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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:12:27 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:12:27 -0700 |
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diff --git a/39316-h/39316-h.htm b/39316-h/39316-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..db69177 --- /dev/null +++ b/39316-h/39316-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,30987 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Loyalists of Massachusetts by James H Stark, a Project Gutenberg eBook. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + + .hanging {margin-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em;} + +hr { + margin: 3em auto 3em auto; + height: 0px; + border-width: 1px 0 0 0; + border-style: solid; + border-color: #dcdcdc; + width: 500px; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table.toc { + margin: auto; + width: 50%; +} + +td.c1 { + text-align: right; + vertical-align: top; + padding-right: 1em; +} + +td.c2 { + text-align: left; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em; + padding-right: 1em; + vertical-align: top; +} + +td.c3 { + text-align: right; + padding-left: 1em; + vertical-align: bottom; +} + +td { padding: 0em 1em; } +th { padding: 0em 1em; } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + color: #999; +} /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + .center {text-align: center;} + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .gap { margin-top: 1em; } + +/* Images */ + .figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + + .figleft { + clear: left; + float: left; + padding: 0; + text-align: left; + width: auto; +} + + .figright { + clear: right; + float: right; + margin: 0em 0em 0em 1em; + padding: 0; + text-align: left; + width: auto; +} + + .bord img { + padding: 1px; + border: 1px solid black; +} + +p.caption { + margin-top: 0; + font-size: 70%; + text-align: left; +} + +p.caption2 { + margin-top: 0; + font-size: 70%; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Transcriber Notes */ +div.tn { + background-color: #EEE; + border: dashed 1px; + color: #000; + margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + margin-top: 5em; + margin-bottom: 5em; + padding: 1em; +} + +ul.corrections { + list-style-type: circle; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +div.fn { + background-color: #EEE; + border: dashed 1px; + color: #000; + margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + margin-top: 5em; + margin-bottom: 5em; + padding: 1em; +} + + .footnote { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em; +} + + .footnote .label { + position: absolute; + right: 84%; + text-align: right; +} + + .fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none; +} + +/* Poetry */ + + + + .poem { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + text-align: left; +} + + .poem br { display: none; } + + .poem .stanza { margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; } + + .poem span.i0 { + display: block; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + .poem span.i1 { + display: block; + margin-left: 1em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + + + .poem span.i2 { + display: block; + margin-left: 2em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + + .poem span.i4 { + display: block; + margin-left: 4em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + + .signature { + text-align: right; + margin-right: 5%; +} + +/* INDEX */ +ul.index { list-style-type: none; + width: 20em; + margin: 2em auto; +} + +ul.index2 { list-style-type: none; } + +li.pad { padding-top: 2.0%; } + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's The Loyalists of Massachusetts, by James H. Stark + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: The Loyalists of Massachusetts + And the Other Side of the American Revolution + +Author: James H. Stark + +Release Date: March 31, 2012 [EBook #39316] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS *** + + + + +Produced by Andrew Wainwright, Jonathan Ingram and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"><br /><br /> +<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="400" height="597" alt="THOMAS HUTCHINSON." title="THOMAS HUTCHINSON." /> +<span class="caption">THOMAS HUTCHINSON.<br /> + +Born in Boston, Sept. 9, 1711. Governor of Massachusetts 1771-4. Died in London<br /> +June 3, 1780.</span> +</div> +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> + + + +<h1> +THE<br /> +LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS<br /> +<br /> +AND<br /> +<br /> +THE OTHER SIDE OF<br /> +THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION +</h1> +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>JAMES H. STARK</h2> +<p class="center"> +"<i>History makes men wise.</i>"—<span class="smcap">Bacon.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +W. B. CLARKE CO.<br /> +<span class="smcap">26 Tremont Street<br /> +Boston</span> +</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="center"> +COPYRIGHTED 1907<br /> +<br /> +BY<br /> +<br /> +JAMES H. STARK<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +To<br /> +The Memory of the Loyalists<br /> +of<br /> +The Massachusetts Bay<br /> +<br /> +WHOSE FAITHFUL SERVICES AND MEMORIES ARE NOW FORGOTTEN<br /> +BY THE NATION THEY SO WELL SERVED, THIS<br /> +WORK IS DEDICATED BY THE<br /> +AUTHOR</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> +<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align="left">INTRODUCTION</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHAPTER I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE FIRST CHARTER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHAPTER II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE SECOND CHARTER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHAPTER III</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CAUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHAPTER IV</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">BOSTON MOBS AND THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTION</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHAPTER V</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHAPTER VI</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE REVOLUTIONIST</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHAPTER VII</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">INDIANS IN THE REVOLUTION</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHAPTER VIII</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE EXPULSION OF THE LOYALISTS AND THE SETTLEMENT OF CANADA</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHAPTER IX</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE WAR OF 1812 AND THE ATTEMPTED CONQUEST OF CANADA</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHAPTER X</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE CIVIL WAR AND THE PART TAKEN BY GREAT BRITAIN IN SAME</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHAPTER XI</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">RECONCILIATION. THE DISMEMBERED EMPIRE REUNITED IN BONDS OF FRIENDSHIP. "BLOOD IS THICKER THAN WATER."</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span>PART II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE LOYALISTS OF MASS.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE ADDRESS OF THE MERCHANTS AND OTHERS OF BOSTON TO GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ADDRESS OF THE BARRISTERS AND ATTORNEYS OF MASSACHUSETTS TO GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ADDRESS OF THE INHABITANTS OF MARBLEHEAD TO GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ADDRESS TO GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON FROM HIS FELLOW TOWNSMEN IN THE TOWN OF MILTON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ADDRESS PRESENTED TO GOVERNOR GAGE ON HIS ARRIVAL AT SALEM</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ADDRESS TO GOVERNOR GAGE ON HIS DEPARTURE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">LIST OF INHABITANTS OF BOSTON WHO REMOVED TO HALIFAX WITH THE ARMY MARCH, 1776</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">MANDAMUS COUNSELLORS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE BANISHMENT ACT OF MASSACHUSETTS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE WORCESTER RESOLUTION RELATING TO THE ABSENTEES AND REFUGEES</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE CONFISCATION ACT</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONSPIRACY ACT</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ABSENTEES ACT</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">BIOGRAPHIES</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THOMAS HUTCHINSON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">LIST OF GOV. HUTCHINSON'S CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THOMAS HUTCHINSON, SON OF THE GOVERNOR</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ELISHA HUTCHINSON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">FOSTER HUTCHINSON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ELIAKIM HUTCHINSON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">LIST OF ELIAKIM HUTCHINSON'S CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ANDREW OLIVER—LIEUT. GOVERNOR</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THOMAS OLIVER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">PETER OLIVER—CHIEF JUSTICE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span>SIR FRANCIS BERNARD</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">SIR WILLIAM PEPPERRELL</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY AND HIS SON LORD LYNDHURST</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">KING HOOPER OF MARBLEHEAD</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">WILLIAM BOWES</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES OF WILLIAM BOWES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">GENERAL TIMOTHY RUGGLES</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE FANEUIL FAMILY OF BOSTON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE COFFIN FAMILY OF BOSTON. ADMIRAL SIR ISAAC COFFIN SIR THOMAS ASTON COFFIN ADMIRAL FROMAN H. COFFIN GENERAL JOHN COFFIN</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES OF JOHN COFFIN IN SUFFOLK COUNTY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JUDGE SAMUEL CURWEN</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JAMES MURRAY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">SIR BENJAMIN THOMPSON—COUNT RUMFORD</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">COL. RICHARD SALTONSTALL</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">REV. MATHER BYLES</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE HALLOWELL FAMILY OF BOSTON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES OF BENJAMIN HALLOWELL IN SUFFOLK COUNTY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_284">284</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE VASSALLS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES OF JOHN VASSALL IN SUFFOLK COUNTY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">GENERAL ISAAC ROYALL</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">GENERAL WILLIAM BRATTLE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATE OF WILLIAM BRATTLE IN BOSTON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JOSEPH THOMPSON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">COLONEL JOHN ERVING</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO COL. JOHN ERVING</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">MAJOR GENERAL SIR DAVID OCTHERLONY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JUDGE AUCHMUTY'S FAMILY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES OF ROBERT AUCHMUTY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">COLONEL ADINO PADDOCK</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES OF ADINO PADDOCK IN SUFFOLK COUNTY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_308">308</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span>THEOPHILUS LILLIE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_308">308</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO THEOPHILUS LILLIE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">DR. SYLVESTER GARDINER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO SYLVESTER GARDINER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">RICHARD KING</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHARLES PAXTON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JOSEPH HARRISON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_319">319</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CAPTAIN MARTIN GAY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO MARTIN GAY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">DANIEL LEONARD</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JUDGE GEORGE LEONARD</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_332">332</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">COLONEL GEORGE LEONARD</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">HARRISON GRAY—RECEIVER GENERAL OF MASSACHUSETTS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_334">334</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO HARRISON GRAY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">REV. WILLIAM WALTER, RECTOR OF TRINITY CHURCH</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_338">338</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO REV. WILLIAM WALTER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_342">342</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THOMAS AMORY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">REV. HENRY CANER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_346">346</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO REV. HENRY CANER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_349">349</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">FREDERICK WILLIAM GEYER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_350">350</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO FREDERICK WILLIAM GEYER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE APTHORP FAMILY OF BOSTON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO CHARLES WARD APTHORP</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_354">354</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE GOLDTHWAITE FAMILY OF BOSTON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_355">355</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO JOSEPH GOLDTHWAIT</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JOHN HOWE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">SAMUEL QUINCY, SOLICITOR GENERAL</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_364">364</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span>COLONEL JOHN MURRAY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_376">376</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JUDGE JAMES PUTNAM, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_378">378</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JUDGE TIMOTHY PAINE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_382">382</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">DR. WILLIAM PAINE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_385">385</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JOHN CHANDLER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_388">388</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JOHN GORE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_392">392</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JOHN JEFFRIES</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THOMAS BRINLEY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO THOMAS BRINLEY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_397">397</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">REV. JOHN WISWELL</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_398">398</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">HENRY BARNES</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_399">399</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THOMAS FLUCKER, SECRETARY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_402">402</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">MARGARET DRAPER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_404">404</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO MARGARET DRAPER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_405">405</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">RICHARD CLARKE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_405">405</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">PETER JOHONNOT</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO PETER JOHONNOT</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_411">411</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JOHN JOY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_411">411</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">RICHARD LECHMERE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_413">413</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO RICHARD LECHMERE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_414">414</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">EZEKIEL LEWIS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_414">414</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">BENJAMIN CLARK</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_415">415</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">LADY AGNES FRANKLAND</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">COLONEL DAVID PHIPS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_418">418</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE DUNBAR FAMILY OF HINGHAM</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_421">421</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">EBENEZER RICHARDSON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_422">422</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">COMMODORE JOSHUA LORING</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_423">423</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO JOSHUA LORING</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_426">426</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ROBERT WINTHROP</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_426">426</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span>NATHANIEL HATCH</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_429">429</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO NATHANIEL HATCH</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_430">430</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHRISTOPHER HATCH</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_430">430</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">WARD CHIPMAN</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_431">431</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">GOVERNOR EDWARD WINSLOW</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_433">433</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO ISAAC WINSLOW</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_439">439</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">SIR ROGER HALE SHEAFFE, BARONET</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_439">439</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JONATHAN SAYWARD</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_443">443</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">DEBLOIS FAMILY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_445">445</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO GILBERT DEBLOIS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_446">446</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">LYDE FAMILY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_447">447</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO EDWARD LYDE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_447">447</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JAMES BOUTINEAU</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_448">448</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO JAMES BOUTINEAU</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_449">449</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">COL. WILLIAM BROWNE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_449">449</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ARCHIBALD CUNNINGHAM</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_451">451</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CAPTAIN JOHN MALCOMB</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_451">451</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE RUSSELL FAMILY OF CHARLESTOWN</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_452">452</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">EZEKIEL RUSSELL</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_453">453</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JONATHAN SEWALL</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_454">454</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY BELONGING TO SAMUEL SEWALL</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_457">457</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THOMAS ROBIE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_457">457</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">BENJAMIN MARSTON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_459">459</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">HON. BENJAMIN LYNDE, CHIEF JUSTICE OF MASSACHUSETTS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_462">462</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">PAGAN FAMILY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_464">464</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE WYER FAMILY OF CHARLESTOWN</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_465">465</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JEREMIAH POTE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_467">467</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">EBENEZER CUTLER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_468">468</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span>APPENDIX</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE TRUE STORY CONCERNING THE KILLING OF THE TWO SOLDIERS AT CONCORD BRIDGE, APRIL 19, 1775. THE FIRST BRITISH SOLDIER KILLED IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_471">471</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE ENGAGEMENT AT THE NORTH BRIDGE IN CONCORD WHERE THE TWO SOLDIERS WERE KILLED</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_476">476</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">PAUL REVERE, THE SCOUT OF THE REVOLUTION</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_477">477</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">WILLIAM FRANKLIN, SON OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_481">481</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE ROYAL COAT OF ARMS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_482">482</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">JUDGE MELLEN CHAMBERLAIN'S OPINION OF COLONEL THOMAS GOLDTHWAITE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_483">483</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">NOTE ON PELHAM'S MAP OF BOSTON</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_483">483</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">NOTE ON GOV. JOHN WINTHROP</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_483">483</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">LIST OF LOYALISTS WHOSE NAMES OR BIOGRAPHIES ARE NOT FOUND IN THIS WORK</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_484">484</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">PELHAM'S MAP OF BOSTON IN POCKET IN THE BACK COVER.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>ACKNOWLEDGMENT.</h2> + + +<p>The author wishes to acknowledge the great assistance he has received +from the New England Historic Genealogical Society, of which +he has been a member for twenty-eight years,—whose library consisting +of biographies and genealogies is the most complete in America. Other +authorities consulted, have been the "Royalist" records in the original +manuscript preserved in the archives of the State of Massachusetts, the +Record Commissioners' Reports of the City of Boston, the Proceedings +of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and the numerous town histories, +and ancient records published in recent years, to the most important of +which he has acknowledged his obligations in the reference given, and +also to the Boston Athenaeum for the use of their paintings and engravings, +in making copies of same.</p> + +<p>He also wishes to acknowledge the assistance rendered him by +his daughter, Mildred Manton Stark, in preparing many of the biographies, +also the assistance rendered by Mr. Thomas F. O'Malley, who +prepared the very copious index to this work, which will, he thinks +be appreciated by all historical students who may have occasion to use +same.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 250px;"> +<img src="images/illo_012.jpg" width="250" height="65" alt="signature" title="signature" /> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Illustrations"> +<tr><td align="left">Thomas Hutchinson's Portrait, Opposite the title page.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">James H. Stark, Portrait,</td><td align="left">Opposite</td><td align="left">Page</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Landing of the Commissioners at Boston, 1664,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Randolph threatened,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Proclaiming King William and Queen Mary,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Killing and scalping Father Rasle at Norridgewock,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Reading the Stamp Act in King street, opposite the State House,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Andrew Oliver, Stamp Collector attacked by the Mob,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bostonians paying the Exciseman or Tarring and Feathering,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Colonel Mifflin's Interview with the Caughnawaga Indians,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cartoon illustrating Franklin's diabolical Scalp story,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Burning of Newark, Canada, by United States Troops,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Burning of Jay in Effigy,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Map, Boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Governor Hutchinson's House Destroyed by the Mob,</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Page</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Benjamin Franklin Before the Privy Council,</td><td align="left">Opposite</td><td>Page</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Views from Governor Hutchinson's Field,</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Page</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Governor Hutchinson's House on Milton Hill,</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Inland View from Governor Hutchinson's House,</td><td align="left"> </td><td>Page</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Andrew Oliver, portrait,</td><td align="left">Opposite</td><td align="left">Page</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Andrew Oliver Mansion, Washington street, Dorchester,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thomas Oliver and John Vassall Mansion, Dorchester,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Revolutionists Marching to Cambridge,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sir Francis Bernard, Portrait,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Province House,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pepperell House,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Reception of the American Loyalists in England,</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Page</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arrest of William Franklin by order of Congress,</td><td align="left">Opposite</td><td align="left">Page</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Singleton Copley, Portrait,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lord Lyndhurst, Lord High Chancellor of England, Portrait,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">King Hooper Mansion, Danvers,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Portrait,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Curwin House, Salem,</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Page</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Curwin, Portrait,</td><td align="left">Opposite</td><td align="left">Page</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Country Residence of James Smith, Brush Hill, Milton,</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Page</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Birthplace of Benjamin Thompson, North Woburn,</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sir Benjamin Thompson, Portrait,</td><td align="left">Opposite</td><td align="left">Page</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rev. Mather Byles, D. D., Portrait,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Old Vassall House, Cambridge,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Colonel John Vassall's Mansion, Cambridge,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">General Isaac Royall's Mansion, Medford,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Major General Sir David Ochterlony, Portrait,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">British Troops preventing the destruction of New York,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Landing a Bishop, Cartoon,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rev. Henry Caner, Portrait,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Leonard Vassall and Frederick W. Geyer Mansion,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bishop's Palace, Residence of Rev. East Apthorp,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Quincy, Portrait,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dr. John Jeffries, Portrait,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Clark-Frankland House,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sir Roger Hale Sheaffe, Baronet, Portrait,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Engagement at the North Bridge in Concord,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Monument to Commemorate the Skirmish at Concord Bridge,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_475">475</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pursuit and Capture of Paul Revere,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pelham Map of Boston, In the envelop of the back cover.</td></tr> + +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> +<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> + + +<p>At the dedication of the monument erected on Dorchester Heights +to commemorate the evacuation of Boston by the British, the oration +was delivered by that Nestor of the United States Senate, Senator +Hoar.</p> + +<p>In describing the government of the colonies at the outbreak of +the Revolution, he made the following statement: "The government of +England was, in the main, a gentle government, much as our fathers +complained of it. Her yoke was easy and her burden was light; our +fathers were a hundred times better off in 1775 than were the men of +Kent, the vanguard of liberty in England. There was more happiness +in Middlesex on the Concord, than there was in Middlesex on the +Thames."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> A few years later Hon. Edward B. Callender, a Republican +candidate for mayor of Boston, in his campaign speech said: "I know +something about how this city started. It was not made by the rich +men or the so-called high-toned men of Boston—they were with the +other party, with the king; they were Loyalists. Boston was founded by +the ordinary man—by Paul Revere, the coppersmith; Sam Adams, the +poor collector of the town of Boston, who did not hand over to the +town even the sums he collected as taxes; by John Hancock, the smuggler +of rum; by John Adams, the attorney, who naively remarked in +his book that after the battle of Lexington they never heard anything +about the suits against John Hancock. Those were settled."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p>These words of our venerable and learned senator and our State +Senator Edward B. Callender, seemed strangely unfamiliar to us who +had derived our history of the Revolution from the school text-books. +These had taught us that the Revolution was due solely to the oppression +and tyranny of the British, and that Washington, Franklin, Adams, +Hancock, Otis, and the host of other Revolutionary patriots, had in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +supreme degree all the virtues ever exhibited by men in their respective +spheres, and that the Tories or Loyalists, such as Hutchinson, the Olivers, +Saltonstalls, Winslows, Quincys and others, were to be detested and +their memory execrated for their abominable and unpatriotic actions.</p> + +<p>This led me to inquire and to examine whether there might not be +two sides to the controversy which led to the Revolutionary War. I +soon found that for more than a century our most gifted writers had +almost uniformly suppressed or misrepresented all matter bearing upon +one side of the question, and that it would seem to be settled by precedent +that this nation could not be trusted with all portions of its own +history. But it seemed to me that history should know no concealment. +The people have a right to the whole truth, and to the full benefit of +unbiased historical teachings, and if, in an honest attempt to discharge +a duty to my fellow citizens, I relate on unquestionable authority facts +that politic men have intentionally concealed, let no man say that I wantonly +expose the errors of the fathers.</p> + +<p>In these days we are recognizing more fully than ever the dignity +of history, we are realizing that patriotism is not the sole and ultimate +object of its study, but the search for truth, and abiding by the truth +when found, for "the truth shall make you free" is an axiom that applies +here as always.</p> + +<p>Much of the ill will towards England which until recently existed +in great sections of the American people, and which the mischief-making +politician could confidently appeal to, sprung from a false view of +what the American Revolution was, and the history of England was, in +connection with it. The feeling of jealousy and anger, which was born +in the throes of the struggle for independence, we indiscriminately perpetuated +by false and superficial school text-books. The influence of +false history and of crude one-sided history is enormous. It is a natural +and logical step that when our children pass from our schoolroom into +active life, feelings so born should die hard and at times become a +dangerous factor in the national life, and it is not too much to say that +the persistent ill will towards England as compared with the universal +kindliness of English feeling towards us, is to be explained by the very +different spirit in which the history of the American Revolution is +taught in the schools of one country and in those of the other.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_007.jpg" width="400" height="645" alt="James H Stark" title="James H Stark" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS</h2> + +<h3>AND THE OTHER SIDE OF +THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION</h3> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h3><i>THE FIRST CHARTER.</i></h3> + + +<p>A nation's own experience should be its best political guide, but it +is not certain that as a people we have improved by all the teachings of +our own history, for the reason that our "patriot" writers and orators +mostly bound their vision in retrospect by the revolutionary era. And +yet, all beyond that is not dark, barren, and profitless to explore. It +should be known that the most important truths on which our free +forms of government now rest are not primarily the discoveries of the +revolutionary sages.</p> + +<p>Writing of the Revolution, Mr. John Adams, the successor of Washington, +declared that it was his opinion that the Revolution "began as +early as the first plantation of the country," and that "independence of +church and state was the fundamental principle of the first colonization, +has been its principle for two hundred years, and now I hope is past +dispute. Who was the author, inventor, discoverer of independence? +The only true answer must be, the first emigrants." Before this time +he had declared that "The claim of the men of 1776 to the honor of first +conceiving the idea of American independence or of first inventing the +project of it, is ridiculous. I hereby disclaim all pretension to it, because +it was much more ancient than my nativity."</p> + +<p>It was the inestimable fortune of our ancestors to have been taught +the difficulties of government in two distinct schools, under the Colonial +and Provincial charters, known as the first and second charters. The +Charter government as moulded and modelled by our ancestors, was as +perfect as is our own constitution of today. It was as tender of common +right, as antagonistic to special privilege to classes or interests, and +as sensitive, too, to popular impulses, good or evil. And it is thus in all +self-governing communities, that their weal or woe, being supposedly in +their own keeping, the freest forms of delegated government written +on parchment are in themselves no protection, but will be such instruments +of blessing or of destruction as may best gratify the controlling +influences or interests for the time being.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>In tracing the origin and development of the sentiment and the desires, +the fears and the prejudices which culminated in the American +Revolution, in the separation of thirteen colonies from Great Britain, it +is necessary to notice the early settlement and progress of those New +England colonies in which the seeds of that Revolution were first sown +and nurtured to maturity. The Colonies of New England were the result +of two distinct emigrations of English Puritans, two classes of Puritans, +two distinct governments for more than sixty years—one class of +these emigrants, now known as the "Pilgrim Fathers," having first fled +from England to Holland, thence emigrated to New England in 1620 +in "the Mayflower," and named their place of settlement "New Plymouth." +Here they elected seven governors in succession, and existed +under a self-constituted government for seventy years. The second +class was called "Puritan Fathers." The first installment of their immigrants +arrived in 1629, under Endicott, the ancestor of Mr. Joseph +Chamberlain's wife. They were known as the "Massachusetts Bay Company," +and their final capital was Boston, which afterwards became +the capital of the Province and of the State.</p> + +<p>The characteristics of the separate and independent governments +of these two classes of Puritans were widely different. The one was +tolerant, non-persecuting, and loyal to the King, during the whole period +of its seventy years' existence; the other was an intolerant persecutor +of all religionists who did not adopt its worship, and disloyal, +from the beginning, to the government from which it held its Charter, +and sedulously sowed and cultivated the seeds of disaffection and hostility +to the Royal government until they grew and ripened into the harvest +of the American Revolution.</p> + +<p>English Puritanism, transferred from England to the head of Massachusetts +Bay in 1629, presents the same characteristics which it developed +in England. In Massachusetts it had no competitor, it developed +its principles and spirit without restraint; it was absolute in power +from 1629 to 1689. During these sixty years it assumed independence +of the government to which it owed its corporate existence; it +made it a penal crime for any immigrant to appeal to England against +a local decision of courts or of government; it permitted no oath of allegiance +to the King, nor the administration of the laws in his name; +it allowed no elective franchise to any Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Baptist, +Quaker or Papist. Every non-member of the Congregational church +was compelled to pay taxes and bear all other Puritan burdens, but was +allowed no representation by franchise, nor had he eligibility for any +public office.</p> + +<p>When the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Company emigrated +from England, they professed to be members of the Church of England, +but Endicott, who had imbibed views of church government +and of forms of worship, determined not to perpetuate here the worship +of the Established Church, to which he had professed to belong<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +when he left England, but to establish a new church with a new form +of worship. He seemed to have brought over some thirty of the immigrants +to his new scheme, but a majority either stood aloof from, or +were opposed to his extraordinary proceeding. Among the most noted +adherents of the old Church of the Reformation were two brothers, John +and Samuel Brown, who refused to be parties to this new and locally devised +church revolution, and resolved for themselves, their families, and +such as thought with them, to continue to worship God according to +the custom of their fathers.</p> + +<p>It is the fashion of many American historians, as well as their +echoes in England, to apply epithets of contumely or scorn to these +men. Both the Browns were men of wealth, one a lawyer, the other a +private gentleman, and both of them were of a social position in England +much superior to that of Endicott. They were among the original +patentees and first founders of the colony; they were church reformers, +but neither of them a church revolutionist. The brothers were +brought before the Governor, who informed them that New England +was no place for such as they, and therefore he sent them both back to +England, on the return of the ships the same year.</p> + +<p>Endicott resolved to admit of no opposition. They who could not +be terrified into silence were not commanded to withdraw, but were +seized and banished as criminals.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>A year later John Winthrop was appointed to supersede Endicott +as Governor. On his departure with a fleet of eleven ships from England +an address to their "Fathers and Brethren of the Church of England" +was published by Winthrop from his ship, the Arbella, disclaiming +the acts of some among them hostile to the Church of England, declaring +their obligations and attachment to it. He said: "We desire you +would be pleased to take notice of the principles and body of our Company +as those who esteem it an honor to call the Church of England, +from whence we rise, our dear Mother, and cannot part from our native +countrie, where she especially resideth, without much sadness of +heart and many tears in our eyes." It might be confidently expected +that Mr. Winthrop, after this address of loyalty and affection to his Father +and Brethren of the Church of England, would, on his arrival at +Massachusetts Bay, and assuming its government, have rectified the +wrongs of Endicott and his party, and have secured at least freedom of +worship to the children of his "dear Mother." But he did nothing of +the kind; he seems to have fallen in with the very proceedings of Endicott +which had been disclaimed by him in his address.</p> + +<p>Thus was the first seed sown, which germinated for one hundred +and thirty years, and then ripened in the American Revolution. It was +the opening wedge which shivered the transatlantic branches from the +parent stock. It was the consciousness of having abused the Royal confidence, +and broken faith with their Sovereign, of having acted contrary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +to the laws and statutes of England, that led the Government of Massachusetts +Bay to resist and evade all inquiries into their proceedings; +to prevent all evidence from being transmitted to England, and to punish +as criminals all who should appeal to England against any of their +proceedings; to claim, in short, independence and immunity from all +responsibility to the Crown for anything they did or might do. This +spirit of tyranny and intolerance, of proscription and persecution, caused +all the disputes with the parent Government, and all the bloodshed on +account of religion in Massachusetts, which its Government inflicted in +subsequent years, in contradistinction to the Governments of Plymouth, +Rhode Island, Connecticut and even Maryland.</p> + +<p>The church government established by the Puritans at Boston was +not a government of free citizens elected by a free citizen suffrage, or +even of property qualification, but was the "reign of the church, the +members of which constituted but about one-sixth of the population, +five-sixths being mere helots bound to do the work and pay the taxes +imposed upon them by the reigning church but denied all eligibility +to any office in the Commonwealth." It was indeed such a "connection +between church and state" as had never existed in any Protestant +country; it continued for sixty years, until suppressed by a second Royal +Charter, as will appear in the next chapter.</p> + +<p>The Puritans were far from being the fathers of American Liberty. +They neither understood nor practiced the first principles of civil and +religious liberty nor the rights of British subjects as then understood and +practiced in the land they had left "for conscience sake."</p> + +<p>The first Charter obtained of Charles I. is still in existence, and can +be seen in the Secretary's Office at the State House, Boston. A duplicate +copy of this Charter was sent over in 1629 to Governor Endicott, at +Salem, and is now in the Salem Athenæum.</p> + +<p>If the conditions of the Charter had been observed the colonists +would have been independent indeed, and would have enjoyed extraordinary +privileges for those times. They would have had the freest +government in the world. They were allowed to elect their own governor +and members of the General Court, and the government of the +Colony was but little different from that of the State today, so far as +the rights conferred by the charter were concerned. The people were +subjects of the Crown in name, but in reality were masters of their own +public affairs. The number of the early emigrants to New England +who renounced allegiance to the mother church was exceedingly small, +for the obvious reason that it was at the same time a renunciation of their +allegiance to the Crown. A company of restless spirits had been got rid +of, and whether they conformed to all the laws of church and state or +not, they were three thousand miles away and could not be easily +brought to punishment even if they deserved it, or be made to mend the +laws if they broke them. The restriction of subjecting those who wished +to emigrate to the oaths of allegiance and supremacy did not last long.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +Those who chose "disorderly to leave the Kingdom" did so, and thus +what they gained in that kind of liberty is a loss to their descendants +who happen to be antiquaries and genealogists.</p> + +<p>Under the charter they were allowed to make laws or ordinances +for the government of the plantation, which should not be repugnant to +the laws of England; all subjects of King Charles were to be allowed +to come here; and these emigrants and their posterity were declared "to +be natural-born subjects, and entitled to the immunities of Englishmen." +The time of the principal emigration was auspicious. The rise of the +civil war in England gave its rulers all the work they could do at home. +The accession of Oliver Cromwell to the Protectorate was regarded very +favorably by the colonists, who belonged to the same political party, +and they took advantage of this state of affairs to oppress all others who +had opinions different from their own. The Quakers, both men and +women, were persecuted, and treated with great severity; many were +hung, a number of them were whipped at the cart's tail through the +town, and then driven out into the wilderness; others had their ears +cut off, and other cruelties were perpetrated of a character too horrible +to be here related. It was in vain that these poor Quakers demanded +wherein they had broken any laws of England. They were answered +with additional stripes for their presumption, and not without good reason +did they exclaim against "such monstrous illegality," and that such +"great injustice was never heard of before." Magna Charta, they said, +was trodden down and the guaranties of the Colonial Charter were utterly +disregarded.</p> + +<p>The following is a striking example of the very many atrocities +committed by the authorities at that time: "Nicholas Upshall, an old man, +full of years, seeing their cruelty to the harmless Quakers and that they +had condemned some of them to die, bothe he and Elder Wiswell, or +otherwise Deacon Wiswell, members of the church in Boston, bore their +testimony in publick against their brethren's horrid cruelty to said Quakers. +And Upshall declared, '<i>That he did look at it as a sad forerunner +of some heavy judgment to follow upon the country</i>.'... Which they took +so ill at his hands that they fined him twenty pounds and three pound +more at their courts, for not coming to this meeting and would not abate +him one grote, but imprisoned him and then banished him on pain of +death, which was done in a time of such extreme bitter weather for +frost, and snow, and cold, that had not the <i>Heathen Indians</i> in the wilderness +woods taken compassion on his misery, for the winter season, he +in all likelihood had perished, though he had then in Boston a good estate, +in houses and land, goods and money, as also wife and children, +but not suffered to come unto him, nor he to them."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>After the death of Oliver Cromwell, Charles II. was proclaimed in +London the lawful King of England, and the news of it in due time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +reached Boston. It was a sad day to many, and they received the intelligence +with sorrow and concern, for they saw that a day of retribution +would come. But there was no alternative, and the people of Boston +made up their minds to submit to a power they could not control. +They, however, kept a sort of sullen silence for a time, but fearing this +might be construed into contempt, or of opposition to the King, they +formally proclaimed him, in August, 1661, more than a year after news +of the Restoration had come. Meanwhile the Quakers in England had +obtained the King's ear, and their representations against the government +at Boston caused the King to issue a letter to the governor, requiring +him to desist from any further proceedings against them, and +calling upon the government here to answer the complaints made by the +Quakers. A ship was chartered, and Samuel Shattock, who had been +banished, was appointed to carry the letter, and had the satisfaction of +delivering it to the governor with his own hand. After perusing it, Mr. +Endicott replied, "We shall obey his Majesty's command," and then issued +orders for the discharge of all Quakers then in prison. The requisition +of the king for some one to appear to answer the complaints +against the government of Boston, caused much agitation in the General +Court; and when it was decided to send over agents, it was not an easy +matter to procure suitable persons, so sensible was everybody that the +complaints to be answered had too much foundation to be easily excused, +or by any subterfuge explained away. It is worthy of note that the two +persons finally decided upon (Mr. Bradstreet and Mr. Norton) were +men who had been the most forward in the persecutions of the Quakers. +And had it not been for the influence which Lord Saye and Seale +of the king's Council, and Col. Wm. Crowne, had with Charles II., the +colony would have felt his early and heavy displeasure. Col. Crowne was +in Boston when Whalley and Goffe, the regicides, arrived here, and he +could have made statements regarding their reception, and the persecution +of the Quakers, which might have caused the king to take an entirely +different course from the mild and conciliatory one which, fortunately +for Boston, was taken. Having "graciously" received the letter +from the hands of the agents, and, although he confirmed the Patent and +Charter, objects of great and earnest solicitude in their letter to him, yet +"he required that all their laws should be reviewed, and that such as were +contrary or derogatory to the king's authority should be annulled; that +the oath of allegiance should be administered; that administration of justice +should be in the king's name; that liberty should be given to all who +desired it, to use the Book of Common Prayer; in short, establishing religious +freedom in Boston." This was not all—the elective franchise was +extended "to all freeholders of competent estates," if they sustained good +moral characters.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_013.jpg" width="400" height="589" alt="LANDING OF THE COMMISSIONERS AT BOSTON" title="LANDING OF THE COMMISSIONERS AT BOSTON" /> +<span class="caption">LANDING OF THE COMMISSIONERS AT BOSTON, 1664.<br /> + +The Royal Commissioners were appointed to hold Court and correct whatever errors +and abuses they might discover.</span> +</div> + +<p>The return of the agents to New England, bearing such mandates +from the king, was the cause of confusion and dismay to the whole country. +Instead of being thankful for such lenity, many were full of resentment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +and indignation, and most unjustly assailed the agents for failing +to accomplish an impossibility.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile four ships had sailed from Portsmouth, with about four +hundred and fifty soldiers, with orders to proceed against the Dutch in +the New Netherlands (New York), and then to land the commissioners +at Boston and enforce the king's authority. The Dutch capitulated, and +the expedition thus far was completely successful. The commissioners +landed in Boston on Feb. 15th, 1664, and held a Court to correct whatever +errors and abuses they might discover. The commission was composed +of the following gentlemen: Col. Richard Nichols, who commanded +the expedition; Sir Robert Carr, Col. Geo. Cartwright and Mr. +Samuel Maverick. Maverick had for several years made his home on +Noddle Island (now known as East Boston), but, like his friends, Blackstone +of Beacon Hill and other of the earliest settlers, had been so harshly +and ungenerously treated by the Puritan colonists of Boston that he +was compelled to remove from his island domain. An early adventurous +visitor to these shores mentions him in his diary as "the only hospitable +man in all the country." These gentlemen held a commission from the +king constituting them commissioners for visiting the colonies of New +England, to hear and determine all matters of complaint, and to settle +the peace and security of the country, any three or two of them being +a quorum.</p> + +<p>The magistrates of Boston having assembled, the commissioners +made known their mission, and added that so far was the king from wishing +to abridge their liberties, he was ready to enlarge them, but wished +them to show, by proper representation of their loyalty, reasons to remove +all causes of jealousy from their royal master. But it was of no +avail; the word loyalty had been too long expunged from their vocabulary +to find a place in it again. At every footstep the commissioners +must have seen that whatever they effected, and whatever impressions they +made, would prove but little better than footprints in the sand. The +government thought best to comply with their requirements, so far, at +least, as appearances were concerned. They therefore agreed that their +allegiance to the king should be published "by sound of trumpet;" that +Mr. Oliver Purchis should proclaim the same on horseback, and that Mr. +Thomas Bligh, Treasurer, and Mr. Richard Wait, should accompany +him; that the reading in every place should end with the words, "God +save the King!" Another requirement of the commissioners was that +the government should stop coining money; that Episcopalians should +not be fined for non-attendance at the religious meetings of the community, +as they had hitherto been; that they should let the Quakers alone, +and permit them to go about their own affairs. These were only a part +of the requirements, but they were the principal ones. Notwithstanding +a pretended acquiescence on the part of the government to the requests +of the commissioners, it was evident from the first that little could be effected +by them from the evasive manner in which all their orders and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +recommendations were accepted. At length the commissioners found +it necessary to put the question to the Governor and Council direct, +"Whether they acknowledged his Majesty's Commission?" The Court +sent them a message, desiring to be excused from giving a direct answer, +inasmuch as their charter was their plea. Being still pressed for a +direct answer, they declared that "it was enough for them to give their +sense of the powers granted them by charter, and that it was beyond their +line to determine the power, intent, or purpose of his Majesty's commission." +The authorities then issued a proclamation calling upon the +people, in his Majesty's name (!), not to consent unto, or give approbation +to the proceedings of the King's Commission, nor to aid or to abet +them. This proclamation was published through the town by sound of +trumpet, and, oddly enough, added thereto "<i>God save the King</i>." The +commissioners then sent a threatening protest, saying they thought the +king and his council knew what was granted to them in their charter; +but that since they would misconstrue everything, they would lose no +more of their labor upon them; at the same time assuring them that their +denial of the king's authority, as vested in his commission, would be represented +to his Majesty only in their own words. The conduct of Col. +Nichols, at Boston, is spoken of in terms of high commendation; but +Maverick, Carr and Cartwright are represented as totally unfitted for +their business. It is, however, difficult to see how any commissioners, upon +such an errand, could have given greater satisfaction; for a moment's +consideration is sufficient to convince any one that the difficulty was not +so much in the commissioners, as in their undertaking.</p> + +<p>After the return of the commissioners to England the government +continued their persecutions of the Quakers, Baptists, Episcopalians, and +all others who held opinions differing from their own. The laws of +England regulating trade were entirely disregarded; the reason alleged +therefor being, "that the acts of navigation were an invasion of the +rights and privileges of the subjects of his Majesty's colony, they not +being represented in Parliament."</p> + +<p>Again the king wrote to the authorities of Boston, requiring them +not to molest the people, in their worship, who were of the Protestant +faith, and directing that liberty of conscience should be extended to all. +This letter was dated July 24th, 1679. It had some effect on the rulers; +but they had become so accustomed to what they called interference from +England, and at the same time so successful in evading it, that to stop +now seemed, to the majority of the people, as well as the rulers, not only +cowardly, but an unworthy relinquishment of privileges which they had +always enjoyed, and which they were at all times ready to assert, as guaranteed +to them in their charter. However, there was a point beyond +which even Bostonians could not go, and which after-experience proved.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_015.jpg" width="400" height="596" alt="RANDOLPH THREATENED" title="RANDOLPH THREATENED" /> +<span class="caption">RANDOLPH THREATENED.<br /> + +This Royal Commissioner reported that he was in danger of his life, and that the +authorities resolved to prosecute him as a subverter of their government.</span> +</div> + +<p>Edward Randolph brought the king's letter to Boston, and was required +to make a report concerning the state of affairs in the colony, +and to see that the laws of England were properly executed; but he did<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +not fare well in his mission. He wrote home that every one was saying +they were not subject to the laws of England, and that those laws were +of no force in Massachusetts until confirmed by the Legislature of the +colony.</p> + +<p>Every day aggravated his disposition more strongly against the people, +who used their utmost endeavors to irritate his temper and frustrate +his designs. Any one supporting him was accounted an enemy of the +country.</p> + +<p>His servants were beaten while watching for the landing of +contraband goods. Going on board a vessel to seize it, he was threatened +to be knocked on the head, and the offending ship was towed away +by Boston boats. Randolph returned to England, reporting that he was +in danger of his life, and that the authorities were resolved to prosecute +him as a subserver of their government. If they could, they would execute +him; imprisonment was the least he expected. Well might the historian +exclaim, as one actually did, "To what a state of degradation was +a king of England reduced!" his commissioners, one after another, being +thwarted, insulted and obliged to return home in disgrace, and his authority +openly defied. What was the country to expect when this state +of affairs should be laid before the king? A fleet of men-of-war to bring +it to its duty? Perhaps some expected this; but there came again, instead, +the evil genius of the colony, Edward Randolph, bringing from +the king the dreaded <i>quo warranto</i>. This was Randolph's hour of triumph; +he said "he would now make the whole faction tremble," and he +gloried in their confusion and the success which had attended his efforts +to humble the people of Boston. To give him consequence a frigate +brought him, and as she lay before the town the object of her employment +could not be mistaken. An attempt was made, however, to prevent +judgment being rendered on the return of the writ of <i>quo warranto</i>. An +attorney was sent to England, with a very humble address, to appease +the king, and to answer for the country, but all to no purpose. Judgment +was rendered, and thus ended the first charter of Massachusetts, +Oct. 23rd, 1684.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<h3><i>THE SECOND CHARTER.</i></h3> + + +<p>Charles II. died Feb. 6th, 1685, and was succeeded by his brother, +James II. News of this was brought to Boston by private letter, but no +official notification was made to the governor. In a letter to him, however, +he was told that he was not written to as governor, for as much as +now he had no government, the charter being vacated. These events +threw the people of Boston into great uncertainty and trouble as to what +they were in future to expect from England. Orders were received to +proclaim the new king, which was done "with sorrowful and affected +pomp," at the town house. The ceremony was performed in the presence +of eight military companies of the town, and "three volleys of cannon" +were discharged. Sir Edmund Andros, the new Royal Governor, arrived +in Boston Dec. 20th, 1686, and, as was to be expected, he was not +regarded favorably by the people, especially as his first act after landing +was a demand for the keys of the Old South Church "that they may say +prayers there." Such a demand from the new governor could not be tolerated +by the now superseded governing authority of Boston, and defy it +they would. The Puritan oligarchy stoutly objected to being deprived +of the right to withhold from others than their own sect the privileges +of religious liberty. To enjoy religious liberty in full measure they had +migrated from the home of their fathers, but in New England had become +more intolerant than the church which they had abandoned, and became +as arbitrary as the Spanish inquisition. Under direction of the +king, Andros had come to proclaim the equality of Christian religion in +the new colonies. Too evidently this was not what was wanted here.</p> + +<p>At last came the news of the landing of the Prince of Orange in +England and the abdication of James the Second. The people of Boston +rose against Andros and his government and seized him and fifty of his +associates and confined them in the "Castle" until February, 1690, when +they were sent to England for trial; but having committed no offence, +they were discharged. Andros was received so favorably at home that +under the new administration he was appointed governor of Virginia and +Maryland. He took over with him the charter of William and Mary college, +and later laid the foundation stone of that great institution of +learning.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_017.jpg" width="400" height="600" alt="PROCLAIMING KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY" title="PROCLAIMING KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY" /> +<span class="caption">PROCLAIMING KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY, 1689.<br /> + +This is said to have been the most joyful news ever before received in Boston.</span> +</div> + +<p>Andros has never received justice from Massachusetts historians. +Before his long public career ended he had been governor of every Royal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +Province in North America. His services were held in such high esteem +that he was honored with office by four successive monarchs.</p> + +<p>It is gratifying to notice that at last his character and services are +beginning to be better appreciated in the provinces over which he ruled, +and we may hope that in time the Andros of partisan history will give +place, even in the popular narratives of colonial affairs, to the Andros +who really existed, stern, proud and uncompromising it is true, but honest, +upright and just; a loyal servant of the crown and a friend to the +best interests of the people.</p> + +<p>Not only were the governor and all of his adherents arrested and +thrown into jail, but Captain George, of the Rose frigate, being found +on shore, was seized by a party of ship carpenters and handed over to +the guard.</p> + +<p>So strong was the feeling against the prisoners that it was found +necessary to guard them against the infuriated people, lest they should +be torn into pieces by the mob. The insurrection was completely successful, +and the result was that the resumption of the charter was once +more affirmed. A general court was formed after the old model, and +the venerable Bradstreet was made governor. Nothing now seemed wanting +to the popular satisfaction but favorable news from England, and +that came in a day or two. On the 26th of May, 1689, a ship arrived +from the old country with an order to the Massachusetts authorities to +proclaim King William and Queen Mary. This was done on the 29th, +and grave, Puritanical Boston went wild with joy, and all thanked God +that a Protestant sovereign once more ruled in England. This has been +said to have been the most joyful news ever before received in Boston.</p> + +<p>May 14, 1692, Sir William Phipps, a native of Massachusetts, arrived +in Boston from England, bringing with him the new Charter of +the province, and a commission constituting him governor of the same. +Unfortunately he countenanced and upheld the people in their delusion +respecting witchcraft, and confirmed the condemnation and execution of +the victims. The delusion spread like flames among dry leaves in autumn, +and in a short time the jails in Boston were filled with the accused. +During the prevalence of this moral disease, nineteen persons +in the colony were hanged, and one pressed to death. At last the delusion +came to an end, and the leaders afterwards regretted the part +they had taken in it.</p> + +<p>The new Charter of Massachusetts gave the Province a governor +appointed by the Crown. While preserving its assembly and its town +organization, it tended to encourage and develop, even in that fierce democracy, +those elements of a conservative party which had been called into +existence some years before by the disloyalty and tyranny of the ecclesiastical +oligarchy.</p> + +<p>Thus, side by side with a group of men who were constantly regretting +their lost autonomy, and looking with suspicion and prejudice +at every action of the royal authorities, there arose another group of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +men who constantly dwelt upon the advantages they derived from their +connection with the mother country. The Church of England also had +at last waked up to a sense of the spiritual needs of its children beyond +the seas. Many of the best of the laity forsook their separatist principles +and returned to the historic church of the old home. This influence +tended inevitably to maintain and strengthen the feeling of national unity +in those of the colonists who came under the ministration of the church. +In all the Royal Provinces there was an official class gradually growing +up, that was naturally imperial rather than local in its sympathy. The +war with the French, in which colonists fought side by side with "regulars" +in a contest of national significance, tended upon the whole to intensify +the sense of imperial unity.</p> + +<p>"The people of Massachusetts Bay were never in a more easy and +happy situation than at the conclusion of the war with France in 1749. +By generous reimbursement of the whole charge of £183,000 incurred +by the expedition against Cape Breton, the English government set the +Province free from a heavy debt by which it must otherwise have remained +involved, and enabled by it to exchange a depreciating paper medium, +which had long been the sole instrument of trade, for a stable medium of +gold and silver. Soon the advantage of this relief from the heavy burden +of debt was apparent in all branches of their commerce, and excited +the envy of other colonies, in each of which paper was the principal currency."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p>The early part of the eighteenth century was filled with wars: France, +England and Spain were beginning to overrun the interior of North +America. Spain claimed a zone to the south, and France a vast territory +to the north and west of the English colonies. Each of the three countries +sought aid from the savage to carry on its enterprises and depredations. +While the English colonies were beset on the north by the +French, on the south by the Spaniards, on the west by native Indians +along the Alleghany Mountains, and were compelled to depend on the +"wooden walls of England" for the protection of their coasts, they were +then remarkably loyal to the Crown of England. Their representative +assemblies passed obsequious resolutions expressing loyalty and gratitude +to the King, and the people; and erected his statue in a public place. This +feeling of loyalty remained in the minds of a large majority of the people +down to the battle of Lexington.</p> + +<p>In May, 1756, the English government, goaded by the constantly +continued efforts of the French to ignore her treaty obligations in Acadia, +and her ever-harrassing, irritating "pin-pricks" on the frontiers of the +English colonies, declared war against France. Long before this official +declaration the two countries had been, on this continent, in a state of +active but covert belligerency. Preparations for an inevitable conflict +were being made by both sides. French intrigue and French treachery +were met with English determination to defend the rights of the mother<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +country and of her children here. Money was pledged to the colonies +to aid in equipping militia for active service, and the local governments +and the inhabitants of every province became as enthusiastic as the home +government in the prosecution of war.</p> + +<p>On the northern and western borders of New England and of New +York, along the thin fringe of advanced English settlements bordering +Pennsylvania and Virginia, Indians had long been encouraged or employed +in savage raids, and in Nova Scotia, which, by the treaty of +Utrecht had been ceded to England, systematic opposition to English occupation +was constantly kept up.</p> + +<p>Intriguing agents of the French government, soldiers, priests of the +"Holy Catholic" church—all were active in a determined effort to check +and finally crush out the menacing influence and prosperity of the growing +English colonies.</p> + +<p>The ambushing and slaughter of Braddock's force on the Monongahela, +the removal of Acadians from Annapolis Valley, the defeat of Dieskau +at Crown Point, the siege and occupation of Fort Beausejour, all +occurred before the formal declaration of war. Clouds were gathering. +Men of fighting age of the English colonies volunteered in thousands; +British regiments, seasoned in war, were brought from the old country +to the new, and with them and after them came ships innumerable. A +fight for life of the English colonies was at hand. The brood of the +mistress of the seas must not be driven into the ocean. France must be +compelled to give pledges for the performance of her treaty engagements +or find herself without a foothold in the country.</p> + +<p>With the hour came the man. Under the direction of the greatest +war minister England had ever seen, or has since seen, William Pitt, the +"Great Commoner," war on France was begun in earnest.</p> + +<p>At first a few successes were achieved by the French commanders. +Fort William Henry, with its small garrison, surrendered to Montcalm, +and Abercrombie's expedition to Fort Ticonderoga was a disastrous failure. +But the tide of battle soon turned.</p> + +<p>The beginning of the end came in 1758. Louisbourg, the great +fortress which France had made "The Gibraltar of the West," became a +prize to the army and navy of Britain. New England soldiers formed +a part of the investing force on land, and their record in the second capture +of Louisbourg was something to be proud of. Fort Frontenac, on +Lake Ontario, was taken, together with armed vessels and a great collection +of stores and implements of war. Fort Duquesne, a strongly fortified +post of the French, whose site is now covered by the great manufacturing +city of Pittsburgh, surrendered to a British force. For many +years after it was known as Fort Pitt, so called in honor of the great +minister under whose compelling influence the war against France had +become so mighty a success.</p> + +<p>In 1759, General Wolfe, who had been the leading spirit in the siege +of Louisbourg, was placed in command of an expedition for the capture<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +of Quebec. Next after Louisbourg, Quebec was by nature and military +art the strongest place in North America. The tragic story of the capture +of Quebec has been so often told that it is not necessary for us to +repeat it here.</p> + +<p>Of the long, impatient watch by Wolfe, from the English fleet, for +opportunity to disembark his small army, drifting with the tides of the St. +Lawrence, passing and repassing the formidable citadel, the stealthy midnight +landing at the base of a mighty cliff, the hard climb of armed men +up the wooded height, and the assembly, in early morning mist, on the +Plains of Abraham, are not for us to write of here. In the glowing +pages of Parkman all this is so thrillingly described that we need not +say more of the most dramatic and most pathetic story in all American +history, than that Quebec fell, and with it, in short time, fell the whole +power of France in North America.</p> + +<p>In the following year (September 8, 1760), Montreal, the last stronghold +of the French in Canada, capitulated to Sir Jeffrey Amherst, who +had ascended the St. Lawrence with a force of about 10,000 men, comprising +British regiments of the line artillery, rangers and provincial regiments +from New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. The provincial +contingent numbered above four thousand.</p> + +<p>With the fall of Montreal the seven years' fight for supremacy was +ended.</p> + +<p>Such a defeat to proud France was a bitter experience, and definite +settlement of the terms of peace, which Great Britain was able to dictate, +was not made until, on the 10th of February, 1763, the treaty of Paris +was signed.</p> + +<p>By this treaty to Great Britain was ceded all Canada, Nova Scotia, +Cape Breton and the West India Islands of Dominica, St. Vincent, Tobago +and Grenada. Minorca was restored to Great Britain, and to her +also was given the French possession of Senegal in Western Africa. In +India, where the French had obtained considerable influence, France was +bound by this treaty to raise no fortifications and to keep no military +force in Bengal. To remove the annoyance which Florida had long been +to the contiguous English colonies, that province of Spain was transferred +to the English in exchange for Havana, which had been only recently +wrested from the occupation of Spain by the brilliant victory of Pocock +and Albamarle.</p> + +<p>And so 1763 saw the British flag peacefully waving from the Gulf +of Mexico to the northern shores of Hudson's Bay. The coast of the Atlantic +was protected by the British navy, and the colonists had no longer +foreign enemies to fear.</p> + +<p>For this relief the colonists gave warm thanks to the king and to +parliament. Massachusetts voted a costly monument in Westminster +Abbey in memory of Lord Howe, who had fallen in the campaign against +Canada. The assembly of the same colony, in a joyous address to the +governor, declared that without the assistance of the parent state the colonies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +must have fallen a prey to the power of France, and that without +money sent from England the burden of the war would have been too +great to bear. In an address to the king they made the same acknowledgment, +and pledged themselves to demonstrate their gratitude by every +possible testimony of duty and loyalty. James Otis expressed the common +sentiment of the hour when, upon being chosen moderator of the +first town meeting held in Boston after the peace, he declared: "We in +America have certainly abundant reason to rejoice. Not only are the +heathen driven out, but the Canadians, much more formidable enemies, +are conquered and become fellow subjects. The British dominion and +power can now be said literally to extend from sea to sea and from the +Great River to the ends of the earth." And after praising the wise administration +of His Majesty, and lauding the British constitution to the +skies, he went on to say: "Those jealousies which some weak and wicked +minds endeavored to infuse with regard to these colonies, had their +birth in the blackness of darkness, and it is a great pity that they had +not remained there forever. The true interests of Great Britain and her +plantation are mutual, and what God in his providence has united, let no +man dare attempt to pull asunder."</p> + +<p>In June, 1763, a confederation, including several Indian tribes, suddenly +and unexpectedly swept over the whole western frontier of Pennsylvania +and Virginia. They murdered almost all the English settlers +who were scattered beyond the mountains, surprised every British fort +between the Ohio and Lake Erie, and closely blockaded Forts Detroit +and Pitt. In no previous war had the Indians shown such skill, tenacity, +and concert, and had there not been British troops in the country the +whole of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland would have been overrun.</p> + +<p>The war lasted fourteen months, and most of the hard fighting was +done by English troops, assisted by militia from some of the Southern +colonies. General Amherst called upon the New England colonies to help +their brethren, but his request was almost disregarded. Connecticut sent +250 men, but Massachusetts, being beyond the zone of immediate danger, +would give no assistance. After a war of extreme horror, peace was +signed September, 1764. In a large degree by the efforts of English soldiers +Indian territory was rolled back, and one more great service was +rendered by England to her colonies, and also the necessity was shown +for a standing army.