gage.
+
+When General Washington entrenched Dorchester Heights, March 1776, in
+order to command Boston with his guns, the inhabitants saw danger from
+both sides. Washington's assault would do great damage and the British
+troops as they withdrew might fire the town. On March 8th Deacon
+Newhall, chairman of the selectmen, requested Thomas and Jonathan Amory,
+and their friend, Peter Johonnot, to carry to General Washington a paper
+prepared by four Selectmen, proposing that the British troops should be
+allowed to retire unmolested, on condition of doing no harm. The offer
+was really authorized by General Robertson, acting for General Howe, but
+this could not be put in writing, nor was the person named to whom the
+paper was addressed. The messengers, however, delivered it to General
+Washington, whereupon Colonel Learned on his behalf wrote them an answer
+to the effect that no notice could be taken of a letter neither
+addressed to himself, nor authenticated by General Howe. Nevertheless
+the agreement was kept, as if it had been formally made. Ministers were
+therefore able to deny to an angry opposition in Parliament that there
+had been any compromise, or stipulation between General Howe and the
+rebels, although the Duke of Manchester affirmed that he had private
+information of it.[223]
+
+ [223] The descendants of Hugh Amory, London. 1901. The Amory Family,
+ Boston, 1856.
+
+On the evacuation Thomas Amory withdrew to Watertown, where he lived
+some years. He died shortly after the peace in 1784. His widow survived
+until 1823. He left nine children, seven of whom were married and
+resided in Boston. It is interesting to consider how the blood of the
+loyal and the disloyal afterwards became mixed. At the battle of Bunker
+Hill June 17, 1776, Captain Linzee of the Kings ship-of-war Falcon
+cannonaded the works which Prescott the "rebel" defended, but the
+granddaughter of Linzee was the wife of Prescott the historian who was a
+grandson of the rebel, and this lady is a daughter of Thomas C. Amory,
+the eldest son of this notice. Jonathan, the second son of our Loyalist,
+married Hettie, daughter of James Sullivan, governor of Massachusetts,
+while the wife of John Amory, another son, was near of kin to Henry
+Gardner, the "rebel" who succeeded Harrison Gray, the last royal
+treasurer of the same state. Again Nathaniel, another son, married a
+niece of Commodore Preble, and her sister was the wife of Admiral
+Wormley of the Royal Navy. Once more, William, a fifth son, born in
+1774, was an officer in the British navy and after the war entered the
+U. S. navy and distinguished himself in the war with Tripoli, being one
+of the party that burnt the Philadelphia. He also distinguished himself
+in an attack under Hull on a fort in South America during the French
+war. But "loyalty" as understood in olden time, is still represented in
+the family by the union of Mr. Amory's grandson Charles with Martha
+Greene and of his grandson, James Sullivan, with Mary Greene, nieces of
+the late Lord Lyndhurst. Mr. Amory's grandson, Thomas C., married Esther
+Sargent, and William of the same degree of consanguinity married Anna,
+daughter of David Sears of Boston. Of the sons here mentioned, Thomas C.
+Amory, was a successful merchant and died in 1812. Thomas C., Jr., also
+a descendant, is the author of the Life of Governor Sullivan, his
+grandfather on his mother's side.[224]
+
+ [224] Sabin's Loyalists of the American Revolution.
+
+Jonathan Amory, brother to Thomas, was born in Boston December 19, 1726.
+He married Abigail Taylor, and resided on what is now the opening of
+Temple Place into Washington street. His garden is said to have extended
+two or three hundred feet in either direction, joining his brother
+John's home which formerly had been Rufus Greene's in Newbury street, at
+the corner of West street.
+
+Jonathan Amory died in 1797, leaving a large estate to his brother John
+and John's children.
+
+JOHN AMORY, another brother of Thomas, was born in Boston in 1728. He
+married Catherine, daughter of Rufus Greene. He was the father of nine
+children who grew up and settled in his native town. He built a house
+at the corner of Beacon and Tremont streets, opposite King's chapel, and
+lived there, and in Washington street on the site where Amory hall
+afterwards stood. He engaged in commerce with his younger brother. The
+letters of this business house from 1760 during the Stamp Act excitement
+and the Tea troubles give many interesting particulars of that period.
+Parts of this correspondence were published in English papers and to one
+letter a member of Parliament ascribed influence in the repeal of the
+Stamp act. In 1757 the store of Jonathan and John Amory was "the sign of
+the Horse at the head of Dock Square," they afterwards (before 1762)
+removed into King street "just below the town house." Their store was
+probably the last of the "old stores" in State street. The house,
+distill-house stores and wharf were Thomas Amory's share of his father's
+property. Amory's wharf was at the east end of Castle street, on which
+in 1777 he had a still-house.
+
+In 1774 John Amory left with his family for England. It was necessary
+that one of the partners should go on business. At the beginning of
+hostilities his house owed their English creditors L23,000 sterling
+which they remitted without delay, while their countrymen who owed them,
+from inability, or taking advantage of the times paid, if at all, in a
+depreciated currency.
+
+The illness of his wife, which terminated in her death in 1778,
+prevented his return to Boston. Shortly before the peace he embarked for
+America and landing at New York he took the oath of allegiance to the
+Crown. He was not permitted to live in Boston in consequence of the
+"Banishment Act." His name had been placed upon the list of the
+proscribed, and preliminary measures were taken to confiscate his
+property. His brother wrote him should this be done he would always
+share what he had with him. He resided in Providence till 1783, some of
+his family being with him then through the influence of his friends in
+Boston, and upon his petition to the Legislature, declaring his
+allegiance to the new government, he was allowed to return to Boston. He
+died in 1805, leaving six sons and four daughters. One of his daughters
+married John Lovell, widely known as a political writer, and another was
+the wife of John McLean, who liberally endowed the Massachusetts General
+hospital.
+
+
+
+
+ REV. HENRY CANER.
+
+ RECTOR OF KING'S CHAPEL.
+
+
+Henry Caner, D. D., was graduated at Yale College in 1724, and was the
+"son of Mr. Caner who built the first college and rector's house" at New
+Haven, Connecticut. For three years after leaving college he lived under
+the theological teaching of Mr. Johnson of Stratford, who had the
+general supervision of the Episcopal students of divinity, and who had
+been his college tutor. Though too young to be ordained, he assisted Mr.
+Johnson as a catechist and schoolmaster at Fairfield. In 1727 he went to
+England for ordination. For some years, subsequently, his ministry was
+confined to Norwalk and Fairfield, Connecticut, and he became a great
+worker among the missions. His health became impaired by his severe
+labors and in 1736 he sought relief by a voyage to England, where on the
+recommendation of Archbishop Potter he had been created M. A. by a
+diploma at Oxford March 8, 1735. His father died in 1731 at the age of
+sixty. The name was long preserved in New Haven by "Caner's Pond." The
+name is also written sometimes Canner, or Conner.
+
+In 1747 the successful missionary was inducted into office as rector of
+the First Episcopal church (King's Chapel) Boston. On being invited to
+King's Chapel he received a deserved promotion to the most conspicuous
+Episcopal pulpit in America; after a laborious ministry of twenty-two
+years in the mission at Fairfield, Connecticut. On his removal to Boston
+he left behind him two hundred and three communicants, a large number of
+those days, in a mission where he had found but twelve. Also a handsome
+church and a large convenient parsonage nearby.
+
+The old chapel in Boston was built between 1687-1689. In 1710 it was
+rebuilt to twice its original size under Governor Shirley. After the
+lapse of nearly half a century King's Chapel was found to be in a
+ruinous condition and measures were taken to rebuild, which resulted in
+the well known King's Chapel now standing upon the spot. The erection of
+this building in 1749 is largely due to the efforts of Dr. Caner, who
+was then rector.
+
+There is no trace of his printed discourses later than 1765, but the
+traditions of his preaching give him a high rank as a man of learning
+and fine intellectual endowments. The first Episcopal church in New
+England was, prior to the revolution, in a flourishing state. Later,
+while the British ships were in the harbor and the British troops in the
+town, many of their officers regularly worshipped at the chapel. When
+becoming quite infirm in his seventy-seventh year, his age and position
+placed Dr. Caner at the head of the Church of England clergy in this
+part of the country. Records show abundantly the pastoral labor which
+devolved upon him, especially in his military congregation. The last
+burial records by his trembling hand are those of three soldiers of his
+Majesty's 65th Regiment of Foot. The Register of burials also notes the
+funeral, on March 18, 1752, of Ann, "the Pious and Virtuous Consort of
+Rev. Henry Caner, aged forty-six."
+
+He was a devoted Loyalist, and when it was evident he could no longer be
+useful in Boston, he went with the British troops to Halifax. In one of
+the record books of King's Chapel, Dr. Caner made the following entry:
+"An unnatural rebellion of the colonies against his Majesty's government
+obliged the loyal part of his subjects to evacuate their dwellings and
+substance and take refuge in Halifax, London and elsewhere; by which
+means the public worship at King's Chapel became suspended, and it is
+likely to remain so until it shall please God, in the course of his
+providence, to change the hearts of the rebels, or give success to his
+Majesty's arms for suppressing the rebellion. Two boxes of church plate
+and a silver christening basin were left in the hands of the Rev. Dr.
+Breynton at Halifax, to be delivered to me or my order, agreeable to his
+note receipt in my hands." After being a rector in Boston for
+twenty-eight years this aged clergyman was driven from his home and
+native land. Dr. Caner's escape from Boston is thus described by himself
+in a letter dated Halifax, May 10, 1776: "As to the clergy of Boston,
+indeed they have for eleven months past been exposed to difficulty and
+distress in every shape; and as to myself, having determined to maintain
+my post as long as possible, I continued to officiate to the small
+remains of my parishioners, though without support, till the 10th of
+March, when I suddenly and unexpectedly received notice that the King's
+troops would immediately evacuate the town. It is not easy to paint the
+distress and confusion of the inhabitants on the occasion. I had but six
+or seven hours allowed to prepare for this measure, being obliged to
+embark the same day for Halifax, where we arrived the first of April.
+This sudden movement prevented me from saving my books, furniture, or
+any part of my interest, except bedding, wearing apparel, and a little
+provision for my small family during the passage.
+
+"I am now at Halifax with my daughter and servant, but with no means of
+support, except what I receive from the benevolence of the worthy Dr.
+Breynton."
+
+No less than eighteen Episcopal clergymen from Boston and its
+neighborhood sailed away with the fleet that bore Dr. Caner, and the
+town of Boston would have been left without any Episcopal clergymen at
+all, only for Dr. Andrew Eliot, the pastor of the New North church, who
+called upon Rev. Samuel Parker, assistant to Rev. William Walter of
+Trinity church. Mr. Parker was packing up his library preparing to
+depart when called upon by Dr. Eliot, who with true Christian candor,
+represented to him the destitute situation in which the Episcopalians
+would be left who should remain in the country, with all their ministers
+gone, that although it might be prudent for the elder gentlemen to go,
+who had made known their sentiments, that he, a young man, who had done
+nothing to render himself obnoxious to the rebels, would be perfectly
+safe, that it was a duty he owed to that part of the community to stand
+by them, finally he prevailed upon him to stay, a circumstance that
+Bishop Parker always acknowledged with gratitude.
+
+[Illustration: REV. HENRY CANER.
+
+Born in New Haven, Conn, 1700. Rector of King's Chapel, Boston, 1747-76.
+Died in England Feb. 11, 1793.]
+
+From Halifax Dr. Caner went to England. An extract from the diary of
+Thomas Hutchinson in 1776 says, "I went with Dr. Caner to Lambeth, to
+introduce him to the Archbishop who was very gracious to him, and gave
+him an order for One Hundred Pounds on the Treasurer of the moneys
+received for the clergy of America." He was proscribed and banished,
+under the statute of Massachusetts, in 1778, and his estate
+confiscated. A fellow Loyalist wrote in 1785: "By letters from London,
+I am informed that Dr. Caner had retired with his young wife to Cardiff,
+in Wales."
+
+Dr. Caner died in England at the close of the year 1792 in his
+ninety-third year. One of his daughters married a Mr. Gove of Boston.
+The Boston Gazette (No. 2002) of February 11, 1793, contains the
+following: "At Long-Ashton, Somersetshire, England, aged ninety-three,
+the Rev. Dr. Henry Caner, a very respectable character, many years
+minister of the Chapel church in this town." Foote in his "Annals of
+King's Chapel" says, "I am informed by Mr. Henry O. B. O'Donoghue of
+Long-Ashton, near Bristol, that there is no tombstone in the churchyard
+with Dr. Caner's name, nor any trace to be found of such a person ever
+having lived in the Parish." It has been said, also, that Dr. Caner died
+in London in 1792.
+
+Dr. Caner's house stood close to King's chapel on the north side of the
+old burying-ground, and was a rough wooden structure. This spot was
+afterwards occupied by the Boston Athenaeum, and later by a Savings
+Bank. It next was occupied by the Massachusetts Historical Society, who
+sold it to the city of Boston, and it is now used as an annex to City
+Hall.
+
+On the evacuation of Boston the church vestments, plate, registers and
+records were taken from the church, a part of which last was recovered
+from Dr. Caner's heirs in 1805. King's Chapel and Christ church are now
+without doubt the only historical buildings remaining unchanged from
+before the revolution of all those in which Boston was once so rich.
+
+The vestry of the chapel in 1784 applied to Rev. Dr. Caner to have
+restored to them the "Church Plate and Linnen which he carried away."
+This he refused to do as his estate was taken from him by the public. He
+however turned it over to the "Society for Propagation of the Gospel in
+Foreign Parts," who afterwards disposed of it in the Provinces that
+remained loyal. In 1787 a silver flagon and covered cup which was
+presented to the chapel by Governor Hutchinson, having the name of King
+William and Queen Mary engraved on it, was claimed by Dr. Thomas
+Bulfinch, Warden, as the property of the King's Chapel, it then being in
+the hands of Rev. Dr. Parker of Trinity church for safe-keeping. It is
+now the property of the chapel.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO REV. HENRY CANER IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Samuel Henly, Sept. 30, 1793; Lib. 177, fol. 82; Land and
+ dwelling-house in Boston. Tremont St. W.; Chapel Burying Ground and
+ heirs of Middlecott Cook deceased S.; John Rowe E.; William
+ Brattle, an absentee, N.
+
+
+
+
+ FREDERICK WILLIAM GEYER.
+
+
+The Gayers or Geyers as it was variously spelled, first settled at
+Nantucket. Some of the family came very early to Boston. The name is
+first mentioned in Boston Town Records 1690, when William Gayer married
+Maria Guard. In her will recorded with Suffolk Probate Records, Vol. 17,
+p. 80, 1710, she described herself as the wife of William Gayer, Mariner
+of Nantucket. In 1692 Damaris Gayer, the daughter of William Gayer,
+married Nathaniel Coffin. Their son William Coffin removed to Boston and
+was the ancestor of the Boston family of Coffins.
+
+The Geyers were prominent merchants in Boston. They did not interest
+themselves in political matters or held office. The records mention that
+in 1765 Mr. Henry Christian Geyer was paid L173. 4. 1. for repairs done
+on Faneuil Hall.
+
+At the outbreak of the Revolution, Frederick William Geyer was one of
+the principal merchants of Boston. He was proscribed and banished in
+1778, but not being an Addresser, or having taken any active part in
+politics, he was allowed to come back in 1789 and was restored to
+citizenship by Act of the Legislature. He was in business with his son
+at No. 13 Union street, Boston, in 1794. Died at Walpole, N. H., in
+1803. A daughter who died near London in 1855 at the age of 81, married
+Mr. Joseph Maryatt, a West Indian merchant. She was the mother of
+Captain Maryatt of the British Navy, the well known author of sea tales.
+
+Mr. Geyer's estate was on Summer street, formerly Seven Star Lane, and
+was one of the finest in Boston. In the inventory of his estate made by
+the commissioner after his departure, the mansion house is valued at
+L6,000. It was confiscated and sold to Nathan Frazer, whose daughter
+afterwards married Frederick W. Geyer, Jr., and the property was once
+more restored to the family.
+
+The estate once belonged to Leonard Vassall, and contained one of the
+best gardens in Boston. It was planted as early or before 1642 by
+Gamaliel Wayte, for we find by the _Book of Possessions_ that this land
+is described as Wayte's Garden. Judge Sewall in his diary states that he
+lived to the age of 87, and not long before his death was blessed with
+several new teeth, which shows that he not only had the ability to
+plant, but to eat his fruits. Mrs. Maryatt, whose gardens at Wimbleton
+were at one time the finest in England, and we may reasonably conjecture
+that the taste and skill that produced such marvels, were nurtured and
+fostered in her younger days among the flower beds of Summer street.
+This garden occupied the site of the store of C. F. Hovey & Co., and as
+late as 1870 there was an old pear tree in the yard in a thrifty
+condition.
+
+[Illustration: LEONARD VASSALL AND FREDERICK W. GEYER MANSION, SUMMER
+STREET.
+
+Site now occupied by C. F. Hovey & Co. The mother of Captain Marryatt
+was born in this house.]
+
+Nancy Geyer married Rufus Amory, February 13th, 1794. He was the second
+son of John Amory the Loyalist, and a very successful lawyer. The
+wedding is described as "a very gay and brilliant affair." It gained an
+unexpected distinction in consequence of a heavy snowstorm by which
+Prince Edward, afterward Duke of Kent and father of Queen Victoria,
+travelling from Canada to take command of the troops at Halifax, was
+just then detained at Boston. He accepted Mr. Geyer's invitation to the
+wedding, and came with his aides. "His Royal Highness" it is recorded,
+was complaisant and affable in his deportment, and claimed the customary
+privilege of kissing the bride, and bridesmaids. His host's son who was
+married the year before to Rebecca Frazer, the daughter of Nathan
+Frazer, who bought the Geyer mansion when it was confiscated, was an
+ardent sympathizer with revolutionary France, who disapproved of titles.
+He put their marriage notice in this form in the Boston Gazette of Jan.
+21, 1793. "By Citizen Thatcher, Citizen Frederick W. Geyer, Jr., to
+Citess Rebecca, daughter to Citizen Nathan Frazer."[225]
+
+ [225] The Descendants of Hugh Amory. Pp. 259, 260.
+
+
+ LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO FREDERICK WILLIAM GEYER IN
+ SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Nathan Frazier, May 12, 1780; Lib. 131, fol. 143; Land and house
+ in Boston, Summer St., formerly Seven Star Lane, in front; land of
+ First Church S.W.; John Rowe S.W.; Benjamin Church, Thomas
+ Thayerweather and heirs of Samuel Sewall N.W.----Green Lane S.W.;
+ John Welsh S.W. and S.W.; John Gooch and others S.E.; James Gooch
+ N.E. and N.W.; John Gooch S.W. and N.W.; James Gooch and others
+ S.W.----Green Lane S.; John Welsh W.; John Gerrish N.; lane from
+ Green Lane to the Mill Pond E.
+
+
+
+
+ THE APTHORP FAMILY OF BOSTON.
+
+
+Charles Apthorp was born in England in 1698 and was educated at Eton. He
+was the son of John Apthorp and Susan his wife, whose maiden name was
+Ward, of the family of Lord Ward of Bexley.
+
+After the death of his father Charles Apthorp came to New England, and
+became one of the most distinguished merchants of Boston. He was
+paymaster and commissary under the British Government of the land and
+naval forces quartered in Boston. On the 13th January, 1726, he married
+Grizzel, daughter of John Eastwicke. She was born August, 1708, at
+Jamaica and came to Boston in 1716. Her mother was Griselda Lloyd,
+daughter of Sir John Lloyd of Somersetshire, England, who assisted in
+conveying King Charles II to France after the battle of Worcester.
+
+Charles Apthorp was one of the first Wardens of Trinity church, and one
+of the committee that waited on Peter Faneuil, and in the name of the
+town to render him their "most hearty thanks for so beautiful a gift."
+To King's Chapel he was a bountiful benefactor, having given L1,000
+towards its rebuilding.
+
+Charles Apthorp had eighteen children, of whom fifteen survived him and
+eleven married. He died in Boston suddenly in 1758 at the age of sixty.
+His funeral took place at King's Chapel twelve days later and his
+remains were therein deposited. He was reputed as the "greatest and most
+noble merchant on the continent." He was also characterized as "a truly
+valuable member of society," and that "he left few equals behind him." A
+marble monument with a Latin inscription was placed in King's Chapel to
+his memory by his sons, "which monument covers the tomb of the
+truly-noble-minded race of Apthorp."
+
+He was very proficient in and a great admirer of the Fine Arts,
+especially in painting and architecture; talents which have been
+transmitted to his descendants as Charles Bulfinch, Esq., the architect
+of the State House and other edifices. The original mansion in Brighton,
+Massachusetts, formerly the Charles Apthorp place, still remains and is
+of great antiquity.
+
+On the death of Charles Apthorp he possessed the whole of Long Island,
+the largest island in Boston Harbor. Calf island also was formerly known
+as Apthorp's Island. The Apthorp heirs subsequently sold their interest
+in Long Island to their sister Grizzell's husband, Barlow Trecothick,
+Lord Mayor of London. After the death of Trecothick the island passed on
+the 11th June, 1790, into the possession of his brother-in-law Charles
+Ward Apthorp of New York.
+
+CHARLES WARD APTHORP, the eldest son of Charles Apthorp, married in New
+York Mary McEvers. He had three sons and three daughters. Of his
+daughters, Charlotte Augusta was the only one who left descendants. Her
+husband was John Cornelius Vanden Heuvel, a Dutch gentleman of fortune,
+who had been Governor of Demerara and afterwards settled in New York.
+Maria Eliza, their eldest daughter, married John C. Hamilton, a son of
+the celebrated Alexander Hamilton.
+
+Charles Ward Apthorp was a member of the Council of New York in 1763 and
+served until 1783. He had lands in Maine and a large amount of property
+in Boston, Brookline, and Roxbury, all of which was confiscated. He died
+at his seat, Bloomingdale, in 1797.
+
+[Illustration: "BISHOP'S PALACE," RESIDENCE OF REV. EAST APTHORP.
+
+John Adams says, "It was thought to be a splendid palace and intended
+for the residence of the first royal bishop."]
+
+JOHN APTHORP, the second son, went to England, and became connected in
+business with the house of Tomlinson & Trecothick. He married Alicia
+Mann of Windsor, sister of Sir Horace Mann, many years resident British
+minister at Florence. Mr. Apthorp embarked for Italy with his wife who
+was in a very hazardous state of health, and who died at Gibraltar,
+leaving two daughters under the care of their grandmother at Windsor. He
+pursued his travels in Italy, and afterwards returned to Boston, where
+he married Hannah Greenleaf, daughter of Stephen Greenleaf, the last
+Royal high sheriff of Suffolk County. He lived about four years at
+Brighton, when he embarked, with his wife, from New York for Charleston,
+S. C, to enjoy a warmer winter climate, and they were lost at sea. The
+children, one son and two daughters, were left under the care of their
+grandfather who attended most faithfully to their interests and
+education. One daughter married Charles Bulfinch his cousin, and the
+other Charles Vaughn, son of Samuel Vaughn, Esq., of London. The son,
+Col. John T. Apthorp, married Grace Foster, who lived only one year,
+leaving an infant. In another year he married her twin sister Mary by
+whom he had a numerous family.
+
+REV. EAST APTHORP, D. D., was born in Boston in 1733 and was educated at
+Cambridge, England. He took orders and returned, and became the founder
+and rector of Christ church in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here he
+published a pamphlet in defence of the conduct of the society for
+"Propagating the gospel" which was attacked by Dr. Mayhew, who was
+answered by the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy rendered his
+situation irksome and after only six years ministry in this country, he
+left for England. It was thought by many that the establishment of the
+Episcopal church at Cambridge was for the purpose of converting the
+students who were generally dissenters and with ulterior views, which
+excited the most acrimonious jealousy.
+
+While General Burgoyne's army was detained at Cambridge, Lieutenant
+Brown, who was out on parole according to the terms of the Convention,
+was riding with two ladies in a chaise when he was killed in cold blood
+by a sentinel, a boy scarcely fourteen years old, who levelled his gun
+at him and shot him through the head. "His remains were interred in
+Christ's church. The people, during the time the service was being
+performed, seized the opportunity of the church being open, which had
+been shut since the commencement of hostilities, to plunder, ransack,
+and deface everything they could lay their hands on, destroying the
+pulpit, reading desk, and communion table, and ascending the organ loft
+they destroyed the bellows and broke all the pipes of a very handsome
+instrument."[226] Rev. East Apthorp was afterwards successively vicar of
+Croydon where Governor Hutchinson resided, and rector of Bow church,
+London, which he exchanged for the prebendary of Finsbury; he had many
+friends among the dignitaries of the church and was greatly beloved and
+respected. By his wife, the daughter of Foster Hutchinson, and niece of
+Thomas Hutchinson, he had several children. His only son became a
+clergyman, and his daughters married Dr. Cary and Dr. Butler, heads of
+colleges, and a third daughter married a son of Dr. Paley.
+
+ [226] Travels through the interior parts of America by Thomas Aubury.
+ Vol. II, pp. 232, 234.
+
+He published two volumes of Discoveries on the Prophecies, delivered at
+Warburton lecture, Lincoln's Inn, and a volume in answer to Gibbon. The
+last twenty-six years of his life were passed at Cambridge, England,
+with almost total loss of sight, and he died in April, 1816, at the age
+of eighty-three, closing a life of great usefulness.
+
+THOMAS APTHORP, born 19 October, 1741, continued paymaster of the
+British forces after his father's death from 1758 to 1776, when he was
+proscribed, and banished. He went to England and lived several years at
+Ludlow, Wales. He visited Lisbon for health, where he married. He
+returned to Ludlow, where he died, leaving a widow and one son.
+
+WILLIAM APTHORP, born Feb. 26, 1748, married Mary Thompson. He was a
+merchant, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. The year after, he
+came from New York to Boston. He was arrested, and occupied for awhile a
+private room in the deputy jailer's house, but letters were received to
+his disadvantage, and he was committed to a close prison by order of the
+Council, his countrymen would show him no mercy.
+
+SUSAN APTHORP the second daughter of Charles Apthorp, married Thomas the
+son of Dr. Bulfinch. She had several children, three only that arrived
+at a marriageable age. Charles Bulfinch, the only son was born in
+August, 1763, and graduated at Harvard College in 1781, and after living
+abroad for some time returned to Boston in 1786. He inherited talents
+from his grandfather and became a great architect. He was chairman of
+the board of Selectmen for twenty-one years during which official
+service many of the great improvements in the town were executed,
+including the State House, City Hall, the General Hospital and the
+building of Franklin Street. After the capitol of the United States was
+burnt, in 1814, Mr. Bulfinch was appointed by President Munroe to
+superintend its re-erection. His wife died in 1841, and his death
+followed three years later on April 15, 1844.
+
+
+ LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO CHARLES WARD APTHORP, IN
+ SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Joseph Hall, April 27, 1782; Lib. 134, fol. 187; Land and moiety
+ of dwelling-house in Boston, Cole Lane S.W.; Joseph Hall E.; Samuel
+ Barrett N.; Jonathan Williams W.
+
+ To Edward Smith, June 10, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 12; Land and
+ buildings in Boston. Wings Lane N., Brattle St. E.; land of
+ Elizabeth Clark deceased, [formerly] Lillie W.; John Roulstone S.
+
+ To Ephraim Murdock, June 22, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 47; Lands and
+ part of house in Roxbury; 11 A. opposite dwelling-house of the late
+ Rev. Mr. Walter, road S.; said Murdock W.; heirs of Gov. Dudley N.;
+ said Murdock E.----8 A. near where the old meeting-house stood,
+ road N.; John Davis E.; heirs of John Scott S.; Ezra Davis W.----2
+ A., said Murdock N.; John Morrey E., town way S.; William Dudley W.
+
+ To Daniel Dennison Rogers, July 4, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 68; Land
+ and buildings in Boston, Beacon St. in front, highway to Beacon
+ Hill N.W.; John Spooner N. and E.
+
+ To John Wheelwright, July 19, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 114; Land,
+ flats, warehouses and wharf near the South Battery in Boston,
+ Purchase St. N.W.; heirs of Alexander Hunt S., the sea E.; the
+ highway N.
+
+ To John Wheelwright, July 19, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 116; Land and
+ dwelling-house in Boston, Atkinson St. E.; Burry St. S.;
+ Proprietors of the Irish Meeting House W.; Onesephorus Tileston N.
+
+ To Grizzell Apthorp, widow, and Perez Morton, Sept. 24, 1782; Lib.
+ 136, fol. 8; One moiety of land and two brick tenements in Boston,
+ Fleet St. N.; Edward Langdon E.; William and Mercy Stoddard S.; W.;
+ S; W.; S. and W.
+
+ To Andrew Symmes July 30, 1783; Lib. 139, fol. 117; Assignment of
+ mortgage Lib. 100, fol. 97.
+
+ To Francis Johonnot, agent for creditors of Nathaniel Wheelwright,
+ deceased, March 7, 1786; Lib. 155, fol. 225, Assignment of mortgage
+ Lib. 97, fol. 200.
+
+ To Samuel Pitts, June 10, 1786; Lib. 157, fol. 222; Assignment of
+ mortgage Lib. 103, fol. 89.
+
+ To Nathaniel Greene, April 5, 1787; Lib. 160, fol. 25; One half
+ part of four parcels of land in Roxbury. 21/2 A.; 17 A. near the
+ tide-mill; 131/2 A. woodland; and piece of salt marsh.
+
+
+
+
+ THE GOLDTHWAITE FAMILY OF BOSTON.
+
+
+Thomas Goldthwaite, ancestor of all of this name in America, was born in
+England about 1610. The original home is supposed to be what is now
+Gowthwaite manor, three miles from Pateley Bridge, Yorkshire, West
+Riding.
+
+He probably came with Governor Winthrop's fleet to America. His first
+appearance in the Boston records appeared June 14, 1631. Thomas
+Goldthwaite settled in Roxbury where his name appears as "Thomas
+Gouldthwaight" in Rev. John Eliot's list of his church members, Eliot
+having begun his pastorate there in 1632. Thomas was made a freeman in
+Massachusetts, May 14, 1634. In 1636 he appears in Salem where, as an
+inhabitant he was granted ten acres of land. His first house lot has
+been located by some of the best antiquarian authority, as on the
+southwest corner of Essex and Flint Streets in Salem. In 1636 he married
+his first wife. Her death occurred some time before 1671 and he then
+married Rachel Leach, of Salem. He was called "Constable Gouldthwaight"
+at a meeting of the selectmen, December 14, 1659. Thomas died in March,
+1683, at about the age of seventy-three, his wife Rachel surviving him.
+He left three children, Samuel, Mehitable, and Elizabeth.
+
+SAMUEL GOLDTHWAITE, (of the second generation) like his father, was a
+cooper, and lived in Salem. For many years during his lifetime and that
+of his immediate descendants, four family homesteads lay side by side on
+the original Goldthwaite farm, opposite the site where the Peabody
+church afterwards was built. He died about the year 1718, leaving ten
+children and perhaps more.
+
+CAPTAIN JOHN GOLDTHWAITE (of the third generation), son of the former,
+was born in Salem in 1677. By trade he was a mason and early settled in
+Boston where he married, March 13, 1701, Sarah Hopkins. They were
+married by the Rev. Cotton Mather of whose church John Goldthwaite was a
+member. After the death of Cotton Mather he was one of three who took
+inventory July 22, 1728. His home was in Boston until 1725, and the
+birthplace of all his children was on the north side of Charter Street,
+near Copp's Hill burying-ground, on the property given to his wife and
+her sisters by their uncle, Major Thomas Henchman. He sold this place
+May 17, 1725, and removed to another estate he had purchased on the
+southeast side of Mill pond. Here he passed the remainder of his life.
+His son Ezekiel inherited the estate after his father's death, and sold
+it to Thomas Sherburn, his brother-in-law.
+
+Sarah Goldthwaite died Oct. 31, 1715, at the age of thirty-five and is
+buried in Copp's Hill. John Goldthwaite married Mrs. Jane Halsey of
+Boston as his second wife. From 1708 to 1758 his name is often mentioned
+in Boston records. He is one of seventeen named as the founders of the
+New North church in 1714. His name appears in records of the Ancient and
+Honorable Artillery Company, and in the town records with the title of
+captain, in 1741. In his old age he had a barbecue for descendants on
+North Square. It was held under a tent because they were too numerous to
+assemble in a house. He died June 25, 1766, and is probably buried in
+the tomb of his son Ezekiel on Copp's Hill. He had nine children by his
+first wife and five by his second.
+
+CAPTAIN JOSEPH GOLDTHWAITE (fourth generation) fourth child of John, was
+born November 11, 1706, in Boston. He married February 8, 1727, Martha
+Lewis, who was born in Boston and baptized in the second church, Feb.
+29, 1707, the daughter of Martha (Burrell) and Philip Lewis. Joseph
+joined the Artillery Company in 1730 and in 1738 was First Sergeant. In
+1745 he joined the Colonial army for the siege of Louisburg and
+according to records in the British war office, being commissioned
+adjutant in the first Massachusetts regiment, Honorable William
+Pepperell, colonel, March 12, 1744-(5) and captain (brevet) March 20,
+1744-(5). After his return from the war he became a private citizen, and
+is seldom spoken of in records by his military title, being rather
+called esquire, or gentleman. In 1728 he appears as a goldsmith, and
+later as a merchant, licensed as a retailer at his store on Marlboro
+Street (part of Washington) in 1737 and again in 1742. He held several
+appointments and later became constable. His home in 1744 was on Fish,
+afterwards North Street. In 1773 he and his family retired to a farm
+purchased by him in western Massachusetts, July 10, 1773, ten acres and
+mansion house. Here Joseph Goldthwaite died March 1, 1780, aged
+seventy-two. His widow died October 26, 1783, aged seventy-five, and a
+double stone marks their graves in Weston. He had ten children.
+
+EZEKIEL GOLDTHWAITE (fourth generation) son of John, born at Boston,
+July 9, 1710. Married Nov. 2, 1732, Elizabeth Lewis of Boston. For the
+greater part of his life he was Registrar of Deeds for the County of
+Suffolk. His first signature as registrar was Nov. 6, 1740. He was an
+Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and a protester against the
+Revolutionist the same year, although like many other loyalists he was
+one of the 58 Boston memorialists in 1760 who arrayed themselves against
+the Crown officials, and having sowed the seeds of sedition, afterwards
+became alarmed at its results, mob rule.
+
+His last signature as registrar is said to have been written Jan. 17,
+1776, two months before the evacuation of Boston. He died seven years
+later, Dec. 4th, 1782, in his 73rd year. His widow died Feb. 6, 1794,
+aged 80.
+
+COLONEL THOMAS GOLDTHWAITE (fourth generation) son of John, born in
+Boston Jan. 15, 1717, married August 26, 1742, Esther Sargent. He became
+an influential citizen of Chelsea, acting as selectman, moderator of
+town meetings, and from May, 1757, till his removal from the town, seven
+years in succession, was its deputy to the House of Representatives,
+where he was active in introducing important legislation.
+
+He was given many important positions under the Colonial government. In
+1763 he was appointed to the command of Fort Pownal, removing his
+family there from Chelsea. This was an important frontier post,
+commanding the entrance to the Penobscot River, and offered the
+advantage, also of a rich trade with Indians, then numerous in those
+parts. Not long after succeeding to this command in company with Francis
+Bernard, son of the Governor he purchased a large tract of land, 2,700
+acres in the neighborhood of the fort, on condition of their settling
+thereon thirty families, of building an Episcopal church, and employing
+a minister. The enterprise was interrupted by the Revolution, in which
+each side endeavored to get control of all the arms and ammunition
+possible, and to take into its possession, or render defenceless, such
+posts as could be held by the enemy. With such an object in view, in
+April, 1775, Capt. Mowatt, who afterwards burned Falmouth, now Portland,
+anchored before Fort Pownal, and a letter containing Governor Gage's
+orders having been delivered to Col. Goldthwaite he carried away the
+cannon belonging to the fort. The attitude taken by its commander in
+allowing the fort to be thus disarmed, was never forgiven by the
+Revolutionists, and he ever after was regarded as a Loyalist. His
+explanation of his conduct on that occasion is as follows:
+
+"On the 27th of last month about 20 armed men arrived here from St.
+George's who came in the name, and as a committee from the people of St.
+George's, and others, who they say had assembled there to the amount of
+250; and this party in their name demanded of me the reason of my
+delivering the cannon belonging to this fort to the King's forces. I
+went into the fort and got the Governor's letter to me, and it was read
+to them. I then informed them that this was the King's fort, and built
+at his expense, that the Governor was commander in-chief of it; that I
+could not refuse to obey his orders."
+
+Little is known of Col. Goldthwaite between the surrender of Fort Pownal
+in the spring of 1775 and his arrival in England early in 1780. Gov.
+Hutchinson mentions in his diary that, "T. Goldthwaite arrived at
+Portsmouth Feb. 15, 1780." In an entry of the previous Dec. 4, the
+Governor mentions a call from "young Goldthwaite, son of J. Goldthwaite
+now at New York." It must have been quite soon after his arrival that
+Colonel Goldthwaite settled at Walthamstow, Essex, a few miles north of
+London. Samuel Curwen in his journal speaks of dining with him there
+July 29, 1782. His son Thomas married Mrs. Primatt, a lady of fortune,
+in the summer of 1780, and also lived in the town. The houses of both
+father and son are still there and easily identified, and are in
+excellent preservation. The Colonel's residence is of brick or stone
+covered with stucco, the main portion three stories high, and an
+entrance with Ionic pillars. The grounds are ample and handsomely laid
+out with well kept walks and planted with trees and shrubbery.
+
+After a life of nearly twenty years spent in retirement in England, Col.
+Goldthwaite died Aug. 31, 1799, in his 82 year. Mrs. Catharine, his
+wife, died Dec. 16, 1796, aged 81. They lie buried in Walthamstow church
+yard.
+
+MAJOR JOSEPH GOLDTHWAITE, (fifth generation), the eldest of Joseph's
+children, was born in Boston, October 5, 1730. He entered the Boston
+Latin school in 1738, and probably commenced his military career, which
+he afterwards followed near the commencement of the French and Indian
+war, when about twenty-five years old. He married October 5, 1730,
+Hannah Bridgham, said to have been of Barre, Massachusetts.
+
+In 1759 he appears as Major in the regiment from Boston under the
+command of Col. John Phillips, January 1, 1760 to January 10, 1761, on
+the roll of field and staff officers in Colonel Bagley's regiment in
+service at Louisburg, in which he acted also as paymaster. He served
+during the campaign of 1762 as Lieut. Colonel of the regiment commanded
+by Colonel Richard Saltonstall, roll dated Boston, Feb. 19, 1763, in
+which he is called "of Roxbury." He was addressed at that time as
+colonel.
+
+October 5, 1768, Joseph Goldthwaite was appointed as Commissary to the
+British troops who had been quartered in Boston on account of the
+resistance the inhabitants had shown to the custom officials. In
+Massachusetts Historical Society's collections, Vol. X, p. 121, is
+printed a list of the different nations of Indians that met Sir William
+Johnson at Niagara, July, 1764, to make peace in behalf of their tribes
+which was "inclosed in a letter from Colonel Joseph Goldthwaite of
+Boston, to Dr. Stiles, A. D. 1766."[227]
+
+ [227] Dr. Ezra Stiles, afterwards President of Yale College, and at this
+ time a settled minister at Newport.
+
+Among the Goldthwaites who remained loyal to the crown, Major Joseph was
+one of the strongest. He was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1775, and
+during the siege he passed the winter in Boston. At the evacuation he
+accompanied the British army to Halifax, and thence to Quebec. Nine days
+before his departure from Boston he wrote a letter to his uncle Ezekiel
+Goldthwaite, Esq., of Boston, acquainting him with his property and the
+household goods he had left behind. "In short, I leave behind me at
+least three thousand pounds sterling. You give the enclosed to my wife,
+if you can meet her. When I shall see her God only knows. Don't let her
+want for anything."[228]
+
+ [228] Goldthwaite Genealogy compiled and published by Charlotte
+ Goldthwaite.
+
+Some experiences of Major Joseph's wife, Mrs. Hannah, while her husband
+was shut up in Boston with the British army, appear in the Journal of
+the Massachusetts House of Representatives.[229]
+
+ [229] See Forces American Archives. Vol. III, pp. 312, 314, 355.
+
+August 4, 1775, Mrs. Goldthwaite with her sister-in-law and a Mrs.
+Chamberlain, left Boston with a horse and chaise and crossed the
+Winnisimmet Ferry. She was arrested and taken under guard to the general
+court at Watertown. It appeared on her examination that her health was
+impaired, and an order was passed to allow her to visit Stafford for the
+benefit of the waters there, but under the care of the Selectmen, and
+afterwards to retire to the house of her brother Joseph Bridgham at
+Rehoboth, and to be under the committee of correspondence. It was
+Colonel Loammi Baldwin who had them arrested and taken to Watertown and
+according to his account, it was an act on their part which must have
+required considerable courage "no such instance having happened before,"
+the city being then closely besieged.
+
+Mrs. Goldthwaite petitioned the court to allow her to use the waters in
+Newton instead of at Stafford, her health being very delicate, and the
+petition was accompanied by her physician's certificate. This was
+granted to her and she probably remained through the siege at Newton
+where the family of Mr. Benjamin Goldthwaite had also taken refuge.
+After the siege she returned to Boston where she died, probably never
+seeing her husband again.
+
+Major Goldthwaite from Quebec, went to New York, and his death occurred
+there October 3, 1779. He had been proscribed and banished in 1778. It
+was at this time he drew up his will, which is at Somerset House,
+London, dated Feb. 11, 1778. As he died childless, he bequeathed his
+property to his brother's and sister's children "provided that none of
+them are Rebels, and have borne arms against their King, otherwise to go
+to the next eldest son of the same family who is loyal, and true to his
+King, and country." Of the several Goldthwaite Loyalists, Major Joseph
+was one of the most uncompromising in his devotion to his King and
+country.
+
+CAPTAIN PHILIP GOLDTHWAITE, (fifth generation), brother to Major Joseph
+Goldthwaite, was born in Boston, March 27th, 1733. He was a member of
+the Boston Latin School in 1741. He married June 7, 1756, Mary Jordan of
+Biddeford. His title of captain seems to have come from his command of
+vessels, and it is interesting to note that in every generation of his
+descendants to the present day there have been more or less who have
+chosen the same occupation.
+
+Captain Philip was an officer of the Customs at Winter Harbor, and
+remained loyal when the war broke out. Sabin says he was one of the two
+persons of Saco and Biddeford dealt with by the Revolutionists of that
+section for their loyal principles and that as soon as the war commenced
+he placed himself under British protection at Boston. An earlier record
+in regard to him says: "Captain Philip Goldthwaite was brought before
+the New Hampshire Committee of Safety at Portsmouth, Nov. 23, 1775, on
+suspicion of being unfriendly to the liberties of America. Upon
+examination nothing appearing against him, ordered that he be
+dismissed."
+
+There can be no doubt however, as to Captain Philip's real sentiments.
+The atmosphere in which he was living must soon have become unendurable
+to one holding his opinions, and therefore we soon find him in England,
+where he appears as early as 1780, at that date taking out his brother's
+administration papers. He bought an annuity in the king's household and
+became one of the Gentlemen of the bed chamber. In October, 1786, it
+appears from the probate records at Boston, that he had died probably at
+sea, for Edward Daws of Boston, trader, is administrator of the estate
+of Philip Goldthwait, late of Boston, mariner. His inventory contained
+clothes, a quadrant, books and chest, and amounted to L7, 10 s. He left
+several sons and daughters, whose descendants are now quite numerous.
+
+SAMUEL GOLDTHWAITE, (fifth generation), brother of the aforesaid Philip,
+was born in Boston, March 20th, 1735, and married Amy Borden of Newport,
+R. I., where he became a prominent merchant. He very early came under
+suspicion as having loyalist sentiments. After the death of his brother,
+Major Joseph, in New York, October, 1779, he petitioned the Rhode Island
+General Assembly representing that his brother had lately died in New
+York, leaving a large estate there in the hands of persons who were
+wasting it, also that he had been authorized to settle it if he could
+obtain permission to go to New York, asking to be allowed to do so, and
+to return with the effects when obtained, which petition the Council,
+after consideration, granted.
+
+He did not, however, return, and in July 1780, an act was passed by the
+Rhode Island Assembly, proscribing persons that had left the state and
+joined the enemy, ordered if they returned they should be apprehended,
+and imprisoned or transported. "Samuel Goldthwaite, merchant, late of
+Newport," was included in the list. Orders were also given under the
+same date that such property as he left in Newport should be inventoried
+and taken into possession of the Sheriff. About this time Samuel had
+gone to England on business connected with the settlement of his
+father's and brother's estates, for in the same year he was
+administrator on them in London. One year later he had returned to his
+wife Amy, at that time preferring a petition to the Rhode Island
+Assembly, stating that her husband was then in New York, and had
+requested her, with her family, to come to him, and praying the Assembly
+to permit her with her family, furniture, and effects, to go to him
+there by the first opportunity. The petition was granted and she went in
+a cartel vessel under the direction of William Taggart. The family
+settled in Baltimore after the Revolution, and have left many
+descendants there.
+
+DR. MICHAEL B. GOLDTHWAITE, (fifth generation), son of Joseph, of
+Boston, born there Jan. 5th, 1740, married Sarah Formon, March 8th,
+1759. He was an eminent surgeon and attended the army at the taking of
+Louisburg. Like most physicians of that day, he kept an apothecary shop,
+which was in 1774 on Hanover Street. He was an Addresser of both
+Hutchinson and Gage. He died in 1776. He was an ardent sympathizer with
+the loyalists.
+
+LIEUTENANT HENRY GOLDTHWAITE, (fifth generation) son of Colonel Thomas,
+of Walthamstow, England, born at Chelsea, March 29, 1759, married in
+England, Sarah Winch of Brampton, Oxon. Henry's name is found as one of
+the garrison of Fort Pownal Oct. 23, 1775. He afterwards entered the
+British Army remaining in America, in that service, for some years after
+most of his family had taken up their abode in England. The records of
+the British War Office show that he was ensign, Independent Co.
+Invalids, Nov. 13, 1793. Lieutenant Royal Garrison Battalion, Sept. 9,
+1795, and lieutenant half pay Oct. 31, 1796. He died at sea, in the
+Mediterranean early in 1800. He left two sons, Charles, born 1796, and
+Henry Barnes, born 1797, whose descendants are living in England.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO JOSEPH GOLDTHWAIT IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Perez Morton, Sept. 24, 1782: Lib. 136, fol. 9: One undivided
+ half of land, distill house and other buildings in Boston. Pecks
+ Lane W.; John Osbourn N., N.W.; N.E. and N.; Francis Johonnot E.;
+ the sea S.
+
+
+
+
+ JOHN HOWE.
+
+
+Abraham Howe came to Dorchester in 1636; was admitted Freeman May 2,
+1637, he came from Broad Oak, Essex County, England, and died at
+Dorchester, Nov. 20th, 1683. His son Isaac Howe, was baptized in Roxbury
+in 1655. Isaac had a son Isaac, born in Dorchester, July 7, 1675. He had
+a son Joseph, born in Dorchester, March 27, 1716, who was the father of
+John Howe, born in Boston, October 14, 1754. Joseph Howe was a reputable
+tradesman in Marshall's Lane. He apprenticed his son to learn the
+printing business.
+
+Richard Draper, the publisher of the _Massachusetts Gazette_, and
+_Boston News Letter_ died June 5, 1774. He left no children. His wife
+conducted the business for several months, and then formed a business
+connection with John Howe.
+
+Howe had recently become of age, and was a sober, discreet young man.
+Mrs. Draper, therefore, was induced, a short time before the
+commencement of the war, to take him into partnership, but his name did
+not appear in the imprint of the Massachusetts Gazette till Boston was
+besieged by the Continental Army.
+
+Howe remained with his partner until they were obliged to leave Boston
+in consequence of the evacuation of the town by the British troops,
+March 17, 1776, when they went to Halifax, from there he went to
+Newport, R. I., when the British took possession of the town December
+8th.
+
+John Howe was married at Newport by Rev. George Bisset, Rector of
+Trinity Church, to Miss Martha Minns. Mr. William Minns accompanied his
+daughter from Boston, and was present at the ceremony. William Minns was
+born at Great Yarmouth, England, December 16, 1728. In 1737 he
+accompanied his uncle, Robert Ball, and his widowed mother, and came to
+Boston. Miss Martha Minns was sixteen years of age when she married John
+Howe. She was noted for her beauty and her portrait is still in
+possession of her family. The issue of this marriage was three sons and
+three daughters.
+
+Mr. Howe commenced the publication of a newspaper for the British at
+Newport; it was called The Newport Gazette, and the first paper was
+issued January 16, 1777.
+
+The last number of a bound volume of this paper in possession of the
+Redwood Library at Newport, is dated January 15, 1778, but the
+publication of the paper probably continued till the evacuation of
+Newport by the British, October 25, 1779.
+
+The paper was published in a house on the opposite side of the Parade,
+the Vaughn estate, now a market. A recent writer says:
+
+"During the time the British were in possession of Newport, it was the
+office of the Newport 'Gazette,' the paper printed by the British on the
+press and type of the Newport 'Mercury.' Before that the 'Mercury' was
+printed by Solomon Southwick, in Queen Street, but when the island fell
+into the hands of the enemy, Southwick, as is well-known, buried his
+type in the rear of what was the old Kilburn House on Broad Street (now
+Broadway) and left the town. The loyalists recovered the type, and a
+printer named Howe began the printing of the 'Gazette.'"
+
+A bound file of the newspaper published by Mr. Howe is in the possession
+of the Redwood Library. It runs, with a few numbers missing, from No. 1,
+to No. 52, January 15, 1778.
+
+The first number was issued Jan. 16, 1777, with the following
+introduction.
+
+ "The Favours which the Subscriber has received from the Gentlemen
+ of the _Army and Navy_, in Boston and elsewhere, joined with the
+ Importunities of many of the Inhabitants of this Town, has induced
+ him, as speedily as possible, to gratify them with a _Newspaper_.
+ He can only say, that his best endeavors shall not be wanting to
+ render it as entertaining as possible: And he has nothing to wish
+ for, but the Exercise of that Candour he hath so often before been
+ indebted to. Its _size_ is at present contracted, owing to the
+ Impossibility of procuring larger printing Paper; but if more
+ Intelligence should at any Time arrive, than this can contain, the
+ Deficiency will be supplied with a _Supplement_. No Subscriptions
+ are received; but if any Gentlemen choose to have the Paper weekly
+ the Boy shall leave it at their houses. Articles of intelligence
+ will be thankfully received and every favor gratefully
+ acknowledged, by their
+
+ Obedient humble servant,
+ JOHN HOWE."
+
+The British evacuated Newport, October 25, 1779, and Mr. and Mrs. Howe
+accompanied them to New York, and thence removed to Halifax and took up
+their permanent abode there, on the corner of Sackville and Barrington
+Streets. Here on Friday, January 5th, 1781, he published the first issue
+of the Halifax Journal, a paper that continued to be published regularly
+until 1870. It is said that Mr. Howe brought with him the printing press
+that had once belonged to Benjamin Franklin, and the first that the
+philosopher had ever possessed. It did the printing for the Howe family
+for years. Mr. Howe was for many years King's printer for the Province,
+which secured to him all the government printing, including the
+publishing of the official gazette. For some years previous to his
+death, he held the office of postmaster-general and justice of the
+peace, and was living at the time of his death, December 29, 1835, at
+his beautiful residence on the Northwestarm, in good circumstances, and
+had the respect of the whole community.
+
+Mr. Howe was a Sandemanian, that is, a follower of Robert Sandeman, who
+came to Boston from Glasgow in 1764; they held their first meetings at
+the Green Dragon Tavern, and afterwards had a meeting-house in the rear
+of Middle or Hanover street. This society rejected the belief in the
+necessity of spiritual conversion, representing faith as an operation of
+the intellect, and speculative belief as quite sufficient to insure
+final justification. This sect continued till 1823, when the last light
+was extinguished in Boston. Many of the Sandemanians were Loyalists, and
+went to Halifax. They may have built on a sandy foundation, but judging
+from their fruits, we may charitably conclude that in the main they were
+correct. Probably they did not like a church and state religion; and
+that may have been all. The few who were in Halifax met every Lord's day
+in an upper room, in the building lately used by Baxter as a furniture
+warehouse on Prince Street. The members, male and female, sat together
+around a table and took the Lord's Supper. This was weekly. There was
+singing and prayers, and Mr. Howe would afterward stand up, read a
+chapter of the Bible, and give an address. No doubt it was very good and
+simple and delivered with a calm, quiet sort of eloquence. When the
+meeting was over the brothers and sisters in fellowship, (only the more
+elderly members) rose and kissed one another, and seemed to be
+remarkably happy. It is said that in the afternoon of every Sunday the
+old gentlemen members went down to the room below and dined together,
+and probably edified one another with religious conversation. Those now
+living who have ever been with these Sandemanians in that upper room
+will never forget the calm godly faces of such men as old Mr. Howe, Mr.
+Greenwood and Mr. Mansfield. Strange to say, none of the Howes, and very
+few, if any, of the other families have followed in the track of these
+good men and women as to creed. It is to be hoped that many have been
+influenced for good by what they may have recalled of such worthy
+ancestors. Old Mr. Greenwood fell dead in the room while reading, and
+Mr. Mansfield died the same day from some accidental cause.
+
+In a speech delivered by his son JOSEPH HOWE, in Boston July 4, 1858, he
+spoke of his father as follows: "The loyalists who left these States
+were not, it must be confessed, as good republicans as you are, but they
+loved liberty under their old forms, and their descendants love it too.
+My father, though a true Briton to the day of his death, loved New
+England, and old Boston especially, with filial regard. He never lost an
+opportunity of serving a Boston man, if in his power. At the close of
+your railway banquet, one gentleman told me that my father had, during
+the last war, taken his father from the military prison at Melville
+Island, and sent him back to Boston. Another, on the same evening,
+showed me a gold watch, sent by an uncle, who died in the West Indies,
+to his family. It was pawned by a sailor in Halifax, but redeemed by my
+father, and sent to the dead man's relatives. And so it was all his
+life. He loved his sovereign, but he loved Boston too, and whenever he
+got sick in his latter days, we used to send him up here to recruit. A
+sight of the old scenes and a walk on Boston Common were sure to do him
+good, and he generally came back uncommonly well." Elsewhere the same
+son remarked: "For thirty years he was my instructor, my playfellow,
+almost my daily companion. To him I owe my fondness for reading, my
+familiarity with the Bible, my knowledge of old colonial and American
+incidents and characteristics. He left me nothing but his example, and
+the memory of his many virtues, for all that he ever earned was given to
+the poor. He was too good for this world. But the remembrance of his
+high principle, his cheerfulness, his childlike simplicity, and truly
+Christian character, is never absent from my mind."
+
+Mrs. Martha Howe died Nov. 25, 1790, aged 30 years, and was buried in
+St. Paul's churchyard, Halifax.
+
+A few years after the death of his first wife, Mr. Howe married Mrs.
+Austin, a widow with several children, wife of Captain Austin. By her he
+had two children, Sarah and Joseph. Mrs. Howe died in 1837. He had eight
+children, and at the present time there are eighty-five of his
+descendants, out of all these the survivors who bear the name of Howe
+only number sixteen. Many of his descendants were men of great
+prominence. His son William Howe, Assistant Commissary-General, who died
+at Halifax, January, 1843, aged fifty-seven. John Howe, Queen's Printer,
+and Deputy Postmaster-General, who died at the same place the same year,
+and David Howe, who published a paper at St. Andrew, N. B., Joseph, born
+December 13, 1804, became Hon. Joseph Howe, Governor of Nova Scotia in
+May, 1873.
+
+
+
+
+ SAMUEL QUINCY.
+
+ SOLICITOR-GENERAL.
+
+
+Edmund Quincy, the first of the name in New England, landed at Boston on
+the 4th of September, 1633. He came from Achurch in Northamptonshire,
+where he owned some landed estate. That he was a man of substance may be
+inferred from his bringing six servants with him, and that he was a man
+of weight among the founders of the new commonwealth appears from his
+election as a representative of the town of Boston in the first General
+Court ever held in Massachusetts Bay. He was also the first named on the
+committee appointed by the town to assess and raise the sum necessary to
+extinguish the title of Mr. Blackstone to the peninsula on which the
+city stands. He bought of Chickatabut, Sachem of the Massachusetts tribe
+of Indians, a tract of land at Mount Wollaston, confirmed to him by the
+Town of Boston, 1636, a portion of which is yet in the family.
+
+Edmund Quincy died the year after making this purchase, in 1637, at the
+age of 33. He left a son Edmund and a daughter Judith. The son lived, in
+the main, a private life on the estate in Braintree. He was a magistrate
+and a representative of his town in the General Court, and
+Lieutenant-Colonel of the Suffolk Regiment.
+
+Point Judith was named after his daughter. She married John Hull, who,
+when Massachusetts Bay assumed the prerogative of coining money, was her
+mint-master, and made a large fortune in the office, before Charles II.
+put a stop to that infringement of the charter. There is a tradition
+that, when he married his daughter to Samuel Sewall, afterwards Chief
+Justice, he gave her for her dowry, her weight in pine-tree shillings.
+From this marriage has sprung the eminent family of the Sewalls, which
+has given three Chief Justices to Massachusetts and one to Canada, and
+has been distinguished in every generation by the talents and virtues of
+its members.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Quincy, who was a child when brought to New England,
+died in 1698, aged seventy years, having had two sons, Daniel and
+Edmund.
+
+Daniel died during his father's lifetime, leaving an only son John, who
+graduated at Cambridge in 1708, and was a prominent public man in the
+Colony for nearly half a century. He was a Councillor, and for many
+years Speaker of the Lower House.
+
+He died in 1767, at the time of the birth of his great-grandson, John
+Quincy Adams, who therefore received the name which he has made
+illustrious. Edmund, the second son, graduated in 1690, and was also in
+the public service almost all his life, as a magistrate, a Councillor,
+and one of the Justices of the Supreme Court. He was also colonel of the
+Suffolk Regiment, at that time a very important command, since the
+county of Suffolk then, and long after, included what is now County of
+Norfolk, as well as the town of Boston. In 1737, the General Court
+selected him as their agent to lay the claims of the Colony before the
+home government, in the matter of the disputed boundary between
+Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire.
+
+He died, however, very soon after his arrival in London, February 23,
+1737, of the smallpox, which he had taken by inoculation. He was buried
+in Bunhill Fields, where a monument was erected to him by the General
+Court, which also made a grant of land of a thousand acres in the town
+of Lennox to his family, in further recognition of his public services.
+
+Judge Edmund Quincy had two sons, Edmund and Josiah.
+
+The first named, who graduated at Cambridge in 1722, lived a private
+life at Braintree and in Boston.
+
+One of his daughters married John Hancock, the first signer of the
+Declaration of Independence, and afterwards Governor of Massachusetts.
+Josiah was born in 1709, and took his first degree in 1728. He
+accompanied his father to London in 1737, and afterwards visited England
+and the Continent more than once.
+
+For some years he was engaged in commerce and ship-building in Boston,
+and when about forty years of age he retired from business and removed
+to Braintree, where he lived for thirty years the life of a country
+gentleman, occupying himself with the duties of a county magistrate, and
+amusing himself with field sports. Game of all sorts abounded in those
+days in the woods and along the shore, and marvellous stories have come
+down, by tradition, of his feats with gun and rod. He was Colonel of the
+Suffolk Regiment, as his father had been before him; he was also
+Commissioner to Pennsylvania during the old French war to ask the help
+of that Colony in an attack which Massachusetts Bay had planned upon
+Crown Point. He succeeded in his mission by the help of Doctor Franklin.
+
+Colonel Josiah Quincy, by his first marriage, had three sons, Edmund,
+Samuel, Josiah, and one daughter, Hannah. His first wife was Hannah
+Sturgis, daughter of John Sturgis, one of his Majesty's Council, of
+Yarmouth. His eldest son, Edmund, graduated in 1752, after which he
+became a merchant in Boston. He was in England in 1760 for the purpose
+of establishing mercantile correspondences. He died at sea in 1768, on
+his return from a voyage for his health to the West Indies.
+
+The youngest son of Colonel Josiah Quincy bore his name, and was
+therefore known to his contemporaries, and takes his place in history,
+as Josiah Quincy, Junior, he having died before his father, he was born
+February 23, 1744, and graduated at Harvard College, 1763. He studied
+law with Oxenbridge Thacher, one of the principal lawyers of that day,
+and succeeded to his practice at his death, which took place about the
+time he himself was called to the bar. He took a high rank at once in
+his profession, although his attention to its demands was continually
+interrupted by the stormy agitation in men's minds and passions, which
+preceded and announced the Revolution, and which he actively promoted by
+his writings and public speeches. On the 5th of March, the day of the so
+called "Boston Massacre" he was selected, together with John Adams, by
+Captain Preston, who was accused of having given the word of command to
+the soldiers that fired on the mob, to conduct his defence and that of
+his men, they having been committed for trial for murder. At that moment
+of fierce excitement, it demanded personal and moral courage to perform
+this duty. His own father wrote him a letter of stern and strong
+remonstrance against his undertaking the defence of "those criminals
+charged with the murder of their fellow citizens," exclaiming, with
+passionate emphasis, "Good God! Is it possible? I will not believe it!"
+
+Mr. Quincy in his reply, reminded his father of the obligations his
+professional oath laid him under, to give legal counsel and assistance
+to those accused of a crime, but not proved to be guilty of it; adding:
+"I dare affirm that you and this whole people will one day rejoice that
+I became an advocate for the aforesaid criminals, _charged_ with the
+murder of our fellow citizens. _To inquire my duty and to do it, is my
+aim._" He did his duty and his prophecy soon came to pass.
+
+There is no more honorable passage in the history of New England than
+the one which records the trial and acquittal of Captain Preston and his
+men, in the midst of the passionate excitements of that time, by a jury
+of the town maddened to a rage but a few months before by the blood of
+her citizens shed in her streets.
+
+In 1774 he went to England, partly for his health, which had suffered
+much from his intense professional and political activities, and also as
+a confidential agent of the Revolutionary party to consult and advise
+with the friends of America there. His presence in London coming as he
+did at a most critical moment excited the notice of the ministerial
+party, as well as of the opposition. The Earl of Hillsborough denounced
+him, together with Dr. Franklin, in the House of Lords, "as men walking
+the streets of London who ought to be in Newgate or Tyburn." The precise
+results of his communications with the English Whigs can never be known.
+They were important enough, however, to make his English friends urgent
+for his immediate return to America, because he could give information
+which could not safely be committed to writing. His health had failed
+seriously during the latter months of his residence in England, and his
+physicians strongly advised against his taking a winter voyage.
+
+His sense of public duty, however, overbore all personal considerations,
+and he set sail on the 16th of March, 1775, and died off Gloucester,
+Massachusetts, on the 26th of April.
+
+The citizens of Gloucester buried him with all honor in their graveyard;
+after the siege of Boston, he was removed and placed in a vault in the
+burying ground in Braintree. Josiah Quincy was barely thirty-one years
+of age when he thus died.
+
+His father, Colonel Quincy lived on at Braintree during the whole of the
+war. He died on March 3rd, 1784.
+
+His passion for field sports remained in full force till the end, for
+his death was occasioned by exposure to the winter's cold, sitting upon
+a cake of ice, watching for wild ducks, when he was in his seventy-fifth
+year.
+
+SAMUEL QUINCY, the subject of this memoir, was the second son of Colonel
+Josiah Quincy, and the brother of Josiah, Junior, and Edmund. He was
+born in that part of Braintree now Quincy, April 23, 1735. He graduated
+at Harvard College in 1754, and studied law with Benjamin Pratt.
+
+Endowed with fine talents, Mr. Quincy became eminent in the profession
+of the law, and succeeded Jonathan Sewall as Solicitor-General of
+Massachusetts. He was the intimate friend of many of the most
+distinguished men of that period, among whom was John Adams. They were
+admitted to the bar on the same day, Nov. 6, 1758.
+
+As Solicitor for the Crown, he was engaged with Robert Treat Paine in
+the memorable trial of Capt. Preston, and the soldiers in 1770; his
+brother was opposed to him on that occasion, and both reversed their
+party sympathies in their professional position. It was plain to all
+sagacious observers of the signs of the times, that the storm of civil
+war was gathering fast; and it was sure first to burst over Boston. It
+was a time of stern agitation, and profound anxieties. In their emotion
+Mr. Quincy and his wife shared deeply, and passionately. The shadows of
+public and private calamity were already beginning to steal over that
+once happy home. The evils of the present and the uncertainties of the
+future bore heavily on their prosperity. The fierce passions which were
+soon to break out into revolutionary violence and mob rule, had already
+begun to separate families, to divide friends, and to break up society.
+Samuel Quincy was a Loyalist and remained true to his oath of office,
+wherein he swore to support the government. His father and brother were
+revolutionists; as previously stated his brother died on shipboard off
+Gloucester, seven days after the hostilities had commenced at Lexington,
+and when his father saw from his house on Quincy Bay, the fleet drop
+down the harbor, after the evacuation of Boston on March 17, 1776, it
+must have been with feelings of sorrow that the stout-hearted old man
+saw the vessels bear away his only surviving son, never to return again.
+Such partings were common griefs then, as ever in civil wars, the
+bitterest perhaps that wait upon that cruelest of calamities.
+
+Samuel Quincy was an addressor of Governor Hutchinson, and a staunch
+Loyalist. His wife, the sister of Henry Hill, Esq., of Boston, was not
+pleased with her husband's course in the politics of the times, and he
+became a Loyalist against her advice, and when he left Boston, a
+refugee, she preferred to remain with her brother, and never met her
+husband again. The following letter written to his brother by Mr.
+Quincy, during the siege of Boston, will explain his position at that
+time.[230]
+
+ [230] This letter and the following ones are extracts from original
+ papers, copies of which were communicated by Miss Eliza S. Quincy, and
+ published In Curwen's Journal and Letters.
+
+ To Henry Hill, Esq., Cambridge. Boston, May 13, 1775.
+
+ Dear Brother:
+
+ There never was a time when sincerity and affectionate unity of
+ heart could be more necessary than at present. But in the midst of
+ the confusions that darken our native land, we may still, by a
+ rectitude of conduct, entertain a rational hope that the Almighty
+ Governor of the universe will in his own time remember mercy.
+
+ I am going, my dear friend, to quit the habitation where I have
+ been so long encircled with the dearest connections.
+
+ I am going to hazard the unstable element, and for a while to
+ change the scene--whether it will be prosperous or adverse, is not
+ for me to determine. I pray God to sustain my integrity and
+ preserve me from temptation.
+
+ My political character with you may be suspicious; but be assured,
+ if I cannot _serve_ my country, which I shall endeavor to the
+ utmost of my power, I will never _betray it_.
+
+ The kind care of my family you have so generously offered
+ penetrates me with the deepest gratitude. If it should not be
+ within my power to reward you, you will have the recompense greater
+ than I can give you, the approbation of your own heart. Would to
+ God we may again enjoy the harmonious intercourse I have been
+ favored with since my union with your family. I will not despair of
+ this great blessing in some future and not very distant period. God
+ preserve you in health and every earthly enjoyment, until you again
+ receive the salutation of
+
+ Your friend and brother,
+ SAMUEL QUINCY.
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL QUINCY.
+
+Born at Braintree, now Quincy, April 23, 1735. Solicitor-General of
+Massachusetts. Died at sea in 1789. His remains were interred on Bristol
+Hill, England. From a painting by Copley.]
+
+Again on August 18th he writes to Mr. Hill and said, "You conjure me by
+the love of my country to use my best endeavors to bring about a
+reconciliation, suggesting that the Americans are still as determined as
+ever to die free, rather than live slaves; I have no reason to doubt the
+zeal of my fellow-countrymen in the cause of freedom, and their firmness
+in its defence, and were it in my power, my faithful endeavors should
+not be wanting (nay, I have a right to say they are not) to effect an
+accommodation. But, my good friend, I am unhappy to find that the
+opinion I formed in America, and which in a great measure governed my
+conduct, was but too justly founded. Every proposal of those who are
+friendly to the colonies, to alter the measures of government and
+redress the grievances of which they complain, is spurned at, unless
+attended with previous concessions on their part. This there is less
+reason every day to expect, and thus the prospect of an accommodation is
+thrown at a distance; nor is there yet the least reason to suppose that
+a formidable, if any opposition will be framed against administration in
+favor of America.
+
+"These are facts, not of conjecture only, but visible and operative. Your
+reflection will perhaps be, we must then work out our own salvation by
+the strength of our own arm, trusting in the Lord. Really, my friend, if
+the colonies, according to their late declaration, have made a
+resistance by force their choice, the contest is in short reduced to
+that narrow compass. I view the dangerous and doubtful struggle with
+fear and trembling; I lament it with the most cordial affection for my
+native country, and feel sensibly for my friends. But I am aware it is
+my duty patiently to submit the event as it may be governed by the
+all-wise counsels of that Being 'who ruleth in the heavens, and is the
+God of armies.'"
+
+In a letter to his wife, London, Jan. 1, 1777, he said: The continuance
+of our unhappy separation has something in it so unexpected, so
+unprecedented, so complicated with evil, and misfortune, it has become
+almost too burdensome for my spirits, nor have I words that can reach
+its description. I long much to see my father. It is now more than
+eighteen months since I parted with him in a manner I regret. Neither of
+you say anything of the family at Braintree. They ought not to think me
+regardless of them though I am silent; for, however lightly they may
+look upon me, I yet remember them with pleasure.
+
+Again, on March 12, 1777, he said: You inquire whether I cannot bear
+contempt and reproach, rather than remain any longer separated from my
+family? As I always wished, and I think always endeavored, not to
+deserve the one, so will I ever be careful to avoid the other. You urge
+as an inducement to my return, that my countrymen will not deprive me of
+life. I have never once harbored such an idea. Sure I am I have never
+merited from them such a punishment. Difference of opinion I have never
+known to be a capital offence, and were the truth and motives of my
+conduct justly scrutinized, I am persuaded they would not regard me as
+an enemy plotting their ruin. That I might yet be able to recover in
+some respect the esteem of my friends, I will not doubt while I am
+conscious of the purity of my intentions. When I determined on a voyage
+to England, I resolved upon deliberation, and I still think, with
+judgment. I did not, indeed, expect so hurried a succession of events,
+though you must remember, I long had them in contemplation.
+
+I am sorry you say nothing of my father, or the family at Braintree; I
+have not received a line nor heard from them since I left America. * *
+God bless you all; live happy, and think I am as much so as my long
+absence from you will permit.
+
+ March 20, 1777.
+
+ I am not surprised much that, to the less of property, I have
+ already sustained, I am to suffer further depredations, and that
+ those to whom I am under contract should avail themselves of this
+ opportunity and endeavor to make what is left their own. All I ask
+ is that my brother and my other friends (if I have any) would think
+ of me as they ought, and to be assured, that as far as they
+ interpose their assistance to save me from suffering, they will not
+ hereafter find me deficient in return.
+
+ October 15, 1777.
+
+ If things should not wear a more promising aspect at the opening of
+ the next year, by all means summon resolution to cross the ocean.
+ But if there is an appearance of accommodating this truly unnatural
+ contest, it would be advisable for you to bear farther promise; as
+ I mean to return to my native country whenever I may be permitted,
+ and there is a chance for my procuring a livelihood. But I do not
+ say that I will not accept of an opening here, if any one should
+ offer that I may think eligible.
+
+ London, April 18, 1778.
+
+ If there is an accommodation, I shall certainly turn my views to
+ some part of the continent, unless something very promising should
+ offer elsewhere. It would grieve me very much to think of never
+ again seeing my father; God bless him, and many other worthy
+ friends and relations in New England; but a return to my native
+ country I cannot be reconciled to until I am convinced that I am as
+ well thought of as I know I deserve to be. I shall ever rejoice in
+ its prosperity, but am too proud to live despised where I was once
+ respected--an object of insult instead of the child of favor.
+
+ You suggest, that had I remained, I might still have been with you
+ in honor and employment. It may be so, but when I left America I
+ had no expectation of being absent more than a few months, little
+ thinking operations of such magnitude would have followed in so
+ quick a succession; I left it from principle, and with a view of
+ emolument. If I have been mistaken, it is my misfortune, not my
+ fault. My first letters from my friends congratulated me on being
+ out of the way; and I was pleased to find my undertaking met with
+ their approbation as well as my own. The hearts of men were not
+ within my reach, nor the fortuitous event of things within my
+ control. "I am indeed a poor man;" but even a poor man has
+ resources of comfort that cannot be torn from him, nor are any so
+ miserable as to be always under the influence of inauspicious
+ stars. I will therefore still endeavor to bear my calamities with
+ firmness, and to feel for others.
+
+ Those who have befriended my family are entitled to my warmest
+ gratitude, and I hope you will never fail to express it for me.
+ Whether it ever will be in my power to recompense them I know not,
+ but no endeavor of mine shall be wanting to effect it. * * * I
+ conjecture, though you do not mention from what quarter, you have
+ received unkindness. There are in this world many things we are
+ obliged and enabled to encounter, which at a distance appear
+ insupportable. You must have experienced this as well as I; and it
+ ought to teach us that best doctrine of philosophy and
+ religion--resignation. Bear up, therefore, with fortitude, and wait
+ patiently in expectation of a calmer and brighter day.
+
+ London, May 31, 1778.
+
+ By the public prints we are made acquainted with an act of the
+ state of Massachusetts Bay, that precludes those among others from
+ returning, who left it since the 19th of April, 1775, and "joined
+ the enemy." You do not mention this act, nor have I any information
+ by which I am to construe what is meant by "joining the enemy." The
+ love of one's country, and solicitude for its welfare, are natural
+ and laudable affections; to lose its good opinion is at once
+ unhappy, and attended with many ill consequences; how much more
+ unfortunate to be forever excluded from it without offence! It is
+ said also that there is a resolve of congress, "that no absentee
+ shall be permitted to take up his residence in any other colony
+ without having been first received and admitted as a citizen of his
+ own." This may have some effect on a movement I had in
+ contemplation of going southward, where I have a very advantageous
+ offer of countenance and favor.
+
+ London, March 15, 1779.
+
+ You may remember in some of my former letters I hinted my wish to
+ establish a residence in some other part of the continent, or in
+ the West Indies, and particularly mentioned to you Antigua--where
+ my kinsman, Mr. Wendell, my friend, Mr. David Greene, Dr. Russell
+ and his family, Mr. Lavicourt, Mr. Vassall, and others of my
+ acquaintance, will give the island less of the appearance of a
+ strange place. By the passing of the act of proscription the door
+ was shut against me in my own country, where I own it would have
+ been my wish to have ended my days. This confirmed my resolution. I
+ have since unremittedly pursued various objects, endeavoring to
+ drive the nail that would go.
+
+ My first intention was that of transplanting myself somewhere to
+ the southward. On this subject I thought long, and consulted
+ others. I considered climate, friends, business, prospects in every
+ view, and at last formed my opinion. The provinces in the south
+ part of America in point of health were not more favorable than the
+ island--in point of friends they might be preferable, but with
+ respect to business or the means of acquiring it, uncertain; public
+ commotion yet continued, violent prejudices are not easily removed.
+ I had neither property nor natural connections in either of them. I
+ could have no official influence to sustain me. What kind of
+ government or laws would finally prevail it was difficult to tell.
+ These and other reasons determined me against the attempt. But to
+ stay longer in England, absent from my friends and family, with a
+ bare subsistence, inactive, without prospects, and useless to
+ myself and the world, was death to me! What was the alternative? As
+ I saw no chance of procuring either appointment or employ here, the
+ old object of the West Indies recurred, where in my younger days I
+ wished to have remained; and by the influence of some particular
+ gentlemen I have at last obtained the place of "Comptroller of the
+ Customs at the Port of Parham in Antigua;" for which island I mean
+ to embark with the next convoy. My view is to join the profits of
+ business in the line of my profession to the emoluments of office.
+ This I flatter myself will afford me a handsome maintenance. I grow
+ old too fast to think of waiting longer for the moving of the
+ waters, and have therefore cast my bread upon them, thus in hopes
+ that at last, after many days, I may find it.
+
+ Transmit to my father every expression of duty and affection. If he
+ retains the same friendship and parental fondness for me I have
+ always experienced from him, he will patronize my children, and in
+ doing this will do it unto me. It was my intention to have written
+ to him, but the subjects on which I want to treat are too
+ personally interesting for the casualties of the present day. He
+ may rest assured it is my greatest unhappiness to be thus denied
+ the pleasing task of lightening his misfortunes and soothing the
+ evening of his days. Whatever may be the future events of his life,
+ I shall always retain for him the warmest filial respect, and if it
+ is my lot to survive him, shall ever think it a pleasure as well as
+ my duty to promote to my utmost the welfare of his posterity. My
+ mother will also accept of my duty and good wishes; the prosperity
+ of the whole household lies near my heart, and they will do me an
+ injustice if they think me otherwise than their affectionate
+ friend. * * *
+
+ With respect to my property in America, my wish and desire is, if I
+ have any control over it, that my friends there collectively, or
+ some one singly under your direction, would take it into their
+ hands, and consolidating the debts I owe into one sum, apply it to
+ their discharge. I can think of no better way than this. If
+ eventually I am deprived of it, I will endeavor to bear it with
+ that fortitude which becomes a Christian and philosopher.
+
+ P. S. I could wish above all things to preserve my law books.
+
+ TO HENRY HILL, ESQ.
+
+ London, May 25, 1779.
+
+ I have obtained an appointment at Parham, in Antigua, as
+ comptroller of the customs, and am to embark soon for St. Kitts. *
+ * It is this day four years since I left Boston, and though I have
+ been racked by my own misfortunes and my feelings for the
+ distresses of my family and friends, I have still by a good
+ Providence been blessed with health and comforted by the kindness
+ of many friends. If I have not been in affluence, I have been above
+ want, and happy in the esteem of numbers in this kingdom to whom I
+ was altogether a stranger. * * The education of my children is
+ uppermost in my heart. The giving my son the benefit of classical
+ learning by a course of college studies, is a step I much approve.
+ The sequestration of my books is more mortifying to me than any
+ other stroke. If they are not yet out of your power save them for
+ me at all events.
+
+In a copy of a letter to a friend, apparently in the West Indies, but
+whose name does not appear, Mr. Quincy thus expresses himself:
+
+ Antigua, Feb. 1, 1782.
+
+ You ask of me an account of my coming to the West Indies, the
+ manner of my existence and destination, &c. The story is long, and
+ would require many anecdotes to give the true history, but you will
+ excuse me if at present I say only, that in the year 1775, just
+ after the battle of Lexington, I quitted America for London on
+ motives of business, intending to return in a few months; but my
+ absence was construed by our good patriots as the effect of my
+ political principles, and improved first to my proscription,
+ afterwards to the very flattering title of traitorous conspirator,
+ and the confiscation of my estate. I remained in England several
+ years, but, tired of waiting for the moving of the waters, and
+ unwilling to waste the flower of my age in a state of indolence,
+ neither profitable to myself nor my family, I resolved to seek my
+ fortune in this part of the world, where I had been in my younger
+ days,--obtained a berth in the customs, which, together with the
+ emoluments of my profession, afford me a comfortable subsistence,
+ and the prospect of something beyond.
+
+ Your friend, &c.,
+ SAMUEL QUINCEY.
+
+Mr. Quincy's wife died November, 1782 in Massachusetts. He married again
+while at Antigua, Mrs. M. A. Chadwell, widow of Hon. Abraham Chadwell.
+
+ TO HIS SON, SAMUEL QUINCY, JR., CAMBRIDGE.
+
+ June 10, 1785.
+
+ How anxious soever I may feel to see my friends and relations once
+ more, I cannot think of doing it at the expense of my liberty; nor
+ will I ever visit that country where I first drew my breath, but
+ upon such terms as I have always lived in it; and such as I have
+ still a right to claim from those who possess it,--the character of
+ a gentleman. * * * The proposal Judge Sumner has hinted to me of
+ keeping his old berth for you at Roxbury, is a good one, at least
+ better than Boston. Cultivate his good opinion, and deserve his
+ patronage; he will bestow the latter for my sake, I trust, as well
+ as his personal esteem for you. It will also stand you in stead at
+ court, where I hope you will one day figure as a legislator as well
+ as an advocate. All depends upon setting out right. You are at the
+ edge of a precipice, or ought to consider yourself so; from whence,
+ if you fall, the "_revocare gradum_," is a task indeed. Resolve,
+ then, to think right, and act well; keeping up to that resolution
+ will procure you daily the attention of all ranks, and command for
+ you their respect. Keep alive the cause of truth, of reason, of
+ virtue, and of liberty, if I may be permitted to use that name, who
+ have by some injuriously been thought in a conspiracy against it.
+ This is the path of duty, and will be the source of blessing.
+
+ July 24, 1789.
+
+ I am exceedingly sorry to hear of the distracted political
+ situation of Massachusetts. * * * A constitution founded on mere
+ republican principles has always appeared to me a many-headed
+ monster, and, however applauded by a Franklin, a Price, and a
+ Priestley, that in the end it must become a suicide. Mankind do not
+ in experience appear formed for that finer system, which, in
+ theory, by the nice adjustment of its parts promises permanency and
+ repose. The passions, prejudice, and interests of some will always
+ be in opposition to others, especially if they are in place. This,
+ it may be said, is the case in all governments, but I think less so
+ in a monarchy than under a republican code. The people at large
+ feel an overbalance of power in their own favor; they will
+ naturally endeavor to ease themselves of all expenses which are not
+ lucrative to them, and retrench the gains of others, whether the
+ reward of merit or genius, or the wages of a hireling.
+
+ Tortola, June 1, 1789.
+ MY DEAR SON:
+
+ Your short letter of the 14th February gave me pleasure, as it
+ informed me of your health and that of your family, and other
+ friends in the neighborhood of Roxbury.
+
+ It would be my wish to make you a visit once more in my life, could
+ it be ascertained I might walk free of insult, and unmolested in
+ person. Two things must concur to satisfy me of this,--the repeal
+ of the act passed 1779, against certain crown officers, as
+ traitors, conspirators, &c.; and accommodation with those who have
+ against me pecuniary demands. The first I have never yet learned to
+ be repealed, either in whole or in part, and therefore I consider
+ it as a stumbling-block at the threshold; the second, no steps I
+ suppose have been taken to effect, although I think it might be
+ done by inquiry and proposition--with some by a total release from
+ demand, and with others by a reasonable compromise. If you ever
+ wish your father to repose under your roof, you will take some
+ pains to examine the list, and make the trial. I shall shortly, I
+ hope, be in a situation to leave this country, if I choose it; but
+ whether Europe, of the two objects I have in view, will take the
+ preference, may depend on the answer I may receive from you, upon
+ the hints I have now thrown out for your consideration and filial
+ exertions. * * *
+
+ I have been, as I informed you in my last, a good deal indisposed
+ for some time past. I find myself, however, better on the whole at
+ present, though I feel the want of a bracing air. Adieu.
+
+ Your affectionate parent,
+ SAMUEL QUINCY.
+
+Soon after the date of this last letter, Mr. Quincy embarked for
+England, accompanied by his wife. The restoration of his health was the
+object of the voyage, but the effort was unsuccessful; he died at sea,
+within sight of the English coast. His remains were carried to England,
+and interred on Bristol hill. His widow immediately re-embarked for the
+West Indies, but her voyage was tempestuous. Grief for the loss of her
+husband, to whom she was strongly attached, and suffering from the storm
+her vessel encountered, terminated her life on her homeward passage.
+
+It was a singular coincidence that two of Mr. Quincy's brothers died at
+sea, as he did on shipboard, Edmund, the eldest and Josiah, the youngest
+brother.
+
+Samuel Quincy had two sons: Samuel, a graduate of Harvard College in
+1782, who was an attorney-at-law in Lenox, Mass., where he died in
+January, 1816, leaving a son Samuel. His second son, Josiah, became an
+eminent counselor-at-law of Romney, N. H., and President of the Senate
+of that State.
+
+Mr. Samuel Quincy was proscribed and banished and his property
+confiscated.
+
+
+
+
+ COLONEL JOHN MURRAY.
+
+
+About 1750 there appeared in Boston society a very handsome man by the
+name of Murray, whose antecendents people seemed to be ignorant, when he
+came to this country he settled at Rutland, and was very poor, and at
+first "peddled about the country" and then became a merchant. He was a
+man of great influence in his vicinity, and in the town of Rutland,
+which he represented many years in the General Court. On election days
+his home was open to his friends and good cheer dispensed free to all
+from his store. His wealth, social position, and political influence,
+made him one of the Colonial noblemen who lived in a style that has
+passed away in New England. He was a Colonel in the militia, for many
+years a member of the General Court, and in 1774 was appointed a
+Mandamus Councillor, but was not sworn into office, because a mob of
+about five hundred, with the "Worcester Committee of Correspondence,"
+repaired to Rutland, to compel Colonel Murray to resign his seat in the
+Council. On the way, they were joined by nearly one thousand persons,
+among whom were a portion of the company who had compelled Judge Timothy
+Paine to take the same course, marching directly to Rutland the same
+day.
+
+A delegation went to his house, and reported that he was absent. A
+letter was accordingly sent to him, to the effect that; unless his
+resignation appeared in the Boston papers, he would be waited upon
+again. He abandoned his home on the night of the 25th of August of that
+year, and fled to Boston.
+
+As previously stated, there was always a mystery surrounding John
+Murray, regarding who he was and where he came from, but his descendants
+had some reason for supposing that he was one of the "Athol Family" of
+Scotland, the surname of the Duke being Murray. Some years since one of
+Col. Murray's descendants went to "Blair Athol," the family seat of the
+Dukes of Athol, hoping to hear something about him, and there found an
+old retainer of the family who recalled the fact that many years ago a
+younger member of the family had disappeared, nothing being heard of him
+again, though it was supposed he had run away to America.
+
+Miss Murray, after her father's death, went from St. John to Lancaster,
+Mass., to be with her relatives, the Chandler Family. She had with her
+some amount of silver plate, and on each piece was the arms of the
+"Ducal House of Athol." She had small means, and when in need of money
+used to sell this silver, one piece at a time. In the grant of the town
+of Athol by the General Court the first name is that of John Murray, who
+probably gave the name of his ancestral home to the new town.
+
+In 1776, with a family of six persons, he accompanied the Royal Army to
+Halifax. Col. Murray left a very large estate when he fled from Boston,
+and in 1778 he was prosecuted and banished, and in 1779 lost his
+extensive property under the Confiscation Act.
+
+After the Revolution, Colonel Murray became a resident of St. John, N.
+B. He built a house in Prince William street, with a large lot of land
+attached to it, which became very valuable.
+
+A portrait by Copley is owned by his grandson, the Hon. R. L. Hazen of
+St. John, a member of the Executive Council of New Brunswick. He is
+represented as sitting in the full dress of a gentleman of the day, and
+his person is shown to the knees. There is a hole in the wig, which is
+said to have been done by one of the mob who sought the Colonel at his
+house after his flight, vexed because he had eluded them, vowed they
+would leave their mark behind them, accordingly pierced the canvas with
+a bayonet.
+
+Colonel Murray married several times, his first wife was Elizabeth
+McLanathan, who was the mother of ten children. His second wife was
+Lucretia Chandler, the daughter of John and Hannah Gardner, of
+Worcester. His third wife was Deborah Brinley, the daughter of Francis
+Brinley, of Roxbury.
+
+Colonel Murray was allowed a pension of L200 per annum by the British
+Government. His estate valued at L23,367, was confiscated except one
+farm for his son Alexander, who joined the Revolutionists. He died at
+St. John, 1794.
+
+DANIEL MURRAY, of Brookfield, Mass., Son of Colonel John. He graduated
+at Harvard College in 1771. Mr. Murray entered the military service of
+the Crown, and was Major of the King's American Dragoons. In 1778 he was
+proscribed and banished. At the peace he retired, on half pay. In 1792
+he was a member of the House of Assembly of N. B. In 1803 he left the
+Colony. In 1832 he died at Portland, Maine.
+
+SAMUEL MURRAY, Son of Colonel John, graduated at Harvard College in
+1772. He was with the British troops at Lexington in 1775, and was taken
+prisoner. In a General Order, dated at Cambridge, June 15, 1775, it was
+directed "That Samuel Murray be removed from the jail in Worcester to
+his father's homestead in Rutland, the limits of which he is not to pass
+until further orders." In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He died
+previous to 1785.
+
+Robert Murray, Son of Colonel John. In 1782 he was a Lieutenant of the
+King's American Dragoons. He settled in N. B., and died there of
+consumption in 1786.
+
+John Murray, Son of Colonel John. In 1782 he was a Captain in the King's
+American Dragoons. After the Revolution he was an officer of the
+Fifty-fourth Regiment, British Army.
+
+
+
+
+ JUDGE JAMES PUTNAM.
+
+ ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
+
+
+John Putnam, the founder of the Salem family, was born in 1579, at
+Wingrave, Buckinghamshire, England. He is described in the records an
+husbandman. His farm was at Burstone in Wingrave. He emigrated to Salem
+with his three sons in 1640, where grants of land were made by the town
+of Salem to him and to his sons on their own account, in what was then
+known as Salem Village, now the town of Danvers.
+
+His sons were Thomas, born 1614, died at Salem Village 1686; Nathaniel,
+born 1619, died at Salem Village 1700; John, born 1627, died at Salem
+Village, 1710.
+
+In deeds, John Putnam is described as both husbandman and yeoman. He was
+a man of substance and of as much education as his contemporaries, but
+neither seeking or desiring public office. In 1653 he divided his lands
+between Thomas and Nathaniel, having evidently already granted his
+homestead to his younger son John. He died in 1662.
+
+The subject of this memoir was a descendent of John Putnam, in the fifth
+generation, through his youngest son John, known as Captain John. It was
+in the military affairs and in the witchcraft delusion that his
+character is best shown. In 1672 he is styled Corporal, in 1678 he was
+commissioned Lieutenant of the troope of horse at the Village, and after
+1687 he is styled "Captain." He served in the Naragansett fight, and
+retained his military manners throughout his life. In 1679 and later he
+was frequently chosen to present Salem at the General Court, to settle
+the various disputed town bounds. He was selectman in 1681. He was
+deputy to the General Court for many years previous to the new charter.
+
+His residence was on the farm originally occupied by his father, now
+better known as Oak Knoll, the home of the poet Whittier.
+
+The will of John Putnam is not on record. He seems to have disposed of
+his property by deed to his children. Rev. Joseph Green makes the
+following note in his diary: "April 7, 1710, Captain Putnam buried by ye
+soldiers."
+
+LIEUTENANT JAMES, son of CAPTAIN JOHN, was born in Salem Village, 1661,
+and died there in 1727. He was a farmer, inheriting from his father the
+homestead at Oak Knoll. In 1720 he is styled on the records Lieut.,
+which title was always scrupulously given him. Although never caring to
+hold office, he was evidently esteemed by the townspeople. He had been
+taught a trade, and he in his turn taught his son the same trade, that
+of bricklayer. This was a custom among many of the early Puritan
+families. It is to the credit of all concerned, that far-sighted and
+wealthy men of that day brought up their sons to know a useful trade, in
+case adversity should overtake them.
+
+JAMES PUTNAM, of the fourth generation, son of the aforesaid Lieut.
+James, was born in Salem Village in 1689, and died there in 1763. He
+lived in the house just to the south-east of Oak Knoll on the same road;
+the house is still standing, in a fine state of preservation.
+
+During his long life, James Putnam took considerable interest in town
+affairs. He was one of those who succeeded in obtaining the
+establishment of the district of Danvers. In 1730 he paid the largest
+tax in the village.
+
+HONORABLE JAMES PUTNAM, of the fifth generation, son of the aforesaid
+James Putnam, was born in Salem Village, 1726, and died at St. John, N.
+B., 1789. He graduated from Harvard College in 1746. In his class was
+Dr. Edward H. Holyoke, whose father, Edward Holyoke, was then president
+of the College. He studied law, under Judge Trowbridge, who according to
+John Adams, controlled the whole practice of Worcester and Middlesex
+Counties, and settled in Worcester in 1749, taking up the practice of
+the law.
+
+In 1750 he married Eleanor Sprague, by whom he had one daughter,
+Eleanor, who married Rufus Chandler, of Worcester.
+
+James Putnam, in 1757, held the commission of Major, under Gen. Louden,
+and saw service. Between the years of 1755 and 1758, John Adams,
+afterwards President of the United States, taught school in Worcester,
+and studied law with Mr. Putnam. He also boarded in his family. Mr.
+Adams remarks that Mr. Putnam possessed great acuteness of mind, had a
+very extensive and successful practice, and was eminent in his
+profession. James Putnam was one of the twenty signers to the address
+from the barristers and attorneys of Massachusetts to Gov. Hutchinson,
+May 30, 1774. His brothers, Dr. Ebenezer and Archelaus, both addressed
+Gov. Gage on his arrival, June 11, 1774. In February, 1775, he, with
+others, was forced by the threatening attitude of the mob to leave
+Worcester and seek refuge in Boston, he having had his cattle stolen and
+a valuable grist mill burned, and threatened with bodily harm.
+
+On Oct. 14, 1775, eighteen of those gentlemen who were driven from their
+habitations in the country to the town of Boston, addressed Gov. Gage on
+his departure. Among the signers were James Putnam and James Putnam, Jr.
+
+In 1778 the Massachusetts Legislature passed an act confiscating the
+estate of 308 Loyalists and banishing them; if they returned a second
+time, to suffer death without the benefit of clergy. Among these was the
+Hon. James Putnam, who had in 1777 succeeded Jonathan Sewell as attorney
+general of Massachusetts, the last under the Crown.
+
+During the siege of Boston on the 17th Nov. 1775, the following order
+was issued by the British Commander: "Many of his Majesty's Loyal
+American subjects having offered their services for the defence of the
+place" are to be formed into three companies under command of Hon.
+Brigadier General Ruggles, to be called the Loyal American Associates,
+to be designated by a white sash around the left arm. James Putnam was
+commissioned captain of the second company, and James Putnam, Jr. was
+commissioned second lieutenant of the second company. At the evacuation
+of Boston, both James Putnam and his sons, James and Ebenezer,
+accompanied the army to Halifax, and New York, where his sons engaged in
+business. He sailed for Plymouth, England, December, 1779, with Mrs.
+Putnam and his daughter Elizabeth.
+
+While in England he wrote numerous letters to his brothers, from which
+we make the following quotations. Under date of Nov. 13th, 1783, he
+writes from London: "My countrymen have got their independence (as they
+call it) and with it in my opinion, have lost the true Substantial Civil
+liberty. They doubtless exult as much at the acquisition they have
+gained as they do at the loss the Tories, as they call them, have
+sustained."
+
+"America, the thirteen states, at last separated from this country,
+never more to be connected. For you may believe me when I say I firmly
+believe, and on good grounds, that even the present administration would
+not now accept of the connection, if America would offer it on the old
+footing."
+
+"You may be assured there is nothing I wish for more than to see my dear
+brother and other dear friends in America again."
+
+"At the same time, I can tell you with truth, unpleasing as you may
+think the situation of the Loyalists to be, I would not change with my
+independent countrymen with all imaginary liberty, but real heavy taxes
+and burdens, destitute in a great measure, as I know they are, of order
+and good government."
+
+"Having this view of things, you can't expect to see me in Massachusetts
+soon, even if I was permitted or invited to return with perhaps the
+offer of the restoration of my estate. For what would it be worth but to
+pay all away in taxes in a short time."
+
+"I'm not yet determined whether to remain in this country or go abroad
+to Nova Scotia or elsewhere."
+
+Again, under date of July 20, 1784, he writes: "Your country is so
+changed since I left it, and in my opinion for the worst, that the great
+pleasure I should have in seeing my dear friends would be lost in a
+great measure in the unhappy change of government."
+
+His next letter was from Parr, on the river St. John, N. B., Nov. 18,
+1784. He says: "Dear Brother. I have been at this place about ten days,
+am surprised to find a large flourishing town, regularly laid out, well
+built, consisting of about two thousand houses, many of them handsome
+and well finished--And at the opposite side of the river at Carlton,
+about five hundred more houses on a pleasant situation. A good harbor
+lies between the two towns, which never freezes, and where there are
+large ships and many vessels of all sizes. The country appears to me to
+be very good, and am satisfied will make a most flourishing Province."
+
+He writes again the next year: "You may wonder perhaps at my saying I
+hope I'm settled in this Province for life, and that I can be contented
+or happy in the place formerly called Nova Scotia."
+
+"I want to see you and my friends, if I have any, but I don't wish to
+live in your country or under your government. I think I have found a
+better. No thanks to the Devils who have robbed me of my property. I do
+not wish to live with or see such infernals."
+
+"God bless you, your wife, your son, your daughter, my brother, etc.,
+who I shall be glad to see again, but not in the American States."
+
+In another letter, dated St. John, N. B., May 13, 1785, to his brother,
+he says: "As to seeing you any more, you have no reason to expect it in
+your State.
+
+"You may be assured, I should be exceeding happy in seeing you both
+here. I can give you a comfortable lodging, and wholesome good fresh
+provisions, excellent fish and good spruce beer, the growth and
+manufacture of our own Province.
+
+"Tho' we should be glad to see the few friends we have remaining there
+among you, we don't wish to give them the pain of seeing us in your
+State, which is evidently overflowing with _freedom and liberty_[231]
+without restraint.
+
+ [231] During 1785 Shay's rebellion occurred in Massachusetts and was put
+ down by General Lincoln.
+
+"The people of the States must needs now be very happy, when they can
+all and every one do just what they like best. No taxes to pay, no
+_stamp act_, _more money_ than they know what to do with, _trade and
+navigation as free as air_."
+
+Under date of Nov. 4, 1786, he writes: "The people of your State seem to
+be stirring up another revolution. What do they want now? Do they find
+at last, to be freed from the British Government, and becoming an
+independent State does not free them from the debts they owe one
+another, or exempt them from the charge of taxation. I wish they would
+pay me what they justly owe, they may then have what government they
+please, or none, if they like that best."
+
+He was appointed in 1784 Judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick,
+and a member of the Council. It was said that he was the ablest lawyer
+in all America. Judge Putnam was the first of the council and bench of
+New Brunswick, who died from failing health; he had not attended council
+meetings for over a year. He died 23 Oct., 1789, in his 65th year. In
+character he was upright and generous; his health was never robust; and
+loss of country, friends and wealth must have been a severe blow. Sabine
+says: "I have often stood at his grave and mused upon the strange
+vicissitudes of human condition, by which the Master, one of the giants
+of the American Colonial Bar, became an outlaw, and an exile, broken in
+fortune and spirit, while his struggling and almost friendless pupil,
+elevated step by step by the very same course of events, was finally
+known the world over as the Chief Magistrate of a Nation." It is thus in
+all successful Revolutions, those that were at the head of affairs are
+hurled from power, and their fortunes wrecked, whilst young men like
+John Adams, of great abilities but poor, and little prospects for
+advancement, are elevated to the highest offices. Who would have ever
+heard of the "Little Corporal" had it not been for the French
+Revolution, then there would not have been any "Napoleon the maker of
+Kings."
+
+Judge Putnam had two relatives who became famous in the Colonial wars,
+and the Revolution. Major-General Israel Putnam was of the fourth
+generation from John. He was born in Salem Village, 1717. He
+distinguished himself at Crown Point, Montreal and Cuba, and later at
+Bunker Hill. General Rufus Putnam was of the fifth generation. After
+serving in the Colonial wars under his cousin Israel Putnam, he took
+part in the siege of Boston, and constructed the works on Dorchester
+Heights, on the 4th of March, 1776, that forced the evacuation of
+Boston.
+
+At no time during the youth of these two men would one have predicted
+that they would be two great soldiers. Their early education was very
+defective, partly because school advantages were then very meagre in the
+rural districts, in which they passed their youth, and partly no doubt,
+because their strong inclinations were for farming and active outdoor
+life, rather than for books and sedentary occupation. Robust and full of
+energy, they were as boys, given to feats of strength and daring.
+
+In 1780 General Rufus Putnam "bought on easy terms" the confiscated
+property of Colonel Murray, who married Lucretia Chandler. This property
+was situated in Rutland, and consisted of a large farm and spacious
+mansion.
+
+JAMES PUTNAM, JR., son Judge Putnam, graduated at Harvard College in
+1774. He was one of the eighteen country gentlemen who addressed Gen.
+Gage, and were driven into Boston. He went to England and died there in
+1838, having been a barrack master, a member of the household, and an
+executor of the Duke of Kent, the father of Queen Victoria.
+
+
+
+
+ JUDGE TIMOTHY PAINE.
+
+
+Stephen Paine, from whom so many of the family in America are descended,
+came from Great Ellingham, near Hingham, Norfolk County, England. He was
+a miller, and came with a large party of immigrants from Hingham and
+vicinity, in the ship Diligent, of Ipswich, John Martin master, in the
+year 1638, bringing with him his wife Rose, two sons and four servants.
+
+Mr. Paine first settled at Hingham, Mass., where he had land granted to
+him, was made a freeman in 1639 and elected Deputy in 1641. In 1642 he,
+with four others, settled at Seekonk, and became prominent in the
+affairs of the new settlement at Rehoboth.
+
+Mr. Paine survived the eventful period of King Philip's war and died in
+1679, outliving his two sons, Stephen having died at Rehoboth in 1677,
+and Nathaniel in 1678.
+
+NATHANIEL PAINE, son of the aforesaid Nathaniel, of the third
+generation, was born at Rehoboth 1661, married Dorothy, daughter of
+Jonathan Rainsford, of Boston. He removed in early life to Bristol,
+Mass., now R. I., and was one of the original proprietors of that place.
+In 1710 he was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and Judge
+of Probate. He was one of the Council of Mass. Bay from 1703 till his
+death in 1723, with the exception of the year 1708. Nathaniel Paine died
+at Bristol, R. I., in 1723, and his wife Dorothy Rainsford, in 1755.
+
+NATHANIEL PAINE, of the fourth generation and fourth son of the
+preceding Nathaniel, was born at Bristol 1688. He was an active and
+influential citizen of Bristol, was for five years elected
+Representative. In 1723 he was a member of a Court of Admiralty for the
+trial of pirates. In 1724 was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas.
+
+Mr. Paine married Sarah, daughter of Timothy Clark of Boston. After his
+death in 1729, his widow married John Chandler and removed to Worcester.
+
+TIMOTHY PAINE, son of the aforesaid Nathaniel and Sarah Clark, his wife.
+He was born in Boston in 1730 and married Sarah Chandler in 1749, the
+daughter of John Chandler, so these young people had probably been
+brought up under the same roof from early childhood. He graduated at
+Harvard College in 1748, and was a stout government man in the
+controversies which preceded the Revolution.
+
+Soon after leaving college, Mr. Paine was engaged in public affairs, and
+the number and variety of offices which he held exhibit the estimation
+in which he stood. He was at different times Clerk of the Courts,
+Register of Deeds, Register of Probate, member of the executive council
+of the Province, in 1774 he was appointed one of his Majesty's Mandamus
+Councillors, Selectman and Town Clerk, and Representative many years in
+the General Court. In 1771 he was also Special Justice of the Supreme
+Court. Solid talents, practical sense, candor, sincerity, ability, and
+mildness, were the characteristics of his life.
+
+When the appeal to arms approached, many of the inhabitants of
+Worcester, most distinguished for talents, influence, and honors,
+adhered with constancy to the Government. Educated with veneration for
+the sovereign to whom they had sworn fealty; indebted to the government
+for the bounty, honor and wealth which they possessed--loyalty and
+gratitude alike influenced them to resent acts that were treasonable,
+and rebellious. The sincerity of their motives were attested by the
+sacrifice of life, property, loss of power, and all the miseries of
+banishment, confiscation and exile.
+
+The struggle between the revolutionist, and the loyalty of a minority of
+the people, powerful in numbers, as well as talents, wealth, and
+influence, arrived at its crisis in Worcester early in 1774, and
+terminated in the total defeat of the loyalists.
+
+Among the many grievances of the revolutionists, was the vesting of the
+government in the dependents of the King, it aggravated the irritation,
+and urged the mobs to acts of violence.
+
+Timothy Paine, Esq., had received a commission as one of the Mandamus
+Councillors. High as was the personal regard, and respect for the purity
+of private character of this gentleman, it was controlled by the
+political feelings of a period of excitement; and measures were taken to
+compel his resignation of a post which was unwelcome to himself, but
+which he dared not refuse, when declining would have been construed as
+contempt for the authority of the King, by whom it was conferred.
+
+August 22, 1774, a mob of nearly 3000 persons collected from the
+surrounding towns, visited Worcester and entered the town before 7
+o'clock in the morning. They chose a committee to wait upon Mr. Paine
+and demand his resignation as Councillor. They went to his house, and he
+agreed to resign from that office, and drew up an acknowledgement,
+mentioning his obligations to the country for favors done him, his
+sorrow for having taken the oath, and a promise that he never would act
+in that office contrary to the charter, and after that he came with the
+committee to the common, where the mob made a lane between them, through
+which he and the committee passed and read divers times as they passed
+along, the said acknowledgment. At first one of the committee read the
+resignation of Mr. Paine in his behalf. It was then insisted that he
+should read it with his hat off. He hesitated and demanded protection
+from the committee, which they were incapable of giving him. Finally,
+with threats of tar and feathers, and personal violence, in which his
+wig was knocked off, he complied, and was allowed to retire to his
+dwelling unharmed.
+
+At the commencement of the Revolution some American soldiers quartered
+at his house repaid his perhaps too unwilling hospitality, and signified
+the intensity of their feelings towards him by cutting the throat of his
+full length portrait.
+
+Madam Paine, in passing the guard house, which stood nearly where the
+old Nashua Hotel stood in Lincoln square, heard the soldiers say "Let us
+shoot the old Tory." She turned around facing them and said: "Shoot if
+you dare," and then she reported to General Knox the insult she had
+received, which was not repeated.
+
+Mrs. Timothy Paine or Madam Paine, as she was styled from respect to her
+dignity and position, was a woman of uncommon energy and acuteness. She
+was noted in her day for her zeal in aiding as far as was in her power
+the followers of the crown, and in defeating the plans of the
+rebellious colonists. In her the King possessed a faithful ally. In her
+hands his dignity was safe, and no insult offered to it, in her
+presence, could go unavenged.
+
+Her wit and loyalty never shone more conspicuously than on the following
+occasion: when President Adams was a young man, he was invited to dine
+with the court, and bar, at the home of Judge Paine, an eminent loyalist
+of Worcester. When the wine was circulating around the table, Judge
+Paine gave as a toast "The King." Some of the Whigs were about to refuse
+to drink it, but Mr. Adams whispered to them to comply, saying "we shall
+have an opportunity to return the compliment." At length, when he was
+desired to give a toast, he gave "The Devil." As the host was about to
+resent the indignity, his wife calmed him, and turned the laugh upon Mr.
+Adams, by immediately exclaiming "My dear! As the gentleman has been so
+kind as to drink to our King, let us by no means refuse in our turn to
+drink to his."
+
+Timothy Paine and Sarah Chandler, his wife, not only feared God, but
+honored the King, so the old record goes. They belonged to families,
+often associated together in the remembrance of the present generation,
+as having adhered through the wavering fortunes and final success of the
+Revolution, devoted and consistent to the British Crown. Solid talents,
+practical sense, candor, sincerity, affability, and mildness, were the
+characteristics of his life. He died July 17, 1793, at the age of
+sixty-three. His widow died at Worcester, in 1811.
+
+
+
+
+ DR. WILLIAM PAINE.
+
+
+William Paine, son of the aforesaid Timothy Paine, was born in
+Worcester, Mass., June 5, 1750. He graduated at Harvard College in 1768,
+his name standing second in a class of more than forty, when they were
+arranged in the catalogue according to the dignity of families.
+
+He then began the study of medicine with a very distinguished physician,
+Dr. Edward A. Holyoke, of Salem, while here he made the acquaintance of
+the lady whom he married a few years later.
+
+One of his earliest instructors was John Adams, who was then reading law
+in the office of Hon. James Putnam, at Worcester. He began the practice
+of medicine in Worcester in 1771. That year Mr. Adams revisited
+Worcester, after an absence of sixteen years, and notes the impression
+of his former pupils as follows: "Here I saw many young gentlemen who
+were my scholars and pupils. John Chandler, Esq., of Petersham, Rufus
+Chandler, the lawyer, and Dr. William Paine, who now studies physics
+with Dr. Holyoke of Salem, and others, most of whom began to learn Latin
+with me."
+
+In 1771, after about three years of study, he returned to Worcester,
+with every prospect of becoming a leader in the medical profession. In
+1773 he entered into partnership with two other physicians or "Traders
+in the Art, Mystery and Business of an Apothecary and the practice of
+Physick." This interest was confiscated in 1779.
+
+In 1773 Dr. Paine was married to Miss Lois Orne of Salem, with a fortune
+of 3,000 pounds sterling. Six children were born from this union.
+
+For the purpose of facilitating his business abroad and of perfecting
+his medical education, Dr. Paine in Sept. 1774, sailed for England, and
+the following winter was passed in the study of medicine. During his
+visit there he was presented to the King, and Queen Charlotte, wearing
+the court dress prescribed for medical men, which was a gray cloth coat
+with silver buttons, a white satin waistcoat, satin small clothes, silk
+hose and wearing a sword, and a fall of lace from cravat or collar, and
+lace in the sleeves. It is interesting to read some of his letters
+written as he was about leaving England. In one of them he writes "The
+Colonists had better lay down their arms at once, for we are coming over
+with an overwhelming force to destroy them." His wife and children
+seemed to have remained with his father and mother while he was in
+England, but finding their position in Worcester unpleasant on account
+of their unpopular political opinions, she left and went to Rhode
+Island.
+
+Dr. Paine returned to America in 1775, shortly after hostilities
+commenced, and while there was apparently no legal impediment to his
+return to Worcester, it was doubtless a very prudent decision of Dr.
+Paine not to make the attempt. His feeling of personal loyalty to the
+government was too strong to allow him even to appear to yield to the
+Revolutionists, then dominating his native town, and he wisely returned
+to England. His study of medicine there must have been pursued with
+unusual zeal and success, for Nov. 1775, he received from Marischal
+College, Aberdeen, the degree of M. D.
+
+Soon after obtaining this distinction, he received an appointment as
+Apothecary to the British forces in America, and served in Rhode Island
+and New York till 1781, when he returned to England, in company with his
+patient, Lord Winchelsea. While in England, in 1782, he is said to have
+been made Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of London.
+
+October 23, 1782, he was commissioned Physician to His Majesty's
+Hospitals within the district of North America, commanded by Sir Guy
+Carleton, and he reported for duty at Halifax, N. S. Letters which have
+been preserved show that during this year at Halifax he had won the
+respect, friendship and confidence, not only of his immediate medical
+superior, Dr. Nooth, but also of Lord Wentworth, Governor of the
+Province.
+
+In the summer of 1784, Dr. Paine took possession of La Tete, an island
+in Passamaquoddy Bay, granted him by the British Government, for his
+services in the war. He remained there less than one year, and then made
+his residence in St. John, N. B., where he took up the practice of his
+profession. The cause of the removal from the island was the protest of
+his wife that the children could not receive a proper education in that
+isolated spot.
+
+He was elected member of the Assembly of New Brunswick from the county
+of Charlotte, and was appointed Clerk of the House. He was commissioned
+as a justice for the county of Sunbury. There is abundant evidence of
+the high estimate placed on his character and ability in the numerous
+offices which he held during his residence here.
+
+July 29, 1786, he wrote to a friend: "I do a great deal of Business in
+my Profession, but I get very little for it. The truth is we are all
+very poor, and the most industrious and economical gets only a bare
+subsistence. However, it will soon be better as the Province is daily
+filling with stock of all kinds."
+
+In 1787 Dr. Paine made application for leave to visit and reside in New
+England while remaining on half pay, and a permit to that effect was
+issued by the War Office.
+
+In Salem he devoted himself to the practice of medicine in the town
+where he had been known as a student of the famous Dr. Holyoke, and
+where his wife had spent her early life.
+
+In 1793 his father died, and he removed to Worcester, and for the
+remaining forty years of his life he resided in the paternal mansion.
+His father's property was large, and as he was not an absentee, it was
+not confiscated. By his will it was equally divided between his
+children, the farm and homestead covered 1230 acres. Dr. Paine bought
+the shares of his brothers, and sisters in same for 2,000 pounds
+sterling, but the deeds were given to Nathaniel Paine in trust for
+William, for the doctor was as yet, but an alien in his native state.
+The year 1812 was a critical one, bringing a most important question for
+him to decide, for war arose between Great Britain and the United
+States, and he was still a half-pay officer in His Majesty's service. He
+therefore resigned from the British service, and in 1812 petitioned the
+Legislature for its consent to his being a naturalized citizen of the
+United States.
+
+William Paine was one of the founders of the American Antiquarian
+Society of Worcester. His name was omitted from the act of incorporation
+because he was an alien. The next year, 1813, he was elected Vice
+President of same.
+
+He occupied the old paternal mansion on Lincoln street in a quiet, very
+dignified and almost luxurious manner as befitted a country gentleman.
+Here he died at the ripe age of 83, March 19, 1833.
+
+SAMUEL PAINE, son of Timothy, was born at Worcester, Mass. Graduated at
+Harvard College in 1771. The Worcester County Convention, Sept. 7, 1774,
+voted to take notice of Mr. Samuel Paine, assistant clerk, for sending
+out _venires_. Voted, that Mr. Samuel Dennison go to Mr. Samuel Paine
+forewith, and desire his immediate attendance before this body, to
+answer for sending _venires_ to constables commanding their compliance
+with the late Act of Parliament.
+
+Mr. Paine appeared and stated that he felt bound by the duty of his
+office to comply with the Act, "Voted that Mr. Paine has not given
+satisfaction, and that he be allowed to consider till the adjournment of
+this meeting."
+
+On September 21, he transmitted a paper to the Convention explanatory of
+his conduct; but that body voted that it "was not satisfactory, and that
+'his letter be dismissed' and Mr. Paine himself 'be treated with all
+neglect.'"
+
+In 1775 he was sent to the Committee of Worcester under guard, "to
+Watertown or Cambridge, to be dealt with as the honorable Congress or
+Commander-in-Chief shall, upon examination, think proper." His direct
+offenses consisted, apparently, in saying that the Hampshire troops had
+robbed the home of Mr. Bradish; that he had heard the Whig soldiers were
+deserting in great numbers, and that he was told "the men were so close
+stowed in the Colleges that they were lousy." This is the substance of
+the testimony of a neighbor, the only witness who appeared against him.
+
+In 1776 Mr. Paine accompanied the British Army to Halifax when they
+evacuated Boston. During the war he wandered from place to place without
+regular employment. He returned to Worcester where he died in 1807. The
+British government allowed him an annual pension of L84.
+
+
+
+
+ JOHN CHANDLER.
+
+
+The founder of this family, so large and so influential before the
+Revolution, came to these shores from England in 1637, when William
+Chandler and Annice, his wife, settled in Roxbury. Mr. Chandler died in
+1641, "having lived a very religious and godly life," and "leaving a
+sweet memory and savor behind him." Annice Chandler must have been an
+attractive woman, for she was not only soon married to a second husband,
+but to a third, and her last one evidently expected her to enter into
+matrimony a fourth time, for in his will he provided that she shall have
+the use of his warming pan only so long as she remained his widow.
+Goodwife Parmenter, however, died in 1683, in full possession of the
+warming pan, the widow of the third husband.
+
+JOHN CHANDLER, a son of William, emigrated to Woodstock, Conn., and
+became a farmer. He was selectman and deacon of the church, and died
+there in 1703, leaving a family and property valued at L512.
+
+The second John Chandler, son of the first of that name, had before his
+father's death, moved to New London, Conn., where he married, and in
+1698 had opened a "house of entertainment" there. He at a later date
+moved back to South Woodstock, and in 1711 was chosen representative to
+the General Court at Boston for several years. After the erection of
+Worcester County by Act of the Legislature of Massachusetts, April 2,
+1731, the first Probate Court in Worcester was held by Col. Chandler as
+Judge in the meeting house, 13th of July, 1731, and the first Court of
+Common Pleas and General Sessions on August 10 following, by the Hon.
+John Chandler, commissioned June 30, 1731, Chief Justice. These offices
+he held until his death, as well as Colonel of Militia to which stations
+of civil, judicial and military honors, he rose by force of his strong
+mental powers, with but slight advantages of education. Judge John
+Chandler died August 10, 1743, in his 79th year, leaving in his will
+L8,699.
+
+JOHN CHANDLER, the third of that name, son of the Hon. John Chandler,
+held nearly all the offices in the town of Worcester, Selectman,
+Sheriff, Probate Judge, Town Treasurer, Register of Probate, Register of
+Deeds, Chief Judge of County Courts, Judge of Common Pleas,
+Representative to the General Court, Colonel of Militia and a member of
+the Governor's Council. He died in 1762, wealthy and full of honors.
+
+JUDGE CHANDLER, was married to Hannah Gardner, daughter of John Gardner
+of the Isle of Wight (known afterwards as Gardner's Island), in 1716.
+She died in Worcester in 1738, aged 39 years, leaving nine children, the
+first members of the Chandler family who were born and bred in
+Worcester.
+
+JOHN CHANDLER, son of the aforesaid, the fourth to bear that name was
+born in New London, Connecticut, in 1720, was married twice and had
+sixteen children. His father removed to Worcester when he was eleven
+years of age. At his father's death he succeeded him to the principal
+county offices. He was Colonel in the militia, and was in service in the
+French war, and he was Sheriff, Judge of Probate and County Treasurer.
+Up to 1774 John Chandler's life had been one of almost unbroken
+prosperity, but when the rebellion broke out, his loyalist sentiments
+brought upon him the wrath of the mob, and he was compelled to leave
+home, and family and retire to Boston. When Boston was evacuated, he
+went to Halifax, and thence to London, and two years after he was
+proscribed and banished. He sacrificed his large possessions, L36,190 as
+appraised in this country by commissioners here, to a chivalrous sense
+of loyalty. In the schedule exhibited to the British Commissioners,
+appointed to adjust the compensation to the Americans who adhered to the
+government; the amount of real and personal property which was
+confiscated, is estimated at L11,067, and the losses from office, from
+destruction of business, and other causes, at nearly L6,000 more. So
+just and moderate was this compensation ascertained to be, at a time
+when extravagant claims were presented by others, that his claim was
+allowed in full; he was denominated in England "The Honest Refugee."
+Sabine says "I am assured that, while he was in Boston he was supported
+for a considerable time by the sale of silver plate sent him by his
+family; and that when he left home he had no idea of quitting the
+country. I am assured also, that when the Revolutionary Commissioners
+took an inventory of his household furniture, the females were plundered
+of their very clothing." His adherence to the government, and his
+departure for England, seems to have been his only offences, yet he was
+treated as harshly as though he had borne arms in the field.
+
+He is spoken of as having a cheerful temperament, engaging in manner,
+hospitable as a citizen, friendly and kind as a neighbor, industrious
+and enterprising as a merchant, and successful as a man of business. He
+died in London in 1800, and was buried in Islington churchyard. In 1741
+he married Dorothy, daughter of Colonel Nathaniel Paine. She died in
+1745. His second wife was Mary, daughter of Colonel Church, of Bristol,
+R. I., a descendant of the warrior who fought King Philip. She died at
+Worcester in 1783. His portrait in oil is preserved in the rooms of the
+American Antiquarian Society, Worcester. George Bancroft, the
+distinguished historian, and the widow of Governor Davis of
+Massachusetts, are Colonel Chandler's grandchildren.
+
+CLARK CHANDLER, son of Colonel John, was born at Worcester in 1743. At
+first a clerk in the office of the Register of Probate, he became joint
+Register with Hon. Timothy Paine, and held the appointment from 1766 to
+1774. He was also Town Clerk of Worcester from 1768 to 1774. In 1774 he
+entered upon the town Records a remonstrance of the Loyalists to the
+great anger of the Revolutionists, who voted in town meeting that he
+should then and there "obliterate, erase, or otherwise deface, the said
+recorded protest, and the names thereto subscribed, so that it may
+become illegible and unintelligible." This he was obliged to do, in
+presence of the revolutionists, to blot out the obnoxious record by
+dipping his fingers in ink, and drawing them over the protest.
+
+He left home in June, 1775, and went to Halifax, and thence to Canada.
+He returned in September of the same year, and was imprisoned in the
+common jail. Confinement impaired his health, and he was removed to his
+mother's home. Finally he was allowed to go to Lancaster, on giving
+security that he would not depart from that town. He returned to
+Worcester and kept store at the corner of Main and Front streets. His
+person was small, and he wore bright red small clothes; was odd and
+singular in appearance, which often provoked jeers and jokes of those
+around him, but apt at reply "he paid the jokers in their own coin." He
+was never married, and died in Worcester in 1804.
+
+RUFUS CHANDLER, fifth child of Colonel John by Mary Church, his second
+wife. He was born in 1747, and graduated at Harvard College in 1776 in a
+class of forty, with the rank of the fourth in "dignity of family." He
+read law in the office of his uncle, Hon. James Putnam, in Worcester,
+where he afterwards practised his profession until the courts were
+closed by the mobs in 1774. He was one of the barristers and attornies
+who addressed Hutchinson in the last mentioned year. He inherited the
+loyalty of his family and left the country at the commencement of
+hostilities. He went to Halifax in 1776 and in 1778 was proscribed and
+banished. His mother used a part of his estate for the support of his
+daughter; but the remainder appraised at L820, was confiscated. He
+resided in England as a private gentleman, and died in London in 1823,
+at the age of 76, and his remains were laid with those of his fathers in
+Islington churchyard. His wife was Elizabeth Putnam, his only child, who
+bore her mother's name, married Solomon Vose, of Augusta, Maine.
+
+GARDNER CHANDLER, son of Colonel John, of Hardwick, Mass., was born in
+1749, and was a merchant in that town. His property was confiscated, and
+the proceeds paid into the treasury of the state. He left the colony and
+returned some time after to Hardwick. He made acknowledgments
+satisfactory to his townsmen, it was voted by the town "that as Gardner
+Chandler has now made acknowledgment, and says he is sorry for his past
+conduct, that they will treat him as a friend and neighbor, so long as
+he shall behave himself well." He removed to Brattleboro, Vermont, and
+again to Hinsdale, N. H. He died in the last named town. His wife was
+Elizabeth, daughter of Brigadier Timothy Ruggles.
+
+NATHANIEL CHANDLER, son of Colonel John, was born in Worcester, 1750,
+graduated at Harvard College in 1768. He was a pupil of John Adams, and
+commenced the practice of law in Petersham. His brother-in-law, the Rev.
+Dr. Bancroft, wrote "that he possessed personal manliness and beauty,"
+that "he was endowed with a good mind and a lively imagination" that "in
+disposition he was cheerful." He was one of the eighteen county
+gentlemen who addressed General Gage on his departure in 1775. In 1776
+he went to Halifax. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished, and his
+estate confiscated. Entering the British service he commanded a corps of
+Volunteers and did good service. He returned to Petersham in 1784, and
+engaged in trade, but relinquished business on account of ill health,
+and returned to Worcester. Citizenship was restored in 1789, by Act of
+the Legislature of Mass. He was a very pleasant companion, and a
+favorite singer of songs in social parties. He never married. He died at
+Worcester in 1801.
+
+WILLIAM CHANDLER, eighth child of Colonel John, was born at Worcester in
+1752, and graduated at Harvard College in 1772. At that time students in
+that institution were ranked according to "dignity of family" and
+William was placed in the highest class. He was one of the eighteen
+county gentlemen who were driven from their homes to Boston, and who
+addressed General Gage on his departure in 1775. In 1776 he went to
+Halifax. He was proscribed and banished under the Act of 1778, but
+returned to Mass., after the close of the Revolution. Among the articles
+in the inventory of his estate when it was confiscated was seven pairs
+of silk hose, at fourteen shillings; plated shoe buckles, six shillings;
+and pair of velvet breeches.
+
+Gardiner Chandler, brother of Colonel John. He was born in Woodstock in
+1723. In the French war he was a major and was in service at the
+surrender of Fort William Henry. He was Treasurer of Worcester County
+eight years and succeeded his brother John, as sheriff, in 1762. He
+presented General Gage an Address in behalf of the Judges of the Court
+of Common Pleas in 1774; and was compelled by a Convention of the
+Committee of Correspondence to sign a "Recantation." In time, he
+regained the confidence of the community, and was suffered to live
+undisturbed. He died in Worcester, in 1782. His first wife was Hannah
+Greene, of Providence, R. I., his second, Ann Leonard, of Norton, Mass.
+
+The Chandlers were in every respect the most eminent family in Worcester
+County, and furnished many men of distinction in its ante-revolutionary
+history. They were closely allied by blood, marriage or friendship with
+the aristocracy of the county and province, in which they had unbounded
+sway. They had large possessions, and shared with the Paine family (with
+whom they were allied), the entire local influence at Worcester, but did
+not, like that family, survive the shock of the Revolution, and retain a
+local habitation and a name. Their property was confiscated and they
+were declared traitors.
+
+The family was broken up; some members of it went abroad and died there,
+others were scattered in this country, yet not a few of their
+descendants eminent in the most honorable pursuits, and in the highest
+positions in life under different names and in various localities,
+represent that ancient, honorable and once numerous race, wrecked by the
+Revolution.
+
+John Adams says in his diary, "The Chandlers exercised great influence
+in the County of Worcester until they took the side of the government in
+the Revolution, and lost their position. They were well bred, agreeable
+people, and I visited them as often as my school, and my studies in the
+lawyer's office would admit."
+
+
+
+
+ JOHN GORE.
+
+
+John Gore, of Roxbury, and his wife Rhoda, were both church members in
+1635. He died June 2, 1657, and his widow married Lieut. John Remington.
+He had ten children, of whom John, Samuel, Abigail, Mary, Mylam, and
+Hannah, were mentioned in his will.
+
+Samuel Gore, son of the former, lived in Roxbury, and was a carpenter.
+He married August 28, 1672, Elizabeth, daughter of John Weld. He died
+July, 1692. They had seven children.
+
+Obadiah Gore, son of Samuel, was also a carpenter, and lived in Boston.
+He married, October 26, 1710, Sarah Kilby. He died October 8, 1721, and
+was survived by five children, all of whom were baptized at the Brattle
+Street church.
+
+JOHN GORE, son of the former, lived in Boston, and was a painter and
+merchant. He married, May 5, 1743, Frances, daughter of John Pinkney.
+She was born September 20, 1726. They had fourteen or fifteen children,
+nine of whom lived to be married. The baptisms of nine of his children
+are given in the records of the Brattle Street Church. John Gore was an
+Addresser of Gage, and in 1776 went to Halifax and thence to England. He
+was proscribed and banished in 1778, and pardoned by the Legislature in
+1787. He died in Boston in 1796, aged seventy-seven. His will is in the
+Suffolk Register, Lib. 94, F. 182. His son, CHRISTOPHER GORE, was born
+in Boston, Sept. 21st, 1758. He was educated in the public schools of
+Boston, and was prepared at the South Latin school under the tuition of
+Mr. Lovell, the most noted educator of his day. At the age of 13,
+Christopher entered Harvard College, and was among the youngest of his
+class. But he commenced his collegeate course in troubleous times, for
+in his junior year the Revolution broke out, which created confusion and
+disorder through society, and deranged the plans, and changed the
+pursuits of many in every grade and profession. The College at Cambridge
+was considered by the Revolutionists as "nest of tories" and during the
+siege of Boston the college buildings were taken possession of by the
+continental army stationed at Cambridge, and the students were dispersed
+for several months. Young Gore was determined to follow out his course
+of college training, however, and to this end went to Bradford, in Essex
+County, and studied under the direction and in the family of Rev. Mr.
+Williams, afterwards professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in
+Harvard College. When the college removed to Concord he, with most of
+the students, repaired thither, and resumed his studies. He graduated in
+1776, the year that his father was driven from the land of his birth.
+
+Christopher Gore soon commenced the study of law in the office and under
+the direction of Judge John Lowell, in whose family he resided while a
+student. He commenced the practice of law in Boston with every prospect
+of success. He had to depend on himself alone, for not only had he his
+own fortune to make, but after he left college, he had to contribute to
+the support of his mother and three unmarried sisters, who were left in
+Boston without means when his father went to Halifax.
+
+By his own exertion and industry, he paid his college bills after he
+entered on his profession, in addition to his other responsible duties,
+devolving upon him with honor to himself. During 1809-10 Mr. Gore was
+Governor of Massachusetts. While Governor, he occupied the home corner
+of Park and Beacon streets, and it is said he drove through the streets
+of Boston in a carriage drawn by four horses. This was more than the
+plain republican people of Boston could stand, and they did not want him
+for Governor again, besides it is undeniable that Mr. Gore was a good
+deal of an aristocrat at heart, and consequently more or less a
+loyalist. But he made a fine administrator, and at the end of the term
+retired to private life, and did not resume the practice of his
+profession.
+
+In 1791 Christopher Gore purchased in Waltham about 1000 acres of land
+which formerly belonged to an ancestor of President Garfield. Here
+Governor Gore erected a stately mansion upon a knoll or rise of the land
+not far distant from Gore street, where one of the drives, leading to
+it, runs under rows of stately trees, and through a finely kept lawn. In
+the rear of the house are the flower gardens, and conservatory, and
+behind that the kitchen garden; to the west of this is the deer park.
+
+After the death of Governor Gore this stately structure was sold to
+General Theodore Lyman, who after living there seven years sold it to
+Singleton Copley Greene, the son of Gardner Green, who married a
+daughter of Copley the artist, the sister of Lord Lyndhurst: (see p.
+216.) Christopher Gore married Rebecca Payne, 11 Nov. 1783. They had no
+children. Gov. Gore died 1 March 1827, his widow 22 Jan. 1833.
+
+
+
+
+ JOHN JEFFRIES.
+
+
+David Jeffries was born at Rhoad, in Wiltshire, England, 1658, and
+arrived at Boston, May 9, 1677. He married Sept. 15, 1686, Elizabeth,
+daughter of John and Elizabeth Usher, by whom he had several children.
+Of his two sons, John, born Feb. 5, 1688, and David, born June 15, 1690,
+John became Town Treasurer, was a very prominent citizen. He married
+Sept. 24, 1713, Anne Clarke, and had issue, an only child Anne, who died
+young. He went to London in 1710, and returned in 1713. He resided in
+Tremont Street opposite the King's Chapel.
+
+David Jeffries Jr., who continued the name, married in 1713, Katherine,
+daughter of John and Katherine Eyre, by whom he had an only child David,
+born 23 Oct. 1714. He was a merchant, and in 1715 he sailed for England,
+and was lost in the Amity, Sept. 13, 1716, on the sands near Dungeness.
+His son,
+
+DAVID JEFFRIES, married his cousin, Sarah Jaffrey, 1741, by whom he had
+eight children, all of whom died young except John, born Feb. 4, 1744,
+alone preserved the name.
+
+JOHN JEFFRIES, the only son of the former, graduated from Harvard
+College in 1763, having pursued his medical studies with Doctor Lloyd.
+He continued his study of medicine in London, and was honored with the
+degree of M. D. at Aberdeen in 1769. In 1771 he was appointed surgeon to
+the "Captain" a British Ship-of-the-line in Boston Harbor, by his
+friend, Admiral Montague. He held that position until 1774.
+
+Dr. Jeffries practised in Boston until the Revolution. He landed with
+the forces at the battle of Bunker Hill, and assisted in dressing the
+wounded of the Royal Army, and, it is said, identified the body of
+Warren, in the presence of Sir William Howe. He accompanied the British
+troops at the evacuation in 1776 to Halifax, and was appointed Chief of
+the Surgical Staff of Nova Scotia. In 1779 he went to England; and on
+his return to America, held a high professional employment to the
+British forces at Charleston and New York. He resigned in 1780, and
+going to England again, commenced practice in London.