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p>The "French and Indian War," as it was commonly called, waged +with so much energy and success, doubled the national debt of England +and made taxation oppressive in that country. The war had been waged +mainly for the benefit of the colonists, and as it was necessary to maintain +a standing army to protect the conquered territory, it was considered +but reasonable that part of the expense should be borne by the Americans. +This was especially so in view that the conquest of Canada had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +been a prime object of statesmen and leading citizens of the colonies for +many years.</p> + +<p>It has been said on good authority that Franklin brought about the +expedition against Canada that ended with Wolfe's victory on the Plains +of Abraham. In all companies and on all occasions he had urged conquest +of Canada as an object of the utmost importance. He said it would +inflict a blow upon the French power in America from which it would +never recover, and would have lasting influence in advancing the prosperity +of the British colonies. Franklin was one of the shrewdest statesmen +of the age. After egging England on to the capture of Canada from +the French, and then removing the most dreaded enemy of the colonies, +he won the confidence of the court and people of France, and obtained +their aid to deprive England of the best part of a continent. He was +genial, thrifty, and adroit, and his jocose wisdom was never more tersely +expressed than when he advised the signers of the Declaration of Independence +to "hang together or they would hang separately."</p> + +<p>At the conclusion of the Peace of Paris in 1763, Great Britain had +ceased to be an insular kingdom, and had become a world-wide empire, +consisting of three grand divisions: the British Islands, India, and a +large part of North America. In Ireland an army of ten or twelve +thousand men were maintained by Irish resources, voted by an Irish Parliament +and available for the general defence of the empire. In India +a similar army was maintained by the despotic government of the East +India Company. English statesmen believed that each of these great +parts of the empire should contribute to the defence of the whole, and +that unless they should do so voluntarily it was their opinion, in which +the great lawyers of England agreed, that power to force contributions +resided in the Imperial Parliament at Westminster, and should be exercised. +It was thought that an army of ten thousand men was necessary +to protect the territory won from France and to keep the several +tribes of American Indians in subjection, especially as it was believed +that the French would endeavor to recapture Canada at the first opportunity.</p> + +<p>Americans, it should be remembered, paid no part of the interest on +the national debt of England, amounting to one hundred and forty million +pounds, one-half of which had been contracted in the French and Indian +war. America paid nothing to support the navy that protected its coasts, +although the American colonies were the most prosperous and lightly +taxed portion of the British Empire. Grenville, Chancellor of the Exchequer, +asked the Americans to contribute one hundred thousand pounds +a year, about one-third of the expense of maintaining the proposed army, +and about one-third of one percent of the sum we now pay each year for +pensions. He promised distinctly that the army should never be required +to serve except in America and the West India islands, but he could not +persuade the colonists to agree among themselves on a practical plan for +raising the money, and so it was proposed to resort to taxation by act<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +of Parliament. At the time he made this proposal he assured the Americans +that the proceeds of the tax should be expended solely in America, +and that if they would raise the money among themselves in their own +way he would be satisfied. He gave them a year to consider the proposition. +At the end of the year they were as reluctant as ever to tax themselves +for their own defence or submit to taxation by act of Parliament. +Then the stamp act was passed—it was designed to raise one hundred +thousand pounds a year, and then the trouble began that led to the dismemberment +of the empire. Several acute observers had already predicted +that the triumph of England over France would be soon followed +by a revolt of the colonies. Kalm, the Swedish traveller, contended in +1748 that the presence of the French in Canada, by making the English +colonists depend for their security on the support of the mother country, +was the main cause of the submission of the colonies. A few years later +Argenson, who had left some of the most striking political predictions +upon record, foretold in his Memoirs that the English colonies in America +would one day rise against the mother country, that they would form +themselves into a republic and astonish the world by their prosperity. The +French ministers consoled themselves for the Peace of Paris by the reflection +that the loss of Canada was a sure prelude to the independence +of the colonies, and Vergennes, the sagacious French ambassador at Constantinople, +predicted to an English traveller, with striking accuracy, the +events that would occur. "England," he said, "will soon repent having +removed the only check that would keep her colonies in awe. They +stand no longer in need of her protection; she will call upon them to +contribute towards supporting the burden they have helped to bring on +her, and they will answer by striking off all dependence."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> + +<p>It is not to be supposed that Englishmen were wholly blind to this +danger. One of the ablest advocates of the retention of Canada was +Lord Bath, who published a pamphlet on the subject, which had a very +wide influence and a large circulation.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> There were, however, some politicians +who maintained that it would be wiser to restore Canada and to +retain Guadaloupe, St. Lucia, and Martinique. This view was supported +with distinguished talent in an anonymous reply to Lord Bath.</p> + +<p>This writer argued "that we had no original right to Canada, and +that the acquisition of a vast, barren, and almost uninhabited country +lying in an inhospitable climate, and with no commerce except that of +furs and skins, was economically far less valuable to England than the +acquisition of Guadaloupe, which was one of the most important of the +sugar islands. The acquisition of these islands would give England the +control of the West Indies, and it was urged that an island colony is more +advantageous than a continental one, for it is necessarily more dependent +upon the mother country. In the New England provinces there are +already colleges and academies where the American youths can receive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +their education. America produces or can easily produce almost everything +she wants. Her population and her wealth are rapidly increasing, +and as the colonies recede more and more from the sea, the necessity of +their connection with England will steadily diminish. They will have +nothing to expect, they must live wholly by their own labor, and in process +of time will know little, inquire little, and care little, about the +mother country. If the people of our colonies find no check from Canada +they will extend themselves almost without bounds into inland parts. +What the consequences will be to have a numerous, hardy, independent +people, possessed of a strong country, communicating little, or not at all, +with England, I leave to your own reflections. By eagerly grasping at +extensive territory we may run the risk, and that, perhaps, in no distant +period, of losing what we now possess. The possession of Canada, far +from being necessary to our safety, may in its consequences be even +dangerous. A neighbor that keeps us in some awe is not always the +worst of neighbors; there is a balance of power in America as well as +in Europe."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>These views are said to have been countenanced by Lord Hardwicke, +but the tide of opinion ran strongly in the opposite direction; the nations +had learned to look with pride and sympathy upon that greater England +which was growing up beyond the Atlantic, and there was a desire, which +was not ungenerous or ignoble, to remove at any risk the one obstacle to +its future happiness. These arguments were supported by Franklin, who +in a remarkable pamphlet sketched the great undeveloped capabilities of +the colonies, and ridiculed the "visionary fear" that they would ever +combine against England. "This jealousy of each other," he said, "is +so great that, however necessary a union of the colonies has long been +for their common defence and security against their enemies, yet they +have never been able to effect such a union among themselves. If they +cannot agree to unite for defence against the French and Indians, can +it reasonably be supposed there is any danger of their uniting against +their own nation, which protects and encourages them, with which they +have so many connections and ties of blood, interest, and affection, and +which it is well known, they all love <i>much more than they love one +another</i>."<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> + +<p>Within a few years after Franklin made this statement he did more +than any other man living to carry into effect the "visionary fear" which +he had ridiculed.</p> + +<p>The denial that independence was the object sought for was constant +and general. To obtain concessions and to preserve connection with +the empire was affirmed everywhere. John Adams, the successor of +Washington to the presidency, years after the peace of 1783 went farther +than this, for he said, "There was not a moment during the Revolution +when I would not have given everything I possessed for a restoration<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +to the state of things before the contest began, provided we could have +had a sufficient security for its continuance."</p> + +<p>In the summer of 1774, Franklin assured Chatham that there was +no desire among the colonists for independence. He said: "Having +more than once travelled almost from one end of the continent to the +other, and kept a variety of company, eating and conversing with them +freely, I have never heard in any conversation from any person, drunk +or sober, the least wish for a separation or a hint that such a thing would +be advantageous to America."</p> + +<p>Mr. Jay is quite as explicit: "During the course of my life," said +he, "and until the second petition of Congress in 1775, I never did hear +an American of any class or of any description express a wish for the +independence of the colonies."</p> + +<p>Mr. Jefferson affirmed: "What eastward of New York might have +been the disposition towards England before the commencement of hostilities +I know not, but before that I never heard a whisper of a disposition +to separate from Great Britain, and after that its possibility was +contemplated with affliction by all."</p> + +<p>Washington in 1774 fully sustains their declarations, and in the +"Fairfax County Resolves" it was complained that "malevolent falsehoods" +were propagated by the ministry to prejudice the mind of the +king, particularly that there is an intention in the American colonies to +set up for independent state.</p> + +<p>Mr. Madison says: "It has always been my impression that a re-establishment +of the colonial relations to the mother country, as they were +previous to the controversy, was the real object of every class of the people +till they despaired of obtaining redress for their grievances."</p> + +<p>This feeling among the revolutionists is corroborated by DuPortail, +a secret agent of the French government. In a letter dated 1778 he +says: "There is a hundred times more enthusiasm for the revolution in +a coffee-house at Paris than in all the colonies united. This people, though +at war with the English, hate the French more than they hate them; we +prove this every day, and notwithstanding everything that France has +done or can do for them, they will prefer a reconciliation with their ancient +brethren. If they must needs be dependent, they had rather be so +on England."</p> + +<p>Again, as late as March, 1775, only a month before the outbreak of +hostilities at Lexington, John Adams wrote: "That there are any that +hunt after independence is the greatest slander on the Province."</p> + +<p>This feeling must have arisen from gratitude for the protection +afforded by the mother country, or at least satisfaction with the relations +then existing. It is true, as has been shown in a previous chapter, +that for some years before the English Revolution, and for some years +after the accession of William and Mary, the relations of the colonies to +England had been extremely tense, but in the long period of unbroken +Whig rule which followed, most of the elements of discontent had subsided.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +The wise neglect of Walpole and Newcastle was eminently conducive +to colonial interests. The substitution in several colonies of royal +for proprietary government was very popular. There were slight differences +in the colonial forms of government, but everywhere the colonists +paid their governor and their other officials. In nearly every respect they +governed themselves, under the shadow of British dominion, with a liberty +not equalled in any other portion of the civilized globe; real constitutional +liberty was flourishing in the English colonies when all European +countries and their colonies were despotically governed. The circumstances +and traditions of the colonists had made them extremely impatient +of every kind of authority, but there is no reason for doubting that +they were animated by a real attachment to England. Their commercial +intercourse, under the restructions of the navigation laws, was mainly +with her. Their institutions, their culture, their religion, their ideas were +derived from English sources. They had a direct interest in the English +war against France and Spain. They were proud of their English lineage, +of English growth in greatness, and of English liberty. On this +point there is a striking answer made by Franklin in his crafty examinations +before the House of Commons in February, 1766. In reply to the +question, "What was the temper of America towards Great Britain before +the year 1763?" he said, "The best in the world. They submitted +willingly to the government of the crown, and paid their courts obedience +to the Acts of Parliament. Numerous as the people are in the several +old provinces, they cost you nothing in forts, citadels, garrisons, or +armies to keep them in subjection, they were governed by this country +at the expense only of a little pen, ink, and paper; they were led by a +thread. They had not only a respect, but an affection for Great Britain, +for its laws, its customs, and manners, and even a fondness for its +fashions that greatly increased the commerce. Natives of Britain were always +treated with particular regard; to be an 'Old England' man was +of itself a character of some respect and gave a kind of rank among +us." In reply to the question, "What is their temper now?" he said, +"Very much altered." It is interesting to inquire what happened during +the three years intervening to change the temper of the colonists.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h3><i>CAUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.</i></h3> + + +<p>One of the principal causes that led to the American Revolution +was the question of what was lawful under the constitution of the British +empire, and what was expedient under the existing circumstances of the +colonies. It was the contention of the American Whigs that the British +parliament could not lawfully tax the colonies, because by so doing it +would be violating an ancient maxim of the British constitution: "No +taxation without representation."</p> + +<p>On the contrary, many of the profoundest constitutional lawyers of +America as well as of England, both rejected the foregoing contention, +and at the same time admitted the soundness and the force of the venerable +maxim upon which the contention was alleged to rest, but the most of +them denied that the maxim was violated by the acts of parliament laying +taxation upon the colonies. Here everything depends on the meaning +to be attached to the word "representation"—and that meaning is to +be ascertained by examining what was understood by the word in England +at the time when this old maxim originated, and in subsequent ages +during which it had been quoted and applied. During this whole period +the idea was that representation in parliament was constituted not through +any uniform distribution among individual persons, but rather through +a distribution of such privileges among certain organized communities, +as counties, cities, boroughs, and universities. Very few people in England +then had votes for members of the house of commons—only one-tenth +of the population of the entire realm. Such was the state of the +electoral system that entire communities, such as the cities of Leeds, +Halifax, Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool, communities which +were as populous and as rich as entire provinces in America, and yet they +had no vote whatever for members of parliament. The people of these +several communities in England did not refuse to pay taxes levied by +act of parliament, because of that reason. It is still a principle of parliamentary +representation that from the moment a member is thus chosen +to sit in parliament, he is the representative of the whole empire, and not +of his particular constituency. He "is under no obligation, therefore, to +follow instructions from the voters or the inhabitants of the district from +which he is chosen. They have no legal means of enforcing instructions. +They cannot demand his resignation. Moreover, members of the house +of lords represent, in principle, the interest of the whole empire and of all +classes, as truly as the Commons."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> Therefore the historic meaning of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +the word "representation," as the word has always been used in English +constitutional experience, seemed to justify the Loyalist contention that +the several organized British communities in America, as an integral part +of the British empire, were to all intents and purposes represented in the +British parliament, which sat at the capital as the supreme council of the +whole empire and exercised legislative authority coextensive with the +boundaries of that empire. The Loyalists admitted that for all communities +of British subjects, both in England and America, the existing representation +was very imperfect; that it should be reformed and made +larger and more uniform, and they were ready and anxious to join in +all forms of constitutional agitation under the leadership of such men as +Chatham, Camden, Burke, Barre, Fox and Pitt, to secure such reform, +and not for a rejection of the authority of the general government, nullification, +and disruption of the empire. Accordingly, when certain English +commoners in America at last rose up and put forward the claim that +merely because they had no votes for members of the house of commons, +therefore that house did not represent them, and therefore they could +not lawfully be taxed by parliament, this definition of the word "representation" +up to that time had never been given to it in England or enjoyed +by commoners in England. Nine-tenths of the people of England +did not vote. Had not those British subjects in England as good a +right as these British subjects in America to deny they were represented +in parliament, and that they could not be lawfully taxed by parliament? +It was the right and duty of the imperial legislature to determine in what +proportion the different parts of the empire should contribute to the defence +of the whole, and to see that no one part evaded its obligation and +unjustly transferred its part to others. The right of taxation was established +by a long series of legal authorities, and there was no real distinction +between internal and external taxation. It now suited colonists +to describe themselves as apostles of liberty and to denounce England +as an oppressor. It was a simple truth that England governed her colonies +more liberally than any other country in the world. They were +the only existing colonies which enjoyed real political liberty. Their +commercial system was more liberal than that of any other colony. They +had attained under British rule to a degree of prosperity which was surpassed +in no quarter of the globe. England had loaded herself with +debt in order to remove one great danger to their future; she cheerfully +bore the whole burden of their protection by sea. At the Peace of Paris +she had made their interests the very first object of her policy, and she +only asked them in return to bear a portion of the cost of their own defence. +Less than eight millions of Englishmen were burdened with a +national debt of 140,000,000 pounds. The united debt of about three millions +of Americans was now less than 800,000 pounds. The annual sum +the colonists were asked to contribute was less than 100,000, with an express +condition that no part of that sum should be devoted to any other +purpose than the defence and protection of the colonies, and the country<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +which refused to bear this small tax was so rich that in the space of three +years it had paid off 1,755,000 pounds of its debt. No demand could be +more moderate and equitable than that of England. The true motive of +the resistance was a desire to pay as little as possible and to throw as +much as possible upon the mother country. Nor was the mode of resistance +more honorable—the plunder of private houses, and custom-houses, +and mob violence, connived at and unpunished. This was the attitude +of the colonies within two years after the Peace of Paris, and +these were the fruits of the new sense of security which British triumphs +in Canada had given to the colonists.</p> + +<p>This is a brief statement and a fair one of the principal arguments +of the Loyalists. Certainly the position taken by them was a very strong +one. A learned American writer upon law, one of the justices of the +Supreme Court of the United States, in referring to the decision of Chief +Justice Hutchinson sustaining the legality of the writs of assistance, gave +this opinion: "A careful examination of the question compels the conclusion +that there was at least reasonable ground for holding, as a matter +of mere law, that the British parliament had power to bind the colonies."<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> +This view has been sustained by the highest English authorities upon +British constitutional law, from the time of Lord Mansfield to the present. +"As a matter of abstract right," says Sir Vernon Harcourt, "the mother +country has never parted with the claim of ultimate supreme authority +for the imperial legislature. If it did so, it would dissolve the imperial +tie, and convert the colonies into foreign and independent states." It is +now apparent that those Americans who failed in their honest and sacrificial +championship of measures that would have given us political reform +and political safety, but without civil war, and without an angry +disruption of the English-speaking race can justly be regarded as having +been, either in doctrine or in purpose, or in act, an unpatriotic party, and +yet even at the present time it is by no means easy for Americans, if they +be descended from men who fought in behalf of the Revolution, to take +a disinterested attitude, that is an historical one towards those Americans +who thought and fought against the Revolution.</p> + +<p>No candid historian, however, now contends that the government of +England had done anything prior to the commencement of the Revolutionary +War that justified a Declaration of Independence; for, as previously +stated, the amount of taxes required by Parliament was moderate, +the money was needed for a proper purpose, and it seemed there was no +other way of obtaining it.</p> + +<p>Another important factor in the causes of the American Revolution +was the so-called "Quebec Act." This act John Adams asserted constituted +a "frightful system," and James Rowdoin pronounced it to be +"an act for encouraging and establishing Popery." The policy of this +legislation may be doubted. Of its justice there can be no doubt. The +establishment of the Catholic clergy in Canada and their resultant domination<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +has entailed many disadvantages upon the governing powers of +the dominion. But at the time the law was passed it was a simple act +of justice. Had Parliament refused to do this it would have been guilty +of that tyranny charged against it by the Revolutionists, and today the +dominion would not be a part of the British Empire. To the student +of American history it at first seems very strange and unaccountable +why at the outbreak of the Revolution, the recently conquered French +provinces were not the first to fly to arms, especially as their mother +country, France, had espoused the cause of the Revolutionists. Instead +of this the French Canadians remained loyal to their conqueror and resisted +by force of arms all attempts to conquer Canada. The explanation +of this curious state of affairs is the "Quebec Act."</p> + +<p>By this act the French Canadians were to retain their property, their +language, their religion, their laws, and to hold office. In fact, they +were allowed greater liberty than they had when subject to France. All +this was allowed them by the British Parliament, and this was resented +by the English colonists, for they were not allowed to confiscate their +lands and drive out the inhabitants as the New Englanders did when +they conquered Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward +Island. They also claimed that by the laws of the realm Roman Catholics +could not vote, much less hold office. At a meeting of the first +Continental Congress, held October 21, 1774, an address to the people +of Great Britain was adopted, setting forth the grievances of the colonies, +the principal one of which was as follows:</p> + +<p>"Nor can we suppress our astonishment that a British Parliament +should ever consent to establish in that country a religion that has deluged +your island in blood and dispersed impiety, bigotry, persecution, murder +and rebellion through every part of the world, and we think the legislature +of Great Britain is not authorized to establish a religion fraught +with such sanguinary and infamous tenets."</p> + +<p>This act also granted the Catholic clergy a full parliamentary title +to their old ecclesiastical estates, and to tithes paid by members of their +own religion, but no Protestant was obliged to pay tithes. It provided +for a provincial governing council in which Catholics were eligible to sit, +and it established the Catholic clergy securely in their livings. There +were then in the Province of Quebec two hundred and fifty Catholics to +one Protestant<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>. Surely it would have been a monstrous perversion of +justice to have placed this vast majority under the domination of this +petty minority, it would have degraded the Catholics into a servile caste +and reproduced in America, in a greatly aggravated form, the social conditions +which existed in Ireland, but those determined sticklers for freedom +of conscience and "the right of self-government," those clamorers +for the liberty of mankind, the disunion propagandists, were horrified +at the bestowal of any "freedom" or "right" upon a people professing a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +religion different from their own. "The friends of America" in England, +Chatham, Fox, Burke, Barre and others, joined them in their denunciation +of the act, the last named especially deprecating the "Popish" +measure.</p> + +<p>On February 15, 1776, it was resolved that a committee of three, +"two of whom should be members of congress," be appointed to pursue +such instructions as shall be given them by that body.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> Benjamin +Franklin, Samuel Chase and Chas. Carroll were chosen for this purpose, +and John Carroll, a Jesuit, who afterwards became the first Roman Catholic +Archbishop of the United States, accompanied them. The two +Carrolls were chosen because they were Catholics, but they were not +justified in joining an expedition that might kindle the flame of religious +war on the Catholic frontier. The commissioners carried with them an +"Address to the Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec"<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> from Congress, +which for cool audacity and impertinence can scarcely be paralleled. It +commenced with "We are too well acquainted with the liberality of sentiment +distinguishing your natures to imagine that difference of religion +will prejudice you against a hearty amity with us," etc.</p> + +<p>The address from the Continental Congress was translated into +French and was very favorably received. They then begged the translator, +as he had succeeded so well, to try his hand on that addressed to +Great Britain. He had equal success in this, and read his performance +to a numerous audience. But when he came to that part which treats of +the new modelling of the province, draws a picture of the Catholic religion +and Canadian manners, they could not restrain their resentment nor +express it except in broken curses. "O the perfidious, double-faced Congress! +Let us bless and obey our benevolent prince, whose humanity is +consistent and extends to all religions. Let us abhor all who would +seduce us from our loyalty by acts that would dishonor a Jesuit, and +whose address, like their resolves, is destructive of their own objects."</p> + +<p>While the commissioners were applying themselves with the civil authorities, +Rev. Mr. Carroll was diligently employed with the clergy, explaining +to them that the resistance of the united colonies was caused by +the invasion of their charter by England. To this the clergy replied that +since the acquisition of Canada by the British government its inhabitants +had no aggression to complain of, that on the contrary the government +had faithfully complied with all the stipulations of the treaty, and had in +fact sanctioned and protected the laws and customs of Canada with a +delicacy that demanded their respect and gratitude, and that on the score +of religious liberty the British government had left them nothing to complain +of.</p> + +<p>And therefore that when the well-established principle that allegiance +is due to protection, the clergy could not teach that even neutrality +was consistent with the allegiance due to such ample protection as Great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +Britain had shown the Catholics of Canada. The judicious and liberal +policy of the British government to the Catholics had succeeded in inspiring +them with sentiments of loyalty which the conduct of the people +and the public bodies of some of the united colonies had served to +strengthen and confirm. Mr. Carroll was also informed that in the colonies +whose liberality he was now avouching, the Catholic religion had +not been tolerated hitherto. Priests were excluded under severe penalties +and Catholic missionaries among the Indians rudely and cruelly treated.</p> + +<p>John Adams, who was a member of the congress that sent the commissioners +to Canada, in a letter to his wife, did not state the true reason +for sending a Jesuit priest there, and also warned her against divulging +the fact that a priest had been sent, for fear of offending his constituents<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<p>He wrote as follows:—</p> + +<p>"Mr. John Carroll of Maryland, a Roman Catholic priest and a +Jesuit, is to go with the committee, the priests of Canada having refused +baptism and absolution to our friends there. Your prudence will direct +you to communicate the circumstances of the priest, the Jesuit, and the +Romish religion, only to such persons as can judge of the measure upon +large and generous principles, and will not indiscreetly divulge it."<a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<p>John Adams also wrote: "We have a few rascally Jacobites and +Roman Catholics in this town (Braintree), but they do not dare to show +themselves."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_032.jpg" width="400" height="592" alt="KILLING AND SCALPING OF FATHER RASLE" title="KILLING AND SCALPING OF FATHER RASLE" /> +<span class="caption">KILLING AND SCALPING OF FATHER RASLE AT NORRIDGEWOCK<br /> + +By Massachusetts scalp hunters, £100 bounty was offered for the scalp of a male +Indian, and £50 for that of women or children.</span> +</div> + +<p>To any statesman who looked into the question inquiringly and with +clear vision, it must have appeared evident that, if the English colonies +resolved to sever themselves from the British Empire, it would be impossible +to prevent them. Their population was said to have doubled in +twenty-five years. They were separated from the mother country by +three thousand miles of water, their seaboard extended for more than +one thousand miles, their territory was almost boundless in its extent and +resources, and the greater part of it no white man had traversed or seen. +To conquer such a country would be a task of greatest difficulty and +stupendous cost. To hold it in opposition to the general wish of the +people would be impossible. The colonists were chiefly small and independent +freeholders, hardy backwoodsmen and hunters, well skilled in +the use of arms and possessed of all the resources and energies which +life in a new country seldom fails to develop. They had representative +assemblies to levy taxes and organize resistance. They had militia, +which in some colonies included all adult freemen between the ages of +sixteen and fifty or sixty, and, in addition to Indian raids, they had the +military experience of two great wars. The first capture of Louisburg, +in 1745, had been mainly their work. In the latter stages of the war, +which ended in 1763, there were more than twenty thousand colonial +troops under arms, ten thousand of them from New England alone, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +more than four hundred privateers had been fitted out in colonial harbors.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>There were assuredly no other colonies in the world so favorably +situated as these were at the close of the Seven Years' War. They had +but one grievance, the Navigation Act, and it is a gross and flagrant misrepresentation +to describe the commercial policy of England as exceptionally +tyrannical. As Adam Smith truly said, "Every European nation +had more or less taken to itself the commerce of its colonies, and upon +that account had prohibited the ships of foreign nations from trading +with them, and had prohibited them from importing European goods +from any foreign nation," and "though the policy of Great Britain with +regard to the trade of her colonies has been dictated by the same mercantile +spirit as that of other nations, it has, upon the whole, been less +illiberal and oppressive than any of them."<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> + +<p>There is, no doubt, much to be said in palliation of the conduct of +England. If Virginia was prohibited from sending her tobacco to any +European country except England, Englishmen were prohibited from +purchasing any tobacco except that which came from America or Bermuda. +If many of the trades and manufactures in which the colonies +were naturally most fitted to excel were restrained or crushed by law, +English bounties encouraged the cultivation of indigo and the exportation +to England of pitch, tar, hemp, flax and ship timber from America, +and several articles of American produce obtained a virtual monopoly of +the English market by their exemption from duties which were imposed +on similar articles imported from foreign countries.</p> + +<p>The revenue laws were habitually violated. Smuggling was very +lucrative, and therefore very popular, and any attempt to interfere with +it was greatly resented. The attention of the British government was +urgently called to it during the war. At a time when Great Britain was +straining every nerve to free the English colonies from the incubus of +France, and when millions of pounds sterling were being remitted from +England to pay colonists for fighting in their own cause, it was found +that French fleets, French garrisons, and the French West India Islands +were systematically supplied with large quantities of provisions by the +New England colonies. Pitt, who still directed affairs, wrote with great +indignation that this contraband trade must be stopped, but the whole +community of the New England seaports appeared to favor or was +partaking in it, and great difficulty was found in putting the law into +execution.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p> + +<p>From a legal point of view, the immense activity of New England +was for the most part illicit. In serene ignorance the New England sailor +penetrated all harbors, conveying in their holds, from the North, where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +they belonged, various sorts of interdicted merchandise, and bringing +home cargoes equally interdicted from all ports they touched. The merchants, +who since 1749, through Hutchinson's excellent statesmanship, +had been free from the results of a bad currency, greatly throve. The +shipyards teemed with fleets, each nook of the coast was the seat of mercantile +ventures. It was then that in all the shore towns arose the fine +colonial mansions of the traders along the main streets, that are even +admired today for their size and comeliness. Within the houses bric-a-brac +from every clime came to abound, and the merchants and their +wives and children were clothed gaily in rich fabrics from remote regions. +Glowing reports of the gaiety and luxury of the colonies reached +the mother country.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> The merchants and sailors were, to a man, law-breakers. +It was this universal law-breaking, after the fall of Quebec, +that the English ministry undertook to stop over its extended empire. +This caused friction, which gave rise to fire, which increased until the +ties with the mother land were quite consumed.</p> + +<p>As early as 1762 there were loud complaints in Parliament of the +administration of custom houses in the colonies. Grenville found on +examination that the whole revenue derived by England from the custom +houses in America amounted only to between one and two thousand +pounds a year, and that for the purpose of collecting this revenue the +English exchequer was paying annually between seven and eight thousand +pounds. Nine-tenths, probably, of all the tea, wine, fruit, sugar +and molasses consumed in the colonies, were smuggled. Grenville determined +to terminate this state of affairs. Several new revenue officers +were appointed with more rigid rules for the discharge of their duties. +"Writs of assistance" were to be issued, authorizing custom house officers +to search any house they pleased for smuggled goods. English +ships of war were at the same time stationed off the American coast for +the purpose of intercepting smugglers.</p> + +<p>Adam Smith, writing in 1776, says:</p> + +<p>"Parliament, in attempting to exercise its supposed right, whether +well or ill-grounded, of taxing the colonies, <i>has never hitherto demanded +of them anything which even approached to a just proportion to what +was paid by their fellow subjects at home</i>. Great Britain has hitherto +suffered her subjects and subordinate provinces to disburden themselves +upon her of almost the whole expense."</p> + +<p>The colonists had profited by the successful war incomparably more +than any other British subjects. Until the destruction of the French +power, a hand armed with a rifle or tomahawk and torch seemed constantly +near the threshold of every New England home. The threatening +hand was now paralyzed and the fringe of plantations by the coast +could now extend itself to the illimitable West in safety. No foreign +foe could now dictate a boundary line and bar the road beyond it. The +colonists were asked only to bear a share in the burden of the empire by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +a contribution to the sum required for maintenance of the ten thousand +soldiers and of the armed fleet which was unquestionably necessary for +the protection of their long coast line and of their commerce.</p> + +<p>James Otis started the Revolution in New England by what Mr. +Lecky calls an "incendiary speech" against writs of assistance, and if +half of what Hildreth asserts and Bancroft admits in regard to smuggling +along the coast of New England is true, there is no reason to wonder +that such writs were unpopular in Boston. James Otis, whose father +had just been disappointed in his hopes of obtaining a seat upon the +bench, was no doubt an eloquent man and all the more dangerous because +he often thought he was right. That it is always prudent to distrust +the eloquence of a criminal lawyer we have ample proof, in the +advice he gave the people on the passage of the Stamp Act. "It is +the duty," he said, "of all, humbly and silently to acquiesce in all the +decisions of the supreme legislature. Nine hundred and ninety-nine in +a thousand of the colonists will never once entertain a thought but of +submission to our sovereign and to authority of Parliament, in all possible +contingencies. They undoubtedly have the right to levy internal +taxes on the colonies."</p> + +<p>In private talk he was more vigorous than in his formal utterance. +"Hallowell says that Otis told him Parliament had a right to tax the +colonies and he was a d—— fool who denied it, and that this people +would never be quiet till we had a council from home, till our charter +was taken away and till we had regular troops quartered upon us."<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p> + +<p>John Adams wrote in his diary, under date of January 16, 1770, +concerning Otis, as follows: "In one word Otis will spoil the club. He +talks so much and takes up so much of our time and fills it with trash, +obsceneness, profaneness, nonsense and distraction that we have none +left for rational amusements or inquiries. I fear, I tremble, I mourn for +the man and for his country. Many others mourn over him with tears +in their eyes."</p> + +<p>Again John Adams says, after an attack upon him by Otis: "There +is a complication of malice, envy and jealousy in the man, in the present +disordered state of his mind, that is quite shocking."<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> On the 7th +of May, 1771, Otis, who at this time had recovered his reason was elected +with John Hancock to the assembly. They both left their party and +went over to the side of the government. John Adams wrote "Otis' +change was indeed startling. John Chandler, Esq., of Petersham gave +me an account of Otis' conversion to Toryism, etc." Hutchinson writing +to Governor Bernard, says, "Otis was carried off today in a post-chaise, +bound hand and foot. He has been as good as his word—set the +Province in a flame and perished in the attempt."</p> + +<p>In Virginia the revolutionary movement of the poor whites or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +"crackers," led by Patrick Henry, was against the planter aristocracy, and +Washington was a conspicuous member of the latter class. In tastes, +manners, instincts and sympathies he might have been taken as an admirable +specimen of the better class of English country gentlemen, and +he had a great deal of the strong conservative feeling which is natural +to that class. He was in the highest sense a gentleman and a man +of honor, and he carried into public life the severest standard of private +morals.</p> + +<p>It was only slowly and very deliberately that Washington identified +himself with the disunionist cause. No man had a deeper admiration for +the British constitution, or a more sincere desire to preserve the connection, +and to put an end to the disputes between the two countries. From +the first promulgation of the Stamp Act, however, he adopted the conviction +that a recognition of the sole right of the colonies to tax themselves +was essential to their freedom, and as soon as it became evident +that Parliament was resolved at all hazards to assert its authority by taxing +the Americans, he no longer hesitated. Of all the great men in +history he was the most invariably judicious, and there is scarcely a +rash word or action of judgment related of him. America had found +in Washington a leader who could be induced by no earthly motive to +tell a falsehood or to break an engagement or to commit a dishonorable +act.</p> + +<p>In the despondency of long-continued failure, in the elation of sudden +success, at times when his soldiers were deserting by hundreds, and +when malignant plots were formed against his reputation; amid the +constant quarrels, rivalries and jealousies of his subordinates; in the dark +hour of national ingratitude and in the midst of the most universal and +intoxicating flattery, he was always the same calm, wise, just and single-minded +man, pursuing the course which he believed to be right, without +fear, favor or fanaticism.</p> + +<p>In civil as in military life he was pre-eminent among his contemporaries +for the clearness and soundness of his judgment, for his perfect +moderation and self-control, for the quiet dignity and the indomitable +firmness with which he pursued every path which he had deliberately +chosen.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 579px;"> +<img src="images/illo_037.jpg" width="579" height="400" alt="READING THE STAMP ACT" title="READING THE STAMP ACT" /> +<span class="caption">READING THE STAMP ACT IN KING STREET: OPPOSITE THE STATE HOUSE.</span> +</div> + +<p>As previously stated, the heart of the Old Dominion was fired by +Patrick Henry, one of the most unreliable men living. Byron called +him a forest-born Demosthenes, and Jefferson, wondering over his career, +exclaimed: "Where he got that torrent of language is inconceivable. +I have frequently closed my eyes while he spoke and, when he was done, +asked myself what he had said without being able to recollect a word of +it." He had been successively a storekeeper, a farmer and a shopkeeper, +but had failed in all these pursuits and became a bankrupt at +twenty-three. Then he studied law a few weeks and practiced a few +years. The first success he made in this line was in an effort to persuade +a jury to render one of the most unjust verdicts ever recorded in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +court. Finally he embarked on the stormy sea of politics. One day +he worked himself into a fine frenzy, and in a most dramatic manner +demanded "Liberty or Death," although he had both freely at his disposal. +He was a slaveholder nearly all his life. He bequeathed slaves +and cattle in his will, and one of his eulogists brags that he would buy or +sell a horse or a negro as well as anybody.</p> + +<p>John Adams of Braintree, now Quincy, was a graduate of Harvard +College, and a lawyer by profession. He ranks next to Washington as being +the most prominent of the Revolutionary leaders. He was the son +of a poor farmer and shoemaker. He married Abigail Smith, the daughter +of the Congregational minister in the adjoining town of Weymouth. +Much disapprobation of the match appears to have been manifested, for +Mr. Adams, the son of a poor farmer, was thought scarcely good enough +to be match with the minister's daughter, descended from many of the +shining lights of the colony.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p> + +<p>John Adams was a cousin of Samuel Adams. He joined the disunionists, +probably, because he saw that if the Revolution was successful +there would be great opportunity for advancement under the new +government. This proved to be the case, for he was the first minister +to Great Britain, the successor of Washington as second president of the +United States. His eldest son became the sixth president, and his grandson, +Charles Francis Adams, ably represented his country as minister to +Great Britain during the Civil War of 1861.</p> + +<p>The Stamp Act received the royal assent on March 22, 1765, and +it was to come into operation on the first day of November following. +The "Virginia Resolutions," through which Patrick Henry first acquired +a continental fame, voted by the House of Burgess in May following, +denied very definitely the authority of Parliament to tax the colonies. +At first men recoiled. Otis was reported to have publicly condemned +them in King street, which was no doubt true, for, as we have seen, +he fully admitted the supremacy of Parliament.</p> + +<p>The principal objection made by the colonists to the Stamp Act +was that it was an internal tax. They denied the right of Parliament +to impose internal taxation, claiming that to be a function that could +be exercised only by colonial assemblies. They admitted, however, that +Parliament had a right to levy duties on exports and imports, and they +had submitted to such taxation for many years without complaint.</p> + +<p>In order to soften the opposition, and to consult to the utmost of +his power the wishes of the colonists, Grenville informed the colonial +agents that the distribution of the stamps should be confided not to Englishmen +but to Americans. Franklin, then agent for Pennsylvania, accepted +the act and, in his canny way, took steps to have a friend appointed +stamp distributor for his province. This made him very unpopular +and the mob threatened to destroy his house.</p> + +<p>The Stamp Act, when its ultimate consequences are considered,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +must be deemed one of the most momentous legislative acts in the history +of mankind.</p> + +<p>A timely concession of a few seats in the upper and lower houses +of the Imperial Parliament would have set at rest the whole dispute. +Franklin had suggested it ten years before, anticipating even Otis, Grenville +was quite ready to favor it, Adam Smith advocated it. Why did +the scheme fail? Just at that time in Massachusetts a man was rising +into provincial note, who was soon to develop a heat, truly fanatical, in +favor of an idea quite inconsistent with Franklin's plan. He from the +first claimed that representation of the colonies in Parliament was quite impracticable +or, if accepted, would be of no benefit to the colonies, and +that there was no fit state for them but independence. His voice at first +was but a solitary cry in the midst of a tempest, but it prevailed mightily +in the end.</p> + +<p>This sole expounder of independence was Samuel Adams, the father +of the Revolution. Already his influence was superseding that of +Otis, in stealthy ways of which neither Otis nor those who made an +idol of him were sensible, putting into the minds of men, in the place +of the ideas for which Otis stood, radical conceptions which were to +change in due time the whole future of the world. "Samuel Adams at +this time was a man of forty-two years of age, but already gray and bent +with a physical infirmity which kept his head and hands shaking like +those of a paralytic. He was a man of broken fortunes, a ne'er-do-well in +his private business, a failure as a tax collector, the only public office he +had thus far undertaken to discharge."<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> He had an hereditary antipathy +to the British government, for his father was one of the principal men +connected with Land-Bank delusion, and was ruined by the restrictions +which Parliament imposed on the circulation of paper money, causing +the closing up of the bank by act of Parliament and leaving debts which +seventeen years later were still unpaid.</p> + +<p>It appears that Governor Hutchinson was a leading person in dissolving +the bank, and from that time Adams was the bitter enemy of +Hutchinson and the government. Hutchinson in describing him says, "Mr. +S. Adams had been one of the directors of the land bank in 1741 which +was dissolved by act of Parliament. After his decease his estate was +put up for sale by public auction, under authority of an act of the General +Assembly. The son first made himself conspicuous on this occasion. +He attended the sale, threatened the sheriff to bring action against +him and threatened all who should attempt to enter upon the estate under +pretence of a purchase, and by intimidating both the sheriff and those +persons who intended to purchase, he prevented the sale, kept the estate +in his possession and the debts to the land bank remained unsatisfied. +He was afterwards a collector of taxes for the town of Boston and made +defalcation which caused an additional tax upon the inhabitants. He +was for nearly twenty years a writer against government in the public<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +newspapers. Long practice caused him to arrive at great perfection and +to acquire a talent of artfully and fallaciously insinuating into the minds +of readers a prejudice against the characters of all he attacked beyond +any other man I ever knew, and he made more converts to his cause by +calumniating governors and other servants of the crown than by strength +of reasoning. The benefit to the town from his defence of their liberties, +he supposed an equivalent to his arrears as their collector, and prevailing +principle of the party that the end justified the means probably +quieted the remorse he must have felt from robbing men of their characters +and injuring them more than if he had robbed them of their estates."<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> + +<p>In a letter written by Hutchinson about this time he thus characterizes +his chief adversary:</p> + +<p>"I doubt whether there is a greater incendiary in the King's dominion +or a man of greater malignity of heart, who has less scruples any +measure ever so criminal to accomplish his purposes; and I think I do +him no injustice when I suppose he wishes the destruction of every friend +to government in America."<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<p>In a letter dated March 13, 1769, Adams petitioned the town, requesting +that he be discharged from his indebtedness to the town for the +amount that he was in arrears as tax collector. He states that the town +treasurer, by order of the town, had put his bond in suit and recovered +judgment for the sum due £2009.8.8. He stated that his debts and +£1106.11 will fully complete the sum which he owes and requests "that +the town would order him a final discharge upon the condition of his +paying the aforesaid sum of £1106.11 into the province treasury." This +letter of Adams to the town of Boston fully confirms the statement +made by Hutchinson that he was a defaulter, for it appears from this +letter that during the several years he was collector of taxes for the town, +that he did not make a proper return for the taxes which he had collected, +and it was only after suit and judgment had been obtained against +his bondsmen that restitution was made, his sureties having to pay over +$5000 in cash and the balance was made up of uncollected taxes.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p> + +<p>Adams was poor, simple, ostentatiously austere; the blended influence +of Calvinistic theology and republican principles had indurated his +whole character. He hated monarchy and the Episcopal church, all privileged +classes and all who were invested with dignity and rank, with a +fierce hatred. He was the first to foresee and to desire an armed struggle, +and he now maintained openly that any British troops which landed +should be treated as enemies, attacked and if possible destroyed.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<h3><i>BOSTON MOBS AND THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTION.</i></h3> + + +<p>After the adoption in Massachusetts of Patrick Henry's resolves, the +people, brooding over the injuries which Adams made them believe they +were receiving under the Stamp Act, became fiercer in temper. Open treason +was talked, and many of the addresses to the Governor, composed by +Adams, were models of grave and studied insolence. The rough population +which abounded about the wharves and shipyards grew riotous, +and, with the usual indiscrimination of mobs, was not slow to lift its +hands against even the best friends of the people. "Mob law is a crime, +and those who engage in mobs are criminals." This is a fundamental +axiom of orderly government that cannot be denied.</p> + +<p>The first great riot was in anticipation of the arrival of the stamps. On +the morning of August 14, 1765, there appeared, at what is now a corner +of Washington and Essex streets, two effigies, hanging on an elm +tree, representing Andrew Oliver, the stamp agent, and Lord Bute, the +former prime minister. In the evening these images were carried as far +as Kilby street, where there was a new unfinished government building, +wrongly supposed to have been erected for use as a stamp office. This +the mob completely demolished, and, taking portions of its wood-work +with them, they proceeded to Fort Hill, where a bonfire was made in +front of the house of Mr. Oliver, burning the effigy of Lord Bute there, +and committing gross outrages on Oliver's premises, which were plundered +and wrecked.</p> + +<p>A few nights later riots recommenced with redoubled fury, the +rioters turning their attention to the house of Lieutenant-Governor +Hutchinson, who was also chief justice, and kinsman of Oliver. Hutchinson +was not only the second person in rank in the colony, but was also +a man who had personal claims of the highest kind upon his countrymen. +He was an American, a member of one of the oldest colonial families, +and, in a country where literary enterprise was very uncommon, he had +devoted a great part of his life to investigating the history of his native +province. His rare abilities, his stainless private character, and his great +charm of manner, were universally recognized. He had at one time been +one of the most popular men in the colony, and although Hutchinson was +opposed to the Stamp Act, the determined impartiality with which, as +Chief Justice, he upheld the law, soon made him obnoxious to the mob.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 585px;"> +<img src="images/illo_041.jpg" width="585" height="400" alt="STAMP COLLECTOR ATTACKED BY THE MOB." title="STAMP COLLECTOR ATTACKED BY THE MOB." /> +<span class="caption">ANDREW OLIVER, STAMP COLLECTOR ATTACKED BY THE MOB.<br /> + +His beautiful mansion on Oliver street, Fort Hill, was wrecked and he narrowly escaped with his life.</span> +</div> + +<p>When the mob surrounded his house in Garden Court street, they +called for him to appear on his balcony, to give an account of himself as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +to the Stamp Act. He barred the doors and windows and remained +within. One of his neighbors, alarmed, no doubt, as to the safety of his +own property, told the mob that he had seen Hutchinson drive out just +at nightfall, and that he had gone to spend the night at his country house +at Milton. On hearing this the mob dispersed, having done no other +damage than the breaking of windows.</p> + +<p>The popular fury had now become so ungovernable and perilous that +Governor Bernard took refuge in the Castle, leaving Hutchinson to bear +the brunt of this vehement hostility. Shortly after the governor's retreat, +on the 26th of August, occurred a riot as disgraceful as any on record on +either side of the Atlantic. It commenced at dusk with a bonfire on King +street. One of the fire-wards attempted to extinguish it, but he was +driven from the ground by a heavy blow from one of the mob which had +assembled. The fire was doubtless kindled as a signal for the assembling +of a ruffianly body of disguised men, armed with clubs and staves. They +first went to the house of the register of the admiralty court, broke into +his office in the lower story, and fed the fire hard by with the public +archives in his keeping, and with all his own private papers. Next they +went to the house of the comptroller of customs in Hanover street, tore +down his fence, broke his windows, demolished his furniture, stole his +money, scattered his papers, and availed themselves of the wine in his +cellar as a potent stimulant to greater excesses.</p> + +<p>They then proceeded to Hutchinson's house, the finest and most costly +in Boston. He had barely time to escape with his family, otherwise +murder would no doubt have put a climax to the criminal orgies of the +night. The rioters hewed down the doors with broad axes, destroyed +or stole everything of value, including important historical data which he +had spent years in collecting, papers which, if preserved to his countrymen, +would be worth many times their weight in gold; and still further +maddened by the contents of the cellar, the incendiary crowd broke up +the roof and commenced tearing down the wood-work of the mansion.</p> + +<p>There exists competent evidence that the municipal authorities had +timely notice of the pendency of this riot. They held a town meeting +next day, denounced the rioters by unanimous vote, in which many who +had been foremost in the affair gave assent to their own condemnation, +but nothing was done towards punishing the perpetrators of the outrages, +and it was evident that the prevailing feeling was with the rioters. +Those who were arrested and committed for trial were released by a +formidable body of sympathizers, undoubtedly fellow criminals, who +went by night to the jail, forced the jailer to deliver up the keys, and +released the culprits.</p> + +<p>The Custom House was selected for assault and pillage on the following +night. The collector somehow gained information of this purpose. +He had in his custody about four thousand pounds in specie, +which could not be removed so secretly as to elude the espionage of eyes +intent on rapine and plunder. The governor, at the urgent demand of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +the collector, called out the cadets, who constituted his special guard. +The mob assembled. The commanding officers addressed them, first with +persuasion, then with threats, but in vain. Driven to extremity he ordered +his company to prime and load, and then begged the rioters to retire. +They remained immovable until the order was given to "aim," when a +hurried retreat of the tumultuous rabble ensued.</p> + +<p>There were, subsequently, various public demonstrations of a disorderly +character; effigies of unpopular members of the home and provincial +governments were hanged and burned, and there were frequent +displays of violent hostility to the administration; but it was not till June, +1768, that there was another dangerous and destructive riot. In this +there cannot be the slightest doubt that the mob had on their side as +little moral justification as legal right. The sloop "Liberty," belonging +to John Hancock, a leading merchant of the patriot party, arrived at Boston, +laden with wine from Madeira, and a custom-house officer went on +board to inspect the cargo. He was seized by the crew and detained for +several hours, while the cargo was landed, and a few pipes of wine were +entered on oath at the Custom House as if they had been the whole. On +the liberation of the customs' officers the vessel was seized for a false +entry, and in order to prevent the possibility of a rescue it was removed +from the wharf to the protection of the guns of a man of war. A mob +was speedily collected, and as the rabble could not get possession of the +sloop, they attacked the revenue officers for doing their duty in properly +seizing the vessel for false entry and smuggling. The collector, his son, +and two inspectors, received the most barbarous treatment, were badly +bruised and wounded, and hardly escaped with their lives. The mob +next went to the house of the inspector-general, and to that of the comptroller +of customs, and broke their windows. They then dragged the collector's +boat to the Common and burned it there.</p> + +<p>When we consider the lawless condition of Boston, there cannot be +any question that Governor Bernard was fully authorized to seek the +presence of troops. The crown officers were in a rightful possession of +their offices, and it would have been cowardly for them to desert their +posts and sail for England, and thus to leave anarchy behind them. Meanwhile +their lives were in peril, and they had an unquestionable right to demand +competent protection. This they could have only by sending out +of the province for it. The colonial militia could not be relied upon, for +the mob must have been largely represented in its ranks. Nor could +dependence be placed on the cadets, for Hancock, in whose behalf the +last great riot had been perpetrated, was an officer of that corps. The +only recourse was to the importation of royal troops—a measure which +legal modes of remonstrance by patriots worthy of the name would never +have rendered necessary or justifiable.</p> + +<p>Two regiments, the 14th and 29th, of about five hundred men each, +arrived on Sept. 28, 1768. These soldiers were, of course, a burden and +annoyance. They could not have been otherwise. Individually they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +were not gentlemen, and they could not have been expected to be so. +Yet had their presence been desired or welcome, there is no reason to +suppose that there would have been any unpleasant collision with them.</p> + +<p>The first token of resentment on the part of the populace occurred +eleven days after their arrival. The colonel of one of the regiments had +ordered a guard-house to be built on the Neck. The site was visited in +the night by a mob, who tore down the frame of the building and cut it +in pieces, so that no part of it could be put to further use. From that +time on there were perpetual quarrels and brisk interchanges of contumely, +abuse, and insult between the soldiers and the inhabitants, in +which gangs of ropemakers bore a prominent part. There was undoubtedly +no lack of ill-blood on either side, but, after patiently reading the +contemporary record of what took place, we are inclined to adopt the +statement of Samuel G. Drake, whose intense loyalty as a loving citizen +of Boston no one can question, and who writes "That outrages were +committed by the soldiers is no doubt true; but these outrages were exaggerated, +and they probably, in nine cases out of ten, were the abused +party."<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p> + +<p>Passing over intervening dissensions and tumults, we now come to +the so-called "Boston Massacre," on the 5th of March, 1770, an occasion +on which loss of life was inevitable, and the only question was whether +it should be among the soldiers or their assailants. The riot was evidently +predetermined, as one of the bells was rung about eight o'clock, +and immediately afterwards bands of men, with clubs, appeared upon the +streets. Early in the evening there had been some interchange of hostilities, +chiefly verbal, between the soldiers and town people, but an officer +had ordered his men into the barrack-yard, and closed the gate. The +"main guard," for that day's duty, was from the 29th regiment.</p> + +<p>About nine o'clock a solitary sentinel in front of the custom-house +on King street, now known as State street, was assailed by a party of men +and boys, who pelted him with lumps of ice and coal, and threatened +him with their clubs. Being forbidden by the rules of the service to +quit his post, he called upon the "main guard," whose station was within +hearing. A corporal and seven soldiers were sent to his relief. They +were followed by Captain Preston, who said, "I will go there myself to +see that they do no mischief." By that time the crowd had become a +large one, intensely angry, and determined on violence. The mob supposed +the soldiers were helpless and harmless; that they were not permitted +to fire unless ordered by a magistrate. The rioters repeatedly +challenged the soldiers to fire if they dared, and the torrent of coarse and +profane abuse poured upon the soldiers is astonishing even in its echoes +across the century, and would furnish material for an appropriate inscription +on the Attucks monument. The soldiers stood on the defensive +while their lives were endangered by missiles, and till the crowd closed +upon them in a hand-to-hand conflict. The leader of the assault was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +"Crispus Attucks," a half Indian and half negro, who raised the blood-curdling +war-whoop, the only legacy save his Indian surname and his +strength and ferocity, that he is known to have received from his savage +ancestry. He knocked down one of the soldiers, got possession of his +musket, and would, no doubt, have killed him instantly had not the soldiers +fired at that moment and killed Attucks and two other men, two +more being fatally wounded. There is no evidence that Captain Preston +ordered the firing, though if he did he certainly deserved no blame, as +the shooting was, for the soldiers, the only means of defence. There +is no doubt that the mobs on these occasions were set in movement and +directed by some persons of higher rank and larger views of mischief +than themselves.</p> + +<p>Gordon, the historian of the American Revolution, informs us that +the mob was addressed, in the street, before the firing, by a tall, large +man, in a red cloak and white wig, and after listening to what he had to +offer in the space of three or four minutes, they huzza for the "main +guard" and say, "We will do for the soldiers." He also said, "But from +the character, principles, and policies of certain persons among the leaders +of the opposition, it may be feared that they had no objection to a +recounter that by occasioning the death of a few might eventually clear +the place of the two regiments."</p> + +<p>This avowal, which, coming from such a source, has all the weight +of premeditation, chills us with its deliberate candor, and begets reflections +on the desperate means resorted to by some of the leaders of the +populace in those trying times, which historians generally have shrunk +from suggesting.</p> + +<p>Hutchinson fulfilled at this time, with complete adequacy, the functions +of chief magistrate. He was at once in the street in imminent danger +of having his brains dashed out,<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> expostulating, entreating, that order +might be observed. His prompt arrest of Preston and the squad which +had done the killing was his full duty, and it is to the credit of the troops +that the officer and his men, in the midst of the exasperation, gave themselves +quietly into the hands of the law.</p> + +<p>In the famous scenes which followed, the next day, Samuel Adams +and other leading agitators, as representatives of the people, rushed into +the presence of Hutchinson, and rather commanded than asked for the +removal of the troops. Hutchinson hesitated. He was not yet governor—Bernard +was in England. The embarrassment of the situation for +the chief magistrate was really appalling. He knew that their removal +would, under the circumstances, be a great humiliation to the government +and a great encouragement to the mob. On the other hand, if the +soldiers remained it was only too probable that in a few hours the streets +of Boston would run with blood. He consulted the council, and found, +as usual, an echo of the public voice. He then yielded, and the troops +were sent to Fort William, on Castle Island, three miles from the town.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>Although, from that day to this, it has been held that the British +uniform was driven with ignominy out of the streets of Boston, they +deserve no discredit for their submission to the Governor and his council. +They were two weak regiments, together amounting to not more than +eight hundred effective men, isolated in a populous province which hated +them, and were in great peril of life. It does not appear that they showed +the white feather at all, but rather that they were law-abiding. Probably +few organizations in the British army have a record more honorable. +The 14th was with William III. in Flanders; it formed, too, one +of the squares of Waterloo, breasting for hours the charges of the French +cuirassiers until it had nearly melted away. The 29th was with Marlboro +at Ramillies, and with Wellington in the Peninsula; it bore a heavy +part, as may be read in Napier, in wresting Spain from the grasp of Napoleon. +To fight it out with the mob would no doubt have been far easier +and pleasanter than to yield; for brave soldiers to forbear is harder +than to fight, and one may be sure that in the long history of those regiments +few experiences more trying came to pass than those of the Boston +streets.</p> + +<p>Few things contributed more to commence the American Revolution +than this unfortunate affray. Skillful agitators perceived the advantage +it gave them, and the most fantastic exaggerations were dexterously diffused. +It, however, had a sequel which is extremely creditable to the +citizens of Boston.</p> + +<p>It was determined to try the soldiers for their lives, and public feeling +ran so fiercely against them that it seemed as if their fate was sealed. +The trial, however, was delayed for seven months till the excitement had +in some degree subsided. Captain Preston very judiciously appealed to +John Adams, who was rapidly rising to the first place among the lawyers +and the popular party of Boston, to undertake his defence. Adams +knew well how much he was risking by espousing so unpopular a cause, +but he knew also his professional duty, and though violently opposed to +the British Government, he was an eminently honest, brave, and humane +man. In conjunction with Josiah Quincy, a young lawyer who was also +of the popular party, he undertook the invidious task, and he discharged +it with consummate ability. Three years afterwards he wrote in his +diary: "The part I took in defence of Capt. Preston and the soldiers procured +me anxiety and obloquy enough. It was, however, one of the most +gallant, generous, manly, and disinterested acts of my whole life, and +one of the best pieces of service I ever rendered my country. Judgment +of death against those soldiers would have been as foul a stain upon this +country as the execution of the Quakers or witches, anciently. As the +evidence was, the verdict of the jury was exactly right."</p> + +<p>These noble words and his actions in this matter are sufficient alone +to prove that John Adams was a fit successor to President Washington. +He was entirely just in the estimate he put upon his conduct in these +frank terms. His defence of the soldiers was one of the most courageous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +acts that a thoroughly manly man performed, and his summing up of the +matter just quoted, is perfectly accurate. If John Adams showed himself +here a man of sense and a hero, as much cannot be said of his cousin, +Samuel Adams, who undoubtedly was one of the leaders who incited the +mob to attack the soldiers, as hinted at by Gordon. And, again, in the +vindictive persecution which followed, in the attempt to arouse in England +and America indignation against the soldiers, by documents based +on evidence hastily collected in advance of the trial, from wholly unreliable +witnesses, and in the attempt to precipitate the trial while passion +was still hot, the misbehavior of the people was grave. In all this no +leader was more eager than Samuel Adams, and in no time in his career, +probably, does he more plainly lay himself open to the charge of being a +reckless demagogue, a mere mob-leader, than at this moment.</p> + +<p>Captain Preston and six of the soldiers, who were tried for murder, +were acquitted; two of the soldiers, convicted of manslaughter, were +branded on the hand and then released. The most important testimony +in the case was that of the celebrated surgeon, John Jeffries, who attended +Patrick Carr, an Irishman, fatally wounded in the affray. It is as +follows: "He said he saw many things thrown at the sentry; he believed +they were oyster shells and ice; he heard the people huzza every time +they heard anything strike that sounded hard. He then saw some soldiers +going down towards the custom-house; he saw the people pelt them +as they went along. I asked him whether he thought the soldiers would +fire; he said he thought the soldiers would have fired long before. I then +asked him if he thought the soldiers were abused a great deal; he said +he thought they were. I asked him whether he thought the soldiers +would have been hurt if they had not fired; he said he really thought +they would, for he heard many voices cry out, 'Kill them!' I asked him, +meaning to close all, whether he thought they fired in self-defence or on +purpose to destroy the people; he said he really thought they did fire to +defend themselves; that he did not blame the man, whoever he was, that +shot him. He told me he was a native of Ireland; that he had frequently +seen mobs, and soldiers called to quell them. Whenever he mentioned +that, he called himself a fool; that he might have known better; that he +had seen soldiers often fire on people in Ireland, but had never in his life +seen them bear so much before they fired."</p> + +<p>John Adams, in his plea in defence of the soldiers, said: "We have +been entertained with a great variety of phrases to avoid calling this sort +of people a mob. Some called them shavers, some called them geniuses. +The plain English is, they were probably a motley rabble of saucy boys, +negroes, mulattoes, Irish teagues, and outlandish Jack-tars, and why we +should scruple to call such a set of people a mob, I can't conceive, unless +the name is too respectable for them."</p> + +<p>Chief-Justice Lynde, eminent for his judicial integrity and impartiality, +said on the announcement of the verdict: "Happy am I to find, after +much strict examination, the conduct of the prisoners appears in so fair<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +a light, yet I feel myself deeply affected that this affair turns out so +much to the disgrace of every person concerned against them, and so +much to the shame of the town in general."</p> + +<p>In 1887, at the instigation of John Boyle O'Reilly and the negroes +of Boston, the Legislature passed a bill authorizing the expenditure of +$10,000 for the purpose of erecting a monument to the memory of the +"victims of the Boston Massacre." The monument was erected on Boston +Common, notwithstanding the fact that the Massachusetts Historical +Society, and the New England Historic Genealogical Society, voted +unanimously against it. "That it was a waste of public money, that the +affray was occasioned by the brutal and revengeful attack of reckless +roughs upon the soldiers, while on duty, who had not the civilian's privilege +of retreating, but were obliged to contend against great odds, +and used their arms only in the last extremity; that the killed +were rioters and not patriots, and that a jury of Boston citizens +had acquitted the soldiers." A joint committee, composed of +members of both societies, presented the resolutions to Governor +Ames, and requested him to veto the bill. He admitted that +"the monument ought not to be erected, but if he vetoed the bill it would +<i>cost the Republican party the colored vote</i>." When the monument was +erected and uncovered, it presented such an indecent appearance that +the City Council immediately voted $250 for a new capstone. It now +represents an historical lie, and is a sad commentary on the intelligence +and art taste of the citizens of Boston. To be sure monuments of stone +will not avail to perpetuate an error of history, as witness the monument +erected to commemorate the Great Fire of London. The inscription on +that monument, embodying a gross perversion of history, was effaced in +1831, after it had stood there one hundred and fifty years, but the just +resentment, the ill-feeling, the grief and shame which it engendered during +that period, had been evils of incalculable magnitude. The time +will surely come when the monument on Boston Common will be removed +for the same reason.