+
+[Illustration: DR. JOHN JEFFRIES.
+
+Born in Boston, Feb. 4, 1774. In his balloon costume. Dr. Jeffries and
+Blanchard were the first to cross from England to France in a balloon.
+Died in Boston Sept. 16, 1819.]
+
+On the 17th of January, 1785, Dr. Jeffries crossed the English channel
+with Blanchard in a balloon, landing in the forest of Guines in France.
+This feat procured for him the attention of the most distinguished
+personages of the day and an introduction to all the learned and
+scientific societies of Paris.[232]
+
+ [232] A narrative of his two aerial voyages was published In London in
+ 1786, exact and entertaining, with a portrait of the adventurer and a
+ view of the monument erected by the French government, on the spot where
+ he landed.
+
+Dr. Jeffries' first wife was Sarah Rhoads, whom he married in 1770. By
+her he had three children, who died unmarried. He married again, Sept.
+8, 1787, Hannah, the daughter of William and Hannah Hunt. In 1790 Dr.
+Jeffries returned to Boston in the ship Lucretia.
+
+He resumed his practice, and delivered the first public lecture on
+anatomy, a branch of his profession of which he was very fond.[233] He
+was eminent as a surgeon, midwife and physician. He attended the poor as
+faithfully and cheerfully as the rich, and was never known to refuse a
+professional call. His death occurred in Boston, September 16th, 1819,
+aged 76 years, after a successful practice of fifty-three years.
+
+ [233] Curwen's Journal, P. 537.
+
+Dr. Jeffries had by his second wife eleven children, all of whom died
+unmarried excepting John, Katherine who married G. C. Haven, Julia Ann,
+who married Thomas E. Eckley, and George J., who took the name of
+Jaffrey.[234]
+
+ [234] New Eng. Hist. & General Reg., Vol. 15, P. 16.
+
+John Jeffries, son of the doctor, was born March 23, 1796, and became
+the only representative of the name in the city. He was a distinguished
+physician in Boston. He married, November 8, 1820, Anne Geyer, daughter
+of Rufus Greene and Ann (McLean) Amory. His children were Catherine,
+Anne, Sarah, Augustus, Edward P. and Henry N. Jeffries.
+
+George Jaffrey, an elder son of Dr. John Jeffries the loyalist, was born
+December 21, 1789. George Jaffrey, his grand-uncle, who graduated from
+Harvard College in 1736, became a Counsellor and held various important
+positions in Portsmouth, N. H. He married Lucy, the daughter of Adam
+Winthrop, but had no issue. His loyalty to the crown involved him in
+trouble several times, but he died in 1802 leaving property, then a
+large amount to George Jaffrey Jeffries, on condition that "he should
+drop the name of Jeffries; become a permanent resident of Portsmouth,
+and never follow any profession except that of being a gentleman."
+
+George Jaffrey made his home in Portsmouth and for many years was
+librarian of the Portsmouth Athenaeum. He died May 4, 1856, and a
+merited tribute was paid to his character and his labors by Mr. Brewster
+in the Portsmouth Journal of the 10th.[235]
+
+ [235] New Eng. Hist. & General Reg., Vol. 15, P. 17.
+
+The Jeffries family have always ranked among the gentry of Boston, and
+have maintained that position from the date of the earliest settlement,
+to the present time.
+
+
+
+
+ THOMAS BRINLEY.
+
+
+Thomas Brinley, Auditor general to Charles First and Second, had a son
+Francis who settled at Barbados, but the climate not being suited to his
+habits and constitution, came to New England and settled at Newport, R.
+I., in 1652. This was about fourteen years after the settlement of that
+place, and Francis Brinley held various offices; among them that of
+Judge. He occasionally resided in Boston, owning a large estate at the
+corner of Hanover and Elm streets. He died there in 1719, aged
+eighty-seven, and was buried in a grave in the King's Chapel
+burial-ground in Boston, on the spot where the family tomb now stands.
+
+Thomas, son of the latter, was one of the founders of King's Chapel and
+resided in Boston. He married Mary Apthorp, and in 1684 went to England,
+where he died in 1693. His daughter Elizabeth married William
+Hutchinson, Esq., a graduate of Harvard College, in 1702. Mrs. Brinley,
+Francis and Elizabeth, returned to Newport, R. I.
+
+Francis Brinley, the son of Thomas, was born in London in 1690, and was
+educated at Eton. He became a colonel and resided in Roxbury. His
+mansion was named Datchet from the house of that place in England.
+Colonel Brinley returned to London, where he died November 27, 1765.
+Francis Brinley's wife was Deborah, daughter of Edward and Catherine
+Lyde, and his marriage took place April 18, 1718. They had five sons and
+two daughters; one of whom married Colonel John Murray, and the other
+Godfrey Malbone.
+
+Of the sons, THOMAS BRINLEY was a Mandamus Councillor, and lived on
+Harvard Street. He married his cousin Elizabeth, the daughter of George
+Cradock, but they left no children. He was a graduate of Harvard College
+in 1744, and became a Merchant in Boston.
+
+His name appears among the one hundred and twenty-four merchants and
+others, who addressed Hutchinson in Boston in 1774; and among the
+ninety-seven gentlemen and principal inhabitants of that town, who
+addressed Gage in October of the following year. In 1776 he went to
+Halifax, and thence to England in the same year. In 1778 he was
+proscribed and banished. His death occurred in 1784, and Elizabeth, his
+widow, died in England in 1793.
+
+EDWARD BRINLEY, brother of Thomas, married Sarah, daughter of Thomas
+Tyler and left many descendants.
+
+NATHANIEL BRINLEY, another brother, also married his cousin, Catharine
+Cradock, was a resident in South Street and at one time lived in
+Framingham. About 1760 he leased the "Brinley Farm" of Oliver DeLancey,
+agent of the owner, Admiral Sir Peter Warren, of the Royal Navy, and as
+is said, employed fifteen or twenty negroes, in its cultivation. It is
+related that Daniel Shays, the leader of the insurrection in 1786, was
+in the service of Mr. Brinley on this farm. In 1775 he was an Addresser
+of Gage, and was ordered, in consequence, to confine himself to his own
+leasehold. He fled to the Royal Army in Boston, and after the evacuation
+of that town, he was sent to Framingham by sentence of a Court of
+Inquiry, ordered to give bond in L600, with two sureties, to remain
+there four months and to be of good behavior.
+
+"In September 1776, Ebenezer Marshall, in behalf of the Committee of
+Correspondence, Inspection and Safety, represented that the 'people take
+him for a very villain,' as he had declared that 'Parliament had an
+undoubted right to make void the charter in part or in whole'; 'that ten
+thousand troops, with an artillery, would go through the continent, and
+subdue it at pleasure'; that he had conveyed 'his best furniture to
+Roxbury, and moved his family and goods into Boston,' and had himself
+remained there, 'as long as he could have the protection of the British
+troops;' that he approved of General Gage's conduct in the highest
+terms;' that 'his most intimate connections were some of our worst
+enemies and traitors;' and that, while he had been under their
+inspection, they had seen nothing 'either in his conduct or disposition,
+that discovers the least contrition, but otherwise.'"[236]
+
+ [236] Sabine's Loyalists, Vol. 1, P. 256.
+
+To some of these allegations, Mrs. Brinley replied in two memorials to
+the General Court. She averred that, by the conditions of the
+recognizance, her husband was entitled to the freedom of the whole of
+the town of Framingham; that he was in custody on the sole charge of
+addressing Gage; and that instead of being a refuge in Boston, he was
+shut up in that town while accidentally there, etc. She stated that he
+at one time had been compelled to work on John Fisk's farm, without
+liberty to go more than twenty rods from the house unless in Fisk's
+presence; and that he was denied the free use of pen, ink and paper. She
+said that after Mr. Brinley had been transferred to the care of Benjamin
+Eaton, he was not allowed to go from the house, and was fearful that his
+departure from it would occasion the loss of his life; also that she or
+any other person was not allowed to converse with him, unless in the
+hearing of some member of Eaton's family. She urged that he might be
+removed to some other inland town, and be treated in accordance with his
+sentence. Mr. Brinley's defence of himself seems to have been the simple
+remark: "I am a gentleman and have done nothing to forfeit that
+character." He merely had a rational opinion, but that was enough.
+
+On the 17th September, 1776, the General Court, by resolve, committed
+him to the care of his father, on security in L600 for his appearance;
+and, in October of the same year, the committee of Framingham reported
+to the council that they had disposed of his farm, stock, farm-utensils
+and household furniture. Nathaniel Brinley removed to Tyngsborough,
+where his son Robert, married Elizabeth, daughter of John Pitts. This
+staunch loyalist died at that place in 1814, at the age of eighty-one.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO THOMAS BRINLEY IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Gustavus Fellows, Sept. 28, 1782; Lib. 136, fol. 11; Land,
+ dwelling-house, distill house and wharf in Boston, Hollis St. S.;
+ heirs of Joshua Henshaw deceased W.; low water mark.
+
+
+
+
+ REV. JOHN WISWELL.
+
+
+John and Thomas Wiswell were early residents of Dorchester. John's name
+is found in the records as early as 1634. His brother Thomas came to
+Dorchester about 1635. Noah, son of Thomas, born in 1640, was a military
+man, and was in command in the desperate battle with the Indians near
+Wheelwright's Pond, N. H., where he and his son John were killed, July
+6th, 1690. Another son of Thomas, Inchabod, born in 1637, was minister
+of Duxbury. He had a son Peleg, born in 1683, who was schoolmaster at
+Charlestown in 1704. John Wiswell, son of Peleg, married Elizabeth,
+daughter of Dr. Samuel Rogers, graduated from Harvard College in 1705,
+was a master of a Boston Grammar School in 1719. He died in 1767, aged
+84 and is buried in Copps Hill burying ground.
+
+JOHN WISWELL, son of the aforesaid, was born in 1731, and graduated from
+Harvard College in 1749. In 1753 he was teaching school in Maine, but he
+pursued the study of divinity as a Congregationalist. Occasionally he
+preached, and in 1756 he was invited to become the pastor of the New
+Casco parish in Falmouth, now Portland, and was ordained November third
+of that year. In 1761 he married Mercy, the daughter of Judge John
+Minot, of Brunswick.
+
+In 1764 John Wiswell suddenly changed his religious views and left his
+people. He embraced the Episcopal form of worship, and preached for
+several Sundays in the town-house. On September 4, 1764, the Parish of
+St. Paul's Church, Falmouth, was organized and Mr. Wiswell was invited
+to become their rector. For want of a bishop in the colonies, he was
+obliged to go to England to receive ordination. A writer at this time
+says, "There was a sad uproar about Wiswell, who has declared for the
+church and accepted of the call our churchmen have given him to be their
+minister." They voted him L100 a year and later he received L20 as a
+Missionary from the Missionary Society. After a year's elapse, he was
+able to report to the Society in London for the propagation of the
+Gospel in Foreign Parts, that his Congregation had increased to seventy
+families, and the admittance of twenty-one persons to the communion. In
+1765 the parish addressed a letter to the Rev. Mr. Hooper of Boston,
+asking his good offices in enlisting the sympathy of the churchmen
+there, in behalf of their oppressed fellow-worshippers in Falmouth. John
+Wiswell was an ardent Loyalist, as were about twenty of the leading men
+of his church. He continued to preach until the revolution broke out.
+After the trouble came in the colonies, he was seized while out walking
+one day with Captain Mowatt, by Colonel Samuel Thompson of Brunswick,
+who had arrived with about fifty men unknown to the inhabitants. Colonel
+Thompson refused to release Mr. Wiswell, and Captain Mowatt, but finally
+seeing that the town was against him, he consented to release them if
+they would give their parole to deliver themselves up next day. After
+his capture, the clergyman was obliged to declare his abhorrence of the
+doctrine of passive obedience and non-resistance, and was then released.
+Mr. Wiswell now joined the British Forces, and after going on board a
+man-of-war addressed a letter to the wardens of his church, resigning
+his charge. After Captain Mowatt burned Falmouth, he sailed to Boston,
+and then to England. After leaving his parish he was for three years a
+chaplain on the British Naval Ship Boyne, and later for a short time was
+a curate in Suffolk. He and fifteen others from Falmouth had their
+estates confiscated, and were banished.
+
+At the close of the war, Mr. Wiswell accepted the call of some of his
+former parishioners, and settled in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, over a
+parish they had formed there, and in 1782 he was appointed a missionary
+of that place. Having lost his first wife, he married a widow Hutchinson
+from the Jerseys, as the Rev. Jacob Bailey, the frontier missionary
+writes, who married them. John Wiswell was afterwards a missionary at
+Aylesford, and after a very full and worthy life, died at Nova Scotia in
+1812, at the age of eighty-one. He left two sons, born in Falmouth, who
+were Lieutenants in the Navy. Peleg, one of his sons, was appointed
+Judge of the Supreme Court, of Nova Scotia, in 1816 and died at
+Annapolis in 1836, at the age of seventy-three. When the Rev. John
+Wiswell lived in Falmouth, Maine, he occupied a house painted red, which
+stood on the corner of Middle and Exchange Streets, afterwards owned and
+occupied by James Deering, and which gave place to the brick block built
+by that gentleman.
+
+
+
+
+ HENRY BARNES.
+
+
+John Barnes, and his wife Elizabeth (Perrie) came to Boston about 1710.
+He was a prominent merchant, and was in partnership with John Arbuthnot,
+who married Abigail Little, of Pembroke, in 1719, and whose daughter
+Christian married Henry, the son of John Barnes, Sept. 26, 1746. John
+Barnes was a prominent Episcopalian, was vestryman of King's Chapel from
+1715 to 1724, warden from 1724 to 1728, was the first mentioned of the
+trustees concerned in the purchase of land for Christ Church, and
+afterwards of those who bought of Leonard Vassal, Esq., his estate on
+Summer street (see p. 286) for the building of Trinity Church. His home
+in Boston was on the north side of Beacon street, extending from Freeman
+Place to Bowdoin Street, a portion of which is now occupied by the Hotel
+Bellevue, he purchased this property in 1721, and died, seized of it. In
+1756 it was conveyed by John Erving (see p. 298) to James Bowdoin.
+
+John Barnes died early in 1739 at Clemente Bar, St. Mary Co., Maryland.
+His wife died in 1742 in Boston.
+
+Among their children was Elizabeth, who married Nathaniel Coffin the
+Cashire (see p. 234). Among their distinguished children were General
+John Coffin and Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the British Navy.
+
+Catherine, another daughter, born in 1715, married Colonel Thomas
+Goldthwaite (see p. 356). She was his second wife, and died at
+Walthamstow, England, 1796, aged 81.
+
+HENRY BARNES. The subject of this memoir was baptized Nov. 20, 1723. He
+was brought up in his father's business, and established himself as a
+merchant in Marlborough, Mass., in 1753, and was appointed magistrate.
+He was possessed of considerable property, and was one of the largest
+tax payers in the town, and was the owner of several slaves, one of whom
+"Daphne," he left in Marlborough, and she was supported out of his
+estate.
+
+Henry Barnes was thoroughly loyal, and for that reason he was probably
+the best hated man in Marlborough. A late town history says Marlborough
+was cursed by a Loyalist named Henry Barnes.
+
+Towards the close of February, 1775, General Gage ordered Captain Brown
+and Ensign D'Bernicre to go through the Counties of Suffolk and
+Worcester, and to sketch the roads as they went, for his information, as
+he expected to march troops through that country the ensuing spring.
+Their adventures after their departure for Marlborough, are related by
+one of them as follows:
+
+"At two o'clock it ceased snowing a little, and we resolved to set off
+for Marlborough, which was about sixteen miles off. We found the roads
+very bad, every step up to our ancles; we passed through Sudbury, a
+large village near a mile long; the causeway lies over a great swamp, or
+overflowing of Sudbury river, and is commanded by a high ground on the
+opposite side. Nobody took the least notice of us, till we arrived
+within three miles of Marlborough, (it was snowing very hard all the
+while,) when a horseman overtook us, and asked us from whence we
+came--we said from Weston; he asked us if we lived there--we said no; he
+then asked where we resided, and, as we found there was no evading his
+questions, we told him we lived in Boston. He then asked us where we
+were going: we told him to Marlborough, to see a friend; (as we intended
+to go to Mr. Barnes's, a gentleman to whom we were recommended, and a
+friend to the Government;) he then asked us, if we were of the army; we
+said no, but were a good deal alarmed at his asking us that question; he
+asked several rather impertinent questions, and then rode on for
+Marlborough, as we suppose, to give them intelligence of our coming--for
+on our arrival the people came out of their houses (though it snowed and
+blew very hard) to look at us; in particular, a baker asked Capt. Brown,
+'Where are you going, Master?' He answered, 'To see Mr. Barnes.'[237]
+
+ [237] The horseman that met them was Col. Timothy Bigelow, of the
+ Committee of Safety.
+
+"We proceeded to Barnes's, and on our beginning to make an apology for
+taking the liberty to make use of his house, and discovering to him that
+we were officers in disguise, he told us that we need not be at the
+pains of telling him, that he knew our situation, that we were very well
+known, he was afraid, by the town's people. We begged he would recommend
+some tavern where we should be safe; he told us we would be safe no
+where but in his house; that the town was very violent, and that we had
+been expected at Col. Williams's tavern, the night before, where there
+had gone a party of liberty people to meet us. While we were talking,
+the people were gathering in little groups in every part of the town
+(village).
+
+"Mr. Barnes asked us who had spoken to us on our coming into town; we
+told him a baker; he seemed a little startled at that, told us that he
+was a very mischievous fellow, and that there was a deserter at his
+house. Capt. Brown asked the man's name; he said it was Sawin, and that
+he had been a drummer. Brown knew him too well, as he was a man of his
+own Company, and had not been gone above a month; so we found we were
+discovered. We asked Mr. Barnes, if they did get us into their hands
+what they would do with us; he did not seem to like to answer; we asked
+him again; he then said, he knew the people very well, that we might
+expect the worst treatment from them.
+
+"Immediately after this, Mr. Barnes was called out; he returned a little
+after, and told us the Doctor of the town had come to tell him, he was
+come to sup with him, (now this fellow had not been within Mr. Barnes's
+doors for two years before, and came now for no other business than to
+see and betray us). Barnes told him he had company, and could not have
+the pleasure of attending him that night; at this the fellow staid about
+the house, and asked one of Mr. Barnes's children, who her father had
+got with him; the child innocently answered, that she had asked her
+papa, but he told her it was not her business; he then went, I suppose,
+to tell the rest of his crew.
+
+"When we found we were in that situation, we resolved to lie down for
+two or three hours, and set off at twelve o'clock at night; so we got
+some supper on the table, and were just beginning to eat, when Mr.
+Barnes, who had been making inquiries of his servant, found the people
+intended to attack us; he then told us plainly, that he was very uneasy
+for us, that we could be no longer in safety in the town; upon which we
+resolved to set off immediately, and asked Mr. Barnes if there was no
+road round the town, so that we might not be seen. He took us out of his
+house by the stable, and directed us by a by-road which was to lead us a
+quarter of a mile from the town; it snowed and blew as much as I ever
+saw in my life. However, we walked pretty fast, fearing we should be
+pursued; at first we felt much fatigued, having not been more than
+twenty minutes at Barnes's to refresh ourselves, and the roads were
+worse, if possible, than when we came; but in a little time it wore off,
+and we got on without being pursued, as far as the hills which command
+the causeway at Sudbury, and went into a little wood, where we eat a bit
+of bread that we took from Barnes's, and eat a little snow to wash it
+down.
+
+"A few days after our return, Mr. Barnes came to town from Marlborough,
+and told us that immediately after our quitting town, the Committee of
+Correspondence came to his house, and demanded us; he told them we were
+gone; they then searched his house from top to bottom, looking under the
+beds and in the cellar, and when they found we were gone, they told him,
+if they had caught us in his house, they would have pulled it down about
+his ears. They sent horsemen after us on every road, but we had the
+start of them, and the weather being so very bad, they did not overtake
+us, or missed us. Barnes told them we were not officers, but relatives
+of his wife's from Penobscot, and were going to Lancaster; that perhaps
+deceived them."
+
+In the House of Representatives, November, 1775, the "Petition of Henry
+Knox[238] humbly showeth. That your petitioner having been obliged to
+leave all his goods and home furniture in Boston, which he has no
+prospect of ever getting possession of again, nor any equivalent for the
+same, therefore begs the Honorable Court, if in their wisdom see fit, to
+permit him to exchange house furniture, with Henry Barnes, late of
+Marlborough, which he now has in his power to do." The prayer was
+refused, but he was allowed to _use_ the Loyalist's goods, on giving
+receipt to account for them to the proper authorities.
+
+ [238] Subsequently Chief of Artillery in the Revolutionary Army, and
+ Secretary at War under Washington.
+
+In December, 1775, Catherine Goldthwaite prayed the interposition of the
+General Court, stating in a petition that she was the niece and adopted
+heir of Barnes; that she had resided with him about seventeen years,
+that at his departure from town, she was left with a part of his family
+in possession, and that the committee of Marlborough had entered upon
+his estate, sold a part, and proposed to dispossess her entirely. No
+redress could be obtained.
+
+Through the violence of the mob Henry Barnes was forced to seek shelter
+in Boston early in 1775. From there he went to England. In 1777 he was
+at Bristol with his wife and niece, and in September thirteen of his
+fellow Loyalists were his guests, and later still in the same year he
+dined with several of the Massachusetts exiles at Mr. Lechmere's, when
+the conversation was much about the political condition of their native
+land.
+
+Mr. Barnes was proscribed and banished, and his estate confiscated. He
+died at London in 1808, at the age of eighty-four.
+
+
+
+
+ THOMAS FLUCKER.
+
+ Secretary of Massachusetts Bay.
+
+
+The Fluckers were descended from a French Huguenot family who settled in
+England. Captain James Flucker, mariner, came to America and married
+Elizabeth Luist at Charlestown, Mass., May 30, 1717. He was taxed there
+from 1727 to 1756 and died 3 Nov. 1756. She died Sept. 1770. They had
+eight children.[239]
+
+ [239] See Life of Henry Knox by F. G. Drake, P. 125.
+
+THOMAS FLUCKER, son of the aforesaid, was born at Charlestown, 9 Oct.
+1719. He was a merchant in Boston and owned an estate on Summer street.
+He was commissioned a Justice of the Peace 14 Sept. 1756, was a member
+of the Council in 1761-68. A Selectman of Boston in 1766, succeeded
+Andrew Oliver as Secretary, 12 Nov. 1770, was made a Mandamus Councillor
+9 Aug. 1774. He married 1st, 12 June 1744, Judith, daughter of Hon.
+James Bowdoin, a Boston Huguenot family, and as a testimony to the
+public spirit of this famous family, Bowdoin College remains. 2nd, 14
+Jan. 1751, he married Hannah, daughter of General Samuel Waldo,
+proprietor of the Waldo Patent Main, to whose heirs the great domain
+descended. The portion belonging to Mrs. Flucker and her brother, were
+confiscated.
+
+Thomas Flucker was a staunch Loyalist. He was banished and his estates
+confiscated. He left Boston at the evacuation, March 17, 1776, for
+Halifax. He afterwards went to London, where he was a member of the
+Brompton Row Association of Loyalists, who met weekly for conversation
+and a dinner. An extract from Hutchinson's Diary, July 13, 1776, says:
+
+"Flucker dined with us; depends on the truth of the report of his
+family's being arrived in Ireland; has 300L allowed by treasury; last
+(?) of the Council 200L." Thomas Flucker died in England suddenly on
+Feb. 16, 1783. His wife remained in England, but survived him only three
+years.
+
+THOMAS FLUCKER, of Massachusetts, son of the former, graduated at
+Harvard University in 1773. During the Revolution he was a Lieutenant in
+the 60th British regiment at St. Augustine, Fla., in 1777. By the
+University catalogue, it appears that he and his father died the same
+year, 1783.
+
+LUCY FLUCKER, another child, born 2 August 1756, married General Henry
+Knox of the revolutionary army, and afterwards Secretary at War. The
+young rebel had at the time a flourishing bookstore opposite Williams
+Court in Cornhill, a fashionable morning resort at that time for the
+British officers and their ladies. Harrison Gray Otis says that Miss
+Lucy "was distinguished as a young lady of high intellectual endowments,
+very fond of books, especially of the books sold by Knox, at whose
+premises was kindled as the story went, 'the guiltless flame' which was
+destined to burn on the hymeneal altar." Henry Knox became Chief of
+Artillery in the Revolution, and in Washington's Administration,
+Secretary of War. He acquired on easy terms, a very large share of Mrs.
+Flucker's property, which had been confiscated, and settled on it at
+Thomaston, Maine, building a fine mansion in which he himself died in
+1806, and his wife in 1824.
+
+Sally Flucker, another daughter of Thomas Flucker, Jr., who performed
+in Burgoyne's "Maid of the Oaks" in private theatricals given by British
+officers in Boston, accompanied the family to England and married Mr.
+Jephson, a member of the Irish Parliament. Copley painted her portrait.
+
+Hannah Flucker, daughter of Thomas, married 2 Nov. 1774, James Urquhart,
+captain in the 14th regiment, which was engaged in the battle of Bunker
+Hill.
+
+
+
+
+ MARGARET DRAPER.
+
+
+Richard Draper and his brother William emigrated to the Colonies and
+settled at Boston about 1680. He was a merchant in that city. The Boston
+Records state that Richard Draper and John Wentworth furnished the
+lumber from which Faneuil Hall was built. In his will he says that he is
+the son of Edward and Ann Draper, of Branbury, in the County of Oxford,
+Great Britain, deceased, and only brother to William Draper Senr. of
+Boston. This will was probated Jan. 25th, 1728.
+
+About the year 1700 the Postmaster of Boston was one John Campbell, a
+Scotchman, and son of Duncan Campbell, the organizer of the postal
+system of America. He was also a bookseller. In those early days the
+dissemination of news was in the hands of the postmasters of each town,
+and John Campbell on Monday, April 24, 1704, improved the present system
+by _printing the news_. He issued the first number of the Boston "News
+Letter," the first newspaper issued in America. The first sheet of the
+first number was taken damp from the press by Chief Justice Sewell, to
+show to President Willard, of Harvard College, as a wonderful curiosity.
+Bartholomew Green, eldest son of Thomas Green, printer to Cambridge
+University, was the printer. He obtained possession of the newspaper in
+1721, shortly after Campbell was removed from the post-office in Boston.
+On his death in 1733, it passed into the hands of his son-in-law, John
+Draper, son of Richard Draper, who continued to publish it until his
+death in 1762, when he was succeeded by his son Richard Draper, who
+changed the title to the "Massachusetts Gazette and Boston News Letter."
+He was brought up a printer by his father, and continued with him after
+he became of age, and was for some years before his father's death a
+silent partner with him. He was early appointed printer to the Council
+and Government, which he retained during life. Under his successful
+editorship, the paper was devoted to the Government, and in the
+controversy with Great Britain, he strongly supported the Loyalists
+cause, and illustrated the head of his paper with the King's Arms. Many
+able advocates of the Government filled the columns of the "News-Letter"
+but the opposition papers were supported by writers at least equally
+powerful and numerous.
+
+The Drapers were considered the most eminent and successful printers in
+America. A list of works containing their imprints would fill pages.
+
+Richard Draper was a man of feeble health, and was remarkable for the
+delicacy of his mind and gentleness of his manner. No stain rests on his
+character. He was attentive to his affairs, and was esteemed as the best
+compiler of news of his day. Having been successful in his business and
+acquired a competency, he erected a handsome brick home on a convenient
+spot in front of the old printing home in Newbury, now Washington
+street, where he resided, and which was afterwards confiscated. He died
+June 6th, 1774, aged 47, without children, and was succeeded by his
+widow, Margaret, who was a granddaughter of Bartholomew Green.
+
+A month before his death, he had taken John Boyle into partnership, but
+at the outbreak of hostilities, his sympathies being strong for the
+Revolutionary cause, he was not agreeable to Widow Margaret, and was
+succeeded in the partnership by John Howe, who was a devoted loyalist,
+and continued with her until the final suspension of the paper, which
+occurred on the evacuation of Boston, by the British troops, when
+Margaret departed with the soldiers, going first to Halifax and thence
+to England, where she enjoyed a pension from the British Government for
+the remainder of her life, in return for her loyalty and devotion to the
+Government.
+
+Margaret Draper's paper was the only one published in Boston during the
+siege. It had been published without intermission for 72 years. She died
+in London in 1807, and was included in the confiscation and banishment
+Act.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO MARGARET DRAPER IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Richard Devens, Feb. 7, 1783; Lib. 137, fol. 48; Land and
+ buildings in Boston, Newbury St. W.; heirs of Benjamin Church S.
+ and E., Josiah Waters, Jr. N.
+
+
+
+
+ RICHARD CLARKE.
+
+
+Richard Clarke was the son of Francis Clarke, merchant, a descendant of
+an old Boston family. Richard graduated at Harvard College in 1729. He
+and his sons were the consignees of a part of the tea destroyed in
+Boston by the celebrated "Tea Party" December 1773. In a letter from
+Messrs. Clarke & Sons to Mr. Abram Dupuis they say: "On the morning of
+the 2nd inst. about one o'clock, we were roused out of our sleep by a
+violent knocking at the door of our house, and on looking out of the
+window we saw (for the moon shone very bright) two men in the courtyard.
+One of them said he brought us a letter from the country. A servant took
+the letter from him at the door, the contents of which was as follows:
+
+ Boston, 1st Nov., 1773.
+ Richard Clarke & Son:
+
+ The Freemen of this Province understand from good authority, that
+ there is a quantity of tea consigned to your house by the East
+ India Company, which is destructive to the happiness of every well
+ wisher to the country. It is therefore expected that you personally
+ appear at Liberty Tree, on Wednesday next, at twelve o'clock at
+ noon day, to make a public resignation of your commission,
+ agreeable to a notification of this day for that purpose.
+
+ Fail not upon your peril.
+ O. C.
+
+
+"In this you may observe a design to create a public belief that the
+factors had consented to resign their trust on Wednesday, the 3d inst.,
+on which day we were summoned by the above-mentioned letter, to appear
+at Liberty Tree at 12 o'clock noon. All the bells of the meeting houses
+for public worship were set a-ringing at 11 o'clock, and continued
+ringing till twelve; the town cryer went thro' the town summoning the
+people to assemble at 'Liberty Tree.' By these methods, and some more
+secret ones, made use of by the authors of this design, a number of
+people supposed by some to be about 500, and by others more, were
+collected by the time and place mentioned in the printed notification.
+
+"They consisted mostly of people of the lowest rank, very few reputable
+tradesmen, as we are informed, appeared amongst them. The gentlemen who
+are supposed the designed factors for the East India Company, viz: Mr.
+Thos. Hutchinson, Mr. Faneuil, Mr. Winslow and Messrs. Clarke, met in
+the forenoon of the 3rd inst., at the latter's warehouse, the lower end
+of King street. You may well judge that none of us entertained the least
+thought of obeying the summons sent us to attend at Liberty Tree. After
+a consultation amongst ourselves and friends, we judged it best to
+continue together, and to endeavour, with the assistance of a few
+friends, to oppose the designs of the mob, if they should come to offer
+us any insult or injury. And on this occasion we were so happy as to be
+supported by a number of gentlemen of the first rank. About one o'clock,
+a large body of people appeared at the head of King Street, and came
+down to the end, and halted opposite to our warehouse. Nine persons came
+from them up into our counting room, viz., Mr. Molineux, Mr. Wm. Dennie,
+Doctor Warren, Dr. Church, Major Barber, Mr. Henderson, Mr. Gabriel
+Johonnot, Mr. Proctor and Mr. Ezekiel Cheever. Mr. Molineux as speaker
+of the above Committee, addressed himself to us, and the other gentlemen
+present, and told us that we had committed an high insult on the people,
+in refusing to give them that most reasonable satisfaction which had
+been demanded in the summons which had been sent us, then read a paper
+proposed by him, to be subscribed by the factors importing, that they
+solemnly promise that they would not land or pay duty on any tea that
+should be sent by the East India Company, but they would send back the
+tea to England in the same bottom, which extravagent demand being firmly
+refused, and treated with proper contempt by all of us. Mr. Molineux
+then said that since we had refused their most reasonable demands, we
+must expect to feel, on our first appearance, the utmost weight of the
+people's resentment, upon which he and the rest of the committee left
+our counting room and warehouse, and went to, and mixed, with the
+multitude that continued before our warehouse. Soon after this the mob
+having made one or two reverse motions to some distance, we perceived
+them hastening their pace towards the store, on which we ordered our
+servant to shut the outward door; but this he could not effect, although
+assisted by some other persons amongst whom were Nathaniel Hatch, Esq.,
+one of the Justices of the inferior Court for this country, and a
+Justice of the Peace for the county. This gentleman made all possible
+exertions to stem the current of the mob, not only by declaring
+repeatedly, and with a loud voice, that he was a magistrate, and
+commanded the people, by virtue of his office, and in his Majesty's
+name, to desist from all riotous proceedings, and to disperse, but also
+by assisting in person; but the people not only made him a return, of
+insulting and reproachful words, but prevented his endeavors by force
+and blows, to get our doors shut, upon which Mr. Hatch, with some other
+of our friends, retreated to our counting room. Soon after this, the
+outward doors of the store were taken off their hinges by the mob, and
+carried to some distance; immediately a number of the mob rushed into
+the warehouse, and endeavoured to force into the counting room, but as
+this was in another story, and the staircase leading to it narrow, we,
+with our friends,--about twenty in number--by some vigorous efforts,
+prevented their accomplishing their design. The mob appeared in a short
+time to be dispersed, and after a few more faint attacks, they contented
+themselves with blocking us up in the store for the space of about an
+hour and a half, at which time, perceiving that much the greatest part
+of them were drawn off, and those that remained not formidable, we, with
+our friends, left the warehouse, walked up the length of King Street
+together, and then went to our respective homes without any molestation,
+saving some insulting behavior from a few dispicable persons.
+
+"The night following, a menacing letter was thrust under Mr. Faneuil's
+door, to be communicated to the other consignees, with a design to
+intimidate them from executing their trust, and other methods have since
+been made use of in the public papers and otherwise, for the same
+purpose."[240]
+
+ [240] "Tea Leaves," pp. 282, 3, 4, 5, 6.
+
+On the morning of November 17, 1773, a little party of family friends
+had assembled at the home of Richard Clarke, Esq., near the King's
+Chapel on School Street, to welcome young Jonathan Clarke, who had just
+arrived from London. All at once the inmates of the dwelling were
+startled by a violent beating at the door, accompanied with shouts and
+the blowing of horns, creating considerable alarm. The ladies were
+hastily bestowed in places of safety, while the gentlemen secured the
+avenues of the lower story, as well as they were able. The yard and
+vicinity were soon filled with people. One of the inmates warned them
+from an upper window, to disperse, but getting no other reply, than a
+shower of stones, he discharged a pistol. Then came a shower of
+misseles, which broke in the lower windows and damaged some of the
+furniture. Some influential Revolutionists had by this time arrived, and
+put a stop to the proceedings of the mob, which then dispersed. The
+consignees then called upon the governor and council for protection.
+
+The eventful Thursday, December 16, 1773, a day ever memorable in the
+annals of Boston, witnessed the largest mob yet assembled in Boston.
+Nearly seven thousand persons collected at the Old South Meeting House.
+The tea ships had not taken out clearance papers, the twenty days
+allowed by law terminated that night. Then the revenue officers could
+take possession, and under cover of the naval force, land the tea, and
+opposition to this would have caused bloody work. The Revolutionists
+desired to avoid this issue, so it was decided to destroy the tea.
+Rotch, the owner of the "Dartmouth," applied to Governor Hutchinson, at
+his residence in Milton, for a pass to proceed with his vessel to
+London, for the governor had ordered Colonel Leslie, commander of the
+castle, and Admiral Montagu, to guard the passages to the sea, and
+permit no unauthorized vessels to pass. The governor offered Rotch a
+letter to Admiral Montagu, commending ship and goods to his protection,
+if Rotch would agree to have his ship haul out into the stream, but he
+replied that none were willing to assist him in doing this, and the
+attempt would subject him to the ill will of the people. The governor
+then sternly refused a pass, as it would have been "a direct
+countenancing and encouraging the violation of the acts of trade."
+
+Between six and seven o'clock in the evening three different mobs
+disguised as Indians proceeded from different parts of the town, arrived
+with axes and hatchets, and hurried to Griffin's (now Liverpool wharf),
+boarded the three tea ships, and, warning their crews and the custom
+house officers, to keep out of the way, in less than three hours time
+had broken and emptied into the dock three hundred and forty-two chests
+of tea, valued at L18,000. A Loyalist writer of the time says: "Now this
+crime of the Bostonians, was a compound of the grossest injury and
+insult. It was an act of the highest insolence towards government, such
+a mildness itself cannot overlook or forgive. The injustice of the deed
+was also most atrocious, as it was the destruction of property to a vast
+amount, when it was known that the nation was obliged in honor to
+protect it." This memorable occurrence was undoubtedly in the immediate
+sequence of the events which it produced, the proximate cause of the
+American Revolution.[241]
+
+ [241] See Page 48 for further particulars concerning the Tea Party Mob.
+
+Richard Clarke was treated with much severity by the Revolutionists. His
+name is found with the Addressers of General Gage. He arrived in London
+December 24, 1775, after a passage of "only" twenty-one days from
+Boston. He was one of the original members of the Loyalist Club, for a
+weekly dinner, and discourses. He lived with his son-in-law, Copley the
+painter, Leicester Square. Lord Lyndhurst was his grandson. He died in
+England in 1795.
+
+JONATHAN CLARKE, son of Richard Clarke, accompanied his father to
+England. He was his father's partner in business. He was a member in
+1776 of the Loyalists Club, in London, and had lodgings in Brompton Row
+the next year. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. After the
+Revolution he went to Canada.
+
+ISAAC WINSLOW CLARKE, son of Richard Clarke, was born in Boston, 27
+October, 1746. He was sent by his father to Plymouth to collect debts,
+but in the night was assaulted by a mob and obliged to flee from the
+town, to escape from personal injuries. He became Commissary-General of
+Lower Canada, and died in that Colony in 1822, after he had embarked for
+England. His daughter Susan married Charles Richard Ogden, Esq.,
+Solicitor-General of Lower Canada, in 1829.
+
+
+
+
+ PETER JOHONNOT.
+
+
+The Johonnots in America are of French Huguenot origin. Daniel Johonnot,
+who was born in France about 1668, was one of the first parties of
+thirty families that arrived in Boston in 1686. He was in company with
+his uncle Andrae Sigournie, Distiller, from Rochelle, and went with him
+to Oxford in New England, remaining there until the settlement was
+broken up by the incursion of Indians August 25, 1696. Jean Jeanson
+(John Johnson) and his three children were killed during the massacre.
+Mrs. Johnson was Andrew Sigourney's daughter, and tradition in the
+Johonnot family relates that she was rescued at that time from the
+Indians by her cousin, Daniel Johonnot, to whom she was subsequently
+married.[242]
+
+ [242] New England Hist. and Genealogical Register. Vol. 6. P. 357.
+
+The first record we have of Daniel Johonnot in Boston was at the time of
+his marriage "on the 18th of April, by the Rev. Samuel Willard of the
+Old South Church, to Susan Johnson." This was in the year 1700. In 1714
+it appears by the Suffolk Records he purchased for L300 "current money,"
+of John Borland and Sarah his wife, an estate near the Mill Creek and
+bounded by Mill Pond, and the street leading to said pond (Union Street)
+etc. His last purchase of real estate was near the Old South Church and
+this land was afterwards occupied by one of the descendants of his
+daughter Mary, Mary Anne (Boyer), number 156 Washington street, opposite
+the Province House. At the time of Daniel Johonnot's death it was
+occupied by his grandson, and must have been Mr. Johonnot's last
+residence, as in an inventory it is described as being in the possession
+of Mr. Daniel Boyer. In Mr. Johonnot's French Bible, Amsterdam Edition
+of 1700, are recorded the births of his six children in French, all
+children of Daniel and Serzane Johonnot. This Bible later came into the
+possession of one of his descendants. Daniel Johonnot died in Boston in
+June, 1748 at the age of eighty years. His wife died some time after
+1731, and before the death of her husband. He was remembered as being a
+friend to the poor, always industrious and frugal.
+
+Zacherie (Zachariah) Johonnot, the eldest son of the preceding was born
+in Boston January 20, 1700-1. His first wife was Elizabeth Quincy, who
+died during the revolution, and he married again, April 24, 1777,
+Margaret Le Mercier, daughter of Andrew Le Mercier, Minister of the
+French Protestant church in Boston.
+
+Like his father he was a Distiller and engaged in mercantile pursuits.
+His dwelling house and store was on Orange street at the South part of
+the town, and his distillery was on Harvard street directly opposite his
+dwelling. At the end of the same street was his wharf, and wooden
+distil-house, storehouses, etc. His house and store were burnt at the
+time of the great fire, April 20, 1787. The spacious gardens filled with
+rare fruit trees, beautiful flowers and shrubs from his father's land
+were mostly destroyed.
+
+Mr. Johonnot died in Boston in 1784 at the age of eighty-three. To his
+son Peter (then in England) he bequeathed "his mansion house, store
+adjoining, yard and garden, as the same is now fenced in, etc." He had
+ten children, all by his first wife.
+
+PETER JOHONNOT, the fourth child of the preceding, was born in Boston
+September 23, 1729. He was married January 10, 1750 to Katherine Dudley
+by the Rev. Mather Byles. She was the daughter of the Honorable William
+Dudley (son of Governor Joseph Dudley). Peter Johonnot was a Distiller,
+and lived in Boston. In 1775 he was an Addresser of Gage. The next year
+he was one of the committee with Thomas and Jonathan Amory, chosen by
+the citizens of Boston March 8, 1776, to communicate with General Howe
+and take measures to avert the impending destruction, threatened by him,
+in case his army should be molested while evacuating the town.
+
+In 1776 Peter Johonnot went to Halifax and thence to England. In 1778 he
+was proscribed and banished, and in 1779 he was a loyal Addresser to the
+King. Mrs. Johonnot's death occurred in Boston in 1769. Mr. Johonnot
+died in London August 8, 1809, at the age of eighty, and left no
+issue.[243] The following occurs in the Diary of Dr. P. Oliver:--"1809,
+Aug.--Peter Johonnot died this month in London, aged 79."
+
+ [243] New England Hist. and Gen. Reg. Vol. 7. P. 142.
+
+FRANCIS JOHONNOT, son of Daniel, was born November 30, 1709. He married
+Mary Johnson of Boston, widow, 1752. He was a distiller and engaged in
+mercantile pursuits. His distillery was near Essex street on the margin
+of the South Cove. His "Mansion house" was on Newbury, now Washington
+street, the same was owned and occupied for many years by his
+son-in-law Eben Oliver, Esq. He was a loyalist, and at the beginning of
+the revolution went to England. He died March 8, 1775. Mary, his widow,
+who died in Boston March 17, 1797, in her seventy-third year,
+administered upon his estate in Massachusetts. They had seven children.
+
+MARY JOHONNOT, daughter of Andrew Johonnot, and cousin to Peter the
+Loyalist, was born in 1730. She married Thomas Edwards of Boston, June
+13, 1758, the ceremony being performed by the Rev. Henry Caner of King's
+Chapel. Mr. Edwards for a while was engaged in mercantile business in
+Middletown, Connecticut, but later returned to Boston, and was employed
+by the government. He was a loyalist and went to Halifax in 1776 and
+thence to England. He died in London at an advanced age. Mary Johonnot,
+his wife, died in Boston, February 14, 1792. They had five children.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO PETER JOHONNOT IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Ebenezer Seaver, Sept. 4, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 190; Land and
+ buildings in Boston, Orange St. E.; Samuel Pope and Hopestill
+ Foster S.; Joseph Lovell and heirs of William Ettridge W.;
+ Zachariah Johonnot N.
+
+
+
+
+ JOHN JOY.
+
+
+The name of Joy was probably derived from Jouy in Normandy and may have
+reached England in the form of "de Jouy." William Joy was a Vicar in
+England in 1395. The name was borne with distinction in England and
+Ireland for at least five centuries.
+
+Thomas Joy, of Boston, Massachusetts, was born about 1610 in the county
+of Norfolk, England. The first time he appears in Boston records is "on
+the 20th of 12th Month, called February, 1636." By trade he was a
+builder and probably continued that occupation in Massachusetts. He
+married in 1637 Joan Gallop, the daughter of a well-known townsman, and
+she became mother of the American Joys. Her father's land included
+several of the harbor islands, one of which still bears his name.
+
+Thomas Joy built in 1657-8, the house in the Market Place, which was at
+once the armory, court house, and town hall of Boston, and the first
+seat of government in Massachusetts. On account of political troubles,
+Thomas Joy exchanged part of his possessions in Boston for property in
+Hingham. In 1648 he removed to that town, but his Boston connections
+were still maintained. He had interests in mills at Hingham, and died in
+that town, October 21, 1678. His widow survived him more than twelve
+years, dying in Hingham, March 20, 1690-1. Both are buried in the hill,
+back of most ancient Protestant church in the United States, where they
+worshipped. They had ten children.
+
+Joseph, the fourth child, was born in Boston, April 1, 1645. He lived on
+Bacheler (Main Street,) Hingham, nearly opposite the meeting house, of
+which he is thought to have been the builder. He married August 29,
+1667, Mary, daughter of John and Margaret Prince, of Hingham, and by her
+had fifteen children. He died in that town, May 31, 1697.
+
+Joseph Joy, his eldest son was born in Hingham July 30, 1688. He was
+constable in 1697-1711. He married May 22, 1690 Elizabeth, daughter of
+Captain Thomas Andrews. He died in Hingham, April 29, 1716. His
+gravestone with inscription still legible in the Hingham churchyard is
+the most ancient Joy grave mark in America.[244] He had nine children.
+
+ [244] Thomas Joy and His Descendants by James R. Joy.
+
+John, the fourth child, was born in Hingham February 7, 1695-6. He lived
+on Main street at Hingham Centre. December 7, 1724, he married Lydia,
+daughter of Samuel Lincoln, and by her had seven children. His death is
+not recorded.
+
+JOHN JOY, the second child of the preceding, was born in Hingham June 4,
+1727. He lived in Boston, and by trade was merchant and housewright. He
+married Sarah, daughter of Michael and Sarah (Kneeland) Homer, of
+Boston. In 1767 and 1773 he was one of the "principal citizens" to visit
+the schools with the Governor. In 1774 Mr. Joy was an addresser of
+Hutchinson, and in 1775 of Gage. In 1776 he went to Halifax with his
+family and in 1778 he was proscribed and banished. In 1779 he was in
+England, where he remained, though several of his sons afterwards
+returned to America. Hutchinson in his diary, June 7, 1776, speaks of a
+number of Loyalists who had recently arrived at Dover. Mr. Joy's name
+was among those mentioned. The Loyalist died in London, December, 1804.
+His portrait by Copley, is an heirloom in the family of the late Charles
+Joy of Boston. Mrs. Joy died in England in 1805.
+
+A letter of John Wendell (1806) mentions among his early friends in
+Boston, "Mr. John Joy, who served his time with our respected neighbor,
+Captain Benjamin Russell, and who afterwards married Mr. Homer's
+daughter." Mr. Joy had seven children.
+
+DR. JOHN JOY, the eldest son, was an apothecary, and returned to America
+in 1783, and lived in Boston. His estate on Beacon Hill, once the "elm
+pasture" of Judge Samuel Sewell, the diarist, was bounded by Beacon,
+Walnut, Mt. Vernon and Joy street, and included about 100,000 sq. ft. of
+land. Bowditch says Dr. Joy was desirous of getting a house _in the
+country_, and selected this locality as "being country enough for him,"
+"the barberry bushes were flourishing over this whole area." His land
+cost about $2000, and in 1833 his heirs sold this lot for $98,000. On
+the southeastern part of this estate he built a modest and graceful
+wooden building, which was eventually moved to South Boston Point. He
+married Abigail Green of Boston, and died in 1813.
+
+MICHAEL JOY, another son, was born at Boston in 1754, went to England
+with his father and died at Hartham Park, England July 10, 1825.
+Graduated B. A., Harvard College, 1771, and admitted to the same degree
+at Princeton College, N. J., 1771. He married a lady named Hall in
+England. His son Henry Hall Joy, of Hartham Park, was a lawyer and
+Queen's Counsel, was buried in the Temple Church, London.
+
+BENJAMIN JOY, the third son of the Loyalist, was born in Boston, Dec.
+27th, 1757, and died at Boston, April 14, 1829. He returned to Boston,
+was a merchant and was the first Consul General of the United States at
+Calcutta, holding his commission from President Washington. In 1808 he
+bought of the trustees of the First Church their property on Cornhill
+Square, on which he erected Joy's Building, which for three-fourths of a
+century was a landmark of Boston, people came from miles around to view
+the stately edifice, and were greatly astonished at its magnificence.
+The Rogers Building, in front of Young's Hotel, now occupies its site.
+He was one of the Mt. Vernon proprietors that acquired the valuable
+lands of John Singleton Copley on Beacon Hill, and a spring in one of
+his houses on the east side of Charles street, is the famous spring of
+water which William Blackstone, the first white settler of Boston,
+mentioned as one of the chief attractions of the Shawmut peninsula.
+
+
+
+
+ RICHARD LECHMERE.
+
+
+Hon. Thomas Lechmere was for many years Surveyor General of His
+Majesty's Customs for the Northern District of America. His brother was
+Lord Lechmere of Evesham, who married the daughter of the Earl of
+Carlisle.
+
+Thomas Lechmere married Ann Winthrop, a descendant of Governor Winthrop,
+the ceremony was performed by Rev. Eben Pemberton, Nov. 17, 1709. He
+died at an advanced age, June 4th, 1765, having been born in June, 1683.
+His wife died in 1746.
+
+RICHARD LECHMERE, son of the above, married Mary Phips, of Cambridge in
+1753. She was the daughter of Spencer Phips, who was Lieut. Governor for
+many years; his farm was what is now known as East Cambridge, and the
+house stood near where the modern Court House, afterwards was built;
+General Gage landed his detachment here, which marched to Lexington.
+About one hundred yards from the West Boston Bridge, a fort was erected
+on December 11th, 1775, during its erection several soldiers of the
+revolutionary army were killed at this redoubt. It was considered the
+strongest battery erected during the siege of Boston, and was known as
+"Lechmere Point Redoubt," having acquired this property from his wife.
+It was known for many years as Lechmere's Point. The farm was
+confiscated, and during the siege of Boston was occupied by Washington's
+army.
+
+Richard Lechmere was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774; was appointed
+Mandamus Councillor, but did not accept. In 1776 he went to Halifax,
+with his family of eleven persons, and thence to England. In 1778 he was
+proscribed and banished, and his estate confiscated; the next year he
+was included in the Conspiracy Act. His home was at Bristol in 1780. He
+died in England in 1814, aged eighty-seven.
+
+Richard Lechmere left no male representatives, his daughters, are
+represented by Coores of Scrunten Hall, Yorkshire. Sir Edward Russell of
+Ashford Hall, Ludlow and Worralls, whose representatives now are Sir H.
+Lechmere Stuart, Bart., and Eyre Coote of West Park Eyre. In Colonel
+Lechmere Russell's possession is Ann Winthrop's bible, with, in her son
+Richard Lechmere's writing, the statement it was his mother's bible. A
+piece of land at Hanley, in Worcestershire, the residence of the
+Lechmere's, is called New England, and is planted with oaks, the seed of
+which were sent from America by Thomas Lechmere, the settler here.
+
+Nicholas Lechmere, son of Thomas Lechmere, and brother of Richard, was
+born at Boston, July 29, 1772. He was appointed an Officer of the
+Customs of Newport, Rhode Island. In 1765, fearing the loss of life in
+the tumult of that year, he fled to the Cygnet, sloop-of-war, and
+refused to return to his duties without assurance of protection. From
+1767 to the commencement of the Revolution, the disagreements between
+him and the revolutionists were frequent. In December, 1775, he refused
+to take the oath tendered by General Lee, and was conveyed under guard
+to Providence. He went to England, and in 1770, was with his brother at
+Bristol in 1780. He was banished and his estate confiscated.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO RICHARD LECHMERE IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Mungo Mackey, June 11, 1783; Lib. 139, fol. 14; Land and
+ dwelling-house in Boston, Cambridge St. S.; Staniford St. W.;
+ passageway N.; Timothy Newell E. and N.; Jeremiah Allen E.----One
+ undivided half of land, brick distill house and other buildings,
+ Cambridge St. N.; George St. E.; heirs of John Guttridge deceased
+ S.; Belknap St. W.
+
+
+
+
+ EZEKIEL LEWIS.
+
+
+William Lewis belonged to the Braintree Company, which in 1632 removed
+from Braintree to Cambridge, thence about 1636 to Hartford, about 1659
+to Hadley, which town he represented in the General Court 1662, from
+thence to Farmington, where he died Aug., 1683. Captain William Lewis,
+son of the above, married May Cheever, daughter of the famous
+schoolmaster. He died 18 Aug., 1690. Ezekiel Lewis, son of Captain
+William, was born at Farmington, Conn., Nov. 7, 1674. Graduated at
+Harvard College in 1695. In 1699 it was decided that the town of Boston
+required an assistant in the Latin School for Mr. Ezekiel Cheever. It
+being committed to the Selectmen, Mr. Ezekiel Lewis, his grandson, was
+selected to fill the position, and to have a salary of not exceeding
+forty pounds a year. He entered upon his duties the following August. He
+afterwards became a great merchant in Boston, was Representative 1723 to
+1727.
+
+A document dated March 8th, 1707-8 contains the signatures of the
+Overseers of the Poor for the town of Boston at that period. Ezekiel
+Lewis' name appears among the seven mentioned. The men who held the
+position of Overseers were of high standing in the community, and were
+usually distinguished for their business talents, wealth and
+charities.[245]
+
+[245] Memorial Hist. of Boston. Vol. IV. P. 646-647.
+
+In 1742, when Faneuil Hall was opened, Ezekiel Lewis was among the
+Selectmen and representatives of the town of those who were "to wait
+upon Peter Faneuil, Esq., and in the name of the town to render him
+their most hearty thanks for so beautiful a gift," etc.
+
+EZEKIEL LEWIS, the Loyalist, was born at Boston, 15 April, 1717, and
+graduated at Harvard College, 1735. Under the Act of 1777-8, by which
+the Judge of Probate was authorized to appoint agents for the estates of
+absentees in each county, the name of Ezekiel Lewis appears in Suffolk
+County Probate Records, 1779. Docket 16800.
+
+
+
+
+ BENJAMIN CLARK.
+
+
+Dr. John Clark was the first of a prominent Boston family of that name.
+He was a gentleman of college education, and a leading physician of that
+day. He died in 1680, aged 85. Their only son, Hon. Dr. John Clark, of
+Boston, died in 1690, leaving three sons, John, born 1667, William 1670,
+Samuel 1677.
+
+HON. WILLIAM CLARK, ESQ. became a wealthy merchant and member of the
+Governor's Council. His residence was situated in North Square, on the
+corner of Garden Court and Prince street. This mansion was a monument of
+human pride, in all colonial Boston there was not its peer, and it was
+without doubt built to outvie that of Hutchinson's, Clark's wealthy
+next-door neighbor, whose home was demolished by the mob. The principal
+feature which distinguished this house, was the rich, elaborate and
+peculiar decoration of the north parlor, on the right of the entrance
+hall, which was a rich example of the prevalent style, found in the
+mansions of wealthy citizens of the colonial period, in and around
+Boston.
+
+The peculiar decoration consisted of a series of raised panels filling
+these compartments, reaching from the surbase to the frieze, eleven in
+all, each embellished with a romantic landscape painted in oil colors,
+the four panels opposite the windows being further enriched by the
+emblazoned escutcheons of the Clarks, the Saltonstalls, and other allied
+families. Beneath the surbase, the panels, as also those of the door,
+were covered with arabesques. The twelfth painting was a view of the
+house upon a horizontal panel over the mantel, from which this engraving
+was made, and beneath this panel inscribed in an oval, was the monogram
+of the builder, W. C. At the base of the gilded and fluted vault of the
+buffet was a painted dove. The floor was inlaid with divers woods in
+multiform patterns. In the center, surrounded by a border, emblazoned in
+proper colors, was the escutcheon of the Clarks, with its three white
+swans.
+
+The mere enumeration of the details fails to give an idea of the
+impression made by this painted and gilded parlor, not an inch of whose
+surface but had been elaborated by painter, gilder, carver or artist, to
+which the blazoner had added heraldic emblems; so that, as you looked
+round these walls, the romantic ruins and castles seemed placed there to
+suggest, if not to portray, the old homes of a long line of ancestors,
+and the escutcheons above to confirm the suggestion, thereby enhancing
+the splendor of the present by the feudal dignity of an august past.
+
+The house is supposed to have been built about 1712-1715, for the land
+was purchased of Ann Hobby, widow, and several other heirs, December 10,
+1711, for L725 current money. If so, Councillor Clark lived many years
+to enjoy the sumptuousness of his new house and the envy of his
+neighbors. His death, in 1742, was attributed by some to the loss of
+forty sail of vessels in the French war. After his death the estate was
+conveyed to his son-in-law, Deacon Thomas Greenough, for L1,400, old
+tenor, and was by him sold to Sir Charles Henry Frankland, Bart., for
+L1,200 sterling. The mansion, afterwards was known as the Frankland
+House.
+
+There were numerous places in Boston named after Clark. There was
+Clark's Wharf, afterwards changed to Hancock's, and now known as Lewis;
+Clark street from Hanover to Commercial, still named, in 1788; Clark
+Square, now North Square, where the Clark mansion was built, was named
+in 1708, "The Square living on ye Southly side of the North Meeting
+House including ye wayes on each side of ye watch-house"; Clark's
+Corner, 1708, corner of Middle, now Hanover street and Bennet street,
+Dr. Clark's Corner, 1732; corner of Fish, now North street, and Gallops
+alley, now Board alley and Clark's Shipyard.
+
+[Illustration: CLARK-FRANKLAND HOUSE.]
+
+
+
+
+ AGNES, LADY FRANKLAND.
+
+
+Sir Harry Frankland, as he was familiarly called here, was heir to an
+ample fortune, and what added to his interest in this puritanical colony
+was that he was a descendant in the fourth generation from Oliver
+Cromwell, he came here in 1741 as Collector of the Port of Boston,
+preferring that office to the Governorship of Massachusetts, the
+alternative offered him by George II. The story of his marriage is
+romantic enough. Upon an official visit to Marblehead, he was struck by
+the radiant beauty of a young girl of sixteen, maid-of-all-work at the
+village inn, bare-legged, scrubbing the floor; inquired her name, and,
+upon a subsequent visit, with the consent of her parents, conveyed her
+to Boston and placed her at the best school. The attachment he conceived
+for her appears to have been returned, though Sir Charles did not offer
+her marriage. The connection between this high official and his fair
+protege causing scandal, Frankland purchased some 500 acres of land in
+Hopkinton, which he laid out and cultivated with taste, built a stately
+country-house and extensive farm buildings, and there entertained all
+the gay companions he could collect with deer and fox hunts without,
+with music and feasting within doors, duly attending the church of his
+neighbor, the Rev. Roger Price, late of King's Chapel, Boston, of which
+Frankland had been, from his arrival, a member. Called to England by the
+death of his uncle, whose title he inherited as fourth baronet, he
+journeyed to Lisbon, and there, upon All Saints Day, 1755, on his way to
+high mass, he was engulfed by the earthquake, his horses killed, and he
+would have perished miserably but for his discovery and rescue by the
+devoted Agnes. Grateful and penitent, he led her to the altar, and poor
+Agnes Surriage, the barefooted maid-of-all-work of the inn at
+Marblehead, was translated into Agnes, Lady Frankland.
+
+It was upon Sir Harry Frankland's return from Europe in 1756 that he
+became the owner of the Clark House, lived in it one short year,
+entertaining continually, with the assistance of his French cook,
+Thomas, as appears by frequent entries in his journal; was then
+transferred to Lisbon as Consul General, and so, with the exception of
+brief visits to this country in 1759 and 1763, disappearing from our
+horizon.
+
+After his death at Bath, England, in 1768, his widow returned here with
+her son, but not until she had recorded her husband's virtues upon a
+monument "erected by his affectionate widow, Agnes, Lady
+Frankland,"--dividing her year between Boston and Hopkinton, exchanging
+civilities with those who had once rejected her, till the contest with
+England rendered all loyalists and officials unpopular.
+
+At Hopkinton, May, 1775, she was alarmed at the movement of the
+revolutionists, her Ladyship asked leave to remove to Boston. The
+Committee of Safety gave her liberty to pass to the capital with her
+personal effects, and gave her a written permit, signed by Benjamin
+Church. Jr., chairman. Thus protected, she set out on her journey with
+her attendants; but was arrested by a party of armed men, who detained
+her person, and effects, until an order for the release of both was
+obtained. To prevent further annoyance, the Provincial Congress
+furnished her with an escort, and required all persons who had any of
+her property in their possession to place the same at her disposal.
+Defended by a guard of six soldiers, Lady Frankland entered Boston about
+the first of June, 1775; witnessed from her window in Garden Court
+street the battle of Bunker Hill, took her part in relieving the
+sufferings of the wounded officers, and then in her turn disappeared,
+leaving her estates in the hands of members of her family, thereby
+saving them from confiscation, which was the fate of her neighbor
+Hutchinson. Upon her death in England in 1782 the town mansion passed by
+her will to her family, and was sold by Isaac Surriage in 1811 for $8000
+to Mr. Joshua Ellis, a retired North End merchant, who resided there
+till his death. Upon the widening of Bell Alley, in 1832, these two
+proud mansions, the Frankland and Hutchinson houses long since deserted
+by the families whose importance they were erected to illustrate and
+perpetuate, objects of interest to the poet, the artist, and the
+historian, alike for their associations with a seemingly remote past,
+their antique splendor, and for the series of strange romantic incidents
+in the lives of their successive occupants, were ruthlessly swept away.
+
+
+
+
+ COLONEL DAVID PHIPS.
+
+
+The most picturesque and remarkable in character and personal fortune of
+all the royal governors, was the first of them, Sir William Phips. He
+was a characteristic product of the New England soil, times and ways.
+Hutchinson thus briefly and fitly designates him: "He was an honest man,
+but by a series of fortunate incidents, rather than by any uncommon
+talents, he rose from the lowest condition in life to be the first man
+in the country."
+
+Cotton Mather informs us that William Phips was one of twenty-one _sons_
+and of _twenty-six_ children, of the same mother, born to James Phips of
+Bristol, England, a blacksmith, and gunsmith, who was an early settler
+in the woods of Maine, at the mouth of the Kennebec River. But records
+and history are dumb as to facts about the most of these scions of a
+fruitful parentage, other than that of their having been born. William
+was born Feb. 2, 1651; was left in early childhood without a father.
+What the mother's task was, in poverty, with hard wilderness
+surroundings, of bears, wolves, and savages, we may well imagine. Her
+famous son, untaught and ignorant, tended sheep, till he was eighteen
+years of age. Then he helped to build coasters, and sailed in them. This
+was at that time, and afterwards a most thriving business, the
+foundation of fortunes to rugged and enterprising men, born in
+indigence.
+
+He went to Boston in 1673, at the age of twenty-two, worked at his
+trade, he had early visions of success and greatness, for the first time
+he learned to read, and also to do something that passed for writing. He
+married the widow of John Hull, the mint master, they suffered straits
+together, but he used to comfort her with the assurance that they would
+yet have "a fair brick house in the Green Lane of North Boston." And so
+they did. That "Greene Lane" became Charter street, when in 1692, he
+came back as Sir William Phips, from the Court of London, bringing the
+Province Charter as the first Governor under it. The "fair brick house"
+long served as an Asylum for boys, at the corner of Salem and Charles
+streets.
+
+But a strange wild daring, and romantic interval of adventure preceded
+his honors, and wealth. He wrought at intervals in Maine, and here, as a
+ship carpenter, sailed coasters, and engaged in expeditions against the
+Indians. In 1684 he went in a search in the waters of the Spanish Main
+for a treasure ship known to be sunk there. Going to London, the
+Admiralty, and James II. gave him the command of an eighteen-gun ship
+and ninety-five men. A two years' cruise in the West Indies, in which he
+showed a most signal intrepidity, heroism and ingenuity of resource, in
+suppressing a mutinous crew, was unsuccessful, except in acquainting
+him, through an old Spaniard, of the precise spot where a treasure-laden
+galleon had foundered fifty years before. He returned to England for a
+new outfit. The king favored him, but not with another war ship. The
+Duke of Albemarle and others, as associates, provided him with a vessel
+on shares. The hero had heroic success. Cotton Mather informs us that
+"Captain Phips arrived at _Port de la Plata_, made a stout _canoo_ of a
+stately cotton-tree, employing his own _hands_ and _adse_ in
+constructing it, lying abroad in the woods many nights together. The
+piriaga, as they called it, discovered a reef of rising shoals called
+"_The Boilers_", here an Indian diver dove down and perceived a number
+of _great-guns_, and upon further diving the Indian fetched up a _sow_,
+or lump of silver, worth two or three hundred pounds. In all, thirty-two
+tons of silver, gold, pearls and jewels were recovered from the wreck.
+Besides which, one Adderly of Providence, one of the Bahama Islands,
+took up about six tons of silver, which he took to the Bermudas. Captain
+Phips returned to London in 1687 with more than a million and a half of
+dollars, in gold and silver, diamonds, precious stones, and other
+treasures. His own share in the proceeds was about a hundred thousand
+dollars. To this was added the honors of knighthood, and a gold cup for
+Lady Phips, of the value of five thousand dollars."
+
+He returned home in the capacity of high-sheriff, under Andros, who did
+not want him, for he was utterly ignorant of law, and could not write
+legibly. He soon made another voyage to England, and returned to Boston,
+built the "fair brick house," of his vision, engaged in a successful
+military expedition against Acadia, in which he took and plundered Port
+Royal, and other French settlements. He then instigated and conducted
+as commander, a naval expedition against Quebec, which proved a failure.
+He again went to England, and returned as the first Governor under the
+new Charter, May 14, 1692. The appointment was made to conciliate the
+people of the province, and it was supposed would be gratifying to them,
+it was however a risky experiment, this attempt to initiate a new order
+of things, under the lead of an illiterate mechanic, utterly unskilled,
+in legal, and administrative affairs, a rough seaman, and a man of hot
+temper. Yet after he arose to these high offices, he showed no false
+pride, and often alluded to his lowly origin. He gave his fellow ship
+carpenters a dinner in Boston, and when borne down with public
+distraction, would wish himself back to his broad-axe again. He was pure
+in morals, upright in his dealings, and owed his success in life to his
+own energy and prowess. All incompetent as he was for the stern
+exigency, he had to meet the appalling outburst of the Witchcraft
+delusion with its spell of horrors. During the greater part of the
+proceedings of the courts, he was absent at the eastward, in an
+expedition against the Indians, and engaged in building a fort at
+Pemaquid. When he returned to Boston he found that even his own wife had
+been "cried out upon" as a witch, and he at once put a stay upon the
+fatuous proceedings. His weak and troubled administration lasted two and
+one-half years. He then went to England to answer to complaints made
+against his administration, when he died suddenly Feb. 18, 1695, aged
+forty-five years. He was buried in the church of St. Mary Woolnoth,
+London, where his widow caused a monument to be erected to his memory.
+He died childless.
+
+Governor Phips' widow married the rich merchant, Peter Sergent, who
+built and occupied the stately mansion, afterwards purchased by the
+Province, as a residence for the Governor, and known as the Province
+House.
+
+SPENCER PHIPS was a nephew of Governor Phips' wife. The governor having
+no children, adopted as his heir, Spencer Bennett, he was Lieu. Governor
+between 1733 and 1757, and married Elizabeth Hutchinson. He resided
+mainly at Cambridge. His farm consisted of that part of Cambridge
+afterwards known as Lechmere Point, now East Cambridge, his daughters
+married Andrew Boardman, John Vassall, Richard Lechmere and Joseph Lee.
+Lieu. Governor Phips died in March, 1757.
+
+DAVID PHIPS, only son of Lieutenant Governor Spencer Phips, graduated at
+Harvard College in 1741. He was Colonel of a troop of guards in Boston,
+and Sheriff of Middlesex County. He was an Addresser on three occasions,
+as his name is found among the one hundred and twenty-four merchants,
+and others, of Boston, who addressed Governor Hutchinson in 1774, among
+the ninety-seven gentlemen and principal inhabitants of that town, and
+among the eighteen country gentlemen who were driven from their homes,
+and who addressed General Gage in October, 1775. He went to Halifax at
+the evacuation of Boston in 1776, and was proscribed and banished under
+the Act of 1778. His home at Cambridge was confiscated. He died at Bath,
+England in 1811, aged eighty-seven.
+
+
+
+
+ THE DUNBAR FAMILY OF HINGHAM.
+
+
+Robert Dunbar, a Scotchman, became a resident of Hingham shortly after
+1650, and probably was the ancestor of all the families who have borne
+this surname in Plymouth county. The Christian name of his wife was
+Rose. She survived him and died 10 Nov. 1700. Robert died, 19 Sept.,
+1693. He had eight sons and three daughters, and died possessed of
+considerable property. His grandson Joseph removed to Halifax, Plymouth
+County, in 1736.[246]
+
+ [246] Hist. of Hingham. Vol. 11. P. 195-7-9.
+
+DANIEL DUNBAR, son of the aforesaid Joseph was born in Hingham, March 8,
+1733. He was an ensign of Militia at Halifax, Mass., and in 1774 had his
+colors demanded of him by the mob, some of the selectmen being the chief
+actors. He refused and they broke into his house, took him out, forced
+him upon a rail, where for three hours, he was held, and tossed, up and
+down, until he was exhausted. He was then dragged and beaten, and gave
+up the standard to save his life. In 1776 he went to Halifax, Nova
+Scotia, with the Royal Army. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished.
+
+JESSIE DUNBAR, of the fourth generation, was born in Hingham, June 26,
+1744. He removed to Bridgewater, Plymouth County.[247]
+
+ [247] Dunbar Genealogy. P. 19.
+
+He bought some fat cattle of Nathaniel Ray Thomas, a Mandamus
+Councillor, in 1774, and drove them to Plymouth for sale; one of the
+oxen being skinned and hung up, the "Sons of Liberty" came to him and
+finding where he bought it, commenced punishing him for the offence. His
+tormentors put the ox in a cart, and fixing Dunbar in his belly, carted
+him four miles and required him to pay one dollar for the ride. They
+then delivered him to a Kingston mob, which carted him four miles
+further, and forced from him another dollar, then delivered him to a
+Duxbury mob, who abused him by beating him in the face with the
+creature's tripe, and endeavored to cover his person with it, to the
+endangering his life. They then threw dirt at him, and after other
+abuses, carried him to Councillor Thomas's house, and made him pay
+another sum of money, and he, not taking the beef, they flung it in the
+road and quitted him. Jesse Dunbar died at Nobleboro, Maine, in 1806,
+leaving many descendants.
+
+The outrageous and brutal treatment he received from the "Sons of
+Despotism" are among the worst on record.
+
+
+
+
+ EBENEZER RICHARDSON.
+
+
+The Richardson family were the earliest settlers of Woburn,
+Massachusetts. Ezekiel, Samuel and Thomas Richardson, three brothers,
+with four other persons, laid the foundations of the town, in 1641. In
+1642 it was incorporated under the name of Woburn, the name of a town in
+Herefordshire.
+
+Samuel Richardson, the ancestor of Ebenezer Richardson, came to
+Charlestown, about 1636, as his name appears on the records of July 1 of
+that date as one of a committee to "lay out lots of land for hay." When
+the three brothers settled at Woburn, they lived near each other on the
+same street, which was laid out in 1647, as Richardson's Row, by which
+name it has ever since been known. It runs almost due north and south,
+in the N. E. part of the present town of Winchester.
+
+Lieut. John Richardson, eldest son of Samuel, was born Nov. 12, 1639,
+was a yeoman, and soldier in King Philip's war, and passed his life in
+Woburn, and died there in 1696. John Richardson, son of Lieut. John was
+a carpenter, and lived in Woburn. He died March 18, 1715.
+
+Timothy Richardson, son of John, was born in Woburn, 1687, was badly
+wounded in Lovewell's Indian fight at Pigwacket. The colony having
+offered one hundred pounds for Indian scalps, Captain Lovewell went with
+forty-six men on a scalp hunt into Maine. Captain Lovewell was the first
+one killed. The fight lasted ten hours, those who left the fatal battle
+ground, were twenty in number, of whom eleven were badly wounded, among
+whom was Timothy Richardson, who lived for ten years afterwards, but in
+great suffering he died in Woburn in 1735.
+
+EBENEZER RICHARDSON, eldest son of Timothy, and Abigail Johnson, was
+born in Woburn, March 31, 1718, and married Rebecca (Fowle) Richardson,
+daughter of Captain John and Elizabeth (Prescott) Fowle, of Woburn, and
+widow of Phineas Richardson. His father's farm was bounded easterly by
+the Woburn and Stoneham line, it was here probably that Ebenezer was
+born.[248]
+
+ [248] Richardson Memorial by Vinton. P. 34, 199, 242.
+
+Ebenezer Richardson was an officer of the Customs in Boston. On the 22
+Feb., 1770, he was assailed by a mob who chased him to his home, bricks
+and stones were thrown at the windows. Richardson, provoked, fired at
+random into the mob, dangerously wounding one of them, Samuel Gore, and
+mortally wounding another, Christopher Snider, a poor German boy, who
+died the next morning.
+
+The excitement was intense, the funeral of the boy was attended by the
+revolutionists, and the event taken advantage of to fire the passions of
+the people. On the 20th of April, Richardson was tried for his life and
+brought in guilty of murder. Chief Justice Hutchinson viewed the guilt
+of Richardson, as everybody would now, a clear case of justifiable
+homicide, and consequently refused to sign a warrant for his execution,
+and after lying in prison two years, was, on application to the King,
+pardoned and set at liberty.[249] To reward Richardson for what he had
+suffered, he was appointed in 1773 as an officer of the Customs of
+Philadelphia.
+
+ [249] For further particulars see pages 310, 311.
+
+Historians have treated Richardson very unfairly, and caused his memory
+to be execrated. He was a Custom House officer, and the duties of his
+office caused him to seize smuggled goods, as any custom house officer
+would at the present time, previous to that he belonged to the secret
+service division for the detection of illicit traders, on this account
+he has always been contemptuously called an "informer". He was not any
+worse than hundreds of secret service agents employed at the present
+time by the United States Government, to detect law-breakers. They are
+of course detested by the criminal classes, and the mountaineer
+moonshiners of Kentucky consider it no crime to kill them, when the
+opportunity offers. After Richardson's release, he went to Philadelphia
+to reside, so as to escape mob violence; the malignity of the
+revolutionists, however, followed him, and a scurrilous effusion was
+published there entitled "The Life and Humble Confession of Richardson
+the Informer."
+
+The broadside was embellished with a rude wood cut of Richardson firing
+into the mob, and the killing of the boy Snider. The same has been
+recently republished, and the author states "Whatever facts it may
+contain, are doubtless expanded beyond the limits of the actual
+truth."[250]
+
+ [250] William R. Cutter, Librarian of the Woburn Public Library.
+
+
+
+
+ COMMODORE JOSHUA LORING.[251]
+
+
+Thomas Loring came from Axminster in Devonshire, England, to Dorchester
+with his wife, Jane, whose maiden name was Newton, in the year 1634,
+they removed to Hingham, and finally settled and died at Hull in 1661,
+leaving many descendants, who still reside in Hull, and Hingham.
+
+ [251] Ancestral Records of the Loring family. Type Written Copy in the
+ New England Historic Genealogical Society. Pp. 129 to 182.
+
+COMMODORE JOSHUA LORING was descended from Thomas Loring. He was born at
+Boston, Aug. 3, 1716. He was apprenticed to Mr. Mears, a tanner of
+Roxbury. When he was of age he went to sea. About 1740 he married Mary,
+daughter of Samuel Curtice, of Roxbury. In 1744 he was master of a
+Brigantine Privateer of Boston, and while cruising near Louisburg, was
+taken by two French Men of War.
+
+He purchased an estate in 1752, on Jamaica Plain, Roxbury, of Joshua
+Cheever, on which he erected what has since been known as the Greenough
+mansion. It is said to have been framed in England and was one of the
+finest residences in Roxbury. It was situated opposite the intersection
+of Center and South streets, opposite the soldiers' monument.
+
+On December 19, 1757, He was commissioned captain in the British Navy,
+was Commodore of the naval forces on Lakes Champlain and Ontario, and
+participated in the capture of Quebec under Wolfe, and in the conquest
+of Canada in the succeeding campaign of Amherst. He was severely wounded
+in the leg while in command on Lake Ontario, and at the close of the war
+he retired on half pay, at which time he settled down at Jamaica Plain,
+Roxbury. He was one of the five Commissioners of the revenue, and
+General Gage by writ of mandamus appointed him a member of his Council,
+and he was sworn in Aug. 17, 1774. This immediately subjected him to the
+strictest surveillance by the revolutionists, and the greatest pressure
+was brought to bear upon him to throw up the obnoxious office. A
+diarist, under date of Aug. 29, speaking of a Roxbury town meeting
+recently held says, "Late in the evening a member visited Commodore
+Loring, and in a friendly way advised him to follow the example of his
+townman Isaac Winslow, (who had already resigned). He desired time to
+consider it. They granted it, but acquainted him if he did not comply he
+must expect to be waited on by a large number, actuated by a different
+spirit. (Tarred and feathered and rode on a rail). On the morning of the
+Lexington battle, after passing most of the previous night in
+consultation with Deacon Joseph Brewer, his neighbor and intimate
+friend, upon the step he was about to take, he mounted his horse, left
+his home and everything belonging to it, never to return again, and
+pistol in hand, rode at full speed to Boston, stopping on the way only
+to answer an old friend, who asked 'Are you going, Commodore?' 'Yes,' he
+replied. 'I have always eaten the king's bread, and always intend to.'"
+The sacrifice must have been especially painful to him, for he was held
+in high esteem by his friends and neighbors, but he could not spurn the
+hand that had fed him, and rather than do a dishonorable act, he would
+sacrifice all he possessed, even the land of his birth. At the
+evacuation he went to England. He received a pension from the crown
+until his decease at Highgate, in October, 1781, at the age of
+sixty-five. Joshua Loring was proscribed, banished and his large estate
+confiscated. His mansion house was in May, 1775, headquarters of General
+Nathaniel Greene, and afterwards for a brief period, a hospital for
+American soldiers, many of whom were buried on the adjacent grounds.
+Later Captain Isaac Sears bought the property of the State, and lived
+there for several years.
+
+Mary, his widow, was through the influence of Lord North, pensioned for
+life; she settled at Englesfield, Berkshire County, England, where she
+died in 1789 at the age of eighty.
+
+JOSHUA LORING, JR. was a twin brother of Benjamin Loring, sons of
+Commodore Loring. He was born Nov., 1744. He was an Addresser of
+Governor Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gen. Gage in 1775. One of the last
+official acts of the latter in Boston was his proclamation of June 7,
+1775, appointing Mr. Loring "sole vendue-master and auctioneer." He was
+High Sheriff and a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery
+Company in 1769. In 1776 he went to Halifax with the Royal Army, and,
+early the next year, he was appointed Commissary of Prisoners by Sir
+William Howe. He was severely criticized at the time by the
+Revolutionists, for cruelties to his unfortunate countrymen who were
+prisoners, but as Sabine truly says, "it is not easy to ascertain the
+truth or to determine his personal responsibility in the treatment of
+prisoners."[252] He was proscribed and banished, and died in England in
+1789, aged forty-five. His wife was a Miss Lloyd, to whom he was married
+at the house of Colonel Hatch in Dorchester in 1769. His son,
+
+SIR JOHN WENTWORTH LORING was born in Roxbury, Oct., 1773; was baptized
+in Trinity church by Rev. D. Walters, Nov. 29; was a midshipman in the
+British navy, and from 1819 to 1837 was Lieut. Governor of the Royal
+Naval College. In 1841 was advanced to the rank of Rear Admiral of the
+Red and in 1847 was promoted Vice Admiral of the White. His son,
+William, was Captain of the "Scout" in the Royal Navy.
+
+ [252] A similar case occurred during the Civil War, there was probably
+ no man whose memory was more execrated, and who was regarded as a
+ monster than Wirz, the Commander at Andersonville, who was hanged by the
+ U. S. Government, and yet forty-five years afterwards the Daughters of
+ the Confederacy have erected a beautiful monument to his memory at
+ Andersonville.
+
+DR. BENJAMIN LORING, twin brother of Joshua Loring, Jr., born in 1744,
+graduated at Harvard College in 1772. He was a Surgeon in a Regiment in
+the King's service in South Carolina. At the peace, accompanied by his
+family of five persons, and by one servant, he went from New York to
+Shelburne, Nova Scotia. His losses in consequences of his loyalty were
+estimated at $15,000. He was an absentee but not proscribed. He returned
+to Boston and died there in 1798, aged sixty-five.
+
+COMMODORE JOHN LORING, son of Commodore Joshua, was a midshipman in the
+Royal Navy, at fourteen years of age. In 1776 he was one of four
+prisoners taken in the schooner Valent, and sent into Boston, as there
+was no place provided for prisoners he was sent to Concord Jail by the
+Council, who ordered "that Edward Marsh, and John Loring should not use
+pen or paper, nor any one allowed to speak to them, but in the presence
+of the jailor". His uncle Obediah Curtis being a very influential man,
+interceded for him so strenuously, he being but quite a youth, that he
+was released and sent to the care of Col. Buckminster of Framingham, his
+wife's father. His kind host was in danger of having his home demolished
+for harboring a "young Tory", on account of the young man calling his
+neighbors "rascally rebels." In 1776 he was exchanged and returned to
+England. He was early a Post Captain. In 1793 he had command of the
+British Squadron in the Camatic. In 1803 he had command of the Frigate
+Bellerophon (which in 1813 conveyed Napoleon to St. Helena) and captured
+the French Frigate Duquesne, 74 guns, and a national schooner. In the
+same year he was Commodore of the British Fleet off Cape Francoix,
+which blockaded and defeated the French squadron, and the troops under
+Rochambeau, Nov. 30, 1803. Commodore John Loring died at his seat in
+Farehan, Nov. 9, 1808, leaving a widow and children. The Naval service
+lost in him "one of its most brave, zealous and humane officers." He
+married Miss Macneal of Campleton Argyleshire, a lady of great beauty.
+His son Hector, became captain of the Howe, 120 guns, of the Royal Navy.
+He married Miss Charlotte Jessy, daughter of James Jamison of the Royal
+Bengal Medical Service. His eldest son John, a midshipman on board of
+the Eurylas, in 1820, died of the yellow fever at Bermuda.
+
+JOSEPH ROYAL LORING, son of Commodore Joshua, probably never married. He
+was captain of the Brigantine "William," owned by Richard Clarke and
+Sons, of Boston, engaged in bringing tea from London to Boston. It was
+the fourth and last vessel on the East India Company's account to sail
+there. She was cast ashore at Provincetown on Cape Cod. The tea was
+saved and conveyed to the Castle in Boston Harbor. Very little is known
+afterwards of Captain Royal Loring.
+
+
+ LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO JOSHUA LORING IN SUFFOLK COUNTY
+ AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To John Keyes, Aug. 31, 1779; Lib. 130, fol. 191; Land 19 A.,
+ mansion house and barn in Roxbury, Joshua Loring N. and N.E.;
+ Lemuel May E.; Ebenezer Weld S.; road leading to Dedham W.; then
+ running S.; E. and N. on land of John Keyes.
+
+ To Isaac Sears, Oct. 28, 1779; Lib. 130, fol. 237; Farm, 54 A. 3
+ qr. 9 r., and mansion house in Roxbury, road leading by Jamaica
+ meeting-house to Boston W.; heirs of Mr. Burroughs deceased N. and
+ N.W.; lane N.E.; lane and Capt. May E.; land of Joshua Loring,
+ absentee, now of John Keyes S.----5 1-2 A. salt marsh, creek W.;
+ Mr. Bowdoin S.; heirs of Joseph Weld deceased E.; heirs of John
+ Williams deceased N.
+
+ To James Swan, Feb. 1, 1782; Lib. 134, fol. 6; Wood or pasture
+ land, 8 A. 31 r., in Brookline, road W.; Mr. Crafts N.W. and N.E.;
+ Capt. Baker S.E.
+
+ To John Tufts, Apr. 28. 1783; Lib. 138, fol. 101; Land and
+ dwelling-house in Boston, common or training-field N.W.; West St. N
+ E.; David Colson S.E.; heirs or assigns of Dr. George Stewart S.W.
+
+ To Ellis Gray, Nov 23, 1795; Lib. 181, fol. 275; Wood and pasture
+ land, 24 1-2 A. 7 r., in Roxbury, near Henry Williams; Caleb
+ Williams and Mr. Morries S.E.; Ebenezer Chanies S.W.; Mr. Bourn
+ N.W. and N.E.
+
+
+
+
+ ROBERT WINTHROP.
+
+
+The most prominent name in Massachusetts History is that of Winthrop.
+Governor John Winthrop has been called the "Father of Boston." From the
+date of the first settlement of Massachusetts to the present time, the
+name of Winthrop has been prominent in each generation.
+
+The family of Winthrops of Groton Manor, Suffolk County, England, took
+its name by tradition, from the village of Winthrope, near Newark, in
+Nottinghamshire. The earliest ancestor of whom anything is known with
+certainty is
+
+I. Adam Winthrop, known to have been living at Lavenham, in Suffolk in
+1498, who had, by his wife Jane Burton, a son--
+
+II. Adam Winthrop second of that name, born in Lavenham, Oct. 9, 1498,
+died in Groton, Nov. 9, 1562, who became a wealthy London merchant,
+acquired the manor of Groton, near Lavenham, in 1544; was inscribed
+Armiger by Edward VI. in 1548, and in 1551 was Master of the influential
+Company of Clothworkers. He had thirteen children, several of whom
+became distinguished. His third son was--
+
+III. Adam Winthrop, third of that name, who came into possession of
+Groton Manor. He was born in London, Aug. 10th, 1548, died at Groton
+March 28, 1623. He was a lawyer and county magistrate, and married
+Alice, sister of Dr. John Still, Bishop of Bath and Wells. His only son
+was--
+
+IV. John Winthrop, born Jan. 12, and died in Boston, March 26, 1649. He
+was a lawyer and magistrate, and became a great Puritan leader, and led
+the greatest emigration that had ever gone forth from England up to this
+time. In February, 1630, preparations began to be made with vigor for
+the embarkation of a great colony, by the end of the month a fleet of
+fourteen vessels was ready with men, women and children, and all
+necessary men of handicrafts, and others of good condition, wealth, and
+quality, to make a firm plantation. In this fleet were congregated the
+forefathers of Massachusetts, with their wives and little ones, about to
+quit forever their native country, kindred, friends, and acquaintances.
+They were to leave the land of their fathers, perhaps forever, to break
+assunder those chords of affection, which so powerfully bind a good man
+to his native soil, and to dissolve those tender associations which
+constitute the bliss of civil society, and to seek in an unknown
+wilderness, a new home, which in time would become a great nation. On
+the 8th of June, 1630, the fleet sighted land, Mt. Desert, and regaled
+themselves with fish of their own catching. "So pleasant a scene here
+they had, as did much refresh them, and there came a smell off the
+shore, like the smell of a garden." On the 12th, they came to anchor in
+Salem harbor, and by 14th of July, thirteen out of the fourteen ships
+had arrived safely, the other vessel, the Mary & John, was the first to
+arrive, and had landed their passengers at Dorchester. Governor
+Winthrop, after his arrival at Salem, determined to remove to a point of
+land between two rivers flowing into Boston Harbor, and named the town
+Charlestown, in honor of Charles I. The next year the Governor caused
+the settlement to remove across the Charles river to another point of
+land called by the Indians "Shawmut," signifying the place of living
+waters, which caused the removal there. The Governor settled alongside
+of the "Great Spring" on the present site of the Old South church, next
+to Spring Lane, which runs into Water street, hence the name. The place
+was called Boston, named after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, from which
+place some of the settlers came, and the County was named Suffolk. Thus
+Boston was settled by the English Puritans under the leadership of
+Governor Winthrop.[253]
+
+ [253] For a detailed account of the career and writings of this
+ illustrious man, see two volumes of his "Life And Letters," by his
+ descendant, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop.
+
+Governor Winthrop had five daughters and two sons, the elder resided
+chiefly in Connecticut and the younger in Massachusetts, generally known
+as, VI, Wait Still Winthrop or Wait Winthrop, born in Boston, Feb. 27,
+1642, died Nov. 7, 1717. A soldier of the Indian wars, for more than
+thirty years Major General commanding the Provincial Forces of Mass.,
+Judge of the Superior Court, Judge of Admiralty and some time Chief
+Justice of Mass. He married Mary, daughter of Hon. William Brown, of
+Salem, by whom he had one daughter, Ann, wife of Thomas Lechmere,
+brother of Lord Lechmere, and an only son, VII, John Winthrop, born in
+Boston, Aug. 26, 1681, died at Sydenham Aug. 1, 1742, graduated at
+Harvard College in 1700. Failing to receive the political preferment to
+which claim he conceived a sort of hereditary claim, he went to England
+to reside in 1727. He became an active member of Royal Society, of whose
+transactions one volume is dedicated to him, he resided there until his
+death. He had five daughters and two sons, the eldest, VIII, John Still
+Winthrop, born in Boston, Jan. 15, 1720, died June 6, 1776. Graduated at
+Yale College in 1737. In early life he resided with his father in
+England, and occasionally in Boston, but after his marriage, chiefly in
+New London, Conn., where he built a large house, still standing at the
+head of Winthrop's Cove, described in 1787 as the best house in the
+Province. He had fourteen children, five daughters and nine sons. Of his
+sons, two died in childhood. John and William died unmarried. Francis
+Bayard Winthrop went to New York, also Benjamin Winthrop. Joseph
+Winthrop went to Charleston, S. C.
+
+THOMAS LINDALL WINTHROP. Born March 6, 1760, died in Boston, Feb. 21,
+1841. Graduated at Harvard College 1780, was Lieutenant Governor of
+Massachusetts from 1826 to 1833. He married in 1786, Elizabeth, daughter
+of Sir John Temple, Bart., and granddaughter of James Bowdoin of Boston,
+Governor of Massachusetts. Their son, the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, was
+the most conspicuous member of the family in America for a long period.
+In his memoir of the Winthrop family he says "From the above five
+brothers descend the numerous branches of the Winthrop family, now
+widely scattered in different parts of the United States and
+Europe."[254] It does not appear that either of them joined the
+revolutionists or took any part in the war, except the youngest son, who
+was a staunch loyalist, and was of great service to his country.
+
+ [254] A Short Account of the Winthrop family by Robert C. Winthrop.
+
+The youngest son of John Still Winthrop, was, IX, Robert Winthrop, the
+subject of this sketch, born in New London, Dec. 7, 1764, died at Dover,
+England, May 10, 1832. During the Revolution he was appointed a
+Midshipman in the Royal Navy. In 1790 he was a Lieutenant; and six
+years later a Post Captain. He attained the rank of Rear Admiral in
+1809, and of Vice Admiral in 1830. He served on board of the flagship of
+Sir George B. Rodney in the memorable victory over the French April 12,
+1782. The French Admiral, Count de Grasse, fresh from his victory at
+Yorktown, had refitted at Martinique's dock yards, and with the
+assistance of the Spaniards, who had fitted out a fleet at Havana,
+intended to capture Jamaica, and drive the English out of the West
+Indies. All the Lesser Antilles were his own, except St. Lucia. There
+alone the English flag still flew as Rodney lay in the harbor of
+Castries, and saw the French fleet becalmed under the high lands of
+Dominica. All day long the cannon roared, and one by one the French
+ships struck their flags or fought on till they sank. Rodney's flagship
+came alongside of the Ville de Paris, the pride of France and the
+largest ship in the world, on which De Grasse commanded in person. He
+fought after all hope had gone, with her masts shattered, her decks
+littered with mangled limbs and bodies. He gave up his sword to Rodney.
+The French fleet was destroyed, fourteen thousand were killed, besides
+the prisoners. On that memorable day the British Empire was saved and
+Yorktown was avenged. He was at the conquest of Martinique and St. Lucia
+in 1794, also captured a French corvette. He was wrecked in the frigate
+Undaunted. He was on duty in the North Sea. He superintended the landing
+of troops in the expedition against Ostend. Entrusted with a small
+squadron to cruise off Holland, his boats burned a store-ship, made
+prize of fifteen merchant vessels, a sloop-of-war, and an armed
+schooner. He assisted in the capture of the Helder. Stranded in the
+frigate Stag, he was compelled, after saving her stores, to burn her.
+Stationed on the coast of Spain, in the Ardent of sixty-four guns, he
+drove on shore a French frigate, which was set on fire and burned by her
+own crew. Such is the bare outline of the great services he rendered on
+the ocean.
+
+In 1807 the Sea Fencibles of the Dover district was placed under his
+orders. He married Miss Farbrace. He died at Dover in 1832. Two sons and
+four daughters survived him.
+
+
+
+
+ NATHANIEL HATCH.
+
+
+Colonel Estes Hatch was one of the most prominent and wealthy men of
+Dorchester. He owned many negro slaves who worked on his extensive
+estate, comprising sixty acres of land on the southerly side of Dudley
+street, lying part in Roxbury and a part in Dorchester. It included
+Little Woods, afterward known as Swan's woods.
+
+Col. Hatch commanded the Troop of Horse, in Boston, led a company at the
+capture of Louisberg and died in 1759. He was prominent in town affairs,
+and held the principal military offices, and at the time of his death
+was Brigadier General of Horse. His wife was Mary, daughter of Rev.
+Benjamin Rolfe, her father and mother and their youngest child were
+killed by the Indians in their home at Haverhill in 1708. Col. Hatch and
+Mary Rolfe were married Nov. 9th, 1716.
+
+NATHANIEL HATCH, son of Col. Hatch, graduated at Harvard College in
+1742, and subsequently held the office of Clerk of the Courts. He was a
+firm loyalist, and at the evacuation of Boston in 1776, he went to
+Halifax with the British troops. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished,
+and in 1779 was included in the Conspiracy Act, by which his large and
+valuable estate was confiscated, it was bought afterwards by Captain
+James Swan, who paid L18,000 for it, and who soon afterwards offered it
+to Gov. Hancock for L45,000. Writing to Hancock, Swan say: "The mansion
+house can be refitted in as elegant a manner as it once was for about
+L4,000." During Swan's residence here he made the house a seat of
+hospitality, entertaining among others persons of distinction. The
+Marquis de Viomel, second in command of Rochambeau's army, Admiral
+d'Estaing, the Marquis de Lafayette and General Knox.[255]
+
+ [255] Town of Roxbury by F. S. Drake. P. 134, 135.
+
+Nathaniel Hatch married July 7, 1755, Elizabeth Lloyd. They had several
+children. Paxton, born Oct. 9, 1758; Mary, born Jan. 14, 1760;
+Addington, born Sept. 22, 1761; Jane, born March 10, 1767; Susannah
+Paxton, born March 13, 1770. Nathaniel Hatch died in 1780.
+
+
+ LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO NATHANIEL HATCH IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Samuel Dunn, Jr., July 11, 1781; Lib. 132, fol. 263; Land, 60
+ A.; and mansion house in Dorchester, road to Dorchester meeting
+ house N.; Jonas Humphrey, Thomas Wiswall and James Bird E. and S.;
+ John Holbrook S.; John Williams, Samuel Humphrey and brook between
+ Dorchester and Roxbury W. and N.
+
+
+
+
+ CHRISTOPHER HATCH.
+
+
+Of Boston. When the Royal Army evacuated that town, March 17, 1776,
+cannon, shot, and shells were left on his wharf, and in the dock. In
+1778 he was proscribed and banished. He accepted a commission under the
+crown, and was a Captain in the Loyal American regiment. He was wounded
+and commended for his gallantry. At the peace he retired on half pay,
+about L80 per annum. He was a grantee of the city of St. John, N. B.,
+soon after going there established himself as a merchant near the
+frontier, and finally at St. Andrews. He was a magistrate, and colonel,
+in the militia. He died at St. Andrews, 1819, aged seventy. Elizabeth,
+his widow, died at the same place, 1830, at the age of seventy-five.
+
+HARRIS HATCH, son of Christopher, was a gentleman of consideration in
+New Brunswick, where he held the office of Member of her Majesty's
+Council Commission of Bankruptcies, Surrogate, Registrar of Deeds,
+member of the Board of Education, Lieut. Colonel in the Militia, and
+Judge of the Court of Common Pleas.
+
+HAWES HATCH, of Boston, brother of Christopher Hatch. He went to Halifax
+with the Royal Army in 1776. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He
+entered the service, and in 1782 was a captain in De Lancey's Second
+Battalion. He retired on half pay at the close of the war, and was a
+grantee of the city of St. John. For some years after the Revolution, he
+lived at and near Eastport, Maine, on the frontier. He died at Lebanon,
+N. H., in 1807.[256]
+
+ [256] Sabine's Loyalists.
+
+
+
+
+ WARD CHIPMAN.
+
+
+John Chipman was born in Whitechurch, near Dorchester, England, about
+1614, and died April 7, 1708. He sailed from Barnstable, Devon County in
+May, 1631, in the ship Friendship, arriving in Boston July 14th, 1631.
+John Chipman was the first and only one of the name to seek a home in
+America, and up to 1850 there was no Chipman in this country who was not
+descended from him. He was for many years a selectman, then in Plymouth
+County invested with the authority of a magistrate, and was often a
+"Deputy to Court" and he, with three assistants, was designated to
+frequent the early Quaker meetings and "endeavor to reduce them from the
+errors of their wayes". In 1646 he married Hope, second daughter of John
+and Elizabeth Howland, born in Plymouth, Mass., 1629, died 1683.
+
+John Chipman had eleven children, and except a son and daughter who died
+in infancy, all survived him. His eldest son Samuel Chipman, was born in
+Barnstable, Mass., 1661, and died in 1723. He built on the paternal
+homestead near the Custom House the "Chipman Tavern," which continued in
+the line of his posterity until 1830. He was by record a yeoman, and an
+inn-holder. He too had eleven children.
+
+Rev. John Chipman, of the third generation, was the third son of Samuel
+aforesaid, was born in Barnstable 1691, died March 23, 1775. He
+graduated from Harvard College in 1711, and was ordained 1715 as pastor
+of the first church in the precinct of Salem and Beverly, now North
+Beverly. He married, first, Rebecca Hale, and, second, Hannah, daughter
+of Joseph Warren, of Roxbury. He had fifteen children, all by the first
+marriage.
+
+John Chipman of the fourth generation, eldest son of Rev. John Chipman,
+was born in Beverly 1722, died 1768. Graduated from Harvard College in
+1738, admitted to the practice of law, which at the time of his death
+embraced only twenty-five barristers in Massachusetts, which also
+included then the district of Maine. He had abilities of a rare order,
+his services were appreciated and sought in distant localities. While
+arguing a case before the Superior Court at Falmouth (Portland), Maine,
+he was suddenly seized with apoplexy, from which he died. He had twelve
+children.
+
+WARD CHIPMAN, the subject of this biography, was of the fifth
+generation, and the fourth son of the aforesaid John Chipman. He was
+born in Marblehead, Mass., July 30, 1754, and died at Fredericton, N.
+B., Feb. 9, 1824. He graduated from Harvard College in 1770. His
+graduation oration being the first delivered there in the vernacular
+language. He studied law in Boston under the direction of Hon. Daniel
+Leonard, and Hon. Jonathan Sewell, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
+Massachusetts. Ward Chipman and Daniel Leonard, with fifteen other
+names, appear upon "The Loyal Address" to Gov. Gage on his departure
+from Boston in 1775 as "of those gentlemen who were driven from their
+Habitations in the country to Boston."[257] He left Boston at the
+evacuation and went with the army to Halifax, "being obliged to abandon
+his native land." He then went to England, where he was allowed a
+pension in common with a long list of his suffering fellow-countrymen,
+but a state of inaction being ill-suited to his ardent mind, in less
+than a year he relinquished his pension and rejoined the King's troops
+at New York, where he was employed in the Military Department and in the
+practice of the Court of Admiralty. In 1782 he held the office of Deputy
+Mustermaster-General, of the Loyalist forces.
+
+ [257] Chipmans of America.
+
+In 1783 he was one of the fifty-five who petitioned for extensive grants
+of lands in Nova Scotia, out of which was erected the province of New
+Brunswick, of which province he was appointed Solicitor-General and
+continually afterwards bore a conspicuous part, and attained the highest
+honors. He was a member of the House of Assembly and Advocate at the
+Bar, a Member of his Majesty's Council, a Judge of the Supreme Court,
+Agent for the settling of disputed points of boundary with the United
+States until he closed his mortal career while administering the
+Government of the Colony as President, and Commander in Chief, during a
+vacancy in the office of Lieut. Governor. His remains were conveyed from
+Fredericton to St. John where a tablet, adds to above quoted statement,
+the following: "Distinguished during the whole of his varied and active
+life, for his superior abilities and unweariable zeal, for genuine
+integrity and singular humanity and benevolence, his loss was
+universally deplored; and this frail tribute from his nearest connection
+affords but a feeble expression of the affectionate respect with which
+they cherished the memory of his virtues."
+
+Hon. Ward Chipman married Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. William Hazen of
+Haverhill, Mass., and his wife, the only daughter of Dr. Joseph LeBaron
+of Plymouth, Mass. She died at St. John in 1852 in her eighty-sixth
+year. The wife of Hon. William Gray of Boston was his sister. Ward, his
+only child, was born July 21, 1787, graduated at Harvard College in
+1805, where so many of his ancestors had before him. He held many places
+of honor and trust; was finally chief justice of New Brunswick, and died
+at St. John in 1851 in his sixty-fifth year. While the Prince of Wales,
+now King Edward VII., was in that city in August, 1860, he occupied the
+Chipman mansion.
+
+
+
+
+ GOVERNOR EDWARD WINSLOW.
+
+
+Edward Winslow was born at Droitwich, Worcestershire, England, 19
+October, 1595. He appears to have been a well educated and accomplished
+man. In the course of his travels on the continent of Europe he went to
+Leyden and there became acquainted with Mr. John Robinson, and the
+church under his pastoral charge, which he joined in 1617. He married
+the 16th of May, 1618, and settled in that city till the church removed
+to America in 1620. In his "Brief Narration" he says: And when the ship
+was ready to carry us away the bretheren that stayed feasted us that
+were to go at our pastor's home. After tears and singing of psalms they
+accompanied us to Delph's Haven, where we were to embark, and there
+feasted us again. But we, going aboard ship lying at the quay ready to
+sail, the wind fair, we gave them a volley of small shot and three
+pieces of ordnance, and so lifting up our hands to each other and our
+hearts to the Lord we departed, etc.
+
+Winslow's name is third on the list of those who subscribed to the
+Covenant, or compact, before the disembarkation at Cape Cod. He was one
+of the first who came on shore to seek out the most eligible place for
+founding a settlement in this wild and unknown land. He was a gentleman
+of the best family of any of the Pilgrims, his father, Edward Winslow,
+Esq., being a person of importance in Droitwich. In all the initiatory
+labor for establishing this little colony, the nucleus of a great
+nation, he was ever active and influential in promoting the welfare of
+the Pilgrims, who on account of the respectability of his family, and
+the excellent qualities of his mind and heart appear to have regarded
+him with more than ordinary respect and confidence, which was never
+misplaced.
+
+At the annual election in 1624 Mr. Winslow was elected Assistant and in
+1644 Governor of Plymouth Colony.
+
+In 1655 Oliver Cromwell appointed three commissioners, of which number
+Winslow was the chief, to go with an expedition against the Spaniards in
+the West Indies under Admiral Penn and General Venables. The three
+commissioners to direct their operations. After an unsuccessful attack
+on St. Domingo, the fleet sailed for Jamaica, which surrendered without
+any resistance. But Mr. Winslow, who partook of the chagrin of defeat,
+did not live to enjoy the pleasure of victory. In the passage between
+Hispaniola and Jamaica the heat of the climate threw him into a fever,
+which put an end to his life on May 8, 1655, in the sixty-first year of
+his age. His body was committed to the deep, with the honors of war,
+forty-two guns being fired by the fleet on that occasion.
+
+After Bradford, Plymouth Colony owed to no man so much as to Edward
+Winslow. Always intelligent, generous, confident, and indefatigable, he
+was undoubtingly trusted for any service at home or abroad which the
+infant settlement required.
+
+JOSIAH WINSLOW, the only surviving son of Governor Edward Winslow, was
+born at Plymouth in 1629 and died on the family estate, Careswell,
+Marshfield, Dec. 18, 1680, in the 52nd year of his age. He was buried at
+the expense of the colony "in testimony of the colony's endeared love
+and affection for him." He married Penelope, daughter of Herbert Pelham,
+Esq., who came to Boston in 1645.
+
+He stood upon the uppermost heights of society, he reached every
+elevation that could be obtained, and there was nothing left for
+ambition to covet, because all had been gained. He was the first
+native-born general and the first native-born governor. The governor
+acquired the highest military rank and had engaged in active and
+successful warfare with the highest command in New England. He presided
+over the legislative, executive and judicial departments of the
+government. In addition to his military and civil distinction he
+acquired that of being the most delightful companion in the colony. He
+lived on his ample paternal domain and his hospitality was magnificent
+and the attractions of the festive board at Careswell were heightened by
+the charm of his beautiful wife. He was elected governor in 1673, which
+office he held until his death. He was succeeded by his only surviving
+son.
+
+ISAAC WINSLOW, born in 1670 and died Dec. 6, 1738. This eminently
+distinguished man sustained the chief places of power and honor in the
+colony, and was a worthy successor to his father in being its chief
+military commander, a member of the Council for more than 20 years and
+for some time its president, and for several years Chief Justice of the
+Court of Common Pleas, and Judge of Probate; the last office he held at
+his death. His eldest son, Josiah, graduated at Harvard College in 1721,
+was killed in battle with the French and Indians at Georges Island, May
+1st, 1724. His second son, great grandson of the first governor of
+Plymouth, was the celebrated
+
+JOHN WINSLOW, born in Marshfield, May 27, 1702, and died in Hingham,
+1774, in his 73rd year. No native of New England, probably, except Sir
+William Pepperell, was more distinguished as a military leader. In
+1740-1 he was a captain in the unfortunate expedition to Cartagena under
+the command of Admiral Vernon, and subsequently endured much hard
+service in the several enterprises against Crown Point and Nova Scotia.
+He will be remembered in our annals principally in removing the
+Arcadians from Nova Scotia. The forces employed by the Colony at this
+period was composed almost entirely of Massachusetts troops, specially
+enlisted for the service to act as a distinct body. They formed into a
+regiment of two battalions, of which Governor Shirley was the Colonel,
+and of which Winslow, then a half-pay Captain in the British army and a
+Major-General in the Militia, was Lieutenant-Colonel. As Shirley could
+not leave his government to take command in person, Monckton, a
+Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army, was appointed to conduct the first
+battalion and Winslow the second. The plan for abducting the Arcadians
+was kept a profound secret, both by those who formed it and by those who
+were sent to execute, the home government knew nothing about it and it
+appears to have been done solely by the Colonial government; Colonel
+Winslow was but the instrument and acted under the Governor's written
+and positive instructions.
+
+In 1756 Major-General Winslow took the field with eight thousand men
+raised in New England and New York to repel the French invasion and
+marched against Montcalm, who to save Crown Point and Ticonderoga made a
+movement from Oswego by the St. Lawrence River. As soon as the French
+General returned to Canada, Winslow and his army returned to
+Massachusetts.
+
+In 1762 he was appointed with William Brattle and James Otis to act as
+Commissioner "to repair to the river St. Croix, determine where the
+easterly line of Maine is to begin and extend the said line as far as
+should be thought necessary." In compliment to General Winslow, "the
+fourth of a family more eminent for their talents, learning and honors
+than any other in New England," one of the towns on the Kennebec River
+in 1771 was called by his name. Of this town he was one of the original
+grantees. He died at Hingham in 1774, aged seventy-one, leaving two sons
+and a widow, who embarked with the Royal Army from Boston in 1776. She
+was in England in 1783, and enjoyed a pension from the government.
+
+Pelham Winslow, eldest son of General John, was born June 8th, 1737,
+graduated at Harvard College in 1753, and entered the office of James
+Otis to fit himself for the bar, was a staunch loyalist. In 1774 he
+abandoned his home to escape mob violence and took refuge in Boston. At
+the evacuation in 1776 he accompanied the Royal Army to Halifax, and
+thence went to New York, where he entered the military service of the
+Crown, and was Major. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He died at
+Brooklyn, New York, in 1783, leaving a wife and an infant daughter.
+
+Dr. Isaac Winslow, second son of General John, born April 7, 1739,
+graduated at Harvard College in 1762, died in 1819. He commenced the
+practice of physic, and though of the same principles as other members
+of his family, remained upon his estate during the war, and his life,
+thereby saving it from confiscation, for although he was a strong
+loyalist his medical services were of such great value to the
+revolutionists that they did not drive him forth and deprive him of his
+property. Sabine says: I find it said, and the authority good, that in
+1778 he treated about three hundred patients inoculated with smallpox,
+and such was his remarkable success not one of them died. His son John,
+an eminent lawyer, deceased at Natchez in 1820. His widow, Frances, died
+at Hingham in 1846, aged eighty-four. The family tomb of the Winslows is
+at Marshfield, on the Careswell estate, of which Governor Winslow was
+the first owner. It was afterwards purchased by Daniel Webster, on which
+he resided until his death.
+
+EDWARD WINSLOW, only brother of General John, born June 7, 1714, died at
+Halifax in 1784, aged seventy-two years. He graduated at Harvard College
+in 1765, resided at Plymouth, was Clerk of the Courts, Register of
+Probate, Collector of the Port. He was obliged to seek shelter in Boston
+from mob violence, at the evacuation in 1776 went with the Army to
+Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he died. The ceremonies at his funeral were
+of a style to confer the highest honors to himself, and his illustrious
+family. His estates in Massachusetts were confiscated, but every branch
+of his family was amply provided for by the generosity of the British
+Government.
+
+EDWARD WINSLOW, JR., only son of the aforesaid Edward. He was born in
+1745, died at Fredericton, N. B., 1815, aged seventy years, graduated at
+Harvard College in 1765. In 1774, the Plymouth County Convention
+"Resolved, That Edward Winslow, Jr., one of the two clerks of the Court
+of General Sessions of the Peace and Court of Common Pleas for this
+County, has, by refusing this body a copy of an Address made at the last
+term in this County, to Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., betrayed the trust
+reposed in him, by refusing his attendance when requested, treated the
+body of this county with insult and contempt, and by that means rendered
+himself unworthy to serve the county in said office."
+
+In 1775 he joined the Royal Army at Boston, and entering the service
+became a Colonel. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. In 1782 he was
+Muster-Master-General of the Loyalist forces employed under the Crown.
+After the war he settled in New Brunswick, and was a member of the first
+Council formed in that Colony, Surrogate-General, Judge of the Supreme
+Court, and finally Administrator of the Government. The Royal Arms which
+for many years were displayed in the Council Chamber in the Old State
+House in Boston, still exist, and are carefully preserved in Trinity
+church, St. John, N. B. The story of their exit from Boston, and by what
+means they came to find a permanent home at St. John, were not known
+till recently, when documents were found, which leave no question or
+room for doubt.
+
+In the winter of 1785 Edward Winslow was at Halifax and Ward Chipman, a
+fellow refugee from Boston, had taken up his residence at St. John. In a
+letter of Mr. Winslow to Mr. Chipman on the 16th January, 1785, he says,
+"Give my old Custom House seal to Mr. Leonard, and tell him I'll forward
+_the famous carv'd Coat of Arms_ by the first conveyance from Halifax."
+A subsequent letter to Mr. Chipman, refers more fully to the subject
+which is in part as follows:
+
+ Halifax, 25 March, 1785.
+
+ My Dear Fellow:
+
+ By the schooner Halifax I send a small assortment of stationery as
+ per invoice.... In the box with your stationery is a venerable Coat
+ of Arms, which I authorize you to present to the Council Chamber,
+ or any other respectable public Room, which you shall think best
+ entitled to it. They (Lyon & Unicorn) were constant members of the
+ Council at Boston (by mandamus) ran away when the others did--have
+ suffered--are of course Refugees and have a claim for residence at
+ New Brunswick.
+
+ Cordially yours
+ ED. WINSLOW.[258]
+ Ward Chipman, Esq.
+
+ [258] See Royal Memorials by Rev. Edmund F. Shafter. Also cut of Coat of
+ Arms on outside cover of this work.
+
+Judge Winslow was one of the founders of the Old Colony Club, at
+Plymouth, and was one of its most active members. He delivered the first
+anniversary address of that association on the 22 of December or
+Forefathers' Day, in 1770.
+
+ISAAC WINSLOW was a Boston merchant, son of Col. Edward Winslow, born
+May 2, 1709. He was the third in descent from John Winslow who came from
+Droitwich to Boston in 1655, and died in 1674. He was a brother of
+Governor Edward of the Plymouth Colony. He was a gentleman highly
+esteemed for his benevolence and other virtues. He graduated at Harvard
+College in 1727, then entered the counting room of James Bowdoin, and
+subsequently with his brother Joshua carried on an extensive and
+profitable business in Boston. They also became considerable ship
+owners, and had one ship constantly in the London trade. Joshua was one
+of the consignees of the tea destroyed by the mob. Isaac retired from
+business in 1753, and became a resident of Roxbury. He was the last
+occupant of the Dudley mansion, which was razed to the ground a few days
+after the battle of Bunker Hill, to make way for the works erected here
+by the Americans. The Universalist church was built upon its site. In
+making the necessary excavation for the church, the wine cellar of the
+mansion was unearthed and strange to say, as it may seem, the liquors
+were, after a lapse of forty-five years, found intact.[259]
+
+ [259] The Town of Roxbury. Francis S. Drake, pp. 355-6.
+
+In June 1760 he received the thanks of the town for a gift of land near
+Meeting House Hill. His first wife, Lucy, daughter of Gen. Samuel Waldo,
+died in Roxbury in 1763, at the age of forty-three.
+
+In 1774 he was an Addresser of Gov. Hutchinson, and 1775 of Gen. Gage.
+He was appointed Mandamus Councillor, and was qualified. This was an
+offence that could not be forgiven by the disunionists.
+
+Though a loyalist, his moderation and his character made him less
+obnoxious to the revolutionists than his neighbors, Auchmuty, Hallowell,
+and Loring. His virtues, however, could not save him from the fury of
+the mob. Immediately after the Lexington affair, he took refuge in
+Boston.
+
+In 1776, with his family of ten persons, he accompanied the Royal Army
+to Halifax, and in 1778 was proscribed and banished, and his estates
+confiscated. In his religious belief he was a Sandemanian. Jemima, his
+widow, died at London in 1790.
+
+REV. EDWARD WINSLOW was an Episcopal minister of Braintree, now Quincy,
+Mass. He was born in Boston in 1722. Graduated at Harvard College in
+1741. His father Joshua was a brother of the aforesaid Isaac Winslow,
+and son of Colonel Edward Winslow.
+
+The North Precinct of Braintree, now Quincy, had the reputation of being
+a "nest of Tories," owing to the presence of the Church of England
+people, connected with Christ Church. The mother English society was
+most liberal in dealing with its offshoot and until the Revolution, it
+annually sent over sixty pounds sterling for the support of the
+minister. In all, it is said to have spent over thirteen thousand
+dollars in building up this church. Naturally the society was inclined
+to a friendly feeling toward the hand which fed it. To it the
+Apthorpe's, the Vassall's, the Borland's, the Cleverly's and the
+Millers, indeed all the gentry of the neighborhood with the exception of
+the Quincy's, belonged, the Adam's not being in this class at that time.
+It was here the same as elsewhere throughout the colonies, the ministers
+of the Established Church of England stood condemned in the eyes of
+revolutionists, neither seclusion, insignificance nor high character was
+able to save the clergy from the fury of the mobs.
+
+In June, 1777, a town meeting was called for the purpose of agreeing
+upon a list of those persons who were "esteemed inimical" to the popular
+cause. This was in the nature of a formal indictment of the whole
+society, for among the names of those recorded as "inimical" were its
+rector, its wardens, and all its leading members.
+
+The Rev. Edward Winslow, the rector of Christ Church, found his
+situation uncomfortable in the extreme, nor was it any longer safe for
+him to read the prayer for the King. Yet he seems to have struggled on
+vainly hoping for better days, until his salary was stopped, and many of
+his people had moved away. Then in 1777, taking very properly the ground
+that his ordination oath compelled him to conform literally to the
+Prayer Book he "with sad and silent musings" resigned his charge. Going
+to New York, which was then in British occupation, Mr. Winslow died
+there in 1780 before the close of the war. He lies buried under the
+altar of St. George's Church in that city. Jane Isabella, his widow,
+died at Fayetteville, North Carolina, in 1793, aged sixty-six.
+
+Joseph Winslow of Boston was a merchant, he was born in 1724, and died
+in 1777, was the son of Kenelm, the great grandson of Kenelm of
+Droitwich, the brother of Governor Winslow, who died at Salem in 1672.
+
+[Illustration: SIR ROGER HALE SHEAFFE, BARONET.
+
+Born in Boston in 1763. Though reluctant to serve against his
+countrymen, yet at Queenstown's Heights he drove the American army over
+the heights into the Niagra river, for which he received the title of
+Baronet. Died at Edinburgh in 1851.]
+
+He was possibly the Joseph Winslow who took part at the Siege of
+Louisberg, and was amongst the number to volunteer under the command of
+Bacon to attack the island Battery, and was the Joseph Winslow referred
+to by the Committee of Newport, R. I., of which Jonathan Otis was
+chairman, who wrote to the Committee of Easthampton, New York, in June,
+1775, that he was "an inveterate enemy of our country" and that "it was
+generally thought he had gone to a hospital to take the small pox for
+the purpose of spreading the disease in the Whig Camp at Cambridge."
+Sabine says the truth of this averment may be doubted.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO ISAAC WINSLOW IN SUFFOLK COUNTY
+ AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Ebenezer Crosbey, June 15, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 20; Assignment
+ of mortgage Joseph Crosby to Isaac Winslow, dated Aug. 5, 1768.
+
+
+
+
+ SIR ROGER HALE SHEAFFE, BARONET.
+
+
+WILLIAM S. SHEAFFE, of Charlestown, was born in 1649, and married in
+1672 Ruth Woods. He was a mariner, and they had three sons and three
+daughters. His son William, born 1683, married Mary Longfellow, a widow,
+in 1704. He died in 1718, and his widow in 1720. They had five sons and
+two daughters. His eldest son William Sheaffe, Jr., was born 13 Jan.,
+1705. He graduated at Harvard College in 1723, and married Susanna
+Child, Oct. 1st, 1752.[260]
+
+ [260] There was a family of Sheaffe's in Boston much earlier than 1672,
+ when William Sheaffe's name first appears on the records, but I do not
+ find any connection between the two families, except that James Sheaffe
+ of Portsmouth, N. H., of the Boston family, was a loyalist. He was
+ allowed to remain, although much persecuted. (See Heraldic Journal, Vol.
+ IX. p. 85, also Wyman's Genealogies and Estates of Charlestown, and
+ History of Portsmouth, N. H.)
+
+WILLIAM SHEAFFE was Deputy Collector of Customs of Boston. He frequently
+acted as Collector in the absence of Sir Henry Frankland, who held that
+office in 1759, and when the Baronet was removed for inattention to his
+duties, he was appointed to fill the vacant place, and issued the
+celebrated "Writs of Assistance," giving the Revenue officers the right
+to search for smuggled goods. Roger Hale succeeded as Collector in 1672,
+when Sheaffe was again Deputy. He continued in that office under Joseph
+Harrison, who was the last Royal Collector of the port. Mr. Sheaffe died
+in 1771, leaving a large family in poverty. There is ample evidence that
+Mrs. Sheaffe was an intelligent, excellent woman, and bore many trials
+with pious resignation, and that the Sheaffe's were a loving and happy
+family. Mrs. Sheaffe died in 1811.
+
+SUSANNA, Mr. Sheaffe's eldest daughter, who died in 1834, married
+Captain Ponsonby Molesworth, a nephew of Lord Ponsonby. The family
+account is that on the day of the landing of the British troops in
+Boston, a regiment halted in Queen (Court) street, opposite Mr.
+Sheaffe's house, that, Susanna attracted by the music, accompanied by
+her younger sisters, went upon the balcony, that Captain Molesworth saw
+her, was struck with her great beauty, gazed upon her intently, and at
+last, said to a brother officer, who like himself was leaning against a
+fence, "That girl seals my fate." An introduction, and a visit followed,
+and the maiden's heart rapidly won, but then came sorrow, for Susanna
+was barely fifteen, and parental consent to her marriage was refused.
+Her governess, to whom she entrusted her grief, espoused her cause, and
+favored immediate union, and the result accordingly was, the flight of
+the three to Rhode Island, where the loving pair were married.
+Molesworth sold his commission in 1776, and in December of that year was
+in England with his wife. Their married life proved uncommonly happy;
+and they lived to see their children's children.
+
+Another daughter, Helen, of remarkable beauty, married a revolutionist,
+James Lovell, who became Naval Officer of Boston. Their grandson,
+Mansfield Lovell, was a General in the Confederate service, and was in
+command at New Orleans, when it was captured by the Union forces. The
+General was true to the disunion instincts of his grandfather.
+
+SIR ROGER HALE SHEAFFE, BARONET, the subject of this sketch, was son of
+William Sheaffe. Born in Boston in 1763. His mother, after the death of
+his father, removed to a wooden house which was standing till recently
+on the corner of Essex and Columbia (formerly Auchmuty street) which was
+owned by her father. Lord Percy, afterward, Duke of Northumberland hired
+quarters there, soon became attached to Roger, and assumed the care of
+him. It would seem that the original intention of his Lordship was to
+provide for the boy in the Navy, for Mrs. Sheaffe wrote, in December
+1776, she was told "Earl Percy had taken my son Roger from the Admiral's
+ship, given him a commission in the Army (which I must not say that I am
+sorry for), and sent him to England to an academy for education under
+his patronage." In 1778 Roger was dangerously ill, and on becoming
+convalescent, passed two months in Devonshire, with his sister, Mrs.
+Molesworth. In a letter dated at the Academy, Little Chelsea, early in
+1779, he said, Lord Percy is as good as ever. He has given me a
+commission in his own regiment, the Fifth, now in the West Indies. I
+shall not join it for a year.
+
+My love to my dear sister and brother. Remember me kindly to all my
+friends in Boston. You may be sure that I shall follow your advice
+strictly, that I may be all that you wish, shall be the endeavor of your
+most dutiful and affectionate son.
+
+In 1786 Captain Molesworth said in a letter to his mother-in-law, Mrs.
+Sheaffe, The Duke of Northumberland has lodged money to buy Roger a
+Company, which, when he is in possession of, he will have it in his
+power more fully to manifest his affection for so good a mother. Roger's
+sister, Mrs. Molesworth, at the same period wrote her mother, "He is as
+good a young man as ever lived. Lord Percy continues his kindness to
+him. He improves very much, and is a great favorite with all his
+masters." Again, "Roger behaves remarkably well, is much liked in the
+Regiment; he is tall, well made, and reckoned handsome, very lively, yet
+prudent and steady in matters of consequence. He wishes, as much as we
+do, to go to Boston."
+
+In 1791 Lieutenant Sheaffe was at Detroit, which post was still held by
+England, on account of the non-fulfillment of some of the terms of the
+treaty of peace. In 1794, before the surrender of the "Western Posts" as
+they were called, Lieutenant Sheaffe delivered a letter to Capt.
+Williamson, which was unequivocally of a military and hostile nature.
+
+"I am commanded to declare that during the inexecution of the treaty of
+peace between Great Britain and the United States, and until the
+existing differences respecting it, shall be mutually and finally
+adjusted, the taking possession of any part of the Indian territory,
+either for purposes of war or sovereignty, is held to be a direct
+violation of his Britannic Majesty's rights, as they unquestionably
+existed before the treaty, and has an immediate tendency to interrupt,
+and in its progress destroy, that good understanding which has hitherto
+subsisted between his Britannic Majesty and the United States of
+America. I, therefore require you to desist from any such aggression. R.
+H. Sheaffe, Lieut. 5th Reg't. and Qr. M'r. Gen. Dept. of his Britannic
+Majesty's service."
+
+In 1801 he was in service in the attack on Copenhagen under Lord Nelson;
+and though poor, just one-half of his prize money was sent to his mother
+in Boston.
+
+At the battle of Queenstown Heights, he was a Colonel in General Brocks
+army; that gallant officer was slain at 7 o'clock in the morning. At
+noon, Colonel Sheaffe moved up from Niagara, took command of the forces
+and drove the Americans over the rocky heights into the river. For this
+victory he was made a Major General, and created a Baronet. At this
+period General Scott (who was the conqueror of Mexico, and Commander in
+Chief of the United States forces at the outbreak of the Civil War,) was
+a Colonel, and was taken prisoner by General Sheaffe, who related to him
+some of the circumstances of his military career, in substance, that in
+1775, he was living in Boston with his widowed mother with whom Earl
+Percy had his quarters, that his Lordship was very fond of him, and took
+him away with him in view of providing for him, which he did, by giving
+him a military education, and by purchasing a commission and promotion
+to as high rank as is allowed by the rules of the service, and that the
+war then existing found him stationed in Canada. He stated moreover,
+that, reluctant to serve gainst his own countrymen, he solicited to be
+employed elsewhere, but at that time his request had not been granted.
+
+Major General Sheaffe, commanded the British Army in person, and after
+the battle of Queenstown Heights, he moved upon Little York, now
+Toronto, and captured it. During these operations he lost his baggage
+and papers, which General Dearborn informed the Secretary of War "were a
+valuable acquisition."
+
+In April, 1813, within a week of the fall of Little York, in a letter
+from his wife's mother to her niece, Miss Child, dated at Quebec, she
+says, "It is possible that you may not have heard that your cousin, Sir
+Roger Sheaffe has had the title of Baronet of Great Britain conferred on
+him, by our Prince Regent, a handsome compliment, which I trust will be
+followed by something substantial to support it. Sir Roger is so pressed
+with public business as to allow him scarcely time to attend to his
+private concerns. My dear Margaret is still in Quebec, with her lovely
+little Julia, as Upper Canada is still the seat of war. Her elevation to
+rank, has not in the least deprived her of her native humility and
+meekness. The manner it was announced to her was rather singular. She
+was met by a gentleman in the street, as she was going to church, who
+accosted her by the title of 'Lady Sheaffe', and put a letter in her
+hand from the Duke of Northumberland, addressed to 'Lady Sheaffe' which
+she received with her usual equanimity."
+
+In 1841 he writes to his cousin, Miss Susan Child of Boston, "The year
+1834 was indeed a sad one, in it we lost the last of our children, and
+in the same year died my sister Molesworth, a brother of Lady Sheaffe,
+my late brother William's eldest son, named after me, a Captain in the
+Army, and also Lord Cragie, the brother of your cousin, Mrs. Cragie's
+husband. I retain a good share of activity, as well as of erect military
+carriage, my sight is good, my teeth in a state to create envy in a
+majority of American misses, my appetite never fails and I sleep well."
+In January, 1842, he spoke of William, eldest surviving son of his
+brother William thus: "He is my natural heir, and having adopted him when
+he was ten years of age; and it having pleased God to take all my
+children from me. I regard him as a son."
+
+Sir Roger H. Sheaffe died at Edinburgh in 1851, aged eighty-eight. He
+visited Boston, his native town, four times, namely, in 1788, in 1792-3,
+in 1803 and in 1806. He was respected and loved by his kinsmen to a
+remarkable degree. He was of medium stature, his person was well formed,
+his face was fine, his eyes of the deepest blue, full and prominent; and
+his teeth were of the purest white, regular and even, and were retained
+to the close of his life. Lady Sheaffe was Margrate, daughter of John
+Coffin and a cousin of Lieutenant-General John and of Admiral Sir Isaac
+Coffin. She was the mother of four children, who, as we have seen, died
+before her husband. The remains of Sir Roger's father and mother, of his
+brother Thomas Child, of his sisters Helen, Salley, Nancy, and Margaret,
+and of others of his lineage, were deposited in the Child Tomb, Trinity
+Church, Summer street, Boston.[261]
+
+ [261] Most of the information contained in this article was obtained by
+ L. Sabine, from Miss Isabella Child, Thomas Hale Child and Miss Mary P.
+ Hale, relatives of Sir Roger H. Sheaffe.
+
+Nathaniel Sheaffe, oldest brother of Sir Roger, was a clerk in the
+Custom House, but at the death of his father in 1771, he left, in order
+to better provide for his mother and sisters, of whom he had the care.
+At the outbreak of the Revolution, he went to Jamaica, "where he
+intended to stay till the times will permit him to come home." He died
+January 29, 1777, and was buried in the churchyard at Morant Bay,
+Jamaica.
+
+THOMAS CHILD SHEAFFE, brother of Sir Roger, went to New York after the
+evacuation of Boston. He was engaged in trade with the West Indies and
+Souther Ports. He died in Boston previous to 1793.
+
+
+
+
+ JONATHAN SAYWARD.
+
+
+The name Saward or Sayward is an ancient Teutonic personal name, sae,
+the sea and weard, a keeper--the Guardian of the Sea, and was applied to
+the high admiral in Saxon times.
+
+Henry Sayward came over to this country from England in 1637. He resided
+a few years at Hampton and Portsmouth, and then came to York. He was by
+occupation a millwright and carpenter, a man much needed, as mills were
+the principal sources of income to the new settlers. The town of York
+granted him three hundred acres of upland on the west side of the York
+river, and the selectmen laid the same out to him June 20th, 1667. Here
+he settled, and built a saw mill, and carried on a large business. He
+also at this time built the meeting house at York. He was constable of
+York in 1664, Selectman in 1667, Grand Juryman in 1668-9. His wife's
+name was Mary, and it has been claimed she was the daughter of John
+Cousins, of Casco Bay. He died in 1679. There is no record of the birth
+of their children, as the records of the Town of York were destroyed by
+the Indians on Feb. 5, 1692, but there is a deposition and deeds, which
+prove they had three sons and three daughters.
+
+JONATHAN SAYWARD, the second son of Henry and Mary Sayward, resided in
+York. Very little is known concerning him. In 1687 there was a grant of
+land made to him by the town, on Little River, near Wells. He died
+previous to 1699.
+
+JOSEPH SAYWARD, son of the aforesaid, was born at York, March 17, 1702.
+He was constable in 1716. Moderator and Selectman in 1721. At this date
+the meeting voted "that Mr. Joseph Sayward shall have the full
+management to build a sufficient fortification about our Parsonage home,
+of ten foot high, and fifty foot square, with two good buskins, or
+flancers, of ten foot square, all to be built of square hard timber, of
+ten inches thick, to be built forthwith, and said Sayward to keep a just
+and full account of ye cost and charge thereof." In 1723 the Indians
+were troublesome. A company under Captain Bragdon was sent in pursuit of
+them, a journal of their proceedings was kept by Joseph Sayward, which
+is in the Mass. Archives.
+
+He married Mary, daughter of Samuel and Deborah Webber, of York, and had
+five sons and four daughters.
+
+JONATHAN SAYWARD, eldest son of the aforesaid Joseph, and of the fourth
+generation in this country, and the subject of this sketch, was born at
+York, November 9, 1713. He began to take an interest in public affairs
+early in life. He was chosen town clerk in 1736, and constable in 1741.