</p> + +<p>On the 18th of March, 1766, the Stamp Act was repealed. It had +remained in force but one year, and was then repealed in an effort to +pacify the colonists. A duty was placed on tea and other imports which +the colonists had always admitted to be a valid act of the Parliament. +Whatever might be said of the Stamp Act, the tea duty was certainly not +a real grievance to Americans, for Parliament had relieved the colonists +of a duty of 12d. in the pound which had hitherto been levied in England, +and the colonists were only asked, in compensation, to pay a duty of 3d. +in the pound on arrival of the tea in America. The measure, therefore, +was not an act of oppression, but of relief, making the price of tea +in the colonies positively cheaper by 9d. per pound than it had been before. +But the turbulent spirits were not to be satisfied so easily. They +organized an immense boycott against British goods and commercial +intercourse with England, and appointed vigilance committees in many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +communities to see that the boycott was rigidly enforced. Hutchinson, +in describing them, says: "In this Province the faction is headed by the +lowest, dirtiest, and most abject part of the community, and so absurdly +do the Council and House of Representatives reason, that they justify +this anarchy, the worst of tyranny, as necessary to remove a single instance +of what they call oppression; they have persecuted my sons with +peculiar pleasure." August 26, 1770, he wrote to William Parker, of +Portsmouth: "You certainly think right when you think Boston people +are run mad. The frenzy was not higher when they banished my pious +great-grandmother, when they hanged the Quakers, when they afterwards +hanged the poor innocent witches, when they were carried away +with a Land Bank, or when they all turned "New Lights," than the +political frenzy has been for a twelve-month past."<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> + +<p>In December, 1773, three ships laden with tea, private property of +an innocent corporation, arrived at Boston, and on the 16th of that +month, forty or fifty men, disguised as Mohawk Indians, under the direction +of Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and others, boarded the vessels, +posted sentinels to keep all agents of authority off at a distance, and +flung the three cargoes, consisting of three hundred and forty-two chests, +into the harbor. How can we, law-abiding citizens, applaud the "Boston +Tea Party" and condemn the high-handed conduct of strike-leaders +of the present time? In this transaction some respectable men were engaged, +and their posterity affects to be proud of it. But they were not +proud of it at the time. In their disguise as Indians they were not recognized, +and the few well-known names among them were not divulged +till the rebellion became a successful revolution. It probably made no +"patriots." We have proof that it afterwards turned the scales against +the patriot cause with some who had sympathized with it and taken part +in it.</p> + +<p>Looking back to those times during later years, John Adams wrote: +"The poor people themselves, who, by <i>secret manoeuvres</i>, <i>are excited to +insurrection</i>, are seldom aware of the purposes for which they are set +in motion or of consequences which may happen to themselves; and <i>when +once heated and in full career</i>, <i>they can neither manage themselves nor +be managed by others</i>."</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_049.jpg" width="400" height="515" alt="TARRING AND FEATHERING CARTOON" title="TARRING AND FEATHERING CARTOON" /> +<span class="caption">BOSTONIANS PAYING THE EXCISEMAN, OR TARRING AND FEATHERING.<br /> + +A cartoon published in London in 1771, showing how the authority of the government +was wholly disregarded in Boston.</span> +</div> + +<p>The illegal seizure of the tea was in a certain sense parallel to the +so-called "respectable" mob which on the 11th of August, 1834, destroyed +the Charlestown convent, and, a year later, nearly killed Garrison +and made the jail his only safe place of refuge. Had slavery triumphed, +that mob would at this day be the object and the subject of +popular glorification; every man who belonged to it, who was present +abetting and encouraging it, would claim his share of the glory, and +a roll of honor would have been handed down for a centennial celebration +in which every slaveholder in the land would have borne a part. But +now that slavery is dead, and the statue of Garrison has its place in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +fashionable avenue of Boston, there is no longer any merit in the endeavor +to buttress the fallen cause. Had the Revolution failed, the disgrace +of the men who threw the tea overboard would never have been +removed, and the best that history could say of them would be that, like +the Attucks mob, they were enthusiasts without reason.</p> + +<p>John Hancock, one of the principal leaders of the Tea Party Mob, +and the owner of the sloop "Liberty," which was seized for smuggling, +and later the first to sign the Declaration of Independence, inherited +£70,000 from his uncle, who had made a large part of it by importing +from the Dutch island of St. Eustacia great quantities of tea, in molasses +hogsheads, and, by the importation of a few chests from England, had +freed the rest from suspicion, and not having been found out, had borne +the reputation of a "fair trader." Partly by inattention to his private +affairs, and partly from want of sound judgment, John Hancock became +greatly involved and distressed, and his estate was lost with much +greater rapidity than it had been acquired by his uncle.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p> + +<p>John Adams had very positive opinions concerning the mobs of +the Revolution. In a letter to his wife he says:</p> + +<p>"I am engaged in a famous cause. The cause of King of Scarborough +<i>versus</i> a mob that broke into his house and rifled his papers +and terrified him, his wife, children and servants, in the night. The terror +and distress, the distraction and horror of this family, cannot be described +in words, or painted upon canvas. It is enough to move a +statue, to melt a heart of stone, to read the story. A mind susceptible of +the feelings of humanity, a heart which can be touched with sensibility +for human misery and wretchedness, must relent, must burn with resentment +and indignation at such outrageous injuries. These private mobs +I do and will detest."<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p> + +<p>Concerning the Loyalists, he says: "A notion prevails among all parties +that it is politest and genteelest to be on the side of the administration, +that the better sort, the wiser few, are on one side, and that the multitude, +the vulgar, the herd, the rabble, the mob, only are on the other."<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> + +<p>As regards his own actions towards the Loyalists, he writes in his +later years as follows:</p> + +<p>"Nothing could be more false and injurious to me than the imputation +of any sanguinary zeal against the Tories, for I can truly declare +that through the whole Revolution, and from that time to this, I never +committed one act of severity against the Tories."<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> + +<p>At the time of the shedding of the first blood at Lexington, Hancock +was respondent, in the admiralty court, in suits of the crown to recover +nearly half a million of dollars, as penalties alleged to have been incurred +for violation of the statute-book. It was fit that he should be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +the first to affix his name to an instrument which, if made good, would +save him from financial ruin.</p> + +<p>One-fourth of the signers of the Declaration of Independence were +bred to trade or to the command of ships, and more than one of them +was branded with the epithet of "smuggler."<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> + +<p>In 1773 John Hancock was elected treasurer of Harvard college. +"In this they considered their patriotism more than their prudence." +The amount of college funds paid over to him was upwards of fifteen +thousand and four hundred pounds, and, like his friend, Samuel Adams, +he, too, proved to be a defaulter. For twenty years the corporation +begged and entreated him to make restitution. They threatened to +prosecute him and also to put his bond in suit, as Adams' was, but it +was all of no avail. He turned a deaf ear to their entreaties, and it +was only after his death, in 1793, that his heirs made restitution to the +college, when a settlement was made, in 1795, in which the college lost +five hundred and twenty-six dollars interest.</p> + +<p>Josiah Quincy, the president of Harvard college, in referring to +this matter, says:</p> + +<p>"From respect to the high rank which John Hancock attained +among the patriots of the American Revolution, it would have been +grateful to pass over in silence the extraordinary course he pursued in +his official relation to Harvard college, had truth and the fidelity of history +permitted. But justice to a public institution which he essentially +embarrassed during a period of nearly twenty years, and also to the +memory of those whom he made to feel and to suffer, requires that these +records of unquestionable facts which at the time they occurred were +the cause of calumny and censure to honorable men, actuated in this +measure solely by a sense of official fidelity, should not be omitted. In +republics, popularity is the form of power most apt to corrupt its possessor +and to tempt him, for party or personal interests, to trample on +right to set principle at defiance. History has no higher or more imperative +duty to perform than, by an unyielding fidelity, to impress this +class of men with the apprehension that although through fear or favor +they may escape animadversion of contemporaries, there awaits +them in her impartial record, the retribution of truth."<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p> + +<p>The action of the tea mob was the culmination of mob violence in +Boston. It brought the king and parliament to decide that their rebellious +subjects in Boston must be subdued by force of arms, and that mob +violence should cease. General Thomas Gage was to have at his command +four regiments and a powerful fleet. He arrived at Boston, May +13, 1774, and was appointed to supersede Governor Thomas Hutchinson, +as governor, who had succeeded Governor Sir Francis Bernard in +1771. General Gage was now in the prime of life. He had served with +great credit under several commanders, at Fontenoy and Culloden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>, +and had fought with Washington, under Braddock, at Monongahela, +where he was severely wounded, and carried a musket ball in his side +for the remainder of his life as a memento of that fatal battle. An intimacy +then existed between him and Washington, which was maintained +afterwards by a friendly correspondence, and which twenty years later +ended regretfully when they appeared, opposed to each other, at the head +of contending armies, the one obeying the commands of his sovereign +and the other upholding the cause of his people. How many cases similar +to this occurred, eighty-six years later, when brother officers in arms +faced each other with hostile forces, and friendship and brotherly love +were changed to deadly hatred.</p> + +<p>The claim has been set up by American historians, and accepted as +true by those of Great Britain, that hostilities were commenced at Lexington +and by the British commander. This is not so. The first act of +hostilities was the attack upon the government post of Fort William and +Mary at Newcastle, in Portsmouth harbor, New Hampshire. The attack +was deliberately planned by the disunion leaders, and executed by +armed and disciplined forces mustered by them for that purpose.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> The +fort contained large quantities of government arms and ammunition, and +being garrisoned by but a corporal's guard, it was too tempting a prize +to be overlooked by Samuel Adams and his colleagues.</p> + +<p>Sir John Wentworth, governor of New Hampshire, tells us that +the raiding party was openly collected by beat of drum in the streets +of Portsmouth, and that, being apprised of their intent to attack a government +fort, he sent the chief justice to warn them that such an act +"was short of rebellion," and entreated them not to undertake it, "but all +to no purpose." They embarked in three boats, sailed to the fortress and +"forced an entrance in spite of Captain Cochrane, the commander, who +defended it as long as he could. They then secured the captain triumphantly, +gave three cheers, and hauled down the king's colors."<a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p> + +<p>Thomas Coffin Amory, in his "Military Service of General Sullivan," +says (p. 295) that "the raiding force consisted of men whom Sullivan +had been drilling for several months; that they captured 97 kegs +of powder and a quantity of small ammunition which were used against +the British at Bunker Hill."</p> + +<p>The attack on this fort is worthy of far more consideration than +has been given to it, for not only did it occur prior to the conflict at Concord, +but was the direct cause of that conflict. It was as much the commencement +of the Revolutionary war as was the attack on Fort Sumpter by +the disunionists, in 1861, the commencement of the Civil War, and had +precisely the same effect in each case. When the news reached London +that a government fort had been stormed by an organized force, its +garrison made prisoners and the flag of the empire torn down, the ministers +seem to have become convinced that it was the determination of the +colonists to make war upon the government. To tolerate such a proceeding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +would be a confession that all law and authority was at an end. +Some vindication of that authority must be attempted. An order was +dispatched to General Gage to retake the munitions that had been seized +by the disunion forces, and any other found stored that might be used +for attacking the government troops; surely a very mild measure of reprisal. +It was in obedience to this order that the expedition was dispatched +to Concord, that brought about the collision between the British +and colonial troops and the so-called "Battle of Lexingon."</p> + +<p>In Rhode Island, a revenue outrage of more than common importance +occurred at this time. A small schooner named the Gaspee, in +the government service, with a crew of some 25 sailors, commanded by +Lieutenant Duddingston, while pursuing a suspected smuggler on June +6, 1772, ran aground on a sand-bar near Providence, and the ship which +had escaped brought the news to that town. Soon after a drum was +beat through the streets, and all persons who were disposed to assist in +the destruction of the king's ship were summoned to meet at the home of +a prominent citizen. There appears to have been no concealment or +disguise, and shortly after 10 at night eight boats, full of armed men, +started with muffled oars on the expedition. They reached the stranded +vessel in the deep darkness of the early morning. Twice the sentinel +on board vainly hailed them, when Duddingston himself appeared in his +shirt upon the gunwale and asked who it was that approached. The +leader of the party answered with a profusion of oaths that he was the +sheriff of the county, come to arrest him, and while he was speaking +one of his men deliberately shot the lieutenant, who fell, badly wounded, +on the deck. In another minute the "Gaspee" was boarded and taken +without any loss to the attacking party. The crew was overpowered, +bound and placed upon the shore. Duddingston, his wounds having +been dressed, was landed at a neighboring house. The party set fire to +the "Gaspee," and while its flames announced to the whole county +the success of the expedition, they returned, in broad daylight to Providence. +Large rewards were offered by the British government for their +detection, but though they were universally known, no evidence could be +obtained, and the outrage was entirely unpunished. It is to be observed +that this act of piracy and open warfare against the government +was committed by the citizens of a colony that had no cause for controversy +with the home government, and whose constitution was such a liberal +one that it was not found necessary to change one word of it when +the province became an independent republic.</p> + +<p>General Gage, being informed that powder and other warlike +stores were being collected in surrounding towns for the purpose of being +used against the government, he sent, on Sept. 1, 1774, two hundred +soldiers up the Mystic river, who took from the powder house 212 +barrels of powder, and brought off two field-pieces from Cambridge. +On April 18, 1775, at 10 o'clock at night, eight hundred men embarked +from Boston Common and crossed the Charles river in boats to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +Cambridge shore. At the same time Paul Revere rowed across the +river, lower down, and landed in Charlestown, and then, on horseback, +went in advance of the troops to alarm the country. He was pursued, +and with another scout named Dawes, was captured by the troops. At +the dawn of day Lexington was reached, 12 miles distant from Boston, +where the troops were confronted on the village green by the Lexington +militia, which was ordered by the commander of the British expedition +to disperse, but failing to do so they were fired on by the troops, +and several of them killed. The militia dispersed without firing a shot.</p> + +<p>The troops gave three cheers in token of their victory, and continued +their march to Concord, their objective point, where they were informed +munitions of war were being collected. They arrived there at 9 +o'clock, and after destroying the stores collected there, they took up +their march for Boston. But now the alarm had spread through the +country. The troops had hardly commenced marching, when, crossing +the North Bridge they were fired upon by the Americans; one soldier +was killed and another wounded.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p> + +<p>Captain Davis and Abner Hosmer, two Americans, were killed by +the British fire. On the march towards Boston the troops were met by +the fire of the Americans from the stonewalls on either side of the highway, +along the skirt of every wood or orchard, and from every house +or barn or cover in sight. The troops, exposed to such a galling attack +in flank and rear, must have surrendered had they not been met +with reinforcements from Boston. This very emergency had been anticipated, +and General Gage had sent out a brigade of a thousand men, +and two field-pieces, under Earl Percy. The forces met at Lexington +about 2 o'clock in the afternoon. After a short interval of rest and refreshment, +the troops took up their line of march for Boston. At every +point on the road they met an increasing number of militia, who by +this time had gathered in such force as to constitute a formidable foe. +It was a terrible march. Many were killed, on both sides, and it was +with the greatest difficulty that Lord Percy was able at last, about sunset, +to bring his command to Charlestown Neck under cover of the +ships of war. The troops lost that day in killed, wounded, and missing, +273; the Americans, 93. The war of the Revolution had commenced. +The fratricidal struggle was entered into, between men of the same +race and blood who had stood shoulder to shoulder in many a hard-fought +field; brothers, fathers and sons, were to engage in a deadly +struggle that should last for years, and which, eighty-six years afterwards, +was to be repeated over again in the war between the North and +South.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<h3><i>THE LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS.</i></h3> + + +<p>At the outbreak of the American rebellion the great majority of +men in the colonies could be regarded as indifferent, ready to stampede +and rush along with the successful party. Loyalty was their normal +condition; the state <i>had</i> existed and <i>did</i> exist, and it was the disunionists +who must do the converting, the changing of men's opinion to suit +a new order of things which the disunionists believed necessary for +their welfare. Opposed to the revolutionists were the crown officials, +dignified and worthy gentlemen, who held office by virtue of a wise selection. +Hardly to be distinguished from the official class were the +clergy of the Established Church, who were partially dependent for their +livings upon the British government. The officers and clergy received +the support of the landowners and the substantial business men, the +men who were satisfied with the existing order of things. The aristocracy +of culture, of dignified professions and callings, of official rank and +hereditary wealth, was, in a large measure, found in the Loyalist party. +Such worthy and talented men of high social positions were the leaders +of the opposition to the rebellion. Supporting them was the natural +conservatism of all prosperous men. The men who had abilities which +could not be recognized under the existing regime, and those that form +the lower strata of every society and are every ready to overthrow the +existing order of things, these were the ones who were striving to bring +about a change—a revolution.</p> + +<p>The persecution of the Loyalists by the Sons of Despotism, or the +"Sons of Liberty," as they called themselves, was mercilessly carried +out; every outrage conceivable was practiced upon them. Freedom of +speech was suppressed; the liberty of the press destroyed; the voice of +truth silenced, and throughout the colonies was established a lawless +power. As early as 1772 "committees of correspondence" had been organized +throughout Massachusetts. Adams exclaimed in admiration: +"What an engine! France imitated it and produced a revolution."<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> +Leonard, the Loyalist, with "abhorrence pronounced it the foulest, subtlest +and most venomous serpent ever issued from the egg of sedition."<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> +Insult and threat met the Loyalist at every turn. One day he was, +perhaps, set upon a cake of ice to cool his loyalty,<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> and was then informed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +that a certain famous liberty man had sworn to be his butcher. +Next he was told that he might expect a "sans benito" of tar and feathers, +and even an "auto da fe." The committee sent "Patriot" newspapers +and other propaganda to the wavering or obstinate, but seldom +failed to follow this system of conversion with a personal interview if +the literature failed. Such were the means that were used by the "Sons +of Despotism" to bring over the mass of the people to the disunion +cause.</p> + +<p>In the courts of law, not even the rights of a foreigner were left +to the Loyalist. If his neighbors owed him money he had no legal redress +until he took an oath that he favored American independence. All +legal action was denied him. He might be assaulted, insulted, blackmailed +or slandered, though the law did not state it so boldly, yet he had +no recourse in law. No relative or friend could leave an orphan child, +to his guardianship. He could be the executor or administrator of +no man's estate. He could neither buy land nor transfer it to another; +he was denied his vocation and his liberty to speak or write his opinions. +All these restrictions were not found in any one place, nor at +any one time, nor were they always rigorously enforced. Viewed from +the distance of one hundred years, the necessity of such barbarous severity +is not now apparent.</p> + +<p>When this ostracism was approved by a large majority of the inhabitants +of a town the victim was practically expelled from the community. +None dared to give him food or comfort. He was a pariah, +and to countenance him was to incur public wrath.</p> + +<p>On January 17, 1777, Massachusetts passed an Act punishing with +death the "Crime of adhering to Great Britain." The full extent of +this law was not carried into effect in Massachusetts, but it was in other +colonies. The "Black List" of Pennsylvania contained the names +of 490 persons attainted of high treason. Only a few actually suffered +the extreme penalty. Among these were two citizens of Philadelphia—Mr. +Roberts and Mr. Carlisle. When the British army evacuated +Philadelphia, they remained, although warned of their danger. They +were at once seized by the returning disunionists and condemned to be +hanged. Mr. Roberts's wife and children went before congress and on +their knees supplicated for mercy, but in vain. In carrying out the +sentence the two men, with halters around their necks, were walked to +the gallows behind a cart, "attended with all the apparatus which makes +such scenes truly horrible." A guard of militia accompanied them; +but few spectators.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> + +<p>At the gallows Mr. Roberts' behavior, wrote a loyal friend, "did +honor to human nature," and both showed fortitude and composure.</p> + +<p>Roberts told his audience that his conscience acquitted him of guilt: +that he suffered for doing his duty to his sovereign; that his blood would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +one day be required at their hands. Turning to his children he +charged and exhorted them to remember his principles for which he +died, and to adhere to them while they had breath. "He suffered with +the resolution of a Roman," wrote a witness.</p> + +<p>After the execution, the bodies of the two men were carried away +by friends and their burial was attended by over 4000 in procession.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p> + +<p>Some of the more heartless leaders of the rebellion defended this +severity of treatment and thought "hanging the traitors" would have a +good effect and "give stability to the new government." "One suggested +that the Tories seemed designed for this purpose by Providence."<a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> The +more thoughtful leaders, however, denounced the trial of Loyalists +for treason, and Washington feared that it might prove a dangerous +expedient. It was true, he granted, that they had joined the British after +such an offence had been declared to be treason; but as they had not +taken the oath, nor entered into the American service, it would be said +that they had a right to choose their side. "Again," he added, "by +the same rule that we try them may not the enemy try any natural-born +subject of Great Britain taken in arms in our service? We have a great +number of them and I, therefore, think we had better submit to the necessity +of treating a few individuals who may really deserve a severer +fate, as prisoners of war, than run the risk of giving an opening for retaliation +upon the Europeans in our service."<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p> + +<p>American writers never fail to tell of the "brutal and inhuman treatment" +of the American prisoners by the British in the prisons and prison-ships +at New York, where about five thousand prisoners were confined. +We are informed that their sufferings in the prison-ships were greater +than those in the prisons on land; that "every morning the prisoners +brought up their bedding to be aired, and after washing the decks, they +were allowed to remain above till sunset, when they were ordered below +with imprecations and the savage cry, "Down, rebels! Down!" The +hatches were then closed, and in serried ranks they lay down to sleep," +etc.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> That many died from dysentery, smallpox and prison fever, there +is no doubt; but there is not any record that <i>they were starved to death</i>. +Compare the above treatment of prisoners by the British with that of +the Loyalists by the disunionists! In East Granby, Connecticut, was situated +an underground prison which surpassed the horrors of the Black +Hole of Calcutta. These barbarities and inhumanities were the portion +of those who had been guilty of loyalty to their country, a social +class distinguished by both their public and private virtues. It seemed +almost incredible that their fellow-countrymen should have confined +them in a place unfit for human beings.</p> + +<p>This den of horrors, known as "Newgate Prison," was an old +worked-out copper mine, sixty feet under ground, in the hills of East<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +Granby. The only entrance to it was by means of a ladder down a +shaft which led to the caverns under ground. The darkness was intense; +the caves reeked with filth; vermin abounded; water trickled from +the roof and oozed from the sides of the cavern; huge masses of earth +were perpetually falling off. In the dampness and the filth the clothing +of the prisoners grew mouldy and rotted away, and their limbs became +stiff with rheumatism.</p> + +<p>During the Revolutionary war Loyalists of importance were confined +in this place of horrors, then of national importance, although now +but seldom referred to by American writers. Loyalists were consigned +to it for safe keeping by Washington himself. In a letter dated December +11, 1775, addressed to the Committee of Safety, Simsbury, Conn., +he informed them that the "charges of their imprisonment will be at the +Continental expense," and "to confine them in such manner so that they +cannot possibly make their escape."<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p> + +<p>"Driven to desperation the Loyalists rose against their guards. About +10 o'clock at night, on the 18th of May, 1781, when all the guards but +two had retired to rest, a wife of one of the prisoners appeared, to whom +permission was given to visit her husband in the cavern. Upon the +hatches being removed to admit her passing down, the prisoners who +were at the door, and prepared for the encounter, rushed up, seized the +gun of the sentry on duty, who made little or no resistance, and became +master of the guard-room before those who were asleep could be aroused +to make defence. The officer of the guard who resisted was killed, and +others wounded. The guard was easily overcome, a few sought safety +in flight, but the greater number were disarmed by the prisoners. The +prisoners, numbering twenty-eight persons, having equipped themselves +with the captured arms, escaped, and, with few exceptions avoided +recapture."<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p> + +<p>The heart sickens at the recital of the sufferings of the Loyalists, +and we turn in disgust from the views which the pen of faithful history +records.</p> + +<p>After the legislation of 1778 every grievance the colonists had put +forward as a reason for taking up arms had been redressed, every claim +they had presented had been abandoned, and from the time when the +English parliament surrendered all right of taxation and internal legislation +in the colonies, and when the English Commissioners laid their +propositions before the Americans, the character of the war had wholly +changed. It was no longer a war for self-taxation and constitutional liberty. +It was now an attempt, with the assistance of France and Spain, +to establish independence by shattering the British empire.</p> + +<p>There were brave and honest men in America who were proud of +the great and free empire to which they belonged, who had no desire +to shirk the burden of maintaining it, who remembered with gratitude<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +that it was not colonial, but all English blood that had been shed around +Quebec and Montreal in defence of the colonies. Men who with nothing +to hope for from the crown were prepared to face the most brutal +mob violence and the invectives of a scurrilous press; to risk their +fortunes, their reputation, and sometimes even their lives, in order to +avert civil war and ultimate separation. Most of them ended their +days in poverty and exile, and, as the supporters of a beaten cause, history +has paid but a scanty tribute to their memory. But they comprised +some of the best and ablest men America has ever produced, and they +were contending for an ideal which was at least as worthy as that for +which Washington fought.</p> + +<p>It was the maintenance of one great, free, industrial, and pacific empire, +comprising the whole British race, holding the richest plains of +Asia in possession, blending all that was most venerable in an ancient +civilization with the abundant energies of a youthful social combination +likely in a few generations to outstrip every commercial competitor, and +to acquire an indisputable ascendency among the nations. Such an ideal +was a noble one, and there were Americans who were prepared to make +any personal sacrifice to realize it. These men were the LOYALISTS of +the Revolution. Consider what the result would be today had not this +"Anglo-Saxon Schism," as Goldwin Smith calls it, taken place. There +would be a great English-speaking nation of 130,000,000 that could dominate +the world. They would in all substantial respects be one people, +in language, literature, institutions, and social usages, whether settled in +South Africa, in Australia, in the primitive home, or in North America.</p> + +<p>Because the Revolution had its origin in Massachusetts, and the old +Bay State furnished a large part of the men and the means to carry it +to a successful issue,<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> it seems to have been taken for granted that the +people embraced the popular side almost in a mass.</p> + +<p>A more mistaken opinion than this has seldom prevailed. At the +evacuation of Boston, General Gage was accompanied by eleven hundred +Loyalists, which included the best people of the town. Boston at that +time had a population of 16,000. "Among these persons of distinguished +rank and consideration there were members of the council, +commissioners, officers of the customs, and other officials, amounting to +one hundred and two; of clergymen, eighteen; of inhabitants of country +towns, one hundred and five; of merchants and other persons who resided +in Boston, two hundred and thirteen; of farmers, mechanics and traders, +three hundred and eighty-two."<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> + +<p>Cambridge lost nearly all her men of mark and high standing; nearly +all the country towns were thus bereft of the very persons who had +been the most honored and revered. With the exiles were nearly one +hundred graduates of Harvard college.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>Among the proscribed and banished were members of the old historic +families, Hutchinson, Winthrop, Saltonstall, Quincy, the Sewells, +and Winslows, families of which the exiled members were not one whit +behind those that remained, in intelligence, social standing and moral +worth.</p> + +<p>At the evacuation of New York and Savannah no fewer than 30,000 +persons left the United States for Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. +From northern New York and Vermont the Loyalists crossed over into +Upper Canada, and laid the foundations of that prosperous province under +the vigorous leadership of Governor Simcoe, who, during the war, +commanded a regiment of Loyalist rangers which had done efficient +service. Many of the Southern Loyalists settled in Florida, the Bahamas +and the West India Islands.</p> + +<p>Familiar New England names meet one at every turn in the maritime +provinces, especially Nova Scotia. Dr. Inglis, from Trinity church, +New York, was the first bishop, and Judge Sewell, of Massachusetts, +the first chief justice there. The harshness of the laws and the greed +of the new commonwealth had driven into exile men who could be ill +spared, and whose absence showed itself in the lack of balance and of political +steadiness which characterized the early history of the republic, +while the newly-founded colonies, composed almost exclusively of conservatives, +were naturally slow, but sure, in their development. The men +who were willing to give up home, friends and property, for an idea, +are not men to be despised; they are, rather, men for us to claim with +pride and honor as American—men of the same blood, and the same +speech as ourselves; Americans who were true to their convictions and +who suffered everything except the loss of liberty, for their political +faith. We look in vain among the lists of voluntary and banished refugees +from Massachusetts for a name on which rests any tradition of disgrace +or infamy, to which the finger of scorn can be pointed. Can this +be said of the Revolutionary leaders of Massachusetts, the so-called patriots, +to whom the Revolution owes its inception? If the reader has +any doubts on this subject, then let him compare the lives of the Loyalists, +as given in this work, with those of Samuel Adams, John Hancock, +and other Revolutionary leaders. The Loyalists were generally people +of substance; their stake in the country was greater, even, than that of +their opponents; their patriotism, no doubt, fully as fervent. "There is +much that is melancholy, of which the world knows but little, connected +with this expulsion from the land they sincerely loved. The estates of +the Loyalists were among the fairest, their stately mansions stood on +the sightliest hill-brows, the richest and best-tilled meadows were their +farms; the long avenue, the broad lawn, the trim hedge about the garden, +servants, plate, pictures, for the most part these things were at the +homes of the Loyalists. They loved beauty, dignity and refinement." +The rude contact of town meetings was offensive to their tastes. The +crown officials were courteous, well-born and congenial gentlemen.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>"The graceful, the chivalrous, the poetic, the spirits over whom these +feelings had power, were sure to be Loyalists. Democracy was something +rude and coarse, and independence to them meant a severance of +those connections of which a colonist ought to be proudest.</p> + +<p>"Hence when the country rose, many a high-bred, honorable gentleman, +turned the key in his door, drove down his tree-lined avenue +with his refined dame and carefully-guarded children at his side, turned +his back on his handsome estate, and put himself under the shelter of +the proud banner of St. George. It was a mere temporary refuge, he +thought, and he promised himself a speedy return when discipline and +loyalty should have put down the rabble and the misled rustics.</p> + +<p>"But the return was never to be. The day went against them; they +crowded into ships, with the gates of their country barred forever behind +them. They found themselves penniless upon shores sometimes bleak +and barren, always showing scant hospitality to outcasts who came empty-handed, +and there they were forced to begin life anew. Consider the +condition of Hutchinson, Apthorp, Gray, Clarke, Faneuil, Sewell, Royal, +Vassall, and Leonard, families of honorable note bound in with all that +was best in the life of the Province." "Who can think of their destiny unpityingly."<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p> + +<p>A man suspected of loyalty to the crown was not left at peace, but +was liable to peremptory banishment unless he would swear allegiance to +the "Sons of Liberty," and if he returned he was subject to forcible deportation, +and to death on the gallows if he returned a second time.</p> + +<p>One of the first acts of the revolutionary party when they returned +to Boston after the British evacuation, was to confiscate and sell all +property belonging to Loyalists and apply the receipts to supply the public +needs. The names and fate of a considerable proportion of these +Loyalists and those that preceded and succeeded the Boston emigration, +will be found in succeeding pages. Most of them went to Halifax, +Nova Scotia, and St. John, New Brunswick, where they endured great +privation. Many, however, subsequently went to England and there +passed the remainder of their lives. We find seventy or more of the +Massachusetts Loyalists holding offices of greater or less importance in +the provinces, and many of them were employed in places of high trust +and large influence in various parts of the Empire. They and their sons +filled for more than half a century the chief offices in the Nova Scotia +and New Brunswick judiciary, and they and their descendants must have +contributed in a degree not easily estimated to the elevation and progress +of those provinces.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +Men whose fathers, mocked and broken<br /> +<span class="i2"> For the honor of a name,</span><br /> +Would not wear the conqueror's token,<br /> + +<span class="i2"> Could not salt their bread with shame.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>Plunged them in the virgin forest<br /> +<span class="i2"> With their axes in their hands,</span><br /> +Built a Province as a bulwark<br /> +<span class="i2"> For the loyal of the lands.</span> +</div></div> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +Won it by the axe and harrow,<br /> +<span class="i2"> Held it by the axe and sword,</span><br /> +Bred a race with brawn and marrow,<br /> +<span class="i2"> From no alien over-lord.</span><br /> +Gained the right to guide and govern;<br /> +<span class="i2"> Then with labor strong and free</span><br /> +Forged the land a shield of Empire,<br /> +<span class="i2"> Silver sea to silver sea.</span><br /> +<br /> +—Duncan C. Scott. +</div></div> + +<p>In this way the United States, out of their own children, built upon +their borders a colony of rivals in navigation and the fisheries, whose +loyalty to the British crown was sanctified by misfortune. It is impossible +to say how many of these Loyalists would have been on the Revolutionists' +side had the party opposed to the crown been kept under +the control of its leaders. But they were, most of them, of the class +of men that would have the least amount of tolerance for outrage and +rapine, and when we consider how closely they were identified with the +institutions of their native province, and how little remains on record +of anything like rancor or malignity on their part, there can be little +doubt that a considerable proportion of them would have been saved +for the republic but for the very acts which posterity has been foolish +enough to applaud, and for their loss Massachusetts was appreciably +the poorer for more than one or two generations.</p> + +<p>It is also admitted by those who are authorities on the subject, that +if it had not been for the brutal and intolerant persecution of the Loyalists, +the ruthless driving of these unfortunate people from their homes, +with the subsequent confiscation of property, the attempt to throw off the +authority of Great Britain at the time of the Revolutionary War would +not have succeeded; that is, people entirely or at least reasonably content +with the previous political condition were terrorized into becoming +patriots by the fear of the consequences that would follow if they remained +Loyalists.</p> + +<p>The fact is, that, as far as the Americans were in it, the war of the +Revolution was a civil war in which the two sides were not far from +equality in numbers, in social conditions, and in their manners and customs. +The Loyalists contended all through the war that they were in +a numerical majority, and if they could have been properly supported +by British forces, the war might have ended in 1777, before the French alliance +had given hope and strength to the separatist party. Sabine computes +that there were at least 25,000 Americans in the military service<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +of the King, at one time or another, during the wars. In New York, +New Jersey, the Carolinas, and Georgia, the Loyalists outnumbered the +Revolutionists. Even in New England, the nursery of the Revolution, +the number was so large and so formidable, in the opinion of the +Revolutionary leaders, that in order to suppress them there was established +a reign of terror, anticipating the famous "Law of the Suspected" +of the French Revolution. An irresponsible tyranny was established, of +town and country committees, at whose beck and call were the so-called +"Sons of Liberty." To these committees was entrusted absolute power +over the lives and fortunes of their fellow citizens, and they proceeded on +principles of evidence that would have shocked and scandalized a grand +inquisitor.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> + +<p>The rigorous measures adopted by the new governments in New +England States, and the activity of their town committees, succeeded in +either driving out these Loyalist citizens, or reducing them to harmless +inactivity. In New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, the Carolinas +and Georgia, they remained strong and active throughout the war, and +loyalty was in those states in the ascendancy.</p> + +<p>If the Loyalists were really a majority, as they claimed to be, the +disunionists were determined to break them up. Loyalists were tarred +and feathered and carried on rails, gagged and bound for days at a time; +stoned, fastened in a room with a fire and the chimney stopped on top; +advertised as public enemies, so that they would be cut off from all +dealings with their neighbors; they had bullets shot into their bedrooms, +their horses poisoned or mutilated; money or valuable plate extorted +from them to save them from violence, and on pretence of taking security +for their good behavior; their houses and ships burned; they were +compelled to pay the guards who watched them in their houses, and +when carted about for the mob to stare at and abuse, they were compelled +to pay something at every town. For the three months of July, +August and September of the year 1776, one can find in the American +archives alone over thirty descriptions of outrages of this kind, and all +this done by so-called "patriots" in the name of liberty! In short, lynch +law prevailed for many years during the Revolution, and the habit became +so fixed that it has never been given up. It was taken from the +name of the brother of the man who founded Lynchburgh, Virginia.</p> + +<p>Wherever the disunionists were most successful with this reign of +terror, they drove all the judges from the bench, and abolished the +courts, and for a long time there were no courts or public administration +of the law, notably in New England.</p> + +<p>To the mind of the Loyalists, all this lynching proceeding were an irrefragible +proof not only that the disunionist party were wicked, but that +their idea of independence of a country free from British control and British +law were silly delusions, dangerous to all good order and civilization. +That such a people could ever govern a country of their own and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +have in it that thing they were crying so much about, "liberty," was in +their opinion beyond the bounds of intelligent belief. A recent American +writer says: "The revolution was not by any means the pretty social +event that the ladies of the so-called 'patriotic' societies suppose it +to have been. It was, on the contrary, a rank and riotous rebellion +against the long-established authority of a nation which had saved us +from France, built us up into prosperity, and if she was ruling us today +would, I am entirely willing to admit, abolish lynch-law, negro burning, +municipal and legislative corruption, and all the other evils about +which reformers fret." The same writer also says: "All that saved this +country from complete annihilation was the assistance after 1778 of the +French army, fleet, provisions, clothes, and loans of money, followed by +assistance from Spain, and, at the last moment, by the alliance of Holland, +and even with all this assistance the cause was, even as late as +the year 1780, generally believed to be a hopeless one."<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> "In fact, +Washington, at this time, was prepared to become a guerilla." In case +of being further pressed, he said: "We must retire to Augusta County, +in Virginia. Numbers will repair to us for safety, and we will then try a +predatory war. If overpowered, we must cross the Allegheny Mountains."<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p> + +<p>The question will naturally be asked why, if they were so numerous, +were they not more successful, why did they yield to popular violence +in New England, and desert the country while the contest was going on, +Why did they not hold the Southern States, and keep them from joining +the others in the Continental Congresses, and in the war?</p> + +<p>In the first place, a negative attitude is necessarily an inactive one, +and in consequence of this, and the fact that they could not take the +initiative in action, the Loyalists were put at a disadvantage before the +much better organization of the Revolutionary leaders. Though these +were few in number in the South, they were of families of great social +influence, and in the North were popular agitators of long experience. +They manipulated the committee system so carefully that the colonies +found themselves, before they were aware of the tendency of the +actions of their deputies, involved in proceedings of very questionable +legality, such as the boycotting agreement known as the "American Association," +and other proceedings of the Continental Congress.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> In regard +to the subject of legal attainder and exile, Mr. Sabine remarks, very +moderately and sensibly: "Nor is it believed that either the banishment +or the confiscation laws, as they stood, were more expedient than just. +The latter did little towards relieving the public necessities, and served +only to create a disposition for rapacity, and to increase the wealth of +favored individuals. Had the estates which were seized and sold been +judiciously or honestly managed, a considerable sum would have found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +its way to the treasury; but, as it was, the amount was inconsiderable. +Some of the wisest and purest Whigs of the time hung their heads in +shame because of the passage of measures so unjustifiable, and never +ceased to speak of them in terms of reprobation. Mr. Jay's disgust was +unconquerable, and he never would purchase any property that had been +forfeited under the Confiscation Act of New York."<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p> + +<p>Judge Curwen, a Salem Loyalist, says: "So infamously knavish has +been the conduct of the commissioners, that though frequent attempts +have been made to bring them to justice and to respond for the produce +of the funds resting in their hands, so numerous are the defaulters in +that august body, the <i>General Court</i>, that all efforts have hitherto proved +in vain. Not two pence on the pound have arrived to the public treasury +of all the confiscation."<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p> + +<p>"The Loyalists, to a great extent, sprung from and represented the +old gentry of the country. The prospect of seizing their property had +been one great motive which induced many to enter the war. The new +owners of the confiscated property now grasped the helm. New men exercised +the social influence of the old families, and they naturally +dreaded the restoration of those whom they had dispossessed."</p> + +<p>At the close of the war, the Revolutionists committed a great crime. +Instead of repealing the proscription and banishment acts, as justice and +good policy required, they manifested a spirit to place the humbled and +unhappy Loyalists beyond the pale of human sympathy. Hostilities at +an end, mere loyalty should have been forgiven. When, in the civil +war between the Puritans and the Stuarts, the former gained the ascendancy, +and when at a later period the Commonwealth was established, +Cromwell and his party wisely determined not to banish nor inflict +disabilities on their opponents, and so, too, at the restoration of the +monarchy, so general was the amnesty act in its provisions that it was +termed an act of oblivion to the <i>friends</i> of Charles, and of grateful remembrance +to his <i>foes</i>. The happy consequences which resulted from +the conduct of <i>both</i> parties, and in both cases, were before the men of +their own political and religious sympathies, the Puritans of the North +and the Cavaliers of the South in America, but neither of them profited +by it, at that time; but since then the wisdom of it has been exemplified +by the happy consequences which have resulted to both parties engaged +in the war of secession, where the United States wisely determined not +to banish, confiscate, or inflict any disabilities on their opponents in the +late seceded states.</p> + +<p>The crime having been committed, thousands ruined and banished, +new British colonies founded, animosities to continue for generations +made certain, the violent Revolutionists of Massachusetts, New York and +Virginia, were satisfied: all this accomplished and the statute-book was +divested of its most objectionable enactments, and a few of the Loyalists<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +returned to their old homes, but by far the greater part died in banishment.</p> + +<p>No one who studies the history of the American Revolution can fail +to be convinced that the persecution of the Loyalists had for its final +result the severance of the North American continent into two nations. +The people who inhabited Nova Scotia prior to the Revolution were +largely New England settlers, who dispossessed the Acadians, and who +for the most part sympathized with the revolutionary movement. But +for the banishment of the Loyalists, Nova Scotia would have long continued +with but a very sparse population, and certainly could never have +hoped to obtain so enterprising, active, and energetic a set of inhabitants +as those who were supplied to it by the acts of the several states +hostile to the Loyalists. The same can also be said of Upper Canada. +The hold of the British government upon the British provinces of North +America which remained to the crown, would have been slight indeed, +but for the active hostility of the Loyalists to their former +fellow-countrymen. They created the state of affairs which consolidated British +power on this continent, and built it up into the Dominion of Canada, +which in another century will probably contain one hundred million inhabitants.</p> + +<p>The treaty of peace with Great Britain, like other documents of its +kind, contained provisions of give and take. After signature by the commissioners +in Paris it was ratified with due consideration by the Continental +Congress. The advantages which it secured were not merely of +a sentimental nature, but material. It was justly regarded by enlightened +citizens of the states as a triumph of diplomacy. The credit of +Britain in the bargain was more of the heart than of the head. She was +willing to concede substantial and important benefits in order to secure +the lives and property of the Loyalists who had clung to her and +had sustained her arms. Looking at the matter now, in a cool light, she +blundered into sacrifices that were altogether needless, even with this aim +in view, and knowledge of the knavery that was to follow.</p> + +<p>The game was played, and she had lost. North America, in the +eyes of her statesmen, was a strip of eastern seaboard; the great lakes +were but dimly understood; the continent beyond the Mississippi was +ignored. She gave much more than she needed to have given both in +east and west, to attain her honorable end, and what was more immediately +distressing, she received little or no value in return for her liberal +concession.</p> + +<p>"That each party should hold what it possesses, is the first point +from which nations set out in framing a treaty of peace. If one side +gives up a part of its acquisitions, the other side renders an equivalent in +some other way. What is the equivalent given to Great Britain for all +the important concessions she has made? She has surrendered the capital +of this state (New York) and its large dependencies. She is to surrender +our immensely valuable posts on the frontier, and to yield to us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +a vast tract of western territory, with one-half of the lakes, by which we +shall command almost the whole fur trade. She renounces to us her +claim to the navigation of the Mississippi and admits us to share in the +fisheries even on better terms than we formerly enjoyed. As she was +in possession, by right of war, of all these objects, whatever may have +been our original pretensions to them, they are, by the laws of nations, +to be considered as so much given up on her part. And what do we give +in return? We stipulate that there shall be no future injury to her adherents +among us. How insignificant the equivalent in comparison with +the acquisition! A man of sense would be ashamed to compare them, +a man of honesty, not intoxicated with passion, would blush to lisp a +question of the obligation to observe the stipulation on our part."<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> In return +for these advantages which Hamilton informs us Great Britain gave +to the States, Congress had most solemnly undertaken three things, and +people, wearied by the sufferings of our eight years' war, would have +gladly purchased the blessings of peace at a much higher price. The first +of these conditions was that no obstacle or impediment should be put in +the way of the recovery of debts due to British subjects from the citizens +of the Republic; the second that no fresh prosecution or confiscation +should be directed against Loyalists; the third, that Congress should sincerely +recommend to the legislatures of the various states a repeal of +the existing acts of confiscation, which affected the property of these unfortunate +persons. On the last no stress could be laid, but the first and +second were understood by every man, honest or dishonest, in the same +sense as when peace was joyfully accepted. The American states took +the benefits of peace which the efforts of Congress had secured to them, +they accepted the advantages of the treaty which their representative had +signed, they watched and waited until the troops of King George were +embarked in transports at New York for England, and then proceeded +to deny, in a variety of tones, all powers in the central government to bind +them in the matter of the <i>quid pro quo</i>. It was not a great thing which +Congress had undertaken to do, or one which could be of any material advantage +to their late enemy. All their promises amounted to was that +they would abstain from the degradation of a petty and personal revenge, +and this promise they proceeded to break in every particular.</p> + +<p>As Hamilton wisely and nobly urged, the breach was not only a +despicable perfidy, but an impolitic act, since Loyalists might become good citizens +and the state needed nothing more urgently than population. But +no sooner was danger at a distance, embarked on transports, than the +states assumed an attitude of defiance. The thirteen legislatures vied +with one another in the ingenuity of measures for defeating the recovery +of debts due to British creditors. They derided the recommendation to +repeal oppressive acts, and to restore confiscated property, and proceeded, +without regard either for honor or consequences, to pass new acts of +wider oppression and to order confiscation on a grander scale. There<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +was a practical unanimity in engaging in fresh persecutions of Loyalists, +not merely by the enactment of oppressive civil laws, but by even denying +them the protection afforded by a just enforcement of the criminal +laws. In many districts these unfortunate persons were robbed, +tortured, and even put to death with impunity, and over a hundred thousand +driven into exile in Canada, Florida and the Bahamas.</p> + +<p>Measures were passed amid popular rejoicing to obstruct the recovery +of debts due to British merchants and to enable the fortunate Americans +to revel unmolested in the pleasure of stolen fruits. It is +remarkable how at this period public opinion was at once so childish and rotten, +and one is at a loss whether to marvel most at its recklessness of credit +or its unvarnished dishonesty; it was entirely favorable to the idea of +private theft, and the interest of rogues was considered with compassion +by the grave and respectable citizens who composed the legislatures of +the various states. It was the same spirit which had violated the Burgoyne +convention at Saratoga, the same which in later days preached +the gospel of repudiation, greenbackism, silver currency, violated treaties +with the Indians, that produced a "Century of Dishonor."</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the policy of breach of faith was producing its natural +crop of inconvenience. Dishonest methods were not the unmixed advantages +which these adherents had supposed, when they engaged upon them +in a spirit of light-hearted cunning. For in spite of all the +ill-feeling, a large demand arose for British goods. For these, specie had to be paid +down on the nail in all cases where wares or material were not taken in +exchange, since no British merchant would now give one pennyworth of +credit, out of respect to the measures of the various states for the obstruction +of the payment of British debts. It was true that Britain was +in no mood to embark upon a fresh war for the punishment of broken +promises. She had surrendered the chief hostage when she evacuated +her strategical position at New York, but she declined to hand over the +eight important frontier posts which she held upon the American side +of the line between Lake Michigan and Lake Champlain. These posts +were much in themselves, and as a symbol of dominion to the Indian +tribes. They were much also as a matter of pride, while their retention +carried with it the whole of the valuable fur trade, which consequently, +until 1795, when they were at last surrendered, brought considerable +profits to British merchants.</p> + +<p>To the short-sighted policy which banished the Loyalists may be +traced nearly all the political troubles of this continent, in which Britain +and the United States have been involved. "Dearly enough have the +people of the United States paid for the crime of the violent Whigs of the +Revolution, for to the Loyalists who were driven away, and to their +descendants, we owe almost entirely the long and bitter controversy relative +to our northeastern boundaries, and the dispute about our right to +the fisheries in the colonial seas."</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<h3><i>THE REVOLUTIONIST.</i></h3> + + +<p>The American Revolution, like most other revolutions, was the work +of an energetic minority who succeeded in committing an undecided and +fluctuating majority to courses for which they had little love; leading +them, step by step, to a position from which it was impossible to recede. +To the last, however, we find vacillation, uncertainty, half measures, and, +in large classes, a great apparent apathy. There was, also, a great multitude, +who, though they would never take up arms for the king; though +they, perhaps, agreed with the constitutional doctrines of the revolution, +dissented on grounds of principle, policy, or interest, from the course they +were adopting.</p> + +<p>That the foregoing is a correct presentation of the case is shown by +a letter written by John Adams, when in Congress, to his wife. He says:</p> + +<p>"I have found this congress like the last. When we first came together, +I found a strong jealousy of us from New England, and the Massachusetts +in particular—suspicions entertained of designs of independency, +an American republic, Presbyterian principles, and twenty other +things."<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p> + +<p>It was an open question with many whether a community liable to +such outbreaks of popular fury did not need a strongly repressive government; +and especially when the possibilities of a separation from the mother +country was contemplated, it was a matter of doubt whether such a people +were fit for self-government. Was it not possible that the lawless and +anarchical spirit which had of late years been steadily growing, and which +the "patriotic" party had actively encouraged, would gain the upper hand, +and the whole fabric of society would be dissolved?</p> + +<p>In another letter of John Adams to his wife at this time, he gives us +an idea of what the opinion was of the Loyalists concerning the doctrines +taught by the disunionists, and which, he says, "Must be granted to be a +likeness." "They give rise to profaneness, intemperance, thefts, robberies, +murders, and treason; cursing, swearing, drunkenness, gluttony, lewdness, +trespassing, mains, are necessarily involved in them. Besides they +render the populace, the rabble, the scum of the earth, insolent and disorderly, +impudent and abusive. They give rise to lying, hypocrisy, chicanery, +and even perjury among the people, who are drawn to such artifices +and crime to conceal themselves and their companions from prosecution +in consequence of them. This is the picture drawn by the Tory +pencil, and it must be granted to be a likeness."<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>There are several passages in the writings of John Adams that seem +to indicate that he at times had doubts of the righteousness of the course +he had pursued. They were written in his later years, though one refers +to an incident alleged to have occurred during his early manhood. +In a letter to a friend in 1811, he thus moralizes: "Have I not been employed +in mischief all my days? Did not the American Revolution produce +the French Revolution? And did not the French Revolution produce +all the calamities and desolations to the human race and the whole +globe ever since?" But he justifies himself with the reflection: "I meant +well, however; my conscience was as clear as crystal glass, without a +scruple or doubt. I was borne along by an irresistible sense of duty." +In his diary Mr. Adams recalls to mind one incident which occurred in +1775. He mentions the profound melancholy which fell upon him in +one of the most critical moments of the struggle, when a man whom he +knew to be a horse-jockey and a cheat, and whom, as an advocate, he +had often defended in the law courts, came to him and expressed the unbounded +gratitude he felt for the great things which Adams and his colleagues +had done. "We can never," he said, "be grateful enough to you. +There are now no courts of justice in this province, and I hope there +will never be another." "Is this the object," Adams continued, "for which +I have been contending? said I to myself. Are these the sentiments of +such people, and how many of them are there in the country? Half the +nation, for what I know; for half the nation are debtors, if not more, and +these have been in all the countries the sentiments of debtors. If the +power of the country should get into such hands—and there is great +danger that it will—to what purpose have we sacrificed our time, health +and everything else?"<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p> + +<p>Misgivings of this kind must have passed through many minds. To +some may have come the warning words of Winthrop, the father of Boston, +uttered one hundred and fifty years before these events occurred, in +which he said: "Democracy is, among most civil nations, accounted the +meanest and worst of all forms of government, and histories record that +it hath always been of least continuance and fullest of trouble."<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p> + +<p>There was a doubt in the minds of many people, which we have often +heard uttered in recent times, with reference to the French people in +their long series of revolutions, and equally so with the Spanish-American +republics with their almost annual revolutions, whether these words of +Winthrop were not correct, and that the people were really incapable of +self-government. It was a doubt which the revolution did not silence, +for the disturbing elements which had their issue in the Shay Rebellion, +The Whiskey Insurrection and the mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line, in +1781, were embers of a fire, smothered, not quenched, which rendered +state government insecure till it was welded into the Federal Union. +There was a widespread dislike to the levelling principles of New England,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +to the arrogant, restless and ambitious policy of its demagogues; +to their manifest desire to invent or discover grievances, foment quarrels +and keep the wound open and festering.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p> + +<p>Those who rebelled in good faith did so because they feared that +the power of Parliament to tax them moderately to raise money for their +own defence might be used sometime in the future for a less worthy purpose, +and then they would all be "slaves." Their argument led to mob +rule and anarchy, till the adaption of the Federal Constitution, after the +close of the Revolutionary War.</p> + +<p>The opinion of such an authority as Lecky on our revolutionary +movements must be worthy of thoughtful attention; and his opinion is +this: "Any nation might be proud of the shrewd, brave, prosperous and +highly intelligent yeomen who flocked to the American camps; but they +were very different from those who defended the walls of Leyden, or +immortalized the field of Bannockburn. Few of the great pages of history +are less marked by the stamp of heroism than the American Revolution +and perhaps the most formidable of the difficulties which Washington +had to encounter were in his own camp."<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> And he concludes his survey +of the movement with these words: "In truth the American people, +though in general unbounded believers in progress, are accustomed, +through a kind of curious modesty, to do themselves a great injustice +by the extravagant manner in which they idealize their past. It has almost +become as commonplace that the great nation which in our own +day has shown such an admirable combination of courage, devotion and +humanity in its gigantic Civil War, and which since that time has so +signally falsified the prediction of its enemies and put to shame all the +nations of Europe by its unparalleled efforts in paying off its national +debt, is of far lower moral type than its ancestors at the time of the War +of Independence. This belief appears to me essentially false. The nobility +and beauty of Washington can, indeed, hardly be paralleled. Several +of the other leaders of the Revolution were men of ability and public +spirit, and few armies have ever shown a nobler self-devotion than that +which remained with Washington through the dreary winter at Valley +Forge. But the army that bore those sufferings was a very small one, +and the general aspect of the American people during the contest was +far from heroic or sublime. The future destinies and greatness of the +English race must necessarily rest mainly with the mighty nation which +has arisen beyond the Atlantic, and that nation may well afford to admit +that its attitude during the brief period of its enmity to England has been +very unduly extolled. At the same time, the historian of that period +would do the Americans a great injustice if he judged them only by the +revolutionary party, and failed to recognize how large a proportion of +their best men had no sympathy with the movement."<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>Our native historians and the common run of Fourth of July orators +have treated their countrymen badly for a hundred years. They have +given the world to understand that we are the degenerate children of a +race of giants, statesmen, and moralists, who flourished for a few years +about a century ago and then passed away. An impartial examination +of the records would show that we are wiser, better, more benevolent, +quite as patriotic and brave as the standard heroes of 1776. We may +give our ancestors credit for many admirable virtues without attempting +to maintain that a multitude of unlettered colonists, scattered along the +Atlantic coast, hunting, fishing, smuggling, and tilling the soil for a +slender livelihood, and fighting Indians and wild beasts to save their +own lives, possessed a vast fund of political virtue and political intelligence, +and left but little of either to their descendants. The public is beginning +to tire of this tirade of indiscriminate eulogy, and the public taste +is beginning to reject it as a form of defamation. And so the ripening +judgment of our people is beginning to demand portraits of our ancestors +painted according to the command that Cromwell gave the artist; to paint +his features, warts, blotches, and all, and to demand an account of our +forefathers in which we shall learn to speak of them as they were.</p> + +<p>Sabine, in his valuable work, "Loyalists of the American Revolution," +says: "I presume that I am of Whig descent. My father's father received +his death-wound under Washington, at Trenton; my mother's +father fought under Stark at Bennington. I do not care, of all things, to +be thought to want appreciation of those of my countrymen who broke the +yoke of colonial vassalage, nor on the other hand, do I care to imitate the +writers of a later school, and treat the great and the <i>successful</i> actors in +the world's affairs as little short of divinities, and as exempt from criticism. +Nay, this general statement will not serve my purpose. Justice demands +as severe a judgment of the Whigs as of their opponents, and I shall +here record the result of long and patient study. At the Revolutionary +period the principles of unbelief were diffused to a considerable extent +throughout the colonies. It is certain that several of the most conspicuous +personages of those days were either avowed disbelievers in Christianity, +or cared so little about it that they were commonly regarded as +disciples of the English or French school of sceptical philosophy. Again, +the Whigs were by no means exempt from the lust of land hunger. Several +of them were among the most noted land speculators of their time, +during the progress of the war, and, in a manner hardly to be defended, +we find them sequestering and appropriating to themselves the vast estates +of those who opposed them. Avarice and rapacity were seemingly as +common then as now. Indeed, the stock-jobbing, the extortion, the fore-stalling +of the law, the arts and devices to amass wealth which were practised +during the struggle, are almost incredible. Washington mourned +the want of virtue as early as 1775, and averred that he 'trembled at the +prospect'—soldiers were stripped of their miserable pittance that contractors +for the army might become rich in a single campaign. Many of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +sellers of merchandise monopolized (or 'cornered') articles of the first +necessity, and would not part with them to their suffering countrymen, +and to the wives and children of those who were absent in the field, unless +at enormous profit. The traffic carried on with the army of the king was +immense. Men of all descriptions finally engaged in it, and those who at +the beginning of the war would have shuddered at the idea of any connection +with the enemy, pursued it with increasing avidity. The public securities +were often counterfeited, official signatures forged, and plunder +and jobbery openly indulged in. Appeals to the guilty from the pulpit, +the press, and the halls of legislature were alike unheeded. The decline +of public spirit, the love of gain of those in office, the plotting of disaffected +persons, and the malevolence of factions, became widely spread, +and in parts of the country were uncontrollable. The useful occupations +of life and the legitimate pursuits of commerce were abandoned by thousands. +The basest of men enriched themselves, and many of the most +estimable sank into obscurity and indigence. There were those who would +neither pay their debts nor their taxes. The indignation of Washington +was freely expressed. 'It gives me sincere pleasure,' he said, in a letter +to Joseph Reed, 'to find the Assembly is so well disposed to second your +endeavor in bringing those murderers of our cause to condign punishment. +It is much to be lamented that each state, long ere this, has not +hunted them down as pests of society and the greatest enemies we have to +the happiness of America. No punishment, in my opinion, is too great +for the man who can build his greatness upon his country's ruin.'"</p> + +<p>In a letter to another, he drew this picture, which he solemnly declared +to be a true one: "From what I have seen, heard, and in part +known," said he, "I should in one word say, that idleness, dissipation, and +extravagance seem to have laid fast hold on most; that speculation, peculation, +and an insatiable thirst for riches, seem to have got the better of +every other consideration, and almost every order of men, and that party +disputes and personal quarrels are the great business of the day."</p> + +<p>In other letters he laments the laxity of public morals, the "distressed +rumors, and deplorable condition of affairs," the "many melancholy proofs +of the decay of private virtue." "I am amazed," said Washington to +Colonel Stewart, "at the report you make of the quantity of provision +that goes daily into Philadelphia from the County of Bucks." Philadelphia +was occupied at that time by the British army, who paid in hard +money and not in "continental stuff." and mark you! this was written in +January of that memorable winter which the American army passed in +nakedness and starvation at Valley Forge. There was always an army—on +paper. At the close of one campaign there were not enough troops +in camp to man the lines. At the opening of another "scarce any state +in the Union," as Washington said, had an "eighth part of its quota" in +service. The bounty finally paid to soldiers was enormous. The price +for a single recruit was as high sometimes as seven hundred and fifty, and +one thousand dollars, on enlistment for the war, besides the bounty and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +emoluments given by Congress. One hundred and fifty dollars "in specie" +was exacted and paid for a term of duty of only five months. Such were +the extraordinary inducements necessary to tempt some men to serve their +country when its vital interests were at issue. Making every allowance +for the effects of hunger and want, for the claims of families at home, +and for other circumstances equally imperative, desertion, mutiny, robbery, +and murder are still high crimes. There were soldiers of the Revolution +who deserted in parties of twenty and thirty at a time, and several +hundred of those who then abandoned the cause fled to Vermont and +were among the early settlers of that state. A thousand men, the date of +whose enlistment had been misplaced, perjured themselves in a body, as +fast as they could be sworn, in order to quit the ranks which they had +voluntarily entered. In smaller parties, hundreds of others demanded dismissals +from camp under false pretexts, and with lies upon their lips. +Some also added treason to desertion, and joined the various corps of +Loyalists in the capacity of spies upon their former friends, or as guides +and pioneers. Many more enlisted, deserted, and re-enlisted under new +recruiting officers for the purpose of receiving double bounty, while others +who placed their names upon the rolls were paid the money to which they +were entitled, but refused to join the army; and others still who were +sent to the hospitals returned home without leave after their recovery, and +were sheltered and secreted by friends and neighbors, whose sense of right +was as weak as their own. Another class sold their clothing, provisions, +and arms to obtain means of indulgence in revelry and drunkenness; while +some prowled about the country to rob and kill the unoffending and defenceless. +A guard was placed over the grave of a foreigner of rank, +who died in Washington's own quarters, and who was buried in full dress, +with diamond rings and buckles, "lest the soldiers should be tempted to +dig for hidden treasure." Whippings, drummings out of the service, and +even military executions were more frequent in the Revolution than at +any subsequent period of our history.