+He was commissioned by Governor Shirley to command the sloop "Sea
+Flower" in the expedition against Louisburg in 1744, in which he took an
+important part.
+
+He was chosen Representative to the General Court of Massachusetts for
+the years 1766, 7, 8.
+
+In 1772 he was appointed by Governor Hutchinson as Special Justice of
+the Court of Common Pleas, and Judge of Probate for York County.
+
+He was for many years extensively engaged in shipping, and at one time
+owned about twenty vessels, which were employed in the Southern and West
+India trade. He was one of the most extensive land owners in York, and
+was one of the proprietors of the town of Shapleigh.
+
+When the Revolution broke out he was living in affluence in the
+beautiful mansion which he had built on the York river, near the mill
+site granted to his ancestors. At this time he had several vessels with
+valuable cargoes in the West Indies, and large sums of money invested in
+personal securities, on the income of which he enjoyed a satisfactory
+and honorable independence, but all was swept away in the Revolution.
+
+Judge Sayward was one of the seventeen "Rescinders." He was not only
+decided in his attachment to the Crown, but was of the opinion that the
+Revolution would cause the decline of national virtue and prosperity in
+America. He fared hard at the hands of the "Sons of Liberty," and by
+remaining was obliged to bear contempt and insult, and by his own
+account never went out without L100 in his pocket, so as to be ever
+ready to escape from his persecutors. But, however bad he was treated in
+the early days of the great struggle, he seems to have regained the
+confidence of his townsmen, for in 1780 he was elected Moderator of the
+town meeting, and auditor of selectmen accounts in 1782.
+
+His mansion home previously referred to is among the most interesting of
+the many historic homes in the ancient town of York, and what makes it
+doubly so is the fact that it contains all the original furniture,
+books, painting, silver plate, and the "loote" he obtained at the
+capture of Louisburg and brought home with him, consisting of rare
+chinaware, two very large candlesticks, a pair of andirons, a warming
+pan and brass tongs, all of which are now in a good state of
+preservation. There is also a full length portrait of Judge Sayward and
+another of his wife, with costumes of their times, and one of his
+daughter Sarah, at the age of twenty-three, painted by Blackburn at
+Charleston in 1761, a pupil of Copley. As works of art these paintings
+are pronounced by connoisseurs as exceedingly fine. The family coat of
+arms of the Saywards, in color, occupies a conspicuous place over the
+mantel piece, on the back of which is the following memorandum, which
+proves conclusively that it was legally granted:
+
+ London, July 1st, 1762.
+
+ The arms of Jonathan Sayward, Esqr., of Old York, in the Province
+ of the Massachusetts Bay, in New England, Merchant, Rec'd this 1st
+ of July, 1762, from the College of Arms, Herald's Office. The
+ painting, Vellum, Frame and Glass as it now stands cost 32-6
+ Sterling Rec'd by his most dutifull Humble Servt.
+
+ Nath. Barrell.
+
+There is also a commission from Governor Shirley to Jonathan Sayward, to
+command the sloop "Sea Flower" in the Louisburg expedition. The mansion
+is full of articles worth the attention of those of historical,
+antiquarian taste. Judge Sayward died May 8, 1797, and is buried in the
+old burying ground in York Village.
+
+He married in 1736 Sarah Mitchell, who died in 1775. They had only one
+child, Sarah, born 1738, who married Nathaniel Barrell of Portsmouth,
+merchant. They were married at the judge's mansion in 1758. She was a
+great belle in her time, and was the general favorite of the village.
+She died in 1808, and her husband in 1831, aged 99 years. They had
+eleven children.
+
+The mansion was for many years owned and occupied by Elizabeth and Mary
+Barrell, daughters of Jonathan Sayward Barrell, granddaughters of the
+Judge. They took great pleasure in exhibiting the house and the many
+interesting relics and heirlooms of their grandfather, and it is largely
+due to them that the same was kept intact, and not distributed at their
+death, as many members of the family desired. Elizabeth died in the old
+mansion November 12, 1883, aged 84 years, and her sister Mary died at
+the same place, June 6, 1889, aged 85 years.[262]
+
+ [262] The Sayward Family, 1890.
+
+
+
+
+ DEBLOIS FAMILY.
+
+
+ETIENNE DEBLOIS was born in France, and for a time lived in Belgium. He
+was a French Huguenot, and the family name was DeChatillon. He was
+descended from the last counts of Blois and was banished from France at
+the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. After living in the Low
+Countries, he removed to England and was present at the battle of the
+Boyne. His sister was burnt at the stake in Ireland by the Papists, and
+he died in England.
+
+Stephen Deblois, son of Etienne, was born in Oxford, England, in 1699.
+He came to New York in the Frigate Sea Horse, commanded by Captain
+Dumaresq. In 1720 he removed to Boston. He married February 6, 1721, Ann
+Farley, of English parentage. His death occurred in Boston in 1785, and
+his large estate was settled in 1790. In his will he says: "My two sons
+has been obliged to leave and I do not expect to see them again."
+
+GILBERT DEBLOIS, son of the latter was born in New York city, March 17,
+1725. He became a prosperous Merchant in Boston. In 1749 he married Ann,
+daughter of William and Ann Holmes Coffin, and granddaughter of
+Nathaniel Coffin. In 1774 Gilbert Deblois was an Addresser of
+Hutchinson, and in 1775 an Addresser of Gage. In 1776 he went to Halifax
+with his younger brother Lewis, and then must have returned to New York
+before his departure for England, according to an account in
+Hutchinson's Diary.
+
+Dec. 23, 1776--Gilbert Deblois arrived in one of the transports from New
+York.
+
+While residing in Boston, Mr. Deblois planted some elms in front of the
+Granary, just opposite his house on Tremont Street. These famous trees
+afterwards became known as the Paddock elms. Mr. Deblois had asked
+Paddock to keep an eye to their safety, and Adino Paddock performed this
+duty faithfully.
+
+In a letter written by James Murray to a friend in New York, dated
+September 30, 1769, he speaks of Mr. Deblois' assistance to him when he
+was attacked by a mob. "Mr. Deblois threw himself in my rear, and
+suffered not a little in my defence."
+
+In 1778 Gilbert Deblois was proscribed and banished, and his estate
+confiscated. The year following he was in London and addressed the king.
+His death occurred in that city in 1792, aged sixty-seven.
+
+LEWIS DEBLOIS, brother to Gilbert, married Elizabeth Jenkins of Boston,
+in 1748. He was a prominent merchant in Boston, was an Addresser of
+General Gage in 1775. He went to Halifax on the evacuation of Boston in
+1776.
+
+He was proscribed and banished. He died very suddenly in England, (after
+being out all day) in 1779, aged seventy-one.
+
+George Deblois, son of the aforesaid was born in Boston in 1753. He was
+a merchant in Salem. He was an Addresser of General Gage in 1774. He
+went to England. In 1784, there was a George Deblois, a merchant at
+Halifax, N. S., probably his son. The widow of a George Deblois died in
+the same city in 1827, aged seventy-four.
+
+LEWIS DEBLOIS, brother of the aforesaid, was born in Boston in 1762. He
+went to New Brunswick and was a prominent merchant in St. John, and in
+1795 a member of the company of Loyal Artillery. He died in that city in
+1802. His daughter Elizabeth Cranston married James White, Esq., Sheriff
+of the County of St. John.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO GILBERT DEBLOIS IN SUFFOLK
+ COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Gilbert Deblois, Jr., Feb. 3, 1783; Lib. 137 fol. 28; Two thirds
+ of land and brick warehouse in Boston, Cornhlll W., Spring Lane N.;
+ Stephen Minot E.; land of Old South Church S.
+
+ To Ann Deblois, wife of Gilbert Deblois, Oct. 17, 1783; Lib. 151
+ fol. 217; Two thirds of land and house in Boston, Common St. W.;
+ Martha Symmes N.; E.; N. and E.; Moses Gill N.; William Dana E.;
+ Rawsons Lane S.
+
+
+
+
+ LYDE FAMILY.
+
+
+Edward Lyde married in 1660 Mary, daughter of Rev. John Wheelwright, and
+died before 1663. He had an only son Edward, who married Susanna Curwin,
+daughter of Captain George Curwin. His second wife was Deborah, daughter
+of Hon. Nathaniel Byfield, 1696. In 1685 Edward Lyde and William
+Williams witnessed a deed that the Indian Chief Wamatuck and his
+Counsellors signed by making their marks. It was concerning land in
+Boston Harbor. In 1702-3 he was a warden of Kings Chapel.
+
+Byfield Lyde, eldest son of the preceding, was born in Boston in 1704.
+Graduated at Harvard College in 1723. He was an Addresser of Governor
+Hutchinson in 1774, and a Protester against the disunionists the same
+year, and in 1775 he was an Addresser of General Gage. His wife, Sarah,
+the only daughter of Governor Belcher, died in Boston, October 10, 1768,
+aged sixty-one. In 1776 he accompanied the Royal Army to Halifax and
+died there the same year.
+
+EDWARD LYDE, second son of Edward Lyde, was born in Boston in 1725. He
+was a merchant, and was proscribed, banished, and his property
+confiscated. It was bought in by his brother Nathaniel (born in 1735)
+who was allowed to remain.
+
+Hutchinson, in his diary May 3rd, 1770, says: "Landed at Halifax. Edward
+Lyde, Esq., invited me to his house, where I tarried till I embarqued
+for England. I was very happy in being at Mr. Lyde's as there was so
+great an addition to the inhabitants from the navy and army and Refugees
+from Boston which made the lodgings for them very scarce to be had, and
+many of them when procured, quite intolerable." Again in his diary June
+7, 1776, Hutchinson says: "Ned Lyde had arrived with others at Dover."
+
+Edward Lyde died in New York in 1812, aged eighty-seven.
+
+GEORGE LYDE, of Boston, in 1770, was appointed Collector of the Port of
+Falmouth, (Portland) Maine, and continued there until the beginning of
+the Revolution. He was an Addresser of Governor Hutchinson in 1774, and
+in 1778 was proscribed and banished. He was in England in 1780.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO EDWARD LYDE IN SUFFOLK COUNTY
+ AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Nathaniel Byfield Lyde, Feb. 21, 1785; Land and buildings in
+ Boston, Summer St. S., Bishop's Alley W.; heirs of Andrew
+ Cunningham deceased N.; land formerly of John Simpson deceased E.
+
+
+
+
+ JAMES BOUTINEAU.
+
+
+STEPHEN BOUTINEAU was one of the French Protestants, or Huguenots who
+came to Falmouth (Portland), Maine, in 1687, in company with Peter
+Bowdoin, Philip LeBretton, Philip Barger and others. He married Mary,
+daughter of Peter and Elizabeth Bowdoin in 1708. He was in 1748 the only
+surviving elder of the French Church on School street, Boston, of which
+Andrew Le Mercier was minister.[263] His son James Boutineau was born 27
+January, 1710, he was an Attorney-at-law. In 1774 he was appointed
+Mandamus-Counsellor, and was one of the ten who took the oath of office.
+His daughter Nancy was married on Oct. 5, 1769, to John Robinson, a
+commissioner of the customs, but previous to this marriage Robinson was
+accused of assault upon James Otis, the latter, one of the most
+formidable of the "Patriots" met Commissioner Robinson at the
+Coffee-house and trouble ensued. As usual in all such cases, the friends
+of each party made out a good case for their respective sides, the
+matter was carried into court, where it was kept for about four years
+and the jury finally brought in damages in favor of Otis. In the
+meantime Robinson and his wife had gone to England, and as Mr. Boutineau
+was a lawyer, he managed the case for his son-in-law, who apologized for
+injuring Otis. Mr. Otis refused the fine of 2,000 pounds sterling, and
+nothing was demanded of Robinson but the costs of court and the amount
+of Mr. Otis' surgeon's bill, altogether amounting to about 112 pounds,
+lawful money. The affair ended in the Courts about 1772.
+
+ [263] New Eng. His. Gen. Vol. 8, p. 247.
+
+James Boutineau was included in the Conspiracy Act of 1779, and his
+estate was confiscated under its provisions. He went to England, and his
+death occurred in that country. Mrs. Boutineau was a sister of Peter
+Faneuil, and another sister married Edward Jones, a merchant in Boston.
+Mrs. Jones went to Halifax, Nova Scotia, and while there received a
+letter from the Boutineaus in England, in which she was informed that,
+"Mr. and Mrs. Faneuil, who lodge in the same house with us, make it
+agreeable;" and that "there are one or two other genteel gentlemen and
+ladies, so that during the winter we drank tea with each other four days
+in the week." Of other fellow Loyalists, Mrs. Boutineau writes, that
+"Lodgings have been taken for Mr. Sewell, of Cambridge, and
+family,--they are expected here this day. Colonel Murray's family are
+gone to Wales, as well as Judge Browne and Apthorp's. All the New
+England people here, are Barnes and family, Captain Fenton and daughter,
+besides those in the house." In a postscript, she adds: "I desire you to
+inform me (if you can) who lives in my house in Boston." In a letter to
+her sister, dated April 1, 1785, Mrs. Boutineau tells Mrs. Mary Ann
+Jones who was residing in Boston at that time that her health is "very
+indifferent," and that "Mr. Faneuil had a letter lately from Mr. Jones,
+who is going soon to be very well married," etc.
+
+
+LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO JAMES BOUTINEAU, ET AL., IN
+ SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Samuel Clark, Feb. 26, 1780; Lib. 131 fol. 58; Land and
+ dwelling-house in Boston, School St. S.; the town's land W.; John
+ Rowe N., Joseph Green E.--Garden land near the above, Cook's Alley
+ W.; Leverett Saltonstall N., William Powell E,; S. and E.; Leverett
+ Saltonstall S. [Description corrected in margin of record.]
+
+ To Samuel Broome, July 24, 1780; Lib. 131 fol. 327; Land and
+ dwelling-house in Boston, Milk St. S.; land of old South Church W.;
+ Stephen Minot N.; widow Jones E.; N. and E.--Pasture land, 1 A. 10
+ r. opposite said dwelling-house, Milk St. N.; Cole, Decoster et al.
+ E.; heirs of Barnabas Binney et al. S.; heirs of John Greenleaf
+ deceased W.
+
+
+
+
+ COLONEL WILLIAM BROWNE.
+
+
+The Brownes of Salem, Mass., are descended from an old respected family
+of "Browne Hall," Lancashire, England. Simon Browne, Barrister, resided
+there in 1540, and removed to Brundish, Suffolk. His son Thomas died
+there in 1608, and his son Francis died there in 1626. His son Hon.
+William, born 1608, came to Salem in 1635, became a merchant in Salem,
+and was eminent for his exemplary life, and public charities. He died in
+1687. Major William Browne, son of the preceding, was born in 1639. He
+was a Councillor and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Essex
+County. He was a successful merchant, and a man of great influence in
+the Colony. He married Hannah, daughter of Captain George Curwin. He
+died in 1716, at the age of seventy-eight.
+
+COLONEL SAMUEL BROWNE, son of the aforesaid, was born in 1669. He was
+the first town Treasurer of Salem, was many years a Representative,
+Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Essex County, was also Chief
+Justice of said Court, also Colonel and Councillor. He was said to be by
+far the greatest merchant in his day, in the County of Essex. He
+emulated the beneficence of his father, uncle, and grandfather, in
+bequeathing large sums to Harvard College, and to schools in Salem. He
+died in 1731, aged 62. His son Samuel graduated at Harvard College,
+1727. He married a daughter of John Winthrop, F. R. S., of New London,
+Conn., and died in 1742, aged 34. He was concerned in mercantile
+affairs.
+
+COLONEL WILLIAM BROWNE, son of the aforesaid Samuel, was born at Salem
+in 1737, was a grandson of Governor Burnet. He graduated at Harvard
+College in 1755, the third in his class. He married his cousin, a
+daughter of Governor Wanton of Rhode Island, and was doubly connected
+with the Winthrop family, the wives of the elder Browne and Governor
+Wanton being daughters of John Winthrop, F. R. S., great-grandson of
+the first governor of Massachusetts. William Browne was Colonel of the
+Essex regiment, a member of the General Court in 1768, was one of the
+seventeen Rescinders, Judge of the Supreme Court, one of the ten
+Mandamus Counsellors who was sworn in. Colonel Browne was esteemed among
+the most opulent and benevolent individuals of the province before the
+Revolution, and so great was his popularity that the gubernatorial chair
+was offered him by the "Committee of Safety" as an inducement for him to
+remain and join the "Sons of Liberty." But he felt it his duty to remain
+on the side of the government, which represented law and authority, even
+at the expense of his great landed estates, both in Massachusetts and
+Connecticut, in the latter there were fourteen valuable farms, all of
+which were afterwards confiscated. After the passage of the Boston Port
+Bill, he was waited upon by a committee of the Essex delegates, which
+consisted of Jeremiah Lee, Samuel Holton, and Elbridge Gerry. They
+informed him that "It was with grief that the country had viewed his
+exertions for carrying into execution certain acts of parliament,
+calculated to enslave, and ruin his native land, that while the country
+would continue the respect for several years paid him, it resolved to
+detach every future connection all such, as shall persist in supporting
+or in any countenancing the late arbitrary acts of Parliament; that the
+delegates in the name of the country, request him to excuse them from
+the painful necessity of considering, and treating him as an enemy to
+his country, unless he resigned his office as counsellor and judge."
+Colonel Browne replied as follows: "As a Judge, and in every other
+capacity, I intend to act with honor, and integrity, and to exert my
+best abilities, and be assured, that neither persuasion can allure me,
+nor menaces compel me, to do anything derogatory to the character of a
+Counsellor of his majesty's province of Massachusetts. I cannot consent
+to defeat his Majesty's intentions, and disappoint his expectations by
+abandoning a post to which he has been graciously pleased to appoint
+me."
+
+He was an Addresser of General Gage, was included in the Banishment Act
+of 1778, and in the Conspiracy Act of the year following. He was in
+London as early as May 4, 1776, and gave his fellow exiles some
+particulars relative to the evacuation of Boston. His wife, who
+complained of her treatment at Salem, and Boston, after his departure,
+does not appear to have joined him in England until the spring of 1778.
+In 1781 he was appointed Governor of the Bermudas, and administered the
+affairs of these islands in a manner to secure the confidence of the
+people. Under his judicious management the colony flourished. He found
+the financial affairs of the islands in a confused and ruinous state,
+and left them flourishing. In 1788 he left for England, deeply and
+sincerely regretted by the people. He died in England, February, 1802,
+aged sixty-five.
+
+William Browne, son of the aforesaid, born at Salem, was an officer in
+the British Army, and was at the siege of Gibraltar. He was in England
+in 1784.
+
+Colonel Benjamin Pickman, writing in 1793, said of the Brownes: "I would
+observe that the family of the Brownes has been the most remarkable
+family that has ever lived in the Town of Salem, holding places of the
+highest trust in the Town, County, and State, and possessing great
+riches. Their donations to the schools have been considerable, and their
+mercantile engagements have very much contributed to the growth of the
+Town."
+
+The Browne mansion, erected by William Browne in 1740, upon the summit
+of Browne's Hill. He named "Browne Hall" after a place in Lancashire,
+England, that belonged to his ancestors.
+
+The building consisted of two wings, two stories high, connected by a
+spacious hall, the whole presenting 80 feet front. The dwelling was one
+of the most magnificent in the Colony, it was finished in a most
+thorough and costly manner, corresponding with the wealth of the owner.
+The house was confiscated and later came into the possession of Hon.
+William Gray, who resided there till 1800. Subsequently it was known as
+"Sun Tavern," and then taken down.[264]
+
+ [264] Essex Inst. His. Coll. Vol. xxxii., pp. 201-238. Curwen's Journal,
+ pp. 500-1, Sabine's Loyalists, pp. 265-6.
+
+
+
+
+ ARCHIBALD CUNNINGHAM.
+
+
+ARCHIBALD CUNNINGHAM, of Boston, Massachusetts, was a prosperous
+merchant and a member of the North church in that city. He was high in
+office among the Free Masons. In 1776 he went to New York and on account
+of his loyalty was proscribed and banished in 1778.
+
+At the peace he went from New York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia,
+accompanied by his family of six persons and one servant. In Nova Scotia
+he was Clerk of the Peace, and Register of Probate. On account of
+adhering to the royal cause his losses were estimated at L1100. As he
+was a man of learning, a reader, and of an observant nature, he left
+many valuable papers. His death occurred in 1820.
+
+
+
+
+ CAPTAIN JOHN MALCOMB.
+
+
+There is not much known of this person. I find that he lived at
+Brunswick, Maine, and that in 1760 he married Abigail Trundy, of
+Falmouth (Portland). He was commissioned Ensign by Governor Shirley, and
+served under Colonel Waldo, in the 2nd Massachusetts Regiment against
+Louisburg in 1745. He was also Captain of a vessel that took despatches
+from there to Boston in the same year.
+
+It was not often that the same man was tarred and feathered mere than
+once, but this unhappy experience twice befell John Malcom. His offence
+appears to have been in the exercise of his duty as custom house
+officer, of seizing a vessel at Falmouth, now Portland, for want of a
+register, and freely speaking of the actions of the "Sons of Liberty."
+We are informed by the papers of that period[265] "That John Malcom was
+genteely Tarr'd and Feathered at Pownalborough" (now Dresden, Maine) "on
+November first, 1773, and on January 25th, 1774, a mob in Boston tore
+his cloaths off, and tarr'd his Head and Body, and feathered him, then
+they set him on a chair in a cart, and carried him through the main
+Street into King Street, from thence they proceeded to 'Liberty Tree,'
+and then to the Neck, as far as the Gallows, where they whipped, beat
+him with Sticks, and threatened to hang him."
+
+ [265] Boston Gazette, Nov. 15, 1773. Boston News Letter, Jan. 27, 1774.
+ Feb 3, 1774. Massachusetts Spy, Jan. 27, 1774.
+
+The "Sons of Despotism" detained him under the gallows for an hour. He
+was then conveyed to the north end of the town, and thence back to his
+house. He was kept stripped four hours, and was so bruised and benumbed
+by the cold that his life was despaired of. It was by such means that
+the disunionists made converts to their cause. His offence for this
+Boston outrage, was that he struck one of his tormentors, a tradesman
+who had frequently insulted him, when a warrant was issued against him,
+but as the constable had not been able to find him, a mob gathered about
+his house and broke his windows. Malcomb was in the house, and pushing
+his sword through a broken window, wounded one of his assailants. The
+mob then made a rush, broke in, and finding him in a chamber, lowered
+him by a rope into the cart, and treated him as before mentioned in the
+newspapers.
+
+
+
+
+ THE RUSSELL FAMILY OF CHARLESTOWN.
+
+
+The Russell family was eminent in social station and distinguished in
+the many public offices held by them in Boston and Charlestown for
+nearly two centuries. The first of this family to come to this country
+was the Hon. Richard Russell, son of Paul, of Hereford, England, born
+1611, was an apprentice at Bristol, 1628, arrived here in 1640 with his
+wife, both admitted to the church in 1641, was a prominent merchant,
+Representative, Councillor, Speaker, Treasurer, Assistant. He died in
+1676, aged 63. His son James, born 1640, died 1709. He also was judge,
+Councillor and Treasurer, etc. He had an only son Daniel, born 1683,
+died 1763. He married Rebecca Chambers, and was also Councillor,
+Commissioner, Treasurer, etc.
+
+CHAMBERS RUSSELL, son of the preceding, was born 1713. He was Judge,
+Councillor and a prominent lawyer, in whose office John Adams and Judge
+Sewall studied law. He graduated at Harvard College 1731, married Mary
+Wainwright, resided at Lincoln, which was incorporated in 1754, and
+named by him, after Lincoln in England, where some of his ancestors
+resided. His wife died in 1762, and he went to England, and died Nov.
+24, 1767, at Guilford County, Surrey.
+
+JAMES RUSSELL, brother of Chambers, married Catherine Greaves, 1738. He
+was Judge, Representative, and in 1774 was appointed Mandamus
+Councillor, but did not take the official oath. This saved him from the
+wrath of the revolutionists. He was not solicitous to shine, but was
+anxious to do good, and to be on friendly terms with his neighbors. He
+was incessant in his endeavors to promote the happiness and advance the
+prosperity of the community in which he lived. A bridge from Charlestown
+to Boston was among the enterprises which he projected. By his
+persevering efforts, the work was accomplished, and the Charlestown
+Bridge was the first structure of the kind ever build across a broad
+river in the United States. Through his great benevolence, and public
+spirit, he was not driven from his home as his sons were, the
+revolutionists allowed him to remain, and he died at Charlestown, Sept.
+17th, 1798, aged 83 years.
+
+JAMES RUSSELL, JR., son of the preceding, was obliged to leave and go to
+England. Was in London, February 1776, and at Exeter in 1779. A year
+later the fortunate captures made by a privateer gave him a fortune, and
+he was "bound in the matrimonial chain" to Mary, second daughter of
+Richard Lechmere, a Boston Loyalist. They were married in 1780 at St.
+Peter's Church, Bristol, where he resided as a merchant. Among their
+children was Lechmere-Coor-Graves, Charles James, who died in service of
+Royal Navy, Katherine-Sarah, who married Major Miller of Bombay
+Artillery, Lucy Margaret, married Rev. Robert Cope Wolf.
+
+DR. CHARLES RUSSELL, brother of James, was also a staunch loyalist.
+Graduated at Harvard College 1757. Married Feb. 15, 1768, Elizabeth,
+only daughter of Colonel Henry Vassell of Cambridge. He succeeded to his
+uncle, Judge Chambers Russell's estate at Lincoln, was proscribed and
+banished, and his estate confiscated. He was a physician at Antigua,
+where his wife owned considerable property. He died there in 1780, and
+his wife died at Plymouth in 1802.[266]
+
+ [266] Wyman Genealogies and Estates in Charlestown.
+
+
+
+
+ EZEKIEL RUSSELL
+
+
+Was a Printer and born in Boston, he served an apprenticeship with his
+brother Joseph. This family had no connection with the Charlestown
+Russells. In November, 1771, he commenced a political publication called
+"The Censor." It was printed in Marlboro Street, was a weekly
+publication, designed to defend the action of the government, and was
+supported by the loyalists. The articles were written with great
+ability by Lieut. Gov. Oliver, Dr. Benjamin Church, and other
+loyalists. The first number reprinted from the Massachusetts Spy, the
+then famous letter of Joseph Greenleaf attacking Governor Hutchinson,
+and answered it with vehemence and spirit. In succeeding numbers the
+controversy was prolonged with increasing bitterness, and at last became
+intensely personal. The issue of Feb. 8, 1772, contained a recipe to
+make a modern patriot for the Colonies, especially for Massachusetts, as
+follows:
+
+ "Take of impudence, virulence and groundless abuse =quantum
+ sufficit=, atheism, deism and libitinism =ad libitum=; false
+ reports, well adapted and plausable lies, with groundless alarms,
+ =one hundred wt. avoirdupois=; a malignant abuse of magistracy, a
+ pusilanimous and diabolical contempt of divine revelation and all
+ its abbettors, =an equal quantity=; honor and integrity not quite
+ =an atom=; fraud, imposition, and hypocrisy, any proportion that
+ may seem expedient; infuse therein the credulity of the people =one
+ thousand gallons=, as a =menstrum= stir in the =phrenzy= of the
+ =times=, and at the end of a year or two this judicious composition
+ will probably bring forth a A =***= and Y =***= an O =***= and a M
+ =*****=."
+
+ "Probatum est I. N."
+
+The Censor not proving a success, Mr. Russell attempted to establish a
+newspaper at Salem, but that also failed. He returned to Boston, where
+he obtained support principally by printing and selling ballads, and
+small pamphlets. His wife was an active and industrious woman, who not
+only assisted him in printing, but sometimes wrote ballads on recent
+tragical events, which were published, and had frequently a considerable
+run. Ezekiel Russell died September 1796, aged fifty-two years. Joseph
+Russell, brother of Ezekiel, son of Benjamin and Elizabeth Russell, was
+born at Boston, 8 September, 1734, and died at St. John, New Brunswick,
+in 1808, aged 74 years.
+
+
+
+
+ JONATHAN SEWALL.
+
+ ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+
+The family of Sewall is traced to two brothers, Henry, and William
+Sewall, both Mayors of Coventry, England, Henry Sewall born about 1544,
+was a Linen Draper, Alderman of Coventry, Mayor in 1589 and 1606. Died
+1628, aged 84. Buried in St. Michael's Church, Coventry. Married
+Margaret, eldest daughter of Avery Grazebrook.
+
+Their son Henry Sewall, emigrated to New England in 1634. He came over
+"out of dislike to the English Hierarchy" and settled at Newbury. He
+died at Rowley in 1657, aged 81 years. Married Anne Hunt. They brought
+with them their son, Henry Sewall, born in Coventry, in 1614, died in
+1700, aged 86. Married Jane Dummer in Newbury, 1646. He went back to
+England and resided for some years at Warwick. In 1659 he returned to
+New England, "his rents at Newbury coming to very little when remitted
+to England." His son Stephen was born at Badesly, England in 1657. He
+came to New England in 1661, settled at Salem and was a Major in the
+Indian wars. He died in 1725. Married Margaret, daughter of Rev.
+Jonathan Mitchell of Cambridge in 1682. They had an only son Jonathan,
+who was a merchant at Boston. He married Mary, sister of Edward Payne,
+of Boston. They had a son,
+
+JUDGE JONATHAN SEWALL, the subject of this notice. He was born at Boston
+in 1728. Graduated at Harvard College in 1748, and was a teacher at
+Salem till 1756. He married Esther, daughter of Edmund Quincy, Esq., of
+Braintree, afterwards of Boston, and sister of Dorothy Quincy, wife of
+Governor Hancock, and of Elizabeth Quincy, wife of Samuel Sewall, of
+Boston, the father of Samuel Sewall, Chief Justice of Massachusetts.
+Jonathan Sewall studied law with Judge Chambers Russell, of Lincoln,
+commenced practice in his profession at Charlestown. He was an able and
+successful lawyer. He was Solicitor General, and his eloquence is
+represented as having been soft, smooth and insinuating, which gave him
+as much power over a jury as a lawyer ought ever to possess. At the
+death of Jeremy Gridley, he was appointed Attorney-General of
+Massachusetts, September, 1767. In 1768 he was appointed Judge of
+Admiralty for Nova Scotia. He went there twice in that capacity, and
+remained but a short period.
+
+He was a gentleman and a scholar. He possessed a lively wit, a brilliant
+imagination, great subtlety of reasoning and an insinuating eloquence.
+
+He was an intimate friend of John Adams, they studied together in Judge
+Russell's office, and afterwards, while attending court, they lived
+together, frequently slept in the same chamber, and often in the same
+bed, and besides the two young men were in constant correspondence.
+
+He attempted to dissuade John Adams from attending the first Continental
+Congress, and it was in reply to his arguments, and as they walked on
+the Great Hill at Portland, that Adams used the memorable words, used so
+often afterwards in 1861 when the ordinance of secession was passed:
+"The die is now cast, I have now passed the Rubicon; sink or swim, live
+or die, survive or perish with my country, is my unalterable
+determination." They parted, and met no more until 1788. Adams, the
+Minister of the new republic at the Court of St. James, and the eloquent
+and gifted Sewall, true to the Empire, met in London. Adams laying aside
+all etiquette made a visit to his old friend and countryman, he said, "I
+ordered my servant to announce John Adams, I was instantly admitted, and
+both of us forgetting that we had ever been enemies, embraced each other
+as cordially as ever. I had two hours conversation with him in a most
+delightful freedom, upon a multitude of subjects." In the course of the
+interview, Mr. Sewall remarked that he had existed for the sake of his
+two children, that he had spared no pains or expense in their education
+and that he was going to Nova Scotia in hope of making some provision
+for them.
+
+In 1774, he was an Addresser of Governor Hutchinson, and in September of
+that year his elegant home in Cambridge (which he rented from John
+Vassal, afterwards Washington's head-quarters, since occupied by the
+poet Longfellow) was attacked by the mob and much injured. He fled to
+Boston to escape from the fury of the disunionists. He had ably
+vindicated the characters of Governors Bernard, Hutchinson and Oliver,
+he was esteemed an able writer, and a staunch loyalist. He was
+proscribed in the Conspirators Act of 1779. He resided chiefly in
+Bristol till 1788, for the education of his children, then he removed to
+St. John's, N. B., having been appointed Judge of Admiralty for Nova
+Scotia and New Brunswick. He immediately entered upon the duties of his
+office, which he held till his death, which occurred September 26, 1796,
+at the age of sixty-eight. His widow survived him, and removed to
+Montreal, where she died January 21, 1810.
+
+JONATHAN SEWALL, son of the aforesaid, was born at Cambridge, 1766, was
+educated at Bristol, England, and afterwards resided at Quebec, where he
+occupied the offices of Solicitor and Attorney General and Judge of the
+Vice Admiralty Court, until 1808, when he was appointed Chief Justice of
+Lower Canada, which he resigned in 1838. For many years he was President
+of the Executive Council, and Speaker of the Legislative Council.
+
+In 1832 he received the degree of Doctor of Law from Harvard College. He
+died at Quebec in 1840, aged seventy-three. His brother Stephen was
+Solicitor General of the same Province in 1810 and resided in Montreal.
+He died there of Asiatic cholera in the summer of 1832.
+
+SAMUEL SEWALL son of Henry Sewall and brother of Major Stephen Sewall,
+was the first chief justice of Massachusetts. This was the famous Sewall
+that sat in judgment upon the witches and afterwards repented it, who
+refused to sell an inch of his broad acres to the hated Episcopalians to
+build a church upon, who was one of the richest, most astute, sagacious,
+scholarly, bigoted and influential men of his day, who has left us in
+his Diary a transcript almost vivid in its conscientious faithfulness of
+that old time life, where he tells us of the courts he held, the drams
+he drank, the sermons he heard, the petty affairs of his own household
+and neighborhood, and where he advised with the governor touching
+matters of life and death. He married Hannah, the only child of John
+Hull, the mintmaster, who it is said gave her, on her marriage, a
+settlement in pine tree shillings equal to her weight. Hull owned a
+large farm of 350 acres in Longwood, Brookline, which descended to his
+son-in-law, and was known afterwards as Sewall's Farm.[267]
+
+ [267] Curwen Journal, pp. 463-5. 506. Sabine's Loyalists, pp, 265-8.
+
+Samuel Sewall, son of the aforesaid, married Rebecca Dudley, a daughter
+of the governor. His son, Henry Sewall, born in 1719, died in 1771, was
+a gentleman much respected, and a lawyer of prominence. His son,
+
+SAMUEL SEWALL, the subject of this article, was born at Brookline,
+December 31, 1745. Graduated at Harvard College in 1761. He studied law
+and settled in Boston. His name occurs among the barristers and
+attorneys who addressed Governor Hutchinson in 1774, and in the
+Banishment and Proscription Act in 1778, when his large estate which he
+had inherited from his ancestors, was confiscated. He went to England,
+and in 1776 was a member of the Loyalist Club, London. Two years later
+he was at Sidmouth, a "bathing town of mud walls and thatched roofs." In
+1780 he was living in Bristol, and on the 19th of June amused himself
+loyally celebrating Clinton's success at Charleston in the discharge of
+a two-pounder in a private garden, and three days later was shot at by a
+highwayman and narrowly escaped with his life. Early in 1782 he was at
+Taunton, and at Sidmouth. He died at London, after one day's confinement
+to his room, May 6th, 1811, aged fifty-six years. He was unmarried.
+
+
+ LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO SAMUEL SEWALL IN SUFFOLK COUNTY
+ AND TO WHOM SOLD.
+
+ To Edward Kitchen, Wolcott, July 19, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 113; Land
+ 263 A. 1 qr., in Brookline, Thomas Aspinwall E.; marsh road to
+ Charles River N E.; Charles River N.; Thomas Gardner and Moses
+ Griggs S. and S.W.; Solomon Hill S. and S.E.----Land, 16 A. 3 qr.,
+ and half of house in Brookline on Sherburn Road and the marsh lane,
+ bounded by Capt. Cook, Samuel Craft and Elisha Gardner.
+
+ To John Heath. Nov. 12. 1782; Lib. 136, fol. 102; Land and
+ buildings in Brookline. 9 A. 33 r., Sherburn Road S.E.; a town way
+ N.E.; Mr. Aker N.W.; a town way S.W.----32 A. 3 r., Daniel White
+ and the pound S.W.; road and Joseph Williams S.E.; Joshua Boylston
+ and William Hyslop N.E.; Sherburn Road N.W.----18 A. 2 qr. 5 r.,
+ Samuel White N.W.; John Dean S.W. and S.; a town way S.E., said
+ Dean N.E.; S.E. and S.; said town way E.; road N.E.----59 A. 3 qr.
+ 4 r., Benjamin White and Dr. Winchester N.E.; Sarah Sharp S.W.;
+ Samuel White and heirs of Justice White S.E.; Benjamin White N.E.;
+ S.E. and N.E.; Sherburn Road N.E.----23 A. 3 qr. 33 r., Ebenezer
+ Crafts and Caleb Gardner N.W.; said Gardner and Benjamin White
+ S.W.; Moses White S.E.; Benjamin White and Moses White N.E.; Moses
+ White S.E.: a town way N.E.--- 3 A. 28 r, Ebenezer Craft S.W.; S.E.
+ and N.E.; the County line N.W.----8 A. 1 qr., 31 r., Daniel White
+ N.W.; the County line S.W.; David Cook S.E.; heirs of Ebenezer
+ Davis N.E.----5 A. 2 qr. 38 r., said Craft N.W.; saw mill meadow
+ W.; William Heath S. and S.E.; Benjamin White and William Hammon
+ N.E.----7 A. 2 qr., 32 r., Edward K. Walcott S. and W.; Benjamin
+ White S.; William Acker S.E.; John Child E.; Charles River N.;
+ Joseph Adams and Daniel White W.----4 A. 26 r., Moses White W.,
+ Esquire White, Ebenezer Craft and a creek S.; Nehemiah Davis and
+ heirs of Caleb Denny S.E.; the marsh road N.
+
+ To John Molineux, William Molineux, Aug. 11, 1783; Lib 139, fol.
+ 153; Land and buildings in Boston, Newbury St. W.; Daniel Crosby,
+ John Solely and heirs of Benjamin Church deceased S.; land late of
+ Frederick William Geyer E.; Thomas Fairweather, Sampson Reed, John
+ Homands and Edward Hollowday N.; said Sewall W.; N.; W. and N.
+
+ To John McLane, Dec. 18, 1783; Lib. 140. fol. 207; Land and
+ buildings in Boston, Newbury St. W.; said Sewall S.; E.; S. and E.;
+ Edward Hollowday N.
+
+
+
+
+ THOMAS ROBIE.
+
+
+William and Elizabeth Robie were inhabitants of Boston as early as 1689,
+when their son Thomas was born on March 20th of that year. He graduated
+at Harvard College in 1708, and died in 1729. He was tutor, librarian,
+and Fellow of the college. He published an account of a remarkable
+eclipse of the sun on Nov. 27, 1772, also in the _Philosophical
+Transactions_ of the Royal Society, papers on the Alkaline Salts, and
+the Venom of Spiders (1720-24). The following extract from the diary of
+President Leverett shows the estimation in which he was held. "It ought
+to be remembered that Mr. Robie was no small honor to Harvard College by
+his mathematical performances, and by his correspondence thereupon with
+Mr. Durham and other learned persons in those studies abroad." In
+mathematics and natural philosophy he was said to have no equal in New
+England.
+
+His mother was Elizabeth Taylor, daughter of James Taylor, long
+treasurer of the Province.[268] He went to Salem and established himself
+in the practice of physic, and married a daughter of Major Stephen
+Sewall.
+
+ [268] Memorial His., of Boston. Vol. iv. p. 492. Vol. ii. p. 549.
+
+Thomas Robie, of Marblehead, was a son of the preceding Dr. Robie. He
+was a merchant, and married a daughter of the Rev. Simon Bradstreet, who
+was the great grandson of Gov. Bradstreet, called the Nestor of New
+England. Mr. Robie was a staunch loyalist, was an Addresser of Gov.
+Hutchinson, and thus brought upon himself and family the ire of the
+Revolutionists. They were obliged to leave the town and take refuge in
+Nova Scotia. Crowds of people collected on the wharf to witness their
+departure, and many irritating and insulting remarks were addressed to
+them concerning their Tory principles, and their conduct towards the
+Whigs. Provoked beyond endurance by these insulting taunts, Mrs. Robie
+retorted, as she seated herself in the boat that was to convey her to
+the ship: "I hope that I shall live to return, find this wicked
+rebellion crushed and see the streets of Marblehead run with rebel
+blood." The effect of this remark was electrical among the
+Revolutionists and only her sex prevented them from doing her person
+injury. But there were other loyalists in Marblehead who, if not so
+demonstrative, were not less sincere in this opinion. With fortitude and
+silence they bore the taunts and insults to which they were subjected,
+honestly believing that their friends and neighbors were engaged in a
+treasonable rebellion against their lawful sovereign.
+
+Mr. Robie first went to Halifax, but afterwards to London, Feb. 5, 1776.
+He passed his time of exile mostly in Halifax, where one of his
+daughters married Jonathan Stearns, Esq., another refugee; another was
+married to Joseph Sewall, Esq., late treasurer of Massachusetts.
+
+After the war was over some of the refugees attempted to return to their
+former homes. During the month of April, 1783, the town was thrown into
+a state of the greatest excitement by the return of Stephen Blaney, one
+of the loyalists. Rumors were prevalent that other refugees were also
+about to return, and on April 24 a town meeting was held, when it was
+voted that "All refugees who made their appearance in town were to be
+given six hours notice to leave, and any who remained beyond that time
+were to be taken into custody and shipped to the nearest port of Great
+Britain." Late one afternoon after this action of the town a vessel from
+the provinces arrived in the harbor. It was soon ascertained that the
+detested Robie family were on board, and, as the news spread through the
+town, the wharves were crowded with angry people, threatening vengeance
+upon them if they attempted to land. The dreadful wish uttered by Mrs.
+Robie at her departure still rankled in the minds of the people and they
+determined to give the Robies a significant reception. So great was the
+excitement that it was feared by many of the influential citizens that
+the unfortunate exiles might be injured and perhaps lose their lives at
+the hands of the infuriated populace. During the night, however, a party
+of gentlemen went on board of the schooner and removed them to a place
+of safety. They were landed in a distant part of the town and secreted
+for several days in a house belonging to one of the gentlemen. In the
+meantime urgent appeals were made to the magnanimity of the turbulent
+populace, and the excitement subsided.
+
+Mr. Robie went into business again in a limited extent, and died at
+Salem about 1812, well esteemed and respected. The large brick mansion
+house of Thomas Robie is situated on Washington street, near the head of
+Darling street, Marblehead.
+
+SAMUEL BRADSTREET ROBIE, son of the above, of Halifax, was appointed
+solicitor-general of Nova Scotia in 1815, speaker of the house of of
+assembly in 1817, 1819-20, member of the council in 1824, and master of
+the rolls in 1825, and died at that city January, 1858, in his
+eighty-eighth year.
+
+
+
+
+ BENJAMIN MARSTON.
+
+
+The origin of the name Marston, is the English of Marsius (Lat.) Marson
+(Ger.) and signifies warrior, being derived from Mars, the god of war.
+
+John Marston, the first of this name to come to America came from
+Ormsby, Norfolk, England, to Salem, in 1637, when he was 22 years of
+age. He married Alice, surname unknown, on Aug. 4, 1640, and on June 2,
+1641 was admitted freeman. He had ten children between 1641 and 1661.
+His occupation was that of carpenter. He was diligent and prosperous in
+his business, and at his death bequeathed to his children "his house and
+land, and some money." His sons were influential in town matters, and
+three were chosen representatives to the general court.
+
+He died Dec. 19, 1681, and was buried in the Old Salem Burying Ground.
+
+BENJAMIN MARSTON, the first of this name and lineage, was the fourth son
+of the preceding John Marston, and was born in Salem, Jan. 9, 1651. He
+was an active and enterprising merchant and carried on for many years an
+extensive and profitable business with the West Indies, Spain, Nova
+Scotia, and Southern Colonies. He owned two warehouses, and the wharves
+on which they stood, several vessels, Brigantines, Ketches, Shallops and
+Sloops. In the year 1700 he built a large and handsome brick dwelling
+house, the first brick house in Salem. It was built by George Cabot, a
+mason from Boston. Its location was afterwards occupied by the Lee
+house on the corner of Essex and Crombie streets. Towards the close of
+his life, his estate suffered great losses, some of his vessels were
+lost at sea, some taken by the French and pirates, and others having
+lost all their crew by disease, or otherwise, "ye voiages were spiled."
+In June, 1719, he sailed with his son Benjamin, Jr., in "The good
+Briganteen Essex" from Salem to Ireland. His son wrote from Dublin, Nov.
+6, 1719, to his mother announcing "the death of his father there, from
+the Small Pox, and that he was taken ill of the same distemper, the
+night he died, and that he had recovered and was not much marked."
+
+BENJAMIN MARSTON, the second of this name, son of the preceding Benjamin
+Marston, was born in Salem, Feb. 24, 1697. He graduated from Harvard
+College in 1715. It appears after the death of his father he remained in
+Ireland, conducting all the business matters connected with the Essex,
+with a degree of energy and capacity not often found in a young man of
+22 years of age. The voyage turned out to be much more profitable than
+was expected, and much of the property that had been sold or mortgaged
+by his father was redeemed.
+
+He engaged in business at Salem as a merchant and gained a reputation
+among his fellow townsmen as a "man of honorable motives and strict
+integrity of character." He was chosen representative to the general
+court in 1727-28-29. Was High Sheriff of Essex till 1737, was Justice of
+General Session and Common Pleas Courts. In 1729 he married Elizabeth
+Winslow, daughter of Hon. Isaac Winslow of Marshfield. In 1740 he
+retired from business, and bought a large and valuable property at
+Manchester, known for many years as the Marston farm. Here he passed the
+remainder of his days, and died May 22, 1754, aged 57 years, leaving a
+large estate including the Great and Little Misery Islands, for which he
+had paid L516. 13.9. A part of the income of the island he left for the
+purpose of "Propagating the Gospel among the Indians."
+
+BENJAMIN MARSTON, the third of this name, and family, and son of the
+preceding, was born in Salem, Sept. 30, 1730. He graduated at Harvard
+College in 1749. After leaving college he travelled in Europe and
+visited some other of the British colonies. He married Sarah Sweet,
+whose sister, Martha, married Col. Jeremiah Lee of Marblehead. After his
+marriage he "settled down" in Marblehead, where for many years he
+carried on a large and successful business as a merchant. He owned a
+store in King street, and other stores, and warehouses, and jointly with
+his partners, Jeremiah Lee and Robert Hooper, several large ships. He
+also owned a pleasant and commodious dwelling house, and much real
+estate, and other property in Marblehead and elsewhere. He was
+considered by his friends and neighbors as a man of pure life, and great
+integrity of character, active in business, energetic in public matters,
+hospitable and benevolent in private, a great reader and scholar, and
+fond of literary pursuits, always occupying one of the most respectable
+positions in society, and greatly esteemed by all who knew him. Here he
+continued to live for twenty years, actively engaged in business, and
+doing his duty towards his town. He was chosen selectman, and overseer
+of the poor, thirteen times in fifteen years, fireward twelve times in
+fourteen years, assessor in 1760, moderator of town meetings, fourteen
+times in eight years, and occupied many other important offices of
+trust. After 1768, however, when the troubles which preceded the
+Revolution began to increase the confidence of the people, that were
+influenced by the Revolutionists, appear to have been withheld. They
+still chose him moderator of all town meetings, but he was not again
+appointed on any important committees. He was known to be "an
+uncompromising adherent to the lawful government of the British
+Colonies," but as he had violated no agreements, and never attempted to
+counteract the plans of the conspirators, though frequently and openly
+expressing his disapprobation of their violent proceedings, he was for
+some time unmolested. At an early period, however, he discovered the
+storm brewing, and as if apprehensive of future difficulties he began
+"to sell off some of his property."
+
+Benjamin Marston was one of the Addressers of Governor Hutchinson, and
+thus incurred the displeasure of the Revolutionists. After this he was
+harshly and brutally treated by the "Sons of Liberty." In the year 1775,
+his home was mobbed by a Marblehead _Committee_, who without any legal
+authority, entered his doors, broke open his desk, embezzled his money,
+and notes, and carried off his books and accounts. He made his escape
+from the town with difficulty, the turbulent "Sons of Despotism" would
+have probably tarred and feathered him if he had come within their
+reach. He remained concealed among his friends for some time, till he
+could reach Boston and place himself under the protection of the
+British. A letter from Hon. Wm. Brown, who also had sought shelter in
+Boston, to his friend Judge Curwen, a fellow Loyalist, said "About 2
+months ago, Mr. Marston came here by night from Col. Fowle's farm. He
+knows nothing about Salem. His wife died last summer."
+
+After the evacuation of Boston he went to St. John, N. B., and then to
+Windsor, N. S., finally settling down at Halifax, and there engaging in
+trade and venturing to sea, he was taken prisoner and carried into
+Plymouth, and remained in duress in Boston until he was exchanged, and
+then went to Halifax. He returned to Boston after the peace in 1787, in
+the spring of which year he visited his friends in Plymouth, for the
+last time, and soon after embarked for London. His after life is best
+described in a letter to his sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Watson, of Plymouth,
+wife of William Watson, Esq., under date of London, March 19, 1792. He
+says: "I now sit down and write to you with satisfaction, for I have at
+length fairly waded thro the _Slough of Despond_. I am now landed on the
+opposite side and shall go on my way rejoicing, having once more emerged
+into active life. In fact, I am engaged to go with a large Company, who
+are going to make a Settlement on the Island Bulama, on the coast of
+Africa, as their Land Surveyor General on a pretty good lay. No
+expedition could have hit my taste and humor more exactly than this one
+promises to do. It is so of the _Robinson Crusoe_ kind, that I prefer
+it, vastly to any employment of equal emolument and of a more regular
+kind, that might have been offered to me in this country.
+
+"You say you have mourned me as _dead and buried_. In truth, my dear
+Sister, I have been much worse off. I have for more than four years been
+_buryed alive_. As to gratifying your wish in making my native country
+the residence of the remainder of my days, it is not at present in my
+power to do, for want of means. There is not remaining in my mind the
+least resentment to the Country because the party whose side I took in
+the late great Revolution, did not succeed, for I am now fully
+convinced. It is better for the world that they have not. I don't mean
+by this to pay any complements to the first instigators of our American
+Revolution, although it has been of such advantage to mankind, I should
+as soon think of erecting monuments to Judas Iscariot, Pontius Pilate
+and the Jewish Sanhedrim for betraying and crucifying the Lord of Life,
+because that event was so importantly and universally beneficial."
+
+The expedition to Africa resulted disastrously, and Benjamin Marston
+died on the Island of Bulama of the African fever, on the 10th of
+August, 1792.
+
+From the scanty materials which have been here brought together, will be
+sufficient to convince the reader that it was no personal consideration,
+no expectation of honors and rewards, or desire of rank and distinction,
+but simply from a deep conviction of duty, a clear sense of loyalty to
+the British crown, that he gave up everything that was dear to him, his
+"pleasant and spacious dwelling" house, with its "fine old garden for
+morning exercise," his cherished library, his "much property," his
+well-earned reputation as a merchant, a magistrate and a citizen, his
+relatives, friends, and native country, and become a refugee and a
+wanderer on the face of the earth, "without a place that he could
+command to lay his head," and those that bore his name, were more proud
+of it than if he left rank and honor and large possessions to his
+representatives. There were very few of those who embraced the cause of
+the Mother Country, in those trying times, that were led by more
+honorable, or disinterested motives, or are more deserving of
+remembrance than Benjamin Marston of Marblehead.
+
+
+
+
+ HON. BENJAMIN LYNDE CHIEF JUSTICE OF MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+
+It appears from the registry in the Church of St. John, the parish
+church of Hackney, near London, that Enoch Lynde was married on the 25th
+of October, 1614, to Elizabeth Digbie, a descendant of Sir John Digby.
+Enoch Lynde resided in London, was a merchant engaged in foreign trade,
+and was for some years connected with the postal service between England
+and Holland. He died the 23rd of April, 1636, aged fifty years.
+
+SIMON LYNDE, the third son of Enoch Lynde, was born in London in 1624.
+He engaged in mercantile pursuits, and went to Holland. In 1650 he came
+to New England, and in the following year married Hannah, a daughter of
+Mr. John Newgate. During the thirty years of his life in the colony, he
+was a person of prominence, and acquired large landed possessions, in
+Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. In 1687 he was appointed
+one of the Justices of the Superior Court. He died 22nd Nov. 1687,
+possessed of a large estate, and many children, who survived him.
+
+BENJAMIN LYNDE, the sixth son of Simon, was born 22nd September, 1666.
+He records of himself that he was admitted to Harvard College on the 6th
+of September, 1682, by the Rev. Increase Mather, after having received
+his preparatory education under the famous grammar Master, Ezekiel
+Cheever, and received his first Degree in 1686. His father desired that
+he should complete his education in England. On 27th June, 1692, he
+sailed for England, and was admitted he says "for the study of Law, into
+the honorable Society of the Middle Temple, Oct. 18, 1692." "I was
+called to the Bar as Counsellor at Law in 1697, and received a
+commission under the great Seal, for King's Advocate, in the New Court
+of Admiralty, in New England, in the same year." He returned to America
+Dec. 24, 1697. On the 27 of April, 1699, he married Mary, daughter of
+Hon. William Browne of Salem. In 1712 he was appointed a Judge of the
+Superior Court, and in the following year a Councillor. On the
+resignation of Judge Sewall in 1728, he was made Chief Justice of the
+Province, which office he held at the time of his death, Jan. 28, 1745,
+in the 79th year of his age. The Boston Evening Post said of him,
+"Inflexible justice, unspotted integrity, affability, and humanity were
+ever conspicuous in him. He was a sincere friend, most affectionate in
+his relations, and the delight of all that were honored with his
+friendship and acquaintance." He left two sons, the younger, William,
+died unmarried, in 1752. His eldest son,
+
+BENJAMIN LYNDE, JR. was born on the 5th of October, 1700. He graduated
+from Harvard College in 1718, and in 1721 he took his master's degree at
+Cambridge. He soon after received the appointment of Naval Officer for
+Salem. In 1734 he was appointed a special judge of the Court of Common
+Pleas, for Suffolk. In 1737 he was one of the agents in the settlement
+of the boundary line between New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Two years
+later he was made one of the Standing Judges of Common Pleas for Essex,
+and in 1745, the year of his father's death, he was raised to the
+Superior Bench of the Province. He was a member of the Council for many
+years, but declined a re-election in 1760, in consequence of the
+controversy that arose in that year between the House and Government as
+to the right of Judges to sit as Councillors. On the promotion of Chief
+Justice Hutchinson to the executive chair, in 1771, Judge Lynde was
+appointed to the place now vacant, and became Chief Justice of the
+Province. He resigned not many months after, pending the controversy
+respecting the payment of judges' salaries by the town. He had now
+reached the age of 72, and "not being inclined to ride the Circuit
+longer" he accepted the more humble and less laborious position of Judge
+of Probate for Essex, which office he held until the breaking out of the
+Revolution, not many years before his death, which was occasioned by the
+kick from a horse, from the effects of which he did not recover, and he
+died Oct. 5th, 1781, aged 81 years. It was a remarkable coincidence that
+both father and son should have been Chief Justices of the Supreme
+Court, and occupied a seat on that bench, between them for nearly sixty
+years. The most important trial that took place during his judicial term
+was that of the so-called "Boston Massacre," where the soldiers fired on
+the mob in King street. At this trial Judge Lynde presided. It was a
+time of great political excitement, and the occasion was one that
+required the utmost firmness, and skill on the part of the judge, to
+ensure a just and impartial decision. These trials lasted several days,
+and, as has been said, "proceeded with care and patience, on the part of
+the Bench, and counsel, and both judges and jury seemed to have acted
+with all the impartiality that is exhibited in the most enlightened
+tribunals." "The result," says Judge Washburn, "is a proud memorial of
+the purity of the administration of justice in Massachusetts." Judge
+Lynde was noted for his learning, his liberality, and his public spirit.
+He was a diligent student of our Colonial history, and his diary,
+published by one of his descendants, Dr. F. E. Oliver, recalls names and
+events, that belong to the earlier years of the province, and records
+the daily life of persons holding official positions during a period
+with which many are not now familiar. He left three daughters, of whom
+Mary, the eldest, married Hon. Andrew Oliver, Jr., one of the Judges of
+the Court of Common Pleas for Essex; Hannah, who died unmarried and
+Lydia who married Rev. William Walter, the rector of Trinity Church of
+Boston.[269] Both of his sons-in-law being staunch loyalists.
+
+ [269] Diaries of Benjamin Lynde and of Benjamin Lynde, Jr.
+
+
+
+
+ PAGAN FAMILY.
+
+
+ROBERT PAGAN was a native of Glasgow, Scotland, was born in 1750 and
+came to Falmouth in 1769. From that time to the commencement of the war
+he carried on a large lumber business and ship building. The ships which
+were built were not generally employed in our trade, but with their
+cargoes sent to Europe and sold. Robert Pagan & Co. kept on the corner
+of King and Fore Streets, the largest stock of goods which was employed
+here before the war. He was a man of popular manners, and much beloved
+by the people. He early became involved in the controversies of the
+times, and abandoned his business and country soon after the burning of
+Falmouth by Mowatt. In his testimony before the Claim Commission he
+testified[270] "That he uniformly declared his sentiments in favor of
+Great Britain. Never submitted to join the rebels or to take no part
+with them." He early applied for leave to quit Casco Bay with the
+property belonging to himself and copartnery. This was refused him. In
+the month of February, 1776, he privately embarked his family on board a
+Brig he had in the harbor of Falmouth and sailed for Barbados. From that
+he went home. He afterwards carried on trade at New York and Penobscot,
+at the latter place he remained until the end of the war, when he
+removed to St. Andrews. Mr. Pagan was proscribed and banished. He
+settled at St. Andrews, N. B., in 1784, and became one of the principal
+men of Charlotte County. After serving the Crown as agent for lands in
+New Brunswick, and in superintending affairs connected with grants to
+Loyalists, he was in commission as a magistrate, as a Judge of a Court,
+and as Colonel in the militia, and, being a favorite among the
+freeholders of the county, was elected to the House of Assembly, and for
+several years was a leading member of that body. Judge Pagan died at St.
+Andrews, November 23, 1821 and Miriam, his widow, (a daughter of
+Jeremiah Pote), deceased at the same place January, 1828, aged 81. They
+were childless.
+
+ [270] Bureau of Archives, Ontario, 2nd Report, Vol. I. p. 340.
+
+THOMAS PAGAN, brother to Robert Pagan. He was with his brother during
+the war, and at the peace went to St. John, New Brunswick; was one of
+the grantees of that city, and established himself there as a merchant.
+He removed to Halifax, and while absent in Scotland for the benefit of
+his health, died in 1804.
+
+WILLIAM PAGAN, brother of Robert and Thomas, was with his brothers
+during the war, and at the peace settled in New Brunswick, and was a
+member of the House of Assembly and of the Council. His death occurred
+at Fredericton, March 12, 1819.
+
+
+
+
+ THE WYER FAMILY OF CHARLESTOWN.
+
+
+Edward Wyer came from Scotland. He was a tailor, and in 1658 married
+Elizabeth Johnson. He died May 3rd, 1693, aged 71 years. His son William
+was a sea captain, and married Eleanor Jennes, Oct. 26, 1701. He died
+Feb., 1749, aged 69 years.
+
+DAVID WYER, son of William, was born at Charlestown, Feb. 24th, 1711. He
+also was a sea captain. Married Rebecca Russell, Feb. 2, 1738. He
+removed to Falmouth (Portland) and was an officer of the Customs there.
+All the officers of the revenue of that port were loyal except one,
+Thomas Child, who joined the Revolutionists. They all became refugees,
+and abandoned their country. During the military possession of the town
+by Thompson (before the burning of it by Captain Mowatt) he was required
+to give his presence before the Board of War as being a Tory.
+
+DAVID WYER, JR., son of the aforesaid David was born at Charlestown in
+1741, and graduated at Harvard College in 1758. In 1762 he was admitted
+to the bar, and commenced the practice of law at Falmouth. On the
+testimony of other lawyers who practiced in Maine prior to the
+Revolution, it was said of Wyer, that "he was a high-minded stirling
+fellow of strong talents, an able and eloquent advocate, and extremely
+independent in his opinions and character." Without the regular
+appointment and commission of Attorney of the Crown, Mr. Wyer acted in
+that capacity when occasion required the services of such an officer in
+the Courts of Maine. He died in 1776 at Stroudwater, to which place he
+removed after the burning of Falmouth, at the age of thirty-five, of an
+epidemic which prevailed at that time, and which carried off many
+persons old and young. Mrs. Wyer, a niece of Hon. Thomas Russell and two
+children survived him. One of the latter married Captain Samuel Waite of
+Portland.
+
+THOMAS WYER, brother of David Wyer, Jr., was born at Charlestown, June
+15, 1744. Married Sarah Francis, March 8th, 1766 in Medford. He removed
+to Falmouth with his father, was also employed as an officer of the
+Customs. He lost L325 in real and personal estate by the burning of the
+town in 1775. He did all he could to support the government; he refused
+to serve in the rebel army, on which he was taken up and abused by the
+mob, and obliged to pay a fine. Was taken before the Provincial Congress
+at Watertown, and obliged to quit Falmouth in 1777 in an open boat with
+his father-in-law, Jeremiah Pote, in which they went to Nova Scotia. In
+1778 he was proscribed and banished. In 1779 he was in New York and was
+commissioned as captain of an armed vessel, the brigantine "British
+Tar," 65 men. He was in command of this vessel for nine months, during
+which time he had two engagements with two rebel privateers at different
+times. He had a house and lot in Falmouth, which was confiscated, and a
+half interest in a cargo burned at Falmouth. In 1784, he went to St.
+Andrew, N. B., with other Loyalists, and continued there until his
+decease. He was an Agent of the British Government for settling and
+allotting lands to adherents of the Crown in the Revolution. The first
+Sheriff of Charlotte County, was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas
+and Deputy Colonial Treasurer. In 1790 he went on a year's tour to
+Europe, and on his return became a merchant, and had extensive lumber
+interests. He died February 24th, 1824. He had a numerous family, was
+married three times, his first wife Sarah Francis of Medford, second
+Joanna Pote of Falmouth, third Mary Hunt, who died 25 October, 1801,
+aged 37. An only son survived him.
+
+THOMAS WYER, JR., a member of her Majesty's Council, Justice of the
+Common Pleas, member of the Board of Education, Commissioner of Wrecks,
+and Lieutenant-Colonel in the militia. He married Sarah, daughter of
+Thomas Tompkins, of St. Andrews, 24 March, 1808, and died at St.
+Andrews, December, 1848, aged sixty-nine.
+
+
+
+
+ JEREMIAH POTE.
+
+
+WILLIAM POTE was in Marblehead as early as 1688. He married Hannah
+Greenfield. His second wife was Ann Hooper, whom he married in 1689. His
+son William was born at Marblehead, 1690, who married, June 2, 1718,
+Dorothy Getchell.
+
+JEREMIAH POTE, son of the aforesaid, was born at Marblehead, Jan. 18,
+1724. His father removed to Falmouth, now Portland, and died there.
+Jeremiah Pote became one of the principal merchants of the town, he
+owned and occupied one of the two principal wharves in that town
+previous to the Revolution. He transacted a large business and filled
+offices of trust and honor. In his testimony before the Claim
+Commission[271] "Claimt says He is a native of America. Lived at
+Falmouth, Casco Bay, when trouble broke out. He did everything in his
+power against the measure of the Rebels. He happened to be one of the
+selectmen at Falmouth, whose business it was to give notice of Town
+Meetings. Claimt refused to notify the meetings desired by the Rebels.
+In consequence of this he was persecuted. Was imprisoned several times.
+Had his things taken from him by force, so that he was forced to quit
+home, got to Nova Scotia, went in open boat. Went from Halifax to New
+York in 1778. Was employed by Admiral Gambin to pilot a vessel to New
+Hampshire, which was going with Sir Henry Clinton, Manisfestoes. The
+vessel was seized and the whole crew made prisoners and kept in prison
+during the winter. Went to Penobscot in 1780 to St. Andrews in the
+beginning of 1784."
+
+ [271] Bureau of Archives, Ontario, 2nd Report, Vol. II, p. 904.
+
+In 1774 a public meeting was called to consider the state of public
+affairs, which he attended, but he desired that his dissent might be
+entered against a resolution relative to the Ministry and East India
+Company, which was introduced and passed.
+
+In 1775, during the trouble with Captain Mowatt, which resulted in the
+burning of the town, in which he lost L1,000, he brought upon himself
+the vengeance of the Revolutionists, who under Thompson, assumed the
+government, and organized themselves into a board of war, and required
+him to contribute money and provisions, and to give a bond of L2,000 to
+appear at the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, and give an account
+of his conduct. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. After the peace
+he settled at St. Andrews at the mouth of the St. Croix river, the
+boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick, where he died November
+23, 1796, aged seventy-one years. His son Robert, deceased at the same
+place November 8, 1794, at the age of twenty-five, and his daughter,
+Joanna, married Thomas Wyer, Jr., his widow Elizabeth Berry of Kittery,
+died December 24, 1809, aged seventy-nine.
+
+
+
+
+ EBENEZER CUTLER.
+
+
+JOHN 1 CUTLER came from Spranston, two miles from north of Norwich, and
+about eight miles south of Hingham, in the County of Norfolk, England.
+His name first appears among the persecuted adherents of Rev. Robert
+Peck, A. M., of Hingham, who "sold their possessions for half their
+value, and named the place of their settlement after their natal town."
+He embarked, it is believed, in the Rose of Yarmouth, William Andrews,
+Jr., Master, which sailed on or about April 18, 1637. He was at Hingham
+by or a little after June 10th following, when land was assigned him. He
+came attended by his wife Mary, seven children, and one servant. He died
+the following year, which must have subjected his widow and children to
+great hardships. His third son,
+
+SAMUEL 2 CUTLER, was born in England in 1629, was of Marblehead in 1654,
+of Salem in 1655, of Topsfield and Hingham in 1671, and of Gloucester,
+March 17, 1693. In 1671 he as heir and attorney for his brothers and
+sisters, united with his mother in the sale of their patrimonial estate
+in Hingham. He was often called to settle and appraise estates. He died
+in 1700, 71 years of age. He had two sons and three daughters. His
+second eldest son,
+
+EBENEZER 3 CUTLER, was born at Salem in 1664, where he married Mary,
+daughter of Zacheray and Mary March. Mr. Cutler died about 1729 at Salem
+and the widow in 1734, the sale of the homestead being effected soon
+after, and the family removed from Salem. He had six children, four sons
+and two daughters. The eldest son,
+
+EBENEZER 4 CUTLER, was born in Salem, October 1, 1695. He was a farmer
+and brickmaker. He married May, daughter of William Stockwell, Oct. 16,
+1732. He inherited the farm in Sutton, Mass., purchased of William
+Stockwell by his father, and on which he settled previous to 1728. It is
+said that three of his sons resided on this farm at one time, each
+occupying separate houses. He died in 1779, and had two daughters and
+five sons.
+
+EBENEZER 5 CUTLER, son of the aforesaid,[272] settled in the town of
+Oxford, Mass., as an inn keeper and trader. He married Miriam Eager,
+sister of his brother Zackeus' wife, and daughter of James Eager of
+Westboro, Mass., Nov. 24, 1764. Mrs. Cutler was a sister of Colonel
+Eager, who was a Loyalist and settled in Victory, Nova Scotia.
+
+ [272] See Cutler Genealogy for descent of Ebenezer 4.
+
+Before the commencement of hostilities he tried to be neutral, but when
+the tea troubles arose, he went quietly at night, and purchased a
+quantity of it, on the return with his supply a masked band interrupted
+him, took the tea from him and burnt it. That decided him, which side to
+take, and he became a staunch loyalist.
+
+Ebenezer Cutler was a trader which caused him to travel considerably
+about the country, and being very independant and outspoken he soon had
+many enemies among the Revolutionists, and a price was set on his
+capture. He had many narrow escapes before they got him. Once he was
+hidden in a farmhouse between the chimney and outer wall, most
+suffocated by smoke.
+
+The Committee on Correspondence made charges against him, and sent him
+with the evidence of his misconduct to General Ward at Cambridge, the
+charges were as follows:
+
+ Northboro, May 17th, 1775.
+
+ Sir:
+
+ We the Committee of Correspondence of the Town of Northboro having
+ taken into our custody Mr. Ebenezer Cutler, late of Groton, but now
+ of this town, which from his conduct appears to us to be an avowed
+ enemy of his Country, he has set at naught and despises all the
+ Resolutions of the Continental and Provincial Congress, and also
+ utterly refuses to act in any defence of his now perishing country
+ whatever, and as he has from his past conduct, ever since we have
+ been struggling for the Liberties of our Country appeared in the
+ eyes of the Public to be aiding and abetting, in defeating the
+ plans of the good people of this Province, and has been riding from
+ one part of this province to the other, and in our opinion for no
+ good design, we think it highly necessary to send him to the
+ Council of war, to know whether he may (as he desires) have a pass
+ to go into Boston: we also inclose the substance of two evidences
+ concerning said Cutler.
+
+ By order of the Committee of Correspondence,
+ GILMAN BASS, Clerk.
+
+ N. B. General Ward, we apprehend is well acquainted with the
+ character and conduct of said Cutler.[273]
+
+ [273] "Royalists" in Mass. Archives, Vol. 1, p. 6.
+
+His case was submitted to Congress, when it appeared that he had spoken
+"many things disrespectful of the Continental and Provincial Congress"
+that he had "acted against their resolves," had said that "he would
+assist Gage," had called such as signed the town-covenant or
+non-consumption agreement "dammed fools" etc., etc. A resolve to commit
+him to prison was refused a passage, and a resolve that he be allowed to
+join the British troops at Boston was also lost. But subsequently he was
+allowed to go into that town "without his effects." On the evacuation of
+Boston he accompanied the British Army to Halifax. He settled at
+Annapolis Royal, and with the money which the British government paid
+him in compensation for his losses, he established himself in business
+there. After his home in Oxford was broken up, his wife Miriam, and
+children, went to her mother, Mrs. Eager, in Worcester. His wife died
+there. Mrs. Eager was a strong Loyalist, one day a party of Rebels
+visited her, and she sent them off by some ready quotations of
+scripture. She and her sons brought the family to Annapolis and then
+settled on a farm in Nisteaux.
+
+After a few years Ebenezer Cutler went to England on a visit and there
+married Mary, daughter of Colonel Hicks, of the 70th Regiment. Two
+children were born in England and four in N. S. He was protonotary of
+the County of Annapolis, and was a zealous Episcopalian. He died there
+in 1831, quite aged. Mary, his widow, died at the same place in 1839. He
+was proscribed and banished in 1778, and his property was confiscated
+and inventoried April 5th, 1779. Aug. 3rd the judge appointed a
+commission to settle his estate. His first wife, Miriam, died at
+Northboro, Mass., and her estate was inventoried Sept. 10, 1784,
+amounting to L100. He had by her eight children.
+
+EBENEZER 6 CUTLER, son of the aforesaid, was born at Oxford, Mass. Aug.
+27th, 1765. He was a student at Harvard at the commencement of
+hostilities, when he was obliged to leave. Opposite his name in the
+College archives, is the name "Traitor," which means just the opposite,
+that he was a Loyalist. He went to Nova Scotia with his father. He was
+an expert accountant, and crown land surveyor. Here he resided several
+years, but settled finally at Moncton. One day in going up the street,
+passing Mr. Wilmot's, he saw a very beautiful girl leaning over the
+gate, a visitor of Mrs. Wilmot, Olivia Dickson. It was a case of love at
+first sight. He met a friend a few minutes after and told him that he
+had just seen his wife that was to be. In due time they were married. On
+one of his voyages as supercargo, the vessel was taken by a Spanish
+privateer, off Jamaica. The captain recognized him as a Free Mason, gave
+him liberty, set him ashore at Port Antonio, where he obtained a mule,
+and crossed the mountains to Kingston where he took a vessel for Nova
+Scotia. He died in 1839. He had ten children, six daughters and four
+sons, the tenth child born was
+
+REBECCA 7 CUTLER, who married John Whitman of Annapolis whose ancestor
+came from Plymouth County, Mass., and settled in Nova Scotia previous to
+the Revolution. William Whitman of Boston and Clarence Whitman of New
+York are children of John Whitman and Rebecca Cutler.
+
+Robert J. Dysart and Hugh Dysart, accountants of Boston, are descendants
+in the third generation from Ebenezer Cutler and Olivia Dickson.
+
+[Illustration: The Engagement at the North Bridge in Concord.
+
+1 The Detachment of the Regulars who fired first on the Provincials at
+the Bridge.
+
+2 The Provincials headed by Colonel Robinson & Major Buttrick
+
+3 The Bridge]
+
+
+
+
+ APPENDIX.
+
+THE TRUE STORY CONCERNING THE KILLING OF THE TWO SOLDIERS AT CONCORD
+BRIDGE, APRIL 19TH, 1775. THE FIRST BRITISH SOLDIER KILLED IN THE
+REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
+
+See page 53.
+
+
+After the skirmish at Lexington, the king's troops marched into Concord
+in two columns, the infantry coming over the hill from which the
+Americans had retreated, and the grenadiers and marines followed the
+high road. On reaching the Court house Colonel Smith ordered six
+companies (about two hundred men) under Captain Parsons, to hold the
+bridge and destroy certain stores on the other side. With the balance of
+his command he remained in the center of the town destroying such
+warlike stores as could be found, this being the object of the
+expedition.
+
+Captain Parsons in the meantime, posted three companies under Captain
+Laurie at the bridge, while he proceeded to Colonel Barrett's home in
+search of stores. The Americans had gathered on the high ground, west of
+the bridge, and now numbered about four hundred and fifty men,
+representing many of the neighboring towns. The Acton company in front,
+led by Capt. Isaac Davis, marched in double file and with trailed arms
+for the bridge. The British guard, numbering about one hundred men, drew
+up in line of battle on the opposite side of the bridge, and opened fire
+upon them. Capt. Davis, and Abner Hosmer, of the same company, both fell
+dead. Seeing this, Major Buttrick shouted "Fire, fellow soldiers! for
+God's sake fire!" The order was instantly obeyed. One of the British was
+killed, and several wounded, one severely, who was left on the ground,
+when the British retreated to the center of the village. The Americans
+turned aside to occupy favorable positions on the adjacent hills.[274] A
+young man named Ammi White was chopping wood for Rev. William Emerson at
+the "Old Manse" at the east end of the bridge, while the firing was
+going on he hid under cover of the wood-pile, when it was over he went
+to the bridge, saw one British soldier dead, another badly wounded,
+grasping his axe he struck the wounded soldier on the head crushing in
+his skull, then taking the soldier's gun, he went off home. The gun is
+now in the rooms of the Antiquarian Society of Concord. In the meantime,
+the detachment under Capt. Parsons returned from the Barrett house,
+crossed the bridge, passed the dead bodies of the soldiers and joined
+the main body unmolested. They reported when they arrived at Boston,
+that the wounded soldier at the bridge had been scalped and his ears cut
+off.
+
+ [274] This description of the affair at Concord Bridge, was written by
+ Rev. E. G. Porter, President of the New England Historic Genealogical
+ Society for a work entitled "Antique Views of Boston." Pp. 234-8
+ compiled by me in 1882. J. H. Stark.
+
+Very little was said during the past hundred years concerning the
+inhuman act of Ammi White, in fact this is the first time the name of
+the perpetrator of the outrage has been published. It was not a popular
+subject to be discussed in the Council of the "Sons and Daughters of the
+American Revolution" when assembled to recount the "brave deeds of their
+patriotic forefathers." Hawthorne mentions it in the "Old Manse" pp. 12,
+13.
+
+The writer's attention was first drawn to it by an article in the Boston
+papers concerning the observances of "Patriots Day," April 19th, 1903.
+It was as follows:
+
+ "A story of the Concord fight not told by guides who take tourists
+ to the graves of the soldiers by the Concord bridge was told by the
+ Rev. Franklin Hamilton, preaching on "Patriots' Day and Its
+ Lessons" last evening at the First Methodist Episcopal Church.
+
+ "It shows," said he, "that the British soldiers were men like you
+ and me. It shows that the story of that fateful battle hour found
+ many weeping hearts across the sea. Your histories tell you how two
+ British soldiers, a sergeant and a private, were killed, and are
+ buried under the pines by the wall. One was killed and the other
+ wounded. As the wounded soldier was crawling away he was met by a
+ boy who had been chopping wood, and who, inflamed with the spirit
+ of the hour, struck him dead with his axe. Mr. Bartlett of Concord
+ tells me that not so long ago a young woman came to Concord and
+ asked to be shown where the British soldiers lay. She came from
+ Nottinghamshire, and was a relative of one of them. She went to the
+ graves and placed upon them a wreath, singing as she did so 'God
+ Save the King.'"
+
+This led me to examine into the case. I found that there was
+considerable rivalry of feeling between the towns of Concord and Acton
+as to the part each took in the fight. There was a saying that "Acton
+furnished the men, and Concord the ground." And that there was not a
+Concord man killed, wounded or missing in the "Concord Fight." In the
+Centennial observances at Acton in 1835, the Address was delivered by
+Josiah Adams. He said:
+
+ "That two were killed at the bridge is certainly true, and it is
+ true too that historians have published to the world that they were
+ killed in the engagement.
+
+ "It is true also, that a monument is about to be placed over them on
+ the spot to perpetuate American valor. The manner in which one of
+ them met his death as disclosed in the depositions of Mr. Thorp,
+ Mr. Smith and Mr. Handley, namely by a hatchet after he was wounded
+ and left behind, was well known at the time. It was the action of
+ an excited and thoughtless youth who was afterwards sufficiently
+ penitent and miserable and whose name therefore will not be given.
+ But the attempt to conceal the act from the world which was made at
+ the time, and has since continued, cannot be approved. It would
+ surely have been better to have given it to the world accompanied
+ by the detestation and horror which it merited and received. Thorp
+ in his deposition said: 'Two of the enemy were killed--one with a
+ hatchet after bring wounded and helpless. This act was a matter of
+ horror to all of us. I saw him sitting up and wounded as we passed
+ the bridge.'"
+
+ Smith said: "One of them was left on the ground wounded and in that
+ situation was killed by an American with a hatchet." Handley said:
+ "The young man who killed him told me in 1807 that it worried him
+ very much."
+
+ This inhuman act was of course reported by the British and a Boston
+ paper represented that one killed at the bridge at Concord was
+ scalped and the ears cut off from his head. This led to a
+ deposition from Brown and Davis that the truth may be known. They
+ testified that they buried the bodies at the bridge, that neither
+ of those persons were scalped, nor their ears cut off.
+
+ If there be any one left to advocate such a proceeding, he will say
+ that the deposition was true to the letter. But alas! it was in the
+ letter only. It had the most essential characteristic of
+ falsehood--the intention to make a false impression in regard to
+ what was known to be the subject of inquiry to have it believed
+ that both men were killed in the engagement."
+
+ "If a monument is to be erected by the authority of a town, one of
+ the most respectable in the County of Middlesex, let it be seen
+ that its inscription contains the truth, the whole truth, and
+ nothing but the truth, relative to the subject matters
+ thereof."[275]
+
+ [275] Centennial Address delivered at Acton, July 21, 1835, by Josiah
+ Adams, pp. 44-5-6.
+
+My attention was next attracted to the soldiers' graves at Concord
+Bridge by the following letters that appeared in the Boston Transcript:
+
+ BRITISH GRAVES AT CONCORD.
+
+ To the Editor of the Transcript:
+
+ I want to say in your columns something which has been on my mind
+ frequently since I went to Concord Bridge on my recent visit to
+ America. It has mingled some sadness with an otherwise most
+ delightful visit.
+
+ By the side of the road there are the graves of the British
+ soldiers who fell there, unnamed and unhonored by us, yet they died
+ doing what they conceived to be their duty just as your men did.
+ The loneliness and unrecognized character of these graves struck me
+ sadly, and I have often since wished that they, too, might have
+ some tribute to their stanch, if misplaced bravery. Now in looking
+ (as I constantly do) through the writings of my most dear friend
+ and counsellor, James Russell Lowell, I find he has exactly struck
+ the note I want in his poem, "Lines suggested by the graves of the
+ two English soldiers on Concord Battleground." The third verse
+ would make a fitting tribute to the character of these men. It runs
+ as follows:
+
+ "These men were brave enough and true
+ To the hired soldiers' bull-dog creed;
+ What brought them here they never knew,
+ They fought as suits the English breed;
+ They came three thousand miles and died
+ To keep the past upon its throne--
+ Unheard, beyond the ocean tide,
+ Their English mother made her moan."
+
+ Do you think there might be found, among the splendidly patriotic
+ Daughters of the Revolution, some sufficiently generous-minded to
+ put this American poet's recognition of the worth of these poor
+ fellows on a small tablet near the graves? I would at least ask
+ whether the last two lines of this verse do not move the heart of
+ any woman.
+
+ I do not know how public sentiment toward the sacred ground of
+ Concord battlefield might regard such an intrusion, and if the
+ words were those of any but such a man as Lowell, so associated
+ with the locality and imbued with all that that fight meant to your
+ nation, I would not be so bold as to suggest it. I know that this
+ is really a national, not an individual, matter and that a
+ stranger ought not to intermeddle with it. I am only making my
+ little moan in sympathy with the English mother whose heart Lowell
+ so beautifully understands.
+
+ ALBERT WEBB.
+ Elderslie, London Road, Worcester, Eng., March 31, 1909.
+
+
+The editor's comments on the letters was in part as follows:
+
+ "The letter in another column pleading for a memorial tablet,
+ bearing suggested and suggestive lines from Lowell, at the grave of
+ the two British soldiers slain at the North Bridge, Concord, should
+ challenge attention and it is difficult to see why it should
+ challenge antagonism. The grave is now marked by two stones half
+ sunken in the mold with which kindly nature everywhere seeks to
+ efface the evidences of human strife. It is protected by chains
+ which were provided some thirty years ago by a British resident of
+ Boston. On a stone of the wall sheltering the grave is an
+ inscription setting forth who sleep below. Neither the inscription
+ nor the defence was strictly necessary, for all Concord knows where
+ the grave is, and tradition has preserved the names of the two men
+ who buried the slain, giving them hasty but not irreverent
+ interment. Nor has there ever been danger of vandalism. The old New
+ England reverence for the last resting place of the dead protected
+ the sleepers for one hundred years, and the chain fence is more the
+ tribute of a countryman to these friendless and nameless victims of
+ George III.'s policy than a precaution. The same spirit which
+ protected those two soldiers' resting place would doubtless not see
+ anything objectionable in a bronze tablet carrying Lowell's lines.
+ Certainly the people of Concord, the descendants of the Minutemen,
+ would be the last to feel incensed at this tribute, if tribute it
+ be, or this reminder of permanent material, of the historic dust
+ that must in these one hundred and thirty-four years have turned
+ into earth.
+
+ "These two soldiers are none the less historical characters because
+ their identity is unknown. What their names or grades neither
+ history nor research tells. They were just common men in the ranks,
+ in the era when the private soldier was simply so much food for
+ powder.
+
+ "But apart from the influence of local sentiment, there is a broad
+ public opinion that guards a soldier's sepulchre, even if he was an
+ enemy in life. This opinion is expressed in the general custom in
+ this country to allow both sides memorials on the great
+ battlefields of our Civil War.
+
+ "If the suggested tablet should be erected at Concord, if
+ 'patriotism' should at first think too much honor were done these
+ 'hireling soldiers,' would not reflection remind that when the
+ 'embattled farmers'--who, by the way, were led by a veteran and
+ accomplished officer--and the regulars faced one another across the
+ narrow stream both were proud of the name of Englishmen? Concord
+ was then a microcosm of English America, which up to the very verge
+ of hostilities had drunk the King's health and had clung
+ desperately to the foolish fond belief that he was a good sovereign
+ misled by designing ministers."
+
+This led me to further investigate this matter, for I had been informed
+that the graves had been desecrated some years ago under authority of
+the town officials. I therefore caused to be published in the Boston
+Transcript under the heading of "Notes and Queries" the following query:
+
+ (7891.) 1. Can anyone give the names of the two British soldiers
+ killed at Concord Bridge, or inform me if there were any papers
+ taken from their bodies that would identity them? I have been
+ informed that there were.
+
+ 2. One of the soldiers was left wounded on the bridge; what was the
+ name of the "young American that killed him with a hatchet"?
+
+ 3. When did the selectmen of Concord give Professor Fowler
+ permission to dig up the two bodies of the British soldiers and
+ remove the skulls to be used for exhibition purposes?
+
+ J. H. S.
+ April 6, 1906.
+
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE SKIRMISH AT CONCORD BRIDGE.
+
+The letter A on the left of the engraving, marks the site of the graves
+of the two British Soldiers. The first killed in the Revolution.]
+
+The only answer received was the following:
+
+ "7891. 3. The indirect intimations of J. H. S. are shrewd, but
+ before the alleged action of the selectmen excites the Concord
+ people, they should insist upon his producing adequate evidence.
+ ROCKINGHAM."
+
+The adequate evidence was produced and is as follows:
+
+ "The Worcester Society of Antiquity,
+ Worcester, Massachusetts, April 12, 1909.
+
+ Mr. James H. Stark,
+
+ Dear Sir:
+
+ Mr. Barton has handed your letter to me and I write to say that the
+ skulls of those two British Soldiers killed at the bridge in
+ Concord were once the property of this Society, we having purchased
+ them of the Widow of Prof. Fowler, the phrenologist, who some years
+ ago went about the country giving lectures and illustrating his
+ subjects. Prof. Fowler got permission to dig up those skulls from
+ the Selectmen of Concord, and he carried them about with him and
+ used them in his lecturing. After his death one of the members
+ learned of them and we purchased the skulls and they were in our
+ museum some time. The late Senator Hoar learning that we had them,
+ came to know if we would be willing to return them to Concord that
+ they might be put back in the ground from whence they were taken.
+ As he seemed quite anxious about it, consent was given, and they
+ were sent to Concord to be placed in their original resting place.
+ Presume they are there at the present time.
+
+ Yours,
+ ELLERY B. CRANE.
+ Librarian."
+
+The only excuse offered for the inhuman act of Ammi White was found over
+one hundred years after the crime was committed. It is now said that he
+was only a boy, and that the wounded soldier cried out for water, and
+that while giving it to him he tried to kill him with his bayonet. This
+is all false, there is no evidence whatever to prove it, in fact Thorp,
+one of the deponents said "he was killed with a hatchet after being
+wounded and helpless, and the act was a matter of horror to all of us."
+Handley said "The young man who killed him told me in 1807 that it
+worried him very much." Here is not the slightest evidence that White
+killed him in self defence, neither was he the boy as represented, for I
+find that he enlisted five days after killing the soldier, in Capt.
+Abishai Brown's Co. Col. John Nixon's (5) Regiment. He enlisted April
+24, 1775, June 10, 1775 signed advance pay order at Cambridge, Aug. 1,
+1775, Private on muster roll at that date. Service 3 months 15 days.
+Company return dated Sept. 30, 1775.[276]
+
+ [276] Rev. Soldiers and Sailors. Vol. 17, p. 42.
+
+I am pleased to state that a few weeks after the aforesaid letters
+appeared in the Transcript, that the town authorities at Concord gave
+permission to the "British Army and Navy Veterans" of Boston, to march
+on Memorial Day, May 30, 1909, to the graves of the two soldiers and to
+decorate same, which was accordingly done. The graves of the soldiers
+are referred to in the Transcript article as being "protected by chains,
+which were provided some thirty years ago by a British resident of
+Boston." The party referred to was Mr. Herbert Radcliffe, a member of
+the British Charitable Society. The facts which I have stated here,
+concerning what occurred, "Where once the embattled farmers stood and
+fired the shot heard round the world" is not done with a view of
+reviving old grievances, or re-opening old sores, but that the historic
+truth may be known concerning "the shot heard round the world," for
+history should know no concealment, and as Josiah Adams truly said, "the
+truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, should be told
+relative to this matter."
+
+If it be said that these are old stories of the past, we reply that
+these misrepresentations are being quoted as having actually occurred
+and are made living issues for to-day by numerous societies formed for
+that; and kindred purposes. Even those societies designed to keep in
+remembrance their honored ancestors' part in the Revolution, make it a
+point to perpetuate their historic fables and falsehoods in the belief
+that anything is good enough to be said of their historic opponent.
+
+
+ THE ENGAGEMENT AT THE NORTH BRIDGE IN CONCORD, WHERE THE TWO SOLDIERS
+ WERE KILLED.
+
+In the American army which was formed at Cambridge immediately after the
+affair at Lexington and Concord, there were two young artists from
+Connecticut, Amos Doolittle, afterwards a well known engraver, and a
+portrait painter by the name of Earl, both members of the New Haven
+company. During their stay at Cambridge, these young men improved the
+opportunity by visiting Lexington and Concord, for the purpose of
+studying the battle field and making drawings of the several localities,
+the buildings, and the forces in action. The drawings were mostly made
+by Earl, and afterwards engraved by Doolittle, on his return to New
+Haven the same year. The four plates were each twelve by eighteen inches
+in size, and have been claimed to be the first series of historical
+prints ever published in this country. "Plate III., the battle of the
+North Bridge in Concord" shown here in reduced size from the
+reproduction of the original in "Stark's Antique Views of Boston." In
+this engraving, one soldier is seen falling, near the spot where the two
+soldiers are buried.
+
+
+ THE BIRTHPLACE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+Boss or ring rule is not a modern invention, for at the time of the
+Revolution, Sam Adams was the political boss of Boston, Gordon in his
+"History of the American Revolution" under date of 1775, traces this
+practice to a much earlier date. "More than 50 years ago Mr. Samuel
+Adams' father and 20 others, one or two, from the north end of the town,
+where all the ship business is carried on used to meet, make a caucus,
+and lay their plans for introducing certain persons into places of trust
+and power. By acting in concert, together with a careful and extensive
+distribution of ballots, they generally carried the elections to their
+own mind." In this manner Sam Adams first became a representative for
+Boston, and then its Boss. At this period ship building was one of the
+leading industries of Boston. Originally the "Caucus Club" was a
+mechanics club called from the leading trade in it the "Calkers' Club,"
+which name, with a variation it still retained after it had passed in
+the hands of politicians.
+
+It is impossible to exaggerate the influence such secret societies as
+the Caucuses, and Sons of Liberty, had upon the events which helped to
+bring on the conflict with the mother country. The "Sons of Liberty" met
+in a distillery, and also the Green Dragon Tavern, and arose out of the
+excitement attending the passage of the Stamp Act. John Adams in his
+diary gives some interesting glimpses of their clubs, where the
+Revolution was born, he says "Feb. 1, 1763. This day learned that the
+Caucus Club meets at certain times in the garret of Tom Dawes, the
+adjutant of the Boston regiment. He has a large house, and he has a
+movable partition in his garret, which he takes down and the whole club
+meets in one room. There they smoke tobacco till you cannot see from one
+end of the garret to the other. Then they drink flip I suppose, and
+there they choose a moderator, who puts questions to the vote regularly,
+and selectmen, assessors, collectors, wardens, and representatives, are
+regularly chosen before they are chosen in the town. Fairfield, Story,
+Ruddock, Adams, Cooper, and a rudis indigestaque moles of others are
+members."
+
+"January 15, 1766. Spent the evening with the Sons of Liberty at their
+own apartments in Hanover Square near the Tree of Liberty. It is a
+counting-room in Chase & Speakman's distillery; a very small room it is.
+There were present John Avery, a distiller of liberal education; John
+Smith, the brazier; Thomas Chase, distiller; Joseph Fields, master of a
+vessel; Henry Bass, George Trott, jeweler; and Henry Wells. I was very
+cordially and respectfully treated by all present. We had punch, wine,
+pipes and tobacco, biscuit and cheese, etc."
+
+Chas. J. Gettemy in commenting on same, says:[277]
+
+ [277] The True Story of Paul Revere, p. 45, by Charles J. Gettemy, Chief
+ of the Bureau of Statistics and Labor of the Commonwealth of
+ Massachusetts.
+
+"From which it appears that politicians are much the same in all times.
+Public officials were chosen by a ring in Boston in the year of our Lord
+1763 before they were "chosen by the town" =and the Revolution was
+hatched in a rum-shop=, while those upon whom history has placed the
+seal of greatness and statesmanship filled themselves with "flip" in an
+atmosphere dense with tobacco smoke as they plotted and planned the
+momentous events of the time!"
+
+
+ PAUL REVERE THE SCOUT.
+
+Paul Revere was born in Boston, Dec. 21, 1734, his father was a Huguenot
+named Rivoire, which in time became Revere. When Revere left school he
+went into his father's shop to learn the art of gold and silver smith.
+
+His first military experience was when he was twenty-one years old, in
+the expedition against Crown Point, in which he held the king's
+commission from Gov. Wm. Shirley as second lieutenant of artillery. The
+service proved uneventful, it continued for six months and then the
+enterprise was abandoned.
+
+On his return he took an increasing and prominent part in the political
+life of the time, and on one occasion his pugnacious disposition got him
+into the police court, in 1761, where he had to pay a fine and be bound
+over to keep the peace.
+
+Revere became quite skilled in drawing and engraving on copper, and the
+exciting political events of the time readily lent themselves to
+pictorial treatment. Probably the best known of Revere's copper-plate
+engraving, was that of the so-called "State Street Massacre." It has
+since, however, been discovered that in this instance he appropriated
+the work of Henry Pelham, the half brother of Copley the artist[278] as
+the following letter will show:
+
+ Boston, March 29th, 1770.
+
+ Sir:
+
+ When I heard that you was cutting a plate of the late Murder, I
+ thought it impossible as I knew you was not capable of doing it
+ unless you copied it from mine and as I thought I had intrusted it
+ in the hands of a person who had more regard to the dictates of
+ Honor and Justice than to take the undue advantage you have done of
+ the confidence and trust I reposed in you. But I find that I was
+ mistaken and after being at great Trouble and Expense of making a
+ design, paying for paper, printing, etc., find myself in the most
+ ungenerous Manner deprived not only of any proposed Advantage, but
+ even of the expense I have been at as truly as if you had plundered
+ me on the highway. If you are insensible of the Dishonour you have
+ brought on yourself by this Act, the World will not be so. However,
+ I leave you to reflect and consider of one of the most dishonorable
+ Actions you could well be guilty of.
+
+ H. PELHAM.
+
+ [278] See Atlantic Monthly. April 1893, "Some Pelham Copley Letters."
+
+This is a serious charge against Revere's honor and integrity, for it
+seems that Pelham loaned Revere a drawing of the "Massacre" from which
+Revere made an engraving and sold copies without giving the real artist
+credit for his sketch, since the Revere plate bears the inscription
+Engraved, Printed and Sold by Paul Revere.
+
+Revere was one of the chief actors in the tea mobs that destroyed the
+tea which precipitated the Revolution. The North End Caucus had, on Oct.
+23, 1773, declared that its members would "oppose at peril of life and
+fortune the vending of any tea that might be imported by the East Indian
+Company." A song was composed which became very popular. One of them
+commenced with
+
+ "Our Warren's there and bold Revere
+ With hands to do and words to cheer."
+
+[Illustration: PURSUIT AND CAPTURE OF PAUL REVERE.
+
+He and another scout, named Dawes, was captured on the road to
+Lexington, April 19, 1775.]
+
+Revere took a prominent part in this tumultuous affair, and the next day
+he was selected as the man to take the news to New York and
+Philadelphia. From this time on he was the chief scout of the Boston
+Revolutionists. He was one of a band of thirty formed to watch the
+movements of the British that had been sent to Boston after the
+destruction of the tea. Finally the vigilance of these scouts was
+rewarded. It became apparent that something unusual was occurring in the
+British camp on the evening of April 18th, 1775, for Revere says "On
+Tuesday evening, the 18th, it was observed that a number of soldiers
+were marching towards the bottom of the Common," which meant that they
+were going in boats across the river to Charlestown or Cambridge,
+instead of making a long march around by land. About ten o'clock Dr.
+Warren sent in great haste for me and begged that I would immediately
+set off for Lexington. I found he had sent an express by land, a Mr.
+William Dawes." I then went home, took my boots and surtout, went to the
+north part of the town, where I kept a boat; two friends rowed me across
+Charles River. When I got into town, I met Colonel Conant and several
+others. They said they had seen our signals. I told them what was
+acting, and went to get a horse." Mounted on Deacon Larkin's horse, he
+said "I alarmed nearly every home till I got to Lexington. After I had
+been there about half an Hour, Mr. Dawes arrived, who came from Boston
+over the Neck. We set off for Concord." They had gone but a short
+distance when they were taken prisoners. Revere said "I saw four of
+them, who rode up to me with their pistols in their hands, said G--d
+d--n you, stop, if you go an inch further you are a dead Man." The
+result was that neither Revere nor Dawes reached Concord.
+
+On the day following these events Revere was permanently engaged by Dr.
+Warren, as a scout to do outside business for the Committee of Safety.
+This patriotic service had a commercial value, and the Committee in
+auditing the bill thought he was disposed to value his labors too
+highly, for they reduced his charges from five shillings to four
+shillings a day.[279] In his financial dealings with the government he
+hardly ever failed to send in bills for work done which the authorities
+deemed extravagant charges and pruned down accordingly.
+
+ [279] Paul Revere's Bills can be seen in the Archives at the State
+ House, Boston.
+
+Most men like Revere, somewhat above the masses, but not possessing the
+elements of enduring fame, are remembered by a circle of admiring and
+respecting friends until they pass away, and are ultimately forgotten,
+finding no place upon the pages of written history. Paul Revere was
+rescued from this fate by an accident, a poet's imagination of things
+that never occurred. His famous ride remained unsung, if not unhonored
+for eighty-eight years, or until Longfellow, in 1863 made it the text
+for his Landlord's Tale in the Wayside Inn. It is to the "poetic
+license" of Longfellow, that most persons owe their knowledge of the
+fact that such a person as Revere ever existed. The poet did not mention
+the name of Dawes, yet he was entitled to as much credit, for what he
+did on the eve of the historic skirmish at Lexington, as Revere.
+
+Poetry and history sometimes become sadly mixed, the poet and romancist,
+in so far as they deal with matters of verifiable records should keep
+closer to the truth, and make use of poetic license as little as
+possible. To be sure the poet's statement concerning the lantern, and
+that Revere reached Concord was long ago shown to have been incorrect,
+but its persistent virility only goes to prove that truth is not the
+only thing which crushed to earth, will rise again. Very little is said
+by historians, concerning the Penobscot Expedition despatched in the
+summer of 1779 by the Massachusetts Council against the British on the
+coast of Maine. It was an episode of the Revolution that resulted in
+disaster so complete, so utterly without excuse, and so thoroughly
+discreditable to American arms as to make its contemplation without
+feelings of shame and humiliation impossible. An overwhelming force of
+Colonial troops, through the clear cowardice of an admiral bearing the
+proud name of Saltonstall, allowed itself to be frightened into an
+ignominious and panic-stricken desertion of its post of duty by a
+ridiculously ill equipped enemy. The ensuing scandal besmirched
+reputations hitherto untarnished, and the State of Massachusetts was
+plunged, on account of the expedition, into a debt of eight million
+dollars sterling. "To attempt to give a description of this terrible
+Day," wrote General Lovell, "is out of my Power. It would be a fit
+subject for some masterly hand to describe it in its true colors, to see
+four ships pursuing seventeen Sail of Armed Vessels, nine of which were
+stout Ships, Transports on fire. Men of War blowing up every kind of
+Stores on Shore, throwing about, and as much confusion as can possibly
+be conceived."[280]
+
+ [280] Lovell's Journal, p. 105.
+
+Thus did this little Garrison with three Sloops of War, by the unwearied
+exertions of soldiers and seamen, writes John Calef in his Journal under
+date of August 14, 1779, whose bravery cannot be too much extolled,
+succeed in an enterprise of great importance, against difficulties
+apparently unsurmountable, and in a manner strongly expressive of their
+faithful and spirited attachment to the interests of their King and
+Country. Calef gives the total number of American ships of war, brigs
+and transports as 37, of which 26 were burnt and 11 captured.[281] "The
+soldiers and crew took to the woods, and singly or in squads, made their
+way to the Kennebec, where most of them arrived after a week's suffering
+from hunger and exposure."[282]
+
+ [281] The Siege of the Penobscot, etc., pp. 23, 25.
+
+ [282] Mass. Archives, Vol. 145, pp. 230-237. (Todds report).
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Revere was in command of the artillery train,
+and this episode was a serious event in his life, and came near
+stripping him of the laurels he had won by his earlier exploits, he was
+arrested on charges of cowardice, censured after an investigation, court
+martialled, and was grudgingly acquitted, after three years persistent
+effort.
+
+Paul Revere's Masonic Record also has its blemishes. He received his
+degrees in St. Andrews Lodge in 1760-1. He afterwards became Grand
+Master. There being too many Loyalists or "Gentry" in St. Andrews Lodge
+to suit the taste of Revere, the leader of the mechanics, he and his
+friends therefore withdrew from same, and started "Rising States Lodge,"
+but it did not succeed. The members soon fell to quarrelling among
+themselves. Some twenty members came together and voted the lodge out of
+existence, and divided the funds of the lodge, amounting to $1,577.50
+among twenty-five members of the lodge, among whom was Paul Revere and
+his son. This was contrary to all Masonic precedents. The funds and
+paraphernalia of the Lodge should have been returned to the Grand Lodge.
+A committee was appointed to investigate the matter. They made a very
+scathing report in which it said "To divide it among members of a Lodge
+whenever they think proper to dissolve this union, is making the funds
+an object of speculation, it is treating the noble example of departed
+donors with contempt and devoting their sacred deposit to individual
+emoluments, it is taking bread from the hungry, It is multiplying the
+tears of the widow and fatherless."
+
+The Grand Lodge ordered that the funds of the lodge should be devoted to
+charity and a report of same printed and sent to each member of Rising
+States Lodge.[283]
+
+ [283] See copy of report in "Rising States Lodge," in Library of Mass.
+ Grand Lodge.
+
+
+ WILLIAM FRANKLIN, SON OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.
+
+William Franklin, Last Royal Governor of New Jersey, was a natural son
+of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. He was born about 1731. His father said of
+him: "He imagined his father had got enough for him; but I have assured
+him that I intend to spend what little I have myself, if it pleases God
+that I live long enough; and, as he by no means wants acuteness, he can
+see by my going on that I mean to be as good as my word." He served as
+Postmaster of Philadelphia, and as clerk of the House of Assembly of
+Pennsylvania. In the French war he was a captain and gained praise for
+his conduct at Ticonderoga. Before the peace, he went to England with
+his father. While there, Mr. Strahan wrote Mrs. Franklin, "Your son I
+really think one of the prettiest young gentlemen I ever knew from
+America. He seems to me to have a solidity of judgment, not very often
+to be met with in one of his years." While abroad young Franklin visited
+Scotland and became acquainted with the celebrated Earl of Bute, who
+recommended him to Lord Fairfax, who secured for him, as is said, the
+appointment of Governor of New Jersey, in 1763, without the solicitation
+of himself or his father. All intercourse between him and his father was
+suspended for more than a year before the actual commencement of
+hostilities. He was involved in a helpless quarrel with the delegates,
+and the people of New Jersey. In May, 1775, in a message he sent to the
+Assembly he said, "No office of honor in the power of the Crown to
+bestow would ever influence him to forget or neglect the duty he owed
+his country, nor the most furious rage of the most intemperate zealots
+induce him to swerve from the duty he owed his Majesty." On the 20th of
+May, the day this message was transmitted, the Assembly was prorogued,
+and Governor Franklin never communicated with that body again. Three
+days after the first Provincial Congress commenced their session at
+Trenton, and the Royal Government ceased, and William Livingston became
+Franklin's successor.
+
+Congress ordered the arrest of Governor Franklin as an enemy to his
+country. He was accordingly placed in the custody of a guard commanded
+by a captain who had orders to deliver him to Governor Trumball in
+Connecticut. He was conveyed to East Windsor, and quartered in the house
+of Captain Ebenezer Grant. In 1777 he requested liberty to visit his
+wife who was a few miles distant, and sick. This Washington refused,
+saying, "It is by no means in my power to supersede a positive
+Resolution of Congress under which your present confinement took place."
+His wife was born in the West Indies and it is said that she was much
+affected by the severity of Doctor Franklin to her husband while he was
+a prisoner. She died in 1778 in her 49th year, and is buried in St.
+Paul's Church, New York. It is inscribed upon the monumental tablet
+erected to her memory that "Compelled to part from the husband she
+loved, and at length despairing of the soothing hope of his speedy
+return, she sunk under accumulated distresses, etc."
+
+In 1778, after the arrival in America of Sir Henry Clinton, an exchange
+was effected and Governor Franklin was released, and went to England. In
+West's picture of the Reception of the American Loyalists, by Great
+Britain in 1783, Governor Franklin and Sir William Pepperell are the
+prominent personages represented. (See page 214.)
+
+In 1784, the father and son, after an estrangement of ten years, became
+reconciled to one another, for Doctor Franklin writes, "It will be very
+agreeable to me, indeed nothing has ever hurt me so much, and affected
+me with such keen sensation, as to find myself deserted in my old age by
+my only son, and not only deserted, but to find him taking up arms
+against me in a cause wherein my good fame, fortune and life were all at
+stake. You conceived, you say, that your duty to your king and regard
+for your country required this. I ought not to blame you for differing
+in sentiment with me in public affairs. We are all men, subject to
+errors, etc." In his will, dated June 23, 1789, a few months before his
+decease, he showed his shrewdness and craftiness for which he was always
+noted, in leaving his Nova Scotia lands to his son, the title to which
+was doubtful on account of the part he took in the Revolution. He says
+"I give and devise all the lands I hold or have a right to in the
+Province of Nova Scotia, to hold to him, his heirs and assigns forever.
+I also give to him all my books and papers which he has in his
+possession, and all debts standing against him on my account-books,
+willing that no payment for, nor restitution of the same be required of
+him by my executors. The part he acted against me in the late war, which
+is of public notoriety, will account for my leaving him no more of an
+estate he endeavored to deprive me of."
+
+Governor Franklin continued in England during the remainder of his life.
+He received a pension from the British Government of L800 per annum. His
+personal estate valued at L1800, which was confiscated, the government
+allowed him full compensation for. He had several shares in back lands
+and grants and real estate in New York and New Jersey, all of which he
+conveyed to his father, as he was indebted to him. He died in Nov.,
+1813. His son, William Temple Franklin, was Secretary to Dr. Franklin,
+and edited his works. He died at Paris in May, 1823.
+
+
+ ROYAL COAT OF ARMS.
+
+The Royal Coat of Arms embossed on the outside cover of this work is an
+exact reproduction of the Coat of Arms that was formerly above the
+Governor's seat in the Council Chamber in the Old State House in Boston.
+It was made from a photograph taken from the original in Trinity Church,
+St. John, N. B., for a fuller description of same, see p. 436. The seal
+embossed on the outside back cover, is a reproduction of the seal of
+"The Colony of the Massachusetts Bay in New England" from which the
+present seal of the State of Massachusetts is derived. It was the seal
+that was used on all official documents down to the time of the
+Revolution.
+
+
+ PELHAM'S MAP OF BOSTON.
+
+This plan was made by Henry Pelham, the half brother of Copley the
+painter. It was made under permission of J. Urquhart, Town Major, August
+28, 1775. It shows the lines about the Town and the Harbor, and is the
+most important of the early maps of Boston and the one upon which all
+subsequent revolutionary maps are based. It was printed in two sheets
+published in London, June 2, 1777, done in aquatinta by Francis Jukes.
+This copy is reproduced from the original in the Massachusetts
+Historical Society's Library and is drawn on a photographic print from
+which this engraving is made.
+
+
+ JUDGE CHAMBERLAIN'S OPINION OF COL. THOS. GOLDTHWAITE.
+
+Col. Goldthwaite was a man of ability, unbounded enterprise, and
+considerable influence. Chamberlain in his History of Chelsea says of
+him: "Some very unfavorable accounts of Col. Goldthwaite have been
+published, which I do not feel at liberty to withhold, but in referring
+to them suggest, first, that they were mainly written after he had
+become obnoxious as a loyalist; secondly: that his position on the
+Penobscot was one in which it would have been impossible to protect the
+just rights of the Indians against turbulent frontiersmen outside any
+efficient government without incurring their hostility, since their only
+sense of justice was their desire for exclusive possessions of lands
+which rightfully belonged to the original occupants."
+
+
+GOV. JOHN WINTHROP--See Page 426.
+
+John Winthrop, born Jan. 12, 1587, died at Boston March 26, 1649, by his
+first wife Mary Forth, had
+
+ John, born Sept. 12, 1606
+ Henry, born Jan. 19, 1608
+ Forth, born Dec. 30, 1609
+ Mary, born probably 1612
+ Ann, baptised Aug. 8, 1614 and died soon after
+ Ann (again) baptised June 26, 1615
+
+By his second wife, Thomasine Clopton, had a child who died at the
+ same time as its mother.
+
+By his third wife, Margaret Tyndal, he had
+
+ Stephen, Mar. 31, 1619
+ Adam, April 7, 1620
+ Deane, March 23, 1623
+ Nathaniel, Feb. 20, 1625, died young
+ Samuel, August 26, 1627
+ Ann, April 29, 1630, who died on the voyage over
+ William, Aug. 14, 1632, probably died early
+ Sarah, baptized Jan. 29, 1634, probably died early
+
+By his fourth wife, Martha, a widow of Thomas Coytmore, sister of
+ Increase Nowell of Charlestown, he had Joshua, baptised December
+ 17, 1648
+
+His eldest son, John Winthrop, born Sept. 12, 1606, at Groton, who
+afterwards became Governor of Connecticut, died and was buried in
+Boston; it is his line of descendants that is given on page 426; the
+other branches of the family became extinct in the male line.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+ Abercrombie, 226.
+
+ Achmuty (see Auchmuty). Robert, 126.
+
+ Adams, Charles Francis, 37.
+ Frances, 286.
+ James, 286.
+ John, 5, 24, 25, 29, 32, 35, 37, 45, 46, 48, 54, 68, 69, 77,
+ 83, 89, 93, 95, 105, 153, 163, 181, 226, 317, 318, 327,
+ 334, 340, 366, 368, 379, 385, 391, 392, 452, 455, 477.
+ John, Mrs., 282.
+ John Quincy, 180, 365.
+ Joseph, 138.
+ Josiah, 472, 473, 476.
+ Samuel, 37, 38, 39, 44, 46, 48, 51, 59, 83, 152, 153, 157, 160,
+ 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 189, 219, 310, 322, 476.
+ Zab, 334.
+
+ Albemarle, Duke of, 419.
+
+ Allen, Ebenezer, 134.
+ James, 295.
+ Martha, 295.
+ William, 204.
+
+ Almon, W. J., 279.
+
+ Altamont, Earl of, 316.
+
+ Ambrose, Robert, 128.
+
+ Ames, Fisher, 98.
+ Gov., 47.
+
+ Amherst, 20, 198, 227.
+
+ Amory, Abigail Taylor, 345.
+ Ann Geyer, 395.
+ Ann McLean, 395.
+ Anne, 343.
+ Catherine Green, 345.
+ Charles, 221, 345.
+ Elizabeth Fitzmaurice, 343.
+ Esther Sargent, 345.
+ Hattie Sullivan, 345.
+ Hugh, 343.
+ John, 137, 249, 344, 345, 346, 350.
+ Jonathan, 343, 344, 345, 346, 410.
+ Martha Greene, 345.
+ Mrs., 234.
+ Nancy Geyer, 350.
+ Nathaniel, 345.
+ Rebecca, 343, 344.
+ Robert, 128, 343.
+ Rufus, 350.
+ Rufus Greene, 395.
+ Thomas, 132, 343, 344, 345, 410.
+ Thomas C., 233, 242, 243, 345.
+ Thomas Coffin, 51.
+ William, 345.
+
+ Ancient and Honorable Artillery Co., 118, 181, 356, 424.
+
+ Anderson, James, 125, 132, 137.
+
+ Andrews, Elizabeth, 412.
+ Thomas, 412.
+ William, Jr., 468.
+
+ Andros, 419.
+ Barrett, 133.
+ Edmond, Sir, 16.
+
+ Appleton, John, 262.
+
+ Apthorp, 60, 438, 448.
+ Alicia Mann, 352.
+ Charles, 351, 352, 354.
+ Charles Ward, 352.
+ Charlotte Augusta, 352.
+ East (Rev.), 353.
+ Grace Foster, 353.
+ Grizzell, 352, 354.
+ Grizzell Eastwicke, 351.
+ Hannah, Greenleaf, 352.
+ John, 351, 352.
+ John T. (Col.), 353.
+ Mary, 352, 353, 396.
+ Mary McEvers, 352.
+ Mary Thompson, 354.
+ Susan, 353.
+ Susan, Ward, 351.
+ Thomas, 125, 137, 354.
+ William, 137, 354.
+
+ Arbuthnot, Abigail Little, 399.
+ Christian, 399.
+ John, 399.
+ Miss, 251.
+
+ Archer, Mary, 287.
+
+ Argenson, 23.
+
+ Arnold, 90.
+ Benedict, 180.
+
+ Asby, James, 125.
+
+ Ashburton, Lord, 114, 115.
+
+ Ashley, Joseph, 133, 138.
+
+ Ashton, Jacob, 131.
+
+ Astor, John Jacob, 209.
+
+ Atkins, David, 139.
+ Gibbs, 134, 137, 323.
+ Ruth, 321.
+ Thomas, 323.
+
+ Atkinson, John, 125, 132, 133, 137.
+
+ Attucks, Crispus, 44, 83.
+
+ Auchmuty, 163, 437.
+ James, 302.
+ Maria M., 304.
+ Richard, Harrison, 304.
+ Robert, 138, 142, 249, 300, 302.
+ Robert Nicholis, 304.
+ Samuel, Sir, 304.
+ Samuel, Rev., 303, 304.
+
+ Austin, Capt., 364.
+ Mrs., 364.
+
+ Avery, John, 477.
+
+ Alywin, Thomas, 125.
+
+ Ayres, Eleanor, 134.
+
+
+ Bache, Benjamin F., 75, 76.
+
+ Bacon, 439.
+
+ Badger, Moses, Rev., 134, 138, 275.
+
+ Bagley, Col., 358.
+
+ Bailey, Jacob, Rev., 399.
+
+ Baird, D., Sir. 304.
+
+ Baker, John, 134, 139.
+ Walter, 183.
+
+ Baldwin, Henry, 361.
+ Loammi, Col., 262, 266, 271, 358.
+
+ Ball, Robert, 361.
+
+ Bancroft, George, 390.
+ Rev. Dr., 391.
+
+ Bangs, Seth, 139.
+
+ Barber, Major, 406.
+
+ Barger, Philip, 448.
+
+ Barker, Ann, 310.
+
+ Barnard, John, 134.
+ Thomas, 127.
+
+ Barnes, Catherine, 400.
+ Christian Arbuthnot, 399.
+ Elizabeth, 255, 399.
+ Henry, 132, 138, 235, 399, 400, 401, 402.
+ Mr., 251.
+ Surgeon-General, 112.
+
+ Barnett, John, 239.
+
+ Barnsfare, 244.
+
+ Barre, 28, 31.
+
+ Barrell, Elizabeth, 445.
+ Jonathan Sayward, 445.
+ Mary, 445.
+ Nathaniel, 445.
+ Samuel B., 136.
+ Sarah Sayward, 445.
+ Theodore, 136.
+ Walter, 133.
+
+ Barrett, Col., 471.
+
+ Barrick, James, 133, 137.
+
+ Barron, Jonathan, 286.
+ Lucy, 286.
+
+ Barry, 218.
+
+ Barton, David, 132.
+ M., 475.
+
+ Bass, Gilman, 469.
+ Henry, 477.
+ Mr., 340.
+
+ Bath, Lord, 23.
+
+ Beaman, Thomas, 139.
+
+ Beath, Mary, 134.
+
+ Beaumarchais, 84, 85.
+
+ Beecher, Henry Ward, 111.
+
+ Belcher, Andrew, 181.
+ Eliza, 181.
+ Governor, see Jonathan.
+ Jonathan (Gov.), 181, 233, 275, 276, 344, 447.
+ Joseph (Rev.), 338.
+ Rebeccah, 338.
+ Sarah, 447.
+
+ Bennett, Barbara, 255.
+ Spencer (see Phips, Spencer), 420.
+
+ Bentham, Jeremy, 164.
+
+ Benton, Senator, (Thos. H.), 115.
+
+ Bernard, 292, 301.
+ Amelia, 201.
+ Francis, Rev., 191.
+ Francis, Sir, 35, 41, 42, 50, 137, 142, 149, 157, 176, 191,
+ 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207.
+ Godfrey, 191.
+ Governor, see Sir Francis.
+ John, 201.
+ John, Sir, 203.
+ Julia, 193, 201, 202.
+ Scrope, 201, 202.
+ Thomas, 191, 196, 197, 200, 202, 203, 204.
+
+ Berry, Edward, 137.
+ Elizabeth, 467.
+ John, 125.
+
+ Bethel, Robert, 133.
+
+ Bethune, George, 125, 239.
+ George A., 229.
+
+ Bicker, William, 342.
+
+ Bigelow, Timothy, Col., 400.
+
+ Bissett, George, 361.
+
+ Black, David, 137.
+ John, 134.
+
+ Blackburn, 444.
+ Mr. Justice, 151.
+
+ Blackstone, Mr., 364.
+ William, 217, 413.
+
+ Blackwell, John, Jr., 139.
+
+ Blair, John, 134.
+ Robert, 137.
+ William, 124.
+
+ Blanchard, 394.
+
+ Bland, 80.
+
+ Blaney, Joseph, 131.
+
+ Bligh, Thomas, 13.
+
+ Bliss, Daniel, 126, 138.
+ Jonathan, 249.
+ Samuel, 138.
+
+ Blodgett, Susannah, 261.
+ Thomas, 261.
+
+ Blowers, Sampson S., 126, 137, 249.
+ Sampson Salter, 137.
+
+ Bloye, Henry, 125.
+
+ Boardman, Andrew, 420.
+
+ Bollan, Mr., 301.
+
+ Bolton, Col., 234.
+ Mrs., 234.
+
+ Borland, 438.
+ John, 125, 409.
+ Mrs., 251.
+ Sarah, 409.
+
+ Boucher, 202.
+
+ Bourn, Edward, 139.
+ Elisha, 139.
+ Lemuel, 139.
+ William, 139.
+
+ Boutineau, James, 125, 136, 142, 448.
+ Mary Bowdoin, 448.
+ Mrs., 448.
+ Nancy, 448.
+
+ Bowen, John, 134, 139.
+ Nathan, 128.
+
+ Bowes, Ann Whitney, 224.
+ Arthur, 224.
+ Dorcas Champney, 224.
+ Edmund Elford, 224.
+ Emily, 224.
+ Harriet Troutbeck, 224.
+ Lucy Hancock, 224.
+ Martha Remington, 224.
+ Martin (Sir), 224.
+ Mary Stoddard, 224.
+ Nicholas, 224.
+ Sarah, 224.
+ Sarah Hubbard, 224.
+ William, 125, 132, 134, 137, 224, 225.
+
+ Bowditch, 412.
+ Joseph, 131.
+
+ Bowdoin, 163, 165.
+ Elizabeth, 448.
+ James, 29, 399, 402, 428, 437.
+ Judith, 403.
+ Mary, 448.
+ Peter, 448.
+
+ Bowman, Archibald, 132, 134.
+
+ Boyd, Gen., 104.
+
+ Boydell, Alderman, 218.
+
+ Boyer, Daniel, 409.
+
+ Boyle, John, 405.
+
+ Boyleston, Mr., 250.
+
+ Boylston, Ward Nicholas, 249.
+
+ Braddock, Gen., 19, 51, 179.
+
+ Bradford, Gov., 434.
+
+ Bradish, Ebenezer, 126.
+ Mr., 388.
+
+ Bradshaw, Sarah Thompson, 297.
+
+ Bradstreet, 11, 17.
+ Simon, 458.
+
+ Bragdon, Capt., 443.
+
+ Brandon, 134.
+
+ Brattle, Katherine, 295.
+ Katherine Saltonstall, 296, 297.
+ Thomas, 137, 294, 296.
+ William, 132, 134, 161, 294, 295, 296, 435.
+
+ Braxton, 80.
+
+ Bray, John, 205, 208.
+ Margery, 205.
+
+ Breck, Abigail, 313.
+ John, 313.
+ Margaret, 313.
+
+ Brewer, Daniel, 140.
+ Joseph, 424.
+
+ Breynton, Rev. Dr., 348.
+
+ Bridgewater, Chief Justice, 279.
+ Mary, 279.
+
+ Bridgham, Ebenezer, 125, 133, 137.
+ Hannah, 358.
+ Joseph, 358.
+
+ Briggs, Mathyas, 285.
+
+ Brigham, Ebenezer, 132.
+
+ Bright, John, 110.
+
+ Brimmer, Martin, 196.
+
+ Brindley, see Brinley.
+
+ Brinley, also Brindley.
+ Catherine Craddock, 396.
+ Deborah, 377, 396.
+ Edward, 396.
+ Elizabeth, 396.
+ Elizabeth Pitts, 397.
+ Francis, 377, 396.
+ George, 125, 132, 137.
+ Mary Apthorp, 396.
+ Mrs. (Nathaniel), 397.
+ Nathaniel, 132, 396.
+ Robert, 397.
+ Sylvester Oliver, 190.
+ Thomas, 125, 132, 134, 137, 249, 395, 396, 397.
+
+ Britton, David, 131.
+
+ Brock, Gen., 103, 441.
+
+ Broderick, John, 134.
+
+ Brooks, Susanna, 298.
+
+ Broomer, Joshua, 139.
+
+ Brown, Abishai (Capt.), 475.
+ Capt., 400, 401.
+ Gawler, 280.
+ Gen., 104.
+ Lieut., 353.
+ Mary, 428.
+ Mather, 280.
+ Shearjashub, 126.
+ Thomas, 134.
+ William, 138, 428.
+
+ Browne, 250.
+ Elizabeth, 242.
+ Hannah Curwin, 449.
+ Judge, 448.
+ Mary, 463.
+ Samuel, 449.
+ Simon, 449.
+ William, 131, 136, 142, 189, 449, 450, 451, 461, 463.
+
+ Bruce, James, 137.
+
+ Brunsden, Charles, 220.
+
+ Bryant, Seth, 139.
+
+ Brymer, Alexander, 137.
+
+ Bubler, Joseph, 128.
+
+ Buckminster, Col., 425.
+
+ Bulfinch, Charles, 352, 354.
+ Susan Apthorp, 353.
+ Thomas, 349, 354.
+
+ Bumpus, Thomas, 139.
+
+ Bumstead, Thomas, 307.
+
+ Burch, William, 137, 142, 319.
+
+ Burden, William, 139.
+
+ Bureau, Ann, 229.
+
+ Burgoyne, Gen., 84, 85, 250.
+
+ Burke, 28, 31, 164.
+
+ Burnett, Gov., 449.
+
+ Burr, Aaron, 180.
+
+ Burrell, Colbourn, 125.
+ Martha, 356.
+
+ Burton, Jane, 427.
+ Mary, 134.
+ William, 125, 137.
+
+ Bush, David, 139.
+
+ Bute, Lord, 40, 153, 481.
+
+ Butler, Benjamin F., 109.
+ Dr., 353.
+ Gen., 111.
+ Gilliam, 134.
+
+ Buttrick, Maj., 471.
+
+ Byfield, Deborah, 447.
+ Nathaniel, 447.
+
+ Byles, Anna, 280.
+ Belcher, 280.
+ Elizabeth, 275, 280.
+ Josiah, 275.
+ Mather, Rev., 134, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 410.
+ Mather, Jr., 137, 279.
+ Mather (3), 279, 280.
+ Rebecca, 279.
+ Sarah, 275.
+
+ Bymer, Alexander, 132.
+
+
+ Cabot, 251.
+ Francis, 127, 131.
+ George, 459.
+ William, 131, 249.
+
+ Calef, John, 480.
+
+ Calhoun, John C., 102, 116, 180.
+
+ Callahan, Charles, 140.
+
+ Callendar, Edward B., 5.
+
+ Callender, James Thompson, 76.
+
+ Camden, 28.
+
+ Campbell, Alexander, 312.
+ Duncan, 404.
+ Elizabeth, 256.
+ John, 404.
+ Thomas, 255.
+ William, 134.
+
+ Caner, Ann, 347.
+ Henry (Rev. Dr.), 134, 202, 346, 347, 348, 349, 411.
+
+ Canner, Henry, 137.
+
+ Canning, 77.
+
+ Capen, Hopestil, 125.
+
+ Carew, Charles Hallowell, 284.
+ Robert Hallowell, 284.
+
+ Carleton, Guy (Sir), 234, 237, 241, 242, 244, 396.
+
+ Carlisle, Earl of, 413.
+ Mr., 55.
+
+ Carpenter, 251.
+
+ Carr, Mr., 134.
+ Patrick, 46.
+ Robert (Sir), 13, 14.
+
+ Carroll, Charles, 31, 80.
+ John (Rev.), 31, 32.
+
+ Carter (Lieut.), 89.
+
+ Cartwright, Geo. (Col.), 13, 14.
+
+ Carver, Caleb, 139.
+ Melzor, 134, 139.
+
+ Cary (Dr.), 353.
+ Nathaniel, 125, 132.
+
+ Cazneau, Andrew, 126, 132, 134, 137.
+ William, 125, 132.
+
+ Cednor, William, 134.
+
+ Chambers, Rebecca, 452.
+
+ Chace (see also Chase).
+ Ami, 139.
+ Levi, 139.
+ Shadrach, 139.
+
+ Chadwell, Abraham, 374.
+ M. A., 374.
+ Samuel, 133.
+
+ Chalmers, (Richard-?-), 212.
+
+ Chamberlain, Joseph, 8.
+ Mrs., 358.
+
+ Champney, Dorcas, 224.
+
+ Chandler, Ann, Leonard, 392.
+ Annice, 388.
+ Clark, 390.
+ Dorothy, Paine, 390.
+ Dr., 212.
+ Eleanor Putnam, 391.
+ Elizabeth Ruggles, 379.
+ Gardner, 139, 391.
+ Hannah Gardner, 389.
+ John, 35, 132, 134, 139, 383, 385, 388, 389, 390, 391.
+ John (Col.), 389.
+ Lucretia, 382.
+ Nathaniel, 133, 134, 139, 391.
+ Rufus, 126, 139, 379, 385, 390.
+ Sarah, 383.
+ William, 133, 134, 139, 388, 399.
+
+ Channing, Dr., 114.
+
+ Charles I., 10, 427.
+
+ Charles II., 11, 12, 16.
+
+ Chase (see also Chace and Speakman, 477).
+ Samuel, 31.
+ Thomas, 477.
+
+ Chatham, 25, 28, 31.
+
+ Chauncy (Rev. Dr.), 321.
+
+ Checkley, Anthony, 308.
+
+ Cheever, Ezekiel, 406, 463.
+ Joshua, 423.
+ Mary, 414.
+
+ Chickatabut, 365.
+
+ Child, Isabella, 442.
+ Susan, 442.
+ Susannah, 439.
+ Thomas, 442, 465.
+ Thomas Hale, 442.
+
+ Chipman, Hannah Warren, 431.
+ Hope Howland, 431.
+ John, 431, 432.
+ John (Rev.), 431.
+ Rebecca Hale, 431.
+ Samuel, 431.
+ Ward, 133, 431, 432, 436.
+
+ Church, Benjamin, 137, 166, 286, 406, 454.
+ Benjamin, Jr., 417.
+ Colonel, 390.
+ Mary, 390.
+
+ Ciely, John, 133.
+
+ Clap, Rachel, 333.
+
+ Clarence, Duke of, 243.
+
+ Clark (see also Clarke).
+ Benjamin, 124, 415.
+ Isaac, 137.
+ John, 137, 415.
+ Jonathan, 137, 249.
+
+ Clark, Mary, 188.
+ Richard, 132, 137, 249.
+ Samuel, 415.
+ Sarah, 383.
+ Thomas, 260.
+ Timothy, 383.
+ William, 188, 415.
+
+ Clarke (see also Clark), 60.
+ Anne, 394.
+ Francis, 405.
+ Isaac Winslow, 245, 409.
+ Jonathan, 407, 409.
+ Margaret Winslow, 245.
+ Richard, 165, 216, 217, 245, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409.
+ Susan, 409.
+ and Sons, 405.
+
+ Clay, Henry, 102, 180.
+
+ Cleveland, President, 117.
+
+ Cleverly, 438.
+
+ Clinton, Henry (Sir), 467, 482.
+
+ Cobb, Nicholas, 139.
+
+ Cochrane, Alexander (Sir), 240.
+ Capt. 51.
+
+ Codner, William, 124, 132, 137.
+
+ Coffin, Ann, 243, 446.
+ Ann Holmes, 446.
+ Aston (Sir), 283.
+ Caroline, 239.
+ Ebenezer, 234.
+ Elizabeth, 233.
+ Elizabeth Amory, 344.
+ Elizabeth Barnes, 399.
+ Francis Holmes, 245.
+ Froman H. (Admiral), 233.
+ Guy Carleton (Gen.), 238.
+ Hector (Capt.), 243.
+ Henry Edward, 238.
+ Isaac, Sir (Admiral), 233, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 283,
+ 400, 442.
+ Isaac Sir (Gen.), 245.
+ Isabella, 244.
+ James, 233, 245.
+ John, 125, 137, 234, 243, 244, 245, 442.
+ John (Gen.), 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 242, 243, 283, 400.
+ John T. (Admiral), 242.
+ John Townsend, 238.
+ Jonathan Perry, 243.
+ Lieut. Col., 244.
+ Margaret, 244.
+ Margrate, 442.
+ Mary, 239.
+ Nathaniel, 125, 132, 133, 137, 233, 234, 235, 239, 243, 245,
+ 249, 251, 350, 399, 446.
+ Nathaniel, Jr., 125.
+ T. (Admiral), 238.
+ Thomas, 245.
+ Thomas Aston, 234.
+ Thomas Aston (Sir), 233, 243.
+ Tristram, 233, 243.
+ William, 125, 134, 137, 233, 234, 235, 243, 245, 309, 344, 350,
+ 446.
+ William, Jr., 132, 134, 234.
+ William Foster, 245.
+
+ Collins, Stephen, 248.
+
+ Colonial Club, 183.
+
+ Conant, Col., 479.
+
+ Congreve, Mary, 215.
+ William (Sir), 215.
+
+ Conkey, Israel, 139.
+
+ Connors, Mrs., 134.
+
+ Converse, Hannah, 261.
+
+ Cook, Robert, 134.
+
+ Cookson, 133.
+
+ Cooley, John, 134.
+
+ Coombs, Mr., 252.
+
+ Cooper, Jacob, 312.
+ Samuel, 163.
+ William, 314.
+
+ Coote, Eyre, 414.
+
+ Coores, 414.
+
+ Copley, Elizabeth Clark, 221.
+ Georgiana, Susan, 221.
+
+ Copley, John Singleton, 125, 165, 216, 217, 218, 219, 249, 280,
+ 394, 404, 409, 412, 413, 444.
+ John Singleton (2) (See also Lyndhurst, Lord), 219, 220,
+ 221, 283.
+
+ Copley, Richard, 216.
+ Sarah Elizabeth, 221.
+ Sophia, Clarence, 221.
+ Susan Penelope, 221.
+
+ Cornwallis, 236, 251.
+
+ Corwell, Anna, 223.
+ Jemima, 223.
+ Richard, 223.
+
+ Cotton, John, 145, 338.