</p> + +<p>If we turn our attention to the officers we shall find that many had +but doubtful claims to respect for purity of private character, and that +some were addicted to grave vices. There were officers who were destitute +alike of honor and patriotism, who unjustly clamored for their pay, +while they drew large sums of public money under pretext of paying their +men, but applied them to the support of their own extravagance; who +went home on furlough and never returned to the army; and who, regardless +of their word as gentlemen, violated their paroles, and were +threatened by Washington with exposure in every newspaper in the land +as men who had disgraced themselves and were heedless of their associates +in captivity, whose restraints were increased by their misconduct. At +times, courts-martial were continually sitting, and so numerous were the +convictions that the names of those who were cashiered were sent to Congress +in long lists. "Many of the surgeons"—are the words of Washington +—"are very great rascals, countenancing the men to sham complaints<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +to exempt them from duty, and often receiving bribes to certify +indisposition with a view to procure discharge or furlough"; and still +further, they drew as for the public "medicines and stores in the most profuse +and extravagant manner for private purposes." In a letter to the +governor of a state, he affirmed that the officers who had been sent him +therefrom were "generally of the lowest class of the people," that they +"led their soldiers to plunder the inhabitants and into every kind of mischief." +To his brother, John Augustine Washington, he declared that the +different states were nominating such officers as were "not fit to be shoe-blacks." +Resignations occurred upon discreditable pretexts, and became +alarmingly prevalent. Some resigned at critical moments, and others +combined together in considerable number for purposes of intimidation, +and threatened to retire from the service at a specified time unless certain +terms were complied with. Many of those who abandoned Washington +were guilty of a crime which, when committed by private soldiers, is called +"desertion," and punished with death. Eighteen of the generals retired +during the struggle, one for drunkenness, one to avoid disgrace for receiving +double pay, some from declining health, others from weight of +advancing years; but several from private resentments and real or +imagined wrongs inflicted by Congress or associates in the service.</p> + +<p>John Adams wrote in 1777: "I am worried to death with the wrangles +between military officers, high and low. They quarrel like cats and +dogs. They worry one another like mastiffs, scrambling for rank and +pay like apes for nuts."<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p> + +<p>"The abandoned and profligate part of our army," wrote Washington, +"lost to every sense of honor or virtue as well as their country's good, are +by rapine and plunder spreading ruin and terror wherever they go, thereby +making themselves infinitely more to be dreaded than the common +enemy they are come to oppose. Under the idea of Tory property, or +property that may fall into the hands of the enemy, no man is secure in +his effects, and scarcely in his person."<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> American soldiers were constantly +driving innocent persons out of their homes by an alarm of fire, +or by actual incendiarism, in order more easily to plunder the contents, +and all attempts to check this atrocious practice had proved abortive. The +burning of New York was generally attributed to New England soldiers. +The efforts of the British soldiers to save the city were remembered with +gratitude, and there is little doubt that in the city, and in the country +around it, the British were looked upon not as invaders, but as deliverers.</p> + +<p>"Wherever the men of war have approached, our militia have most +manfully turned their backs and run away, officers and men, like sturdy +fellows, and these panics have sometimes seized the regular regiments.</p> + +<p>"....You are told that a regiment of Yorkers behaved ill, and it may be +true; but I can tell you that several regiments of Massachusetts men behaved +ill, too. The spirit of venality you mention is the most dreadful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +and alarming enemy America has to oppose. It is as rapacious and insatiable +as the grave. This predominant avarice will ruin America. If +God Almighty does not interfere by His grace to control this universal +idolatry to the mammon of unrighteousness, we shall be given up to the +chastisement of His judgments. I am ashamed of the age I live in."<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p> + +<p>Nor was the public life of the country at that time more creditable. +In the course of the war, persons of small claims to notice or regard obtained +seats in Congress. By force of party disruptions, as was bitterly +remarked by one of the leaders, men were brought into the management +of affairs "who might have lived till the millennium in silent obscurity had +they depended upon their mental qualifications." Gouverneur Morris was, +no doubt, one of the shrewdest observers of current events in his day, and +the purity of the patriotism of John Jay entitled him to stand by the side +of Washington. One day, in a conversation, thirty years after the second +Continental Congress had passed away, Morris exclaimed: "Jay, what a +set of damned scoundrels we had in that second Congress!" And Jay, +as he knocked the ashes from his pipe, replied: "Yes, we had."</p> + +<p>Near the close of 1779, Congress, trying to dispel the fear that the +continental currency would not be redeemed, passed a resolution declaring: +"A bankrupt, faithless republic would be a novelty in the political +world. The pride of America revolts at the idea. Her citizens know for +what purpose these emissions were made, and have repeatedly pledged their +faith for the redemption of them." The rest of the resolution is too +coarse for quotation, even for the sake of emphasis. In a little more than +three months from the passage of that resolution a bill was passed to +refund the continental currency by issuing one dollar of new paper money +for forty of the old, and the new issue soon became as worthless as the +former emission. Indeed, the patriots repudiated obligations to the +amount of two hundred million dollars, and did it so effectually that we +still use the expression, "not worth a continental" as a synonym for worthlessness.</p> + +<p>It is a common belief that scurrilous and indecent attacks upon public +men by American journalists is an evil of modern growth; but this is an +error. A century ago such attacks exceeded in virulence anything that +would be possible today. Among the vilest of the lampooners of that +age were a quartette of literary hacks who for some years were engaged +in denouncing the federalist party and government. Philip Freneau owned +"<i>The National Gazette</i>," a journal that Hamilton declared disclosed "a +serious design to subvert the government." He was among the most virulent +assailants of Washington's administration, denouncing not only the +members of the cabinet, except Jefferson, but the chief himself. Among +other charges brought against him, Washington was accused of "debauching +the country" and "seeking a crown," "and all the while passing himself +off as an honest man." Benjamin F. Bache was a grandson of Dr. +Benjamin Franklin. He inherited all his ancestor's duplicity, love of intrigue,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +and vindictiveness, but none of his suavity and tact. Sullen and +malevolent of disposition, scarcely could he keep in accord with men of +his own party. He owned and edited "The Aurora," a paper which in +depth of malice and meanness exceeded the journal of Freneau. He also +made vicious attacks upon Washington, both in the "Aurora" and other +publications. Washington's "fame" he declared to be "spurious"; he was +"inefficient," "mischievous," "treacherous," and "ungrateful." His +"mazes of passion" and the "loathings of his sick mind" were held up to +the contempt of the people. "His sword," it was declared, "would have +been drawn against his country" had the British government given him +promotion in the army. He had, it was asserted, "cankered the principles +of republicanism" "and carried his designs against the public liberty so +far as to put in jeopardy its very existence."</p> + +<p>William Duane, a man of Irish parentage, assisted Bache in the conduct +of the "Aurora," and upon his death, in 1798, assumed full control +of it. He was responsible for some of the most virulent attacks upon +Washington, published in that paper. Bache and Duane both received severe +castigations, administered in retaliation for abusive articles.</p> + +<p>James Thompson Callender, who disgraced Scotland by his birth, was +a shameless and double-faced rascal. A professional lampooner, his pen +was at the service of any one willing to pay the price. He, too, had a +fling at the President, declaring that "Mr. Washington had been twice a +traitor," and deprecating "the vileness of the adulation" paid him.</p> + +<p>In this quartette of scoundrels may be added the notorious Thomas +Paine, who, after exalting Washington to the seventh heaven of excellence, +upon being refused by him an office that to confer upon him would +have disgraced the nation, showered upon him the vilest denunciation. +"As for you, sir," he wrote, addressing him, "treacherous in private +friendship, and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide +whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you have abandoned +good principles, or whether you ever had any." That these attacks +upon members of the government were the direct results of the teachings +of Jefferson there is no room for doubt. That he encouraged and supported +their authors has been proved beyond a doubt. He was one of the +worst detractors of Great Britain. For fifty years he employed his pen in +reviling the mother country. Then occurred one of the most remarkable +instances of political death-bed repentance that the annals of statecraft +have to show. He who had so often asserted that Great Britain was a +nation powerless, decrepit, lost to corruption, eternally hostile to liberty, +totally destitute of morality and good faith, and warned his countrymen +to avoid intercourse with her lest they become contaminated by the touch; +he who had yearned for her conquest by a military despot, and proposed +to burn the habitations of her citizens, like the nests of noxious vermin, is +suddenly found proclaiming "her mighty weight," lauding her as the protector +of free government, and exhorting his fellow citizens to "sedulously +cherish a cordial friendship with her." This change of heart was brought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +about by the announcement by Great Britain of the so-called "Monroe +Doctrine." In Jefferson's letter to Monroe of October 24, 1823, he said: +"The question presented by the letters you have sent me (the letters of +Mr. Rush, reciting Mr. Canning's offer of British support against the attempt +of the "Holy Alliance" to forcibly restore the revolted Spanish-American +colonies to Spain), is the most momentous that has ever been +offered to my contemplation since that of Independence. And never could +we embark under circumstances more auspicious. By acceding to Great +Britain's proposition we detach her from the bonds, bring her mighty +weight into the scale of free government, and emancipate a continent at +one stroke. With her on our side we need not fear the whole world. +With her then we should most sedulously cherish a cordial friendship."</p> + +<p>Alexander Hamilton was a soldier of fortune of the highest type. +He was born on the island of Nevis, in the West Indies. He was of illegitimate +birth; his father was Scotch and his mother French. Endowed +with a high order of intellect, possessed of indomitable energy and passionate +ambition, he went forth into the world determined to win both.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> +Chance threw him into the colonies at a time when the agitation for independence +was at its height. He landed at Boston in October, 1772; thence +he went to New York, where in his sixteenth year he entered King's +(now Columbia) College. At first he affiliated with the Loyalists, but +soon deserted to the Disunionists, which gave him greater opportunities of +realizing his ambitious dream. As a Loyalist the world would never have +heard of him, but as John Marshall informs us, he ranks next to Washington +as having rendered more conspicuous service to the United States +than any other man in the Revolution. A great orator, a talented lawyer, +a good soldier, master of every field he entered, punctilious and haughty +of temperament, he scorned to bend even to the proud spirit of Washington. +His position on Washington's staff was literally a secretaryship +more civil than military. It was "the grovelling condition of a clerk," +which his youthful genius revolted at. This caused him to resign +his staff appointment. Alexander Hamilton was the deviser and establisher +of the government of the United States. He it was that framed the +Constitution, who urged and secured its adoption by the original thirteen +states at a time when but a rope of sand bound them together. To Hamilton, +more than any other man, is due the fact that the United States today +form a nation. He lived long enough to see the nation to which he +gave political stability submitting itself in entire respect and confidence to +the declaration contained in the most remarkable document ever written.</p> + +<p>Like many of his contemporaries he was an <i>intrigaunt</i>, injuring his +health and impairing the sanctity of his home, and was destined to meet +his death at the hands of a man more dissolute than himself, and destitute +of his honorable traits of character.</p> + +<p>Professor Sumner says: "It is astonishing how far writers kept from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +the facts and evidence. This is so much the case that it is often impossible +to learn what was really the matter. The colonists first objected to internal +taxes, but consented to import duties. Then they distinguished between +import duties to regulate commerce, and import duties for revenue. +They seem to have changed their position and to be consistent in one thing +only, to pay no taxes and to rebel." After patiently examining their pamphlets +and discussions, Sumner concludes: "The incidents of the trouble +offer occasion at every step for reserve in approving the proceedings of the +colonists. We therefore come to the conclusion that the Revolutionary +leader made a dispute about the method of raising a small amount of revenue +a pretext for rending an empire which, if united, might civilize and +wisely govern the fairest portion of the globe."</p> + +<p>The foregoing statements are more than corroborated by a letter written +to Washington by Rev. Jacob Duche, a former rector of Christ +Church, Philadelphia, a man of great learning, eloquence, and piety, who +was appointed chaplain to the first Congress. His prayer at the opening +of the session was pronounced not only eloquent, but patriotic in the extreme. +While it was being uttered there was but one man in that whole +assembly who knelt, and that man was George Washington. When Washington +received the letter he immediately transmitted it to Congress. The +letter was in part as follows:—</p> + +<p class="signature"> +Philadelphia, 8th October, 1777.<br /> +</p> + +<p>"Sir—If this letter should find you in council or in the field, before +you read another sentence I beg you to take the first opportunity of retiring +and weighing its important contents. You are perfectly acquainted +with the part I formerly took in the present unhappy contest. I was, indeed, +among the first to bear my public testimony against having any recourse +to threats, or indulging a thought of an armed opposition.</p> + +<p>"The current, however, was too strong for my feeble efforts to resist. +I wished to follow my countrymen as far only as virtue and the righteousness +of their cause would permit me. I was, however, prevailed on, +among the rest of my clerical brethren of this city, to gratify the pressing +desires of my fellow citizens by preaching a sermon, and reluctantly consented. +From a personal attachment of nearly twenty years' standing and +a high respect for your character, in private as well as public life, I took +the liberty of dedicating this sermon to you. I had your affectionate +thanks for my performance in a letter, wherein was expressed, in the most +delicate and obliging terms, your regard for me, and your wishes for a +continuance of my friendship and approbation of your conduct. Further +than this I intended not to proceed. My sermon speaks for itself, and +wholly disclaims the idea of independence. My sentiments were well +known to my friends. I communicated them without reserve to many +respectable members of Congress, who expressed their warm approbation +of it then. I persisted to the very last moment to use the prayers for my +Sovereign, though threatened with insults from the violence of a party.</p> + +<p>"Upon the declaration of independence I called my vestry and solemnly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +put the question to them whether they thought it best for the peace +and welfare of the congregation to shut up the churches, or to continue +the service without using the prayers for the Royal Family. This was the +sad alternative. I concluded to abide by their decision, as I could not +have time to consult my spiritual superiors in England. They determined +it most expedient, under such critical circumstances, to keep open the +churches that the congregations might not be dispersed, which we had +great reason to apprehend.</p> + +<p>"A very few days after the fatal declaration of independence I received +a letter from Mr. Hancock, sent by express to Germantown, where +my family were for the summer season, acquainting me I was appointed +Chaplain to the Congress, and desired my attendance next morning at +nine o'clock. Surprised and distressed as I was by an event I was not +prepared to expect, obliged to give an immediate attendance without the +opportunity of consulting my friends, I easily accepted the appointment. +I could have but one motive for taking this step. I thought the churches +in danger, and hoped by this means to have been instrumental in preventing +those ills I had so much reason to apprehend. I can, however, with +truth declare I then looked upon independence rather as an expedient, +and hazardous, or, indeed, thrown out in <i>terrorem</i>, in order to procure +some favorable terms, than a measure that was seriously persisted in. +My sudden change of conduct will clearly evince this to have been my +idea of the matter.</p> + +<p>"Upon the return of the Committee of Congress appointed to confer +with Lord Howe I soon discerned their whole intentions. The different +accounts which each member gave of this conference, the time they took +to make up the matter for public view, and the amazing disagreements between +the newspaper accounts, and the relation I myself had from the +mouth of one of the Committee, convinced me there must have been some +unfair and ungenerous procedure. This determination to treat on no +other strain than that of independence, which put it out of his lordship's +power to mention any terms at all, was sufficient proof to me that independence +was the idol they had long wished to set up, and that rather +than sacrifice this they would deluge their country with blood. From this +moment I determined upon my resignation, and in the beginning of October, +1776, sent it in form to Mr. Hancock, after having officiated only two +months and three weeks; and from that time, as far as my safety would +permit, I have been opposed to all their measures.</p> + +<p>"This circumstantial account of my conduct I think due to the friendship +you were so obliging as to express for me, and I hope will be sufficient +to justify my seeming inconsistencies in the part I have acted.</p> + +<p>"And now, dear sir, suffer me in the language of truth and real +affection to address myself to you. All the world must be convinced you +are engaged in the service of your country from motives perfectly disinterested. +You risked everything that was dear to you, abandoned the +sweets of domestic life which your affluent fortune can give the uninterrupted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +enjoyment of. But had you, could you have had, the least idea +of matters being carried to such a dangerous extremity? Your most intimate +friends shuddered at the thought of a separation from the mother +country, and I took it for granted that your sentiments coincided with +theirs. What, then, can be the consequences of this rash and violent +measure and degeneracy of representation, confusion of councils, blunders +without number? The most respectable characters have withdrawn themselves, +and are succeeded by a great majority of illiberal and violent men. +Take an impartial view of the present Congress, and what can you expect +from them? Your feelings must be greatly hurt by the representation of +your native province. You have no longer a Randolph, a Bland or a +Braxton, men whose names will ever be revered, whose demands never +ran above the first ground on which they set out, and whose truly glorious +and virtuous sentiments I have frequently heard with rapture from their +own lips. Oh, my dear sir, what a sad contrast of characters now presents! +others whose friends can ne'er mingle with your own. Your Harrison +alone remains, and he disgusted with the unworthy associates.</p> + +<p>"As to those of my own province, some of them are so obscure that +their very names were never in my ears before, and others have only been +distinguished for the weakness of their undertakings and the violence of +their tempers. One alone I except from the general charge; a man of +virtue, dragged reluctantly into their measures, and restrained by some +false ideas of honor from retreating after having gone too far. You cannot +be at a loss to discover whose name answers to this character.</p> + +<p>"From the New England provinces can you find one that as a gentleman +you could wish to associate with, unless the soft and mild address of +Mr. Hancock can atone for his want of every other qualification necessary +for the seat which he fills? Bankrupts, attorneys, and men of desperate +fortunes are his colleagues. Maryland no longer sends a Tilghman and a +Carroll. Carolina has lost her Lynch, and the elder Middleton has retired. +Are the dregs of Congress, then, still to influence a mind like +yours? These are not the men you engaged to serve; these are not the +men that America has chosen to represent her. Most of them were chosen +by a little, low faction, and the few gentlemen that are among them now +are well known to lie on the balance, and looking up to your hand alone +to turn the beam. 'Tis you, sir, and you only, that supports the present +Congress; of this you must be fully sensible. Long before they left +Philadelphia their dignity and consequence were gone; what must it be +now since their precipitate retreat? I write with freedom, but without +invective. I know these things to be true, and I write to one whose own +observation must have convinced him that it is so.</p> + +<p>"After this view of the Congress, turn to the army. The whole +world knows that its only existence depends upon you, that your death +or captivity disperses it in a moment, and that there is not a man on that +side—the question in America—capable of succeeding you. As to the +army itself, what have you to expect from them? Have they not frequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +abandoned you yourself in the hour of extremity? Can you have +the least confidence in a set of undisciplined men and officers, many of +whom have been taken from the lowliest of the people, without principle, +without courage? Take away them that surround your person, how very +few there are you can ask to sit at your table! As to your little navy, of +that little what is left? Of the Delaware fleet part are taken, and the rest +must soon surrender. Of those in the other provinces some are taken, +one or two at sea, and others lying unmanned and unrigged in your harbors.</p> + +<p>"In America your harbors are blocked up, your cities fall one after +another; fortress after fortress, battle after battle is lost. A British +army, after having passed unmolested through a vast extent of country, +have possessed themselves of the Capital of America. How unequal the +contest! How fruitless the expense of blood! Under so many discouraging +circumstances, can virtue, can honor, can the love of your country +prompt you to proceed? Humanity itself, and sure humanity is no stranger +to your breast, calls upon you to desist. Your army must perish for +want of common necessaries or thousands of innocent families must perish +to support them; wherever they encamp, the country must be +impoverished; wherever they march, the troops of Britain will pursue, and must +complete the destruction which America herself has begun. Perhaps it +may be said, it is better to die than to be made slaves. This, indeed, is a +splendid maxim in theory, and perhaps in some instances may be found +experimentally true; but when there is the least probability of a happy +accommodation, surely, wisdom and humanity call for some sacrifices to +be made to prevent inevitable destruction. You well know there is but +one invincible bar to such an accommodation; could this be removed, +other obstacles might readily be removed. It is to you and you alone your +bleeding country looks and calls aloud for this sacrifice. Your arm alone +has strength sufficient to remove this bar. May Heaven inspire you with +this glorious resolution of exerting your strength at this crisis, and immortalizing +yourself as friend and guardian to your country! Your penetrating +eye needs not more explicit language to discern my meaning. +With that prudence and delicacy, therefore, of which I know you possessed, +represent to Congress the indispensable necessity of rescinding the +hasty and ill-advised declaration of independence. Recommend, and you +have an undoubted right to recommend, an immediate cessation of hostilities. +Let the controversy be taken up where that declaration left it, and +where Lord Howe certainly expected to find it left. Let men of clear and +impartial characters, in or out of Congress, liberal in their sentiments, +heretofore independent in their fortunes—and some such may be found +in America—be appointed to confer with His Majesty's Commissioners. +Let them, if they please, propose some well-digested constitutional plan +to lay before them at the commencement of the negotiation. When they +have gone thus far I am confident the usual happy consequences will ensue—unanimity +will immediately take place through the different provinces, +thousands who are now ardently wishing and praying for such a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +measure will step forth and declare themselves the zealous advocates for +constitutional liberty, and millions will bless the hero that left the field of +war to decide this most important contest with the weapons of wisdom +and humanity.</p> + +<p>"O sir, let no false ideas of worldly honor deter you from engaging +in so glorious a task! Whatever censure may be thrown out by mean, +illiberal minds, your character will rise in the estimation of the virtuous +and noble. It will appear with lustre in the annals of history, and form +a glorious contrast to that of those who have fought to obtain conquest +and gratify their own ambition by the destruction of their species and the +ruin of their country. Be assured, sir, that I write not this under the eye +of any British officer or person connected with the British army or ministry. +The sentiments I express are the real sentiments of my own heart, +such as I have long held, and which I should have made known to you by +letter before had I not fully expected an opportunity of a private conference. +When you passed through Philadelphia on your way to Wilmington +I was confined by a severe fit of the gravel to my chamber; I have +since continued much indisposed, and times have been so very distressing +that I had neither spirit to write a letter nor an opportunity to convey it +when written, nor do I yet know by what means I shall get these sheets to +your hands.</p> + +<p>"I would fain hope that I have said nothing by which your delicacy +can be in the least hurt. If I have, I assure you it has been without the +least intention, and therefore your candor will lead you to forgive me. I +have spoken freely of Congress and of the army; but what I have said is +partly from my own knowledge and partly from the information of some +respectable members of the former and some of the best officers of the +latter. I would not offend the meanest person upon earth; what I say to +you I say in confidence to answer what I cannot but deem a most <i>valuable +purpose</i>. I love my country; I love you; but to the love of truth, the +love of peace, and the love of God, I hope I should be enabled if called +upon to the trial to sacrifice every other inferior love.</p> + +<p>"If the arguments made use of in this letter should have so much influence +as to engage you in the glorious work which I have warmly recommended, +I shall ever deem my success the highest temporal favor that +Providence could grant me. Your interposition and advice I am confident +would meet with a favorable reception from the authority under which +you act.</p> + +<p>"If it should not, you have an infallible recourse still left—negotiate +for your country at the head of your army. After all, it may appear presumption +as an individual to address himself to you on a subject of such +magnitude, or to say what measures would best secure the interest and +welfare of a whole continent. The friendly and favorable opinion you +have always expressed for me emboldens me to undertake it, and which +has greatly added to the weight of this motive. I have been strongly impressed +with a sense of duty upon the occasion, which left my conscience<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> +uneasy and my heart afflicted till I fully discharged it. I am no enthusiast; +the course is new and singular to me; but I could not enjoy one +moment's peace till this letter was written. With the most ardent prayers +for your spiritual as well as temporal welfare, I am your most obedient +and humble friend and servant,</p> + +<p class="signature"> +Jacob Duche." +</p> + +<p>The estimation in which Mr. Duche was held before he wrote this +letter, by John Adams, who was not particularly friendly to Episcopalians, +who as a class were Loyalists (although Washington was one), is here +shown. Adams says: "Mr. Duche is one of the most ingenuous men, +and of best character, and greatest orator in the Episcopal order upon this +continent; yet a zealous friend of liberty and his country."<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p> + +<p>In the cold light of truth it now seems quite clear that Americans +took up arms before they were in any real danger of oppression, and +George III. was persuaded to concede more than all their reasonable demands, +but yielded too late to save the integrity of the empire.</p> + +<p>We are taught in many of our histories that George III. was a tyrant, +seeking to establish despotism, and that Washington rescued and +preserved Anglo-Saxon liberty, not only in America, but wherever it +existed in the British domains; but this is too extravagant a compliment +to the king. We may admit that he was a respectable man in private life, +that he acted on principle, as he understood it, in his public career, and +that he had some princely accomplishments, but was far from a great man. +Certainly he was not in the class of conqueror, nor was he able to commit +"a splendid crime." His mother was ever croaking in his ears: "George, +be a king!" Thackeray gives us a touching account of the king's last +years. All history, he tells us, presents no sadder picture. It is too +terrible for tears. Driven from his throne, buffeted by rude hands, his +children in revolt, his ending was as pitiful and awful as that of King +Lear. In a lucid moment the Queen entered his room and found him +singing and playing on a musical instrument. When he had finished he +knelt and prayed for her and for his family, and for the nation, and last +for himself. And then tears began to flow down his cheeks, and his reason +fled again. Caesar, Henry VIII., and Napoleon tried to establish a +dynasty of despots, and failed. As we glance at the figure of George III. +and recall the traits of his character, we see that Anglo-Saxon civilization +or liberty was in no danger of permanent injury from the last king of +England who tried to reign.</p> + +<p>As we review the conflict we are apt to forget that the Americans +were not alone in their efforts to throw off the restraint of law and authority +of the government during the twenty years preceding the surrender +at Yorktown; Wilkes, "Junius," and Lord George Gordon surpassed the +efforts of Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, and Crispus Attucks, to make life +unpleasant for King George. Mobs surged about the streets of London +as they did in Boston, defying the law, destroying property, and disturbing +the public peace. The house of Lord Mansfield, chief justice of England,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +was wrecked and burned to the ground in the same manner as the +home of Thomas Hutchinson, chief justice of Massachusetts, was wrecked +and pillaged. Both mobs claimed to act "on principle," and there is a +curious likeness in the details of these two acts of violence. It was an +age of insurrection, with no political genius able, or in a position, to +direct the storm. During the Wilkes riots, in 1768, the civil power in +England was reduced to extreme weakness. Lecky tells us "there were +great fears that all the bulwarks of order would yield to the strain," and +Franklin, then in London, said that if Wilkes had possessed a good character +and the king a bad one, Wilkes would have driven George III. +from the throne. In 1780, during the Gordon riots, chaos came again to +London, and all England was threatened with anarchy. The time was +out of joint on both continents, and George III. was not born to set it +right. We may be sure there is something more serious than glory in all +this turmoil that embittered the most beneficent of civilizing races. Whoever +examines the dispute with impartial care, will probably perceive that +the time had come for a new adjustment of the constitutional relations +of the several parts of the British Empire, but the temper of George III. +and the disorderly elements, active both in England and America, were +unfavorable to rational treatment of the great problem.</p> + +<p>Early in the Revolution it was considered necessary, in order to insure +its success, to obtain aid and recognition from the French.</p> + +<p>Mr. Silas Deane, of Connecticut, and three agents, were sent to +France to feel the pulse of the king and nation upon the subject. They, +however, neither acknowledged the agents nor directed them to leave +the kingdom.</p> + +<p>It was not so with individuals, among whom was M. Beaumarchais, +who, on his own account and credit, furnished the United States with +twenty thousand stand of arms and one thousand barrels of powder of +one hundred pounds weight each. Ten thousand of the muskets were +landed at Portsmouth, N. H., and the remainder in some southern State. +The first opportunity of testing the qualities of the new French muskets +occurred September 19, 1777, which engagement led up to the battle of +Saratoga October 7, which terminated in the convention with Burgoyne +October 17, 1777. Major Caleb Stark, the eldest son of Gen. John Stark, +who was present in these actions, says: "I firmly believe that unless these +arms had been thus timely furnished to the Americans, Burgoyne would +have made an easy march to Albany. What then? My pen almost refuses +to record the fact that these arms have never been paid for to this +day. When the war ended, application was made to Congress for payment, +which was refused on the frivolous pretext that they were a present +from the French king. The claim was referred to the United States +attorney-general, who reported in substance that he could find no evidence +of their having been paid for, or that they were presented as a gift +by the court of France.</p> + +<p>"Supposing the most favorable plea of Congress to be true, that there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +was an underhand connivance by France to furnish the arms, or the +king had thought proper to deny it, is it just or magnanimous for the +United States to refuse payment? Suppose the arms were clearly a +'gift' bestowed upon us in our poverty, ought not a high-minded people +to restore the value of that gift with ten-fold interest, when their benevolent +friend has become poor, and they have waxed wealthy and strong?</p> + +<p>"Congress, skulking behind their sovereignty, still refused payment. +Yet the cries of Beaumarchais, reduced to poverty by the French Revolution, +have not been heeded."<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p> + +<p>The action of Congress concerning the Saratoga Convention was +equally base. The whole number of prisoners surrendered by Burgoyne +was 5791. The force of the Americans was, according to a statement +which Gates furnished to Burgoyne, 13,222. The terms of the Convention +was that Burgoyne's troops were to march out of their camp with +all the honors of war, the artillery to be moved to the banks of the Hudson, +and there to be left, together with the soldiers' arms; that a free +passage should be granted the troops to Great Britain, on condition +of their not serving again during the war; that the army should march +to the neighborhood of Boston by the most expeditious and convenient +route, and not delayed when transport should arrive to receive them; +that every care should be taken for the proper subsistence of the troops +till they should be embarked. Although Congress ratified the terms of +the Convention entered into by General Burgoyne and Gates, yet they +violated them in the most perfidious manner. Many Americans now regard +this as the most disgraceful act ever perpetrated by the United +States. There was not the slightest excuse for this treachery. When the +British ministry charged Congress with positive perfidy, Congress +added insult to injury by charging the ministry with +"meditated perfidy," for they "believed the British would break +their parole if released." After the arrival of the troops at Boston +they were quartered at Cambridge, where they were subjected to the +most cruel and inhuman treatment. Officers and soldiers were shot +down and bayoneted in the most cold-blooded manner without the slightest +provocation. If the officers resented any insults, they were sent to +Worcester and treated as felons. They were charged the most exorbitant +prices for food. Burgoyne alone was allowed to go home on parole; +all the other officers and men were marched into the interior of Virginia, +where they were kept in confinement for five years.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p> + +<p>There is probably not one American in a thousand that knows the +origin and meaning of Washington's advice to his countrymen against +entering into "entangling foreign alliances," and the often quoted phrase: +"French Spoliation Claims," and yet the two are inseparably connected, +and form a most important phase in the early history of the United +States. American historians have passed over this episode, fearing that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +it would bring odium on the "Fathers of the Revolution." By the treaty +made by Franklin with France, in which she recognized the United States +and by which means American independence was secured, it was agreed +that the United States should assist France in foreign complications in +which she might be involved, and furthermore to protect her possessions +in the West Indies. This was the first treaty made by the United States. +When the time came for putting these pledges into force, the United +States refused to act.</p> + +<p>"The expense of the war of the Revolution was as much, if not +more, to France, than to the United States, and it is a matter of historical +truth that the expenses incurred in this war by France bankrupted the nation +and hurried on the terrible events which convulsed the world from +the commencement of the French Revolution until the battle of Waterloo. +During all this distress and disaster, the Americans were chuckling +in their sleeves, and wasting the treasures of the old world to embellish +the half-fledged cities of the new world. Gratitude is a virtue +often spoken of with apparent sincerity, but not so frequently exhibited +in practice." This is the language of a well-known Revolutionary officer.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> +Therefore, the United States acted in a most shameful and disgraceful +manner in violating the first treaty she ever entered into, through +which she secured her independence; she did not give the French that +assistance she had agreed to give by treaty, but remained neutral and indifferent, +while England seized upon the larger part of the French colonies +in the West Indies. The base ingratitude of the United States +exasperated the French, so they issued orders to seize and destroy American +property wherever found. Several naval engagements between the +late allies ensued, and 898 vessels were seized by the French government +or were destroyed by its cruisers, prior to the year 1800. Hence, when +Ellsworth, Van Murray and Davie, the commissioners appointed by the +United States to negotiate with France, and to settle the dispute, asked +for damages for the seizure and destruction of American vessels, the +French foreign minister turned upon them with the assertion that in +performing her part of the Franklin treaty of 1778, France had spent +$28,000,000, and had sacrificed the lives of thousands of her people, +simply for the purpose of gaining the independence for the United +States. All it had asked had been the friendship and assistance of the United +States in the manner provided in this treaty. Instead of meeting these +claims and requiting the generosity of France in the way such conduct +deserved, the United States had ignored its obligations, and now came +forward and advanced a petty claim for money, utterly forgetful of how +much France had sacrificed in its behalf.</p> + +<p>As might be supposed, there was no answer that could be made to +this assertion, and hence the new treaty then drawn up, in which the two +states agreed to renounce respectively whatever pretensions they might +have had to claims one against the other, was ratified by the Senate, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> +promulgated by President Jefferson December 21, 1801, thus relieving +France of all responsibility for damages caused by her cruisers prior to +1800, and throwing the responsibility of liquidating these demands upon +the United States government—a responsibility it succeeded in avoiding +for a hundred years, as it succeeded in avoiding the demands which the +French government could and did make upon it to defend French West +India possessions. These were the "entangling foreign alliances" referred +to by Washington.</p> + +<p>Bills granting payment of these claims, which originally amounted +to $12,676,000, passed Congress twice, and were vetoed first by President +Polk and then by President Pierce. If ever there was a just claim +brought before Congress, these French spoliation claims deserve the title, +and it is a historical disgrace to the government of the United States +that the payment of them was delayed for nearly a hundred years.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<h3><i>INDIANS IN THE REVOLUTION.</i></h3> + + +<p>The writers of American histories severely condemn the British government +for employing Indians in the war of the Revolution as well as +in 1812, and give unstinted praise to the Americans for humanity in refusing +to make use of the warlike but undisciplined and cruel Indian as +an ally in the activities of a military campaign. Either an attempt is made +to suppress the whole truth of this matter, or the writers have failed in +their duty to thoroughly investigate sources of history easily accessible to +the honest historian.</p> + +<p>The fact is, that in the incipient stage of the Revolutionary war, overtures +were made by the political disturbers and leading instigators of +trouble to win over to the side of the American party the fiercest, if not +the most numerous Indian nation on the North American continent.</p> + +<p>From Concord, on the fourth of April, 1775, the Provincial Congress +thought fit, with cunning prudence, to address the sachem of the +Mohawks, with the rest of the Iroquois tribes, in the following words:</p> + +<p>"Brother, they have made a law to establish the religion of the pope +in Canada, which lies near you. We much fear some of your children +may be induced, instead of worshipping the only true God, to pay his due +to images, made with their own hands."<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p> + +<p>Here, then, a religious reason was advanced, in lieu of the real one, +why the Indians should oppose the British, by whom they had always +been generously treated. The response to the insinuating address was not +encouraging. May it not be assumed that these Indians had already experienced +some of the same kind of love, generosity and good faith, as +later every tribe has received from every government at Washington, +from the days of the first president to the latest, through the past "century +of dishonor."</p> + +<p><i>Before the 19th of April</i>, the Provincial Congress had authorized +the enlistment of a company of Stockbridge (Massachusetts) Indians. +These Indians were used by the Americans during the siege of Boston. A +letter, dated July 9, 1775, says: "Yesterday afternoon some barges were +sounding the Charles River near its mouth, but were soon obliged to +row off by our Indians, fifty in number, who are encamped near that +place."</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 579px;"> +<img src="images/illo_089.jpg" width="579" height="400" alt="COLONEL MIFFLEN'S INTERVIEW WITH THE CAUGINAWAGA INDIANS" title="COLONEL MIFFLEN'S INTERVIEW WITH THE CAUGINAWAGA INDIANS" /> +<span class="caption">COLONEL MIFFLEN'S INTERVIEW WITH THE CAUGINAWAGA INDIANS.<br /> + +At Watertown during the seige of Boston, the Revolutionists endeavored to obtain their assistance.</span> +</div> + +<p>On the 21st of June, two of the Indians killed four of the regulars +with their bows and arrows, and plundered them. Frothingham says<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +the British complained, and with reason, of their mode of warfare.</p> + +<p>Lieut. Carter, writes July 2, 1775: "Never had the British army so +ungenerous an enemy to oppose. They send their riflemen, five or six at +a time, who conceal themselves behind trees, etc., till an opportunity presents +itself of taking a shot at our advanced sentries, which done, they +immediately retreat."<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p> + +<p>During the siege of Boston, John Adams visited Washington's camp +at Watertown, and wrote the following letter to his wife, which goes +to prove the efforts made by the Americans to enlist the Canadian Indians +in their cause, and which they afterwards complained so bitterly of +the British for doing:</p> + +<p class="signature"> +"Watertown, 24 January, 1776.<br /> +</p> + +<p>"I dined at Colonel Mifflin's with the general and lady, and a vast +collection of other company, among whom were six or seven sachems and +warriors of the French Caughnawaga Indians, with several of their +wives and children. A savage feast they made of it, yet were very polite +in the Indian style. One of the sachems is an Englishman, a native of +this colony, whose name was Williams, captivated in infancy, with his +mother, and adopted by some kind squaw."<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p> + +<p>Many attempts were made by the Americans to use the Indians. +Montgomery made use of them in his Canadian expedition.</p> + +<p>In April, 1776, Washington wrote to Congress, urging their employment +in the army, and reported on July 13th that, without special authority, +he had directed General Schuyler to engage the Six Nations on the +best terms he and his colleagues could procure, and again submitting the +propriety of engaging the Eastern Indians. John Adams thought "we +need not be so delicate as to refuse the assistance of Indians, provided we +cannot keep them neutral." A treaty was exchanged with the Eastern +Indians on July 17, 1776, whereby they agreed to furnish six hundred +for a regiment, which was to be officered by the whites. As a result of +this, the Massachusetts Council subsequently reported that seven Penobscot +Indians—all that could be procured—were enlisted in October for +one year.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> It is interesting to remember, in this connection, that the +courteous and chivalrous Lafayette raised a troop of Indians to fight the +British and the Tories, though his reputation has been saved by the utter +and almost ludicrous failure of his attempt.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p> + +<p>When all this had been done, it needed the forgetfulness and the +blind hypocrisy of passion to denounce the king to the world for having +"endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless +Indian savage." Yet Americans have never had the self-respect to erase +this charge from a document generally printed in the fore-front of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +Constitution and Laws, and with which every schoolboy is sedulously +made familiar.</p> + +<p>The Revolutionists failed to enlist the Indians in their cause, for the +Indian and the Colonist were bitter and irreconcilable foes. The Indian +had long scores to pay, not upon the English nation or the English army, +but upon the American settler who had stolen his lands, shot his sons, +and debauched his daughters. It is well here to remember the speech of +Logan, the Cayuga chief, on the occasion of the signing of the treaty of +peace in 1764, at the close of the Pontiac Conspiracy. Logan said: "I +appeal to any white man to say if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry +and he gave him not meat; if ever he came cold and naked and he +clothed him not. Such was my love of the white man that my countrymen +in passing my cabin said: 'Logan is the friend of the white man.' I +have even thought to have lived with you but for the injuries you did me +last spring, when in cold blood and unprovoked, you murdered all the +relations of Logan, not sparing even my women and children. +There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living +creature. This called for revenge. I have sought it. I have +killed many. I have fully glutted my vengeance." Logan's +family, being on a visit to a family of the name of Greathouse, was +murdered by them and their associates under circumstances of great brutality +and cowardice. It is known that in revenge, Logan took over 30 +scalps with his own hand. And others than Indians had old scores to wipe +out. Many loyalists who desired to be left alone in peace had been tarred +and feathered by their former friends and fellow-townsmen; were driven +from their homes and hunted like wild beasts; imprisoned, maimed, and +compelled to suffer every kind of indignity. In many cases fathers, brothers and +sons were hanged, because they insisted on remaining loyal to their country. +Therefore it is not to be wondered at that many of these loyalists +sought a terrible revenge against those who had maltreated them. If the +loyalists of New York, Georgia and the Carolinas resolved to join the +Indians and wreak vengeance on their fellow countrymen at Wyoming +and Cherry Valley, and to take part in the raids of Tyron and Arnold, +there was a rude cause for their retaliating. Their actions have been +held up to the execration of posterity as being exceptionally barbarous, +and as far surpassing in cruelty the provocative actions of the revolutionists, +Sullivan's campaign through the Indian country being conveniently +forgotten. There was not much to choose between a cowboy and a +skinner, and very little difference between Major Ferguson's command and +that of Marion and Sumpter. There were no more orderly or better behaved +troops in either army than Simcoe's Queen's Rangers. There can +be no doubt that the action of the loyalists have been grossly exaggerated, +or at least dwelt upon as dreadful scenes of depravity, to form a +background for the heroism and fortitude of the "patriotic" party whose +misdeeds are passed lightly over. The methods of the growth of popular +mythology have been the same in America as in Greece or Rome. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>gods of one party have become the devils of the other. The haze of +distance has thrown a halo around the American leaders—softening outlines, +obscuring faults, while those of the British and the loyalists have +grown with the advanced years.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 664px;"> +<img src="images/illo_091.jpg" width="664" height="400" alt="CARTOON ILLUSTRATING FRANKLIN'S DIABOLICAL SCALP STORY" title="CARTOON ILLUSTRATING FRANKLIN'S DIABOLICAL SCALP STORY" /> +<span class="caption">CARTOON ILLUSTRATING FRANKLIN'S DIABOLICAL SCALP STORY.<br /> + +From an old print in the possession of the Bostonian Society.</span> +</div> + +<p>The following brief entry in a diary, will show that among the +American forces savage customs found place: "On Monday, the 30th, sent +out a party for some dead Indians. Toward morning found them, and +skinned two of them from their hips down, for boot legs; one pair for +the major, the other for myself."<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p> + +<p>It has been the policy of American historians and their echoes in +England to bring disrepute upon the Indians and the British government +who employed them, and not only to magnify actual occurrences, but +sometimes, when facts were wanting, to draw upon imagination for such +deeds of ferocity and bloodshed as might serve to keep alive the strongest +feelings of indignation against the mother country, and thus influence +men to take the field for revenge who had not already been driven thither +by the impulse of their sense of patriotism. Dr. Franklin himself did not +think it unworthy of his antecedents and position to employ these methods +to bring disrepute on the British. The "deliberate fiction for political +purposes," by Franklin, were written as facts. Never before was there +such diabolical fiction written as his well known scalp story, long believed +and recently revived in several books purporting to be "authentic history." +The details were so minute and varied as to create a belief that they were +entirely true. For a century supposed to be authentic, it has since been +ascertained to be a publication from the pen of Dr. Franklin for political +purposes. It describes minutely the capture from the Seneca Indians +of eight bales of scalps, which were being sent the governor of Canada, to +be forwarded by him as a gift to the "Great King." The description of the +contents of each bale was given with such an air of plausibility as to preclude +a suspicion that it was fictitious. The following are a few brief +abstracts from this story: "No. 1 contains forty-three scalps of Congress +soldiers, also sixty-two farmers, killed in their houses in the night time. +No. 2 contains ninety-eight farmers killed in their houses in the day time. +No. 3 contains ninety-seven farmers killed in the fields in the day time. +No. 4 contains 102 farmers, mixed, 18 burnt alive, after being scalped; +sixty-seven being greyheads, and one clergyman. No. 5 containing eighty-eight +scalps of woman's hair, long-braided in Indian fashion. No. 6 +containing 193 boys' scalps of various ages. No. 7, 211 girls' scalps, big +and little. No. 8, this package is a mixture of all the varieties above +mentioned, to the number of 122, with a box of birch bark, containing +twenty-nine infants' scalps of various sizes."<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p> + +<p>With the bales of scalps was a speech addressed to the "Great King."</p> + +<p>One of the most cruel and bloodthirsty acts of the Americans was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +the massacre of the Moravian Indians. "From love of peace they had +advised those of their own color who were bent on war to desist from it. +They were also led from humanity, to inform the white people of their +danger, when they knew their settlements were about to be invaded. One +hundred and sixty Americans crossed the Ohio and put to death these +harmless, inoffensive people, though they made no resistance. In conformity +with their religious principles these Moravians submitted to their +hard fate without attempting to destroy their murderers. Upward of +ninety of these pacific people were killed by men who, while they called +themselves Christians, were more deserving of the names of savages +than were their unresisting victims."<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<h3><i>THE EXPULSION OF THE LOYALISTS AND THE SETTLEMENT +OF CANADA.</i></h3> + + +<p>The Huguenots and the proscribed of the French Revolution found +sanctuary as welcome guests in England and the English colonies.</p> + +<p>The Moors were well treated when banished from Spain; the Revocation +of the Edict of Nantes was civil death to all Huguenots; the +Americans made the treaty of peace of 1783 worse than civil death to +all Loyalists.</p> + +<p>The Americans, at the inception and birth of their republic, violated +every precept of Christianity and of a boasted civilization, even to confiscating +the estates of helpless women. For all time it is to be a part of +American history that the last decade of the eighteenth century saw the +most cruel and vindictive acts of spoliation recorded in modern history.</p> + +<p>At the treaty of peace, 1783, the banishment and extermination of +the Loyalists was a foregone conclusion. The bitterest words ever uttered +by Washington were in reference to them: "He could see nothing better +for them than to recommend suicide." Neither Congress nor state governments +made any recommendation that humane treatment should be +meted out to these Loyalists. John Adams had written from Amsterdam +that he would "have hanged his own brother had he taken part against +him."<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p> + +<p>At the close of the war the mob were allowed to commit any outrage +or atrocity, while the authorities in each state remained apparently indifferent. +An example of Loyalist ill-treatment is to be found in a letter +written October 22, 1783, to a Boston friend, and preserved in New York +City manual, 1870:—</p> + +<p>"The British are leaving New York every day, and last week there +came one of the d——d refugees from New York to a place called Wall +Kill, in order to make a tarry with his parents, where he was taken into +custody immediately. His head and eyebrows were shaved, tarred and +feathered, a hog-yoke put on his neck, and a cowbell thereon; upon his +head a very high hat and feathers were set, well plumed with tar, and a +sheet of paper in front with a man drawn with two faces, representing +the traitor Arnold and the devil."</p> + +<p>Some American writers have been extremely severe upon Americans +who served in the royal armies. Such condemnation is certainly illogical +and unjust. They must have reasoned they were fighting to save their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +country from mob rule, from the domination of demagogues and traitors, +and to preserve to it what, until then, all had agreed to be the greatest of +blessings, the connection with Great Britain, the privilege of being Englishmen, +heirs of all the free institutions which were embodied in a +"great and glorious constitution." If the Loyalists reasoned in this +manner, we cannot blame them, unless we are ready to maintain the +proposition that the cause of every revolution is necessarily so sacred +that those who do not sympathize with it should abstain from opposing it.</p> + +<p>Very early in the Revolution the disunionists tried to drive the +Loyalists into the rebel militia or into the Continental army by fines, and +by obliging them to hire substitutes. The families of men who had fled +from the country to escape implication in the impending war were +obliged to hire substitutes, and they were fined for the misdeeds of the +mercenary whom they had engaged. Fines were even imposed upon +neutral and unoffending persons for not preventing their families from +entering the British service. If the fines were refused, the property was +recklessly sold to the amount of the fine and costs of action. Loyalists +convicted of entering the enemy's lines could be fined as high as 2000 +pounds, and even the unsuccessful attempt to enter might be punished +by a fine of 1000 pounds.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> If the property of the offender failed to +answer for his offence, he became subject to corporal punishment, whipping, +branding, cropping of ears, and exposure in the pillory being +resorted to in some of the states.</p> + +<p>The Disunionists had early a covetous eye upon the property of the +Loyalists. The legislative bodies hastened to pass such laws as would +prevent those suspected of Loyalism from transferring their property, +real or personal, by real or pretended sale. Friends who tried to guard +the property of refugees nailed up the doors that led to the room containing +valuable furniture, but were obliged by bullying committeemen +to remove their barricades and give up their treasures.</p> + +<p>The members of one wealthy refugee's family were reduced in their +housekeeping to broken chairs and teacups, and to dipping the water +out of an iron skillet into a pot, which they did as cheerfully as if they +were using a silver urn. The furniture had been removed, though the +family picture still hung in the blue room, and the harpsichord stood in +the passage way to be abused by the children who passed through. These +two aristocratic ladies were obliged to use their coach-house as a dining-room, +and the "fowl-house" as their bed chamber. The picture continues: +"In character the old lady looks as majestic even there, and +dresses with as much elegance as if she were in a palace."<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> This mansion +was General Putnam's headquarters at the battle of Bunker Hill, and +was afterward confiscated.</p> + +<p>When the treaty of peace was signed, the question of amnesty and +compensation for the Loyalists was long and bitterly discussed. Even<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +the French minister had urged it. John Adams, one of the commission, +favored compensating "the wretches, how little soever they deserved it, +nay, how much soever they deserve the contrary."<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p> + +<p>The commission hesitated "to saddle" America with the Loyalists +because they feared the opposition at home, especially by the individual +states. The British demand had been finally met with the mere promise +that Congress would recommend to the states a conciliatory policy with +reference to the Loyalists. This solution neither satisfied the Loyalists +nor the more chivalrous Englishmen. They declared that the provision +concerning the Loyalists was "precipitate, impolitic," and cruelly neglectful +of their American friends.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> But all of this cavilling was unreasonable +and hasty, for England had gotten for the Loyalists the utmost attainable +in the treaty, and later proved honorable and generous in the highest +degree by compensating the Loyalists out of her own treasury—an act +only excelled in the next century by the purchase and emancipation of +all the slaves in the British Empire, for which the people of Great Britain +taxed only themselves—the most generous act ever performed by any +nation in the history of mankind.</p> + +<p>In spite of the recommendation of Congress which had been made +in accordance with the terms of the treaty, confiscation still went on +actively. Governors of the states were urged to exchange lists of proscribed +persons, that no Loyalists might find a resting-place in the United +States, and in every state they were disfranchised, while in many +localities they were tarred and feathered, driven from town and +warned never to return again. Some were murdered and maltreated +in the most horrible manner. Thousands of inconspicuous Loyalists +did, nevertheless, succeed in remaining in the larger cities, where +their identity was lost, and they were not the objects of jealous social +and political exclusion as in the small town. In some localities where +they were in the majority, the hostile minority was not able to wreak +its vengeance.</p> + +<p>With the treaty of peace there came a rush for British American +territory. The numbers were increased in Canada to some 25,000 during +the next few years, and those in Nova Scotia and other British territory +swelled the number to 60,000.</p> + +<p>Most of these exiles became, in one way or another, a temporary +expense to the British government, and the burden was borne honorably +and ungrudgingly. The care began during the war. The Loyalists who +aided Burgoyne were provided with homes in Canada, and before the +close of 1779 nearly a thousand refugees were cared for in houses and +barracks and given fuel, household furniture, and even pensioned with +money. After the peace, thousands of exiles at once turned to the British +government for temporary support. The vast majority had lost but little, +and asked only for land and supplies to start life with. The minority<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +who had lost lands, offices and incomes, demanded indemnity. As for +the members of the humbler class, the government ordered that there +should be given 500 acres of land to heads of families, 300 acres to single +men, and each township in the new settlements was to have 2000 acres +for church purposes and 1000 for schools. Building material and tools, +an axe, spade, hoe and plow, were furnished each head of a family. Even +clothing and food were issued to the needy, and as late as 1785 there were +26,000 entitled to rations. Communities were equipped with grindstones +and the machinery for grist and saw mills. In this way $5,000,000 were +spent to get Nova Scotia well started, and in Upper Canada, besides the +three million acres given to the Loyalist, some $4,000,000 were expended +for this benefit before 1787.</p> + +<p>But there was a far greater burden assumed by the British government +in granting the compensation asked for by those who had sacrificed +everything to their loyalty. Those who had lost offices or professional +practice were, in many cases, cared for by the gift of lucrative offices +under the government, and Loyalist military officers were put on half +pay. It is said with truth that the defeated government dealt with the +exiled and fugitive Loyalists with a far greater liberality than the United +States bestowed upon their victorious army.</p> + +<p>After the peace, over five thousand Loyalists submitted claims for +losses, usually through agents appointed by the refugees from each +American colony. In July of 1783, a commission of five members was +appointed by Parliament to classify the losses and services of the Loyalists. +They examined the claims with an impartial and judicial severity. +The claimant entered the room alone with the commissioners and, after +telling his services and losses, was rigidly questioned concerning fellow +claimants as well as himself. The claimant then submitted a written +and sworn statement of his losses. After the results of both examinations +were critically scrutinized, the judges made the award. In the whole +course of their work, they examined claims to the amount of forty million +of dollars, and ordered nineteen millions to be paid.</p> + +<p>If to the cost of establishing the Loyalists in Nova Scotia and Canada +we add the compensation granted in money, the total amount expended +by the British government for their American adherents was at least thirty +million dollars. There is evidence that the greatest care that human +ingenuity could devise was exercised to make all these awards in a fair +and equitable manner. The members of the commission were of unimpeachable +honesty. Nevertheless there was much complaint by the Loyalists +because of the partial failure of giving the loyal exiles a new start +in life. The task was no easy one—to transfer a disheartened people to +a strange land and a trying climate, and let them begin life anew. But +when, years later, they had made of the land of this exile a mighty member +of the British empire, they began to glory in the days of trial through +which they had passed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>At a council meeting held at Quebec, November 9, 1789, an order +was passed for "preserving a register of the Loyalists that had adhered +to the unity of the empire, and joined the Royal Standard previous to +the treaty of peace in 1783, to the end that their posterity may be distinguished +from future settlers in the rank, registers, and rolls of the +militia of their respective districts, as proper objects for preserving and +showing the fidelity and conduct so honorable to their ancestors for +distinguished benefit and privileges."</p> + +<p>Today their descendants are organized as the United Empire Loyalists, +and count it an honor that their ancestors suffered persecution and +exile rather than yield the principle and idea of union with Great Britain.</p> + +<p>The cause of the Loyalists failed, but their stand was a natural one +and was just and noble. They were the prosperous and contended men—the +men without a grievance. Conservatism was the only policy that +one could expect of them. Men do not rebel to rid themselves of prosperity. +Prosperous men seek to conceive prosperity. The Loyalist +obeyed his nature, but as events proved, chose the ill-fated cause, and +when the struggle ended, his prosperity had fled, and he was an outcast +and an exile.</p> + +<p>If, when George III. and his government recognized the independence +of the thirteen colonies, the Loyalists had been permitted to remain here +and become, if they would, American citizens, the probabilities are that, +long before this time, an expansion would have taken place in the national +domain which would have brought under its control the entire American +continent north of the United States, an extension brought about in an +entirely peaceful and satisfactory manner. The method of exclusion +adopted peopled Canada, so far as its English-speaking inhabitants were +concerned, with those who went from the United States as political exiles, +and who carried with them to their new homes an ever-burning sense +of personal wrong and a bitter hatred of those who had abused them.</p> + +<p>The indifference shown to treaty obligations by Congress and the +states, and the secret determination to eradicate everything British from +the country, is now known to have been the deliberate, well-considered +policy of the founders of the Republic.</p> + +<p>This old legacy of wrongdoing has been a barrier in the way of a +healthful northern development of the United States. The contentions +which gave rise to these hostile feelings have been forgotten, but the +feelings themselves have long outlived the causes which gave rise to +them.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<h3><i>THE WAR OF 1812 AND THE ATTEMPTED CONQUEST OF CANADA.</i></h3> + + +<p>When the Revolutionary War had ended came the long twenty-three +years' war in which Great Britain, for the most part, single-handed, +fought for the freedom of Europe against the most colossal tyranny ever +devised by a victorious general. No nation in the history of the world +carried on a war so stubborn, so desperate, so costly, so vital. Had Great +Britain failed, what would now be the position of the world? At the +very time when Britain's need was the sorest, when every ship, every +soldier and sailor that she could find was needed to break down the power +of the man who had subjugated all Europe except Russia and Great Britain, +the United States, the land of boasted liberty, did her best to cripple +the liberating armies by proclaiming war against Britain in the hour of +her sorest need.</p> + +<p>Napoleon was at the height of his power, with an army collected at +Boulogne for the invasion of England. England was growing exhausted +by the contest. Her great Prime Minister, Pitt, had died broken hearted. +Every indication was favorable to the conquest of Canada by the United +States and therewith the extinction of all British interests on the western +continent.</p> + +<p>In the motherland it seemed, to the popular imagination, that on the +other side of the Atlantic lived an implacable enemy, whose rancor was +greater than their boasted love of liberty. Fisher Ames, who was regarded +by his party as its wisest counsellor and chief ornament, expresses +this general feeling on their part in a letter to Mr. Quincy, dated Dedham, +Dec. 6, 1807, in which he says: "Our cabinet takes council of the mob, +and it is now a question whether hatred of Great Britain and the reproach +fixed even upon violent men, if they will not proceed in their violence, will +not overcome the fears of the maritime states, and of the planters in +Congress. The usual levity of a democracy has not appeared in regard to +Great Britain. We have been steady in our hatred of her, and when popular +passions are not worn out by time, but argument, they must, I should +think, explode in war."<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p> + +<p>The action of the United States in declaring war against Great Britain +when she was most sorely pressed in righting for the liberty of mankind +is best set forth in the famous speech of Josiah Quincy, delivered before +Congress on the 5th of January, 1813. It was, as he himself says of +it, "most direct, pointed and searching as to the motive and conduct of +our rulers. It exposed openly and without reserve or fear the iniquity of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +the proposed invasion of Canada. I was sparing of neither language nor +illustration." Its author, on reading it over in his old age, might well +say that "he shrunk not from the judgment of after times." Its invective +is keen, its sarcasm bitter, its denunciations heavy and severe, but the +facts from which they derive their sting or their weight are clearly stated +and sustained.</p> + +<p>As a means of carrying on the war, he denounces the invasion of +Canada as "cruel, wanton, senseless, and wicked—an attempt to compel +the mother country to our terms by laying waste an innocent province +which had never injured us, but had long been connected with us by +habits of good neighborhood and mutual good offices." He said "that the +embarrassment of our relations with Great Britain and the keeping alive +between this country and that of a root of bitterness has been, is, and will +continue to be, a main principle of the policy of this American Cabinet."</p> + +<p>The Democratic Party having attained power by fostering the old +grudge against England, and having maintained itself in power by force +of that antipathy, a consent to the declaration of war had been extorted +from the reluctant Madison as the condition precedent of his nomination +for a second term of office.</p> + +<p>When war against Great Britain was proposed at the last session, +there were thousands in these United States, and I confess to you I was +myself among the number, who believed not one word of the matter, I +put my trust in the old-fashioned notions of common sense and common +prudence. That a people which had been more than twenty years at +peace should enter upon hostilities against a people which had been twenty +years at war, the idea seemed so absurd that I never once entertained it +as possible. It is easy enough to make an excuse for any purpose. When +a victim is destined to be immolated, every hedge presents sticks for the +sacrifice. The lamb that stands at the mouth of the stream will always +trouble the water if you take the account of the wolf who stands at the +source of it. We have heard great lamentation about the disgrace of our +arms on the frontier. Why, sir, the disgrace of our arms on the frontier +is terrestrial glory in comparison with the disgrace of the attempt. Mr. +Speaker, when I contemplate the character and consequences of this invasion +of Canada, when I reflect on its criminality and its danger to the +peace and liberty of this once happy country, I thank the great Author +and Source of all virtue that, through His grace, that section of country +in which I have the happiness to reside, is in so great a degree free from +the iniquity of this transgression. I speak it with pride. The people of +that section have done what they could to vindicate themselves and their +children from the burden of their sin.</p> + +<p>Surely if any nation had a claim for liberal treatment from another, it +was the British nation from the American. After the discovery of the +error of the American government in relation to the repeal of the Berlin +and Milan Decrees in November, 1810, they had declared war against her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +on the supposition that she had refused to repeal her orders in council +after the French Decrees were in fact revoked, whereas it now appears +that they were in fact not revoked. Surely the knowledge of this error +was followed by an instant and anxious desire to redress the resulting +injury. No, sir, nothing occurred. On the contrary the question of impressment +is made the basis of continuing the war. They renewed hostilities. +They rushed upon Canada. Nothing would satisfy them but +blood.</p> + +<p>I know, Mr. Speaker, that while I utter these things, a thousand +tongues and a thousand pens are preparing without doors to overwhelm +me, if possible, by their pestiferous gall. Already I hear in the air the sound +of "Traitor," "British Agent," "British Gold!" and all those changes of +calumny by which the imagination of the mass of men are affected and +by which they are prevented from listening to what is true and receiving +what is reasonable.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p> + +<p>As will be noticed in the foregoing extract from Josiah Quincy's +celebrated speech, New England refused to take any part in the war. In +fact, it must be said in their favor that they refused absolutely to send +any troops to aid in the invasion of Canada. They regarded the pretexts +on which the war had been declared with contemptuous incredulity, believing +them to be but thin disguises of its real object. That object they +believed to be the gratification of the malignant hatred the slave-holding +states bore toward communities of free and intelligent labor, by the destruction +of their wealth and prosperity.</p> + +<p>A town meeting was held in Boston at Faneuil Hall on June 11, 1812, +at which it was "Resolved: That in the opinion of this town, it is of the +last importance to the interest of this country to avert the threatened +calamity of war with Great Britain," etc. A committee of twelve was appointed +to take into consideration the present alarming state of our public +affairs, and report what measures, in their opinion, it is proper for the +town to adopt at this momentous crisis.</p> + +<p>The committee reported in part as follows: "While the temper and +views of the national administration are intent upon war, an expression +of the sense of this town, will of itself be quite ineffectual either to avert +this deplorable calamity or to accelerate a return of peace, but believing +as we do that an immense majority of the people are invincibly averse +from conflict equally unnecessary and menacing ruin to themselves and +their posterity, convinced as we are that the event will overwhelm them +with astonishment and dismay, we cannot but trust that a general expression +of the voice of the people would satisfy Congress that those of +their representatives who had voted in favor of war, have not truly represented +the wishes of their constituents, and thus arrest the tendency +of their measures to this extremity."</p> + +<p>Had the policy of government been inclined towards resistance to +the pretentions of the belligerants by open war, there could be neither policy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +reason or justice in singling out Great Britain as the exclusive object +of hostility. If the object of war is merely to vindicate our honor, why is +it not declared against the first aggressor? If the object is defense and +success, why is it to be waged against the adversary most able to annoy +and least likely to yield? Why, at the moment when England explicitly +declares her order in council repealed whenever France shall rescind her +decrees, is the one selected for an enemy and the other courted as a +conqueror? "Under present circumstances there will be no scope for +valor, no field for enterprise, no chance for success, no hope of national +glory, no prospect but of a war against Great Britain, in aid of the common +enemy of the human race, and in the end an inglorious peace."</p> + +<p>The resolution recommended by the committee was adopted and it +was voted that the selectmen be requested to transmit a copy thereof to +each town in this commonwealth.</p> + +<p>At a town meeting held August 6, 1812, the following resolutions +were passed: "That the inhabitants of the town of Boston have learned +with heartfelt concern that in the City of Baltimore a most outrageous +attack, the result of deliberate combinations has been made upon the +freedom of opinion and the liberty of the press. An infuriated mob has +succeeded in accomplishing its sanguinary purpose by the destruction of +printing presses and other property, by violating the sanctuary of dwelling +houses, breaking open the public prison and dragging forth from the +protection of civil authority the victims of their ferocious pursuit, guilty of +no crime but the expression of their opinions and completing the tissue +of their enormities by curses, wounds and murders, accompanied by the +most barbarous and shocking indignities.</p> + +<p>"In the circumstances attending the origin, the progress, and the +catastrophe of this bloody scene, we discern with painful emotion, not +merely an aggravation of the calamities of the present unjust and ruinous +war, but a prelude to the dissolution of all free government, and the establishing +of a reign of terror. Mobs, by reducing men to a state of nature, +defeat the object of every social compact. The sober citizen who trembles +in beholding the fury of the mob, seeks refuge from its dangers by joining +in its acclamations. The laws are silenced. New objects of violence +are discovered. The government of the nation and the mob government +change places with each other. The mob erects its horrid crest over the +ruins of liberty, of property, of the domestic relations of life and of civil +institutions."<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a></p> + +<p>The foregoing is a fair example of the feelings shown in New England +towards this unjustifiable war, and which culminated in the famous +Hartford convention which was accused of designing an organized resistance +to the general government, and a separation of the New England +states from the Union if the war was not stopped. The resolutions condemning +the Baltimore mob also show the change in public opinion that +had taken place in Boston during the thirty-seven years that had elapsed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +since the commencement of the Revolution in Boston, which was inaugurated +by mob violence, participated in by many who, by the strange irony +of fate, by these resolutions condemned their own actions.</p> + +<p>Mr. Quincy did not stand alone among his countrymen of that day +in a general championship of Great Britain in the hour of her extremity. +The Reverend John Sylvester, John Gardner, rector of Trinity church, +Boston, a man of great scholarship, among others lifted up his voice in +protest against unfair treatment of Great Britain by the government and +people of the United States.</p> + +<p>In a sermon at this time he said: "Though submissive and even servile +to France, to Great Britain we are eager to display our hatred and +hurl our defiance. Every petty dispute which may happen between an +American captain and a British officer is magnified into a national insult. +The land of our fathers, whence is derived the best blood of the nation, +the country to which we are chiefly indebted for our laws and knowledge +is stigmatized as a nest of pirates, plunderers and assassins. We entice +away her seamen, the very sinews of her power.</p> + +<p>"We refuse to restore them on application; we issue hostile proclamations; +we interdict her ships of war from the common rights to hospitality; +we have non-importation acts; we lay embargoes; we refuse to ratify a +treaty in which she has made great concessions to us; we dismiss her envoy +of peace who came purposely to apologize for an act unauthorized by her +government; we commit every act of hostility against her in proportion to +our means and station. Observe the conduct of the two nations and our +strange conduct. France robs us and we love her; Britain courts us and +we hate her."</p> + +<p>It was during the summer of 1812, when Jefferson truly stated that +every continental power of importance, except Russia, was allied with +Napoleon, and Great Britain stood alone to oppose them, for Russia could +not aid her if she would—her commerce paralyzed, her factories closed, +commerce and her people threatened with famine. It was at this moment +of dire extremity that Madison chose to launch his war message. His +action was eagerly supported by Jefferson, Clay and Calhoun, and the +younger members of his party.</p> + +<p>Jefferson wrote to Duane: "The acquisition of Canada this year +(1812) as far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere matter of +marching, and will give us experience for the attack on Halifax, the next +and the final expulsion of England from the American continent. Perhaps +they will burn New York or Boston. If they do, we must burn the +city of London, not by expensive fleets of Congreve rockets, but by employing +a hundred or two Jack-the-painters, whom nakedness, famine, +desperation and hardened vice will abundantly furnish from among +themselves."<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_103.jpg" width="400" height="580" alt="BURNING OF NEWARK, CANADA" title="BURNING OF NEWARK, CANADA" /> +<span class="caption">BURNING OF NEWARK, CANADA, BY UNITED STATES TROOPS.<br /> + +In retaliation for the destruction of the Public landing at Toronto and Newark, and +other villages, the public building at Washington was burned.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>Three months after making this prediction, the surrender of the +United States invading force to the British General Brock, or as Jefferson +preferred to style it, "the detestable treason of Hull," "excited," he writes, +"a deep anxiety in all breasts." A few months later we find him lamenting +that "our war on the land was commenced most inauspiciously." This +has resulted, he thinks, from the employment of generals before it +is known whether they will "stand fire" and has cost us thousands of +good men and deplorable degradation of reputation.(*) "The treachery, +cowardice, and imbecility of the men in command has sunk our spirits +at home and our character abroad."<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p> + +<p>At the commencement of the war of 1812, the whole number of British +troops in Canada was 4450, supplemented by about four thousand +Canadian militia. With this corporal guard it was necessary to protect +a frontier of over 1600 miles in length. Any part of this line was liable +to an invasion of United States troops whose lines of communication were +far superior. Moreover Great Britain was unable to send reinforcements +until after the fall of Napoleon in June, 1814, when the war was nearly +fought out.</p> + +<p>American writers have always severely criticised the British for +burning the public buildings when they captured Washington. Ex-President +Jefferson, who proposed that the criminal classes of London should +be hired to burn that city, stigmatized the burning of Washington as +"vandalism," and declared it would "immortalize the infamy" of Great +Britain. He who could contemplate with equanimity the fearful horrors +that must have resulted from the putting in practice of his monstrous +proposition to burn a city crowded with peaceful citizens, professed to be +horrified at the destruction of a few public buildings by which no man, +woman or child, was injured in person or property. With equal hypocrisy +he professed to believe that no provocation for the act was given by the +United States commanders. Upon this point he was taken to an account +by an open letter from Dr. John Strachan, afterwards Bishop of Toronto. +This letter should be preserved as long as there lives a British apologist +for the acts of the United States in the War of 1812. In part it was +as follows:</p> + +<p>"As you are not ignorant of the mode of carrying on the war adopted +by your friends, you must have known it was a small retaliation after redress +had been refused, for burnings and depredations not only of public +but private property, committed by them in Canada." In July, 1812, General +Hull invaded Upper Canada and threatened by proclamation to exterminate +the inhabitants if they made any resistance. He plundered those +with whom he had been in habits of intimacy for years before the war. +Their linen and plate were found in his possession after his surrender to +General Brock. He marked out the loyal subjects of the king as objects +of peculiar resentment, and consigned their property to pillage and +conflagration.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>In April, 1813, the public buildings at York (now Toronto) the capital +of Upper Canada, were burned by the troops of the United States contrary +to the articles of capitulation. Much private property was plundered +and several homes left in a state of ruin. Can you tell me, sir, the reason +why the public buildings and library at Washington should be held more +sacred than those at our York?</p> + +<p>In June, 1813, Newark came into possession of your army, and its +inhabitants were repeatedly promised protection to themselves and property +by General Dearborne and General Boyd. In the midst of their professions +the most respectable of them, almost all non-combatants, were +made prisoners and sent into the United States. The two churches were +burned to the ground; detachments were sent under the direction of +British traitors to pillage the loyal inhabitants in the neighborhood and +to carry them away captive. Many farm-houses were burned during the +summer and at length, to fill up the measure of iniquity, the whole of the +beautiful village of Newark was consigned to flames. The wretched inhabitants +had scarcely time to save themselves, much less any of their +property. More than four hundred women and children were exposed +without shelter on the night of the tenth of December, to the extreme cold +of a Canadian winter, and great numbers must have perished, had not +the flight of your troops, after perpetrating their ferocious act, enabled +the inhabitants of the country to come to their relief. General McClure +says he acted in conformity with the order of his government.</p> + +<p>In November, 1813, your friend General Wilkinson committed great +depredations through the eastern district of Upper Canada. The third +campaign exhibits equal enormities. General Brown laid waste the country +between Chippewa and Fort Erie, burning mills and private houses. +The pleasant village of St. David was burned by his army when about to +retreat. On the 15th of May a detachment of the American army pillaged +and laid waste as much of the adjacent country as they could reach. +They burned the village of Dover with all the mills, stores, distillery, and +dwelling houses in the vicinity, carrying away such property as was portable, +and killing the cattle.</p> + +<p>On the 16th of August, some American troops and Indians from Detroit +surprised the settlement of Port Talbot, where they committed the +most atrocious acts of violence, leaving upwards of 234 men, women and +children in a state of nakedness and want.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_105.jpg" width="400" height="588" alt="BURNING OF JAY IN EFFIGY" title="BURNING OF JAY IN EFFIGY" /> +<span class="caption">BURNING OF JAY IN EFFIGY.<br /> + +For signing the Treaty of 1797 Jay was burned in effigy. Hamilton was stoned and +the British Minister at Philadelphia insulted.</span> +</div> + +<p>On the 20th of December, a second excursion was made by the garrison +of Detroit, spreading fire and pillage through the settlements of +Upper Canada. Early in November, General McArthur, with a large +body of mounted Kentuckians and Indians, made a rapid march through +the western part of the London districts, burning all the mills, destroying +provisions and living upon the inhabitants. Other atrocities committed +by the American troops, among them the wanton destruction of a tribe +of Indians, unarmed and helpless, are detailed by Dr. Strachan. He adds, +addressing Jefferson: "This brief account of the conduct of your government +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>and army will fill the world with astonishment at the forbearance of +Great Britain."</p> + +<p>After two years and a half had been expended in vain and puerile +attacks on the "handful of soldiers" with which Great Britain was able +to resist its invasion, combined with such assistance as the patriotic Canadians +were able to afford, it was found that not only Canada could not +be conquered, but that much of the territory of the United States had +passed into the hands of the enemy, with not one foot of that enemy's +territory in their own hands to compensate for the loss.</p> + +<p>When the arms of the United States had suffered many reverses and +it became plain that they must accept the best terms from Great Britain +that they could procure, John Adams declared that he "would continue +the war forever rather than surrender one iota of the fisheries as established +by the third article of the treaty of 1783." He boasted that he +had saved the fishermen in that year, and now in 1814 he learned with +dismay that they were again lost to his country, their relinquishment being +one of the terms insisted on by the British commission as the price +of peace.</p> + +<p>The Federalists also were not easily satisfied. They admitted that peace +was a happy escape for a country with a bankrupt treasury, and all resources +dissipated. "But what," they asked, "have we gained by a war +provoked and entered into by you with such a flourish of trumpets? +Where are your 'sailors' rights?' Where is the indemnity for our impressed +seamen? How about the paper blockade? The advantages you +promised us we have not obtained. But we have lost nothing? Have we +not? What about Grand Manan and Moose Island and the fisheries and +our West Indian commerce?" So severely did Boston suffer that there +were sixty vessels captured at the entrance to the harbor by one small +fishing smack of Liverpool, Nova Scotia, cruising in Massachusetts Bay.</p> + +<p>All who were concerned in the passage of the treaty were the subjects +of the popular wrath. Jay was declared to be an "arch traitor," a +"Judas who had betrayed his country with a kiss," and was burned in +effigy in a dozen cities. Hamilton was stoned; the name of Washington +was hooted, and the British flag dragged in the mud.</p> + +<p>Edmund Quincy, in the life of his father, says, "The fall of Bonaparte, +although it occasioned as genuine joy to New England as to the mother +country herself, did not bring with it absolutely unalloyed satisfaction." +There was reason to apprehend that the English administration, triumphant +over its gigantic foe, its army and navy released from the incessant +service of so many years, might concentrate the whole of the empire upon +the power which it regarded as a volunteer ally of its mighty enemy, and +administer an exemplary chastisement. No doubt many Englishmen felt, +with Sir Walter Scott, that "it was their business to give the Americans +a fearful memento, that the babe unborn should have remembered," and +there is as little question that infinite damage might have been done to our +cities and seacoast and to the banks of our great rivers, had Great Britain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +employed her entire naval and military forces for that purpose. But happily +the English people wisely refrained from an expenditure of blood +and gold which could have no permanent good result, and which would +only serve to exasperate passions and to prolong animosities which it was +far wiser to permit to die out. It is not unlikely that the attention of +English people had been so absorbed by the mighty conflict going on at +their very doors that they had not much to spare for the distant and comparatively +obscure fields across the Atlantic, and indeed the sentiments +of the English people and the policy of English governments have never +exhibited a spirit of revengefulness. The American war was but a slight +episode in the great epic of the age. At any rate the English ministry +were content to treat with the American commissioners at Ghent and to +make a peace which left untouched the pretended occasion for the war, +over in expressive silence, and peace was concluded, leaving "sailors' +rights" the great watchword of the war party, substantially as they stood +before hostilities began, except that our fishermen were deprived of the +valuable privilege they enjoyed of catching and curing fish on the shores +of the Gulf of the St. Lawrence.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p> + +<p>The news of peace was received in Boston with great joy. It was a +day given up to rejoicing; salutes were fired; the bells rang out their +merriest peals; the volunteer companies with their bands filled the streets; +the school boys took a holiday; the wharves so long deserted were +thronged, and the melancholy ships that rotted along side them were once +more gay with flags and streamers. Thus rejoicing extended all along +the seaboard and far inland, making glad all hearts and none more +glad than those of the promoters of the war in high places and low.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p> + +<p>And so the "war of 1812" ended amid a general joy, not for what it +had accomplished, for the American forces were defeated in their invasion +of Canada, and the United States did not acquire one foot of additional +territory, or the settlement of any of the questions which were the +pretext for the war.</p> + +<p>Much that occurred during the war of 1812 has been conveniently +forgotten by American historians, and much that had not occurred, remembered. +By degrees failure was transformed into success. The new +generations were taught that in that war their fathers had won a great +victory over the whole power of Great Britain single handed and alone. +This amazing belief is still cherished among the people of the United +States, to the astonishment of well informed visitors who meet with evidence +of the fact.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER X.</h2> + +<h3><i>THE CIVIL WAR AND THE PART TAKEN BY GREAT BRITAIN IN SAME.</i></h3> + + +<p>For the first fifty years after the Revolution, the wealthy aristocratic +slave-holding Southern states governed the Union and controlled its +destiny. The acquisition of Florida and the Louisiana purchase doubled +the area of the United States, and the territory derived from the Mexican +War doubled it again. It was the intention of the South to extend slavery +over this immense territory, but they were checked in the northern +part of it by the enormous European immigration that poured into it +and prevented it from becoming slave territory. Then came the "irrepressible +conflict," the border war in Missouri and "bleeding Kansas," +the battle of Ossawatomie and Harper's Ferry raid, and the constant +pin-pricking of the abolition societies in the North, the headquarters of +which were in Boston.</p> + +<p>The presidential election of 1860 showed the South that they had +lost control of the government and that the free states were increasing +enormously in wealth and population, and that, following the example of +Great Britain, it would be only a question of time before they would +insist on abolishing slavery. Then it was that the Southerners decided to +do what their fathers had done eighty-five years before, secede and become +Dis-unionists. They could not believe that there would be any opposition +to their leaving, especially from Massachusetts, that place that +had always been foremost in disunion sentiments. Besides, had not the +Abolitionists said repeatedly in Faneuil Hall, "The Cradle of Liberty," +that if they would leave the Union they would "pave their way with +gold" to get rid of them, and did not the New York Tribune, which had +been the organ of the Abolitionists, and which now declared that "if the +cotton states wished to withdraw from the Union they should be allowed +to do so"; that "any attempt to compel them to remain by force would be +contrary to the principles of the Declaration of Independence, and to the +fundamental idea upon which human liberty is based," and that "if the +Declaration of Independence justified the secession from the British +Empire of three million subjects in 1776, it was not seen why it would +not justify the secession of five million of Southerners from the Union +in 1861." This was quite consistent with the remark of a leading Abolitionist +paper in Boston that "the Constitution was a covenant with hell." +The South also contended that even if they were not justified in becoming +Dis-unionists in 1776, they had established their right to independence +by force of arms and that when they had entered into a confederation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +with the other seceding colonies, they had never assigned any of their +rights which they had fought for, that they were sovereign, independent +states, and that the bond that bound them together was simply for self-protection +and was what the name signified "United States," and not a nation. +In proof of this they stated that when the convention met in Philadelphia +in May, 1787, for the purpose of adopting a constitution for a +stronger form of government, the first resolution presented was, "Resolved, +That it is the opinion of this committee that a national government ought +to be established, consisting of a supreme legislature, executive and judiciary." +This was followed by twenty-three other resolutions as adopted +and reported by the committee in which the word "national" occurred +twenty-six times. Mr. Ellsworth, of Connecticut moved to strike out +the word "national" and to insert the words "Government of the United +States." This was agreed to unanimously, and the word "national" was +stricken out wherever it occurred, and nowhere makes its appearance in +the Constitution finally adopted. The prompt rejection of this word +"national" is obviously much more expressive of the intent of the authors +of the Constitution than its mere absence from the Constitution +would have been. It is a clear indication that they did not mean to give +any countenance to the idea that the government which they organized +was a consolidated nationality instead of a confederacy of sovereign +members. The question of secession was first raised by men of Massachusetts, +the birthplace of secession. Colonel Timothy Pickering was one +of the leading secessionists of his day. He had been an officer in the +Revolution; afterwards Postmaster General, Secretary of War, Secretary +of State in the cabinet of General Washington and senator from +Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>Writing to a friend on December 24, 1803, he says: "I will not +despair. I will rather anticipate a new confederacy exempt from the +corrupt and corrupting influence and oppression of the aristocratic +Democrats of the South. There will be (and our children, at farthest, +will see it) a separation. The white and black population will mark the +boundary."<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p> + +<p>In another letter, written in January 29, 1804, he said: "The principles +of our Revolution point to the remedy—a separation. This can +be accomplished and without spilling one drop of blood, I have little +doubt. It must begin in Massachusetts."<a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p> + +<p>In 1811, on the bill for the admission of Louisiana as a state of the +Union, the Hon. Josiah Quincy, a member of Congress from Massachusetts, +said: "If this bill pass, it is my deliberate opinion that it is virtually +a dissolution of this Union; that it will free the states from other +moral obligations, and as it will be the right of all, so it will be the duty of +some definitely to prepare for a separation, amicably, if they can, violently +if they must."</p> + +<p>The war between the North and the South produced an abundant +crop of bitter prejudices against the mother country. This sentiment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> +was shared by the South as well as by the North. Each imagined it +had been unfairly treated by the British Government.</p> + +<p>Americans continually point to the period of the Civil war and triumphantly +declare that Englishmen were unfriendly to the United +States at that time. So they were. And Englishmen were unfriendly +to the Confederate states during that time. In fact, Englishmen did exactly +what Americans did at that time—some took the side of the North +and others took the side of the South. This it was their privilege to do. +They simply asserted the right of free men to think as they pleased, and +to express those thoughts freely. But that in so doing they showed +hostility to the United States it is false and foolish to assert. There was +neither unfriendliness nor malice. This hostility to the South, so far +as it existed, was based solely upon the existence of slavery there. That +which existed against the North was based solely upon the belief that +a stronger power was taking advantage of its strength to trample upon +the political rights of a weaker one. Any person living either North or +South at that time cannot deny that they met many examples of both +of these opinions among their respective acquaintances in both these +sections.</p> + +<p>At the commencement of the Civil War, the Queen issued a proclamation +of neutrality, forbidding the sale of munitions of war to either +party, warning her subjects against entering any blockaded port for +purposes of trade under penalty of forfeiture of vessel and cargo if +captured by either contestant.</p> + +<p>Great Britain, as well as all other civilized powers, granted to +the Confederacy belligerent rights, the same as had been accorded to +them by the United States. Many, through cupidity, were tempted to +enter into an illegal traffic with the seceded states.</p> + +<p>A writer at that time says: "It is to the disgrace of our country that +some of the goods smuggled into the Confederacy via Nassau were from +Northern ports, as for example, shiploads of pistols brought from Boston +in barrels of lard." There was also a considerable trade between Boston +and Confederate ports via Halifax during the war, as well as an +immense amount of contraband trade along the border even by the United +States officials, as for example, the exploits of General Benjamin F. +Butler while in command at Norfolk, Va., in 1864. If citizens of the +United States, even those of Massachusetts, the home of the abolitionists, +entered into this traffic, what could be expected of Great Britain with her +mills closed and thousands of operatives obliged to resort to the poor +rates for subsistence, because she was prevented from buying cotton +with which the wharves of the Southern states were loaded down awaiting +shipment. It was claimed by Unionists that the British ministry and +aristocracy, from political and commercial considerations, openly and +heartily sympathized with the South, and that, under the friendly flag +of Great Britain, secessionists and blockade-runners were welcomed and +assisted in the nefarious traffic; that this unfriendliness of the British +government at that time furnished a solid foundation upon which the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +rebellion rested their hopes, thereby protracting the war. It should not +be forgotten, however, that the Queen and the royal family stood faithfully +by the Union in the days of its sorest peril, and refused to listen to +the importunities of the French emperor, to recognize the Southern Confederacy +and open the southern ports.</p> + +<p>France, having taken advantage of the Civil War, set the Monroe +Doctrine at defiance and conquered Mexico. Her remaining there depended +on the success of the Confederacy, as after events proved. Had +Great Britain listened to France and joined her in recognizing the Southern +Confederacy, the South would have surely succeeded. It is generally +admitted that the strict blockade of the Southern ports is what defeated +the Confederacy. It is due to Great Britain that the United States is not +dismembered. It should be remembered that during the Civil War the +great body of British workmen were on the side of the North. Even +in the cotton famine districts they preferred to starve rather than have +the Southern ports opened whereby they could obtain an abundance of +cotton, thereby relieving their sore necessities.</p> + +<p>It is also true that the Confederacy had many friends in Great Britain; +that Gladstone, the great Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer, so +far forgot what was due to his position as to make a speech in which he +said "he expected the liberation of the slaves by their own masters +sooner than from the North; that Jefferson Davis and the leaders of the +South have made an army; they are soon, I understand, to have a navy, +but greater than all this, they have made a nation."</p> + +<p>It must be admitted that in building a navy the government connived +at the building of cruisers, such as the Alabama, in British shipyards, +for which they had to pay dearly afterwards. In answer to this speech +of Gladstone, the robust yet tender tones of John Bright's voice rang out +for the Northern cause in the darkest hour of the Civil War. His voice +was heard with no uncertain sound when he uttered his indignant protest +at anything like a reception being tendered Mason and Slidell on +their release. John Bright for a long time sustained the enormous loss +of keeping his mills open at hast half time with no material to work with. +There he stood, all Quaker as he was, praying that the North might not +stay its hand till the last slave was freed, even if no bales of cotton were +sent to relieve his grievious losses protesting against outside interference. +When the day came that marked the passing away of this venerable patriot, +one of earth's greatest and best, an attempt was made in Congress +to pass a vote of sympathy to his family and to the shame and disgrace +of the United States it must be said that Congress refused to pay even this +poor tribute to the memory of the best friend the United States had in +the whole wide world in the hour of her great distress. This was done +because it would be "offensive to the Irish." John Bright could see no +difference between dis-union in the United States and dis-union in the +United Kingdom. He had written to Mr. Gladstone concerning Parnell, +Dillon, O'Brien, etc., saying, "You deem them patriots; I hold them not +to be patriots, but conspirators against the crown and government of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +United Kingdom." These men were afterwards found guilty of criminal +conspiracy and Parnell was received with honor on the floor of Congress.</p> + +<p>Henry Ward Beecher stated that during the American Civil War +there were thousands of mass meetings held in Great Britain in favor of +the Union cause, and not one in favor of the Confederacy.</p> + +<p>Jefferson Davis complained bitterly of the action of Great Britain. +He says "The partiality of Her Majesty's government in favor of our +enemies was further evinced in the marked difference of its conduct on +the subject of the purchase of supplies by the two belligerents. This +difference was conspicuous from the commencement of the war."(*) +Great Britain endeavored to deal justly with both parties in the contest, +but pleased neither and was blamed by both. This is probably the best evidence +that can be given to show the impartiality of Great Britain in the +great Civil War, and it is safe to say that there were ten times more +British subjects serving in the Northern armies than there were in the +Southern.</p> + +<p>As previously stated, Great Britain has been greatly blamed by +American historians for her treatment of American prisoners of war +during the Revolution, and at Dartmouth prison in the war of 1812. In +view of these facts it will be interesting to see how the Americans treated +their prisoners when at war between themselves in the Civil War of +1861. One of the worst cases recorded in the history of the world is +that of Andersonville. The first prisoners were received there in March, +1864. From that time till March, 1865, the deaths were 13,000 out of a +total of 50,000 or 26 per cent. This enormous loss of life was due to the +fact that in order to subjugate the South their crops were destroyed, +their fields devastated, their railroads broken up, which interrupted their +means of transportation, which reduced their people, troops and prisoners +to the most straitened condition for food. If the troops in the +field were in a half-starved condition, certainly the prisoners would fare +worse.(*) The Confederates have been blamed for this enormous loss of +life, but when the facts are examined it is found that it was due to the +cold-blooded policy of the Federal Government, who would not exchange +prisoners for the atrocious reason set forth in the dispatch from General +Grant to General Butler, dated West Point, August 18, 1864.</p> + +<p>General Grant says: "On the subject of exchange, however, I differ +from General Hitchcock. It is hard on our men in Southern prisons not +to exchange them, but it is humanity to those left in the ranks to fight +our battles. Every man released on parole or otherwise becomes an active +soldier against us at once, either directly or indirectly. If we commence +a system of exchange, which liberates all prisoners taken, we will have +to fight on till the whole South is exterminated. If we hold those caught, +they amount to no more than dead men. At this particular time to release +all rebel prisoners North would insure Sherman's defeat and would +compromise our safety."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>What brought forth this letter was a statement made by the Confederate +government concerning the excessive mortality prevailing among +the prisoners of Andersonville. As no answer was received, another +communication was sent on Aug. 22, 1864 to Major General E. A. Hitchcock, +United States Commissioner of Exchange, concerning the same +proposal. But again no answer was made. One final effort was made +to obtain an exchange. Jefferson Davis sent a delegation of prisoners +from Andersonville to Washington. "It was of no avail. They were +made to understand that the interest of the government required that they +should return to prison and President Lincoln refused to see them. +They carried back the sad tidings that their government held out no +hope of their release."<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p> + +<p>Up to this time the mortality among the prisoners had been far +greater in the Northern prisons than in the Southern prisons, notwithstanding +there was an abundance of food and clothing and medical supplies +in the North. In proof of this it is only necessary to offer two facts. +First, the report of the Secretary of War, E. M. Stanton, made on July +19, 1866, shows that of all the prisoners held by the Confederates during +the war, only 22,576 died, while of the prisoners held by the Federal +government, 26,246 died.</p> + +<p>Second, the official report of Surgeon General Barnes, an officer +of the U. S. Government, stated that the number of Confederate prisoners +in their hands amounted to 220,000. The number of U. S. prisoners +in Confederate hands amounted to 270,000. Thus out of 270,000 +held by the Confederates 22,000 died, and of the 220,000 Confederates +held in the North, 26,000 died. Thus 12 per cent of the Confederates +died in Northern prisons and only 9 per cent U. S. prisoners died in the +South.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<h3><i>RECONCILIATION. THE DISMEMBERED EMPIRE RE-UNITED IN BONDS OF +FRIENDSHIP. "BLOOD IS THICKER THAN WATER."</i></h3> + + +<p>It is well known and now acknowledged that for the past hundred +years it has been the deliberate and well considered policy of the United +States to eradicate everything British from the country to the north of us.</p> + +<p>During the Canadian rebellion of 1837, as well as during the Fenian +raid of 1866, the American frontier was openly allowed to be made a +base of operation against British North America.</p> + +<p>Canada has always claimed that she has been deprived of enormous +areas of territory by the United States through sharp practice and unjustifiable +means, especially in Oregon, Maine and Alaska. The most +notable case of duplicity on the part of the United States was that of the +Northeast boundary settled under the Ashburton Treaty of Washington +in 1842. After a bitter controversy it was left out to arbitration for the +King of the Netherlands to decide. The award was accepted by Great +Britain and rejected by the United States. The question remained in +abeyance for two years, during which there was imminent danger of a +collision and of war. Military posts were simultaneously established and +rashly advanced into the wild country which both parties claimed as their +own. Redoubts and blockhouses were erected at several points. Reinforcement +of troops from either side poured in. The public mind in the +United States became inflamed by the too ready cry of "British outrage," +proclaimed in all quarters by the reckless politicians of both parties in +order to lash the national spirit into fury. The people in the whole length +and breadth of the Union were, to a man, convinced of the justice of their +claim and of the manifest wrong intended by Great Britain. The Nation +at large was ready and anxious for war, and had a skirmish taken place +on the frontier involving the death of a dozen men during the so-called +"Aroostook War," the whole country would have rushed to war and +plunged the two nations into hostilities, the end of which no man then +living could have foreseen.</p> + +<p>During this trouble, the English people were quite calm and almost +apathetic. With a vague notion of the locality of the disputed territory, +a total ignorance of the merits or demerits of the dispute, and a profound +contempt of the blustering and abuse of American politicians and newspapers, +they were perfectly content to leave affairs in the hands of the +government.</p> + +<p>Finally a joint commission was appointed from the States of Maine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> +and Massachusetts (both having rights in the disputed territory) and sent +to Washington to negotiate a treaty with Lord Ashburton, a nobleman +well adapted to the occasion from his connection by marriage, and property +in the United States.</p> + +<p>The odds were greatly against the British negotiator. His principal +adversary was Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, who in one of his +letters said: "I must be permitted to say that few questions have arisen +under this government in regard to which a stronger or more general +conviction was felt that the country was in the right than this question of +the northeast boundary." He reiterated his own belief in "the justice of +the claim which arose from our honest conviction that it was founded in +truth and accorded with the intention of the negotiators of the treaty of +1783." The whole of the disputed territory amounted to 6,750,000 acres. +At last a compromise was effected which granted to Great Britain 3,337,000 +acres, and to the United States 3,413,000 acres, and acknowledged the +title of England to all the military positions upon the frontier, and 700,000 +acres more was awarded her than was assigned to her by the King of the +Netherlands.</p> + +<p>But the decision of the Commissioners suited neither party. The +factions in England pronounced Lord Ashburton to have been sold, and +those in America declared that Webster had been bought. The most violent +opposition to the treaty was made; every part of it was denounced, +and it became at last doubtful if the Senate would ratify it. That final +consummation was, however, suddenly effected in a most remarkable manner, +the Senate coming to its decision by an unexpected majority of thirty-nine +to nine, after several days of secret debate. The sanction of the +Queen and the British government had been given without hesitation and +the people on both sides of the Atlantic were well satisfied with the termination +of the long and virulent dispute, and the Northeastern Boundary +Question would have sunk into the archives of diplomatic history, but +truth like murder will out, and it so happened that Mr. Thomas Colley +Grattan, British Consul for Massachusetts<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> who, at the request of the +commissioners, had accompanied them to Washington to assist them in +their negotiation, had the fortune to discover after the treaty was signed, +the duplicity of the Senate during their secret debates leading to the ratification +of the treaty. He says: "My informant gave unmeasured expression +to his indignation, which he assured me was fully shared in by his +friends, Judge Story and Dr. Channing. Judge Story expressed himself +without reserve on Webster's conduct as a 'most disgraceful proceeding.'" +Other gentlemen of Boston entirely coincided in these opinions.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 608px;"> +<img src="images/illo_115.jpg" width="608" height="400" alt="Map of the Boundary Line between Maine and New Brunswick." title="Map of the Boundary Line between Maine and New Brunswick." /> +<span class="caption">Map of the Boundary Line between Maine and New Brunswick.</span> +</div> + +<p>"It is obvious to all persons familiar with boundary disputes that the +most important evidence in such disputes is founded on surveys and maps. +Early in the controversy there was a strange disappearance of the one in +the archives of the State Department, that had been transmitted by Franklin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> +to Jefferson in October, 1790, with the true boundary line traced on +it. It was, therefore, with great astonishment that I learned from the +confidential communication just alluded to that during the whole of the +negotiations at Washington, while the highest functionaries of the American +Government were dealing with Lord Ashburton with seeming frankness +and integrity, pledging their faith for a perfect conviction of the justice +of their claim to the territory which was in dispute. Mr. Webster +had in his possession and had communicated to them all—President, Cabinet, +Commissioners and Senate—the highest evidence which the case admitted, +that the United States had never had a shadow of right to any +part of the territory which they had so pertinaciously claimed for nearly +fifty years. This evidence, as my conscientious informant told me, was +nothing less than a copy of an original map presented by Dr. Franklin to +Count de Vergennes, the Minister of Louis XVI, on December 6, 1782 +(six days after the preliminaries of the treaty of Paris of 1783 were +signed) tracing the boundary, as agreed upon by himself and the other commissioners, +with a strong red line south of the St. John, and exactly where +a similar line appears in an unauthenticated map discovered in London +subsequent to Lord Ashburton's departure on his mission."</p> + +<p>Public attention being aroused by the statements made by the British +Consul to his government, the injunction of secrecy imposed by the Senate +on its members was dissolved, and permission was given for the +publication of the speeches made in secret session of August 17-19, 1842. +The most important of those speeches was that of Mr. Rives, chairman +of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. His principal argument was that +if they did not sign the treaty, the dispute would be referred to a second +arbitration with very great danger of their losing the whole, Mr. Webster, +the Secretary of State, having sent to him to be laid before the Senate +a communication and a copy of the map presented by Dr. Franklin +to Count de Vergennes. In short, it is exactly the line contended for by +Great Britain except that it concedes more than is claimed. When this +communication was read, Senator Benton informed the Senate that he +could produce a map of higher validity than the one referred to. He accordingly +repaired to the library of Congress and soon returned with a +map which there is no doubt was the one sent by Franklin to Jefferson +already alluded to as having been surreptitiously removed from the archives +of the State Department some years before. The moment it was +examined it was found to sustain, by the most precise and remarkable +correspondence in every feature, the map communicated by Mr. Webster. +Mr. Benton then stated that "if the maps were really authentic the +concealment of them was a fraud on the British, and that the Senate +was insulted by being a party to the fraud," and further that "if evidence +had been discovered which deprived Maine of the title to one-third of its +territory, honor required that it should be made known to the British."</p> + +<p>The sudden acceptance of the treaty was in consequence of the evidence +of the maps, and the conviction of all concerned that a discovery of their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> +existence before the conclusion of a treaty would have given irresistible +strength to the English claims.</p> + +<p>Calhoun said: "It would be idle to suppose that these disclosures +would not weigh heavily against the United States in any future +negotiations."</p> + +<p>The settlement of the Oregon boundary question again showed +American hatred of England to be chronic. The question finally resolved +itself into whether the threat of 54.40 or fight should be carried out, +(a threat to deprive Canada of access to the Pacific Ocean and the possession +of most of the enormous wheat fields now being developed in the +northwest) or to fight Mexico and extend its boundaries to the South instead +of the north. This latter scheme suited the slaveholders best who +were then in power. The United States government then entered into a +war with Mexico, one of the most unjustifiable contests ever entered +into by a civilized nation. By this war of conquest the United States +nearly doubled its territory. It must be said to the credit of New England +that she would not take any part in this war any more than she did +in the war of 1812.</p> + +<p>When confederation of the Canadian provinces occurred in 1867, +there was placed on record in the House of Representatives at Washington +that it was disapproved and that the House regarded the Act of +Confederation as a menace to the United States. For a hundred years +after the Revolution it had been the policy of the United States to force +Canada into annexation, and it was considered that she would be more +likely to come into the Union if she was harrassed by a high tariff, +boundary and fishing disputes, but now it is known to have been all +wrong. The factors worked out just the reverse. Conditions have arrived +that were little foreseen until within ten years. The American people +have recognized the fact that a great change has taken place in +Canada which materially effects the relation between Canada and the +United States. Mr. Root, U. S. Secretary of State, recently said:</p> + +<p>"Canada is no longer the outlying northern country in which a fringe +of descendants of royalists emigrating from the colonies when they became +independent of Great Britain, lived and gained a precarious subsistence +from a fertile soil. It has become the home of a great people +increasing in population and wealth. The stirrings of a national sentiment +are to be felt. In their relations to England one can see that while still +loyal to their mother country, still a loyal part of the British Empire, they +are growing up, and, as the boy is to his parents when he attains manhood, +they are a personality of themselves. In their relations to us they have +become a sister nation. With their enormous national wealth, with their +vigor and energy following the pathway that we have followed, protecting +their industries as we have protected ours, proud of their country as +we are proud of ours, they are no longer the little remnants upon our +borders; they are a great and powerful sister nation."</p> + +<p>For years after the Civil War there came from the press, from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +lecture platform, and from the political rostrum, the most relentless abuse +of Great Britain and everything British. Lecturers gave their audiences +vivid descriptions of the Revolution and the war of 1812, in which American +valor was always rated high and British brutality was held up to scorn. +These lectures were frequently of thrilling interest because the speakers +were not handicapped by matters so paltry as facts of history. But the +most formidable batteries of wrath were trained against everything +British from the political stump. The iron-lunged orators told of the iniquity +of England, of its infamous tariff laws, the oppression of Ireland, +etc. He was but a poor speaker who could not enliven a political meeting +by twisting the tail of the British lion. All this is now changed. It was +brought about by President Cleveland's Venezuelian message of December, +1895, and the Spanish War. When the Venezuelian episode occurred, +England was believed to be isolated and without an ally. It proved that +war could be declared against Great Britain at any time, in ten minutes, +upon any pretext. The insolent message fell upon every one in England, +from Lord Salisbury down, as a bolt from the blue sky. Englishmen +were as innocent as babes of intentional offence to the United States. +They had no conception that there existed in the United States such latent +irritation or antagonism as under the first provocation would lead to +an almost open avowal of national enmity. It, however, happily disclosed +the fact that there still existed in the United States a numerous highly +educated and conservative element (not dissimilar to the vanished Loyalists +of the last century) in which one seldom finds a trace of antagonism to +the old mother country. Following the message, magazine reviews, the +public press, and the pulpit overflowed with a brilliant series of public +utterances and these soon checked the noisy approving outbursts of a +reckless half-educated majority to obtain whose votes at the next election +undoubtedly prompted the presumptuous interference of the chief of the +Republic and the unfriendly tone of his message.</p> + +<p>Within three years after the message a wonderful change came over +the people of the United States. The Spanish War had taken +place and instead of finding Great Britain to be the hereditary enemy of +the United States, which they had been taught in the school histories to +believe, it was found that among the great powers of the world, Great +Britain was the only friend which the United States had, and that "blood +was thicker than water." It was discovered that the nations were envious +of the great Republic, and that Britain alone was proud of her eldest +daughter. It was remarked to the writer by a Spanish officer shortly +after the surrender of Porto Rico: "But mind you, this from an old man +who has studied history. You would never have had these islands had +not England stepped in at the beginning of the trouble and said to all the +nations of the world, 'Allow me to present my daughter, America.'" It +was found, too, that the "traditional friendship" of Russia was of but +little account at that time.</p> + +<p>It was Russia that eagerly became the spokesman for envious Europe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +and gave voice to the words: "Now is the time for us to combine and crush +this huge American monster before she becomes too strong for all of us, +as she is already too strong for any one of us." It was Russia that planned +to have the "concert of Europe" warn us that we were not to pose as +champion of any other American people against any form of misrule by +Europe—and that we were not to dare to meddle in Europe on any +pretext.</p> + +<p>She failed because England refused to join the league, or to enter with +the other powers into a naval demonstration before Cuba, but so long as +the war lasted with Spain the Russian diplomats kept pounding at every +backdoor in Europe with an insistence that something be done to cut our +comb, or make trouble or lose us the friendship of England. Our people in +Washington know all this. They know also the behavior of the Russian +minister at Washington who thought to poison us against England in the +very days when we were buying in that country and shipping in secret +from that country the vital necessities which the war demanded and which +we had not got; when great steamers were found abandoned off New +York loaded with contraband of war, cannon, arms, ammunition, etc., and +towed into port by United States warships; when coal and ammunition +were left on desert islands in the Philippines by British warships for the +use of the United States navy; when England's fleet at Manila stood +ready to take sides with Dewey and to open fire, to begin war on the Germans +should occasion arise. American naval officers who were there +know these facts to be true, and it is very significant that the Navy Department +has not published the correspondence between it and Admiral +Dewey at that time. We are hated all over the continent of Europe. Paris +made a fete day when she imagined Sampson's fleet was destroyed.</p> + +<p>The Germans hate us for taking 3,000,000 fighting men away from +them, and also because we prevented them from purchasing the Philippines +from Spain, and because the Monroe doctrine prevents them from +obtaining colonies or naval stations in the Western Hemisphere. The +Austrians hate us for humiliating Spain. There is not a country to the +south of us but what hates us. Every republic in South America would +put a knife in our back if the opportunity occurs.</p> + +<p>Very significant, too, was the reception and banquet given at Windsor +Castle in 1896 by Queen Victoria to the Ancient and Honorable Artillery +Company of Boston—the oldest military organization in the Western +Hemisphere—and the grand reception they received everywhere they +went in England. It was a revelation to the Americans, as every one of +them acknowledged, to receive such marked expression of kindliness and +brotherhood at the old home. It was something they did not expect. The +company more than reciprocated when the parent company, The Honourable +Artillery of London, visited Boston in 1903. Once more were seen +armed British sailors and soldiers marching through Boston's streets under +the British flag, the buildings along the entire route beautifully decorated, +and the visitors received with vociferous welcome wherever they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +went. We will hope that something even better and more substantial may +yet come to us, when the United States and Great Britain will be allied in +amity as firm as that which now holds together these federal states. "Old +prejudices should be cast aside; the English-speaking states recognizing +their kinship, should knit bonds together around the world, forming a +kingly brotherhood inspired by beneficence, to which supreme dominion +in the earth would be sure to fall; for whatever may be said today for +other stocks, the 135,000,000 of English-speaking men have been able to +make themselves masters of the world to an extent which no people has +thus far approached.</p> + +<p>"If love would but once unite, the seas could never sever. Earth has +never beheld a co-mingling of men, so impressive, so likely to be frought +with noble advantages through ages to come, as would be the coming together +of English-speaking men in one cordial bond."<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></p> + +<p>The statesmen of Britain and America can do no worthier service +than to find a way by which their strength may be combined to secure the +peace of the world and the betterment of mankind. It is not necessary +that their governments should be unified, or even that any hard and fast +treaty obligation incurred. It is only necessary that they should agree to +be friends and to stand by each other in all that will further these great +objects. They alone of all the nations can do this and that they ought +to do it few will deny. Both must forget certain bitterness born of the +past and certain jealousies growing out of the greatness of both.</p> + +<p>What Great Britain is doing for the many peoples under her care and +what this nation is doing for the few outside our borders that we have in +hand we might unitedly do for a great portion of the globe and its inhabitants. +This combination must be strong enough to check certain highwaymen +in international relations and to install a wholesome regard for +human rights. Such an outcome of present friendliness will not be +achieved in a day or generation. But it will come; it must come. Asia +and the continent of Europe may become Chinese or Cossack, but the +English-speaking race shall rule over every other land and all the islands +and every sea.</p> + +<p>The present time is a critical period in the life of the American Republic, +and therefore in the life of the world. The impotence of the federal +government to stop strike disturbances, lynchings and disfranchisements, +the growing power of an oligarchial and plutocratic Senate, and +the perils of imperialism are disquieting enough, but worst of all is the +evil of party rule and party strife.</p> + +<p>Washington abhorred party and regarded it as a disease which he +hoped to avert by putting federalists and anti-federalists in his cabinet +together. The intuition of the founders of the Republic was that the +president should be elected by a chosen body of select and responsible citizens, +but since the Jacksonian era, nomination and election have been completely +in the hands of the Democracy at large, and the election has been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +performed by a process of national agitation and conflict which sets at +work all the forces of political intrigue and corruption on the most +enormous scale, besides filling the country with persons almost as violent +and anti-social as those of the Civil War.</p> + +<p>The qualification for public office from that of president down to that +of a member of a city council in national, state or city politics is not a +question of which man is most worthy of public confidence. It is no +longer eminence but availability. The great aim of each party is to +prevent the country from being successfully governed by its rival. Each +will do anything to catch votes and anything rather than lose them. Government +consequently is at the mercy of any organization which has votes +on a large scale to sell, or corporations that will freely contribute its funds. +The Grand Army of the Republic is thus enabled to levy upon the nation +tribute to the amount of a hundred and fifty million dollars each year, +thirty-six years after the war, although General Grant at the close of the +war said that the pensions should never exceed seven millions each year. +And now both parties in their platform promise their countenance to this +exaction.</p> + +<p>The recent exposures of the millions contributed by the trusts, tariff +protected industries, life insurance companies, etc., to the campaign funds +has astonished the world. The history of the most corrupt monarchies +could hardly furnish a more monstrous case of financial abuse, to say +nothing of the effect upon national character.</p> + +<p>Each party machine has a standing army of wire pullers with an apparatus +of intrigue and corruption to the support of which holders of +office under government are assessed. The boss is a recognized authority, +and mastery of unscrupulous intrigue is his avowed qualification for his +place. The pest of partyism invades all the large cities of the country. +New York is made the plunder of the thieves of one party and Philadelphia +of thieves of the other. It is surely impossible that any nation should +endure such a system forever. A nation which deliberately gives itself up +to government by faction, under the name of party, signs its own doom. +The end may be delayed but it is sure. The American people undoubtedly +have the political wisdom and force to deal with this crisis, but there +is no evidence that these qualities are being brought to bear on the situation +nor is there any great man arisen to lead the reform.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p> +<h2>PART II.</h2> + +<h3>BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES</h3> + +<p class="center">of the</p> + +<h3>LOYALISTS OF MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">with</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">The Addresses to Governor Hutchinson. The Conspiracy Act; +and Resolution, relating to the banishing and confiscation of +the estates of the Absentees, and Refugees, and a list of the +Loyalists that went to Halifax on the evacuation of Boston.</span></p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p> +<h2>The Loyalists of Massachusetts</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>WHO WERE THE INHABITANTS OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES AT THE TIME OF THE REVOLUTION?</h3> + + +<p>The first and second chapters of this work treated of the settlement +of Massachusetts and the framing and establishing of that social system +and form of government which through successive generations, the settlers +and their descendants took part, which culminated in the Revolution. +The founders of Massachusetts and of all New England, were almost +entirely Englishmen. Their emigration to New England began in 1620, +it was inconsiderable till 1630, at the end of ten years more it almost +ceased. A people consisting at that time of not many more than twenty +thousand persons, thenceforward multiplied on its own soil, in remarkable +seclusion from other communities, for nearly two centuries. Such exceptions +to this statement are of small account. In 1651 after the battle +of Dunbar, Cromwell sent some four or five hundred of his Scotch +prisoners to Boston, but very little trace of this accession is left. After +the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, about one hundred and +fifty families of French Huguenots came to Massachusetts; their names +and a considerable number of their posterity are yet to be found. A hundred +and twenty Scotch-Irish families, came over in 1719 and settled in +Boston, and New Hampshire. Some slight emigrations from it took +place at an early date, but they soon discontinued, and it was not till after +the Revolution that those swarms began to depart, which have since +occupied so large a portion of the territory of the United States. During +that long period their identity was unimpaired. No race has ever +been more homogeneous than this, at the outbreak of the Revolution, and +for many years later. Thus the people of New England was a singularly +unmixed race. There was probably not a county in England occupied +by a population of purer English blood than theirs. Down to the +eve of the war in 1775, New England had little knowledge of the communities +which took part in that conflict with her. Till the time of the +Boston Port Bill, Massachusetts and Virginia, the two principal English +settlements, had with each other scarcely more relations of acquaintance, +business, mutual influence, or common action, than either of them had +with Bermuda or Barbados.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>During the latter part of the nineteenth century vast numbers of +Irish, and next to them German, came to New England, so at the time +of writing, 1908, it is claimed that one half of the inhabitants of Boston +are Irish, or of Irish parentage. During the past ten years the places +of the Irish are being taken by the Italians, Jews, Portuguese, Greeks, +Armenians, French Canadians, and others. The reader will see from +the foregoing that the contestants in Massachusetts during the Revolutionary +war were a race representing a peculiar type of the Englishmen of +the seventeenth century who, sequestrated from foreign influences formed +a distinct character by their own discipline, and was engaged in a +work within itself, on its own problem, through a century and a half, +and which terminated in the Revolutionary War, that dismembered the +Empire. That the foregoing statement concerning the purity of the +race at the time of the Revolution is a correct one, is shown in the following +biographies of the Loyalists of Massachusetts, for in nearly every +case their ancestry date back to that of the first settlers, through several +generations.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Addressers.</span></p> + +<p>The importance of the following addressers is out of all proportion to +their apparent significance. They are an indispensable genesis to the +history of the Loyalists. For the next seven years the Addressers were +held up to their countrymen as traitors and enemies to their country. In +the arraignments, which soon began, the Loyalists were convicted not +out of their mouths, but out of their addresses. The ink was hardly dry +upon the parchment before the persecution began against all those who +would not recant, and throughout the long years of the war, the crime +of an addresser grew in its enormity, and they were exposed to the perils +of tarring and feathering, the horrors of Simbury mines, a gaol or a +gallows.</p> + + +<h4>ADDRESS OF THE MERCHANTS AND OTHERS OF BOSTON +TO GOV. HUTCHINSON.</h4> + +<p class="signature"> +<i>Boston</i>, May 30, 1774.<br /> +</p> + +<p>We, merchants and traders of the town of Boston, and others, do +now wait on you, in the most respectful manner, before your departure +for England, to testify, for ourselves the entire satisfaction we feel at +your wise, zealous, and faithful administration, during the few years that +you have presided at the head of this province. Had your success been +equal to your endeavors, and to the warmest wishes of your heart, we +cannot doubt that many of the evils under which we now suffer, would +have been averted, and that tranquility would have been restored +to this long divided province; but we assure ourselves that +the want of success in those endeavors will not abate your<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +good wishes when removed from us, or your earnest exertions still on +every occasion to serve the true interest of this your native country.</p> + +<p>While we lament the loss of so good a governor, we are greatly +relieved that his Majesty, in his gracious favor, hath appointed as your +successor a gentleman who, having distinguished himself in the long command +he hath held in another department, gives us the most favorable +prepossessions of his future administration.</p> + +<p>We greatly deplore the calamities that are impending and will soon +fall on this metropolis, by the operation of a late act of Parliament for +shutting up the port on the first of next month. You cannot but be +sensible, sir, of the numberless evils that will ensue to the province in +general, and the miseries and distresses into which it will particularly involve +this town, in the course of a few months. Without meaning to arraign +the justice of the British Parliament, we could humbly wish that +this act had been couched with less rigor, and that the execution of it +had been delayed to a more distant time, that the people might have had +the alternative either to have complied with the conditions therein set +forth, or to have submitted to the consequent evils on refusal; but as it +now stands, all choice is precluded, and however disposed to compliance +or concession the people may be, they must unavoidably suffer very +great calamities before they can receive relief. Making restitution for +damage done to the property of the East India Company, or to the property +of any individual, by the outrage of the people, we acknowledge +to be just; and though we have ever disavowed, and do now solemnly +bear our testimony against such lawless proceedings, yet, considering +ourselves as members of the same community, we are fully disposed to +bear our proportions of those damages, whenever the sum and the manner +of laying it can be ascertained. We earnestly request that you, sir, +who know our condition, and have at all times displayed the most benevolent +disposition towards us, will, on your arrival in England, interest +yourself in our behalf, and make such favorable representations of our +case, as that we may hope to obtain speedy and effectual relief.</p> + +<p>May you enjoy a pleasant passage to England; and under all the +mortifications you have patiently endured, may you possess the inward +and consolatory testimonies of having discharged your trust with fidelity +and honor, and receive those distinguishing marks of his Majesty's royal +approbation and favor, as may enable you to pass the remainder of your +life in quietness and ease, and preserve your name with honor to posterity.</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="merchants"> +<tr><td align="left">William Blair,</td><td align="left">John Greenlaw,</td><td align="left">Theophilus Lillie,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">James Selkrig,</td><td align="left">Benjamin Clark,</td><td align="left">Miles Whitworth,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Archibald Wilson,</td><td align="left">William McAlpine,</td><td align="left">James McEwen,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jeremiah Green,</td><td align="left">Jonathan Snelling,</td><td align="left">William Codner,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel H. Sparhawk,</td><td align="left">James Hall,</td><td align="left">James Perkins,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Joseph Turill,</td><td align="left">William Dickson,</td><td align="left">John White,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Roberts & Co.,</td><td align="left">John Winslow, jr.,</td><td align="left">Robert Jarvis,</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>William Perry,</td><td align="left">Joseph Scott,</td><td align="left">Thomas Aylwin,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jas. & Pat. McMasters,</td><td align="left">Samuel Minot,</td><td align="left">William Bowes,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">William Coffin,</td><td align="left">Benjamin M. Holmes,</td><td align="left">Gregory Townsend,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Simeon Stoddard, jr.,</td><td align="left">Archibald McNiel,</td><td align="left">Francis Green,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Powell,</td><td align="left">George Leonard,</td><td align="left">Philip Dumaresq,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Henry Laughton,</td><td align="left">John Borland,</td><td align="left">Harrison Gray,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Eliphalet Pond,</td><td align="left">Joshua Loring, jr.,</td><td align="left">Peter Johonnot,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">M. B. Goldthwait,</td><td align="left">William Jackson,</td><td align="left">George Erving,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Peter Hughes,</td><td align="left">James Anderson,</td><td align="left">Joseph Green,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Hughes,</td><td align="left">David Mitchelson,</td><td align="left">John Vassall,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Semple,</td><td align="left">Abraham Savage,</td><td align="left">Nathaniel Coffin,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hopestill Capen,</td><td align="left">James Asby,</td><td align="left">John Timmins,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Edward King,</td><td align="left">John Inman,</td><td align="left">William Tailor,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Byfield Lynde,</td><td align="left">John Coffin,</td><td align="left">Thomas Brinley,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">George Lynde,</td><td align="left">Thomas Knight,</td><td align="left">Harrison Gray, jr.,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">A. F. Phipps,</td><td align="left">Benjamin Green, jr.,</td><td align="left">John Taylor,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rufus Green,</td><td align="left">David Green,</td><td align="left">Gilbert Deblois,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">David Phips,</td><td align="left">Benjamin Green,</td><td align="left">Joshua Winslow,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Richard Smith,</td><td align="left">Henry H. Williams,</td><td align="left">Daniel Hubbard,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">George Spooner,</td><td align="left">James Warden,</td><td align="left">Hugh Turbett,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Daniel Silsby,</td><td align="left">Nathaniel Coffin, jr.,</td><td align="left">Henry Lyddell,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">William Cazneau,</td><td align="left">Silvester Gardiner,</td><td align="left">Nathaniel Cary,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">James Forrest,</td><td align="left">John S. Copley,</td><td align="left">George Brinley,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Edward Cox,</td><td align="left">Edward Foster,</td><td align="left">Richard Lechmere,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Berry,</td><td align="left">Colbourn Burrell,</td><td align="left">John Erving, jr.,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Richard Hirons,</td><td align="left">Nathaniel Greenwood,</td><td align="left">Thomas Gray,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ziphion Thayer,</td><td align="left">William Burton,</td><td align="left">George Bethune,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Joy,</td><td align="left">John Winslow,</td><td align="left">Thomas Apthorp,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Joseph Goldthwait,</td><td align="left">Isaac Winslow, jr.,</td><td align="left">Ezekial Goldthwaite,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Prince,</td><td align="left">Thomas Oliver,</td><td align="left">Benjamin Gridley,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jonathan Simpson,</td><td align="left">Henry Bloye,</td><td align="left">John Atkinson,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">James Boutineau,</td><td align="left">Benjamin Davis,</td><td align="left">Ebenezer Bridgham,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nathaniel Hatch,</td><td align="left">Isaac Winslow,</td><td align="left">John Gore,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Martin Gay,</td><td align="left">Lewis Deblois,</td><td align="left">Adino Paddock.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<h4>ADDRESS OF THE BARRISTERS AND ATTORNEYS OF +MASSACHUSETTS TO GOV. HUTCHINSON, MAY, 30, 1774.</h4> + +<p>A firm persuasion of your inviolable attachment to the real interest +of this your native country, and of your constant readiness, by every +service in your power, to promote its true welfare and prosperity, will, +we flatter ourselves, render it not improper in us, barristers and attorneys at +law in the province of Massachusetts Bay, to address your Excellency +upon your removal from us with this testimonial of our sincere respect +and esteem.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>The various important characters of Legislator, Judge and first +Magistrate over this province, in which, by the suffrages of your fellow-subjects, +and by the royal favor of the best of kings, your great abilities, +adorned with a uniform purity of principle, and integrity of conduct, +have been eminently distinguished, must excite the esteem and demand +the grateful acknowledgements of every true lover of his country, and +friend to virtue.</p> + +<p>The present perplexed state of our public affairs, we are sensible, +must render your departure far less disagreeable to you than it is to +us—we assure you, sir, we feel the loss; but when, in the amiable character +of your successor, we view a fresh instance of the paternal goodness +of our most gracious sovereign; when we reflect on the +probability that your presence at the court of Great Britain, will afford +you an opportunity of employing your interests more successfully for the +relief of this province, and particularly of the town of Boston, under +their present distresses, we find a consolation which no other human +source could afford. Permit us, sir, most earnestly to solicit the exertion +of all your distinguished abilities in favor of your native town +and country, upon this truly unhappy and distressing occasion.</p> + +<p>We sincerely wish you a prosperous voyage, a long continuation +of health and felicity and the highest rewards of the good and faithful.</p> + +<p>We are, sir, with the most cordial affection, esteem and respect,</p> + +<p>Your Excellency's most obedient and very humble servants,</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Barristers"> +<tr><td align="left">Robert Achmuty,</td><td align="left">Andrew Cazneau,</td><td align="left">David Ingersoll,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jonathan Sewall,</td><td align="left">Daniel Leonard,</td><td align="left">Jeremiah D. Rogers,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Fitch,</td><td align="left">John Lowell,</td><td align="left">David Gorham,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Quincy,</td><td align="left">Daniel Oliver,</td><td align="left">Samuel Sewall,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">William Pynchon,</td><td align="left">Sampson S. Blowers,</td><td align="left">John Sprague,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">James Putnam,</td><td align="left">Shearjashub Brown,</td><td align="left">Rufus Chandler,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Benjamin Gridley,</td><td align="left">Daniel Bliss,</td><td align="left">Thomas Danforth,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Abel Willard,</td><td align="left">Samuel Porter,</td><td align="left">Ebenezer Bradish,</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><br /><br /> +From the Essex Gazette of June 1, 1775.</p> +<p class="signature"> +<i>Salem, May 30, 1775.</i> +</p> + +<p>Whereas we the subscribers did some time since sign an address to +Governor Hutchinson, which, though prompted to by the best intentions, +has, nevertheless, given great offence to our country: We do now declare, +that we were so far from designing by that action, to show our acquiescence +in those acts of Parliament so universally and justly odious to all +America, that on the contrary, we hoped we might in that way contribute +to their repeal; though now to our sorrow we find ourselves mistaken. And +we do now further, declare, that we never intended the offence which this +address occasioned; that if we had foreseen such an event we should never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> +have signed it; as it always has been and now is our wish to live in harmony +with our neighbors, and our serious determination is to promote to +the utmost of our power the liberty, the welfare, and happiness of our country, +which is inseparably connected with our own.</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Salem"> +<tr><td align="left">John Nutting,</td><td align="left">N. Sparhawk,</td><td align="left">Thomas Barnard,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N. Goodale,</td><td align="left">Andrew Dalglish,</td><td align="left">Nathaniel Dabney,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ebenezer Putnam,</td><td align="left">E. A. Holyoke,</td><td align="left">William Pickman,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Francis Cabot,</td><td align="left">William Pynchon,</td><td align="left">C. Gayton Pickman,</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>In Committee of Safety, Salem, May 30, 1775.—The declaration, of +which the above is a copy, being presented and read, it was voted unanimously +that the same was satisfactory; and that the said gentlemen ought +to be received and treated as real friends to this country.</p> + +<p class="center"> +By order of the Committee,</p> +<p class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">Richard Derby, Jr.</span>, Chairman. +</p> + + +<h4>ADDRESS OF THE INHABITANTS OF MARBLEHEAD TO +GOV. HUTCHINSON.</h4> + +<p class="signature"><i>Marblehead, May 25, 1774.</i></p> + +<p>His Majesty having been pleased to appoint his Excellency the Hon. +Thomas Gage, Esq., to be governor and commander-in-chief over this +province, and you, (as we are informed,) begin speedily to embark for +Great Britain: We, the subscribers, merchants, traders, and others, inhabitants +of Marblehead, beg leave to present your our valedictory address +on this occasion; and as this is the only way we now have of expressing +to you our entire approbation of your public conduct during the +time you have presided in this province, and of making you a return of +our most sincere and hearty thanks for the ready assistance which you +have at all times afforded us, when applied to in matters which affected +our navigation and commerce, we are induced from former experience +of your goodness, to believe that you will freely indulge us in the pleasure +of giving you this testimony of our sincere esteem and gratitude.