+ Maria, 338.
+ Mr., 272.
+
+ Courtney, Thomas, 132, 134, 137.
+
+ Cousins, John, 443.
+
+ Cox, Edward, 125, 137.
+
+ Cradock, Catherine, 396.
+ Elizabeth, 396.
+ George, 396.
+
+ Crage, James, 139.
+
+ Cragie, Lord, 442.
+ Mrs., 442.
+
+ Craigie, Admiral, 244.
+ John, 244.
+ Lord, 244.
+
+ Cranch, 334.
+
+ Crane, Ellery B., 475.
+ Major, 194.
+
+ Crehore, Zeedah, 129.
+
+ Cromwell, Oliver, 11, 71, 122, 417, 433, 439.
+
+ Crowne, William (Col.), 12.
+
+ Cummins, A., 134.
+ E., 134.
+
+ Cunningham, Archibald, 132, 137, 451.
+
+ Curtice (See also Curtis).
+ Mary, 423.
+ Samuel, 423.
+
+ Curtis (See also Curtice).
+ Charles, 132, 138.
+ Obediah, 425.
+
+ Curwen, George, 246, 254, 447, 449, 461.
+ Hannah, 449.
+ Jonathan, 246.
+ Samuel, 64, 131, 246, 247, 254.
+ Susannah, 447.
+
+ Cushen, John, 285.
+
+ Cushing, William, 189.
+
+ Cushman, Elkanah, 133.
+
+ Cutler, Ebenezer, 134, 139, 468, 469, 470.
+ John, 230, 468.
+ Mary, 230, 468.
+ Mary Hicks, 470.
+ Mary Marsh, 468.
+ May Stockwell, 468.
+ Miriam, 469, 470.
+ Miriam Eager, 468.
+ Olivia Dickson, 470.
+ Rebecca, 470.
+ Samuel, 468.
+ Zackeus, 468.
+
+ Cutts, Joseph (Capt.), 209.
+ Sally, 209.
+ Thomas, 208.
+
+
+ Dabney, Nathaniel, 127.
+
+ Dalglish, Andrew, 127, 131.
+
+ Danforth, Judge, 187.
+ Samuel, 136.
+ Thomas, 126, 134, 138.
+
+ Daphne (a slave), 400.
+
+ Dartmouth, Lord, 162, 291, 292.
+
+ Daubney (See also Dabney).
+ Nathaniel, 131.
+
+ Davenport, Addington, 232.
+ Jane, 232.
+ Samuel, 129, 130.
+
+ Davie, 86.
+
+ Davis, Ann, 288.
+ Benjamin, 125, 132, 137.
+ Governor, 390.
+ Isaac (Capt.), 471.
+ James, 324.
+ Jefferson, 110, 111, 112.
+ Miss, 251.
+
+ Dawes, William, 479.
+
+ Daws, Edward, 359.
+
+ D'Bernicre (Ensign), 400.
+
+ D'Estaing (Admiral), 240, 430.
+
+ De Brisay (see Des' Brisay).
+
+ De Chatillon, 445.
+
+ De Grasse, 240, 252, 283, 428.
+
+ De la Bere, David, 235.
+
+ De Lancey, 431.
+ Oliver, 396.
+
+ De Viomel, 430.
+
+ Deane, Silas, 84, 102.
+
+ Dearborn (Gen.), 104, 441.
+
+ Debarrett, Mrs., 248.
+
+ Deblois (including De Blois).
+ Ann, 446.
+ Ann Coffin, 446.
+ Ann Farley, 445.
+ Elizabeth Cranton, 446.
+ Elizabeth Jenkins, 446.
+ Etienne, 445.
+ George, 131, 446.
+ Gilbert, 125, 132, 134, 137, 306, 307, 446.
+ James Smith, 306.
+ Lewis, 125, 132, 134, 137, 223, 446.
+ Mrs., 234.
+ Ruth, 223.
+ Stephen, 445.
+
+ Dechezzar, Adam, 134.
+
+ Decrow, Thomas, 139.
+
+ Deering, James, 399.
+
+ Dennie, William, 406.
+
+ Dennison, Samuel, 387.
+
+ Derby, Richard, Jr., 127.
+
+ Des' Brisay, Thomas (Gen.), 280.
+
+ Devens, Richard, 405.
+
+ Devereaux, Anna, 222.
+ Hannah, 222.
+ John, 222.
+
+ Dewey, George (Admiral), 118.
+
+ Dexter, Aaron, 344.
+
+ Dexter, Mrs., 234.
+ Rebecca Amory, 344.
+
+ Dickenson, Nathaniel, 134, 138.
+
+ Dickerson, William, 132.
+
+ Dickson, Olivia, 470.
+ William, 124.
+
+ Dieskau, Baron, 19, 226.
+
+ Digby, Admiral, 268, 269.
+ John (Sir), 462.
+
+ Dillon, 110.
+
+ Doolittle, Amos, 476.
+
+ Dorchester Historical Society, 184.
+
+ Dorchester, Lord (see also Sir Guy Carleton), 234.
+
+ Dougherty, Edward, 134.
+
+ Dowse, Joseph, 131.
+
+ Doyle, Major, 268.
+
+ Doyley, Francis, 134.
+ John, 134.
+
+ Drake, Samuel G., 43.
+
+ Draper, Ann, 404.
+ Edward, 404.
+ John, 404.
+ Margaret, 134, 404, 405.
+ Richard, 361, 404, 405.
+ William, 404.
+
+ Driver, Richard, 225.
+
+ Duane, 102.
+ William, 76.
+
+ Duche, Jacob (Rev.), 78, 83.
+
+ Duddington (Lieut.), 52.
+
+ Dudley, Charles, 133.
+ Joseph (Gov.), 410.
+ Katherine, 410.
+ Rebecca, 456.
+ William, 410.
+
+ Duelly, William, 134.
+
+ Dulaney (Daniel ?), 212.
+
+ Dumaresq, Capt., 445.
+ Philip, 125, 132, 133, 137, 316.
+ Rebecca, Gardiner, 316.
+
+ Dummer, Jane, 454.
+
+ Dunbar, Daniel, 138, 421.
+ Jessie, 421.
+ Joseph, 421.
+ Robert, 421.
+ Rose, 421.
+ William, 254.
+
+ Duncan, Alexander, 134.
+ James (Major), 273.
+
+ Dunlap, Daniel, 134.
+
+ Dunn, Samuel, 430.
+
+ Dunning, Mr., 164.
+
+ Du Portail, 25.
+
+ Dupuis, Abram, 405.
+
+ Durham, 458.
+
+ Du Vassall (see also Vassall), 285.
+
+ Duyer, Edward, 133.
+
+ Dysart, Hugh, 470.
+ Robert J., 470.
+
+
+ Eager, James, 468.
+ John, 139.
+ Miriam, 468.
+ Mrs., 469, 470.
+
+ Earl, James, 468.
+
+ East India Company, 124.
+
+ Eastwicke, Guzzel, 351.
+ John, 351.
+
+ Eaton, Benjamin, 397.
+
+ Eckley, Thomas E., 395.
+ Julia Ann Jeffries, 395.
+
+ Edgar, James, 139.
+
+ Edward IV., 427.
+ VII., 433.
+
+ Edwards, Thomas, 411.
+ Mary Johonnot, 411.
+
+ Edson, Josiah, 133, 136, 138, 142.
+
+ Eldridge, Joshua, 139.
+
+ Eliot, Andrew, 160.
+ Andrew (Rev.), 348.
+ Asaph, 290.
+ Elizabeth, 290.
+ Jacob, 309.
+ John, 309.
+ John (Rev.), 338, 355.
+ William, 272.
+
+ Ellis, Ephraim, Jr., 139.
+ Joshua, 418.
+
+ Ellsworth, 86, 108.
+
+ Emerson, John, 134.
+ William (Rev.), 471.
+
+ Emsley, Chief Justice, 282.
+ Mrs., 282.
+
+ Endicott, John (Gov.), 10.
+
+ Eppes, Abigail, 314, 317.
+ Love, 215, 317.
+ William, 316.
+
+ Erving, Abigail, 298.
+ Col., 250.
+ George, 125, 133, 137, 142, 292, 293, 299.
+ John, 132, 133, 298, 306, 399.
+ John, Jr., 125, 136, 137, 142.
+ Maria Catherine, 299.
+ Mr., 320.
+ Shirley (Dr.), 299.
+
+ Etter, Peter, 134.
+
+ Eustis (Gov.), 179.
+ William (Dr.), 335.
+
+ Evans, 133.
+
+ Everett, Edward, 184.
+ Oliver, 184.
+
+ Eyre, John, 394.
+ Katherine, 394.
+
+
+ Fairfax, Lord, 179, 481.
+
+ Fales, 228.
+
+ Faneuil, 60, 250, 251, 406.
+ Andrew, 230.
+ Benjamin, 134, 137, 165, 229.
+ Benjamin, Jr., 132.
+ Jane, 232.
+ Mary, 232.
+ Mary Ann, 232.
+ Peter, 165, 229, 230, 231, 232, 351, 415, 448.
+
+ Farbrace, Miss, 428.
+
+ Farley, Ann, 445.
+
+ Farnum, Susannah, 216.
+
+ Fellows, Gustavus, 397.
+
+ Fenton, Capt., 448.
+
+ Ferguson, Major, 90.
+
+ Fields, Joseph, 477.
+
+ Finney, Francis, 139.
+ John, 131.
+ Wilfret, 134, 137.
+
+ Fisk, John, 397.
+
+ Fitch, 212.
+ Martha, 295.
+ Samuel, 126, 132, 134, 137, 142.
+
+ Fitzclarence, Mary, 289.
+
+ Fitzmaurice, Elizabeth.
+
+ Flagg, Samuel, 131.
+
+ Fleming, John, 138.
+
+ Fletcher, Robert, 293.
+
+ Flucker, Elizabeth Luist, 402.
+
+ Flucker, Hannah, 404.
+ Hannah Waldo, 403.
+ James, 402.
+ Judith Bowdoin, 403.
+ Lucy, 403.
+ Mrs., 134.
+ Sally, 404.
+ Thomas, 136, 137, 142, 159, 249, 402, 403, 404.
+ Thomas, Jr., 403.
+
+ Foote, 349.
+
+ Forbes, John (Rev.), 257, 260.
+ Dorothy, 258.
+
+ Forest, James, 134.
+
+ Formon, Sarah, 360.
+
+ Forrest, James, 125, 137.
+ James (Capt.), 228.
+
+ Foster, Comfort, 183.
+ Edward, 125, 134.
+ Edward, Jr., 134, 137.
+ Grace, 353.
+ Jonathan, 298.
+ Mary, 353.
+ Thomas, 133, 134.
+
+ Fowle, Col., 461.
+ Elizabeth Prescott, 422.
+ Jacob, 128.
+ John, 128, 422.
+ Rebecca, 422.
+
+ Fowler, Professor, 474, 475.
+
+ Fox (Charles James), 28, 31, 165, 289.
+
+ Francis, Sarah, 466.
+
+ Frankland, Agnes (Lady), 417, 418.
+
+ Frankland, Charles Henry Sir, (alias Sir Henry and Sir Harry),
+ 416, 417, 418, 439.
+
+ Franklin, Benjamin, 5, 22, 24, 25, 26, 31, 37, 38, 75, 91, 102,
+ 115, 152, 163, 164, 181, 214, 280, 362, 367, 481, 482.
+ William (Sir), 214, 481, 482.
+ William Temple, 482.
+
+ Frary, Mehitable, 308, 309.
+ Theophilus, 309.
+
+ Frazer, Nathan, 350, 351.
+ Rebecca, 351.
+
+ Freeman 76.
+ James, 288.
+
+ Freneau, Philip, 75.
+
+ Frye, P., 131.
+
+ Full, Thomas, 134.
+
+
+ Gage, Thomas (General and Governor), 50, 52, 58, 127, 131, 132,
+ 144, 168, 187, 189, 200, 295, 306, 344, 397, 400, 408, 413,
+ 446.
+
+ Gale, Anna, 275. Ruth 286.
+
+ Gallison, John, 128.
+
+ Gallop, Antill, 411.
+
+ Gallop, Joan, 411.
+
+ Galloway (Richard), 212.
+
+ Golway, William, 138.
+
+ Gambin, Admiral, 467.
+
+ G. A. R., 120.
+
+ Gardiner, Abigail, 316.
+ Ann, 316.
+ Ann Gibbons, 314.
+ Benoni, 313.
+ Catherine Goldthwait, 314.
+ Hannah, 281, 316, 377, 389.
+ Henry, 131, 335, 345.
+ John, 102, 315, 316, 377, 389.
+ John Sylvester John, 316.
+ Jonathan 251.
+ Joseph, 313.
+ Lucretia Chandler, 377.
+ Mrs., 250.
+ Rebecca, 316.
+ Robert Hallowell, 315, 316.
+ Svlvanus, 316.
+ Sylvester (also Silvester) 125, 132, 137.
+ (Dr.), 134, 281, 313, 314, 315, 316.
+ Weld, 131.
+ William, 313, 316.
+
+ Garrick, Mr. (David), 249.
+
+ Garrison, 48.
+ Gates, General, 85.
+
+ Gay, Ebenezer (Rev.), 321.
+ Ebenezer, 324.
+ Joanna, 321.
+ John, 321.
+ Jotham, 322.
+ Lydia Lusher, 321.
+ Martin, 125, 132, 134, 137.
+ Martin, Capt., 321, 322, 323, 324, 325.
+
+ Gay, Mary, 323.
+ Mary Pinckney, 321.
+ Nathaniel, 321.
+ Ruth, 323, 324.
+ Ruth Atkins, 321.
+ Samuel, 324.
+ W. Allen, 322.
+ Wickworth Allen, 324.
+
+ Gayer (see also Geyer).
+ John (Sir), 233.
+ William, 233, 350.
+
+ George (Capt.), 17.
+
+ George III., 83, 97.
+
+ Geray, Sarah, 220.
+ Thomas (Lt. Col.), 221.
+
+ Germain, Lord George, 213, 267, 280.
+
+ Gerrish, Cabot, 131.
+ Joseph, 336.
+ Mary, 336.
+ William, 131.
+
+ Gerry, Elbridge (Gov.), 188, 450.
+
+ Getchell, Dorothy, 467.
+
+ Gettemy, Charles J., 477.
+
+ Geyer, Damaris, 350.
+ Frederick William, 137, 350, 351.
+ Henry Christian, 350.
+ Maria Guard, 350.
+ Nancy, 350.
+ William, 350.
+
+ Gibbons, Ann, 314.
+ John, 314.
+
+ Gibbs, Henry (Sir), 246.
+
+ Gilbert, Bradford, 139.
+ Perez, 139.
+ Samuel, 134, 139.
+
+ Gilbert, Thomas, 134, 139.
+ Thomas, Jr., 139.
+
+ Glover, Jonathan, 128.
+
+ Gladstone (William E.), 110.
+
+ Goffe, 12.
+
+ Goldsbury, Samuel, 134, 138.
+
+ Goldsmith, Georgiana, 221.
+ Lewis, 221.
+
+ Goldthwait, Benjamin, 339.
+ Catherine, 314, 357, 402.
+ Catherine Barnes, 400.
+ Charles, 361.
+ Elizabeth, 355.
+ Ezekiel, 125, 334, 356, 358.
+ Hannah, 358, 359.
+ Hannah Bridgham, 358.
+ Henry (Lieut.), 360.
+ Henry Barnes, 361.
+ Jane Halsey, 355.
+ John, 355, 356.
+ Joseph, 125, 137, 356, 358, 359, 360.
+ Martha Lewis, 356.
+ Mary Jordan, 359.
+ Mehitable, 355.
+ Michael B., 125, 132, 360.
+ Philip (Capt.), 359.
+ Rachel, 355.
+ Samuel, 355, 360.
+ Sarah, 355.
+ Sarah Formen, 360.
+ Sarah Hopkins, 355.
+ Sarah Winch, 360.
+ Thomas, 355, 356, 357, 360, 400.
+
+ Goodale, Nathan, 127, 131.
+
+ Goodhue, Jonathan, 131.
+
+ Gordon, Hugh Mackay, 283.
+
+ Gore, Abigail, 392.
+ Christopher (Gov.), 394.
+ Elizabeth Weld, 392.
+ Frances Pinckney, 392.
+ Hannah, 392.
+ John, 125, 132, 134, 137, 392.
+ Mary, 392.
+ Mylain, 392.
+ Obadiah, 392.
+ Rebecca Payne, 394.
+ Rhoda, 392.
+ Samuel, 392, 422.
+ Sarah Kilby, 392.
+
+ Gorham, David, 126.
+ Nathaniel, 253.
+
+ Goss, Phebe, 286.
+
+ Gould, Anne, 281.
+ General, 281.
+
+ Gouldthwaight, Thos. (see Goldthwaite), 355.
+
+ Grant, Charles, 239.
+ Ebenezer (Capt.), 481.
+ Gen., 111, 120.
+ James, 131, 134.
+ Major, 237.
+
+ Grattan, Thomas Colley, 114.
+
+ Graves (Admiral), 240, 314.
+ John, 140.
+
+ Gray, 60.
+ Andrew, 134.
+ Benjamin Gerrish, 336.
+ Edward, 334.
+ Elizabeth, 336.
+ Ellis, 426.
+ Harrison, 125, 133, 136, 137, 142, 249, 280, 319, 334, 336, 345.
+ Harrison, Jr., 125, 137.
+ Gray, Horace, 29n, 151.
+ John, 134, 336.
+ Joseph, 336.
+ Lewis, 132, 137.
+ Mary, 134.
+ Mary Gerrish, 336.
+ Rebecca, 336.
+ Susannah, 334.
+ Thomas, 125.
+ William, 336, 432, 451.
+
+ Grazebrook, Avery, 454.
+ Margaret, 454.
+
+ Grazier, Col., 237.
+
+ Greathouse, 90.
+
+ Greecart, John, 132.
+
+ Green (see also Greene).
+ Abigail, 413.
+ Bartholomew, 404, 405.
+ Benjamin, 125.
+ Benjamin. Jr., 125.
+ David, 125, 137, 249.
+ Francis, 125, 132, 134, 137.
+ Gen., 267.
+ Jeremiah, 124.
+ Joseph, 125, 136, 137, 249.
+ Joseph, Rev., 378.
+ Mr., 249.
+ Phoebe, 290.
+ Richard, 132.
+ Rufus, 125.
+ Thomas, 404.
+
+ Greene, Catherine, 345.
+ David, 249, 372.
+ Gardiner, 218, 221, 230, 394.
+ Hannah, 392.
+ Martha, 345.
+ Martha B., 221.
+ Mary, 345.
+ Nathaniel, 354, 424.
+ Rufus, 345.
+ Singleton Copley, 394.
+
+ Greenfield, Ann, 222.
+ Hannah, 222, 467.
+ Peter, 222.
+
+ Greenlaw, John, 124, 137.
+
+ Greenleaf, Hannah, 352.
+ Joseph, 454.
+ Stephen, 132, 352.
+
+ Greenough, Thomas, 416.
+ William, 275.
+
+ Greenwood, Mr., 363.
+ Nathaniel, 125.
+ Samuel, 134.
+
+ Grenville, George (Lord Chancellor of Exchequer), 22, 24 37,
+ 38, 151, 198.
+
+ Gridley, Benjamin, 125, 126, 132, 134, 137.
+ Jeremy, 193, 455.
+
+ Griffin, Edmund, 134.
+
+ Griffith, Mrs., 134.
+
+ Grison, Edward, 134.
+
+ Grozart, John, 134.
+
+ Guard, Maria, 350.
+
+ Guild, Curtis, Jr., 326.
+
+
+ Hale, Mary P., 442.
+ Rebecca, 431.
+ Roger, 439.
+ Samuel, 135.
+
+ Hall, Adam, (3rd), 139.
+ Ebenezer (Jr.), 298.
+ James, 124, 137, 354.
+ Luke, 134, 139.
+
+ Hallowell, 35, 154, 302, 437.
+ Ann, 281.
+ Benjamin, 133, 320.
+ Benjamin (Capt.), 281, 282.
+ Benjamin (Admiral), 284.
+ Benjamin (Sir), 283 (see Carew).
+ Hannah, 281.
+ Hannah Gardiner, 316.
+ Henry, 142.
+ Robert, 132, 133, 137, 251, 281, 316.
+ Rebecca, 134.
+ Sarah, 281.
+ Ward, Nicholas (see Boylston), 282.
+
+ Halsey, Jane, 355.
+
+ Halson, Henry, 137.
+
+ Hamilton, Alexander, 66, 75, 77, 352.
+ Franklin (Rev.), 472.
+ John C., 352.
+ Mary Eliza Heuvel, 352.
+
+ Hammock, Sarah, 332.
+
+ Hammond, Green, 133.
+
+ Hancock, John, 5, 35, 42, 48, 49, 50, 59, 79, 153, 160, 161, 165,
+ 166, 224, 281, 288, 298, 315, 319, 320, 322, 335, 366, 430,
+ 455.
+
+ Hancock, Lucy, 224.
+ Thomas, 224.
+
+ Handley, 472, 473, 475.
+
+ Harcourt, Vernon (Sir), 29.
+
+ Hardwicke, Lord, 24.
+
+ Harris, Benjamin, 223.
+ Lucy Devereaux, 223.
+ Mary, 223.
+
+ Harrison, Joseph, 319, 320, 321, 439.
+ Richard Acklom, 320.
+ Susannah, 334.
+
+ Hassam, John T., 174.
+
+ Hatch, Addington, 430.
+ Christopher, 137, 430.
+ Col., 425.
+ Elizabeth Lloyd, 430.
+ Estes (Col.), 429.
+ Harris, 430.
+ Hawes, 134, 137, 431.
+ Jane, 430.
+ Mary, 430.
+
+ Nathaniel, 125, 133, 138, 142, 407, 429, 430.
+ Paxton, 430.
+ Susannah, 430.
+
+ Hathaway, Calvin, 139.
+ Ebenezer, Jr., 139.
+ Luther, 139.
+ Shadrach, 139.
+
+ Haven, G. C., 395.
+ Katherine Jeffries, 395.
+
+ Haward, John, 197.
+
+ Hawley, Joseph, 161.
+
+ Hawthorn (Justice), 246.
+
+ Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 194.
+
+ Hay, Dr., 262.
+
+ Hazen, Elizabeth, 432.
+ R. L., 377.
+ William, 432.
+
+ Heard, Isaac (Sir), 300.
+
+ Heath, William, 135.
+
+ Hefferson, Jane, 135.
+
+ Henly, Samuel, 349.
+
+ Henchman, Thomas (Major), 355.
+
+ Henderson, James, 134, 137.
+ Mr., 406.
+
+ Henry, Patrick, 36, 37, 40, 83.
+
+ Hester, John, 135.
+
+ Heuvel, Charlotte Augusta Apthorp, 352.
+ John Cornelius Vanden, 352.
+ Mary Eliza, 352.
+
+ Hichborn, Benjamin (Col.), 183.
+ Samuel, 183.
+
+ Hicks, Colonel, 470.
+ John, 134, 138.
+ Mary, 470.
+
+ Higginson, Henry, 131.
+ Stephen, 131.
+
+ Hill, Henry, 368, 373.
+ William, 134.
+
+ Hillsborough (Earl of), 159, 200, 367.
+
+ Hinkly, Richard, 128.
+
+ Hinston, John, 137.
+
+ Hirons, Richard, 125.
+
+ Hirst, Grove, 207.
+ Mary, 207.
+
+ Hitchcock, E. A., 112.
+ Gen., 111.
+
+ Hoar, George F. (Senator), 5, 475.
+
+ Hobby, Ann, 416.
+
+ Hodges, Samuel, 137.
+
+ Holland, Georgianna Anne, 289.
+ Henry, 289.
+ Lady (see Webster, Elizabeth), 289.
+ Lord, 289.
+ Mary Elizabeth (see Lilford), 289.
+ Richard, 139.
+
+ Holmes, Benjamin M(ulberry), 125, 132, 134, 137.
+ Francis, 343.
+ Rebecca, 343.
+
+ Holton, Samuel, 450.
+
+ Holyoke, E. A., 127, 131.
+ Edward, 379.
+ Edward A. (Dr.), 385.
+ Edward H., 379.
+
+ Hombersley, Ruth, 177.
+
+ Homer, Michael, 412.
+ Sarah, 412.
+ Sarah Kneeland, 412.
+
+ Honourable Artillery Company, 118.
+
+ Hood, Admiral, 240, 284.
+
+ Hooper, Ann, 467.
+ Anna Corwell, 223.
+ Alice Tucker, 222.
+ Elizabeth Whittaker, 224.
+ Greenfield, 222.
+ Henry, 222.
+ Jacob, 134.
+ John, 222.
+ Joseph, 128, 223.
+ "King," 221, 222, 223.
+ Mary Harris, 223.
+ Mary McNeil, 223.
+ Rev. M., 339, 342, 398.
+ Robert, 128, 136, 222, 223, 224, 460.
+ Robert, Jr., 128.
+ Robert, 3d, 128.
+ Sweet, 128, 223.
+
+ Hopkins, Mr., 335.
+ Sarah, 355.
+
+ Horn, Henry, 135.
+
+ Horrey, Col., 267.
+
+ Horsemauden, Samuel, 302.
+
+ Horton, Benjamin, 129.
+
+ Hosmer, Abner, 471.
+ Joseph, 271.
+
+ Hotham, 283.
+
+ House, Joseph, 134, 139.
+
+ Houston, Rebecca, 343.
+
+ Hovey, C. F. & Co., 350.
+
+ How, Josiah, 129, 130.
+
+ Howe, Abraham, 361.
+ Gen., 250, 266, 344, 345, 410.
+ Isaac, 361.
+ James Murray, 260.
+ John, 138, 361, 362, 363, 364, 405.
+ Joseph, 361, 363, 364.
+ Lord, 20, 79, 81, 192.
+ Martha (Mrs.), 364.
+ Murray, 257.
+ Sarah, 364.
+ William, 364.
+ William (Sir), 304, 394, 425.
+
+ Howland, Elizabeth, 431.
+ Hope, 431.
+ John, 431.
+
+ Hubbard, Daniel, 125.
+ Joshua, 285, 286.
+ Margaret, 286, 288.
+ Sarah, 224.
+
+ Hubbel, Lewis, 140.
+
+ Hughes, Peter, 125.
+ Samuel, 125, 132, 134.
+
+ Hull, 103, 345.
+ Hannah, 456.
+ John, 365, 419, 456.
+ Judith Quincy, 365.
+
+ Hulton, Henry, 133, 142.
+
+ Hunt, Anne, 454.
+ John (3rd), 132.
+ Hannah, 395.
+ Mary, 466.
+ William, 395.
+
+ Hunter, William, 132.
+ William (Lieut.), 240.
+
+ Hurlston, Richard, 134.
+
+ Hutchinson, Abigail, 177.
+ Anne, 178.
+ Edward, 132.
+ Edward H., 145.
+ Eliakim, 178, 179, 180, 308.
+ Elisha, 137, 165, 177, 249, 308, 309.
+ Elizabeth Brinley, 396.
+ Foster, 133, 136, 137, 142, 177, 189, 312, 313, 353.
+ Hannah, 309.
+ John Rogers, 117.
+ Mary, 177.
+ Mary Oliver, 176, 177, 190.
+ Mrs., 135.
+ Peter Orlando, 175.
+ Richard, 178.
+ Sarah, 172, 188.
+ Thomas (Governor), 29, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 48, 50, 60,
+ 84, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 137, 142, 145, 147,
+ 148, 149, 150, 151, 153 to 173, 177, 178, 188, 189, 192,
+ 193, 199, 200, 247, 249, 283, 292, 298, 299, 302, 309, 311,
+ 317, 322, 326, 348, 349, 353, 406, 408, 422, 436, 444, 447,
+ 454, 463.
+ Thomas, Jr., 132, 136, 137, 165, 175, 176, 177, 191.
+ Widow, 399.
+ William, 177, 178, 180, 249, 396.
+
+ Hutton, Elizabeth, 215.
+ Henry, 215.
+
+
+ Ingersoll, David, 126, 140.
+
+ Inglefield (Commissioner), 284.
+
+ Inglis, 59.
+ Dr., 340.
+
+ Ingraham, 212.
+
+ Inman, John, 125, 132, 135.
+ Mrs., 259.
+ Ralph, 132, 258.
+
+ Ireland, John, 135.
+
+
+ Jackson, Richard, 154.
+ William, 125, 132, 137.
+
+ Jaffrey, George, 395.
+ George J., 395 (see also Jeffries, George J.).
+ Lucy Winthrop, 395.
+ Sarah, 394.
+
+ James, II., 16, 419.
+
+ Jamison, Charlotte Jessy, 426.
+ James, 426.
+
+ Jarvis, Caroline Leonard, 333.
+ Charles (Dr.), 215.
+ John (Admiral, Sir), 283.
+ Leonard, 342.
+ R. M., 333.
+ Robert, 124, 132, 135, 137.
+
+ Jay, John, 25, 64, 75, 105.
+
+ Jeanson, Jean, 409 (see also Johnson, John).
+
+ Jefferson, Thomas, 25, 36, 75, 77, 87, 102, 103, 104, 183.
+
+ Jeffries, Ann, 394, 395.
+ Ann Geyer Amory, 395.
+ Anne Clarke, 394.
+ Augustus, 395.
+ Catherine, 395.
+ David, 394.
+ Edward P., 395.
+ Elizabeth Usher, 394.
+ George J., 395 (see Jaffrey, George J.).
+ Hannah Hunt, 395.
+ Henry W., 395.
+ John, 46, 137, 394, 395.
+ John (Dr.), 135, 395.
+ John, Jr., 132.
+ Julia, Ann, 395.
+ Katherine, 395.
+ Katherine Eyre, 394.
+ Sarah, 395.
+ Sarah Jaffrey, 394.
+ Sarah Rhoads, 395.
+
+ Jenkins, Elizabeth, 446.
+ Robert, 225.
+
+ Jennes, Eleanor, 465.
+
+ Jephson, Mr., 404.
+ Sally Flucker, 404.
+
+ Johnson, Capt., 248.
+ Elizabeth, 465.
+ Gabriel, 255.
+ Gov., 255.
+ Holton (Capt.), 252.
+ John, 409.
+ Mary, 410.
+ Mr., 346, 347.
+ Susan, 409.
+ William (Sir), 226, 358.
+
+ Johonnot, Andrew, 411.
+ Daniel, 409, 410.
+ Elizabeth Quincy, 410.
+ Francis, 354, 410.
+ Gabriel, 406.
+ Katherine Dudley, 410.
+ Mary, 411.
+ Margaret Le Mercier, 410.
+ Peter, 125, 132, 135, 137, 344, 409, 410, 411.
+ Serzane, 410.
+ Susan Johnson, 409.
+ Zachariah (also Zasherie), 410.
+
+ Joice, Isaac, 139.
+
+ Jones, Deacon, 321.
+ Edward, 232, 448.
+ Elisha, 140.
+ Ephraim, 140.
+ John, 232.
+ Jonas, 140.
+ Mary, 135.
+ Mary Ann, 232, 448.
+ Miss, 230.
+ Paul, 250.
+
+ Jordan, Mary, 359.
+
+ Jouy, 411 (see Joy).
+
+ Joy, Abigail Green, 413.
+ Benjamin, 413.
+ Charles, 412.
+ Elizabeth Andrews, 412.
+ Henry Hall, 413.
+ James R., 412.
+ Joan Gallop, 411.
+ John, 125, 132, 135, 137, 411, 412.
+ Joseph, 412.
+ Lydia Lincoln, 412.
+ Michael, 413.
+ Mary Prince, 412.
+ Sarah Homer, 412.
+ Thomas, 411.
+
+ Junius Americanus (see Arthur Lee), 182.
+
+
+ Kalm, 23.
+
+ Kast, P. G., 131.
+
+ Kent (Duke of), 238, 245, 351, 382.
+
+ Keyes, John, 426.
+
+ Kerry (Lord), 343.
+
+ Kidd, Capt., 145.
+
+ Kidder, Samuel, 298.
+
+ Kilby, Sarah, 392.
+
+ King, Edward, 125, 135, 317, 318.
+ Rufus, 270.
+ Samuel, 135.
+
+ Kirk, Thomas, 319.
+
+ Kirkwood, Col., 239.
+
+ Knight, John (Sir), 190.
+ Thomas, 125, 137.
+
+ Knox, Henry (Gen.), 277, 384, 402, 403, 430.
+ William, 331.
+
+ Knutton, John, 137.
+
+ Knutter, Margaret, 135.
+
+
+ Lafayette, 89, 183, 430.
+
+ Lansdowne (Marquis of), 343.
+
+ Laughton, Henry, 125, 135, 137.
+
+ Laurens, Henry, 240.
+
+ Laurie, Capt., 471.
+
+ Lavicourt, Mr., 372.
+
+ Lavosier, Anthony Lawrence (General), 270.
+
+ Lawton, Henry, 132.
+
+ Lazarus, Samuel, 135.
+
+ Leach, Rachel, 355.
+
+ Learned (Col.), 344.
+
+ Leavitt, Mr., 251.
+
+ Le Baron, Joseph (Dr.), 432.
+
+ Le Bretton, Philip, 448.
+
+ Lechmere, Ann Winthrop, 413, 428.
+ Lord, 413, 428.
+ Mary, 453.
+ Mary Phips, 413.
+ Mrs., 402.
+ Nicholas, 251, 414.
+ Richard, 125, 133, 136, 137, 142, 184, 251, 413, 414, 420, 453.
+ Thomas, 413, 414, 428.
+
+ Lecky (W. E. H.), 35, 70.
+
+ Leddel, Henry, 135, 137.
+
+ Lee, Arthur (Junius Americanus), 182.
+ Charles (Gen.), 230, 293, 414.
+ Jeremiah, 450, 460.
+ John, 128.
+ Joseph, 128, 136, 420.
+ Judge, 187.
+ Martha Sweet, 460.
+ Richard Henry, 248.
+
+ Leffingwell, E. H., 39.
+
+ Leigh, Egerton (Sir), 212.
+
+ Lemaistre, Elizabeth, 287.
+
+ Le Mercier, Andrew, 410, 448.
+ Margaret, 410.
+
+ Leonard, 60, 212.
+ Ann, 392.
+ Anna, 332.
+ Anna White, 332.
+ Caroline, 333.
+ Charles, 326, 332.
+ Daniel, 126, 133, 136, 139, 142, 325, 327, 331, 332, 432.
+ Ephraim, 332.
+ George, 125, 132, 135, 137, 332, 333.
+ George, Col., 333.
+ George, Judge, 333.
+ Henry, 325.
+ James, 325, 332.
+ Maria, 333.
+ Nathaniel, 333.
+ Philip, 325.
+ Rachel Clap, 333.
+ Richard, Col., 333.
+ Sarah, 332, 333.
+ Sarah Hammock, 332.
+ Thomas, 325.
+
+ Leslie, Col., 408.
+
+ Lester, John (Sir), 317.
+ Love Eppes, 317.
+
+ Leverett, President, 458.
+
+ Lewis, Ann, 286.
+ Ezekiel, 414, 415.
+ John, 133, 286.
+ Martha, 356.
+ Martha Burrell, 356.
+ Mary Cheever, 414.
+ Philip, 356.
+ Thomas, 128.
+ William, 414, 415.
+
+ Lilford, Lord, 289.
+
+ Lillie, Ann, 313.
+ Edward, 308.
+ Elizabeth, 308.
+ John, 309, 313.
+ Mehitable, 309, 313.
+ Samuel, 308, 309.
+ Samuel (Mrs.), 309.
+ Theophilus, 124, 132, 135, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313.
+
+ Lilly, William, 131.
+
+ Lincoln, Abraham, 112.
+ Lydia, 412.
+ Samuel, 412.
+
+ Lindall, Henry, 132.
+
+ Linkieter, Alexander, 135.
+
+ Linzee (Capt.), 345.
+
+ Liste, Mrs., 135.
+
+ Little, Abigail, 399.
+
+ Livingston, R. R., 161.
+ William, 481.
+
+ Lloyd, 212.
+ Dr., 394.
+ Elizabeth, 430.
+ Griselda, 351.
+ Henry, 132, 135, 137.
+ James, 132.
+ John (Sir), 351.
+ Miss, 425.
+ Samuel, 133.
+
+ Logan (Cayuga, chief), 90.
+
+ Longfellow, Henry W., 287, 479.
+ Mary, 439.
+ Samuel, 139.
+
+ Longueuil, Baron de (see Grant, Charles), 239.
+
+ Loring, 437.
+ Benjamin, 424, 425.
+ Charlotte Jessy Jamison, 426.
+ Hector, 426.
+ Jane, Newton, 423.
+ John, 425, 426.
+ John, Commodore, 425.
+ John Wentworth (Sir), 425.
+ Joseph, Royal, 426.
+ Joshua, 138, 142, 423.
+ Joshua (Commodore), 136, 423.
+ Joshua, Jr., 125, 132, 135, 138, 424.
+ Mary, 424.
+ Thomas, 423.
+ William (Capt.), 425.
+
+ Loudon (Gen.), 379.
+
+ Louis XVI., 115.
+
+ Love, John, 132.
+
+ Lovel, John, Sir, 135.
+
+ Lovell, General, 480.
+ James, 440.
+ John, 346.
+ Mansfield (Gen.), 440.
+ Master, 231.
+
+ Lovewell (Capt.), 422.
+
+ Lowe, Charles, 135.
+
+ Lowell, James Russell, 184, 188, 473.
+ John 126, 326, 414.
+
+ Luist, Elizabeth, 402.
+
+ Lusher, Lydia, 321.
+
+ Lutwiche, Edward Goldston, 135.
+
+ Lyddell, Henry, 125.
+
+ Lyde, Byfield, 132, 135, 447.
+ Catherine, 396.
+ Deborah, 396, 447.
+ Edward, 137, 396, 447.
+ George, 139, 447.
+ Mary Wheelwright, 447.
+ Nathaniel, 447.
+ Sarah Belcher, 447.
+ Susanna, Curwin, 447.
+
+ Lyman, Theodore (Gen.), 394.
+
+ Lynch, 80.
+
+ Lynde, Benjamin, 131, 342, 462, 463, 464.
+ Byfield, 125.
+ Chief Justice, 46, 190, 193.
+ Elizabeth Dizbie, 462.
+ Enoch, 462, 463.
+ George, 125.
+ Hannah, 464.
+ Hannah Newgate, 463.
+ Lydia, 342, 464.
+ Mary, 190, 464.
+ Mary Browne, 463.
+ Simon, 308, 463.
+ William, 463.
+
+ Lyndhurst, Lord (see also John Singleton Copley, 2nd.), 216, 332,
+ 345, 394, 409.
+
+
+ Macauley, Thomas Babington, 289.
+
+ Macdonald, Dennis, 135.
+
+ Mackay, 239, 256.
+ Mrs., 135.
+
+ Mackey, Mungo, 225, 414.
+
+ MacKinstrey, Mrs., 135.
+
+ Mackintosh, 157.
+ ("Capt."), 166, 167, 234.
+
+ Macknight, 212.
+
+ Maclean (Col.), 244.
+
+ Macneal, Miss, 426.
+
+ Madison, James (President), 25, 102.
+
+ Magdalen, Earl of (see Sir Isaac Coffin), 243.
+
+ Malbone, Godfrey, 396.
+
+ Malcolm, Daniel, 320.
+
+ Malcomb, Abigail Trundy, 451.
+ John (Capt.), 451, 452.
+
+ Manchester, Duke of, 345.
+
+ Mann, Alicia, 352.
+ Horace (Sir), 352.
+
+ Mansfield, Isaac, 128.
+ Lord, 29, 83, 151, 173.
+
+ Mansfield, Mr., 363.
+
+ March, Mary, 468.
+ Zacheray, 468.
+
+ Marion, 90.
+
+ Marsh, Edward, 425.
+
+ Marshall, Ebenezer, 397.
+ John, 77.
+ John (Capt.), 319.
+
+ Marston, Alice, 459.
+ Benjamin, 128, 135, 138, 459, 460, 461, 462.
+ Benjamin, Jr., 460.
+ Elizabeth Winslow, 460.
+ John, 459.
+ Sarah Sweet, 460.
+
+ Martin, Capt., 244.
+ John, 382.
+ Michael, 139.
+ William, 137.
+
+ Maryatt, Captain, 350.
+ Joseph, 350.
+ Mrs., 350.
+
+ Mascarene, John, 131.
+
+ Mason, Jonathan, 218.
+ Mr., 187.
+ and Slidell, 110.
+
+ Masters, John, 312.
+
+ Mather, Cotton, 309, 355.
+ Elizabeth, 275.
+ Increase, 275, 338.
+ Samuel, 133.
+ Sarah, 338.
+
+ Matthews, Ann, 237.
+ William, 237.
+
+ Manduit, Mr., 249.
+
+ Maverick, Moses, 222.
+ Samuel, 13, 14.
+
+ Maxwell, Mary, 284.
+ Murray (Sir), 284.
+
+ May, Dr., 353.
+
+ McAlpine, William, 124, 132, 135, 137.
+
+ McArthur (Gen.), 104.
+
+ McCall, George, 128.
+
+ McClintock, 135.
+
+ McCobb, Samuel, 297.
+
+ McClure (Gen), 104.
+
+ McEwen, James, 124.
+
+ McEvers, Mary, 352.
+
+ McIntosh, Elizabeth, 291.
+
+ McKeron, John, 135.
+
+ McLanathan, Elizabeth, 377.
+
+ McLean, John, 346.
+
+ McLellan, Arthur, 308.
+
+ McMasters, Daniel, 132, 135.
+ James, 125.
+ Patrick, 125, 135.
+
+ McMullen, Alexander, 135.
+
+ McMurdo (Col.), 244.
+ Isabella, 244.
+ Susannah, 244.
+
+ McNiel, Archibald, 125, 132, 135, 137.
+ Hector, 223.
+ Mary, 223.
+
+ McSparran, James (Rev.), 313.
+
+ Mears, Mr., 423.
+
+ Meserve, George, 133.
+
+ Messengham, Isaac, 133.
+
+ Middleton, 80.
+
+ Mifflin (Col.), 89.
+
+ Miller, 438.
+ Katherine Sarah Russell, 453.
+ Col., 194.
+ Major, 453.
+ Stephen, 128, 129, 130.
+
+ Mills, Nathaniel, 135, 138.
+
+ Minns, Martha, 361.
+ William, 361.
+
+ Minot, Christopher, 133, 137.
+ John, 398.
+ Mercy, 398.
+ Samuel, 125.
+
+ Mitchell, Jonathan, 455.
+ Margaret, 455.
+ Sarah, 445.
+ Thomas, 135, 137.
+
+ Mitchelson, David, 125, 135.
+
+ Molesworth, Ponsonby (Capt.), 439, 440, 442.
+
+ Molineaux, Mr., 406, 407.
+
+ Montague (Admiral), 240, 394, 408.
+ Rev. Mr., 335.
+
+ Montgomery, 89.
+ (General), 244.
+
+ Moody, John, 135.
+ John J., 135.
+
+ Moore, John, 135.
+
+ Moreland, 239.
+
+ Morgan, 250.
+
+ Morris, Gouverneur, 75.
+ Henry Gage, 209.
+ Roger, 209.
+
+ Morrison, John, 135.
+
+ Morton, Perez, 354, 361.
+
+ Mowatt (Capt.), 357, 398, 399, 465, 467.
+
+ Mulcainy, Patrick, 135.
+
+ Mulhall, Edward, 133.
+
+ Mullins, Thomas, 139.
+
+ Munroe, 77, 183, 354.
+
+ Murdock, Ephraim, 354.
+
+ Murray, Alexander, 377.
+ Col., 382, 448.
+ Daniel, 139, 377.
+ Dorothy, 257, 260.
+ Elizabeth, 255, 257, 260.
+ Elizabeth McLanathan, 377.
+ James, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 137, 254, 255, 256, 257,
+ 258, 259, 446.
+ John, 133, 139, 142.
+ John (Col.), 136, 376, 377, 378, 396.
+ John (Sir), 254.
+ Lucretia Chandler Gardner, 377.
+ Miss, 377.
+ Robert, 377.
+ Samuel, 139, 377.
+ William, 135.
+
+
+ Nagers, John, 225.
+
+ Nassawano, Lawrence, 225.
+
+ Nelson, Lord, 283, 284.
+
+ Nevin, Lazarus, 135.
+
+ Newcastle (Duke of), 26.
+
+ Newgate, Hannah, 463.
+ John, 463.
+
+ Newhall (Deacon), 344.
+
+ Newton, Jane, 423.
+
+ Nicholls, Richard, 131, 303.
+ Richard (Col.), 13, 14.
+ William, 161.
+
+ Nixon, John (Col.), 475.
+
+ Noble, Benjamin, 140.
+ Francis, 140.
+
+ Nooth (Dr.), 386.
+
+ North, Lord, 250, 424.
+
+ Northumberland (Duke of), 440.
+
+ Norton, 12.
+
+ Nutting, John, 127, 131, 138.
+
+
+ O'Brien, 110.
+
+ O. C., 406.
+
+ Ochterlony, 239.
+ Alexander, 300.
+ Catherine, 300.
+ Charles Metcalf, 300.
+ David (Sir, Maj. Gen.), 283, 299, 300.
+ David Ferguson (Sir), 300.
+ Gilbert, 300.
+ Katherine Tyler, 300.
+
+ O'Donoghue, Henry O. B., 349.
+
+ Offley, Amelia, 191.
+ Stephen, 191.
+
+ Ogden, Charles R., 239.
+ Charles Richard, 409.
+ Mary, 239.
+ Susan Clarke, 409.
+
+ Oliver, Andrew (Lt. Gov. etc.), 40, 136, 153, 159, 175, 181,
+ 183, 184, 190, 454, 464.
+ Andrew (of Salem), 190.
+ Ann, 183.
+ Daniel, 126, 133, 139, 181, 188, 189.
+ Eben, 411.
+ Elizabeth, 183, 287.
+ F. E. (Dr.), 464.
+ Isaac, 183.
+ James, 138.
+ Lt. Gov., 113, 164, 251.
+ Mary Lynde, 464.
+ Peter, 132, 133, 136, 138, 142, 150, 181, 188, 189, 190,
+ 302, 410.
+ Peter (Dr.), 135, 175, 189.
+ Richard, 183.
+ Robert, 183, 184.
+ Thomas (Lt. Gov., etc.), 125, 136, 137, 142, 181, 183, 184,
+ 187, 188, 287, 331.
+ W. S. (Cap. R. N.), 176.
+ William Sanford, 135, 190.
+ William Sanford (Jr.), 190.
+
+ O'Neil, Joseph, 135.
+
+ Orange, Prince of (William III.), 16.
+
+ O'Reilly, John Boyle, 47.
+
+ Orne, Lois, 386.
+ Timothy, 131.
+
+ Otis, Harrison Gray, 218, 219, 334, 336, 403.
+ James, 5, 21, 35, 37, 149, 150, 153, 157, 160, 318, 319, 435, 448.
+ James (Col.), 192, 193.
+ Jonathan, 439.
+ S. A. (Mrs.), 335.
+
+ Overing, Henrietta, 304.
+ Henry John, 304.
+
+ Oxford, Earl of, 289.
+
+ Oxnard, Edward, 139, 249.
+ Thomas, 139.
+
+ Ozell, Mr., 343.
+
+
+ Paddock, Adnio, 125, 132, 135, 137, 305, 306, 307, 322, 446.
+ Adino (the younger), 307.
+ John, 305, 307.
+ Lydia Snelling, 307.
+ Mary McLellan, 307.
+ Rebecca Thacher, 305.
+ Robert, 305.
+ Thomas, 307.
+ Zachariah, 305.
+
+ Pagan, Miriam Pote, 465.
+ Robert, 139, 464, 465.
+ Thomas, 465.
+ William, 465.
+
+ Page, Abiel, 310.
+ George, 135.
+
+ Paine, Dorothy, 390.
+ Dorothy Rainsford, 383.
+ Lois Orne, 386.
+ Nathaniel, 383, 387, 390.
+ Samuel, 135, 387, 388.
+ Sarah Chandler, 383.
+ Sarah Clark, 383.
+ Stephen, 382, 383.
+ Robert Treat, 368.
+ Rose, 382.
+ Thomas, 76.
+ Timothy, 136, 382, 383, 384, 385, 387, 390.
+ William, 139, 385, 386.
+ William (Dr.), 385, 386, 387.
+
+ Paley (Dr.), 353.
+
+ Palmer, Charles Thomas (Sir), 215.
+ Harriet, 215.
+ Thomas, 136.
+
+ Parker, Rev. Dr., 342.
+ Samuel (Rev.), 348, 349.
+ William, 48.
+
+ Parmenter (Goodwife), 388.
+
+ Parnell, 110, 111.
+
+ Parr, 380.
+
+ Parsons, Capt., 471, 472.
+
+ Patten, George, 135.
+ Thomas, 298.
+
+ Patterson, 133, 212.
+ William, 135.
+
+ Paxton, 154, 200, 302.
+ Charles, 133, 138, 142, 318, 319.
+
+ Paxton, Faith, 318.
+ Wentworth, 318.
+
+ Payne, Edward, 455.
+ Mary, 455.
+ Rebecca, 394.
+
+ Pearson, Thomas (Sir), 239.
+
+ Peck, Robert (Rev.), 468.
+
+ Peddock, Leonard (Capt.), 305.
+
+ Pedrick, John, 128.
+
+ Pelham, Henry, 135, 216, 478.
+ Herbert, 434.
+ Penelope, 434.
+ Peter, 216.
+
+ Pemberton, Eben (Rev.), 413.
+ Rev. Mr., 310.
+
+ Penn, Admiral, 433.
+
+ Pepperell, Andrew, 206.
+ Elizabeth, 207, 208, 214.
+ Harriet, 214, 215.
+ Margery Bray, 205.
+ Mary, 215.
+ Mary Hirst (Lady), 207, 208.
+ William, 205.
+ William, Sir (1st), 206, 209.
+ William, Sir (2nd), 136, 138, 142, 176, 194, 201, 205, 207, 208,
+ 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 292, 293, 294, 356, 434, 482.
+
+ Percy, Earl, 314, 440, 441.
+
+ Perkins, James, 124, 132.
+
+ Perkins, Nathaniel, 132, 135, 138.
+ William, Lee, 132, 135, 138.
+
+ Perrie, Elizabeth, 399.
+
+ Perry, Samuel, 139.
+ Seth, 139.
+ Silas, 139.
+ Stephen, 139.
+ Thomas, 139.
+ William, 125, 132.
+
+ Peters, Parson, 249.
+
+ Petit, John Samuel, 133.
+
+ Phillips, Ebenezer, 135, 139.
+ Frederick, 209.
+ John (Col.), 358.
+ Joseph, 139.
+ Martha, 135.
+ Mary, 209.
+ Richard, 128.
+
+ Phips (also Phipps).
+ A. F., 125.
+ David, 125, 132, 135, 138, 418, 420.
+ Elizabeth, 184, 286.
+ James, 418.
+ Lady, 419.
+ Mary, 413.
+ May, 184.
+ Sheriff, 187.
+ Spencer, Lt. Gov., 184.
+ Spencer 286, 413, 420.
+ William Sir, 17, 418, 419.
+
+ Pickering, Benjamin, 249.
+ Timothy (Col.), 108.
+
+ Pickman, Benjamin, 131, 138, 249.
+ Benjamin (Col.), 316, 451.
+ C. Gayton, 127, 131.
+ William, 126, 131.
+
+ Pierce, Edward Lillie, 313.
+ George, 313.
+ Josiah, 262.
+ President, 87.
+
+ Pine, Samuel, 132.
+
+ Pinckney, Mary, 321.
+
+ Pinkney, Frances, 392.
+ John, 392.
+
+ Pitcairn, 314.
+
+ Pitt, 19, 33, 98, 193.
+
+ Pitts, Elizabeth, 397.
+ John, 397.
+ Samuel, 354.
+
+ Pollard, Benjamin, 135.
+
+ Pond, Eliphalet, 125.
+
+ Ponsonby, Lord, 439.
+
+ Porter, Alexander S., 307.
+ E. G. (Rev.), 471.
+ James, 133.
+ Samuel, 126, 131, 138, 249.
+
+ Pote, Ann Hooper, 467.
+ Dorothy Getchell, 467.
+ Elizabeth Berry, 467.
+ Hannah Greenfield, 467.
+ Jeremiah, 465, 466, 467.
+ Joanna, 466, 467.
+ Miriam, 465.
+ Robert, 467.
+ William, 467.
+
+ Powell, Jeremiah, 136.
+ John, 125, 132, 135, 138.
+
+ Pownall, Thomas (Gov.), 191, 292.
+
+ Poynton, Thomas, 131.
+
+ Pratt, Benjamin, 367.
+ Judge, 301.
+
+ Preble (Commodore), 345.
+
+ Prentice, John, 128.
+
+ Prescott, 240.
+ James, 297.
+ William H., 343.
+
+ Preston, Captain, 43, 44, 45, 46, 158, 366, 368.
+
+ Price, Benjamin, 135.
+
+ Priestly, 164.
+
+ Primatt, Mrs., 357.
+
+ Prince, John, 128, 131, 412.
+ John, Capt., 196.
+ Margaret, 412.
+ Mary, 412.
+ Samuel, 125, 137.
+ Thomas, Rev., 275.
+
+ Prindall, Jonathan, 140.
+
+ Proctor, Mr., 406.
+ Thomas, 128.
+
+ Proctor & Gray, 336.
+
+ Punderson. Mr., 249.
+
+ Purchis, Oliver. 13.
+
+ Putnam, Archelaus, 131, 379.
+ Ebenezer, 127, 131, 379, 380.
+ Eleanor Sprague, 379.
+ Elizabeth, 380, 391.
+ General, 94.
+ Israel, 382.
+ James, 126, 132, 135, 139, 378, 379, 380, 387, 382, 385, 390.
+ James, Jr. 133.
+ John 378, 382.
+ Nathaniel, 378.
+ Rufus, 382.
+ Thomas, 378.
+
+ Pynchon, 251.
+ William, 126, 127, 131.
+
+
+ Quincy, 59, 277, 438.
+
+ Quincy, Daniel, 365.
+ Dorothy, 455.
+ Edmund, 105, 365, 366, 376, 455.
+ Elizabeth, 410, 455.
+ Esther, 455.
+ Hannah, 366.
+ John, 365.
+ Josiah, 45, 50, 98, 100, 102, 108, 155, 166, 365, 366, 367, 376.
+ Judith, 365.
+ Samuel, 126, 138, 142, 249, 364, 366, 367, 368, 369, 374, 375.
+
+
+ Radcliffe, Herbert 475.
+
+ Rainsford, Dorothy, 383.
+ Jonathan, 383.
+
+ Ramage, John, 135.
+
+ Randolph, 80, 212.
+ Edward, 15.
+ Miss, 316.
+
+ Read, Charles, 135.
+ John, 179.
+
+ Reed, Joseph, 72, 248.
+ Richard, 128.
+ Samuel, 128.
+
+ Remington, John, 392.
+ Martha A., 224.
+ Rhoda Gore, 392.
+
+ Revere Copper Co., 324.
+ Joseph Warren, 324.
+ Paul, 5, 260, 477, 478, 479, 480.
+
+ Reynolds, Fleetwood B. (Sir), 289.
+ Joshua, Sir, 218.
+
+ Rhoads, Sarah, 395.
+ Henry, 135.
+
+ Richards, Owen, 133, 138.
+
+ Richardson, Ebenezer, 310, 311, 421, 422.
+ Ezekiel, 421.
+ John, 422.
+ Miss, 135.
+ Mrs., 135.
+ Phineas, 422.
+ Samuel, 422.
+ Timothy, 422.
+ Thomas, 422.
+
+ Rives, Mr., 115.
+
+ Roath, Richard, 135.
+
+ Robbins, Edward Hutchinson, 260.
+ Mary, 260.
+
+ Roberts & Co., 124.
+ Mr., 55.
+
+ Robertson, William (Gen.), 212, 213, 344.
+
+ Robie, Elizabeth, 457.
+ Elizabeth Taylor, 458.
+ Samuel Bradstreet, 459.
+ Thomas, 128, 138, 457, 458, 459.
+ William, 459.
+
+ Robinson, John, 433, 448.
+
+ Rochambeau, 426, 430.
+
+ Rochfort, Gustavus, 333.
+ Maria Leonard, 333.
+
+ Rodney, Lord, 240, 241, 252, 283, 428.
+
+ Rogers, 163.
+ Daniel Dennison, 354.
+ Elizabeth, 398.
+ Jeremiah Dummer, 126, 135, 138.
+ Samuel, 135, 138, 398.
+
+ Ruck, Hannah, 309.
+ John, 309.
+
+ Ruggles, Elizabeth, 391.
+ Hannah, 229.
+ John, 135, 139, 229.
+ Joseph, 139.
+ Nathaniel, 139.
+ Richard 135, 139, 229.
+ Samuel, 225.
+ Sarah, 229.
+ Timothy, 133, 136, 137, 142, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 380, 391.
+ Timothy (2nd), 229.
+ Timothy, Rev., 225.
+
+ Ruggles, Timothy, Amherst, 229.
+
+ Rolfe, Col., 263.
+ Benj., 265.
+ Benj. (Rev.), 430.
+ Mary, 429, 430.
+ Sarah, 263.
+
+ Rome, 212.
+
+ Root, Elihu, 116.
+
+ Rose, Peter, 135.
+
+ Ross, Margaret, 307.
+ Thomas, 139.
+
+ Rotch, 408.
+
+ Routh, Richard, 131, 317.
+
+ Royall, 60.
+ Elizabeth, 208, 294.
+ Isaac, 136, 138, 291, 292, 293, 299, 309.
+ Isaac (of Antigua), 286.
+ Isaac (Gen.), 192, 290.
+ Mrs., 309.
+ Penelope, 286, 291.
+ William, 290.
+
+ Roycroft, Ann, 284.
+
+ Rumford, Count (see also Sir Benjamin Thompson), 261, 262, 263,
+ 264, 266, 270, 271, 272.
+ Countess (Sarah), 272.
+
+ Rummer, Richard, 135.
+
+ Rush, Mr., 77.
+
+ Russell, Benjamin, 412, 454.
+ Catherine Greaves, 453.
+ Chambers, 301, 302, 452, 453, 455.
+ Charles, 138.
+ Charles James, 453.
+ Daniel, 452.
+ Dr., 372, 453.
+ Edward (Sir), 414.
+ Elizabeth, 454.
+ Elizabeth Vassall, 453.
+ Ezekiel, 453, 454.
+ James, 136, 253, 452, 453.
+ James, Jr., 453.
+ John (Lord), 289.
+ Joseph, 453, 454.
+ Katherine, 453.
+ Lechmere (Col.), 414.
+ Lechmere-Coor-Graves, 453.
+ Lucy Margaret, 453.
+ Mary Lechmere, 453.
+ Mary Wainwright, 453.
+ Nathaniel, 135.
+ Paul, 452.
+ Rebecca, 465.
+ Rebecca Chambers, 452.
+ Richard, 452.
+ Thomas, 466.
+
+
+ Sabine, 71.
+
+ Sackett, Hannah, 229.
+ Thomas (Dr.), 229.
+
+ Salisbury, Lord, 117.
+
+ Saltonstall, 59.
+ Gurdon, 295.
+ Katherine, 295, 296.
+ Leverett, 136, 274.
+ Mr., 250.
+ Nathaniel, 273, 274, 275.
+ Richard, 132, 138, 273, 274.
+ Richard, Col., 358.
+ Richard (Sir), 272.
+ Thomas, 272.
+
+ Sampson, John, 132.
+
+ Sanford, Margaret, 146.
+
+ Sargent, Esther, 345, 356.
+ John, 131, 138.
+
+ Saumerez, Thomas L. Marchant, 288.
+
+ Saunders, Henry, 128.
+
+ Savage, Abraham, 125, 136, 138.
+ Arthur, 133, 139, 335.
+ Rowland, 131.
+ Thomas, 308.
+
+ Saward, see Sayward.
+
+ Sayward, Henry, 443.
+ Jonathan, 443, 444, 445.
+ Joseph, 443.
+ Mary, 443.
+ Mary Webber, 439.
+ Sarah, 444, 445.
+ Sarah Mitchell, 445.
+
+ Scammel, Thomas, 136.
+
+ Scheaffe (see also Sheaffe), 239.
+
+ Schuyler, Gen., 89.
+
+ Scoit, Joseph, 135.
+
+ Scollay, John, 166.
+
+ Scott, Duncan C., 61.
+ Governor, 299.
+ Joseph, 125, 132, 138.
+ Winfield (Gen.), 245, 441.
+
+ Scoville, William, 280.
+
+ Sears, Anna, 345.
+ David, 345.
+ Ebenezer, 411.
+ Isaac, 424, 426.
+ Rebecca, 336.
+
+ Selby, John, 133.
+
+ Selkrig, James, 124, 132, 136, 138.
+ Thomas, 138.
+
+ Semple, John, 125, 132, 138.
+ Robert, 132, 135, 138.
+
+ Sergeant, Peter, 420.
+
+ Serjeant, John, 135.
+
+ Service, Robert, 136, 138.
+
+ Sewall, 59, 60.
+
+ Sewall, Ann Hunt, 454.
+ Chief Justice, 149, 192, 404, 452, 463.
+ Esther Quincy, 455.
+ Hannah Hull, 456.
+ Henry, 454, 456.
+ Jane Drummond, 454.
+ Jonathan, 125, 138, 142, 207, 249, 327, 367, 379, 432, 454,
+ 455, 456.
+ Joseph, 458.
+ Joseph (Rev.), 275.
+ Judge, 250, 251, 254, 327, 350.
+ Margaret Grazebrook, 454.
+ Margaret Mitchell, 455.
+ Mary Payne, 455.
+ Mr., 448.
+ Rebecca Dudley, 456.
+ Samuel, 126, 138, 249, 251, 412, 455, 456, 458.
+ Stephen, 454, 456.
+ William, 454.
+
+ Shattock, Samuel, 12.
+
+ Shays, Daniel, 396.
+
+ Sheaffe, Col., 245.
+ Helen, 440, 442.
+ Lady, 442.
+ Margaret, 442.
+ Margaret Coffin, 442.
+ Mary Longfellow, 439.
+ Mrs., 439, 440.
+ Nancy, 442.
+ Nathaniel, 442.
+ Roger Hale (Sir), 244, 245, 283, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443.
+ Ruth Woods, 439.
+ Sally, 442.
+ Susannah, 439, 440.
+ Susannah Child, 439.
+ Thomas Child, 443.
+ William, 439, 440, 442.
+ William, Jr., 439.
+ William S., 439.
+
+ Shepard, Joseph, 136.
+
+ Sherburn, Thomas, 355.
+
+ Sherman, Gen., 111.
+
+ Sherwin, Richard, 138.
+
+ Shippen, Dr., 248.
+
+ Shirley, Elizabeth, 178.
+ Maria Catherina, 299.
+ William, Gov., 178, 179, 180, 273, 301, 347, 435, 444, 445,
+ 451, 477.
+
+ Sigourney, Andrew, 409.
+
+ Sigournie, Andrae, 409.
+
+ Silsby, Daniel, 125, 249.
+ David, 138.
+
+ Simcoe, Gov., 59, 90.
+
+ Singleton, Mary, 216.
+
+ Simonds, Ruth, 262.
+ William, 135.
+
+ Simpson, John, 135.
+ Jonathan, 125, 132, 136, 138.
+ Jonathan, Jr., 135.
+ Mr., 251.
+ William, 138.
+
+ Skinner, 133.
+ Francis, 138.
+
+ Slidell, 110.
+
+ Small, Major, 314.
+
+ Smith, Abigail, 37.
+
+ Smith, 472, 473.
+ Adam, 33, 34, 38.
+ Anna Leonard, 332.
+ Col., 471, 472.
+ Edward, 136, 354.
+ Elizabeth, 258.
+ Goldwin, 58.
+ Henry, 135, 138.
+ Isaac, 249.
+ James, 255, 256, 257, 305, 306.
+ John, 477.
+ Joseph (Rev.), 202.
+ Joshua, 138.
+ Richard, 125, 138.
+ Solomon, 139.
+ Sydney, 276.
+ Thomas, 248.
+ William, 161.
+
+ Symthe, Frederic, 302.
+
+ Smythers, Walter Tyson, 284.
+
+ Snelling, Jonathan, 124, 132, 136, 138.
+ Lydia, 305.
+ Lydia Dexter, 305.
+ Robert, 305.
+
+ Snider, Christopher, 310, 422.
+
+ Southwick, Solomon, 362.
+
+ Sparhawk, Andrew, 215.
+ Andrew Pepperell, 207.
+ Harriet Hirst, 215.
+ Mary Pepperrell, 207, 215.
+ Nathaniel, 127, 131, 207, 215.
+ Samuel, 133.
+ Samuel Hirst, 124, 132, 207, 215.
+ William Pepperrell, 207.
+
+ Speakman, William, 286.
+
+ Spooner, Ebenezer, 136.
+ George, 125, 138.
+ John J., 183.
+
+ Sprague, Eleanor, 379.
+ John, 126.
+
+ Spry, Commodore, 209.
+
+ Square, Richard, 140.
+
+ Stacy, Richard, 128.
+
+ Stanton, E. M., 112.
+
+ Stark, Caleb (Major), 84.
+ James H., 250, 471, 474, 475, 476.
+ John, 71, 293.
+ John (Gen.), 84.
+ William, 293.
+
+ Stayner, Abigail, 136.
+
+ Stearns, Jonathan, 133, 136, 458.
+
+ Sterling, Benjamin Ferdinand, 135.
+ Elizabeth, 135.
+ Lord, 303.
+
+ Stevens, 212.
+
+ Stewart (Col.), 72.
+ Duncan, 332.
+ Emily, 332.
+ John (Capt.), 332.
+ Leonard, 332.
+ Sarah, 332.
+ Sarah Leonard, 332.
+
+ Stiles, Ezra (Dr.), 358.
+
+ Still, Alice, 427.
+ John (Dr.), 427.