</p> + +<p>In your public administration, we are fully convinced that the general +good was the mark which you have ever aimed at, and we can, sir, +with pleasure assure you, that it is likewise the opinion of all dispassionate +thinking men within the circle of our observation, notwithstanding +many publications would have taught the world to think the contrary;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> +and we beg leave to entreat you, that when you arrive at the court of +Great Britain, you would there embrace every opportunity of moderating +the resentment of the government against us, and use your best endeavors +to have the unhappy dispute between Great Britain and this country +brought to a just and equitable determination.</p> + +<p>We cannot omit the opportunity of returning you in a particular +manner our most sincere thanks for your patronizing our cause in the +matter of entering and clearing the fishing vessels at the custom-house, +and making the fishermen pay hospital money; we believe it is owing to +your representation of the matter, that we are hitherto free from that +burden.</p> + +<p>We heartily wish you, sir, a safe and prosperous passage to Great +Britain, and when you arrive there may you find such a reception as shall +fully compensate for all the insults and indignities which have been offered +you.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Marblehead"> +<tr><td align="left">Henry Saunders,</td><td align="left">John Fowle,</td><td align="left">Thomas Lewis,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Richard Hinkly,</td><td align="left">Robert Hooper, 3d,</td><td align="left">Sweet Hooper,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Reed,</td><td align="left">John Gallison,</td><td align="left">Robert Hooper,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Lee,</td><td align="left">John Prince,</td><td align="left">Jacob Fowle,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Robert Ambrose,</td><td align="left">George McCall,</td><td align="left">John Pedrick,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jonathan Glover,</td><td align="left">Joseph Swasey,</td><td align="left">Richard Reed,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Richard Phillips,</td><td align="left">Nathan Bowen,</td><td align="left">Benjamin Marston,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Isaac Mansfield,</td><td align="left">Thomas Robie,</td><td align="left">Samuel White,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Joseph Bubler,</td><td align="left">John Stimson,</td><td align="left">Joseph Hooper,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Richard Stacy,</td><td align="left">John Webb,</td><td align="left">John Prentice,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thomas Procter,</td><td align="left">Joseph Lee,</td><td align="left">Robert Hooper, jr.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<h4>ADDRESS TO GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON FROM HIS FELLOW +TOWNSMEN IN THE TOWN OF MILTON.</h4> + +<p>This document which was printed recently in the "History of Milton," +was not a matter of record, and had never been printed before, it +had also failed to meet the searching eye of the antiquarian, and the +author said "it has come down to us in its original manuscript yellow +with age."</p> + +<p>It will be noticed the signers were obliged to recant, so as to save +their property from being destroyed by the mob, and from personal +injury and insult such as tarring and feathering, etc. It was with such +doings that the "Sons of Despotism" amused themselves, and made converts +to the cause of "liberty." It, however, did not save James Murray +and Stephen Miller, who were banished, and Miller's estate confiscated.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span><i>To</i> <span class="smcap">Thomas Hutchinson</span> <i>Esquire Late Gov. &c.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—We the Select Men, the Magistrates and other principal Inhabitants +of the Town of Milton, hearing of your speedy Embarkation for +England, cannot let you leave this Town which you have so long honored +by your Residence without some publick Expression of our sincere wishes +for your health and happiness.</p> + +<p>We have been Eye Witnesses, Sir, of your amiable private and useful +publick Life; We have with concern beheld you, in the faithful and prudent +Discharge of your Duty exposed to Calumnies, Trials and Sufferings, +as unjust as severe; and seen you bearing them all with becoming +Meekness and Fortitude.</p> + +<p>As to ourselves and Neighbours in particular; altho many of us, in +future Perplexities will often feel the Want of your skillful gratuitous +advice, always ready for those who asked it, we cannot but rejoice for +your Sake Sir, at your being so seasonably relieved by an honourable and +worthy Successor, in this critical and distressful period from the growing +Difficulty of the Government of your beloved native Province. And +we see your Departure with the less Regret, being convinced that the +Change at present will contribute to your and your Family's Tranquility: +possessed as you are of the applause of good men, of the favour of our +Sovereign, and the Approbation of a good Conscience to prepare the +Way to Rewards infinitely ample from the King of Kings; to whose +Almighty protection, We, with grateful hearts commend you and your +family.</p> + +<p class="center">Signed</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Signed"> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Saml. Davenport</span></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Stephen Miller</span></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Benjamin Horton</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ja. Murray</span></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Josiah How</span></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Zedah Crehore</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<blockquote><p class="center"><br />REPLY OF GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span> +</p> + +<p>I have received innumerable marks of respect and kindness from the +Inhabitants of the Town of Milton, of which I shall ever retain the most +grateful Remembrance. I leave you with regret. I hope to return and +spend the short remains of my life among you in peace and quiet and in +doing every good office to you in my power.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">Tho. Hutchinson.</span> +</p></blockquote> + + + +<p>Milton, Sept. 21, 1774.—Messrs. Davenport Miller and How were +taken to Task by the Town Meeting for having signed the above address +altho it was never presented or published. They were required by next +day to make an acknowledgement of their offence—And a Committee of +fifteen was chosen to treat with them and Mr. Murray.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>Sept. 22. These Culprits attended and made the following acknowledgement, +of which the Committee accepted, requiring them to sign it +and to read it severally before the Town Meeting on the green. This done +the Meeting by some Majority voted it not satisfactory. The offenders +all but Capt. Davenport went home without making any other.</p> + + +<p class="center">ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.</p> + +<p>Whereas We the Subscribers did sign and endeavour to promote +among the Inhabitants of our Town of Milton an Address to Gov. Hutchinson +a few days before his Embarkation for England, which Address +contained Compliments to the Gov. that we did and do still, in our consciences, +believe to be justly due to him; and Whereas we did further +believe that it would be very acceptable to the Town to give them such +an Opportunity of showing their gratitude to the Governor.</p> + +<p>Now since the Temper of the Times is such, that what we meant +to please has eventually displeased our Neighbours, We, who desire to +live in peace and good will with them are sorry for it. Witness our +hands this 22d. day of Sept. 1774.</p> + +<p class="center">Signed</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Signed"> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ja. Murray</span></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Saml. Davenport</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Stephen Miller</span></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Josiah How</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>After the departure of the first three of these, the meeting insisted +on Capt. Davenport's making the following acknowledgement, and that +the committee should have the rest to make it at or before the next town-meeting +on Monday, 3d October:—</p> + +<p>Whereas We the Subscribers have given the good People of this +Town and Province in General just Cause to be offended with each of +us, in that unguarded action of ours in signing an address to the late +Governor Hutchinson, for which we are heartily sorry and take this opportunity +publickly to manifest it, and declare we did not so well consider +the Contents. And we heartily beg their forgiveness and all others +we may have offended: Also that we may be restored to their favour, +and be made Partakers of that inestimable blessing, the good Will of +our Neighbours, and the whole Community.</p> + +<p class="center">Witness our hands</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Witnesses"> +<tr><td align="left">Milton</td><td>22d Sept.</td><td align="left">signed</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Saml. Davenport</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 24 Sept.</td><td align="left">——</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Josiah How</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 25 Sept.</td><td align="left">——</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ja. Murray</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 25 Sept.</td><td align="left">——</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Stephen Miller</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="smcap">Address presented to His Excellency Governor Gage, June 11th, +1774, on his Arrival at Salem.</span></p> + +<p class="hanging">To his Excellency Thomas Gage, Esq., Captain-General, Governor and +Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in New +England, and Lieutenant-General of his Majesty's Forces.</p> + +<p>May it please your Excellency:</p> + +<p>We, merchants and others, inhabitants of the ancient town of Salem, +beg leave to approach your Excellency with our most respectful congratulations +on your arrival in this place.</p> + +<p>We are deeply sensible of his Majesty's paternal care and affection +to this province, in the appointment of a person of your Excellency's experience, +wisdom and moderation, in these troublesome and difficult times.</p> + +<p>We rejoice that this town is graciously distinguished for that spirit, +loyalty, and reverence for the laws, which is equally our glory and happiness.</p> + +<p>From that public spirit and warm zeal to promote the general happiness +of men, which mark the great and good, we are led to hope under +your Excellency's administration for everything that may promote the +peace, prosperity, and real welfare of this province.</p> + +<p>We beg leave to commend to your Excellency's patronage the trade +and commerce of this place, which, from a full protection of the liberties, +persons and properties of individuals, cannot but flourish.</p> + +<p>And we assure your Excellency we will make it our constant endeavors +by peace, good order, and a regard for the laws, as far as in +us lies, to render your station and residence easy and happy.</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Gage"> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Sargent,</td><td align="left">John Prince,</td><td align="left">Benjamin Lynde,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jacob Ashton,</td><td align="left">George Deblois,</td><td align="left">William Browne,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">William Wetmore,</td><td align="left">Andrew Dalglish,</td><td align="left">John Turner,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">James Grant,</td><td align="left">Joseph Blaney,</td><td align="left">P. Frye,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Henry Higginson,</td><td align="left">Archelaus Putnam,</td><td align="left">Francis Cabot,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">David Britton,</td><td align="left">Samuel Porter,</td><td align="left">William Pynchon,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">P. G. Kast,</td><td align="left">Thomas Poynton,</td><td align="left">John Fisher,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Weld Gardner,</td><td align="left">Samuel Flagg,</td><td align="left">John Mascarene,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Nathaniel Daubney,</td><td align="left">Nathan Goodale,</td><td align="left">E. A. Holyoke,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Richard Nicholls,</td><td align="left">William Pickman,</td><td align="left">Jos. Bowditch,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">William Cabot,</td><td align="left">C. Gayton Pickman,</td><td align="left">Ebenezer Putnam,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Cabot Gerrish,</td><td align="left">Nathaniel Sparhwak,</td><td align="left">S. Curwen,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">William Gerrish,</td><td align="left">William Vans,</td><td align="left">John Nutting,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Rowland Savage,</td><td align="left">Timothy Orne,</td><td align="left">Jos. Dowse,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">William Lilly,</td><td align="left">Richard Routh,</td><td align="left">Benjamin Pickman,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jonathan Goodhue,</td><td align="left">Stephen Higginson,</td><td align="left">Henry Gardner.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span><span class="smcap">The "Loyal Address from the Gentlemen and Principal Inhabitants +of Boston to Governor Gage on his departure for England, +October 6, 1775," was signed as follows</span>:</p></blockquote> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Boston"> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Erving,</td><td align="left">James Selkrig,</td><td align="left">John Greecart,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Thomas Hutchinson, jr.,</td><td align="left">Archibald Cunningham,</td><td align="left">Richard Clarke,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Silvester Gardiner,</td><td align="left">William Cazneau,</td><td align="left">Benjamin Fanieul, jr.,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Wm. Bowes,</td><td align="left">David Barton,</td><td align="left">Thomas Amory,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Timmins,</td><td align="left">John Semple,</td><td align="left">George Brindley,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Nathaniel Coffin,</td><td align="left">Henry Lawton,</td><td align="left">Ralph Inman,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Winslow, jr.,</td><td align="left">William Brattle,</td><td align="left">Edward Winslow,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Alexander Bymer,</td><td align="left">John Troutbeck,</td><td align="left">Benjamin M. Holmes,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Robert Hallowell,</td><td align="left">Stephen Greenleaf,</td><td align="left">William Jackson,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Robert Jarvis,</td><td align="left">William Walter,</td><td align="left">Richard Green,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">David Phips,</td><td align="left">James Perkins,</td><td align="left">James Murray,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Tayler,</td><td align="left">Phillip Dumaresque,</td><td align="left">Joseph Scott,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Archibald McNeal,</td><td align="left">Joshua Loring, jr.,</td><td align="left">Peter Johonnot,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Francis Green,</td><td align="left">Henry Lloyd,</td><td align="left">Nathaniel Cary,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Benjamin Davis,</td><td align="left">William Lee Perkins,</td><td align="left">Martin Gay,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Thomas Courtney,</td><td align="left">George Leonard,</td><td align="left">Samuel Hughes,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Sampson,</td><td align="left">Thomas Brinley,</td><td align="left">William Coffin, jr.,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">William Tayler,</td><td align="left">Daniel Hubbard,</td><td align="left">Adino Paddock,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Inman,</td><td align="left">Samuel Fitch,</td><td align="left">Andrew Cazneau,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Wm. Perry,</td><td align="left">John Atkinson,</td><td align="left">Henry Lindall,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Gore,</td><td align="left">Joseph Turill,</td><td align="left">Theophilus Lillie,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Isaac Winslow, jr.,</td><td align="left">Samuel Hirst Sparhawk,</td><td align="left">Henry Barnes,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">William Dickerson,</td><td align="left">Ebenezer Brigham,</td><td align="left">M. B. Goldthwait,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">William Hunter,</td><td align="left">William Codner,</td><td align="left">Lewis Gray,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Robert Semple,</td><td align="left">Jonathan Snelling,</td><td align="left">Nathaniel Brinley,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Joy,</td><td align="left">Benjamin Gridley,</td><td align="left">John Jeffries, jr.,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Gregory Townsend,</td><td align="left">Gilbert Deblois,</td><td align="left">Archibald Bowman,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Isaac Winslow,</td><td align="left">Edward Hutchinson,</td><td align="left">Jonathan Simpson,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Byfield Lyde,</td><td align="left">Miles Whitworth,</td><td align="left">Nathaniel Tayler,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Love,</td><td align="left">Daniel McMasters,</td><td align="left">James Anderson,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Hugh Tarbett,</td><td align="left">John Hunt, 3d,</td><td align="left">Lewis Deblois,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Nathaniel Perkins,</td><td align="left">James Lloyd,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Powell,</td><td align="left">William McAlpine,</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">The Loyal Address to Governor Gage on his departure, October +14, 1775, of those Gentlemen who were driven from their Habitations +in the Country to the Town of Boston, was signed +by the following persons</span>:</p></blockquote> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Gage"> +<tr><td align="left">John Chandler,</td><td align="left">Seth Williams, jr.,</td><td align="left">David Phips,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">James Putnam,</td><td align="left">Charles Curtis,</td><td align="left">Richard Saltonstall,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Peter Oliver, sen.,</td><td align="left">Samuel Pine,</td><td align="left">Peter Oliver, jr.,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>Jonathan Stearns,</td><td align="left">Thomas Foster,</td><td align="left">Edward Winslow, jr.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ward Chipman,</td><td align="left">Pelham Winslow,</td><td align="left">Nathaniel Chandler,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">William Chandler,</td><td align="left">Daniel Oliver,</td><td align="left">James Putnam, jr.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">List of the inhabitants of Boston, who on the evacuation by the British, +in March, 1776, removed to Halifax with the army. Taken from a +paper in the handwriting of Walter Barrell from the Proceedings of +the Mass. Hist. Soc., Vol. 18, page 266.</p></blockquote> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Oliver"> +<tr><td align="left">Lieutenant-Governor Oliver and servants</td><td align="left">6</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><i>Council, &c.</i> +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Council"> +<tr><td align="left">Peter Oliver and niece</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Harrison Gray and family</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Timothy Ruggles and sons</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Foster Hutchinson and family</td><td align="right">13</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Josiah Edson</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Murray and family</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Richard Lechmere</td><td align="right">12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Erving</td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nathaniel Ray Thomas and son</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Abijah Willard and two sons</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Daniel Leonard and family</td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nathaniel Hatch</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">George Erving</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p class="center"> +<i>Custom House.</i> +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Custom"> +<tr><td align="left">Henry Hulton</td><td align="right">12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Charles Paxton</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Benjamin Hallowel</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Waterhouse, <i>Secretary</i></td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">James Porter, <i>Comptroller Gen'l</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Walter Barrell, <i>Inspector Gen'l</i></td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">James Murray, <i>Inspector</i></td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">William Woolen, <i>Inspector</i></td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Edward Winslow, <i>Collector, Boston</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Charles Dudley, <i>Collector, Newport</i></td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">George Meserve, <i>Collector, Piscataq</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Robert Hallowel, <i>Comptroller, Boston</i>,</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arthur Savage, <i>Surveyor, &c.</i></td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nathaniel Coffin, <i>Cashier</i></td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ebenezer Bridgham, <i>Tide Surveyor</i></td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nathaniel Taylor, <i>Dep'y Naval Officer</i></td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Mather, <i>Clerk</i></td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Lloyd, <i>Clerk</i></td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Christopher Minot, <i>Land Waiter</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ward Chipman, <i>Clerk Sol.</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Robert Bethel, <i>Clerk Col.</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Skinner, Cookson, and Evans <i>Clerks</i></td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">James Barrick, <i>Clerk Insp.</i></td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Ciely, <i>Tidesman</i></td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Sam Petit, <i>Tidesman</i></td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Selby, <i>Clerk</i></td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Edward Mulhall, <i>Tidesman</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hammond Green, <i>Tidesman</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Lewis, <i>Tidesman</i></td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Elkanah Cushman, <i>Tidesman</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Edmund Duyer, <i>Messenger</i></td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Chadwel, <i>Tidesman</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Sparhawk, <i>Clerk</i></td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">——Chandler, <i>Land Waiter</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">——Patterson, <i>Land Waiter</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Isaac Messengham, <i>Coxwain</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Owen Richard, <i>Coxwain</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center"><i>Refugees.</i></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Refugees"> + +<tr><td align="left">Ashley, Joseph</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Andros, Barret</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Atkinson, John, <i>Merchant</i></td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>Atkins, Gibbs</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ayres, Eleanor</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Allen, Ebenezer</td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bowes, William, <i>Merchant</i></td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brinley, Thomas, <i>Merchant</i></td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Burton, Mary, <i>Milliner</i></td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bowen, John</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Blair, John, Baker</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bowman, Archibald, <i>Auctioneer</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Broderick, John</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Butter, James</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brown, Thomas, <i>Merchant</i></td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Byles, Rev'd Doctor</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Barnard. John</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Black, John</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Baker, John, Jun'r</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Badger, Rev'd Moses</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Beath, Mary</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Butler, Gilliam</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brandon, John</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brattle, William</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coffin, Williamn</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cazneau, Andrew, <i>Lawyer</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cednor, William</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Connor, Mrs.</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cummins. A. and E. <i>Milliners</i></td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coffin, William, Jun'r, <i>Merchant</i></td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cutler, Ebnezer</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Campbel, William</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Caner, Rev'd Doctor</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cook Robert</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chandler, John, Esq'r</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chandler, Rufus, <i>Lawyer</i></td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chandler, Nathaniel</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chandler, William</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Carver, Melzer</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cooley, John</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Courtney, Thomas</td><td align="right">11</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Carr, Mrs.</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Deblois, Gilbert</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Doyley, John</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dunlap, Daniel</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Danforth, Thomas</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dumaresq, Philip, <i>Merchant</i></td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">De Blois, Lewis</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Duncan, Alexander</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Doyley, Francis</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dickenson, Nathaniel</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Draper, Margaret</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dougherty, Edward</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dechezzan, Adam</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Duelly, William</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Emerson, John</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Etter, Peter</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fisher, Wilfree</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Foster, Thomas</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Faneuil, Benjamin, <i>Merchant</i></td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fitch, Samuel, <i>Lawyer</i></td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Foster, Edward, <i>Blacksmith</i></td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Full, Thomas</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Foster, Edward, Jun'r</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Forest, James</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Flucker, Mrs.</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gilbert, Thomas</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gallop, Antill</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gray, Andrew</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gray, John</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Goldsbury, Samuel</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gardiner, Doctor Sylvester</td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gridley, Benjamin</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Grison, Edmund</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gay, Martin</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gilbert, Samuel</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Grozart, John</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gray, Mary</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Green, Francis</td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Greenwood, Samuel</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Grant, James</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Griffith, Mrs.</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gore, John</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Griffin, Edmund</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hill, William</td><td align="right">17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hallowel, Rebecca</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hall, Luke</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Henderson, James</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">House, Joseph</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hughes, Samuel</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hooper, Jacob</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hicks, John, <i>Printer</i></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hurlston, Richard</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Holmes, Benjamin Mulberry</td><td align="right">11</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hatch, Hawes</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>Hale, Samuel</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hester, John</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hutchinsen, Mrs.</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Horn, Henry</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hefferson, Jane</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Heath, William</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jones, Mary</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jarvis, Robert</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Inman, John</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Joy, John</td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ireland, John</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jefferies, Doctor John</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Johannot, Peter</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jones, Mrs.</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Knutter, Margaret</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">King, Edward and Samuel</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lazarus, Samuel</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lovel, John, Sen'r</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Leonard, George</td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Liste, Mrs.</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lillie, Theophilus</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lutwiche, Edward Goldston</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lyde, Byefield</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Leddel, Henry</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Laughton, Henry</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lloyd, Henry</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Linkieter, Alexander</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lowe, Charles</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Loring, Joshua, Jun'r</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Murray, William</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Moody, John, Jun'r</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">McKown, John</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">McAlpine, William</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Moody, John</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">McKown, John (of Boston)</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Macdonald, Dennis</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mackay, Mrs.</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mitchelson, David</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">McNeil, Archibald</td><td align="right">13</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Marston, Benjamin</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Moore, John</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Miller, John</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mulcainy, Patrick</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">MacKinstrey, Mrs.</td><td align="right">12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Morrison, John</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">McMaster, Patrick and Daniel</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">McMullen, Alexander</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mitchel, Thomas</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mills, Nathaniel</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">McClintock, Nathan</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nevin, Lazarus and wife</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">O'Neil, Joseph</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oliver, William Sanford</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oliver, Doctor Peter</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Powel, John</td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Philips, Martha</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Phipps, David</td><td align="right">11</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pelham, Henry</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Putnam, James</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Paine, Samuel</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Perkins, Nathaniel</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Patterson, William</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Philipps, Ebenezer</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Paddock, Adine</td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pollard, Benjamin</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Patten, George</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Perkins, William Lee</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Price, Benjamin</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Page, George</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rummer, Richard</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rogers, Jeremiah Dummer</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rogers, Samuel</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Richardson, Miss</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rose, Peter</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Read, Charles</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ramage, John</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Roath, Richard</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rhodes, Henry</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Russell, Nathaniel</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Richards, Mrs.</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ruggles, John and Richard</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Smith, Henry</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sullivan, George</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Serjeant, John</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scoit, Joseph</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Simonds, William</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Stow, Edward</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sterling, Elizabeth</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sterling, Benjamin Ferdinand</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Simpson, John</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Simpson, Jonathan, Jun'r</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Semple, Robert</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>Stayner, Abigail</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Stearns, Jonathan</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Savage, Abraham</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Saltonstal, Leveret</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Service, Robert</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Snelling, Jonathan</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sullivan, Bartholomew</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Smith, Edward</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Spooner, Ebenezer</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Selknig, James</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scammel, Thomas</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Shepard, Joseph</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thompson, James</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Taylor, Mrs.</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Terry, Zebedee</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Terry, William</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Taylor, William</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Winslow, Isaac</td><td align="right">11</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Winslow, Pelham</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Winslow, John</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Winslow, Mrs. Hannah</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Winslow, Edward</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Williams, Seth</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Willis, David</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wittington, William</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Warden, William</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Williams, Job</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Warren, Abraham</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Willard, Abel</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Warden, Joseph</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Willard, Abijah</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Whiston, Obadiah</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wheelwright, Joseph</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Winnet, John, Jun'r</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wright, Daniel</td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Welsh, Peter</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">White, Gideon</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wilson, Archibald</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Welsh, James</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Worral, Thomas Grooby</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>——</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>[927] 926</td></tr> +</table></div> +<div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">For Mr. Samuel B. Barrell</span><br /> +From his friend and kinsman,<br /> + +<span class="smcap">Theodore Barrell</span></div> +<p> +Saugerties Ulster Co.,<br /> +New York, Aug. 16, 1841 +</p> + + +<p class="center">MANDAMUS COUNSELLORS.</p> + +<p><i>Salem, Aug. 9, 1774.</i> The following were appointed by his majesty, +counsellors of this province by writ of mandamas,<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> viz:—</p> + +<p>Col. Thomas Oliver, Lieut. Governor, President; Peter Oliver, +<i>Thomas Flucker</i>, <i>Foster Hutchinson</i>, Thomas Hutchinson, Jr., <i>Harrison +Gray</i>, Judge Samuel Danforth, Col. John Erving, Jr., James Russell, Timothy +Ruggles, <i>Joseph Lee</i>, <i>Isaac Winslow</i>, Israel Williams, Col. George +Watson, Nathaniel Ray Thomas, Timothy Woodbridge, William Vassall, +<i>William Browne</i>, Joseph Greene, <i>James Boutineau</i>, Andrew Oliver, +Col. Josiah Edson, Richard Lechmere, <i>Commodore Joshua Loring</i>, John +Worthington, Timothy Paine, <i>William Pepperell</i>, Jeremiah Powell, Jonathan +Simpson, Col. John Murray, Daniel Leonard, Thomas Palmer, Col. +Isaac Royall, Robert Hooper, Abijah Willard, <i>Capt. John Erring, Jr.</i></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> +<h4>BANISHMENT ACT OF THE STATE OF +MASSACHUSETTS.</h4> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">An Act to prevent the return to this state of certain persons therein named, +and others who have left this state or either of the United States, +and joined the enemies thereof.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Whereas Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., late governor of this state, +Francis Bernard, Esq., formerly governor of this state, Thomas Oliver, +Esq., late lieutenant governor of this state, Timothy Ruggles, Esq., of +Hardwick, in the county of Worcester, William Apthorp, merchant, +Gibbs Atkins, cabinet maker, John Atkinson, John Amory, James Anderson, +Thomas Apthorp, David Black, William Burton, William Bowes, +George Brindley, Robert Blair, Thomas Brindley, James Barrick, merchant, +Thomas Brattle, Esq., Sampson Salter Blowers, Esq., James +Bruce, Ebenezer Bridgham, Alexander Brymer, Edward Berry, merchants, +William Burch, Esq., late commissioner of the customs, Mather +Byles, Jun., clerk, William Codner, book-keeper, Edward Cox, merchant, +Andrew Cazneau, Esq., barrister at law, Henry Canner, clerk, +Thomas Courtney, tailor, Richard Clark, Esq., Isaac Clark, physician, +Benjamin Church, physician, John Coffin, distiller, John Clark, physician, +William Coffin, Esq., Nathaniel Coffin, Esq., Jonathan Clark, merchant, +Archibald Cunningham, shop-keeper, Gilbert Deblois, merchant, Lewis +Deblois, merchant, Philip Dumaresque, merchant, Benjamin Davis, merchant, +John Erving, Jun. Esq., George Erving, Esq., Edward Foster and +Edward Foster, Jun., blacksmiths, Benjamin Faneuil, Jun., merchant, +Thomas Flucker, Esq., late secretary for Massachusetts Bay, Samuel +Fitch, Esq., Wilfret Fisher, carter, James Forrest, merchant, Lewis +Gray, merchant, Francis Green, merchant, Joseph Green, Esq., Sylvester +Gardiner, Esq., Harrison Gray, Esq., late treasurer of Massachusetts +Bay., Harrison Gray, Jun., clerk to the treasurer, Joseph Goldthwait, +Esq., Martin Gay, founder, John Gore, Esq., Benjamin Hallowell, Esq., +Robert Hallowell, Esq., Thomas Hutchinson, Jun., Esq., Benjamin Gridley, +Esq., Frederick William Geyer, merchant, John Greenlaw, shopkeeper, +David Green, merchant, Elisha Hutchinson, Esq., James Hall, +mariner, Foster Hutchinson, Esq., Benjamin Mulbury Holmes, distiller, +Samuel Hodges, book-keeper, Henry Halson, Esq., Hawes Hatch, wharfinger, +John Joy, housewright, Peter Johonnot, distiller, William Jackson, +merchant, John Jeffries, physician, Henry Laughton, merchant, +James Henderson, trader, John Hinston, yeoman, Christopher Hatch, +mariner, Robert Jarvis, mariner, Richard Lechmere, Esq., Edward Lyde, +merchant, Henry Lloyd, Esq., George Leonard, miller, Henry Leddle, +book-keeper, Archibald McNeil, baker, Christopher Minot, tide-waiter, +James Murray, Esq., William McAlpine, bookbinder, Thomas Mitchell, +mariner, William Martin, Esq., John Knutton, tallow-chandler, Thomas +Knight, shop-keeper, Samuel Prince, merchant, Adino Paddock, Esq.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +Charles Paxon, Esq., Sir William Pepperell, baronet, John Powell, Esq., +William Lee Perkins, physician, Nathaniel Perkins, Esq., Samuel Quincy, +Esq., Owen Richards, tide-waiter, Samuel Rogers, merchant, Jonathan +Simpson, Esq., George Spooner, merchant, Edward Stowe, mariner, Richard +Smith, merchant, Jonathan Snelling, Esq., David Silsby, trader, Samuel +Sewall, Esq., Abraham Savage, tax-gatherer, Joseph Scott, Esq., +Francis Skinner, clerk to the late council, William Simpson, merchant, +Richard Sherwin, saddler, Henry Smith, merchant, John Semple, merchant, +Robert Semple, merchant, Thomas Selkrig, merchant, James Selkrig, +merchant, Robert Service, trader, Simon Tufts, trader, Arodi Thayer, +late marshal to the admiralty court, Nathaniel Taylor, deputy naval +officer, John Troutbeck, clerk, Gregory Townsend, Esq., William Taylor, +merchant, William Vassal, Esq., Joseph Taylor, merchant, Joshua Upham, +Esq., William Walter, clerk, Samuel Waterhouse, merchant, Isaac Winslow, +merchant, John Winslow. jr., merchant, David Willis, mariner, +Obadiah Whiston, blacksmith, Archibald Wilson, trader, John White, +mariner, William Warden, peruke-maker, Nathaniel Mills, John Hicks, +John Howe, and John Fleming, printers, all of Boston, in the county of +Suffolk, Robert Auchmuty, Esq., Joshua Loring, Esq., both of Roxbury, +in the same county, Samuel Goldsbury, yeoman, of Wrentham, in the +county of Suffolk, Joshua Loring, jr., merchant, Nathanial Hatch, Esq., +both of Dorchester, in the same county, William Brown, Esq., Benjamin +Pickman, Esq., Samuel Porter, Esq., John Sargeant, trader, all of Salem, +in the county of Essex, Richard Saltonstall, Esq., of Haverhill, in the +same county. Thomas Robie, trader, Benjamin Marston, merchant, both +of Marblehead, in said county of Essex, Moses Badger, clerk, of Haverhill, +aforesaid, Jonathan Sewall, Esq., John Vassal, Esq., David Phipps, +Esq., John Nutting, carpenter, all of Cambridge, in the county of Middlesex, +Isaac Royall, Esq., of Medford, in the same county, Henry Barnes, +of Marlborough, in said county of Middlesex, merchant, Jeremiah Dummer +Rogers, of Littleton in the same county, Esq., Daniel Bliss, of Concord, +in the said county of Middlesex, Esq., Charles Russell, of Lincoln, +in the same county, physician, Joseph Adams, of Townsend, in said +county of Middlesex, Thomas Danforth, of Charlestown, in said county, +Esq., Joshua Smith, trader of Townsend, in said county, Joseph Ashley, +jr., gentleman, of Sunderland, Nathaniel Dickenson, gentleman, of Deerfield, +Samuel Bliss, shopkeeper, of Greenfield, Roger Dickenson, yeoman, +Joshah Pomroy, physician, and Thomas Cutler, gentleman, of Hatfield, +Jonathan Bliss, Esq., of Springfield, William Galway, yeoman, of Conway, +Elijah Williams, attorney at law, of Deerfield, James Oliver, gentleman, +of Conway, all in the county of Hampshire, Pelham Winslow, Esq., +Cornelius White, mariner, Edward Winslow, jr., Esq., all of Plymouth, +in the county of Plymouth, Peter Oliver, Esq., Peter Oliver, jr., physician, +both of Middleborough, in the same county, Josiah Edson, Esq., of Bridgewater, +in the said county of Plymouth, Lieutenant Daniel Dunbar, of +Halifax, in the same county, Charles Curtis, of Scituate, in the said county<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +of Plymouth, gentleman, Nathaniel Ray Thomas, Esq., Israel Tilden, +Caleb Carver, Seth Bryant, Benjamin Walker, Gideon Walker, Zera +Walker, Adam Hall, tertius, Isaac Joice, Joseph Phillips, Daniel White, +jr., Cornelius White, tertius, Melzar Carver, Luke Hall, Thomas Decrow, +John Baker, jr., all of Marshfield, in the said county of Plymouth, Gideon +White, jr., Daniel Leonard, Esq., Seth Williams, jr., gentleman, Solomon +Smith, boatman, all of Taunton, in the county of Bristol, Thomas Gilbert, +Esq., Perez Gilbert, Ebenezer Hathaway, jr., Lot Strange, the third, +Zebedee Terree, Bradford Gilbert, all of Freetown, in the same county, +Joshua Broomer, Shadrach Hathaway, Calvin Hathaway, Luther Hathaway, +Henry Tisdel, William Burden, Levi Chace, Shadrach Chace, Richard +Holland, Ebenezer Phillips, Samuel Gilbert, gentleman, Thomas +Gilbert, jr., yeoman, both of Berkley, in the said county of Bristol, Ammi +Chace, Caleb Wheaton, Joshua Wilbore, Lemuel Bourn, gentleman, +Thomas Perry, yeoman, David Atkins, laborer, Samuel Perry, mariner, +Stephen Perry, laborer, John Blackwell, jr., laborer, Francis Finney, laborer, +and Nehemiah Webb, mariner, all of Sandwich, in the county of +Barnstable, Eldad Tupper, of Dartmouth, in the county of Bristol, laborer, +Silas Perry, laborer, Seth Perry, mariner, Elisha Bourn, gentleman, +Thomas Bumpus, yeoman, Ephraim Ellis, jr., yeoman, Edward Bourn, +gentleman, Nicholas Cobb, laborer, William Bourn, cordwainer, all of +Sandwich, in the county of Barnstable, and Seth Bangs, of Harwich, in +the county of Barnstable, mariner, John Chandler, Esq., James Putnam, +Esq., Rufus Chandler, gentleman, William Paine, physician, Adam Walker, +blacksmith, William Chandler, gentleman, all of Worcester, in the +county of Worcester, John Walker, gentleman, David Bush, yeoman, both +of Shrewsbury, in the same county, Abijah Willard, Esq., Abel Willard, +Esq., Joseph House, yeoman, all of Lancaster, in the said county of Worcester, +Ebenezer Cutler, trader, James Edgar, yeoman, both of Northbury, +in the same county, Daniel Oliver, Esq., Richard Ruggles, yeoman, +Gardner Chandler, trader, Joseph Ruggles, gentleman, Nathaniel Ruggles, +yeoman, all of Hardwick, in the said county of Worcester, John +Ruggles, yeoman, of said Hardwick, John Eager, yeoman, Ebenezer +Whipple, Israel Conkay, John Murray, Esq., of Rutland, in said county +of Worcester, Daniel Murray, gentleman, Samuel Murray, gentleman, +Michael Martin, trader, of Brookfield, in the said county of Worcester, +Thomas Beaman, gentleman, of Petersham, in the same county, Nathaniel +Chandler, gentleman, John Bowen, gentleman, of Princeton, in the said +county of Worcester, James Crage, gentleman, of Oakham, in the same +county, Thomas Mullins, blacksmith, of Leominster, in the said county +of Worcester, Francis Waldo, Esq., Arthur Savage, Esq., Jeremiah Pote, +mariner, Thomas Ross, mariner, James Wildridge, mariner, George Lyde, +custom house officer, Robert Pagan, merchant, Thomas Wyer, mariner, +Thomas Coulson, merchant, John Wiswall, clerk, Joshua Eldridge, mariner, +Thomas Oxnard, merchant, Edward Oxnard, merchant, William +Tyng, Esq., John Wright, merchant, Samuel Longfellow, mariner, all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> +of Falmouth, in the county of Cumberland, Charles Callahan, of Pownalborough, +in the county of Lincoln, mariner, Jonas Jones of East Hoosuck, +in the county of Berkshire, David Ingersoll, of Great Barrington, Esq., +in the same county, Jonathan Prindall, Benjamin Noble, Francis Noble, +Elisha Jones, of Pittsfield, in the said county of Berkshire, John Graves, +yeoman, Daniel Brewer, yeoman, both of Pittsfield, aforesaid, Richard +Square, of Lanesborough, in the said county of Berkshire, Ephraim +Jones, of East Hoosuck, in the same county. Lewis Hubbel, and many +other persons have left this state, or some other of the United States of +America, and joined the enemies thereof and of the United States of +America, thereby not only depriving these states of their personal services +at a time when they ought to have afforded their utmost aid in defending +the said states, against the invasions of a cruel enemy, but manifesting an +inimical disposition to the said states, and a design, to aid and abet the +enemies thereof in their wicked purposes, and whereas many dangers +may accrue to this state and the United States, if such persons should +be again admitted to reside in this state:</p> + +<p>Sect. 1. Be it therefore enacted by the Council and House of Representatives, +in general court assembled, and by the authority of the same, +that if either of the said persons, or any other person, though not specially +named in this act, who have left this state, or either of said states, +and joined the enemies thereof as aforesaid, shall, after the passing this +act, voluntarily return to this state, it shall be the duty of the sheriff of +the county, and of the selectmen, committees of correspondence, safety, +and inspection, grand jurors, constables, and tythingmen, and other inhabitants +of the town wherein such person or persons may presume to +come, and they are hereby respectively empowered and directed forthwith +to apprehend and carry such person or persons before some justice +of the peace within the county, who is hereby required to commit him +or them to the common gaol within the county, there in close custody to +remain until he shall be sent out of the state, as is hereinafter directed; +and such justice is hereby directed to give immediate information thereof +to the board of war of this state: and the said board of war are hereby +empowered and directed to cause such person or persons so committed, to +be transported to some part or place within the dominions, or in the +possession of the forces of the king of Great Britain, as soon as may be +after receiving such information: those who are able, at their own expense, +and others at the expense of this state, and for this purpose to +hire a vessel or vessels, if need be.</p> + +<p>Sect. 2. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that +if any person or persons, who shall be transported as aforesaid, shall voluntarily +return into this state, without liberty first had and obtained from +the general court, he shall, on conviction thereof before the superior court +of judicature, court of assize and general gaol delivery, suffer the pains +of death without benefit of clergy.—[<i>Passed September, 1778.</i>]</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span></p> + +<h4>WORCESTER RESOLUTIONS RELATING TO THE ABSENTEES +AND REFUGEES.</h4> + +<p>The following votes were passed by the citizens of Worcester, May +19, 1783, and contain the substance of their doings relative to the refugees:</p> + +<p>Voted,——That in the opinion of this town, it would be extremely dangerous +to the peace, happiness, liberty and safety of these states to suffer +those who, the moment the bloody banners were displayed, abandoned +their native land, turned parricides, and conspired to involve their country +in tumult, ruin and blood, to become subjects of and reside in this +government; that it would be not only dangerous, but inconsistent with +justice, policy, our past laws, the public faith, and the principles of a +free and independent state, to admit them ourselves, or have them forced +upon us without our consent.</p> + +<p>Voted,——That in the opinion of this town, this commonwealth ought, +with the utmost caution, to naturalize or in any other way admit as subjects +a common enemy, a set of people who have been by the united voice +of the continent, declared outlaws, exiles, aliens and enemies, dangerous +to its political being and happiness.</p> + +<p>Voted,——That while there are thousands of the innocent, peaceable +and defenceless inhabitants of these states, whose property has been destroyed +and taken from them in the course of the war, for whom no provision +is made, to whom there is no restoration of estates, no compensation +for losses; that it would be unreasonable, cruel and unjust, to suffer +those who were the wicked occasion of those losses, to obtain a restitution +of the estates they refused to protect, and which they abandoned +and forfeited to their country.</p> + +<p>Voted,——That it is the expectation of this town, and the earnest request +of their committees of correspondence, inspection and safety, that +they, with care and diligence, will observe the movements of our only remaining +enemies; that until the further order of government, they will, +with decision, spirit and firmness, endeavor to enforce and carry into execution +the several laws of this commonwealth, respecting these enemies +to our rights, and the rights of mankind; give information should they +know of any obtruding themselves into any part of this state, suffer none +to remain in this town, but cause to be confined immediately, for the purpose +of transportation according to law, any that may presume to enter it.</p> + + +<h4>CONFISCATION ACT.</h4> + +<p class="center"><small>CONSPIRACY ACT.</small></p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">An Act to confiscate the estates of certain notorious conspirators against +the government and liberties of the inhabitants of the late province, +now state, of Massachusetts Bay.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>Whereas the several persons hereinafter mentioned, have wickedly +conspired to overthrow and destroy the constitution and government of +the late province of Massachusetts Bay, as established by the charter +agreed upon by and between their late majesties William and Mary, late +King and Queen of England, etc., and the inhabitants of said province, +now state, of Massachusetts Bay; and also to reduce the said inhabitants +under the absolute power and domination of the present king, and of +the parliament of Great Britain, and, as far as in them lay, have aided +and assisted the same king and parliament in their endeavors to establish +a despotic government over the said inhabitants:</p> + +<p>Sect. 1. Be it enacted by the Council and House of Representatives, +in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, that +Francis Bernard, baronet, Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., late governor of +the late province, now state, of Massachusetts Bay, Thomas Oliver, Esq., +late lieutenant governor, Harrison Grey, Esq., late treasurer, Thomas +Flucker, Esq., late secretary, Peter Oliver, Esq., late chief justice, Foster +Hutchinson, John Erving, jr., George Erving, William Pepperell, +baronet, James Boutineau, Joshua Loring, Nathaniel Hatch, William +Browne, Richard Lechmere, Josiah Edson, Nathaniel Rae Thomas, Timothy +Ruggles, John Murray, Abijah Willard, and Daniel Leonard, Esqs., +late mandamus counsellors of said late province, William Burch, Henry +Hulton, Charles Paxon, and Benjamin Hallowell, Esqs., late commissioners +of the customs, Robert Auchmuty, Esq., late judge of the +vice-admiralty court, Jonathan Sewall, Esq., late attorney general, Samuel +Quincy, Esq., late solicitor general, Samuel Fitch, Esq., solicitor or +counsellor at law to the board of commissioners, have justly incurred the +forfeiture of all their property, rights and liberties, holden under and derived +from the government and laws of this state; and that each and +every of the persons aforenamed and described, shall be held, taken, +deemed and adjudged to have renounced and lost all civil and political relation +to this and the other United States of America, and be considered +as aliens.</p> + +<p>Sect. 2. Be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, that all the goods +and chattels, rights and credits, lands, tenements, and hereditaments of +every kind, of which any of the persons herein before named and described, +were seized or possessed, or were entitled to possess, hold, enjoy, +or demand, in their own right, or which any other person stood or doth +stand seized or possessed of, or are or were entitled to have or demand +to and for their use, benefit and behoof, shall escheat, enure and accrue +to the sole use and benefit of the government and people of this state, +and are accordingly hereby declared so to escheat, enure and accrue, and +the said government and people shall be taken, deemed and adjudged, and +are accordingly hereby declared to be in the real and actual possession +of all such goods, chattels, rights and credits, lands, tenements and +hereditaments, without further inquiry, adjudication or determination +hereafter to be had: any thing in the act, entitled, "An act for confiscating<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +the effects of certain persons commonly called absentees," or any other +law, usage, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding; provided always, +that the escheat shall not be construed to extend to or operate upon, any +goods, chattels, rights, credits, lands, tenements or hereditaments, of +which the persons afore named and described, or some other, in their +right and to their use, have not been seized or possessed, or entitled to +be seized or possessed, or to have or demand as aforesaid, since the nineteenth +day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred +and seventy-five.—[<i>Passed April 30, 1779. Not revised.</i>]</p> + + +<p class="center"><small>STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS.</small></p> + +<p class="center"> +An Act for confiscating the estates of certain persons commonly called<br /> +absentees.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Whereas every government hath a right to command the personal +service of all its members, whenever the exigencies of the state shall require +it, especially in times of an impending or actual invasion, no member +thereof can then withdraw himself from the jurisdiction of the government, +and thereby deprive it of the benefit of his personal services, +without justly incurring the forfeiture of all his property, rights and +liberties, holden under and derived from that constitution of government, +to the support of which he hath refused to afford his aid and assistance: +and whereas the king of Great Britain did cause the parliament +thereof to pass divers acts in direct violation of the fundamental rights +of the people of this and of the other United States of America; particularly +one certain act to vacate and annul the charter of this government, +the great compact made and agreed upon between his royal predecessors +and our ancestors; and one other act, declaring the people of said states +to be out of his protection; and did also levy war against them, for the +purpose of erecting and establishing an arbitrary and despotic government +over them; whereupon it became the indispensable duty of all the +people of said states forthwith to unite in defence of their common freedom, +and by arms to oppose the fleets and armies of the said king; yet +nevertheless, divers of the members of this and of the other United +States of America, evilly disposed, or regardless of their duty towards +their country, did withdraw themselves from this, and other of the said +United States, into parts and places under the acknowledged authority +and dominion of the said king of Great Britain, or into parts and places +within the limits of the said states, but in the actual possession and under +the power of the fleets or armies of the said king; thereby abandoning +the liberties of their country, seeking the protection of the said king, and +of his fleets or armies, and aiding or giving encouragement and countenance +to their operations against the United States aforesaid:</p> + +<p>Sect. 1. Be it enacted by the Council and House of Representatives, +in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, that every +inhabitant and member of the late province, now state, of Massachusetts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +Bay, or of any other of the late provinces or colonies, now United States +of America, who, since the nineteenth day of April, Anno Domini one +thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, hath levied war or conspired to +levy war against the government and people of any of the said provinces +or colonies, or United States; or who hath adhered to the said king of +Great Britain, his fleets or armies, enemies of the said provinces or colonies +or United States, or hath given to them aid or comfort; or who, +since the said nineteenth day of April, Anno Domini one thousand seven +hundred and seventy-five, hath withdrawn, without the permission of the +legislative or executive authority of this or some other of the said United +States, from any of the said provinces or colonies, or United States, into +parts and places under the acknowledged authority and dominion of +the said king-of Great Britain, or into any parts or places within the +limits of any of the said provinces, colonies, or United States, being +in the actual possession and under the power of the fleets or armies of +the said king; or who, before the said nineteenth day of April, Anno +Domini one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, and after the arrival +of Thomas Gage, Esq., (late commander-in-chief of all his Britannic +Majesty's forces in North America,) at Boston, the metropolis of +this state, did withdraw from their usual places of habitation within this +state, into the said town of Boston, with an intention to seek and obtain +the protection of the said Thomas Gage and of the said forces, then +and there being under his command: and who hath died in any of the +said parts or places, or hath not returned into some one of the said +United States, and been received as a subject thereof, and (if required) +taken an oath of allegiance to such states, shall beheld, taken, deemed +and adjudged to have freely renounced all civil and political relation to +each and every of the said United States, and be considered as an alien.</p> + +<p>Sect. 2. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that +all the goods and chattels, rights and credits, lands, tenements, hereditaments +of every kind, of which any of the persons herein before described +were seized or possessed, or were entitled to possess, hold, enjoy or +demand, in their own right, or which any other person stood or doth +stand seized or possessed of, or are or were entitled to have or demand +to and for their use, benefit and behoof, shall escheat, enure and accrue +to the sole use and benefit of the government and people of this state, +and are accordingly hereby declared so to escheat, enure and accrue.—[<i>Passed +April 30, 1779. Not revised.</i>]</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span></p> +<h2>BIOGRAPHIES</h2> + +<h2>OF THE<br /> + +LOYALISTS <i>of</i> MASSACHUSETTS</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THOMAS HUTCHINSON.</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Governor of Massachusetts 1771-4.</span></h3> + + +<p>Among all the loyalists of the revolted colonies, there was none so +illustrious, through his position and abilities, as Thomas Hutchinson, +Governor of Massachusetts. No public man of this State was ever subject +to more slander, personal abuse, and misrepresentation than he, and +no son of Massachusetts ever did so much to benefit and advance the +best interests of the State; beyond all question he was the greatest and +most famous man Massachusetts has ever produced.</p> + +<p>Descended from one of the oldest and most noted of Massachusetts +families, he was not one of the first members of it to acquire prominence, +that distinction belongs to the celebrated Ann Hutchinson, wife of William +Hutchinson who came over in 1634, "that woman of ready wit and +bold spirit," more than a match for her reverend and magisterial inquisitors, +and who won to her side men even of such power as John Cotton and +Sir Henry Vane. She was finally banished and with her followers went +to live under the protection of the Dutch, at Long Island where she +and all of her family except one child were killed by the Indians<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a>, her +husband having died the year previous.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> Her grandson, Elisha Hutchinson, +became the first chief justice under the old charter and afterwards +assistant and commander of the town of Boston. His son, Col. Thomas +Hutchinson, was of scarcely less note. He it was who seized Captain Kidd +when he resisted the officers of justice sent against him, and was the +father of Governor Thomas Hutchinson. He was a wealthy merchant, +and councillor who made his native town a sharer in his prosperity by +founding the North End Grammar School. He lived in the North Square +in the finest house in Boston. Here his son, the future governor, was +born Sept. 9, 1711 and the two, father and son, occupied it for more +than sixty years, till it was sacked by the mob in 1765.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>When five and a half years old the boy was sent to the school established +by his father, and at the age of twelve went thence to Harvard College. +He graduated in 1727, and three years after he took the degree of +Master of Arts. He then became a merchant—apprentice in his father's +counting room. At the age of twenty-one, he had amassed by his own +efforts £500. He married Margaret Sanford, daughter of the Governor +of Rhode Island. In 1735 he joined the church, in 1737 he became selectman +of Boston, and four months later, was elected Representative to the +General Court. At the age of twenty-six, he entered upon his wonderful +career, so strangely and sadly varied. When he stepped into leadership, +he seemed simply to come to his own, for since the foundation of Massachusetts +Bay there had been no time when some of his name and line +had not been in the front.</p> + +<p>From the first he is set to deal with questions of finance; as early as +June 3, 1737, he is appointed to wrestle with a tax bill, and before the +end of the year he is settling a boundary dispute with New Hampshire, +and it was a mark of confidence when in 1740 he was appointed, being +then 29, to go to England to represent the case to men in power. A far +more memorable service than this had already been entered upon by him, +and was resumed upon his return in which he was thoroughly successful +in spite of great difficulties, it also having a close relation with the coming +into being of the United States.</p> + +<p>New England was at this time cursed with an irredeemable paper +currency. Democracies never appear to so poor advantage as in the +management of finances, and no more conspicuous instance in point +can be cited, than that of provincial New England, throughout the first +half of the 18th century. The Assembly, the members of which were +simply the mouthpieces of the towns, surrendered their private judgment +and became submissive to the "Instruction" which they received at the +time of their election, was uniformly by a large majority, in favor of an +irredeemable paper currency. Before the enormous evils which early +became apparent and constantly grew in magnitude, the Assembly was +impotent. Widows and orphans, classes dependent on fixed incomes, +were reduced to distress, creditors found themselves defrauded of their +just dues, till almost nothing was left, a universal gambling spirit was +promoted. The people saw no way to meet the evil but by new, and ever +new issues of the wretched script, until with utter callousness of conscience, +men repudiated contracts voluntarily entered upon, and recklessly +discounted the resources of future generations by placing upon +them the obligations their own shoulders should have borne. The action +of the Council in which the higher class was represented was uniformly +more wise, and honorable, than that of the lower House during this +period of financial distress, and it is especially to be noted that King and +Parliament threw their influence on the right side, and sought repeatedly +to save the poor blind people from themselves. The right of the home +government to interfere in colonial affairs was then never questioned.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> +Massachusetts would dodge if she could, the government mandates, but +the theories of a later time, that Parliament had no jurisdiction over sea +and that the King, having granted the charter, had put it out of his power +to touch the provincial policy, in these days found no expression.</p> + +<p>The Revolution was now preparing, the Colonies were chafing under +restrictions imposed beyond the ocean for their own benefit. It is now +generally admitted, that this was one of the first causes of the Revolution, +perhaps the most potent of all causes. In all this time of distress no +figure is apparent so marked with traits of greatness as that of Thomas +Hutchinson. All the Colonies were infected with the same craze, but no +other man in America saw the way out. Franklin, level headed though +he was, elaborately advocated paper money, turning a good penny in its +manufacture.<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> The father of Samuel Adams was one of the directors of +the iniquitous "Land Bank" and the part taken by Hutchinson in causing +Parliament to close it, was what led to the undying hatred of Samuel +Adams towards Hutchinson, and the Government. When "Instructions" +were reported in Town Meeting, Hutchinson was immediately on his feet, +and declared he would not observe them, there were immediately cries +"Choose another Representative." This could not be done during the +session; he consistently threw his influence on the hard money side, and +so far lost popularity that he was dropped in 1739. He was, however, +elected again in 1742, and was Speaker in 1746-7-8.</p> + +<p>What saved the province from financial ruin at this time was the capture +of Louisburg. This warlike enterprise of Shirley led the country to +increase its debt to between two and three million dollars, but the paper +money was so depreciated at the close of the war that £1,200 was equal +to only £100 sterling. Parliament very generously voted to reimburse +the Province for the expense it had gone to in this war, and voted to pay +£183,649, 2s 7 1-2d sterling.</p> + +<p>Mr. Hutchinson, who was then Speaker of the House of Representatives, +considered this to be a most favorable opportunity for abolishing +bills of credit, the source of so much iniquity, and for establishing a stable +currency of gold and silver for the future. £2,200,000 would be outstanding +in bills in the year 1749 £180,000 sterling at eleven for one, which +was the rate at that time, would redeem all but £220,000. It was therefore +proposed that Parliament should ship to the Province Spanish dollars, +and apply same to redeem the bills, and that the remainder of the +bills should be met by a tax on the year 1749. This would finish the +bills. The Governor approved of the bill prepared by Mr. Hutchinson +but when the Speaker laid the proposal before the House, it was received +with a smile; for a long time the fight was hopeless, many weeks were +spent in debating it.</p> + +<p>The large class of debtors preferred paper to anything more solid. +Others claimed that though the plan might have merit, the bills must be +put an end to in a gradual way, a "fatal shock" would be felt by so sudden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +a return to a specie basis. When the vote was taken the bill was decisively +rejected. The chance of escaping from bondage seemed to be irrecoverably +gone. A motion to reconsider having been carried, the conviction +overtook some men of influence, and the bill for a wonder passed. +The Governor and Council were prompt to ratify, and while the people +marvelled, it was done. The streets were filled with angry men and when +it was reported that Hutchinson's home was on fire there were cries in +the street "Curse him, let it burn." His fine home at Milton, a recent +purchase, many thought should be protected by a guard. The infatuation +was so great, the wish was often expressed that the ship bringing the +treasure might sink. Many doubted whether the treasure would really +be sent, and this uncertainty perhaps helped the adoption of the bill.</p> + +<p>But the treasure came, seventeen trucks were required to cart from +the ship to the Treasury, two hundred and seventeen chests of Spanish +dollars, while ten trucks, conveyed one hundred casks of coined copper. +At once a favorable change took place. There was no <i>shock</i> but of the +pleasantest kind, a revulsion of popular feeling followed speedily, until +Hutchinson, from being threatened at every street corner, became a +thorough favorite. Twelve years after this time Hutchinson wrote, "I +think I may be allowed to call myself the father of the present fixed +medium." There is no doubt of it. He alone saw the way out of the +difficulty, and nothing but his tact, and persistency, pushed the measure to +success. This is admitted by his enemy, John Adams, who thirty years +after Hutchinson's death said, "If I was the witch of Endor, I would wake +the ghost of Hutchinson, and give him absolute power over the currency +of the United States, and every part of it, provided always that he should +meddle with nothing but the currency. As little as I revere his memory, +I will acknowledge that he understood the subject of coin and commerce +better than any man I ever knew in this country. He was a merchant, +and there can be no scientific merchant, without a perfect knowledge of a +theory of a medium of trade."<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> Hutchinson, in the third volume of his +history of Massachusetts, remarks that the people of Massachusetts Bay +were never more easy and happy, than in 1749 when, through the application +of the Louisburg reimbursement to the extinction of the irredeemable +bills, the currency was in an excellent condition. It excited the envy +of the other colonies where paper was the principal currency.</p> + +<p>In 1750 he was again elected to the Assembly and "he was praised as +much for his firm" as he had before been abused for "his obstinate perseverance." +He was made chairman of a commission to negotiate a +treaty with the Indians of Casco Bay. He also settled the boundary question +with Connecticut, and Rhode Island, as he had done previously with +New Hampshire. Massachusetts became greatly the gainer by this settlement +of its boundaries. The present boundaries of Massachusetts are +those established by Hutchinson. In 1752 he was appointed Judge of +Probate, and Justice of the Common Pleas, for the County of Suffolk.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> +In the spring of 1754 he lost his wife. With her dying voice and with +eyes fixed on him she uttered three words, "Best of husbands." He loved +her tenderly; twenty years later, taking thought for her grave, as we +shall see later on in this article (where his countrymen could not let her +bones rest in peace, but they must desecrate her grave on Copps Hill.)</p> + +<p>"In 1754 he was sent as delegate to the Convention held in Albany, +for the purpose of Confederating the Colonies, the better to protect themselves +from the French. Hutchinson and Franklin were the leading +minds of the body. To these two the preparation of important papers +was confided and plans made to prevent the 'French from driving the +English into the sea.'"</p> + +<p>In 1758 Hutchinson became Lieutenant Governor. The excellent +financial condition produced by Hutchinson's measure ten years previous, +still continued, and was made even better than before. Quebec had fallen, +and Canada was conquered by the English, and the mother country, +made generous by success, sent over large sums of money to reimburse +the Colonies for the share they had taken in bringing about the brilliant +success, the result was that the taxes became a burden of the lightest +ever before known.