+
+ Stimson, John, 128.
+
+ Stockwell, May, 468.
+ William, 468.
+
+ Stoddard, Mary, 224.
+ Simeon, 125, 286.
+
+ Story, Josep, 114.
+
+ Stow, Edward, 135, 138.
+
+ Strachan, John (Dr.), 103, 104.
+
+ Strahan, Mr., 481.
+
+ Strange, Lot (3rd), 139.
+
+ Stromach, 228.
+
+ Stuart, H. Lechmere (Sir), 414.
+
+ Sturgis, Hannah, 366.
+ John, 366.
+
+ Sullivan, Bartholemew, 136.
+ Gen., 51, 90.
+ George, 135.
+ Hettie, 345.
+ James (Gov.), 296, 345.
+
+ Sumner, Increase, 302, 374.
+ Prof. (W. G.), 77, 78.
+
+ Sumpter, 90.
+
+ Surriage, Agnes (see also Lady Frankland), 417.
+ Isaac, 418.
+
+ Swain, 401.
+
+ Swan, James, 426.
+ James (Capt.), 430.
+
+ Swasey, Joseph, 128.
+
+ Sweet, Martha, 460.
+ Sarah, 460.
+
+ Swift, Jonathan, 276.
+
+ Sylvester, John (Rev.), 102.
+
+ Symmes, Francis, 354.
+
+ Symonds. Mr., 237.
+
+
+ Tailor, Rebecca, 275.
+ William, 125.
+ William (Lt. Gov.), 275.
+
+ Tarbett, Hugh, 132.
+
+ Taylor, Abigail, 345.
+ Elizabeth, 458.
+ James, 458.
+ John, 125, 132.
+ Joseph, 138, 249.
+ Mrs., 136.
+ Nathaniel, 132, 133, 138.
+ William, 132, 136, 138.
+
+ Temple, 163.
+ Elizabeth, 428.
+ John, Sir, 428.
+
+ Terree, Zebedee, 139.
+
+ Terry, William, 136.
+ Zebedee, 136.
+
+ Thatcher, "Citizen," 351.
+ Oxenbridge, 366.
+ Samuel, 297.
+
+ Thayer, Arodi, 138.
+ Ziphion, 125.
+
+ Thomas, Mary, 336.
+ Nathaniel, Ray, 133, 136, 139, 142, 336, 421.
+
+ Thompson, 465, 467.
+
+ Thompson, Benj. (Sir), Count Rumford, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266,
+ 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 297.
+ Ebenezer, 261, 262.
+ Elizabeth, 261.
+ James, 136, 261.
+ Joseph, 297, 298.
+ Mary, 354.
+ Miss, 256.
+ Rebecca, 297.
+ Samuel (Col.), 398.
+ Sarah, 270.
+ Sarah Bradshaw, 297.
+
+ Thorp, 472, 475.
+
+ Tiernay, 240.
+
+ Tilden, Israel, 139.
+
+ Tilghman, 80.
+
+ Timmins, John, 125, 132.
+
+ Tisdel, 139.
+
+ Tomlinson & Trecothick, 352.
+
+ Tompkins, Sarah, 466.
+ Thomas, 466.
+
+ Tonancour, 245.
+
+ Townsend, Gregory, 125, 138.
+
+ Tropmane, Lewis, 239.
+
+ Trecothick, Barlow, 352.
+
+ Trott, George, 477.
+
+ Troutbeck John, 132, 138, 224.
+ Harriet, 224.
+ Mr., 249.
+
+ Trowbridge, Edmund, 189, 379.
+
+ Trumbull, Gov., 481.
+
+ Trundy, Abigail, 451.
+
+ Tucker, Alice, 222.
+ Andrew, 222.
+
+ Tufts, John, 426.
+ Simon, 138.
+
+ Tupper, Eldad, 139.
+
+ Turbett, Hugh, 125.
+
+ Turner, John, 131.
+ Miss, 215.
+
+ Turill, Joseph, 124, 132.
+
+ Tylden, John Maxwell (Sir), 304.
+ Richard, 304.
+ William Burton, 304.
+
+ Tyler, Andrew, 300.
+ Thomas, 396.
+ Katherine, 300.
+ Miriam Pepperell, 300.
+ Sarah Brinley, 396.
+
+ Tyng, Elizabeth, 294.
+ William, 139, 294.
+
+ Tyron, Gov., 90, 161.
+
+
+ Upham, Joshua, 138.
+
+ Upshall, Nicholas, 11.
+
+ Urquhart, Hannah Flucker, 404.
+ James (Capt.), 404.
+ Major, 249.
+
+ Usher, Elizabeth, 394.
+ John, 394.
+ Lt. Gov., 291.
+
+
+ Van, Murray, 86.
+
+ Vane, Harry (Sir), 145.
+
+ Vans, William, 131.
+
+ Vassaile (see also Vassall).
+ Anna, 285.
+ Anne, 285, 286.
+ Frances, 285, 286.
+ John, 285.
+ Judith, 285.
+ Margaret, 285, 286.
+ Mary, 286.
+ William, 285.
+
+ Vassall, 60, 372, 438.
+ Ann, 288.
+ Anne Davis, 288.
+ Catherine, 288.
+ Charlotte, 288.
+ Elizabeth, 184, 289, 453.
+ Elizabeth, Lemaestre, 287.
+ Fanny, 288.
+ Florentinus, 288.
+ Francis, 288.
+ Henry, 286, 288.
+ Henry (Col.), 291, 453.
+ John, 125, 138, 251, 285, 286, 287, 420, 455.
+ John, Col., 184.
+ John (Jr.), 183.
+ John (Maj.), 287, 288.
+ Leonard, 286, 287, 288, 350.
+ Lucretia, 288.
+ Margaret, 288.
+ Margaret Hubbard, 288.
+ Mary, 287.
+ Mary Archer, 287.
+ Nathaniel, 288.
+ Rawdon, John Popham (Col.), 288.
+ Richard, 289.
+ Robert Oliver, 287.
+ Ruth Gale, 286.
+ Samuel, 285, 286.
+ Sarah, 288.
+ Spencer Lambert Hunter, 287.
+ Spencer Thomas, 287.
+ Thomas Oliver, 287, 288.
+ William, 136, 138, 285, 286, 287, 288.
+
+ Vaughn, Charles, 352.
+ Samuel, 281, 352.
+ Sarah, 281.
+
+ Venables, Gen., 433.
+
+ Vergennes, 23, 115.
+
+ Vernon, Admiral, 434.
+
+ Victoria, Queen, 118, 238.
+
+ Vose, Elizabeth, 313.
+ Elizabeth Putnam, 391.
+ Solomon, 391.
+
+
+ Wainwright, E. D. (Col.), 304.
+ Maria M., 304.
+ Mary, 453.
+
+ Wait, Richard, 13.
+
+ Waite, Samuel, 466.
+
+ Waldo, Col., 451.
+ Frances, 139, 251.
+ Hannah, 403.
+ Joseph, 249.
+ Lucy, 437.
+ Samuel, 437.
+ Samuel (Gen.), 403.
+
+ Walker, Adam, 139.
+ Benjamin, 139.
+ Col., 265.
+ Gideon, 139.
+ John, 139.
+ Timothy (Rev.), 263.
+ Zera, 139.
+
+ Walpole, 26.
+
+ Walter, Lydia Lynde, 342, 464.
+ Lynde, Minshall, 342.
+ N. (Rev.), 279.
+ Nehemiah (Rev.), 338.
+ Rebecca, 279, 339.
+ Rebeckah Belcher, 338.
+ Rev. Dr., 282, 425.
+ Sarah Mather, 338.
+ Thomas, 338.
+ Thomas (Rev.), 338, 339.
+ William, 132, 138.
+ William, Rev., 338, 339, 340, 464.
+
+ Wamatuck (Indian Chief), 447.
+
+ Wanton, Gov., 302, 449.
+
+ Ward, Elizabeth, 273.
+ Gen., 469.
+ John, Rev., 273.
+ Lord, 351.
+ Samuel Curwen, 254.
+ Susan, 351.
+
+ Warden, James, 125.
+ Joseph, 136.
+ William, 136, 138.
+
+ Ware, Nicholas, 285, 286.
+
+ Warren, Abraham, 136.
+ Hannah, 431.
+ Joseph (Dr.), 165, 322, 335, 394, 406, 431, 479.
+ Peter (Sir), 209, 396.
+
+ Washington, George, 5, 24, 25, 36, 37, 45, 51, 70, 71, 72, 73,
+ 75, 76, 77, 78, 83, 87, 89, 103, 108, 153, 179, 216, 230,
+ 248, 315, 344, 481.
+ John Augustine, 74.
+
+ Waterhouse, Samuel, 133, 138.
+
+ Watson, Elizabeth, 461.
+ George, 136.
+ George, Col., 177.
+ William, 461.
+
+ Watts, 278.
+ John, 161.
+
+ Wayte, Gamaliel, 350.
+
+ Webb, Albert, 474.
+ John, 128.
+ Nehemiah, 139.
+
+ Webber, Deborah, 443.
+ Mary, 443.
+ Samuel, 443.
+
+ Webster, Daniel, 114, 115, 180, 436.
+ Elizabeth (Lady Holland), 289.
+ Godfrey (Sir), 289.
+ Godfrey Vassall (Sir), 289.
+ Harriet, 289.
+ P----, 249.
+
+ Wedderburn (Solicitor Gen.), 164, 165.
+
+ Weld, Elizabeth, 392.
+ John, 392.
+
+ Wells, Henry, 477.
+ William V., 39.
+
+ Welsh, James, 136.
+ Peter, 136.
+
+ Wendell, John, 412.
+ John Mico, 295, 297.
+ Madame, 295.
+ Mr., 372.
+
+ Wentworth, Gov., 263.
+ John, 404.
+ John (Sir), 51.
+ Lord, 386.
+
+ West, Benjamin, 213, 214, 216, 249, 280, 336, 482.
+ Nathaniel (Capt.), 253.
+ Rebecca, 336.
+
+ Wetmore, William, 131.
+
+ Whalley, 12, 323.
+
+ Whatley, Thomas, 162.
+ Thomas William, 162.
+
+ Wheaton, Caleb, 131.
+ Judge, 332.
+
+ Wheelwright, John, 354.
+ John, Rev., 447.
+ Joseph, 136.
+ Mary, 447.
+
+ Whipple, Abigail Gardiner, 316.
+ Ebenezer, 139.
+ Oliver, 316.
+
+ Whiston, Obadiah, 136, 138.
+
+ White, Ammi, 471, 472, 475.
+ Anna, 332.
+ Benjamin, 225.
+ Charles, 202.
+ Cornelius, 138, 139.
+ Daniel, Jr., 139.
+ Elizabeth Cranston Deblois, 446.
+ Gideon, 136.
+ Gideon (Jr.), 139.
+ James, 446.
+ John, 124.
+ John, 138.
+ Mary, 225.
+ Mr., 237.
+ Peregrine, 286.
+ R. H. & Co., 308.
+ Resolved, 285.
+ Samuel, 128, 332.
+ Susannah, 225.
+
+ Whitman, Clarence, 470.
+ John, 470.
+ William, 470.
+
+ Whitney, Ann, 224.
+
+ Whittaker, Elizabeth, 224.
+ Nathaniel (Rev.), 224.
+
+ Whitworth, Miles, 124, 132.
+
+ Wilbore, Joshua, 139.
+
+ Wildridge, James, 139.
+
+ Wilkes, 28, 83, 84.
+
+ Wilkinson, Gen., 104.
+
+ Willard, Abel, 126, 136, 139.
+ Abijah, 133, 136, 139, 142.
+ President, 404.
+ Samuel (Rev.), 336, 409.
+
+ William III., 45.
+
+ Williams (Indian Sachem), 89.
+ Col., 159, 401.
+ Elijah, 138.
+ Henry H., 125.
+ Israel, 136.
+ Job, 136.
+ John, 184, 320.
+ Seth, 136.
+ Seth, Jr., 132, 139.
+ William, 447.
+
+ Williamson, Capt., 441.
+
+ Willis, David, 136, 138.
+
+ Wilmot, George, 310, 311, 470.
+
+ Wilson, Archibald, 124, 136, 138.
+ Mr., 272.
+
+ Winch, Sarah, 360.
+
+ Winchelsea, Lord, 386.
+
+ Winnet, John, Jr., 136.
+
+ Winslow, 59, 406.
+ Edward, 132, 133, 136, 321, 433, 434, 436, 437, 438.
+ Edward, Jr., 133, 138.
+ Edward, Rev., 438.
+ Elizabeth, 460.
+ Frances, 436.
+ Hannah, 136.
+ Isaac, 125, 132, 136, 138, 424, 434, 437, 438, 439, 460.
+ Isaac (Dr.), 435.
+ Isaac, Jr., 125, 132.
+ Jane Isabella, 438.
+ John, 124, 125, 136, 434, 435, 436, 437.
+ John, Gen., 322.
+ John, Jr., 138.
+ Joseph, 438, 439.
+ Joshua, 125, 165, 434, 437, 438.
+ Kenelm, 438.
+ Lucy Waldo, 437.
+ Pelham, 133, 136, 138, 435.
+
+ Winthrop, 59.
+ Adam, 308, 395, 427.
+ Alice Still, 427.
+ Ann, 413, 414, 428.
+ Benjamin, 428.
+ Elizabeth Temple, 428.
+ Francis Bayard, 428.
+ Jane Burton, 427.
+ John, 9, 69, 261, 426, 427, 428, 449.
+ John Still, 428.
+ Joseph, 428.
+ Lucy, 395.
+ Mary Brown, 428.
+ Robert, 426.
+ Robert, Admiral, 428.
+ Robert C., 298, 428.
+ Thomas L., 428.
+ Wait Still, 427.
+ William, 428.
+
+ Wiswell, 11, 249.
+ Elizabeth Rogers, 398.
+ Inchabod, 398.
+ John, 139, 398.
+ John (Rev.), 39.
+ Mercy Minot, 398.
+ Noah, 398.
+ Peleg, 398, 399.
+ Thomas, 398.
+
+ Wittington, William, 136.
+
+ Wolf, General, 19, 293.
+ Lucy Margaret Russell, 453.
+ Robert Cope (Rev.), 453.
+
+ Woods, Ruth, 439.
+
+ Woodbridge, Timothy, 136.
+
+ Woolen, 133.
+
+ Wormley, Admiral, 345.
+
+ Worrall, 414.
+ Thomas Grooby, 136.
+
+ Worthington, John, 136.
+
+ Wright, Daniel, 136.
+ James (Sir), 213.
+ John, 139.
+
+ Wyer, David, 465.
+ David (Jr.), 466.
+ Edward, 465.
+ Eleanor James, 465.
+ Elizabeth Johnson, 465.
+ Joanna Pote, 466, 467.
+ Mary Hunt, 466.
+ Rebecca Russell, 465.
+ Sarah Francis, 466.
+ Sarah Tompkins, 466.
+ Thomas, 139, 466.
+ Thomas (Jr.), 466, 467.
+ William, 465.
+
+
+ Young, Thomas (Dr.), 165.
+
+
+
+
+Space in this volume would not permit of the giving of the biographies
+of all of the Loyalists of Massachusetts, while the names of all the
+Loyalists obtainable are given, yet there is material enough to fill
+another volume with their biographies which it is the intention of the
+author to publish if he receives sufficient encouragement in the sale of
+this volume.
+
+
+ =List of Loyalists of Massachusetts whose names or Biographies
+ are not found in this work.=
+
+
+ Acre, Thomas Haskins, John
+ Allen, Jeremiah Hewes, Shubal
+ Allen, Jolley Hodgson, John
+ Auchard, Benjamin Hodson, Thomas
+ Barclay, Andrew Homans, John
+ Barrell, Colburn Jeffrey, Patrick
+ Beath, Mary Jennex, Thomas
+ Black, William Kerland, Patrick
+ Borland, John Lindall Knutton, William
+ Bowman, Archibald Laughton, Joseph
+ Bowles, William Lawler, Ellis
+ Boylston, John Lear, Christopher
+ Boylston, Thomas Leslie, James
+ Bradstreet, Samuel Linning, Andrew
+ Brown, David Lovell, Benjamin
+ Bryant, John Lush, George
+ Bulfinch, Samuel Lynch, Peter
+ Burroughs, John McKean, Andrew
+ Butler, James McNeil, William
+ Butter, James Madden, Richard
+ Calef, Robert Magner, John
+ Capen, Hopestill Massingham, Isaac
+ Carr, Mrs. Mein, John
+ Case, James Mewse, Thomas
+ Caste, Dennis Moore, Augustus
+ Thomas (Dr.) Morrow, Col.
+ Cazneau, Edward Mossman, William
+ Ceely, John Norwood, Ebenezer
+ Cheever, William Down Orcutt, Joseph
+ Clark, Joseph Pashley, George
+ Clemmens, Thomas Pecker, Dr. James
+ Clement, Joseph, Capt. Phillips, Benjamin
+ Clementson, Samuel Pitcher, Moses
+ Colepepper, James Powell, William D.
+ Courtney, James Prout, Timothy
+ Richard Ramage, John
+ Cox, Lemuel Rand, Dr. Isaac
+ Crane, Timothy Randall, Robert
+ Crowe, Charles Reeve, Richard
+ Davies, William Rice, John
+ Davis, Edward Roberts, Frederic
+ Demsey, Roger Rogers, Nathan
+ Dickinson, Francis Simpson, Jeremiah
+ Elton, Peter Spillard, Timothy
+ Emerson, John Stevens, John
+ Fall, Thomas Stewart, Adam
+ Fillis, John Story, William
+ Fisher, Turner Taylor, Charles
+ Wilfred Thomas, Jonathan
+ Fullerton, Stephen Thompson, George
+ Gamage, James Townsend, Shippy
+ Gemmill, Matthews Tull, Thomas
+ Goddard, Lemuel Turill, Thomas
+ Goldthwait, M. B. Vincent, Ambrose
+ Gookin, Edmund Wendell, Jacob
+ Gorman, Edward Wentworth, Edward
+ Gray, Samuel Wheaton, Obediah
+ Green, Hammond Wheelwright, Job
+ Greenwood, Isaac Whitworth, Nathaniel
+ Harper, Isaac Wilson, Joseph
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+
+ Absentees Act, 143.
+
+ Acadia, operations against, 18, 19.
+
+ Acadians, removal of, 434, 435.
+
+ Acton, centennial of, 472.
+
+ Adams, John, on restoration, 24;
+ on mobs, 49;
+ on the loyalists, 49;
+ quotes tory opinion of disunionists, 68;
+ on jealousies in Congress, 68;
+ on his conduct during the revolution, 69.
+ Josiah, Centennial address at Acton, 472.
+ Samuel, defaulting tax collector of Boston, 5, 38;
+ his character and career, 38.
+
+ Aeronaut, Dr. John Jeffries, an early, 394.
+
+ American Military Academy, proposed, 270.
+
+ Amnesty for Loyalists, 94, 95.
+
+ Amory, Thomas, biog., 343;
+ mobbed, 344.
+
+ Andros, Edmund, Sir, administration of, 16.
+
+ Annapolis, N. S., 229.
+
+ Apthorp, East, biog., 353.
+
+ Antigua, 183.
+ Family, 351.
+
+ Aroostook War, 113.
+
+ Ashburton Treaty, 113, 114;
+ American duplicity in, 114, 115.
+
+ Ashted, Warwickshire, 190.
+
+ Association of Loyalists in London, 211;
+ proposed American, 227, 228.
+
+ Attuks monument, 47.
+
+ "Aurora," The, 76 (see also Bache, Benj. F.).
+
+ Aylesbury, 203.
+ Bache, Benjamin F., attacks Washington in the "Aurora," 76.
+
+
+ Bahamas, 180.
+
+ Banishment Act of Massachusetts, 137.
+
+ Barbadoes, 204.
+
+ Barnes, Henry, biography, 399.
+ Barristers and Attorneys address to Gov. Hutchinson, 125.
+
+ Barre, 172.
+
+ Bastra, Siege of, 283.
+
+ Bath, 203.
+
+ Bavaria, Benjamin Thompson, in the service of, 269.
+
+ Beaumarchais, furnishes arms and powder, 85.
+
+ Berkley, 139.
+
+ Bernard, Francis (Sir), biog., 191.
+
+ Berwick, 208.
+
+ Blackstone's title to early Boston, 364.
+
+ Black List of Pennsylvania, 55.
+
+ Blanchard, with Dr. Jeffries, crosses the English channel in
+ a balloon, 394.
+
+ Blurton, 177.
+
+ Boston, Founding of, 427.
+
+ Boston Massacre, 43, 366;
+ Captain Preston and his men tried for, 45;
+ Revere's engraving of, stolen from Pelham, 478.
+ Mobs:
+ Attack on Hutchinson, 40;
+ Hutchinson's account of, 151, 154, 155, 156;
+ destruction of guard house at the Neck, 43;
+ attack on Andrew Oliver and destruction of his house, 40;
+ attack on Amory, 344;
+ on Col. Erving, 298;
+ on Hallowell, 281;
+ on Theophilus Lillie, 310;
+ Stamp Act Mob, 181;
+ Sloop "Liberty" affair, 321;
+ the "Tea Party" Mob, 48, 231, 405, 406, 407, 408, 478.
+
+ Boston Latin School, 300.
+
+ Boston News Letter, 361.
+
+ Boston, Pelham's Map of, 483.
+
+ Boston People who went to Halifax at the Evacuation, 133.
+
+ Boston Port Bill, 168.
+
+ Boston, Streets and places in:
+ Auchmuty Lane, 302.
+ Beacon Hill, 217.
+ Bunch of Grapes Tavern, 233.
+ Copp's Hill, 172.
+ Elm Street, 396.
+ Essex Street, 234.
+ Fleet Street, 174.
+ Fort Hill, 182.
+ Freeman Place, 399.
+ Griffin's Wharf, 182.
+ Hancock's Wharf, 320.
+ Hanover Street, 174, 396.
+ Harrison Avenue, 234.
+ Hollis Street, 233.
+ Hutchinson Street, 172.
+ Kilby Street, 233.
+ King Street, 233.
+ Long Wharf, 182, 254.
+ Mackeral Lane, 233.
+ Marlboro Street, 453.
+ Middle Street, 310.
+ Murray's Barracks, 258.
+ North Square, 151.
+ Old Corner Book Store, 178.
+ Olivers Dock, 182.
+ Pearl Street, 172.
+ Pemberton Hill, 287.
+ Queen Street, 255.
+ Rainsford Lane, 234.
+ Short Street, 302.
+ Smith's Barracks, 258.
+ State Street, 233.
+ Summer Street, 207.
+ Swing Bridge, 117.
+ Union Street, 182, 350.
+
+ Bounties paid to Continental Soldiers, 72.
+
+ Bowes. William, biog., 224.
+
+ Boylston, Nicholas Ward, biog., 282.
+
+ Braddock's Defeat. 179.
+
+ Brattle House, 295, 296.
+ William, Gen., biog., 295.
+
+ Breynton, Rev. Dr., possession of King's Chapel Plate, 348.
+
+ Bridgewater, 138.
+
+ Bright, John, opposed to Southern Confederacy, 110;
+ Congress refuses to pass resolutions on his death, 110.
+
+ Brightwell, 110.
+
+ Brinley, Thomas, biog., 396.
+
+ Bristol, England, 181, 188.
+
+ British graves at Concord, 473;
+ skulls taken from, 474;
+ Prof. Fowler exhibits them, 474, 475.
+ Soldier, murdered at Concord, 53, 472.
+
+ British troops, removed to the Castle, 44;
+ arrival of in Boston, 199;
+ quartered by James Murray, 258.
+
+ Brookfield, 139.
+
+ Brown, Capt. and Ensign D'Berniere make a reconnaissance of
+ Suffolk, Middlesex and Worcester County, 400.
+ Lieut. murdered at Cambridge, 353.
+ Mather, Artist, biog., and account of his work, 280.
+
+ Browne, William. Col., biog., 449.
+
+ Brush Hill, Milton, 257.
+
+ Bulfinch, Charles, Architect, his work, 354.
+
+ Bungay, England, 223.
+
+ Bunker Hill, battle of, 235;
+ Gay's description of, 322;
+ John Coffin at, 235.
+
+ Burgoyne Convention at Saratoga, violation of, 67.
+
+ Byles, Mather, Rev., biog., 275;
+ Anecdotes of, 276, 277, 278.
+
+
+ Calker's Club, (see Caucus Club), 476.
+
+ Callender, James Thompson, professional lampooner, 76.
+
+ Cambridge, Gage captures powder at, 52;
+ Mob threaten Danforth, Lee and Oliver, 281.
+
+ Canada, Rev. John Carroll sent to by Congress, 31;
+ failure of his mission, 32;
+ Loyalist settlement of, 93 to 97;
+ attempted invasion of in 1812, 98;
+ Jefferson on the acquisition of, 102;
+ Gen. McArthur invades, 104;
+ boundary line, 113;
+ Ashburton treaty. 113.
+
+ Canadian Confederation regarded as a menace to the United States, 116.
+
+ Caner, Henry, Rev., biog., 346.
+
+ Caner's Pond, 347.
+
+ Cape Breton (see Louisbourg). Auchmuty advocates expedition against, 301.
+
+ Cape Fear. N. C., 255.
+
+ Cape St. Vincent, Battle of, 283.
+
+ Carlisle, execution of, 55.
+
+ Carlton, N. B., 380.
+
+ Carr, Patrick, Account of Boston Massacre, 46.
+
+ Carroll, Rev. John, sent to Canada by Congress to induce Canadians
+ to join the Americans, 31.
+
+ Cartagena, 239.
+
+ Castle William, 44, 198.
+
+ Caucus Club, origin of, 476.
+
+ Caughnawaga Indians confer with Col. Mifflin about joining
+ revolutionists, 89.
+
+ "Censor," The Newspaper, 453.
+
+ Chamberlain, Mellen, Estimate of Col. Thos. Goldthwaite, 483.
+
+ Chandler, John, biog., 308.
+
+ Charles II. Accession of observed with sorrow in Boston, 12.
+
+ Charlestown, Destruction of Convent at, 48.
+
+ Charleston, S. C., Investment of, 267, 268.
+
+ Charter,
+ The first, 7;
+ limitations of, 11;
+ arrival of Royal Commissioners under, 12, 13;
+ annulment of, 15.
+ The second, 16.
+
+ Chippewa, devastated, 104.
+
+ Christ Church, 342.
+
+ Church of England, 18;
+ Puritan belief in, 8. (See Established church)
+
+ Citizenship, restored to Loyalists, 391.
+
+ Civil War, Great Britain's attitude during, 107.
+
+ Clark, Richard (biog.), 405.
+
+ Confiscation Act, 94, 141;
+ of doubtful legality, 208, 209;
+ legal aspect of, 288;
+ Congress to recommend repeal of, 66.
+
+ Confiscation, Commissioners of, Judge Curwen on, 64.
+
+ Coffin Family, The, 233.
+ Isaac, Admiral Sir (biog.), 239.
+ John, General, biog., 235.
+ Thomas Aston, Sir, biog., 234.
+
+ Coinage in Massachusetts Bay, Illegal, 13.
+
+ Colonization of New England, Character of, 8.
+
+ Committees of Correspondence organized, 54.
+
+ Concord, skirmish at, 53, 471;
+ no Concord men killed or wounded. 472;
+ Ammi White kills wounded British soldier at, 472;
+ town of gives permission to Prof. Fowler to open graves of
+ soldiers and remove skulls, 474;
+ skulls returned, 475;
+ correspondence concerning same, 475.
+
+ Constitutional Aspect of the relations between Colonies and Great
+ Britain, 27.
+
+ Continental Army, Desertions, mutiny in, 73;
+ complaints against officers, violations of parole, rascally
+ surgeons, 73;
+ Adams on quarrels of officers, 74;
+ stealing of stores. 74;
+ Washington on the character and inefficiency of officers, 74;
+ plundering and incendiarism, 74.
+
+ Continental Congress, second, Adams on jealousies in, 68;
+ Jay and Morris on rascality in, 75;
+ Rev. Jacob Duche, chaplain, of letter to Washington on the
+ personnel of, 80, 90.
+
+ Conway, 138.
+
+ Copley, John Singleton, biog., 216;
+ litigation over estate of, 218, 220;
+ paintings by at Harvard and Public Boston Library, 218, 221.
+
+ Crime of adhering to Great Britain made capital, 55.
+
+ Crown Point Expedition, 226, 477.
+
+ Croydon, England, 172.
+
+ Culloden, 50.
+
+ Cumberland, N. S., 322.
+
+ Currency, Continental, Resolve relating to, 75.
+ New England, 146;
+ Mass., 148;
+ Adams on Hutchinson's knowledge of, 148.
+
+ Curwin, Samuel, biog., 246.
+
+ Custom House, Mob, 42.
+
+
+ Danvers, 227, 378, 379.
+
+ Dartmouth, 139.
+
+ Davis, Jefferson, Complains of English Government favoring northern
+ cause, 111.
+
+ D'Berniere, Ensign, reconnaissance of Suffolk, Middlesex and Worcester
+ Counties, 400.
+
+ Deblois Family, Account of, 445.
+
+ D'Estaing, Admiral, 240, 430.
+
+ Demerara, 352.
+
+ Democracy, John Winthrop, on, 69.
+
+ Democratic Party, fosters feeling against England, 99.
+
+ Derbyshire, 191.
+
+ Detroit, Fort, 197.
+
+ Dominica, Engagement at, 241.
+
+ Dorchester, 182.
+
+ Draper, Richard, Founds Massachusetts Gazette, 361.
+
+ Draper, Margaret, biog., publishes Massachusetts Gazette, 404.
+
+ Duane, William, assists Bache in the "Aurora" attacks on
+ Washington, 76.
+
+ Duche, Jacob, Rev. Chaplain of Congress, letters to Washington
+ on Second Continental Congress, 78 to 83.
+
+ Dudleian lecture, 342.
+
+
+ East Granby, Conn., Loyalists confined in prison at, 56. See
+ "Newgate."
+
+ East Hoosuck, 146.
+
+ Eastport, 203.
+
+ East Tergnmouth, Eng., 176.
+
+ Elective franchise, 8, 12.
+
+ Episcopal Church, Puritan alleged belief in, 8, 9;
+ Endicott's view of, 8;
+ reference to, 8, 18, 339, 340, 438;
+ clergy of Support the Government, 54;
+ Eighteen of the clergy leave Boston at the Evacuation and go to
+ Halifax, 348;
+ Services conducted in Boston after evacuation by Rev. Samuel
+ Parker, 348.
+
+
+ Fairfax County Resolves, 25.
+
+ Fairfield, Conn., 347.
+
+ Falmouth (Now Portland), 140, 357; burned by Capt. Mowatt, 390.
+
+ Faneuil Family, 229.
+ Hall, gift of, 230;
+ dedication of, 231.
+
+ Federalists, on the results of the war of 1812, 105.
+
+ Fenian Raid of 1866, 113.
+
+ Fisheries, Loss of, 105.
+
+ Flucker, Thomas, Sec'y of Mass. Bay, biog., 402.
+
+ Fontenoy, 50.
+
+ Forbes of Milton, 257.
+
+ Fort Pownal, 356, 357.
+
+ Fort William Henry, Surrender of, 273.
+
+ Fort William and Mary (Newcastle, N. H.), attack on, 51.
+
+ France, Maj. Caleb Stark on Aid from, 84.
+
+ Frankland, Lady Agnes, biog., 417.
+
+ Franklin Treaty, 86.
+
+ Franklin, Benj., his false scalp story, 91;
+ denounced for his part in the theft of the Hutchinson letters, 163.
+
+ Franklin, William, Gov., biog., 481.
+
+ Frenau, Philip, in the National Gazette attacks Washington and his
+ cabinet, 75.
+
+ French Spoliation Claims, 85, 86, 87.
+
+ Freetown, 139.
+
+
+ Gage, Addresses and Addressors, 131, 132.
+
+ Gardiner, Sylvester, Dr., biog., 313;
+ his medicines seized for use of revolutionists, 315.
+ Maine, 281.
+
+ Gaspee, Destruction of, 52;
+ inquiry into the destruction of, 302.
+
+ Gay, Martin, biog., 321;
+ letters of, 322, 324.
+
+ Geyer, Frederick, William, biog., 350.
+
+ Gladstone, William E., favors Southern Confederacy, 110.
+
+ Goldthwaite Family, Account of, 355.
+ Thomas, Col., biog., 356. (See also Chamberlain, Mellen.)
+
+ Gore, John, biog., 393.
+
+ Granby, Conn., Escape of Loyalist prisoners at, 57.
+
+ Grand Manan, 105.
+
+ Grattan, Thomas Colley, on the Ashburton Treaty, 114.
+
+ Gray, Harrison, Treas. of Mass. Bay, biog. of, 334;
+ John Hancock heavily indebted to, 335.
+
+ Great Barrington, 140.
+
+ Green Dragon Tavern, 363.
+
+ Green Field, 138.
+
+ Grenada, 279.
+
+ Grenville's Scheme of American taxation, 22.
+
+ Guadaloupe, 23.
+
+ Gunpowder Plot, anniversary of observed in Boston, 239.
+
+
+ Halifax, 138, 177, 190, 362.
+
+ Halifax Journal, original publication of, 362.
+
+ Hallowell, Maine, named, 281.
+
+ Hallowell, Benjamin, mobbed at Cambridge, 281.
+ Family, account of, 281.
+ Robert, mobbed, 281.
+
+ Hamilton, Alexander, biog. of, 77.
+
+ Hampstead, 201.
+
+ Hampton, 208.
+
+ Hancock, John, Suits against, 5;
+ engaged in smuggling, owner of the sloop "Liberty," 42;
+ leader in Tea Party mob, 48;
+ his sloop Liberty seized, 49;
+ as treasurer of Harvard college, defaulter, 50;
+ inclined to Toryism, papers suppressed, 160;
+ heavily indebted to Harrison Gray, 335.
+
+ Hardwick, 139, 225.
+
+ Harper's Ferry Raid, 107, 139.
+
+ Harvard College, John Hancock as treasurer of defaults in his
+ accounts, 50;
+ Many graduates of among those who departed with Gage, 58;
+ reference to, 146, 177;
+ Harvard Hall burned, Gov. Bernard assists in rebuilding, 197;
+ buildings of converted into barracks, 271;
+ a nest of Tories, 393.
+
+ Harwich, 139.
+
+ Hatfield, 138.
+
+ Haverhill, 138, 274;
+ Mob at, Attacks Saltonstall, 273.
+
+ Henry, Patrick, character and training, 36;
+ Jefferson on, 36.
+
+ Hiers Islands, Naval Engagement off, 283.
+
+ Hooper, King, biog., 221.
+
+ Howe, John, biog., 361.
+ Joseph, speech at Boston, July 4, 1858, 363.
+
+ Howe, Lord, Mass. erects a monument to at Westminster Abbey, 20.
+
+ Hubbard, History of Mass., reason for its want of completeness, 208.
+
+ Hubbardston, 208.
+
+ Hull, John, Colonial Mint Master, 365.
+
+ Huntington, Long Island, 268.
+
+ Hutchinson, Eliakim, biog., 178.
+ Elisha, biog., 177.
+ Foster, biog., 177.
+
+ Hutchinson Letters, Franklin complicity in theft of, 162, 163.
+ Thomas, biog., 146;
+ his home destroyed by mob, 40;
+ addresses to, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129.
+
+
+ Indians, in the Revolution, 88, 89;
+ troubles with in 1763, 197, 198;
+ Lovewell's fight at Pigwacket, 422.
+
+ Inhabitants of Boston who removed Halifax at the evacuation, 133.
+
+ Intolerance of Puritans, 13, 14.
+
+ Ipswich, 273.
+
+ Irish volunteers (Loyal) formed at Boston, 228.
+
+ Isle of Shoals, 205.
+
+
+ Jamaica, 240.
+ Pond, 207.
+
+ Jay, John, opinion of second Continental Congress, 75;
+ burned in effigy, 105.
+
+ Jefferson, Thomas, suggests burning of London, 102.
+
+ Jeffries, John, biog., 394;
+ crosses English Channel in balloon, 394.
+
+ Journalism, Scurrilous American, 75.
+
+ Judith, Point, named in honor of Judith Quincy, 365.
+
+
+ Kalm, on the dependency of the Colonists, 23.
+
+ King's American Dragoons, 268, 378.
+ American Regiment, 237.
+
+ King, Richard, biog., 317.
+
+ King's Chapel, 179, 209, 230, 255, 346, 347;
+ change in liturgy of, 288;
+ erection and rebuilding of, 347;
+ worship suspended in, 347, 348;
+ church plate taken to Halifax, 348;
+ final disposition of plate and records, 349;
+ Charles Apthorp contributor to, 351.
+
+ King's College, N. Y., saved by British troops, 303.
+
+ Kirk, Ireton, Derbyshire, 177.
+
+ Kittery, 205, 208, 215.
+
+
+ Lafayette, raises troop of Indians, 89.
+
+ Lancaster, 139.
+
+ Land Bank, The, 38, 147, 333.
+
+ Lanesborough, 140.
+
+ Lecky, W. E. H., on the Revolutionary movement, 70.
+
+ Leominster, 139.
+
+ Leonard, Daniel, biog., 325;
+ home fired on by mob, 326;
+ author of "Massachusettenses Letters," 327, 328, 329, 330, 331.
+
+ Leonard, Geo., Col., biog., 333.
+
+ Lexington, engagement at, 53, (see Concord).
+
+ "Liberty" Sloop, a smuggler, (see also John Hancock), 42, 48, 49;
+ account of seizure, 319.
+
+ "Liberty Tree," Site of, 234, 235.
+
+ Lillie, Theophilus, biog., 308.
+
+ Limerick Academy, 224.
+
+ Lincoln, 138.
+
+ Litchfield, Eng., 177.
+
+ Littleton, 138.
+
+ Liverpool, N. S., 105.
+
+ Logan, Indian Chief, family murdered by Greathouse, 90.
+
+ London (Eng.), Jefferson suggests burning of, 102.
+
+ Loring, Joshua, Commodore, biog., 423.
+
+ Louisbourg, Cape Breton, 246, 451, 429;
+ Cost of expedition to reimbursed, 18;
+ surrender of, 19;
+ description of, 206.
+
+ Lovewell's Fight at Pigwacket, 422.
+
+ Loyal American Regiment, 430.
+
+ Loyal American Association formed in Boston, 228.
+
+ Loyalists of Massachusetts, 54;
+ denied legal rights, 55;
+ character of, 58, 65;
+ expulsion of, 93;
+ Associations formed in London, 211;
+ Club, 218.
+
+ Lyndeborough, N. H., 222.
+
+ Lyndhurst, Lord, biog., 216.
+
+
+ Machias, 203.
+
+ Magdalen Islands, 238.
+
+ Mandamus Councillors, 137, 167, 184.
+
+ Marblehead, 222;
+ address of inhabitants of to Hutchinson, 127.
+
+ Marshfield, 139.
+
+ Martinique, 23.
+
+ Maryatt, Captain, Sea writer, mother of a native of Boston, 350.
+
+ Massachusetts Gazette, founded by Richard Draper, 361;
+ continued publication by Margaret Draper, 404.
+
+ Massachusetts General Hospital, endowment of, 346.
+
+ Medford, 138, 291.
+
+ Medicines of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner seized for the use of Continental
+ Army, 315.
+
+ Merry Meeting Bay, Vassal holdings near, 289.
+
+ Middleborough, 138, 189.
+
+ Middleton, N. S., 229.
+
+ Mifflin, Col., confers with Caughnawaga Indians, 89.
+
+ Militia, John Adams on the cowardice of, 75.
+
+ Milton, Inhabitants of Address to Hutchinson, 128, 171.
+
+ Minorca, 242.
+
+ Mobs, see Boston, Cambridge, Haverhill, Salem, N. H., Scarborough.
+
+ Molasses Act, Gov. Bernard request reduction of duties under, 197.
+
+ Monroe Doctrine, 77, 110, 118.
+
+ Moose Island, 105, 203.
+
+ Moravian Indians, Massacre of, 92.
+
+ Mount Desert, 192, 196, 203.
+
+ Mowatt, Capt., at Fort Pownall, 357;
+ burns Falmouth, 399.
+
+ Mowhawk Indians, Congress addresses, 88.
+
+ Murray, James, biog., 254.
+ John, Col., 376.
+
+
+ Nantucket Settlement, 233.
+
+ "National Gazette," The, see Frenan Philip.
+
+ Naval Officers, British of American birth usually remained
+ loyal, 239.
+
+ Nazing, Eng., 225.
+
+ Nepaulese War, Gen. Ochterlony's services in, 300.
+
+ Neutrality of England in Civil War, 109.
+
+ New Castle, New Hampshire, Attack on and powder from, used at
+ Bunker Hill, 51.
+
+ New England Coffee House, London, 249.
+
+ New Englanders in London and Bristol, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254.
+
+ "Newgate Prison," at East Granby, Conn., desc. of, 56.
+
+ New Hampshire, boundary line dispute settled by Hutchinson, 146.
+
+ New Plymouth Company, 156.
+
+ Newport, Evacuation of, 240, 362.
+ "Gazette," 362.
+ "Mercury," 362.
+
+ New York, burning of attributed to New England troops, 74;
+ saved from destruction by British troops, 303.
+
+ Nile, Battle of, 190.
+
+ Non-importation agreement, 310.
+
+ Norridgewock, 289.
+
+ Norton, 325.
+
+ Norwalk, Conn., 347.
+
+ Nottinghamshire, 472.
+
+ "Novanglus," letters by John Adams, 327.
+
+
+ Oakham, 139.
+
+ Octherlony, David, Maj. Gen., Sir, biog., 299.
+
+ Old Colony Club at Plymouth, 437.
+
+ Oliver, mob, 153.
+
+ Oliver, Andrew, biog., 180;
+ mob destroys his house, 40.
+
+ Oliver, Thomas, biog., 183;
+ mobbed at Cambridge, 185.
+
+ Orange, Rangers, 236.
+
+ Oregon Boundary, 116.
+
+ Ossawatomie Engagement, 107.
+
+ Otis, James, on taxation of the Colonies, 35;
+ Hutchinson's opinion of, 35;
+ assault on, by Robinson, 448.
+
+ Oxford, Mass, 312.
+
+
+ Paddock, Adino, Col., biog., 305;
+ Paddock building named for, 307;
+ Paddock Elms, 306, 307.
+
+ Paine, Thomas, attacks Washington, 76.
+ Timothy, Judge, biog., 382.
+
+ Parker, Rev. Samuel, conducts services for Episcopalians in Boston
+ after Evacuation, 348.
+
+ Parr, Town, 190, 380.
+
+ Patriot, recipe for making one, 454.
+
+ Paxton, Charles, biog., 318.
+
+ Pennsylvania Line, Mutiny in, 69.
+
+ Penobscot Expedition, 479.
+
+ Pepperrell, William Sir, biog., 205.
+
+ Petersham, 139.
+
+ Phips, Sir William, career of, 418.
+
+ Pickering, Timothy, of Salem, an early secessionist, 108.
+
+ Pigwacket, Lovewell's Indian fight at, 422.
+
+ Pine Tree Shillings, The tradition of, 365.
+
+ Pittsfield, 140.
+
+ Pleasant Point, 203.
+
+ Plymouth, 138.
+ Purchase, 314.
+
+ Point Judith, named for Judith Quincy, 365.
+
+ Pontiac Conspiracy, 90.
+
+ Poole, Eng., 314.
+
+ Port Mahon, 242.
+
+ Port Talbot, devastated, 104.
+
+ Portsmouth, Eng., 13.
+
+ Portsmouth, N. H., 208, 215.
+ Athenaeum, 395.
+
+ Pownalborough, 140, 315.
+
+ Preston, Capt., Trial of, in connection with Boston Massacre, 45;
+ defence of, 366.
+
+ Princeton, 139.
+
+ Prisoners of War, Northern and Southern, comparative losses, 111, 112.
+
+ Providence, 52.
+
+ Provincial Congress, address Mowhawk Indians, 88.
+
+ Province House, description of, 194.
+
+ Puritans, Intolerance of, 8, 9, 13, 14.
+
+ Putnam, James, Judge, biog., 378;
+ letters of, 380, 381.
+
+
+ Quakers, Puritan maltreatment of, 11, 13.
+
+ Quebec Act., 29, 336;
+ effect of, 29, 30;
+ denounced by Colonists as a "Popish Measure," 31.
+ Address to the Inhabitants of, by Congress, 31;
+ see Carroll, Rev. John.
+ Capture of, 20;
+ Montgomery's Attack on, and the Defence of, 244.
+
+ Queenstown Heights, battle of, 245, 441.
+
+ Quincy, 438.
+ Josiah, defends Capt. Preston et al, "Boston Massacre," 366,
+ 367, 368.
+ Josiah, on the War of 1812, 98.
+ Josiah, on John Hancock as defaulting Treasurer of Harvard
+ College, 50.
+ Judith, her name given to Point Judith, 365.
+ Samuel, biog., Solicitor General of Mass., biog., 364, 368, 369,
+ 370, 371, 372, 373;
+ letters of, 374, 375, 376.
+
+
+ Ramillies, 45.
+
+ Randolph, Edward, arrival at Boston, 14;
+ reception and treatment of, by Colonial authorities, 15.
+
+ Recanters, 126.
+
+ Repudiation, Congress makes, of financial obligations, 75.
+
+ Restoration, Desires for, by Adams Jefferson, Jay, Washington,
+ Madison, 25.
+
+ Revere, Paul, Scout of the Revolution; his ride, financial dealings
+ with state authorities, Penobscot Expedition, 479;
+ Masonic record, 480.
+
+ Revolution, Causes of, 27 to 29.
+
+ Revolutionists, A Tory opinion of, 68.
+
+ Richardson, Ebenezer, biog., 422;
+ mobbed, 422;
+ treatment of, by historians, 423;
+ trial of with Wilmot, 311.
+
+ Riots, see Boston Mobs.
+
+ Rivingston's Gazette, 267.
+
+ Roberts, Execution of, at Philadelphia, 55.
+
+ Rochester, Mass., 225, 229.
+
+ Roman Catholicism, 336;
+ see Quebec Act, and Carroll.
+
+ Roxbury, 138, 178.
+ First church at, 338.
+
+ Royal Arms of the Old State House, 436, 437, 482.
+
+ Royal Society, Benjamin Thompson, a member of, 267.
+
+ Royall, Isaac, Gen., biog., 290.
+ Mansion, description of, 291, 292.
+ Professorship of Law at Harvard, 293.
+
+ Ruggles, Timothy, biog., 225.
+
+ Rumford, Count, see Thompson, Benj., 263.
+
+ Rutland, 139.
+
+ Russian friendship for United States, 118.
+
+
+ Sabine, on the rascality of the Whigs, 72.
+
+ Saco, 208.
+
+ Salaries to Supreme Court Judges, Royal Grant of, 188, 189.
+
+ Salem, 138, 168, 246.
+
+ Salem Village, 378, 379. See also Danvers.
+
+ Saltonstall, Col Richard, biog., 272.
+
+ Sandemanianism, founder of in Boston, 363;
+ description of their services at Halifax, 363.
+
+ Sandwich, 139.
+
+ Saratoga Convention, Violation of, 85.
+
+ Savannah, D'Estaing repulsed at, 240.
+
+ Scarborough, 208;
+ mob at destroys property of Richard King, 317.
+
+ Scituate, 138, 285.
+
+ Scott, General, captured by Gen. Sheaffe, 411.
+
+ Search Warrants, 149;
+ see also "Writs of Assistance."
+
+ Secession in early period, 108.
+
+ Sewall, Jonathan, Atty. Gen., biog., 454.
+
+ Shay's Rebellion, 69, 381.
+
+ Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale, biog., 439.
+
+ Shelburne, N. S., 340.
+
+ Shepton, Mallet, (Eng.), 250, 283.
+
+ Ships,
+ Arbella, 9, 272.
+ Aston Hall, 235, 282.
+ Barfleur, 240.
+ Bellerophon, 425.
+ Culloden, 190.
+ Diligent, 240, 382.
+ Duquesne, 425.
+ Fowey, 240.
+ Gaspee, 240.
+ Glorieux, 241.
+ Kingfisher, 240.
+ King George, 281.
+ Liberty, 298.
+ Le Pincon, 240.
+ London Packet, 319.
+ Mary and John, 427.
+ Melampus, 242.
+ Minerva, 170.
+ Neptune, 244.
+ Philadelphia, 345.
+ Pocahontas, 240.
+ Prince George, 269.
+ Rose, 17.
+ Royal Oak, 240.
+ Scarborough, 266.
+ Shrewsbury, 241.
+ Swiftsure, 283.
+ Sybil, 240.
+ Thisbe, 241, 242.
+ Undaunted, 429.
+ Ville de Paris, 241, 429.
+ William, 426.
+
+ Shirley Hall, Roxbury, 178.
+
+ Shrewsbury, Eng., 139.
+ Mass., 189.
+
+ Sidmouth, Eng., 175.
+
+ Simcoe's Queen's Rangers, 90.
+
+ Simsbury, Conn., 57.
+
+ Smith, Adam, On taxation of the Colonies, 34.
+ James, biog., 255.
+
+ Smuggling, Extent of, 33, 35, 193;
+ Gov. Bernard orders seizure of vessels for, 197;
+ Hancock's sloop "Liberty" seized, 319;
+ see Hancock.
+
+ Snider, Christopher, killing and burial of, 310.
+
+ Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 339.
+
+ Sons of Despotism, 54, 179, 264, 318, 335, 453.
+ Liberty, 54, 158, 273, 477.
+
+ South Kingston, R. I., 313.
+
+ Spanish War, 117, 118.
+
+ Springfield, 138.
+
+ Spring, Garden Coffee House, London, meeting place of Loyalists,
+ 249, 250.
+
+ St. Croix, 203.
+ David, village of, burned, 104.
+ Eustacia, 49.
+ John's Island, 237.
+ John. N. B., 190.
+ Kitts, 240.
+ Lucia, 23; reduction of, 284.
+ Paul's Parish, Portland, 398.
+ Vincent, 204.
+
+ Stamp Act, Passed, its enforcement, 37;
+ repeal of, 47;
+ incidents of, 152, 156, 157, 181, 198.
+ Bernard advocated its repeal, 199;
+ congress, 226, 346.
+
+ Stockbridge, Indians, Company of enlisted in Revolutionary army, 88.
+
+ Strachan, Dr. John, on the burning of York, Can., 103;
+ to Jefferson on American atrocities in Canada, 104.
+
+ Sumner, Prof. (W. G.) on Colonial distinctions in taxation, 78.
+
+ Sunderland, 138.
+
+ Supreme Court Judges, Royal Grant of Salaries to, 188, 189.
+
+ Surriage, Agnes, see Lady Frankland.
+
+
+ Taunton, 139.
+
+ Tavistock, 205.
+
+ Taxation, colonial notions of, 34, 35, 78;
+ see Stamp Act, Tea Tax, Molasses Act, Grenville.
+
+ Tea Mob alias Tea Party, 47, 165, 166, 167;
+ account of, 407.
+
+ Tea Tax, 47.
+
+ Thompson, Benj. Sir, Count Rumford, biog., 261.
+ Joseph, biog., 297.
+ Sarah, Countess Rumford, biog., 272.
+
+ Townsend, Mass., 138.
+
+ Transcript, Boston Evening, founded, 342.
+
+ Trinity Church, Boston, 338.
+ N. Y., Invaded by Lord Stirling; closed by Dr. Auchnuty,
+ destroyed by fire, 303.
+
+ Troops, British, Arrival and treatment of at Boston, 42, 157, 158.
+
+
+ United Empire Loyalists, 245.
+
+ Unthank (Scot), 254.
+
+
+ Vassal Family, 285.
+
+ Venezuelian, Episode, 117.
+
+
+ Walter, Lynde Minshall, founds Boston Evening Transcript, 342.
+ Nehemiah, Rev., biog., 338.
+ William, Rev., biog., 338.
+
+ War of 1812, Sketch of, 98.
+
+ Warren, Joseph, Dr., death of, 335.
+
+ Washington, Burning of, 103.
+
+ Washington, Geo. Gen., on the inefficiency and want of patriotism
+ in the Continental Army, 72;
+ on people supplying British in Philadelphia with provisions, 72;
+ places guard over grave of foreign officer to preventing robbing
+ of body, 73.
+
+ Waterloo, 45, 221.
+
+ Wedderburn, Sol., Gen., denounces Franklin for theft of Hutchinson
+ letters, 164, 165.
+
+ West, Benj., Picture, reception of the Loyalists, desc. of, 213.
+
+ West, Church, plate of preserved by Martin Gay, 321.
+
+ White, Ammi, kills wounded British Soldier at Concord. See Concord.
+
+ Whiskey Insurrection, 69.
+
+ Wilkes Riots, 83, 84.
+
+ Wilmington, N. C., 255.
+
+ Wilmot, N. S., 229.
+
+ Winslow, John, biog., 434.
+
+ Winthrop, John, on Puritan loyalty to Church of England, 9,
+ his children, 483;
+ on democracy, 69.
+ Robert, biog., 426.
+
+ Wiswell, John, Rev., biog., 398.
+
+ Witchcraft delusion, 17.
+
+ Woburn, 261, 263, 264, 265, 272.
+
+ Wolfe, Gen., captures Quebec, 19, 20.
+
+ Wollaston, Mount, 365.
+
+ Wooden Figure, affair at Lillie's Mob, 311.
+
+ Worcester, 139, 474.
+
+ Worcester Resolutions against Absentees and Refugees, 141.
+
+ Wrentham, 138.
+
+ Writs of Assistance, 29, 149, 150, 151, 193.
+
+
+ York, Canada, burning of, 104.
+
+ Yorktown, Surrender of, 237.
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+ STARK'S ANTIQUE VIEWS
+ OF THE
+ TOWN OF BOSTON
+
+Every Bostonian should own this book, it contains the largest and rarest
+collection of ancient views of Boston ever published.
+
+ "I am familiar with many of the old prints copied in your book.
+ Some of them are now exceedingly rare, and all have historical
+ value."--_Samuel A. Green, Librarian of the Massachusetts
+ Historical Society and Ex-Mayor of Boston._
+
+Upward of 150 reproductions, with descriptive text. Arranged in
+chronological order, they form a history of the town and city.
+
+Quarto, cloth, $5.00 net. If by mail, $5.32.
+
+ =JAMES H. STARK=
+ =17 MILK ST., BOSTON, MASS.=
+
+
+ W. B. CLARKE CO. REVOLUTIONARY SERIES
+
+ =Myths and Facts of the American Revolution=
+
+ A Commentary on United States History as it is Written.
+
+ =By ARTHUR JOHNSTON=
+
+WALDO H. DUNN, in Wooster Quarterly
+
+ "The object of the volume is 'to refute the American Revolutionary
+ Myth.' This Mr. Johnston proceeds to do by declaring and, no doubt,
+ from his point of view, proving that all histories of the American
+ Revolution, those written by Americans as well as many written by
+ Englishmen, are for the most part unreliable, misleading,
+ unfaithful to the facts, in many cases, even mythical."
+
+Cloth, 8vo. 303 pages. Price, $1.50 net. Postage 12c extra.
+
+=Rowe. Letters and Diary of John Rowe, Boston Merchant, 1764-1779.=
+
+"Brief jottings by a busy man. A welcome addition to our knowledge of
+the Revolutionary era."--_The Nation._
+
+ The book is of interest to all old Massachusetts families, over one
+ hundred of which are mentioned.
+
+8vo. cloth, with illustrations, $3.00 net. If by mail, $3.25.
+
+=Murray. Letters of James Murray, Loyalist, 1713-1781.=
+
+ Books containing the raw material of the early history of our
+ country are of much interest at the present time, and those on the
+ Tory or Loyalist side are perhaps the more interesting because more
+ rare.--_The Dial._
+
+ The Appendix gives genealogical information regarding the families
+ of Murray, Forbes, Inman, Innes, Hutchinson, Robbins, Revere and
+ Howe.
+
+8vo. cloth, with illustrations. $2.50 net. If by mail, $2.67.
+
+ =W. B. CLARKE CO.=
+ =26-28 TREMONT ST., BOSTON, MASS.=
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ STARK'S GUIDES TO THE WEST INDIES.
+
+ =Stark's History and Guide to Trinidad=
+
+ =Two hundred pages and profusely illustrated.=
+
+ =From the London "Spectator."=
+
+Mr. James H. Stark in his series of histories of, and guides to, the
+West Indies has assumed the role of a modern Hakluyt to intending
+voyagers to the islands. He gives a clear account of their present
+state, their climate, season, and "natural commodities," and useful
+information as to steamers and hotels. But to this is added a well
+edited and illustrated history of each island, or group of islands,
+which brings the present into vivid relation with the past. Each of the
+books is interesting and suggestive and complete in itself, the present
+political and commercial prospects of the different colonies, being
+especially well set out. After following Mr. Stark, who writes both with
+knowledge and enthusiasm, from island to island our personal choice
+would fall on Trinidad as the centre and headquarters of a visit to the
+West Indies. It is accessible, not expensive, and makes an admirable
+centre for further voyages.--_London Spectator._
+
+
+ =Stark's History and Guide to Jamaica=
+
+ =Two hundred pages, and over fifty full-page illustrations.=
+
+ =From the Jamaica "News."=
+
+Jamaica has not been without literature descriptive of her charms, but
+there is no book which pays her so eloquent a tribute as Stark's
+"History and Guide to Jamaica." It is a handsome volume and one which
+cannot be absent from any well equipped West Indian bookshelf. Mr. Stark
+hails from Boston, but the works which he will leave behind will
+associate him more closely with the jewels of the Caribbean Sea. Few
+better than he have appreciated to the full the dazzling beauties of the
+West Indies, and few have pictured them with such graphic force. Mr.
+Stark has not been content with skilled word-pictures in his portrayal
+of Jamaica. The volume is made beautiful by fifty-six exquisite
+full-page photographic reproductions. These must have added very
+materially to the expense of production, but they serve to render the
+book by far the best-illustrated work the island has ever possessed.
+There are also a map of the West Indies, a detailed map of Jamaica and a
+street plan of Kingston, all specially engraved for the "Guide."
+
+The work which Mr. Stark has completed is one that the government of
+Jamaica might have undertaken in an earnest effort to benefit the
+island, but it could not have done it so well, nor would its labors have
+been free from the suspicion of prejudice. Mr. Stark is a stranger, an
+American, whose unqualified praise is not biased by consideration of
+patriotism; and his work is likely to prove so potent a factor in the
+working out of the island's salvation that the government could do no
+more beneficent act than to make a present of a copy of the work to
+every public library throughout the English-speaking world.
+
+The book is full of interest from cover to cover. From the opening
+chapter to the last there is much to instruct, and the writing is of
+such excellence that we never wearied. There are in all nineteen
+chapters to the work, and the book has been handsomely printed, bound,
+and illustrated.--_News, Jamaica._
+
+
+ =Stark's Guide and History of British Guiana=
+
+ (PALL MALL GAZETTE).
+
+"Stark's Guide and History of British Guiana, is a continuation of a
+series of works of the Guide book type, dealing with our West Indian
+possessions. It is both instructive and pleasantly written while the
+illustrations and maps afford additional information. The history and
+physical characteristics of the colony are sketched out, the show sights
+duly detailed, and the inhabitants and products receive adequate
+treatment. There are some useful hints on the gold industry and the
+resources of the colony generally and should accordingly find a place as
+a work of reference."
+
+ (THE LONDON GRAPHIC)
+
+"Stark's Guide and History of British Guiana, is a complete and
+compendious handbook for tourists and immigrants. At the present time
+the history of the gold industry and hints to gold prospectors may be
+commended as opportune and up-to-date."
+
+ (BOOKSELLER LONDON).
+
+"Sampson Low, Marston & Co., now place upon the English market a cheap
+and useful guide to British Guiana, which has been issued by an American
+publisher. The bulk of the material, we are told, was prepared by Mr.
+James Rodway, the well known authority on British Guiana, and may
+therefore be accepted as trustworthy. The volume is profusely
+illustrated and altogether furnishes a very satisfactory and sufficient
+guide to the country with which it deals."
+
+ =For Sale by
+ James H. Stark, Publisher, 17 Milk St., Boston.=
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ Stark's Illustrated Histories
+ and
+ Guides to the West Indies
+
+ =Six volumes, $1.50 per volume net=
+
+It is now more than a century since a series of works of this
+description was published on the West Indies--McKinnen's in 1804 and
+Bryan Edwards' in 1797. The large number of tourists visiting the West
+Indies every winter, and the acquiring of tropical possessions by this
+country, have caused the public to take a greater interest in and to
+seek for information concerning these beautiful islands lying so near
+our shores. The author has spent the past twenty winters among these
+islands, and has incorporated in each book from twenty-five to fifty
+Photo-Prints from negatives taken by him, printed on plate paper,
+besides many rare and valuable maps. Each book contains a description of
+everything on or about the islands, concerning which the public may
+desire information, including History Inhabitants, Climate, Agriculture,
+Geology, Government and Resources. The set consists of six volumes, each
+complete within itself. Jamaica, Trinidad, British Guiana, Bahamas,
+Bermuda, Barbados and Caribbee Islands. Every library should contain
+these volumes as works of reference and text-books.
+
+
+ _STARK'S ILLUSTRATED BERMUDA GUIDE_
+
+=Two hundred pages, profusely illustrated with Maps and Photo-Prints, 12
+ mo. $1.60 post-paid.=
+
+"A most exhaustive book on Bermuda. Mr. J. H. Stark spent several
+seasons in Bermuda for the express purpose of collecting material for a
+history and guide-book, and nothing is omitted or overlooked which the
+invalid or traveller for pleasure will wish to know."--_Boston
+Transcript._
+
+"The 'Illustrated Bermuda Guide,' written by Mr. James H. Stark, of this
+city, is the latest book on the Bermuda Islands. It contains twenty-four
+artistic photo-prints, besides several handy maps of the islands, which
+will be of much convenience to the tourist who seeks rest and pleasure
+in the miniature continent, 700 miles from New York.
+
+"The text of the volume treats of the history, inhabitants, climate,
+agriculture, geology, government and military and naval establishments
+of Bermuda describing in an entertaining fashion the most noticeable
+features of the Island, and furnishing a brief sketch of life in Bermuda
+from the original settlement until to-day."--_Boston Herald._
+
+
+ _STARK'S HISTORY AND GUIDE TO THE BAHAMA ISLANDS_
+
+=Fully illustrated with Maps, Photo-Prints and Wood-Cuts, 12 mo. $1.60,
+ post-paid.=
+
+"I have read your book on the Bahamas with great care and interest, and
+can confidently speak of it as the most trustworthy account of the
+Colony that has yet been published." SIR AMBROSE SHEA, _Governor of the
+Bahamas_.
+
+"Your book has exceeded my expectations; you have filled up a gap in the
+history of the English Empire, especially in the history of our
+colonies, that deserve the encomiums of every Englishman, aye, and of
+every American who reads your book. The colonists of the Bahamas owe you
+a debt that they can never fully repay." G. C. CAMPLEJOHN, _Judge of the
+Court of Common Pleas, Bahamas_.
+
+
+ _STARK'S HISTORY AND GUIDE TO BARBADOES_
+ _AND THE CARIBBEE ISLANDS_
+
+ =Two hundred and twenty pages profusely illustrated with Maps and
+ Photo-Prints, 12 mo, $1.60, post-paid.=
+
+"MR. JAMES H. STARK visited these islands and derived his information at
+first hand. He has given a brief history of their discovery and
+settlement, and also an account of the manners and customs of the
+inhabitants, which is superior to that of any other work on the subject.
+The book is richly supplied with half-tone illustration, which give a
+capital idea of the buildings, the localities, and the people throughout
+these tropical islands.
+
+"The information is practical, and the volume will be highly prized by
+those who have interests in these islands or have occasion to visit
+them. Mr. Stark has done much to lift them into notoriety by his
+careful, accurate and instructive work."--_Boston Herald._
+
+ =For Sale by=
+ =James H. Stark, Publisher, 17 Milk St., Boston.=
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Minor typographical errors and inconsistencies have been silently
+normalized. Archaic and variable spellings, and inconsistent hyphenation
+have been retained. Example: both "Curwin" and "Curwen" appear.
+
+Page vii: The Appendix contents list shows "LIST OF LOYALISTS WHOSE
+NAMES OR BIOGRAPHIES ARE NOT FOUND IN THIS WORK" as on page 484, whereas
+it is actually on page 503.
+
+Page 69: The footnote anchor is missing. The transcriber has placed it
+where it seems likely to have been required.
+
+Page 103: (*) denotes missing footnote.
+
+Page 111: There are two footnote markers but no foot note (*).
+
+Page 126: "Whereare we the subscribers did ..." Replaced "whereare" with
+"whereas".
+
+Page 151: A currency "dispute took place in 1762 as regarde the parity
+between gold and silver." "regarde" changed to "regards".
+
+Page 157: 'the objects of the contempt even of woman, and children.'
+"woman" changed to "women".
+
+Page 180: "John Williams and Swan S.;" There is a blank area on the
+original page; the transcriber has replaced it with ----
+
+Page 211: "May 29th, 1779, and the next at the Crown and Anchor, in the
+Strand on the 26th" are conflicting dates as found in the original.
+
+Page 253: "the limits of the republican government. Wishes for the
+welfare of my" "which cannot possibly be but of short continuance,
+somewhere out of"
+
+The above two lines seem to be out of order and have been put in reverse
+order.
+
+Page 332: "that the father and sisters of Charles were to partici- in
+the enjoyment of the property." Changed "partici-" to "participate".
+
+Page 425: There was no footnote anchor for the "Loring" footnote. The
+transcriber has inserted it at the beginning of the COMMODORE JOSHUA
+LORING section.
+
+Page 477: 'Public officials were chosen by a ring in Boston in the year
+of our Lord 1768 before they were "chosen by the town"'.
+
+The date 1768 appears to be an error according to the previous
+paragraphs. The transcriber has replaced 1768 with 1763.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Loyalists of Massachusetts, by James H. Stark
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 39316.txt or 39316.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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