</p> + +<p>In 1760 Chief Justice Sewall died. Hutchinson was appointed his +successor by Governor Bernard. James Otis, Sr., then Speaker of the +Assembly, desired the place. James Otis, Jr., a young vigorous lawyer, +who was soon to arrive at great distinction, vigorously espoused his +father's cause. Hutchinson warned the Governor of trouble, in case the +Otises were disappointed. Bernard however, saw the risk of this, and +declared he would in no case appoint Otis, but named Hutchinson instead. +At once the younger Otis vowed vengence, a threat which he soon +after proceeded to execute by embarrassing the Governor, including the +new Chief Justice also in his enmity. Though before friends of government, +the Otises now became its opposers, and as the younger man presently +developed power as an unequalled popular leader, he became a most +dangerous foe. "From so small a spark," exclaimed Hutchinson, "a great +fire seems to have been kindled." Henceforth the two men are to have +no feelings for each other, but dread and hatred. An agitation began +between these two men, destined before it closes, to affect most profoundly +the history of the whole future human race.</p> + +<p>In February, 1761, Hutchinson just warming to his work as Chief +Justice, was a principal figure in the disturbance about "Writs of Assistance" +or "Search Warrants." The customs taxes were evaded the +whole country over, in a way most demoralizing. The warehouses were +few indeed in which there were no smuggled goods. The measures taken +for tariff enforcement were no more objectionable than those employed +today. Freedom to be sure is outraged when a custom-officer invades +a man's house, his castle, but high tariff cannot exist without outrages +upon freedom. A change had come about; the government had declared +the laws must be enforced, and it lay upon Hutchinson to interpret the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +laws and see to this enforcement. The position of the Chief Justice was +an embarrassing one. His own proclivities were for free trade; his +friends had been concerned in contraband commerce, according to the +universal practice in the term of slack administration. Hutchinson was +as yet a novice in the Chief Justiceship, but he made no mistake in postponing +his decision, and have the Court wait till the English practice could +be known. When news came from England, a form was settled on as +near to that employed in England, as circumstances would permit. Writs +were issued to custom-house officers, for which application should be +made to the Chief Justice by the Surveyor-General of the customs.<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Before +this determination was reached James Otis made his memorable plea +against "Writs of Assistance," one of the epoch-making events in the +history of America. John Adams afterward said, "I do say in the most +solemn manner, that Mr. Otis's oration against Writs of Assistance +breathed into this nation the breath of life."</p> + +<p>Hutchison's popularity from now begins to wane, and the main +hand in this was no doubt the teachings of James Otis whose phrase "no +taxation without representation" was used as a rallying cry. Boston at +once elected him as its Representative in the Assembly, and his leadership +thus was scarcely broken even when he became insane. At last he +became a great embarrassment to his party, from the fact that, although +his wits were gone, the people would still follow him. Peter Oliver, who +succeeded Hutchinson as Chief Justice is quoted by John Adams as saying +to him, that Otis would at one time declare of the Lieutenant Governor, +"that he would rather have him than any man he knows in any office"; +and the next hour represent him as "the greatest tyrant and most despicable +creature living."<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p> + +<p>Hutchinson was now known as a "prerogative man," ready to defer +to the home government in important things, but there was as yet no +definite line drawn between prerogative men and patriots. Otis always +scouted the idea of independence of the Colonies as disloyal folly, his +successor, Samuel Adams, was the first to preach disloyalty and secession. +Otis, as Moderator in Town Meeting in Boston, in 1763, spoke eloquently +of the British empire and constitution. He said, "The true interests of +Great Britain and her plantations are mutual, and what God in his providence +has united, let no man dare pull asunder." As to parliamentary +supremacy, Otis was much more emphatic than Hutchinson. He said, +"the power of Parliament is uncontrollable, but by themselves, and we +must obey. Forcibly resisting the Parliament and the King's laws is +high treason. Therefore let the Parliament lay what burdens they please +upon us; we must, it is our duty, to submit, and patiently to bear them +till they will be pleased to relieve us."<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p> + +<p>Otis conceded to Parliament supremacy, but insisted that the Colonies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +should have representatives there. Hutchinson considered representation +there impracticable, and while conceding supremacy, thought +it should be kept well in the background, while the Colonies managed for +themselves. Great Britain has really always held to this position even to +the present day—"Although the general rule is that the legislative assembly +has the sole right of imposing taxes in the Colony, yet when the +imperial legislature chooses to impose taxes according to the rule of law +they have a right to do it." So decided the English judge Blackburn in +1868 in a case when Jamaica was involved.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> Mansfield's position that +the Colonies were <i>virtually</i> represented in Parliament was an entirely +reasonable one. Parliamentary supremacy in the British empire is, indeed +kept well in the background at the present moment, but let any +great emergency arise, such as some peril to the mother country. If the +Colony should remain apathetic, or in any way render aid and comfort +to the enemy, the dependency would be as arbitrarily ridden over by the +fleets, and armies, as in the days of George III. So long as America +remained dependent, parliamentary supremacy was necessary. It would +only be got rid of by such a declaration as that of 1776. This, Hutchinson +was not ready for nor any other person in the Colonies until many +years after this time, except one man, Samuel Adams, who said taxation +without representation was tyranny and representation was impossible.</p> + +<p>The correctness of the position of Hutchinson in the case of the +Writs of Assistance have been maintained and exhibited in detail by so +high an authority as the late Horace Gray, Esq., for many years Chief +Justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts and at the time of his +decease justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> A currency +dispute took place in 1762 as regards the parity between gold and silver. +Hutchinson represented the Council and Otis the House, the former, true +to the policy which had already been of such advantage, set himself once +more against a course certain to lead to a disastrous depreciation. This +financial controversy led to further unpopularity, and lost him not only +a great number of friends, but the House while reducing the allowance +to the Superior Court in general, refused to make any allowance to him +whatever as Chief Justice. After the great war with France, which was +waged mainly for the benefit of the Colonies, it was found that England +had a debt of £140,000,000 instead of £70,000,000 which it had before +the war. England also had paid the Colonies vast sums of money as previously +stated, expenses incurred in protecting themselves from the +French. The American civil and military establishments before the war +was £70,000 per annum, it was now £350,000. George Grenville, Chancellor +of the Exchequer thought that the Colonies ought to contribute towards +it; he did not expect them to raise the whole, but a portion of +it, and did not intend to charge them with any interest on the national +debt, although it was largely incurred on their behalf.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>In February, 1765, he laid a bill before Parliament for further +defraying the expenses of protecting the colonies and he proposed to +charge certain stamp duties in said colonies. The agents of the several +colonies had an interview with him and tried to dissuade him from it. +He replied that he had considered the whole case and believed the colonies +should contribute something to the mother country to pay for their protection, +every penny of which would be spent in the colonies, and that he +knew of no better way than a stamp tax. "If," he said, "you can tell of a +better, I will adopt it." Benjamin Franklin, proposed that the demand +for money should be made in the old constitutional way in the form of a +requisition to the Assembly of each province. Can you agree, rejoined +Grenville, on the proportion that each colony should raise. The question +touched the heart of the difficulty, the agents were obliged to answer in +the negative, and the interview speedily closed, a few days later the fatal +Bill passed,—one of the most momentous legislative Acts in the history of +mankind.</p> + +<p>The position of Hutchinson was a trying one; he favored neither the +issuance of the Writs of Assistance nor the Stamp Act. The whole course +of the government he disapproved of he had been ready to cross the +ocean to remonstrate for the Colony, against the impolitic treatment. On +the other hand, the disloyal tone which daily grew rife about him, was +utterly against his mind, he saw no outcome for it but independence, a +most wise forecasting of the situation, in fact there was no middle +ground. Independence seemed to him and to every man then, except +Sam Adams, a calamity. If that was to be avoided, there was nothing +for it but to admit the supremacy of Parliament.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> But the Province, +to which he had been like a father, was growing away from him, and +before the summer ended, he was to receive a blow as ruthless, and ungrateful, +as it was possible to give. He was at this time a Judge of the +highest Judicial Court, a member of the Council, and Lieutenant Governor +at the same time. He had performed the duties of these incompatible +offices to the satisfaction of the community, as is shown in the writings +of John Adams before he became Hutchinson's enemy. He says, "Has +not his merits been sounded very high by his countrymen for twenty +years? Have not his countrymen loved, admired, revered, rewarded, +nay, almost adored him? Have not ninety-nine in a hundred of them +really thought him the greatest and best man in America? Has not the +perpetual language of many members of both Houses and of a majority +of his brother-counselors been, that Mr. Hutchinson is a great man, a +pious, a wise, a learned, a good man, an eminent saint, a philosopher +etc? Nay, have not the affections and the admiration of his countrymen +arisen so high as often to style him the greatest and best man in the +world, that they never saw, nor heard, nor read of such a man—a sort +of apotheosis like that of Alexander and that of Cæsar while they lived?"<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>It is not possible to give a more glowing eulogy in the English +language of a person, than this written by John Adams, the successor of +Washington as second President of the United States, but it could scarcely +be less. The regularity of his life, his sympathy for the distressed, +his affability, his integrity, his industry, his talents for business, and the +administration of affairs, his fluency, and grace, as public speaker. His +command of temper, and courteousness under provocation, united to +form a rare man, and to give him influence. In a country where literary +enterprise was very uncommon, he had devoted a great part of his life +to investigating the history of his native province, busy though he +was in so many places, in behalf of the public, he found time to carry +it forward. In 1764 was published in Boston the first volume of his +"History of Massachusetts Bay," a carefully studied work quite unparalleled +in the meagre colonial literature, and is still, and will always remain, +of the first authority respecting the beginning of New England. In +1767 came the second volume. He had access to original papers such +as no person now possesses which were of the highest historical value. +Writing to a friend in England in 1765, he said, "I think from my beginning +the work until I had completed it, which was about twelve +months, I never had time to write two sheets at a sitting without avocations +by public business, but forced to steal a little time in the morning and +evening while I was in town, and leave it for weeks together so I found +it difficult to keep any plan in my mind."</p> + +<p>In his third volume, written twenty years later and not published +till 1828, more than forty years after his death, the heat of the fight is +still in the heart beating behind the pen, in painting the portraits of his +contemporaries. Otis, Sam Adams, Hancock and others, the men who bore +him down after the fiercest possible struggle. His portrait drawing is +by no means without candor, and one wonders that the picture is no +darker. His presentment is always clear and dignified; his judgment +of men and events are just. It is the work of the thoughtful brain +whose comments on politics, finance, religion, etc., are full of intelligence +and humanity.</p> + +<p>And now Hutchinson approaches the most crucial period of his life. +As seen in a previous chapter after the passing of the Stamp Act, and +the adoption of the Patrick Henry Resolves, the people grew riotous +and treason was talked of openly. The first great riot was on August 14, +1765. In the morning the effigies of Andrew Oliver, the Stamp agent, +and Lord Bute the former prime minister, were hung on an elm tree, +on the corner of what is now Washington and Essex streets, in the evening +they were taken down, carried as far as Kilby street, where a new +government building was torn down by the mob, who, taking portions of +the wood-work with them, proceeded to Fort Hill, where they burnt the +effigies in front of the home of Mr. Oliver and committed gross outrages +on his premises which were plundered and wrecked.<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>On the evening of the 26th the riots recommenced with redoubled +fury. Lieutenant Governor Hutchinson, also Chief Justice, the second person +in rank in the colony and a kinsman of Oliver, was made a mark for +the most unmeasured outrage. The story is best told in the words of the +victim in a letter to a friend.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="signature">Boston, Aug. 30, 1765.</p> +<p> +To Richard Jackson, + +</p> + +<p>My Dear Sir—I came from my house at Milton the 26 in the morning. +After dinner it was whispered in the town there would be a mob at +night, and that Paxton, Hallowell, the custom house, and admiralty officers' +houses would be attacked; but my friends assured me that the +rabble were satisfied with the insult I had received, and that I was become +rather popular. In the evening, whilst I was at supper and my children +round me, somebody ran in and said the mob were coming. I directed +my children to fly to a secure place, and shut up my house as I had done +before, intending not to quit it; but my eldest daughter repented her leaving +me, hastened back and protested that she would not quit the house +unless I did. I couldn't stand against this, and withdrew with her to a +neighboring house, where I had been but a few minutes before the hellish +crew fell upon my house with the rage of devils, and in a moment with +axes split down the doors and entered. My son being in the great entry +heard them cry 'Dam him, he is upstairs, we'll have him.' Some ran +immediately as high as the top of the house, then filled the rooms below +and the cellar, and others remained without the house to be employed +there. Messages soon came one after another to the house where I was +to inform me the mob were coming in pursuit of me, and I was obliged +to retire through yards and gardens to a house more remote, where I +remained until 4 o'clock, by which time one of the best finished houses +in the Province had nothing remaining but the bare walls and floors.</p> + +<p>Not content with tearing off all the wainscot and hangings, and splitting +the doors to pieces, they beat down the partition walls; and although +that alone cost them near two hours, they cut down the cupola or lanthorn +and they began to take the slate and boards from the roof, and were prevented +only by the approaching daylight from a total demolition of the +building. The garden house was laid flat, and all my trees, etc., broke +down to the ground. Such ruin was never seen in America. Besides +my plate and family pictures, household furniture of every kind, my own, +my children, and servants, apparel, they carried off about £900 sterling +in money and emptied the house of everything whatsoever, except a part +of the kitchen furniture, not leaving a single book or paper in it, and +have scattered or destroyed all the manuscripts and other papers I had +been collecting for thirty years together, besides a great number of public +papers in my custody. The next evening, I intended to go to Milton +with my children, but meeting two or three small parties of the ruffians +who I suppose had concealed themselves in the country, and my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +coachman hearing one of them say, 'There he is'! my daughters were +terrified, and said they should never be safe, and I was forced to shelter +them that night at the Castle.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></p></blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 548px;"> +<img src="images/illo_155.jpg" width="548" height="450" alt="Governor Hutchinson's House" title="Governor Hutchinson's House" /> +<span class="caption">Governor Hutchinson's House Destroyed by the Mob.</span> +</div> + +<p>Josiah Quincy, then twenty-one years old, writing in his diary Aug. +27, 1765, says that Hutchinson's life "it is more than probable, was +saved by his giving way to his eldest daughter and leaving the house." +He described "the coming into court the next day of the stripped Chief +Justice, clothed in a manner which would have excited compassion from +the hardest heart. Such a man in such a station, thus habited, with tears +starting from his eyes, and a countenance which strongly told the inward +anguish of his soul,—what must an audience have felt, whose compassion +had before been moved by what they knew he had suffered, when they +heard him pronounce the following words which the agitation of his +mind dictated, "Gentlemen,—There not being a quorum of the Court<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> +without me, I am obliged to appear. Some apology is necessary for my +dress; indeed, I had no other. Destitute of everything,—no other shirt; +no other garment but what I have on; and not one in my whole family +in a better situation than myself. The distress of a whole family around +me, young and tender infants hanging about me, are infinitely more insupportable +than what I feel for myself, though I am obliged to borrow +part of <i>this</i> clothing.</p> + +<p>"Sensible that I am innocent, that all the charges against me are +false, I can't help feeling: and although I am not obliged to give an answer +to all the questions that may be put to me by every lawless person, yet +I call God to witness—and I would not, for a thousand worlds, call my +Maker to witness to a falsehood—I say I call my Maker to witness, that +I never, in New England or Old, in Great Britain, or America, neither +directly or indirectly, was aiding, assisting or supporting—in the least +promoting or encouraging—what is commonly called the Stamp Act; but, +on the contrary, did all in my power, and strove as much as in me lay, +to prevent it. This is not declared through timidity, for I have nothing +to fear. They can only take away my life, which is of but little value +when deprived of all its comforts, all that was dear to me, and nothing +surrounding me but the most pressing distress.</p> + +<p>"I hope the eyes of the people will be opened, that they will see how +easy it is for some designing, wicked man to spread false reports to raise +suspicion and jealousies in the minds of the populace, and enrage them +against the innocent, but if guilty, this is not the way to proceed. The +laws of our country are open to punish those who have offended. This +destroying all peace and comfort and order of the community—all will +feel its effects; and all will see how easily the people may be deluded, +inflamed and carried away with madness against an innocent man. I +pray God give us better hearts." The Court then adjourned to October +15th.</p> + +<p>Why Hutchinson should have fallen into such great disfavor, it is +not easy to say. Gordon, a writer of Whig leaning, but a fair minded +witness of all that occurred suggests that there were some who still entertaining +rancor towards him for doing away with paper money in 1748, +for, as we have seen, his position in 1762 on the currency was not popular. +Moreover the mob was led on to the house by a secret influence, with +a view to the destruction of certain public papers known to be there relating +to the grant of the New Plymouth Company on the Kennebec River.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> +Hutchinson himself speaks on having given rise to animosity +against him for having taken certain depositions in the interest of government, +before him in his character of Chief Justice to which his name was +signed. They were purely official acts; for the depositions he had no responsibility +whatever, but the unreasoning mass of the people confused +him with others. There was nothing in his course at the time of the +Writs of Assistance, at which the people needed to feel aggrieved. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +was with the people in opposing the external taxes, also in disapproving +the Stamp Act. Now that they were imposed, he to be sure thought +nothing would answer but submission, but certainly in his declaration +here he was nothing like so emphatic as James Otis, who still remained +the popular idol. Otis had said in May, "It is the duty of all humbly +and silently to acquiesce in all the decisions of the supreme legislature." +In private talk he was still more vigorous in his utterances. He said +to Hallowell, "That Parliament had a right to tax the Colonies, and he +was a d——d fool who denied it and that this people never would be quiet +till we had a Council from home, till our charter was taken away, and +till we had regular troops quartered upon us."<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> Hutchinson had never +expressed his thoughts anywhere near so definitely as this.</p> + +<p>The inhabitants of Boston and the Province were generally ashamed +of the outrage upon Hutchinson, but the mob still dared to show its +hand. Though in the first rush of feeling many of the rioters were sent +to jail, they were afterwards set free. The chief actor seems to have been +a shoemaker, named Mackintosh, who, though arrested, was presently +discharged; Hutchinson declares this was through the interference of +men of good position, who feared that a confession from him would implicate +them. Hutchinson's demand of the legislature for compensation +for the destruction of his home, was at last effectual. He is said to have +received £3,194, 17s. 6d., a fair indemnity. The Act had attached to +it for a "rider" pardon to all who had taken part in the disturbance connected +with the Stamp Act. Bernard hesitated to sign the Act; but was +finally induced to do so by his earnest wish to have Hutchinson receive +justice. When the Act was sent to England, the King disallowed it; +such lawlessness could not be condoned, even that a faithful official might +receive his rights. But the money had been paid before the news of the +King's displeasure arrived.</p> + +<p>A period of lawlessness now followed. Riots were absolutely unpunished, +for no jury would convict the rioters. Governor Bernard +wrote that his position was one of utter, and humiliating impotence, and +that the first condition of the maintenance of English authority in Massachusetts +was to quarter a powerful military force at Boston.</p> + +<p>Two regiments arrived Sept. 28, 1768. Shortly before their arrival +the people gathered together in an immense meeting, and voted that a +standing army could not be kept in the province without its consent. On the +arrival of the troops everything was done by the people to provoke and +irritate them. A perfect reign of terror was directed against all who supported +the government. Soldiers could not appear in the streets without +being the objects of the grossest insults. A press eminently scurrilous +and vindictive was ceaselessly employed in abusing them. They had +become as Samuel Adams boasted 'the objects of the contempt even of +women, and children.' Every offence they committed was maliciously +exaggerated and vindictively prosecuted, while in the absence of martial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> +law, they were obliged to look passively on the most flagrant insults to +authority. At one time the "Sons of liberty" in a procession a mile and +a half long marched around the State House, to commemorate their riots +against the Stamp Act, and met in the open fields to chant their "liberty +song" and drink "strong halters, firm blocks, and sharp axes, to such as +deserve them." At another an informer, who was found guilty of giving +information to revenue officers, was seized by a great multitude, tarred +and feathered, and led through the streets of Boston, which was illuminated +in honor of the achievement.</p> + +<p>A printer who had dared to caricature the champions of freedom +was obliged to flee from his house, to take refuge among the soldiers, +and ultimately to escape from Boston in disguise. Merchants who had +ventured to import goods from England were compelled by mob violence +to give them up to be destroyed, or to be re-embarked. A shopkeeper +who sold some English goods, found a post planted in the ground with a +hand pointing to his door, and when a friend tried to remove it, he was +stoned by a fierce mob through the streets. A popular minister delighted +his congregation by publicly praying "that the Almighty would remove +from Boston the English soldiers."<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></p> + +<p>These outrages led to the so-called Boston Massacre, more fully described +in a previous chapter.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> None of the mobs of that time of mobs +was more brutal and truculent than that which provoked the firing of the +group of baited men, standing their ground with steady discipline, among +the clubs and missiles resorted to now, to enforce the usual foul and +blasphemous abuse. Lieutenant Governor Hutchinson fulfilled at this +time with complete adequacy the functions of chief magistrate, for Governor +Bernard was at this time in England. Hutchinson was at once +in the street, in imminent danger of having his brains dashed out, expostulating, +entreating that order might be preserved.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> It was a fine exhibition +of power and courage. His standing in the east balcony of the State +House, with the snow reddened beneath by the blood of the killed, with +the regiments kneeling in rank ready for street firing, and several thousand +of enraged men on the other side on the point of rushing into the fight, +he was able to hold both parties in check. His prompt arrest of Captain +Preston and the squad which had done the killing, was his full duty; and +it is to the credit of the troop that the officer and his men in the midst of +the exasperation gave themselves quietly into the hands of the law. Instead +of a bloody battle, there was substituted a well-ordered civil process, +due delay being observed that the passion of both sides might subside +and the evidence, pro and con be calmly weighed. A mild and just verdict +was the outcome, to which all submitted. Men they were, all of +the same stock, for the time being fallen into antagonism, seeing things<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> +differently. All, however, bore themselves like Englishmen, showing the +quality which has made the Anglo-Saxon race a mighty one.</p> + +<p>Since the departure of Bernard there had been no session of the +legislature. In March one took place that was the cause of a new dispute +between the Lieutenant Governor and the legislature, which was +destined to be long and important. It was as to how far the chief magistrate +could be bound by royal instruction. Hutchinson says the Assembly +was prorogued to meet at Boston March 14th, 1770, but before the +time arrived there came a further signification of the King's pleasure that +it should be held at Cambridge, unless the Lieutenant Governor had more +weighty reasons for holding it at Boston, than those which were mentioned +by the Secretary of State against it.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> On the 15th of March therefore +the legislature met in the "Philosophy Room" in Harvard College, in +Cambridge.</p> + +<p>Remonstrances were passed by the Council and the House against +the removal to which Hutchinson replied "That the King by his prerogative +could remove the legislature from the 'Town House in Boston' did +not in his mind admit of a doubt and therefore he disregarded the remonstrance." +Soon after the Massacre, Hutchinson begged the Earl of Hillsborough, +the Colonial Secretary, to allow him to resign. He said, "I +must humbly pray that a person of superior powers of body and mind +may be appointed to the administration of the government of this Province. +I shall faithfully endeavor to support such person according to the +best of my abilities, and I think it not improbable that I may be capable +of doing his Majesty greater service in the Province, even in a private +station than at present."<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> Instead of accepting his resignation he was appointed +Governor in March, 1771, and his wife's brother-in-law, Andrew +Oliver, being at the same time commissioned Lieutenant Governor, and +Thomas Flucker Secretary.</p> + +<p>At his inauguration while the Assembly and the Congregational +ministers were silent, there were many congratulations, among them +Harvard College. The students singing in Holden Chapel the anthem, +"Thus saith the Lord from henceforth, behold! all nations shall call ye +blessed; for thy rulers shall be of thine own kindred, your nobles shall +be of yourself, and thy governors shall proceed from the midst of thee."</p> + +<p>April 1, 1771, he writes to Colonel Williams of Hatfield. "It's certain +all the valuable part of the town have shown me as much respect personally, +as in my public character, as I could desire. Two Adamses, Phillips, +Hancock, and two or three others, who, with the least reason have +been the most injurious, are all of any sort of consideration who stand +out."<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> Again on April 19, 1771, in a letter to Hillsboro, referring to the +Town Meeting he says, "In these votes, and in most of the public proceedings +of the town of Boston, persons of the best character and estate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> +have little or no concern. They decline attending Town Meetings where +they are sure of being outvoted by men of the lowest order, all being admitted, +and it being very rare that any scrutiny is made into the qualification +of voters."<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a></p> + +<p>The hopes Hutchinson and the friends of government were never +brighter since the troubles began with the government, than in the spring +of 1771. Among Hutchinson opponents men like Andrew Eliot, thought +"it might be as well not to dispute the legal right of Parliament." Otis +too, pursued a strong reactionary course and when on May 29 the legislature +met, at his instance, while the remonstrance was passed as had +become usual, against the removal of the legislature from Boston, the +clause was struck out which denied to the crown the right to remove. +The principle so long contended for was then sacrificed, the right of prerogative +to infringe the charter at this point was acknowledged, and it +would be easy to proceed on the ground that the crown might take what +liberties it pleased with the charter. Otis's change was indeed startling. +Samuel Adams was going on in the old road, when Otis started up, and +said they had gone far enough in that way, the Governor had an undoubted +right to carry the court where he pleased, and moved for a committee to +represent the inconveniences of sitting there, and for an address to the +Governor. He was a good man; the minister said so, and it must be +so: and moved to go on with the business, and the House voted everything +he moved for.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></p> + +<p>"Serious as was the defection of James Otis that of Hancock was even +more so. His wealth, popular manners and some really strong qualities +made his influence great. Samuel Adams had exploited Hancock, with +all his consummate art ever since his appearance in public life, making +him a powerful pillar of the popular cause. Contemptuous allusions to +Hancock as little better than an ape, whom Samuel Adams led about +according to his will, have come down from those times."<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> Such things +were flying in the air and Hancock was feeble enough to be moved by +them, if they came to his ears. Whatever may have been the reason, +Hancock forsook his old guide, voted with the party of Otis for the +acknowledgment of Hutchinson's right to convene the legislature where +and when he choose. Hancock's defection at this time from the Whig +cause seemed imminent, and when Hutchinson fled to England, three +years later and his papers fell into the hands of his enemies, it was found +necessary to suppress certain documents, belonging to this time as it is +supposed they compromised Hancock, who in 1774 was once more firmly +on the side of the Colonies.</p> + +<p>Samuel Adams probably never experienced a greater mortification +than when, as a member of a committee, he waited, by command of the +House, upon Hutchinson to present an address acknowledging the right<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> +of the Governor to remove the General Court "to Housantonic in the +western part of the Province," if he desired, nor, on the other hand, did +the Governor ever enjoy a greater triumph. Hutchinson must have felt +that he was even with his chief adversary for the humiliation of the preceding +year, the driving out of the regiments. Adams felt his defeat +keenly, but gave no sign of it, he saw his influence apparently on the +wane, but was as unremitting as ever in his attempts to retrieve lost +ground. But for him the revolutionary cause at this time must have gone +by the board.</p> + +<p>The revulsion was not long in coming. Before Hutchinson had +time to restore the repentant legislature to the town house in Boston, +the hearts of the members became hardened against him. When it became +known that the decision of the king had been made for the support +of the Massachusetts town officials from the revenue of the Colony by +warrants drawn on the Commission of Custom, the wrath of the people +became heavy, and the voice of Samuel Adams led the discontented. The +Governor was paid £1500 sterling, instead of £1000, annually, which +he was paid when dependent on the people. Hutchinson now plainly +announced that he should now receive his salary from the King. The +House protested in its usual temper, the set of the opposition being so +powerful that several of the Loyalists withdrew disheartened. But in +the midst of the fault-finding "Sons of Liberty", he received a mark of +confidence from the General Court at which he was greatly pleased, as +he had a right to be. We have already seen him as the principal figure +in settling the boundary lines on the sides of New Hampshire, Rhode +Island and Connecticut. The boundary line on the side of New York, not +settled in 1767, and still in dispute, were equally in need of adjustment, +and although his principles were popularly denounced, and the scheme +was already in progress which was to drive him from his native land +and deprive him of all his possessions in it, yet none but he could be +trusted to undertake the delicate negotiations upon which the welfare +of the Province depended.<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p> + +<p>The journal of the proceedings in the handwriting of the Governor, +is still extant. With William Brattle, Joseph Hawley, and John Hancock, +Hutchinson journeyed to Hartford, where on May 18, 1773, they discussed +the matter with Governor Tyron, John Watts, William Smith, +R. R. Livingston, and William Nicoll, Commissioners from New York. +The New York men, although more compliant than the negotiators of seven +years ago, were still disposed to exact hard concessions, to which all the +commissioners but Hutchinson were about prepared to agree. Hutchinson, +however, while diplomatic, was unyielding, insisting upon what had been +substantially the demand of 1767. At last it was conceded, establishing +for all time as a part of the Bay State the beautiful county of Berkshire. +This alone should entitle him to a monument by the State of Massachusetts. +He alone, it is said, prevented the giving up by Massachusetts of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> +her claim to western lands; these were retained and afterwards sold for +a large sum.<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></p> + +<p>It was a great victory for the Governor, the Massachusetts Commissioners +had been left free to do what seemed to them best, but they +cordially acknowledged that success belonged to him.</p> + +<p>On the return to Boston, the legislature was in session and the +assembly authorized him to transmit the settlement to Lord Dartmouth, +Secretary of State, at once, without formally laying it before them. They +trusted him entirely. Hutchinson with some pride declared that "no +previous instance of a like confidence of our Assembly in a Governor +can be found in Massachusetts history."<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> This transient favor, and +trust, aggravated for him the force of the blow he was so soon to receive. +How bitter the home coming of Hutchinson was, the following extract +from a letter to Sir Francis Bernard, the late Governor will show:</p> + +<p>June 29, 1773. "After every other attempt to distress me they have +at last engaged in a conspiracy which has been managed with infinite +art, and succeeded beyond their own expectation. They have buzzed +about for three or four months a story of something that would amaze +everybody as soon as the elections were over, it was said in the House +something would appear in eight and forty hours, which, if improved +aright, the Province might be as happy, as it was fourteen or fifteen +years ago. These things were spread through all the towns of the +Province, and everybody's expectations were raised. At length upon +motion the gallery was ordered to be cleared and the doors shut. Mr. +Samuel Adams informed the House that seventeen original letters had +been put in his hands, written to a gentleman in England by several +persons from New England, with an intention to subvert the constitution. +They were delivered to him on condition that they should be returned, +not printed, and no copies taken. If the House would receive them on +these terms, he would read them. They broke through the pretended +agreement, printed the resolves, and then the letters, which effrontery +was never known before. The letters are mere narratives which you well +know to be true, as respects remarks upon the Colonies, and such proposals +as naturally follow from the principles which I have openly avowed; +but by every malversation, which the talents of the party in each House, +could produce they have raised the prejudices of the people against me, +and it is generally supposed all the writers were concerned in one plan, +though I suppose no one of them ever saw or knew the contents of the +letters of any others unless by accident."</p> + +<p>After three weeks spent, the House resolved to address the King, +to remove the Governor and Lieutenant Governor.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> The name of the +person to whom the letters were written was erased from all of them, +but they appear to be all Mr. Thomas Whatley's six from the Governor,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> +four from the Lieutenant-Governor, one from Rogers, and one from +Auchmuty and the remainder from Rhode Island and Connecticut.</p> + +<p>The affair of the Hutchinson Letter created great excitement both +in America and England, an affair in which the best men of Massachusetts +Bay were concerned, including Franklin, then the agent of his native +Province, although a citizen then of Pennsylvania; a shade has rested +therefrom upon the character of Franklin, which cannot yet be said to +have been explained away. Is it creditable that those wary, able men, +Franklin, Samuel Adams, Bowdoin, John Adams, Samuel Cooper, and +others, really thought the very quiet statements contained "in the letters +in which there was no sentiment which the Governor had not openly +expressed in his addresses to the Legislature, was a danger and +menace to the welfare of the colony?"<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> The only explanation +is that they had persuaded themselves that Hutchinson was so dangerous +that if conduct thoroughly above board would not answer, he must be +cast out by questionable means. Mr. Winthrop justifies their conduct +by believing that it may be classed among what Burke calls "irregular +things done in the confusion of mighty troubles, not to be justified on +principle."<a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> When the printed copies of the letter arrived in England +they excited great astonishment. Thomas Whatley was dead. William +Whatley, his brother, and executor was filled with a very natural consternation, +at a theft which was likely to have such important consequences, and +for which public opinion was inclined to make him responsible. He in +turn suspected a certain Mr. Temple, who had been allowed to look +through the papers of his deceased brother, for the purpose of perusing +one relating to the colonies, and a duel ensued in which Whatley was +severely wounded. Mr. Temple continued to be suspected. A letter of +Jan. 4, 1774, says: "Although when they first came abroad his own +brother said: Whoever sent them was a d——d villian."<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></p> + +<p>Franklin then for the first time, in a letter to a newspaper, disclosed +the part he had taken. He stated that "he, and he alone, had obtained +and transmitted to Boston the letters in question, that they had never +passed into the hands of William Whatley, and that, therefore, it was +impossible, either that Whatley could have communicated them, or that +Temple could have taken them, from his papers." There is some reason +to believe that the original owner had left them carelessly in a public +office, whence they had been stolen, but the mystery was never decisively +solved.</p> + +<p>"In England Franklin's conduct was regarded with the utmost +severity. For the purpose of ruining honorable officials it was said, +their most confidential letters, written years before to a private member +of Parliament, who had at that time no connection with Government, +had been deliberately stolen; although the original thief was undiscovered, +the full weight of the guilt and dishonor rested upon Franklin. He was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> +perfectly aware that the letters had been written in the strictest confidence, +that they had been dishonestly obtained without the knowledge of the +person who received them, or the person who wrote them, and that their +exposure would be a deadly injury to the writers. Under these circumstances +he sent them to a small group of politicians whom he knew to +be the bitterest enemies of the Governor, and one result was a duel in +which the brother of the man whose private papers had been stolen, was +nearly killed. Any man of high and sensitive honor, it was said, would +sooner have put his hand into the fire than have been concerned in such +a transaction."<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></p> + +<p>When the petition for the removal of Hutchinson and Oliver arrived +the Government referred it to the Committee of the Privy Council that +the allegations might be publicly examined with counsel on either side. +The case exerted an intense interest which had been rarely paralleled. +No less than thirty-five Privy Councillors attended; among the distinguished +strangers who crowded the Bar were Burke, Priestley and Jeremy +Bentham, Dunning and Lee, who spoke for the petitioners; they appear +to have made no impression; while on the other side Wedderburn, the +Solicitor-General, made one of his most brilliant but most virulent +speeches, which was received with boundless applause.</p> + +<p>After a brief but eloquent eulogy of the character and services of +Hutchinson he passed to the manner in which the letters were procured, +and turning to Franklin, who stood before him he delivered an invective +which appeared to have electrified his audience. "How the letters 'came +into the possession of anyone but the right owner's,'" he said, "is still a mystery +for Dr. Franklin to explain, and they could not have come into his +hands by fair means. Nothing will acquit Dr. Franklin of the charge of +obtaining them by fraudulent or corrupt means, for the most malignant of +purposes, unless he stole them from the person who stole them. I hope, +my Lords, you will brand this man for the honor of this country, of Europe, +and of mankind.... Into what country will the fabrication of +this iniquity hereafter go with unembarrassed face? Men will watch him +with a jealous eye. They will hide their papers from him, and lock up +their escritoires. Having hitherto aspired after fame by his writings, he +will henceforth esteem it a libel to be called a man of letters—<i>homo trium +literarum</i>. But, he not only took away those papers from our brother, +he kept himself concealed, till he nearly occasioned the murder of another. +It is impossible to read his account, expressive of the coolest, and most +deliberate malice, without horror."</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 664px;"> +<img src="images/illo_165.jpg" width="664" height="450" alt="BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BEFORE THE PRIVY COUNCIL" title="BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BEFORE THE PRIVY COUNCIL" /> +<span class="caption">BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BEFORE THE PRIVY COUNCIL.<br /> + +He stood there, conspicuous and erect, and without moving a muscle, was compelled to hear himself denounced as a +thief, or the accomplice of thieves.</span> +</div> + +<p>The scene was a very strange one, and it is well suited to the brush or +an historical painter. Franklin was now an old man, sixty-seven, the +greatest writer, the greatest philosopher America had produced, a member +of some of the chief scientific societies in Europe, the accredited representative +of the most important of the colonies of America, and for +nearly an hour, and in the midst of the most distinguished of living<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> +Englishmen, he was compelled to hear himself denounced as a thief or +the accomplice of thieves. He stood there conspicuous, and erect, and +without moving a muscle, amid the torrent of invective, but his apparent +composure was shared by few who were about him. Fox, in a +speech which he made as late as 1803, reminded the House how on that +memorable occasion, "all men tossed up their hats, and clapped their +hands, in boundless delight, at Mr. Wedderburn's speech." The committee +at once voted that the petition of the Massachusetts Assembly +was "false, groundless, and scandalous and calculated only for the seditious +purpose of keeping up a spirit of clamor and discontent in the +province." The king and Council confirmed the report and Franklin was +ignominiously dismissed from his office of Postmaster.<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> From this +time Franklin and his friends had a deep personal grudge against the +British Government.</p> + +<p>As the autumn deepened Hutchinson interpreted as favorable to himself +the symptoms he perceived of the mood of the people. Oct. 16, +1773, he writes, "I now see so great a change in the people wherever I +travel about the country, that I have reason to think I shall rather gain +than lose by the late detestable proceedings, and my friends express +stronger attachments to me than ever." This was only a brief Indian +summer of favor before the outbreak, not now distant, of a storm more +cold and pitiless than ever, for a crisis was now at hand more threatening +than any that had preceded it. As shown in a previous chapter,<a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> +after the repeal of the Stamp Act in order to pacify the colonists, a duty +was placed on tea, and other imports, which the colonists had always +admitted to be a valid Act of the Parliament. No revenue probably +had ever been expected from it. It was felt that the principle that +Parliament might tax must be maintained; the cost of collection was +greater than the proceeds. Instead of paying 12d per pound export +duty from England, only 3d per pound was to be charged, when imported +by the East India Company to the Colonies, thereby making a +saving to the colonists of 9d per pound which would make tea cheaper +than that smuggled in from the Dutch colonies.<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></p> + +<p>The project of sending the tea, was decided on in May, 1773, and +Massachusetts was the Colony where the crisis was to come. The consignees +were important persons. Two of them were Thomas and Elisha +Hutchinson, sons of the Governor, a third was the Governor's nephew +Richard Clarke, father-in-law of Copley, the painter, a fourth was Benjamin +Faneuil, a nephew of Peter Faneuil, deceased, a fifth Joshua Winslow, +also of a memorable family. These held bravely to the task that +had been set for them, putting their property and lives in jeopardy +until finally they were driven to seek refuge in the Castle. Of those +opposed to them Samuel Adams was the chief, followed by Hancock, +Bowdoin, Dr. Thomas Young, Dr. Joseph Warren, Dr. Benjamin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +Church, Josiah Quincy, John Scollay, and others who lent their hands +to action and their heads to counsel. Historic truth also compels the +statement that the man put forward to do the disreputable work for +them was "Captain Mackintosh" leader of the South End toughs in +street fights with the North Enders, leader of the rioters in the destruction +of the Governor's home in August, 1765. For his part in that affair +he had never been punished, and now seems to have been rather a +popular pet. He was styled the "First Captain-General of Liberty-Tree," +and managed the illumination, hanging of effigies, etc. Long +afterwards, in speaking of the Tea Party he said, "It was my chickens +that did the job."<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a></p> + +<p>An attempt was made to cause the consignees to resign their commissions +under "Liberty Tree;" this they refused to do and in consequence +they were mobbed in their houses, windows and doors were +smashed and amid a tempest of missiles their lives and persons were +in great danger. Hutchinson set himself against the "Sons of Liberty," +"his course not showing one sign vacillation from first to last, but +throughout bearing the marks of clear, cold, passionless inflexibility."<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></p> + +<p>Another American writer says, "To candid men, the letters he wrote +in those days of struggle ought to have interest, as well as the declarations +of those who have portrayed him as the disgraced minion of a +tyrant."<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> Another writer, referring to his action at this time, says, +"We can at this day well afford to mete out this tardy justice to a man, +whose motives and conduct have been so bitterly and unscrupulously +vilified and maligned as have been those of Thomas Hutchinson."<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a></p> + +<p>At last, in December, 1773, three ships laden with tea arrived at Boston, +and what followed has been told a thousand times, with all possible +elaborations by those who fully sympathize with the tea mob. The cold +facts are that "Captain Mackintosh" and "his chickens," disguised as +Mohawk Indians, instigated by Samuel Adams, John Hancock<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> and +other leading "patriots" flung the whole cargo consisting of 342 chests, +into the harbor. In the course of the violent proceedings this year the +Council, the militia, and the company of cadets, had been vainly asked to +assist in maintaining the law and order. The sheriff was grossly insulted, +the magistrates could do nothing, and as usual, the crowning +outrage of the destruction of the tea was accomplished with perfect impunity, +and not a single person engaged in it was in any way molested, +but every soul in Boston knew the penalty must fall, as certain as night +follows day. "The news of these events convinced most intelligent Englishmen, +that war was imminent, and that taxation of America could only +be enforced by the sword. Popular opinion in England, which had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> +supported the repeal of the Stamp Act, was now opposed to further +concession, England, it was said, had sufficiently humiliated herself. The +claim and the language of the colonial agitators excited profound and +not unnatural indignation, and every mail from America brought news +that New England at least was in a condition of virtual rebellion, that +Acts of the British Parliament were defied and disobeyed with the most +perfect impunity, that the representatives of the British Government were +habitually exposed to the grossest insults, and reduced to the most humiliating +impotence."</p> + +<p>The time for temporising, it was said, was over. It was necessary to +show that England possessed some real power of executing her laws +and the ministers were probably supported by a large majority of the +English people, when they resolved to throw away the scabbard, and +to exert all the power of Parliament to reduce Massachusetts to obedience.<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> +The measures that were taken were very stringent. By one +Act, the harbor of Boston was legally closed. "The Custom House officers +were removed to Salem. All landing, lading, and shipping of +merchandise in Boston harbor was forbidden, and English men-of-war +were appointed to maintain the blockade. The town which owed its +whole prosperity to its commercial activity was debarred from all commerce +by sea and was to continue under this ban, till it had made compensation +to the East India Company for the tea which had been destroyed, +and had satisfied the crown that trade would for the future be +safely carried on in Boston, property protected, laws obeyed, and duties +regularly paid."<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> By another Act, Parliament was to remodel the +charter of Massachusetts, the Council or Upper Chamber was now to be +appointed as in most of the other colonies of America by the crown. The +judges and magistrates of all kinds, including the sheriffs, were to be appointed +by the royal governor. Jurymen were to be summoned by the Sheriffs. +That these Acts of the British Parliament at this time was necessary is +beyond question, for there was a mob in revolutionary Boston at this +time, scarcely less foul-mouthed, pitiless, unscrupulous, than that which +roared for the blood of the Bourbons in revolutionary Paris, or that of +the Commons of later times. Mackintosh and his crew were unmistakably +in evidence, certainly not restrained, but connived at by the +better men, so that those just as conscientious and patriotic, who tried +by lawful ways to oppose, found destruction for their property imminent, +and could feel that their lives were secure only when they had fled down +the harbor to the Castle.</p> + +<p>John Adams was one of the very few "patriots" who really disowned +and opposed mob violence; not only did he defend the soldiers +for killing some of the mob, but in a letter to his wife, he said: "mobs +I do and will detest."<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 564px;"> +<img src="images/illo_168.jpg" width="564" height="400" alt="(View from Governor Hutchinson's Field.)" title="(View from Governor Hutchinson's Field.)" /> +<span class="caption">(View from Governor Hutchinson's Field.)</span> +</div> + +<p>On May 10th, 1774, news reached Boston of the passing of the Boston +Port Bill, and the penalties the Tea-Party had brought upon the town. +General Gage, who was to command four regiments and a powerful fleet +arrived three days later. A military governor was now to succeed the +civilian, it being understood that Hutchinson, after the disturbances were +quelled, should return to power; in the meantime he was to go to England, +and help the King with personal counsel.<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> Hutchinson's work +in America was done. It may be asked, why did he remain in office in +all these years, up to this time, enforcing laws with which he had no +sympathy, the instrument of a policy he disliked, wrecking in the minds +of many of his countrymen the honorable name which for forty years he +had been establishing. It was certainly not for emolument. It was +not for fame, for instead of credit he had long received only abuse. He +kept hoping against hope, that the home government would become wiser, +that the supremacy of Parliament, having once been recognized, should +be allowed to sink out of sight, the Colonies being allowed to control +themselves as British Colonies do at the present time. He hoped that +in his own land the question of taxation would be less hotly contested +by the people. These things gained, the glorious empire of England might +remain undivided, mother and daughter remaining in peace together, an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> +affectionate headship dwelling in one, a filial and loving concession of +precedence in the other. To attain such a consummation seemed to the +Governor a thing worth suffering and striving for. To bring this +about, as is shown by all his acts, and all his words, he contended year +after year, sacrificing to his aim his reputation, his fortune, at last, hardest +of all, his citizenship, dying in exile of a broken heart.</p> + +<p>Before leaving Boston he received a most complimentary address +signed by the principal inhabitants of that and other towns endorsing this +course and conduct; they were known as "Addressers," and were afterwards +persecuted and subjected to many indignities from their fellow +townsmen.</p> + +<p>June the 1st, 1774, he turned away from his beautiful mansion and +extensive farm, and walked down Milton Hill, to the Lower Mills, nodding +and smiling to his neighbors on this side and that, it is said, whether +Whig or Tory, he was good friends with all. He was in a cheerful +mood on that day when he left his home forever, for had not the best +people of the Province approved of him, and had shown him strong marks +of favor in their addresses. It is very evident, as shown in all his writing, +that he was greatly attached to his beautiful country home and to +his Milton neighbors, with whom he was a favorite. He mingled with +them in social life, and worshipped with them in the same church. His +residence on Milton Hill is situated in one of the pleasantest places in the +vicinity of Boston. It is the same to-day as it was when the Governor resided +there, with the exception that the house has been remodeled, and +the surrounding estates, now the homes of millionaires, have been greatly +improved by art. It is situated on the crest of Milton Hill—a drumlin—to +the south of which, across a beautiful valley are the Blue Hills, called +by the Indians the "Massachusetts" or the place of the great hills, and +from which the state has derived its name. They appear like mountains +rising through the atmosphere charged with fragrant mist from the intervening +blossoming fields, which give them a blue appearance, and +soften all their ruggedness into beauty.</p> + +<p>The mansion faces the north on the road leading to Plymouth; across +the road in front of the home is an extensive field sloping towards the +green waving marshes that line the banks of the beautiful Neponset +river, winding its course to the harbor, which bears upon its bosom many +picturesque islands and in the remote distance is seen the rocky Brewsters, +on which is situated the white lighthouse, marking the edge of +the ocean.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a></p> + +<p>On that beautiful spring morning as the Governor walked down +the hill he had no thought of a lasting absence, though martial law for +a time was to be tried he was still Governor; meantime his salary was +continued and he was about to give an account of his stewardship to his +royal master. At the foot of the hill he crossed the river and there met<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +his carriage, next year to be confiscated, and appropriated to the use of +Washington. In it he rode to what is now South Boston Point; then +embarking in a boat, he was rowed to the Castle, on Castle Island, the +last bit of Massachusetts earth to feel his footfall. From here he embarked +on the warship Minerva, which was to convey him to England, +where he arrived July 1st, and was immediately received by the King, +who during the interview said, "I believe you generally live in the country, +Mr. Hutchinson, what distance are you from town?" Mr. Hutchinson +replied, "I have lived in the country. Sir, in the summer for 20 years, +but except the winter after my house was pulled down, I have never +lived in the country in the winter until the last. My house is 7 or 8 +miles from Town, a pleasant situation, and most gentlemen from abroad +say it has the finest prospect from it they ever saw, except where great +improvements have been made by art to help the natural view."<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 592px;"> +<img src="images/illo_170.jpg" width="592" height="500" alt="(Governor Hutchinson's House on Milton Hill.)" title="(Governor Hutchinson's House on Milton Hill.)" /> +<span class="caption">(Governor Hutchinson's House on Milton Hill.)</span> +</div> + +<p>He often afterwards was at Court, and was treated with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> +the greatest kindness by both King and Queen. A baronetcy was +offered him, which he declined because of insufficient means to support the +title, his property in America having been confiscated. He was however +handsomely pensioned. He does indeed write under date of September +1st, 1778, "The changes in the last four or five years of my life +make the whole scene, when I look back upon it appear like a dream or +other delusions. From the possession of one of the best houses in Boston, +the pleasantest house and farm at Milton, of almost any in the world +and one of the best estates in the Colony of Rhode Island, with an affluent +income, and a prospect of being able to make a handsome provision +for each of my children at my death—I have not a foot of land at my +command, and personal estate of £7000 only, depending on the bounty of +Government for a pension, which, though it affords a present ample provision +for myself, and enables me to distribute £500 a year among my +children, yet is precarious, and I cannot avoid anxiety. But I am still +distinguished by a kind Providence from my suffering relations, friends, +and countrymen in America as well as from many of them in England, +and have great reason to be thankful that so much money is yet continued +to me."<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 638px;"> +<img src="images/illo_171.jpg" width="638" height="400" alt="(Inland View from Governor Hutchinson's House.)" title="(Inland View from Governor Hutchinson's House.)" /> +<span class="caption">(Inland View from Governor Hutchinson's House.)</span> +</div> + +<p>The Governor's diary in England is a profoundly pathetic record of +a man broken-hearted by his expatriation. His sons and daughters and +their families to the number of twenty-five were all dependent upon him. +"He is glad he has a home for them, when so many fellow-exiles are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> +in want." As Hutchinson was by far the ablest and most eminent of his +party, so his sufferings were especially sharp. His name was held to be +a stigma. Hutchinson Street in Boston became Pearl Street. The town +of Hutchinson in the heart of the Commonwealth, cast off its title as +that "of one who had acted the part of a traitor and parricide," substituting +for it that of Barre, the liberal champion in Parliament.</p> + +<p>The honorable name he had made through forty years of self-denying +wisely directed public service, was blotted out, for generations it was +a mark for obloquy. His great possession and large estate were confiscated, +and to the shame of his countrymen be it said, they did not +spare even his family tomb. It was sold by the State and the bones of +his ancestors, some of the greatest men of the colony, and those of his +wife and children were thrown out. The old stone with the Hutchinson +crest on it still remains over the tomb in Copp's Hill burial ground with +the name of the new owner of the tomb rudely marked on it. Could the +governor have had a premonition of what was going to happen when he +wrote to his son, Feb. 22, 1775, that he wished to have a new tomb built +at Milton, and the remains of his wife, deceased twenty-one years, to +be tenderly removed from Copp's Hill and deposited therein, with space +for himself, and bade him "leave the wall or any ornament or inscription +till I return, and the sooner it is finished the better."</p> + +<p>His son Thomas had left Milton and retired to Boston before he received +his father's letter. Hostilities immediately followed, and were +succeeded by the confiscation of the estates of the loyalists. Hence this +cherished design of the governor was never carried out. Again on May +15th, 1779, he writes in his diary, "And though I know not how to reason +upon it, I feel a fondness to lay my bones in my native soil and to carry +those of my dear daughter with me." Again he writes, "The prospect +of returning to America and laying my bones in the land of my forefathers +for four preceding generations, and if I add the mother of W. H. +it will make five, is less than it has ever been." Then at last this entry +is found. "Sept. 16, 1779. Stopped at Croydon, went into the church, +looked upon the grave of my dear child, inquired whether there was +room for me, and was informed there was." He was indeed sinking fast, +and his end was rapidly approaching. A few months later, June 3, 1780, +as he was walking down the steps of his house to his coach, going for his +morning drive, he fell into the arms of his servant, and with one or two +gasps he resigned his soul to God, who gave it. He was buried at Croydon +on the 9th of June. It would scarcely be possible for a human life +to close among circumstances of deeper gloom. Utter destruction had +overtaken his family. His daughters and his son dispirited, dropped +prematurely at the same time with him into the grave. His son "Billy" +died on Feb. 20. A child of Elisha's died on June 25th, and his daughter +Sarah died on the 28th. In daily contact with him was a company of +Loyalist exiles, once men of position and wealth, now discredited, disheartened, +and in danger of starvation. The country he loved and had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> +suffered so much for, had nothing for him but contumely. To a man like +Hutchinson public calamity would cause a deeper pang than private sorrow. +No more threatening hour for England has probably ever struck +than that in which the soul of this great and good man passed away. It +had become apparent that America was lost, a separation that might be +fatal to the empire, and which her hereditary enemies were hastening to +make the most of. To America herself the rending seemed to many +certain to be fatal.</p> + +<p>While the members were thus being torn away, destruction seemed to +impend at the heart. At the moment of his death, London was at the +mercy of the mob, in the Gordon riots. The city was on fire in many +places, a drunken multitude murdered, right and left, laying hands even +upon the noblest of the land. Lord Mansfield, Chief Justice of England, +because he had recommended to the mercy of a jury, a priest arrested for +celebrating mass, saved his life with difficulty, his home with all his +possessions going up in flames. What a remarkable coincidence this +was with what happened to the governor when he was Chief Justice of +Massachusetts. The exile's funeral passed on its way through smoke, +and uproar, that might easily have been regarded as the final crash of the +social structure. No one foresaw then what was immediately to come; +that England was to make good her loss twice over, that America was to +become the most powerful of nations, that the London disorders were +on the surface merely, and only transient. In Hutchinson's latest consciousness, +every person, every spot, every institution dear to his heart +must have seemed to be overwhelmed in catastrophe. Such was the end +of a life thoroughly dutiful and honorable.<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a></p> + +<p>On the death of Cromwell, his body was buried in Henry VII chapel, +and after the restoration it was disinterred and gibbeted at Tyburn, +and then buried under the gallows, the head being placed on a pike over +Westminster Hall, where Cromwell had Charles I condemned to death. +And now nearly two and one-half centuries since this event occurred a +beautiful monument of Cromwell has been erected by Parliament on the +lawn a few feet from Westminster Hall where the above events took +place. Will the city of Boston ever do likewise and erect a statue to +Governor Hutchinson in some public place as a slight atonement for the +obloquy cast upon his name, the desecration of his family tomb, and as a +recognition of the great services he rendered his native state, for certainly +he was one of the worthiest sons that Massachusetts has ever produced, +and there should be some memorial in the place of his birth, to record his +private virtues, his historical labors, his high station, his commanding influences, +and his sorrows, which have an interest, which none acquainted +with his life can fail to feel.</p> + +<p>The following list of estates belonging to Thomas Hutchinson situated +at, and near Boston, taken from him under the Conspiracy and +Confiscation Acts comprises nineteen parcels of land. The state received<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +for them £98,121, 4s or about $490,000. His mansion house on the +corner of Fleet and Hanover Streets brought £33,500. The Governor +owned other valuable real estate in Rhode Island and other parts of +Massachusetts, particularly in that part now the State of Maine. He +was probably the wealthiest person in the state of Massachusetts at the +commencement of the Revolutionary War. The author is indebted to the +late John T. Hassam, A. M., for the list of Confiscated Estates in Suffolk +County contained in this work, giving the name of the purchaser at the +sale, the Lib. and folio of the record and a brief description of the confiscated +estates. It was originally printed in the proceedings of the +Mass. His. Soc. for May, 1895.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON'S CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK +COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Joseph Veasey, Dec. 27, 1779; Lib. 131, fol. 21; Land and dwelling-house in Boston, +Fish St. W., land purchased by Thomas Stephenson N.; passageway E; heirs +of William Graves S.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Samuel Broome, July 24, 1780, Lib. 131, fol. 233; Land, 43 A. 2 qr. 34 r., in Milton, +a back lane E., Mr. Ivers and Milton River N., Stephen Badcock and a brook +N.W.; lane to Stephen Badcock S.W.; road to Milton meeting-house S.E.——Land, +33 A. 1 r., mansion house and barn in Milton road to Braintree E., heirs +of William Badcock S.E. and S.W., road to Milton meeting-house N.W.——14 A. +3 qr. 3 r. in Milton, road to Braintree S.W., Robert Williams S.E.; heirs of William +Badcock N., Milton River N.E.——Woodland, 48 A. 1 qr. 9 r., in Milton, +road by Moses Glover's N.W.; Braintree town line S.E.; John Bois S.W.; John +Sprague N.E.——Tillage land, 17 A. 2 qr. 27 r., and salt marsh, 16 A. 14 r. adjoining, +in Dorchester, lower road from Milton bridge to Dorchester meeting-house +W.; Hopestill Leeds N.E.; John Capen and others E.; Amariah Blake and +the river N., Ebenezer Swift, Daniel Vose and a creek S.——Salt marsh, 2 A. +3 qr. 9 r., near the Hummucks in Dorchester, Levi Rounsavel N.; Robert Swan +and Madam Belcher S., the river W.——Salt marsh, 7 A., in Dorchester, Billings +Creek S. and W.; Robert Spurr N.; Henry Leadbetter S.E. and E.——One undivided +third of 8 A. salt marsh in Dorchester, held in common with Timothy +Tucker and Joseph Tucker. Billings Creek S.; Nathan Ford W.——Woodland, +33 1-2 A. 9 r. in Braintree.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Hotty. Aug 8, 1780, Lib. 131, 161, fol. 247; Land and dwelling-house in Boston, +Fish St. W., land purchased by Parsons and Sargeant N.; passageways E. and S.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Ebenezer Parsons, Daniel Sargent, Feb. 25, 1783; Lib. 137, fol. 95; Land and +dwelling-house in Boston, Fish St. W.; passageways N. and E., land purchased by +Thomas Stephenson S.——Land and dwelling-house, Fish St. W.; land purchased +by John Hancock N.; Thomas Hutchinson E.; land purchased by John +Hotty S.——Land, store, block-maker's shop, and other work places near the +above, passageways S.; W. and E; Thomas Hutchinson N.——Flats, dock, +wharf and stores near the above passage W.: dock N.; sea E.; dock S.——Flats, +dock and wharf adjoining the above-described wharf, John Brick S.; passageways +W. and N.; dock N., the sea E.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Ebenezer Parsons, Daniel Sargeant, Feb. 25, 1783; Lib. 137, fol. 99; Land and +dwelling-houses in Boston, Fish St. W.; land purchased by said Parsons and +Sargeant S.; passage N.; passage E.; land purchased by said Parsons and Sargeant +S.; passage W.; then running W. and S.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Thomas Stephenson, Mar. 13, 1783; Lib. 137, fol. 161; Land and dwelling-house in +Boston, Fish St. W.; land purchased by Parsons and Sargent N.; passage E.; land +purchased by Joseph Veasey S.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Enoch Brown, Oct. 14, 1784; Lib. 145, fol. 126; Land and brick dwelling-house in +Boston, Middle St. W.; Fleet St. N.; street from Clark's Square to Fleet St. E.; +Lady Franklin S.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span></p> +<h2>THOMAS HUTCHINSON.</h2> + + +<p>Eldest son of Governor Hutchinson. He was born in Boston in 1740. +He married Oct. 10, 1771, Sarah, daughter of Lieut. Governor Andrew +Oliver. He was Judge of the Probate Court for the County of Suffolk. +He was Mandamus Councillor, and an Andresser of General Gage. He +and his family were in Boston during the blockade, and bombardment. At +the evacuation, they went aboard ship with their two children, when the +third child was born, as they were leaving for England. Dr. Peter Oliver, +the second son of Chief Justice Oliver, refers to this matter in his Diary, as +follows: "We remained blocked up in Boston till the beginning of March, +1776, when we were ordered to embark. Tommy Hutchinson's family +and mine went aboard the Hyde Pacquet for England, March 25th, 1776, +we set sail for England. The day before we set sail from Nantasket, +Tommy's wife was delivered of a boy which had not a drop of milk during +the whole passage, was much emaciated, and no one thought it would +have lived. The lady well. As to myself, I was sick 21 days without +any support; reduced almost to a skeleton. Seven children on board ship, +and the eldest not 6 years old."</p> + +<p>The child born aboard ship was baptised Andrew, after its mother's +father, Lieut. Gov. Andrew Oliver. It grew up, married, left children, +was an eminent surgeon, and after a long life, died Dec. 23, 1846, aged 70 +years. He was the father of the late Peter Orlando Hutchinson, great +grandson of the Governor who edited the two volumes of the Diary of +Governor Hutchinson, published in 1883. He was a local antiquary, of local +repute, and a gentleman of great kindness of heart. He was a bachelor, +and died at Sidmouth, Devon, Oct. 1st, 1897, aged 87, and was the last of +his generation.</p> + +<p>His last words at the end of the second volume, are as follows: "If in +these volumes, I have anywhere said anything of my American friends +that is untrue, or too harsh for the occasion, I regret it should have been +so, and I willingly withdraw it altogether. I need not apologise for any +unkind remarks that may have been made by the Governor, though most +concerned, for he made none; and when they have made reparation for all +the slander and misrepresentation which they have persistently heaped +upon him during the last 120 years, then—we shall be quits. It is time to +bury the hatchet. Farewell."</p> + +<p>Thomas Hutchinson, the subject of this sketch, writing to his brother +under date of Nov. 15th, 1788, alluded to the trying position in which the +Loyalists were placed, he says, "We will give a little attention to a large +and suffering body of people whose only crime had been that of fidelity +to the Mother country. Driven out of the land of their adoption, they +fled back to the land of their ancestors, where most of them were strangers. +Some pressed their claims for relief from the English Government; +others applied to the American Courts for recovery of the estates themselves, +while others despairing of success, gave up everything for lost, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> +sat down resigned to their fate. Sir Francis Bernard lost the valuable +Island of Mount Desert, and Sir William Pepperell lost miles of coast +line, stretching away from Kittery Point to Saco, extending miles into the +interior."</p> + +<p>"These unfortunate people were very difficultly placed—if they had +joined the American party, they would have been Rebels to England, but +when the war was over and they applied for the restitution of their estates +they were told they were Rebels to America."</p> + +<p>Writing again under date of 1789, he said: "We proceeded to Exeter, +and I have taken a house at a mile from the town, but in the neighborhood, +the house furnished, and has every convenience about it, with about +six acres of land—mowing, orchard, and garden stocked with fruit trees. +I could have had my house and garden without the land, at £45, and am +to pay £60 per ann. for the whole. The last year my orchard produced +20 hhds of cyder."</p> + +<p>Thus the family became settled in a respectable looking old house built +in the Queen Anne style, known as East Wonford near Heavitree church, +where it still stands. The rent appears to be extraordinarily low. He +would not bind himself to a lease, for he still had hopes of returning to +America, but the return was never to be. The Hutchinsons had very little +chance of a favorable hearing in Massachusetts, and their large fortune +there was forever lost to them. The family seems to have been content +with their new home, for in another letter to his brother of May 19, 1791, +Thomas says:—"After eighteen months residence, we continue to think +this a very agreeable part of England; and perhaps I could not have made +a better pitch than I have done."</p> + +<p>Thomas Hutchinson, son of the Governor, died in 1811, and his wife +in 1802. They were deposited in a vault in the middle of Heavitree +church. The church was pulled down in 1843 and a new one erected on +the same site.</p> + +<p>Thomas, his eldest son, grandson of the Governor, was born in America +in 1772, brought to England by his father in 1776, he was a Barrister-at-Law, +resided during the early years of his career at No. 14 New Boswell +Court, Lincoln's Inn, London, and after that in Magdalen Street, Exeter. +He married twice, had three sons and one daughter. He is buried in the +N. W. corner of Heavitree churchyard. A stone with the following inscription +marks the spot: "Underneath this stone Lie the mortal remains +of Thomas Hutchinson, Barrister-at-Law, who departed this life the 12th +of November 1837, aged 65."</p> + +<p>Mary Oliver Hutchinson, daughter of Thomas Hutchinson, and +granddaughter of the Governor, was born in America, Oct. 14, 1773, and +was brought to England by her father in 1776, married Captain W. S. +Oliver, R. N., grandson of Lieut. Governor Andrew Oliver, at Heavitree, +in Oct. 1811. She died at East Tergnmouth, Devon, July 11th, 1833, +leaving one son and two daughters of whom more presently.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span>William Hutchinson, son of Thomas and grandson of the Governor, +was born in England, June 14, 1778. He entered the church and was +pastor for some time at Heavitree and Colebrook, Devon. He had two sons +and three daughters. Rev. William Hutchinson, died May 3rd, 1816.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>ELISHA HUTCHINSON.</h2> + + +<p>Son of Governor Hutchinson, was born Dec. 24, 1745, at Boston. He +graduated at Harvard College in 1762. His wife Mary was the eldest +daughter of Colonel George Watson of Plymouth, Mass. He was the +commercial partner of his brother Thomas. They were the consignees +of one-third of the tea. Their names were given to the East India Company +by a London correspondent, who solicits the consignment for them, +without mentioning their connection with the Governor, although the +historian Bancroft falsely asserts that he had a pecuniary interest in the +shipment, of which there is not the slightest evidence.<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> He accompanied +his father to England in 1774, leaving his wife in America, with the intention +of rejoining her in a few months, but it was three years before she +could join him in England. Having reached his 80th year he died at +Tutbury, June 24, 1824, having had issue three daughters and two sons. +His son John, born Sept. 21, 1793, was perpetual curate of Blurton near +Trentham, Co. Staff. Percentor and Canon of Lichfield, Editor of Vol. +3 of Gov. Hutchinson Hist. of Mass., in 1828. He married his cousin +Martha Oliver Hutchinson, May 10th, 1836. He died April 27, 1865, +at Blurton, having had issue two daughters and one son, John Rogers, +born March 6, 1848, who married Ruth Hombersley, Oct. 19, 1882, at +Kirk Ireton, Derbyshire.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>FOSTER HUTCHINSON.</h2> + + +<p>Was brother of Governor Hutchinson, and one of the last judges +of the supreme court of Massachusetts. He graduated at Harvard University +in 1743. He accepted the appointment of mandamus councillor +in 1774 and soon after was compelled to take refuge in Boston. He was +proscribed and banished and his estates were confiscated. He left Boston +at the evacuation in 1776, and with his family of twelve persons went to +Halifax. He died in Nova Scotia in 1799. His son, Foster, an Assistant +Judge of the Supreme Court of that Colony died in 1815, and his daughter +Abigail deceased at Halifax, July 1843, aged seventy-four years. Foster +and his brother Thomas had a dry goods store in 1765 below the +"Swing Bridge" near what is now the corner of Hanover and Salem +streets.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO FOSTER HUTCHINSON ET AL IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Ebenezer Parsons, Daniel Sargent, Feb. 25, 1783; Lib. 137, fol. 95; Land and dwelling-house +in Boston, Fish St. W.; passageways N. and E.; land purchased by +Thomas Stephenson S.——Land and dwelling-house, Fish St. W.; land purchased +by John Hancock N.; Thomas Hutchinson E.; land purchased by John +Hotty S.——Land, store, block-maker's shop and other work places near the +above, passageways S.; W. and E.; Thomas Hutchinson N.——Flats, dock, +wharf and stores, near the above, passage W.; dock N.; sea E.; dock S.——Flats, +dock and wharf adjoining the above described wharf, John Brick S.; passageways +W. and N.; dock N.; the sea E.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Codman, Jr., Sept. 25, 1783; Lib 140, fol. 4; Land, wharf and dock in Boston. +Town Dock N.; heirs of William Clarke deceased W.; heirs of Benjamin Andrews +S.; passage from the Town Dock to Green's wharf E.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>ELIAKIM HUTCHINSON.</h2> + + +<p>As previously stated, the ancestor of Governor Hutchinson who emigrated +to Boston was William Hutchinson, grandson of the Mayor of +Lincoln; he had a brother Richard in business in London whose son +Eliakim also settled at Boston. There is nothing to show that Richard +ever came to this country, and when William and his wife Anne was expelled +from Boston, the lot which had been granted to him in 1634, now +known as the "Old Corner Bookstore," which then extended to the City +Hall lot, was sold by his son Edward to Richard Hutchinson of London, +linen-draper. This was the father of Eliakim. The subject of this notice +was the great grandson of the emigrant. He was born in 1711 and married +Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Governor Shirley. He was a member +of the Governor's Council and Chief Justice of the Court of Common +Pleas for Suffolk County. In 1764 he purchased from his father-in-law +"Shirley Hall," the finest estate in Roxbury. In 1746 Governor Shirley +bought thirty-three acres of land and erected this palatial mansion on +it. Its oaken frame and other materials, even the bricks, it is said, were +brought from England, at a vast expense. It has been removed from its +original location, and is now occupied as a tenement house, yet, notwithstanding +the vicissitudes it has undergone, it is extremely well preserved. +One of the peculiarities of "Shirley Place," as the governor styled it, +is its double front. From the upper windows a fine view is obtained of +the city, harbor and islands. Each front was approached by a flight +of stone steps flanked by an iron railing of an antique and rustic pattern. +Entering the northern or proper front, you find yourself in a +spacious hall of grand proportions. To the right a broad staircase +leads to a balcony extending around to the left where two doors open +into the guest chambers in which Washington, Lafayette, Franklin, Daniel +Webster and many other celebrated men have from time to time +been accommodated. From the balcony the musicians entertained the +company at the table in the hall. The carved balusters around the staircase +and gallery are of three different patterns, and the rail surmounting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> +them is inlaid at the top. The base of the balustrade and staircase, is +also adorned with a carved running vine. To the right and left of the +hall are doors leading into the reception room, parlors, etc. Upon great +occasions the two halls were thrown into one by opening the folding +doors between. Washington paid a visit to Governor Shirley in March +1756, to relate to him the circumstances of his son's death who was +killed at the battle of the Monongahela. In a letter to his friend and patron +Lord Fairfax, he says, "I have had the honor of being introduced +to several governors, especially Mr. Shirley, whose character and appearance, +have perfectly charmed me." The next time Washington visited +"Shirley Place" it was not as a guest, but as an enemy.</p> + +<p>Governor Shirley was a man of great industry and ability, thoroughly +able, enterprising, and deservedly popular. He was a strong advocate +of prerogative and in 1756 advised the ministry to impose a stamp tax +in America. In February, 1755, he was made a major-general, with +superintendence of military operations in the Northern Colonies. It was +then, after the disastrous defeat and death of General Braddock, that +Major Washington came to report it to him, and he was superseded both +in his command and his government, and ordered to England. Triumphantly +vindicating himself from the charges against him, he was made +a lieutenant-general in 1759, and was governor of the Bahamas from +1758 to June 1769 when he returned to Roxbury, residing with his son-in-law +in the mansion built by him until his death, March 24, 1771, and +was interred in the burying ground of King's Chapel, which edifice he +caused to be built while governor.</p> + +<p>Judge Eliakim Hutchinson died in June, 1775. He had a high +standing at the bar, being well versed in his profession, and enjoyed a +good reputation as a general scholar, and as a man of high moral and +religious principles. He was early imbued with principles favorable to +the government, but was never a bitter, nor even a warm partisan.</p> + +<p>His patrimonial inheritance, aided by industry enabled him to acquire +a handsome fortune, one of the largest in the province. He adhered +to government from the beginning of the controversy, but the +moderation of his conduct, his superior fitness for his office, and the +confidence in his integrity, secured him public favor through the stormy +period, which commenced soon after his appointment to the Governor's +Council. But this was an unpardonable offence in the eyes of the "Sons +of Despotism." It was however unsolicited, unexpected and accepted +with great reluctance, and although he died before actual hostilities had +scarcely commenced, yet his large and valuable estate was confiscated. +That portion of it in Suffolk County was inventoried at £21,400, Shirley +Place with eighty acres of land was valued at £12,000. During +the siege of Boston the mansion was used as a barracks by the Revolutionary +troops and was greatly injured thereby.</p> + +<p>It was purchased from the State by John Read, and then passed +through many hands, and in 1819 was purchased by Governor Eustis, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> +passed the remainder of his days there, dying in 1825. Among the +guests that accepted his hospitality was John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, +Daniel Webster, Aaron Burr, and John Calhoun.</p> + +<p>Judge Hutchinson's wife left Boston at the evacuation, and went +to England. She died at London in 1790.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Hutchinson</span>, son of Eliakim Hutchinson, graduated at +Harvard College in 1762. He went to the Bahamas when his grandfather +Shirley became Governor of same. In 1771 William Hutchinson +was appointed Judge of the Admiralty Court of the Bahama Islands. +He died in England in 1790.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO ELIAKIM HUTCHINSON IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To William McNeill, Archibald McNeill. Feb. 21, 1782; Lib. 134, fol. 27; Land in Boston, +Cow Lane E., Howe's ropewalk S.; W. and S.; Milk St. W.; Palmer's pasture +N.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Edward Compton Howe, June 17, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 22; Land in Boston, Milk St. +N., Mr. McNeil E. and S.; McNeil's ropewalk E.; Cow Lane S.; ropewalk of Ferister +and Torrey W.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Read, Sept. 9, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 196; Land 37A., in Roxbury, bounded by the +road from Roxbury to Dorchester, the brook and salt water creek between Roxbury +and Dorchester, the way to the clay pit and by the lands of John Howes, +John Humphrey, John Williams, Aaron White, James White, Caleb Williams, +Samuel Warren, Joseph Clapp, Isaac Williams and Benjamin Williams.——Woodland +13 A., in Roxbury, Elijah Wales S.; widow Bourne and heirs E.; Noah +Davis W. and N.——Right of William Shirley Esq., to the clay pits above mentioned +called the Town of Roxbury clay pits.——23 1-2 A. in Roxbury, John +Williams N.; Aaron White, Samuel Cheney, John Hawes, widow Warren and heirs +of Joseph Warren W.; Nehemiah Munroe S; town way from Dorchester brook to +Braintree road E.——Pasture land, 19 A., in Roxbury, Daniel Holbrook N.; +Braintree road W.; James White S.W.; said town way S. and E.——22 A., in +Roxbury, said town way N.W.; John Williams and —— Swan S.; John +Humphrey E. John Williams N.E.——Salt marsh and upland, 20 A., in Roxbury, +heirs of Benjamin Williams S.W.; town creek between Roxbury and Dorchester +S.E.; Joseph Curtis N.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Lucas, Edward Tuckerman. Oct. 4. 1782; Lib. 136, fol. 22; Land in Boston, on +Dock Square and Cooper's Alley, bounded by lands of Thomas Green, Joshua +Blanchard, widow Apthorp, John Newell, William Greenleaf, Jonathan Simpson +and heirs of Thomas Young.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Nathan Spear, March 1. 1783; Lib. 137, fol. 131; Land in Boston, passageway from +the Town Dock to Green's wharf W.; Jonathan Williams, William Hyslop, Nathaniel +Correy, Alexander Hill, heirs of John Gould, of Anthony Stoddard, and of +John Walker deceased N.; the end of the wharf E.; the dock between said wharf +and Green's wharf S.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Francis Bigelow, April 3, 1783; Lib. 137 fol. 260; Land in Boston on Milk St.; +bounded by a passageway and by land of said Bigelow, said Hutchinson and Mr. +Bourne.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Joseph Russell, July 12, 1783; Lib. 139. fol. 75; Land in Boston near Fort Hill, +Gridley's Lane S.; Cow Lane E.; land of Town of Boston and of heirs of Andrew +Oliver N.; Thomas Palmer W.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Thomas Green, Feb. 18, 1784: Lib 141. fol. 136; Land in Boston. Dock Square S.; +Eliakim Hutchinson W.; Mr. Blanchard N.; Thomas Green E.; N. and E.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Thomas Walley, Aug. 28, 1784: Lib. 144. fol. 172; Land and buildings in Boston, +Cross St. S.; Thomas Walley W.; widow Holmes N.; Samuel Ellinwood E.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Samuel Emmons, Jr., Victor Blair. Dec. 24, 1792; Lib. 174. fol. 183; Land in Boston, +Milk St. and Cow Lane, between a highway and ropewalk of Farreter and +Torrey.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Jeffery Richardson, May 17, 1793; Lib. 176, fol. 8; Land in Boston. Cow Lane S.E.; +Samuel Emmons N.E; Thomas Davis S.W.; extending towards Milk St. N.W.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Jeffery Richardson, Dec. 15, 1795; Lib. 182, fol. 27; Confirmation of above.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Martin Brimmer, Apr. 13, 1796;, Lib. 183, fol. 37; Flats and wharf in Boston, +Minot's T N.; flats towards the town W.; wharf and flats of William Davis S.; +the channel E.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illo_181.jpg" width="450" height="658" alt="ANDREW OLIVER" title="ANDREW OLIVER" /> +<span class="caption">ANDREW OLIVER.<br /> + +Born in Boston, 1707. Lieutenant Governor 1770-4. Died in Boston, March, 1774.</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p> +<h2>ANDREW OLIVER.</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts 1770-1774.</span></h3> + + +<p>The Oliver family are among the most prominent of the early colonial +families. Thomas Oliver came from Bristol in 1632. He was one of the +founders, and Elder of the First Church in Boston.<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> His son Peter +born in England in 1622 and died in Boston in 1670, was a prominent merchant, +and commander of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company +in 1669 and was one of the founders of the Old South Church. Peter's +son Daniel married Elizabeth, the daughter of Andrew Belcher, who was +the father of Governor Jonathan Belcher.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Andrew Oliver</span>, son of Daniel Oliver, a member of the Council, and +brother of Peter Oliver, the Chief Justice. He graduated at Harvard College +in 1724. He was a representative from Boston, member of the council +and Secretary of the Province. In 1765, soon after receiving the appointment +of Stamp Collector, without his solicitation, he not approving of +the Act, he became very unpopular. The rough population which abounded +about the wharves and shipyards, whose movements were directed by +persons of higher rank and larger views of mischief, grew riotous, and +with the usual want of discrimination shown by mobs, were not slow to +lift their hands against even their best friends. The houses of the Custom +and Admiralty officials were attacked, which culminating in an extraordinary +outrage against Andrew Oliver, which led John Adams to exclaim, +"Has not the blind undistinguishing rage of the rabble done that +gentleman irreparable injustice"?<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> He was hung in effigy, a drunken +crowd carrying the effigy through the Town House, even while the Governor +and Council were in session. The building he had fitted for the +transaction of business was destroyed. Taking a portion of it for a fire, +the mob proceeded to Fort Hill where Mr. Oliver lived and burned his +effigy in a bonfire before his home; they then went to work on the barn, +fence, garden, and dwelling house. After breaking all the windows they +entered the house and damaged and destroyed his furniture, completely +wrecking this beautiful mansion. The business being finished, the "Sons +of Despotism" proceeded to the Province-house, gave three huzzas and +dispersed. On the day following the riot, Mr. Oliver resigned his office. +In writing to a friend he says, "I was persuaded to yield in order to prevent +what was coming on the second night." This action of the mob +caused intense suffering both to himself and family.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a></p> + +<p>In 1770, Mr. Oliver was appointed Lieutenant Governor. In 1773, +several letters which he had written to persons in England, and which were +obtained surreptitiously by Franklin and sent to Boston, created much excitement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span> +and abuse of the writers.<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> In addition to the assaults at home, +he was accused in England by Arthur Lee who signed himself Junius +Americanus with the grave crime of perjury. "Scarce any man ever had +a more scrupulous and sacred regard for truth, and yet, to such a degree +did the malignant spirit of party prevail as to cause this man in the public +papers in England, to bring against him a charge of perjury. The +Council of Massachusetts Bay, from whose votes and resolves this writer +attempted to support the charge, by vote which they caused to be printed, +repaired the injury as well as they could, but a consciousness of his innocence +and integrity, however, together with the reproaches most injuriously +cast upon him by the resolves of the council and house, in which he was +treated as the determined enemy of the liberties of his country, the interest +whereof according to the best of his judgment (which was much +superior to that of his most virulent persecutors) he always had at heart, +affected his spirits and evidently accelerated his death."<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> Mr. Oliver was +now advanced in life, and unable to endure the disquiet and misery caused +by his position in affairs at so troubled a period, soon sunk under the +burden. After a short illness he died at Boston in March 1774, aged 67. +By the testimony of foes as well as friends, he was a most useful and estimable +man, modest, indefatigable, well-cultured, soundly sensible. He +had been the most beloved member of a family greatly beloved, and no +charge could be brought against him except that in his political principles +he sided with the Government. He was a liberal benefactor to his <span class="smcap"><small>ALMA +MATER</small></span> in books, ancient manuscripts, and anatomical preparations. At +his funeral the mob was again in evidence. The House of Representatives +withdrew from the procession because a certain punctilio was neglected. +The mob of Boston ran after the funeral train hooting and in an +unseemly way hilarious, gave three cheers when the mourners came out of +the graveyard, his brother the Chief Justice, intrepid as he was, did not +dare to be present, because his life was threatened. Had he died before this +violent spirit was raised, he would have been revered by all orders and degrees +of men in the Province.</p> + +<p>He was a man of large wealth for those days. The inventory of his +real estate was as follows:</p> + +<p>The Mansion House and Buildings situated near Fort Hill.</p> + +<p>The Brick School House near Griffin's Wharf.</p> + +<p>A Warehouse on Long Wharf.</p> + +<p>A right in said Wharf.</p> + +<p>The Buildings and Land etc., on Oliver's Dock.</p> + +<p>A Brick House on Union Street with a small Wooden Shop adjoining +and Land belonging thereto.</p> + +<p>A Dwelling House and about three Acres of Land at Dorchester.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illo_183.jpg" width="600" height="413" alt="ANDREW OLIVER MANSION" title="ANDREW OLIVER MANSION" /> +<span class="caption">ANDREW OLIVER MANSION, WASHINGTON STREET, DORCHESTER.<br /> + +Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, 1770-74.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span>The last named building is the only one now in existence, and the +following description of it at the time of writing, may be interesting to +the reader.</p> + +<p>Lieut. Governor Oliver's country house in Dorchester is situated on +the corner of Washington and Park streets. In the old deeds it is described +as being "On the Road leading to Milton." The house appears +the same as in the olden times. Not one whit has the estate changed outside +of the interior of the great house. The broad acres that surround it +still spread out before and behind it, the same drives are lined with great +English Elms as in the old days; no finer old mansion house of the colonial +period is to be found in New England, none is richer in memories of olden +times. Here Lieut. Gov. Andrew Oliver entertained the finest of the land, +where gentlemen in powdered wigs and ladies in fine old silks used to +dance the minuet, and where the negro slaves used to be happy in their own +way. It was sold by John J. Spooner, administrator of the estate of Andrew +Oliver, to Col. Benjamin Hichborn, and was used by him as a summer +residence. In 1817 it went into the hands of his brother, Samuel +Hichborn, who entertained there Gen. Lafayette, and Presidents Jefferson, +and Munroe. For many years it was owned and occupied by the famous +chocolate manufacturer, Walter Baker. At the decease of Mrs. Baker, it +was purchased by the Colonial Club who now occupy it as a club house.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THOMAS OLIVER.</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts, 1774-1775.</span></h3> + + +<p>Thomas Oliver was born in Antigua and graduated at Harvard College +in 1753, he was the son of Robert Oliver, a wealthy planter from +Antigua who settled in Dorchester. His parentage is unknown, there +were Olivers in Dorchester as early as 1637, and he may have descended +from them.<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> He brought with him from Antigua his wife Anne and one +son, Thomas, the subject of this notice. He purchased a number of +pieces of land of which 30 acres had been the property of Comfort Foster, +on this homestead lot he built in 1745 a fine mansion, on what is now +known as Edward Everett square. Tradition records, that he brought +many slaves with him, and when they were given wheelbarrows in which +to carry the dirt, in ignorance of their proper use they carried them upon +their heads, in just the same manner as the writer has seen negroes at +the present time carry burdens on their heads on the "Pope's Head" estate +in Antigua where these slaves came from. In Dorchester Robert Oliver +had born to him sons, Isaac and Richard, and a daughter, Elizabeth, who +became the wife of John Vassall, Jr. He died December 20, 1762. "The +Post Boy" contained the following brief obituary: "Thursday morning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> +last died at his seat in Dorchester, in the 63d year of his age, Col. Robert +Oliver. A Gentleman of extensive Acquaintance, remarkable for his +Hospitality to All, was kind to the Poor, and in his Military Character, +beloved and esteem'd, his Family and Neighbours, have met with a great +Loss in this Bereavement; His Remains are to be interr'd Tomorrow at +3 o'clock in the Family Tomb at Dorchester." About two years before +this Thomas, his eldest son, had married Elizabeth, daughter of Col. John +Vassall of Cambridge, making a double connection by marriage between +these two families. Closely allied with them by marriage were the Royalls, +all three families being probably originally of New England, then resident +in Antigua and Jamaica, and returning here to enjoy their acquired wealth. All +three families built houses which have lasted to our time: Royall in +Medford, Vassall in Cambridge and Oliver in Dorchester.</p> + +<p>Thomas Oliver remained for several years in Dorchester after his +father's death. He inherited a large estate from his grandfather, James +Brown, and from his great-uncle, Robert Oliver. He then began life +under the most favorable auspices. His father-in-law was John Vassall +of Cambridge, who married the daughter of Lieutenant-Governor Spencer +Phips. Being a man of fortune he did not mingle in the stormy political +contests of that period until a day fatal to his peace and quiet, when he +accepted the office of Lieutenant-Governor. He has been represented as +a mild, peaceable person, and gentlemanly in deportment. In 1766 he +removed to Cambridge and built the fine mansion recently occupied by +James Russell Lowell. He sold his Dorchester mansion to Richard +Lechmere, who was the uncle by marriage of Oliver's wife, he having +married May Phips, whose sister Elizabeth married Col. John Vassall, +who died in 1741. In 1771 the mansion passed into the hands of John +Vassall, a son of the Colonel, who was a Loyalist, and his property was +confiscated. It was sold by the State to John Williams; it afterwards +passed into the possession of Oliver Everett in 1792, and here his son +Edward Everett was born in 1794. The house was torn down in 1900 and +the square in front of it, previously known as the Five Corners, was +named Edward Everett Square. On the opposite side of the square on +a part of the same estate in a small park is situated a house built by one +of the earliest settlers, about 1640, owned and occupied by the Dorchester +Historical Society.</p> + +<p>Thomas Oliver was the last Royal Lieutenant-Governor and President +of the Council of Massachusetts. He received his appointment from +the Crown in 1774, after the decease of Andrew Oliver, who was of a +totally distinct family; it is understood that the King thought he was +appointing Chief Justice Peter Oliver, a brother of Andrew, a much +more active man in the politics of the times.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 569px;"> +<img src="images/illo_185.jpg" width="569" height="400" alt="THOMAS OLIVER AND JOHN VASSALL MANSION" title="THOMAS OLIVER AND JOHN VASSALL MANSION, DORCHESTER." /> +<span class="caption">THOMAS OLIVER AND JOHN VASSALL MANSION, DORCHESTER.<br /> + +It stood on the north side of Edward Everett square. A bronze tablet marks its site. Edward Everett was born here +April 11, 1794. (see p. 183.)</span> +</div> + +<p>His appointment as Councillor was by the King's writ of mandamus +which was held, was contrary to the charter. This made him an object +of popular resentment. He detailed the course pursued against him, in +consequence of being sworn into office in the following narrative dated +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>September 7, 1774, which as throwing light on the transaction of the +times is inserted entire:</p> + +<p>"Early in the morning" (of September 2d), said he, "a number of +inhabitants of Charlestown called at my house to acquaint me that a +large body of people from several towns in the county were on their way +coming down to Cambridge; that they were afraid some bad consequences +might ensue, and begged I would go out to meet them, and endeavor +to prevail on them to return. In a very short time, before I could +prepare myself to go, they appeared in sight. I went out to them, +and asked the reasons of their appearance in that manner; they respectfully +answered, they 'came peaceably to inquire into their grievances, +not with design to hurt any man.' I perceived they were landholders +of the neighboring towns, and was thoroughly persuaded they would do +no harm. I was desired to speak to them; I accordingly did, in such a +manner as I thought best calculated to quiet their minds. They thanked +me for my advice, said they were no mob, but sober, orderly people, who +would commit no disorders; and then proceeded on their way. I returned +to my house. Soon after they had arrived on the Common at Cambridge, +a report arose that the troops were on their march from Boston; I was +desired to go and intercede with his Excellency to prevent their coming. +From principles of humanity to the country, from a general love of mankind, +and from persuasions that they were orderly people, I readily undertook +it; and is there a man on earth, who, placed in my circumstances, +could have refused it? I am informed I am censured for having advised +the general to a measure which may reflect on the troops, as being too +inactive upon such a general disturbance; but surely such a reflection +on a military man can never arise but in the minds of such as are entirely +ignorant of these circumstances. Wherever this affair is known, it must +also be known it was my request the troops should not be sent, but to +return; as I passed the people I told them, of my own accord, I would +return and let them know the event of my application (not, as was related +in the papers, to confer with them on my own circumstances as President +of the Council). On my return I went to the Committee, I told them +no troops had been ordered, and from the account I had given his Excellency, +none would be ordered. I was then thanked for the trouble +I had taken in the affair, and was just about to leave them to their own +business, when one of the Committee observed, that as I was present it +might be proper to mention a matter they had to propose to me. It was, +that although they had a respect for me as Lieutenant-Governor of the +Province, they could wish I would resign my seat. I told them I took +it very unkind that they should mention anything on that subject; and +among other reasons I urged, that, as Lieutenant-Governor, I stood in a +particular relation to the Province in general, and therefore could not +hear anything upon that matter from a particular county. I was then +pushed to know if I would resign when it appeared to be the sense of +the Province in general; I answered, that when all the other Councillors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> +had resigned, if it appeared to be the sense of the Province I should +resign, I would submit. They then called for a vote upon the subject, +and, by a very great majority, voted my reasons satisfactory. I inquired +whether they had full power to act for the people, and being answered +in the affirmative, I desired they would take care to acquaint them of +their votes, that I should have no further application made to me on that +head. I was promised by the Chairman, and a general assent, it should +be so. This left me entirely clear and free from any apprehensions of a +farther application upon this matter, and perhaps will account for that +confidence which I had in the people, and for which I may be censured. +Indeed, it is true, the event proves I had too much; but reasoning from +events yet to come, is a kind of reasoning I have not been used to. In +the afternoon I observed large companies pouring in from different parts; +I then began to apprehend they would become unmanageable, and that it +was expedient to go out of their way. I was just going into my carriage +when a great crowd advanced, and in a short time my house was surrounded +by three or four thousand people, and one quarter part in arms. +I went to the front door, where I was met by five persons, who acquainted +me they were a Committee from the people to demand a resignation of +my seat at the Board. I was shocked at their ingratitude and false dealings, +and reproached them with it. They excused themselves by saying +the people were dissatisfied with the vote of the Committee, and insisted +on my signing a paper they had prepared for that purpose. I found that +I had been ensnared, and endeavored to reason them out of such ungrateful +behavior. They gave such answers, that I found it was in vain +to reason longer with them; I told them my first considerations were +for my honor, the next for my life; that they might put me to death or +destroy my property, but I would not submit. They began then to reason +in their turn, urging the power of the people, and the danger of opposing +them. All this occasioned a delay, which enraged part of the multitude, +who, pressing into my back yard, denounced vengeance to the foes of their +liberties. The Committee endeavored to moderate them, and desired +them to keep back, for they pressed up to my windows, which then were +opened: I could from thence hear them at a distance calling out for a +determination, and, with their arms in their hands, swearing they would +have my blood if I refused. The Committee appeared to be anxious +for me, still I refused to sign; part of the populace growing furious, and +the distress of my family who heard their threats, and supposed them just +about to be executed, called up feelings which I could not suppress; and +nature, ready to find new excuses, suggested a thought of the calamities +I should occasion if I did not comply: I found myself giving way, and began +to cast about to contrive means to come off with honor. I proposed +they should call in the people to take me out by force, but they said the +people were enraged, and they would not answer for the consequences. +I told them I would take the risk, but they refused to do it. Reduced to +this extremity, I cast my eyes over the paper, with a hurry of mind and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> +conflict of passion which rendered me unable to remark the contents, and +wrote beneath the following words: 'My house at Cambridge being +surrounded by four thousand people, in compliance with their commands, I +sign my name, <span class="smcap">Thomas Oliver</span>,' The five persons took it, carried it to the +people, and, I believe, used their endeavors to get it accepted. I had several +messages that the people would not accept it with those additions, upon +which I walked into the court-yard, and declared I would do no more, +though they should put me to death. I perceived that those persons who +formed the first body which came down in the morning, consisting of the +landholders of the neighboring towns, used their utmost endeavors to get +the paper received with my additions; and I must, in justice to them, observe, +that, during the whole transaction, they had never invaded my enclosures, +but still were not able to protect me from other insults which I +received from those who were in arms. From this consideration I am +induced to quit the country, and seek protection in the town."</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illo_187.jpg" width="600" height="412" alt="REVOLUTIONISTS MARCHING TO CAMBRIDGE" title="REVOLUTIONISTS MARCHING TO CAMBRIDGE" /> +<span class="caption">REVOLUTIONISTS MARCHING TO CAMBRIDGE.<br /> + +To oblige Lieutenant-Governor Thomas Oliver to resign from the Council Board.</span> +</div> + +<p>The document presented to Mr. Oliver on the 2d of September, and +which he signed, was as follows: "I, Thomas Oliver, being appointed by +his Majesty to a seat at the Council Board, upon, and in conformity to the +late Act of Parliament, entitled an 'Act for the better regulation of the +Province of Massachusetts Bay,' which being a manifest infringement of +the Charter rights and privileges of this people, I do hereby, in conformity +to the commands of the body of this county now convened, most solemnly +renounce and resign my seat at said unconstitutional Board, and hereby +firmly promise and engage, as a man of honor and a Christian, that I never +will hereafter, upon any terms whatsoever, accept a seat at said Board +on the present novel and oppressive plan of Government." To this, the +original form, he added the words above recited. Judge Danforth and +Judge Lee, who were also Mandamus Councillors and Mr. Phipps, the +sheriff, and Mr. Mason, clerk of the county, were compelled to submit to +the same body, and make written resignations.</p> + +<p>Governor Oliver, as stated by himself, went into Boston, and made +assurances both to General Gage and to the Admiral on the station, which +prevented a body of troops from being sent to disperse the large body of +people who assembled at Cambridge on this occasion; and to these assurances +it was owing, undoubtedly, that the day passed without bloodshed. +But for the peaceable demeanor of those whom he met in the +morning,—the landholders of the neighboring towns,—the first collision between +the King's troops and the inhabitants of Massachusetts, would +have occurred, very likely, at Cambridge, and not at Lexington. A detachment +was sent to the former town the day before, to bring off some pieces +of cannon, and from this circumstance arose, principally, the proceedings +related by Governor Oliver. Indignant because the "redcoats" had been +sent upon such an errand, thousands from the surrounding country assembled +in the course of the day, (September 2d.) armed with guns, +sticks, and other weapons; and when the Lieutenant-Governor's promise on +his return from Boston, rendered it certain that they would not be opposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> +by the troops, they exacted from every official who lived at Cambridge +full compliance with their demands, as has been stated.</p> + +<p>From this period Governor Oliver lived in Boston, until March, 1776, +when at the evacuation he accompanied the Royal Army to Halifax, and +took passage thence to England.</p> + +<p>His mansion near Mt. Auburn is the house in which he resided at +the time he was mobbed by four thousand Disunionists. When Benedict +Arnold with his Connecticut Company arrived at Cambridge just after +the fight at Lexington, they were quartered in this house. After Bunker +Hill the house became a hospital and the dead were buried in the opposite +field. The mansion was afterwards the residence of Governor Gerry, and +at a later period was owned and occupied by Prof. James Russell Lowell, +which made it still more famous under the name of "Elmwood."</p> + +<p>He was proscribed and banished in 1778 and in the year following +was included in the Conspiracy Act, and his large estate confiscated. +Though he forfeited his estates in Massachusetts, he was better situated +financially than most of his fellow sufferers, for he was wealthy from his +professions in the West Indies, still owned by his descendants. He was a +studious man and lived in retirement in England. He died at Bristol, +Nov. 29, 1815, aged 82, and left six daughters.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PETER OLIVER.</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Chief Justice of Massachusetts.</span></h3> + + +<p>Peter Oliver, son of Daniel Oliver and brother of Andrew Oliver, the +Lieutenant Governor, born in 1713, married Mary, daughter of William +Clark. His son Peter, Jr., married Sarah, daughter of Governor Hutchinson. +Peter Oliver, Sr., graduated from Harvard College in 1730. He +received the degree of L.L. D. He was appointed to the supreme bench of +the province, September 15, 1756.</p> + +<p>An affair happened at the close of the year 1773, which drove Adams +and all his factions into madness. It was a grant from the King of a +salary to the judges of the Supreme Court. The Assembly had endeavoured +to keep the judges in absolute dependence upon their humor +and because they found them rather too firm to coincide with their views +in the subversion of government, they made them the object of their resentment. +The judges of the Court had the shortest allowance from the +General Assembly of any publick officers, even their Doorkeeper had a +large stipend. The judges' travel on their circuits were from 1100 to 1500 +miles in a year. Their circuit business engrossed seven months of the +year during the extremes of heat and cold in a severe climate. For all +their service, the highest grant made to them was £120 sterling per year, +and it had been much less; the Chief Justice had £30 sterling more.</p> + +<p>His Majesty taking the cases of the judges into consideration, and from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> +his known justice and benevolence, ordered their salaries to be paid out of +his revenues in America, such salaries as would keep them above want, and +below envy. The judges upon hearing of His Majesty's intention of such +a grant had agreed to accept it, but four of them who lived at and near +the focus of tarring and feathering, the town of Boston flinched in the +day of battle, they were so pelted with soothings one day, and with curses +and threatenings the next, that they prudentially gave the point up. The +Chief Justice was now left alone in the combat, his brethren had but +lately been seated on the Bench. He had been 17 years in the service, +and had sunk more than £2000 sterling in it. He had offered not to accept +of the grant (if His Majesty would permit him to do so), provided the +Assembly would reimburse him one-half of his loss in their service, and +for this he would resign his seat on the Bench. The Chief Justice very +luckily lived at Middleborough, about 30 miles from Boston, or perhaps +he would have followed suit of his brethren in giving up the King's +grant. A message was sent to him by the Lower House signed "Samuel +Adams, Clerk," requiring him to make explicit answer whether he +would accept of the King's grant, or of their grant. He replied that he +should accept the King's grant. Nothing less than destruction now awaited +him. Col. Gardner, who was afterwards killed at Bunker Hill, declared +in the General Assembly, that he himself would drag the Chief +Justice from the Bench, if he should sit upon it.</p> + +<p>The Assembly voted that he had rendered himself obnoxious to the +people, as an enemy, and immediately presented a petition for his removal. +Articles of impeachment for high crimes and misdemeanors were +exhibited, which Gov. Hutchinson refused to countenance. The grand +jury at Worcester on April 19th following, presented to the court a written +refusal to serve under the Chief Justice, considering it illegal for him +to preside until brought to answer to the above mentioned charges. He +became a refugee in 1775, and died at Birmingham, England, in October +1791, aged 79.<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> Of the five judges of the Superior Court of Massachusetts +at the commencement of the Revolution, four remained loyal, viz., +Peter Oliver, Edmund Trowbridge, Foster Hutchinson, and William +Browne. The Revolutionary member of the Court was William Cushing. +Judges at this time wore swords, ermine robes, etc., while on the +Bench.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Peter Oliver.</span> Second son of Chief Justice Oliver, of Massachusetts, +graduated at Harvard University in 1761. He dwelt at Middleborough, +Plymouth County. He had practised in Scituate in early +life, was one of the eighteen country gentlemen who were driven into +Boston and who were Addressers of General Gage in 1775. He was proscribed +and banished in 1778, and became a refugee in England, where +he died at Shrewsbury, in Sept. 1822, aged eighty-one.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Oliver</span>, son of Chief Justice Oliver, a learned and accomplished +lawyer of Worcester County, graduated at Harvard College in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> +1762. A refugee loyalist of the Revolution, he died at Ashted, Warwickshire, +May 6, 1826, aged 82. His father was an antiquarian, and copied +with his own hand Hubbard's manuscript History of New England, +which the son refused the loan of to the Massachusetts Historical Society +for publication in their Collection.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p> + +<p>Sabine says that it was Doctor Oliver who refused to lend his copy +or at least to permit a transcript of such parts of it as were missing in +the American manuscript. In consequence, we have "Hubbard" mutilated +at the beginning, and at the end. At this time, 1814, when the Massachusetts +Historical Society with the aid of the Legislature desired to +publish that work, there was a very bitter feeling towards the United +States on account of the war at that time existing between the two countries.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Andrew Oliver</span> of Salem, son of Lieutenant Governor Oliver, +graduated at Harvard College in 1749. Studied law. Was often a +representative to the assembly and a judge of the Court of Common +Pleas. He was one of the founders of the American Academy of +Arts and Sciences, and a member of the American Philosophical Society +at Philadelphia; he was considered one of the best scholars of +his day, and possessed fine talents. Judge Oliver was never fond of +public life, but ardently attached to his books and friends. He was +honored with a commission of mandamus councillor, which he declined. +He married Mary, daughter of Chief Justice Lynde, and many of his +descendants are now living here, for although Judge Oliver was a loyalist, +he was the only member of his family that was not driven out of +his country in consequence of the Revolution.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Peter Oliver</span> of Salem, the son of Lieutenant Governor Andrew +Oliver, was an Addresser of Gage in 1775 and was proscribed and +banished in 1778. He became a surgeon in the British Army, and died at +London in April, 1795. His widow afterwards married Admiral Sir +John Knight, and died in 1839.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brinley Sylvester Oliver</span>, another son of Andrew Oliver, graduated +at Harvard in 1774. Later became a surgeon in the British service; +was also purser on the Culloden at the battle of the Nile. He died in 1828.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illo_191.jpg" width="450" height="532" alt="SIR FRANCES BERNARD" title="SIR FRANCES BERNARD" /> +<span class="caption">SIR FRANCES BERNARD<br /> + +Born in 1712 at Brightwell England. Governor of Massachusetts from 1760 to 1769. +Died in England June 16, 1779. From Copley's painting in Fiske's American +Revolution.</span> +</div> + +<p>A third son, <span class="smcap">William Sanford Oliver</span>, in 1776 accompanied the +Royal Army to Halifax. He settled at St. John, New Brunswick, at the +peace, and was the first Sheriff of the county. His official papers are +dated at Parr or Parr-town, by which names St. John was then known. +In 1792, he held the office of Marshal of the Court of Vice-Admiralty +of New Brunswick. At the time of his death, he was Sheriff of the County +of St. John, and Treasurer of the Colony. He died at St. John in +1813, aged 62. His son, William Sanford Oliver, was a grantee of St. +John in 1783, but left New Brunswick about 1806, and entered the Royal +Navy. He rose to the position of Captain and was married at Heavitree, +in October, 1811, to Mary Oliver Hutchinson, the daughter of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> +Thomas Hutchinson, Jr., who was brought to England in 1770 by her +father and mother, when she was but three years of age. He was put +on the retired list in 1844, and died in England the next year, aged 71.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>SIR FRANCIS BERNARD.</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Governor of Massachusetts from 1760 to 1769.</span></h3> + + +<p>Sir Francis Bernard was descended from Godfrey Bernard of Wansford +in Yorkshire, who in the 13th century was a large landowner, whose +clearly defined armorial bearings were the first of the family entered in +the Heralds College.</p> + +<p>Francis, the only child of the Rev. Francis Bernard was baptized +July 12th, 1712, in the church of Brightwell in Berkshire. He was unfortunate +in losing his father three years later. He became a scholar of +St. Peter's College in 1725, and was admitted as a student to Christ +Church, Oxford, later. In 1733 he entered himself a member of the +Middle Temple and was called to the Bar in 1737, and soon after settled +at Lincoln as a provincial counsel. Four years later he married Amelia, +daughter of Stephen Offley, Esq., of Norton Hill, Derbyshire. In 1744 +he was elected Steward of the City of Lincoln and Deputy Recorder of +Boston. In 1745 he was appointed Receiver-General of the Dean and +Chapter of Lincoln. In 1750 he was admitted Procter of the Consistory +Court of the Diocese. The years that Francis Bernard spent at Lincoln +were probably some of the happiest in his life. He was fortunate in his +domestic relations, was doing well in his profession, and his many accomplishments +which were always at the service of his friends, rendered him +a general favorite in society.</p> + +<p>In 1758 Mr. Bernard decided to seek a larger field for the support of +his now large family. He was on intimate terms with the second Viscount +Barrington, and his brothers and sisters; they were his wife's first +cousins. It was thus through his influence that Francis Bernard received +the office of Governor of New Jersey. The new world afforded +an opening for his sons which meant much to the father. Mr. and Mrs. +Bernard and four of their children left England in April, 1758. On his +arrival in New Jersey, he entered into negotiations with the Indians. The +war at the time raged between England and France rendering the positions +of the Indians peculiarly important. By his address and tact he +conciliated the Indians, and kept them steadfast in their allegiance to +England, Governor Pownall of Massachusetts being appointed to South +Carolina. Mr. Bernard was appointed as his successor. His residence +in New Jersey was remembered as a time of happiness by the governor +and his wife. His life was gladdened by a sense of the good he was able +to achieve, and he was hopeful for the future, the page written by Thomas +Bernard, his son, of this period reads like a pleasant fairy tale, but it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> +was soon ended. Notwithstanding the supposed indignity offered to the +colony of Massachusetts by the appointment of three officers of State by +the Crown, the Constitution remained exceedingly democratic. Thomas +Bernard gives a sketch of its leading features in which he depicts the +colony as forming one of the freest communities in the world.</p> + +<p>Governor Bernard reached Boston August 2nd, 1760. He was received +with great parade and ceremony. At Dedham he was met by +Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson, several of the Council, and Brigadier-General +Isaac Royal and the troops escorted him to his residence at the +Province House in Boston. The Militia was drawn up in the main +streets, and salutes were fired from all the forts and ships in the harbor, +and the Governor and his family were entertained at a great dinner at +Fanueil Hall, was then escorted to the State House, and to the Kings +Chapel where the Governors were in the habit of attending.</p> + +<p>Governor Bernard's nine years' administration in Massachusetts was +during one of the most interesting periods in American history. When he +arrived at Boston he found affairs on an apparently peaceful and prosperous +footing. He stayed till all was in turmoil, and left only just +before the storm broke. The first part of his administration was very +agreeable. Soon after his arrival Canada was surrendered. The General +Court in an address to the Governor declared that without the assistance +of England the colonies must have fallen a prey to the power of France, +and that without the money sent from England the burden of the war +would have been too great to bear. For this relief the colonists gave warm +thanks to the king and to parliament, and made the Governor a present +of the great island of Mount Desert, and voted a costly monument in +Westminster Abbey to Lord Howe, who had fallen in the campaign +against Canada.</p> + +<p>Much harmony prevailed for two or three years, but this happy and +prosperous commencement did not continue. Governor Bernard was soon +classed with those who were desirous of strengthening the authority of +the government.</p> + +<p>Shortly after Bernard's appointment, Chief Justice Sewall died +on September 11. He was a great loss to the Province and it was a misfortune +that his death occurred just at this time. Colonel Otis, as he +was generally called, desired to succeed to this office. It was believed +that he and his son were not friendly to the government. Governor +Bernard, who had no doubt studied the affairs in Massachusetts, considered +Colonel Otis to be wholly unsuited to the position of a Chief +Justice, and determined not to appoint him. Thomas Hutchinson, the +Lieutenant-Governor, an able and intelligent man, was appointed to the +important office of Chief Justice. Governor Bernard had at once realized +Hutchinson's qualities and said many years later, when they were both +living in England, that he had never repented appointing Hutchinson +Chief Justice.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> +Lynde, the senior judge, who did not care particularly to succeed +Sewall, appears to have been satisfied with the appointment of Hutchinson, +also Gridley, the leader of the Bar, and apparently all possible +rivals, save Colonel Otis. Hutchinson discharged the duties of his new +office in the most satisfactory manner. He proved himself to be efficient, +and always kind, as evinced by his special attention to the claims of the +helpless.</p> + +<p>At this time, there were mutterings of a possible storm, and at this +critical moment, in October of 1760, George II died. Just previous +to his death Mr. Pitt, Secretary of State, sent a dispatch to the Governor +touching on the trade of England and her American colonies. The +organized system of smuggling that existed in the Colonies caused the +Custom House officers to apply for the "writs of assistance," that were +frequently employed in England.</p> + +<p>So far the Governor's course had been hampered only by factious +opposition from the chief offenders, but this opposition assumed formidable +dimensions when the question of "writs of assistance" was brought +forward. The rights of the Custom House officers to demand such help +was tried before the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. "The verdict was +in their favor, but public opinion was strongly excited, and James Otis, +the lawyer who opposed the Custom House officers, gained great popularity."<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> +Notwithstanding Otis' eloquence, the case as already said was +decided against his clients on the point of law. Governor Bernard was +only performing his duty when he was active in promoting seizures for +illicit trade.</p> + +<p>In speaking of his early life in Boston, Julia Bernard, Governor Bernard's +youngest daughter, mentions their home in Boston as "the Government +House." She says that they employed both black and white +servants, and speaks of the formalities that existed while the family lived +there. "In Boston, none of the family, grown up brothers excepted, ever +walked out in the town. We had a large garden, but it seemed rather a +confinement." She also speaks of her father's home at Jamaica Pond. +"This residence we usually moved to in May I think, and here we enjoyed +ourselves extremely. We ran pretty much at liberty; there was no +form or ceremony. My father was always on the wing on account of his +situation. He had his own carriage and servants, my mother hers; there +was a town coach, and a whiskey for the young men to drive about. I +was used from a child to ride on horseback, and from childhood none +of us had any fear of anything." Speaking of these days she says, +they "all seemed great, enlightened, and enjoyable."</p> + +<p>In describing her parents Julia Bernard says: "My father, though +not tall, had something dignified and distinguished in his appearance and +manner; he dressed superbly on all public occasions. My mother was +tall, and a very fine woman. Her dresses were ornamented with gold +and silver, ermine, and fine American sable."x</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>The Province House was visited about the middle of the nineteenth +century by Nathaniel Hawthorne, who has written interesting but melancholy +pages on the subject.<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a></p> + +<p>The Province or Government House occupied by Sir Francis Bernard +was situated nearly opposite the head of Milk street. It was purchased +by the Colonial Legislature in 1716, of the widow of Peter Sargent, +who built it. It was a magnificent building, no pains had been +spared to make it not only elegant, but also spacious and convenient. It +stood back some distance in its ample lot, and had the most pleasant and +agreeable surroundings of any mansion in town. It was of brick, three +stories in height, with a high roof and lofty cupola. The house was +approached over a stone pavement and a high flight of massive stone steps, +and through a magnificent doorway. Two stately oaks of very large +size, reared their verdant tops on either side of the gate separating the +grounds from the highway, and cast a grateful shade over the approach, +through the beautiful grass lawn in front of the mansion.</p> + +<p>After the evacuation of Boston the Province House and all other +Government property was confiscated and became the property of the +State. In 1811 the State gave the property to the Massachusetts General +Hospital who leased it for ninety-nine years. Stores were erected in +front of it. In 1864 it was destroyed by fire and only the walls are all +that remain of the Old Province House. The engraving shown here +was made from a sketch of it taken a short time before it was leased +and altered. The Royal Arms, and the Indian vane are on exhibition in +the Old State House.</p> + +<p>Sir Francis Bernard's country mansion was situated on the southwest +side of Jamaica Pond, fronting on Pond street, now a part of the Boston +Park system. This was and still is a most lovely spot. The mansion house +was surrounded with an estate of sixty acres. Here, but for the gathering +clouds which darkened the political horizon, the remaining years of this +scholarly and able representative of the government might have been +passed in the enjoyment of all that seemed the most enjoyable in life—a +delightful home, set in a lovely landscape, and the esteem and regard of +the people he had governed. His extensive and beautiful grounds were +filled with choice fruit trees, plants and shrubs including one hundred +orange and lemon trees besides fig, cork, cinnamon and other rare exotics.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illo_195.jpg" width="450" height="504" alt="OLD PROVINCE HOUSE." title="OLD PROVINCE HOUSE." /> +<span class="caption">OLD PROVINCE HOUSE.</span> +</div> + +<p>After Bernard went to England, it was occupied by the second Sir +William Pepperell, until he too was driven out by the disunionists. Then +came the siege and the occupation of loyalist dwellings by the revolutionists, +this being the quarters of Col. Miller of Rhode Island, in the summer +of 1775. Afterwards it was used as a hospital for the camp at Roxbury. +The soldiers who died were buried on elevated ground some distance back +from the buildings. The governor's hot house was taken by Major +Crane and converted into a magazine for the artillery. Confiscated by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195"></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span>State in 1779, it was bought by Martin Brimmer, a Boston merchant, who +died here in 1804. Capt. John Prince purchased it in 1806, in 1809 +took down the old house, a part of which had stood one hundred and +forty-one years, and no doubt many a bumper of good wine had been +drunk to the health of the seven sovereigns of Great Britain, who had +reigned during that period.</p> + +<p>Captain Prince made a road through the property from Pond to Perkins +street, now known as Prince street; the whole estate was divided up +into good sized building lots, on which many elegant residences have +since been erected. In front of one of them are some fine large English +elms probably planted by Gov. Bernard. One of them measures twenty-five +feet in circumference.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></p> + +<p>Governor Bernard soon after his arrival in Massachusetts became +much interested in Harvard College, and his interests extended far beyond +the formalities required of him in his official capacity. "Having +regard to the Governor's delight in Latin verse, it is not surprising that +he should have endeavored to refine and soften the somewhat rugged +type of student which Harvard then produced." He suggested that the +college should follow the custom established in the English universities, +of writing poetical tributes in commemoration of public events. Thirty-one +poems were written. Of these nine were by the Governor himself in +Greek and Latin, and the others owed their existence to the stimulus of +prizes offered by him. It was a difficult undertaking for him to start +this custom. A recent writer (Mr. Goddard) styles this volume, indeed, +"the most ambitious typographical and literary work attempted on the +continent previous to the Revolution, etc."</p> + +<p>Governor Bernard's interest and exertion for the development of the +material resources of his province should have won him lasting gratitude. +He encouraged with all his power the manufacture of potash, the cultivation +of hemp and flax on waste lands, and the carriage of lumber to +British markets.</p> + +<p>The Province prospered under Bernard during these years preceding +the Stamp Act, and peace came through his ability and guidance. Mr. +Hutchinson writes: "If at the expiration of that term he had quitted +the government, he would have been spoken of as one of the best of the +New England Governors." His son Thomas, also remarked upon his +popularity during these five out of the nine years he presided as Governor +of Massachusetts. The House of Representatives, conscious that Mr. +Bernard had expended a considerable sum of his own money in improving +the castle, and for other public benefits, passed a resolution that the island +of Mount Desert, lying on the northeastward of Penobscot Bay, be granted +to him and his heirs and assigns. The Council at once concurred in +the grant. The confirmation of the Assembly's grant of Mount Desert +was contained in a letter from the English Lords of Trade, dated May +21, 1763.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span>In July, 1763 [writes Thomas Bernard], orders were transmitted to +the American Governors for carrying into strict execution the laws of +trade, at the same time notifying the new authority which had been delegated +to commanders of the King's ships stationed in America, to seize +all vessels concerned in any prohibited commerce. These were followed +by further orders for improvement of the revenue, and for suppression +of all clandestine and illicit trade with foreign nations; with directions +for the Governors to transmit such information as they had to communicate +on the subject.<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a></p> + +<p>Governor Bernard was compelled in the discharge of his official +functions to enforce these commands, but he lost no time in remonstrating. +His letter to the Earl of Egremont, Secretary of State, contains a plea +for the indulgence granted, or tacitly allowed up to that time, with regard +to wine and fruit, especially lemons, which he considered necessary +to health in the climate of Massachusetts. This letter was followed by +another addressed to the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, +in which he entreats that the duties imposed by the Molasses Act may at +least be reduced in the interest of England as well as of America, since +it had been, and would be evaded, and its end to a large extent defeated. +He continues: "this Act has been a perpetual stumbling block to the +Custom House officers, and it will be most agreeable to them to have it +in any way removed."<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a></p> + +<p>It was not until Bernard left America that the colonists knew of his +protest to the government. A large number evidently were satisfied at +his good will and perhaps suspected that he interceded in their favour, so +their regard for him survived the trial of the new orders from England.</p> + +<p>In the midst of this agitation, the smallpox broke out in the capital, +and the Governor was compelled to move the General Assembly to Cambridge. +Here in January, 1764, another misfortune occurred. Harvard +Hall was burned to a heap of ruins, the only one of the ancient buildings +which still remained. Of five thousand volumes, only a hundred were +saved, and of John Harvard's books, but a single one.</p> + +<p>The Governor at once appealed to the Assembly and obtained a vote +for reconstruction. He set the example of contributing towards a new +library by the gift of some of his own books; he also drew the architectural +design for the new building and superintended its execution. Subscriptions +were made both in England and America for the erection of the +new hall.</p> + +<p>In June 1763, a confederation of several Indian tribes had suddenly +and unexpectedly swept over the whole western frontier of Pennsylvania +and Virginia, had murdered almost all the English settlers, and through +unusual skill captured every British fort between the Ohio and Lake Erie, +and had closely blockaded Fort Detroit and Pittsburg. After desperate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> +fighting, the troops under Amherst succeeded in repelling the invaders +and secured the three great fortresses of Niagara, Detroit and Pittsburg. +The severe fighting appears to have been done by the English troops. +Massachusetts seemed to be fatigued from the late war and could give +no help when aid was asked. Connecticut finally sent 250 men. Peace +was signed in September, 1764, the war having lasted fourteen months, +months of extreme horror. The credit of the war belonged to the English +soldiers, another great service rendered to the colonies by England.</p> + +<p>England felt that the colonies should help share the great expense of +the late wars. George Grenville as First Lord of the Treasury, and +Chancellor of the Exchequer, signalized his period of administration by +the Stamp Act. On the 10th of March the House of Commons on the +motion of the Minister, passed a variety of resolutions respecting certain +duties on foreign goods imported into the British colonies of America.</p> + +<p>Grenville remarked in his honest way to the colonial agents in +London, "I am not, however, set upon this tax. If the Americans dislike +it, and prefer any other method, I shall be content. Write therefore, to +your several colonies, and if they choose any other mode, I shall be +satisfied, provided the money be but raised."<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p> + +<p>The British Government gave the colonies a year to deliberate, and +the House of Representatives trusted Governor Bernard to plead for the +colonists. When the members met again on January 10, 1765, the Governor +honestly stated how much he had done. On January 14 began in the +British Parliament the vehement and eloquent debates, ending in a majority +of both Houses declaring in favour of the Stamp Act. The Ministry +seems to have paid no attention to Governor Bernard's suggestion. His +"Principles of Law and Polity" were ignored and also the Petition of +the Assembly. On March 22, 1765, the Stamp Act received the Royal +Assent, and England and her colonies were divided.</p> + +<p>When the Colonists learned that the hated act had been passed, they +became defiant. Riots soon took place in Boston, and Secretary Oliver, +who was appointed by the British government as Stamp Distributor, was +hung in effigy. This was during the summer of 1765 when the first cargo +of stamps was daily expected. Then came the attack upon Mr. Oliver's +house, and the complete destruction of Mr. Hutchinson's home.<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a></p> + +<p>During the warm months the Governor and his family were in the +habit of residing at the castle. They were there when the stamps were +expected and during the riotous times in Boston. The night that Hutchinson's +home was destroyed seems to have made a deep impression on +Julia Bernard, then in her sixth year. She afterwards wrote:</p> + +<p>"While the family was resident at Castle William, my father came +one night in his barge from Boston and brought Lieutenant-Governor +Hutchinson, his sister, and two daughters, whom he had thus rescued +from the fury of the mob. They had forced the house; the family fled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> +for their lives; my father's barge was in waiting for him and he took them +under his protection. The house was stripped of everything, and pulled +down that night. They had nothing but what they had on. I can remember +my mother getting them out clothes, and ordering beds to be +prepared. Terror and distress sat upon their countenances."</p> + +<p>Governor Bernard assured the people he had their interest at heart, but +his road was a difficult one, and he was greatly worried over the performance +of his duty. Because he represented the government, he was +abused and insulted, and finally felt that he had no real authority, but +was totally in the hands of the people. His son quotes his father's words: +"Although I have never received any orders concerning the Stamp Act +until this day, nor even a copy of the Act, I have thought it my duty to +do all I could to get it carried into execution. And I must say in so +doing I have exerted all possible spirit and perseverance.... I have +made great sacrifices to his Majesty's service upon this occasion. My +administration, which before was easy, respectable, and popular, is rendered +troublesome, difficult, and dangerous, and yet there is no pretext to +charge me with any other offence than endeavoring to carry the Stamp +Act into execution; but that is here an high crime never to be forgiven." +The struggle was carried on without intermission, but towards the end of +April, Boston was delighted by the news of the repeal of the Stamp Act. +"Letters published in England," writes Hutchinson, "Allowed that Governor +Bernard's letters to the Ministry, and the petition from the Council +and House in 1764, which had been drawn by the Lieutenant-Governor, +forwarded the repeal. But they had no merit with the prevailing party, +because they solicited the repeal as a matter of favour, and not as a claim +of right."</p> + +<p>Great rejoicings now took place in the city and for a while Governor +Bernard's life became a little easier.</p> + +<p>In August 1768, the King offered the Governor a Baronet's title, +which he accepted. Rule and order was vanishing in Massachusetts. On +September 28, 1768, two regiments from Halifax with artillery, arrived +off Boston, and the vessels which brought them, cast anchor in Nantasket +Roads, a few miles below Castle William. The troops were landed on +Saturday, October 1, and on Saturday, October 15, General Gage arrived +with his officers to look after the quartering of the troops himself, a difficult +problem to solve in this divided community. Thus was the Governor +placed, trying to fulfil his duty to England, and yet always with the +best interest of the people at heart. Commodore Hood wrote to Mr. +Stephens, Secretary to the Admiralty on November 25, 1768, stating that +"The General [Gage] and Governor Bernard have been lately burnt in +effigy, in a most public manner."</p> + +<p>All through the next winter a fierce controversy raged in the newspapers +regarding England and her colonies. Samuel Adams was the +most prolific and forcible writer, and his contributions went also to newspapers +at a distance. In the spring of this year the Governor became<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> +"Sir Francis Bernard of Nettleham, in the county of Lincoln, Baronet." +The patent bears the date April 5, 1769. The King had ordered the +expense of the patent to be paid out of his privy purse, and this according +to the Governor's son, was a compliment seldom offered.</p> + +<p>The grant of the baronetcy was accompanied by an order summoning +Sir Francis Bernard to proceed to England and there report on the +state of his province. Ere long the Governor and the whole body of +loyalists were struck with consternation by the intelligence that General +Gage had ordered the removal of the troops from Boston. They considered +this extremely dangerous.</p> + +<p>On the 4th of January, 1770, a town meeting was held by which +every one was declared an enemy who had in any way assisted in obtaining +or retaining troops. Sir Francis Bernard was making preparations +for his departure, and this of course, was intended as a parting shot. He +yielded to the advice of friends to attend the Harvard Commencement as +usual and Mr. Hutchinson says that, "When he had gone through it +without any insult worth notice from the rude people, who always raise +more or less tumult on that day, he thanked his friends for their advice." +It is satisfactory to think that his last public appearance in Massachusetts +was at Harvard, the institution he had always felt such a deep +interest in.</p> + +<p>A few days before the Governor departed, he received a circular +from the Earl of Hillsborough announcing the intended repeal of the duties +on glass, paper and paint, and one of his last acts of administration +consisted in making this intention known, and the assurance of the good +will of the British Government for the American colonies. Governor +Bernard then bequeathed the administration to Lieutenant-Governor +Hutchinson and made his last farewells.</p> + +<p>"He embarked on board the Rippon, a man-of-war ordered from +Virginia to convey him, and sailed for England. Instead of the marks of +respect commonly shown, in a greater or less degree, to governors upon +their leaving the province, there were many marks of public joy in the +town of Boston. The bells were rung, guns were fired from Mr. Hancock's +wharf, Liberty Tree was covered with flags, and in the evening a +great bonfire was made upon Fort Hill."<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> The Governor sailed on +August 1, 1769, a sad ending to nine years of laborious and anxious +administration. Perhaps there were some staunch friends with him to +the last in whose sympathy he found consolation for sights and sounds +which must have jarred upon his feelings, and were of set purpose arranged +to aggravate his sorrow in parting, for an indefinite time, from +his nearest and dearest. Hosmer, the biographer and eulogist of Samuel +Adams, speaks of Francis Bernard as "an honourable and well-meaning +man, and by no means wanting in ability."</p> + +<p>Thomas Bernard, who accompanied his father, states that he was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span> +graciously received in England and by George III. A petition arrived +from the colonies asking for a new governor, it concludes:</p> + +<p>"Wherefore we most humbly entreat your Majesty that his Excellency +Sir Francis Bernard, Baronet, may be forever removed from the +government of this province, and that your Majesty would be graciously +pleased to place one in his stead worthy to serve the greatest and best +Monarch on earth."</p> + +<p>The Governor's resignation soon followed. His life was filled with +much anxiety for the financial welfare of his family as during his eleven +years of residence in America, his private fortune had not been increased. +He received a pension, but many troubles arose which greatly taxed his +physical and mental strength. Mrs. Bernard and the remaining members +of her family, moved from their country home at Jamaica Pond, which +was afterwards occupied by Sir William Pepperell, to a new residence +called the Cherry House, which the Governor caused to be built on a +lot of land containing about 30 acres on the "Road leading to Castle +William" at Dorchester Neck, now South Boston. The Governor probably +selected this location on which to build his house on account of its +nearness to Castle Island, to which he and his family could take refuge +in case of mob violence.<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> John Bernard's name continued for some time +to head the list of proscribed traders and his position, entailing loss, +insult, and even danger, must have been a constant source of apprehension +to his relatives. After learning that her husband had definitely resigned, +Lady Bernard prepared to join him in England. Many of their household +possessions were sold at the Province house on September 11. Just +before the vessel sailed, young Francis Bernard died November 20, 1770, +at the age of twenty-seven, and is probably buried beside his brother +Shute in the burial ground of the King's Chapel at Boston. Mrs. Bernard +was accompanied by four of her children, Amelia, William, Scrope and +Julia.</p> + +<p>Sir Francis took a house in the vicinity of Hampstead and for a +while the family was united, the children from America joining those +in England. The two youngest had never seen their eldest sisters, Jane +and Frances, who had remained in the mother country. A short time +later, Sir Francis suffered from a paralytic stroke and his recovery was +partial and imperfect. Realizing this, he applied for leave to resign his +appointment to Ireland, having been appointed to the Irish Board of +Commissioners. This was granted him in 1774, and his former pension<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> +restored to him. The vigor of his mental faculties is evinced by the fact +that on July 2, 1772, he went to Oxford and received the degree of +D. C. L. and from Christ Church the honour of having his picture by Copley +among other illustrious students in the Hall of that society.</p> + +<p>After a stay at Nether Winchendon, the family removed to the Prebendal +House at Aylesbury, and now for a short period enjoyed comparative +peace. The colonies were in open revolt. Soon after Governor +Hutchinson's arrival in England, he resumed his habits of friendly intercourse +with Sir Francis Bernard and his family. Thomas Bernard studied +for the Bar, and William and Scrope were sent to Harrow. Jane, +the eldest daughter, married Charles White, a barrister, in 1774. Fanny, +the third daughter, became greatly attached to her newly found sister +Julia, and proved herself very capable with her pen. Scrope later entered +Christ Church at Oxford and William embarked for Canada. John left +England for America probably in 1775. William, who was a Lieutenant +in the army, was drowned before reaching Canada. He was on board a +provision ship bound for Quebec which took fire, and he, with some +others, took to a boat which overset and they all were drowned. This +cast a gloom over the family, from which the father and mother never +fully recovered.</p> + +<p>A London visit of Sir Francis and Lady Bernard in March, 1777, is +mentioned by Governor Hutchinson.</p> + +<p>"8th.—Sir Francis and Lady came to town last evening, and dined +with us to-day, with Paxton, Dr. Caner, Chandler, and Boucher."</p> + +<p>Later came Lady Bernard's death and Hutchinson in his "Dairy," +1778, says:</p> + +<p>"2nd.—Lady Bernard died last week, the 20th. [May], at Aylesbury. +Paxton was there on a visit. She had been in poor health several months, +but took an airing the day before the night in which she died, or rather +towards morning."</p> + +<p>This remarkable woman was married to Sir Francis Bernard thirty-seven +years and had shared every vicissitude of his career. She had felt +the cares of his agitated public life in America and had seen him gradually +broken down by much trouble, not the least of which was the final +blow received in England at the hands of supposed friends.</p> + +<p>Thomas, who was now eight and twenty, relieved his father from +business cares, and became a worthy head to the family. News reached +England of the act of banishment. John Bernard had reached America +before the Declaration of Independence and lived in a remote part of +Maine, but his name does not appear among the proscribed. News of the +Confiscation Act did not reach Sir Francis before his death, and Thomas +says that his last days were free from anxiety on that ground. He died +believing in the honesty of America.</p> + +<p>The engagement of Julia Bernard about this time to the Rev. Joseph +Smith, brought a gleam of happiness into the family.</p> + +<p>On June 21, Hutchinson writes:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>"A gentleman, who knew me and asked how I had been since he +last saw me, informed me Saturday morning, as I was taking my morning +walk, that he went to Aylesbury a day or two before, and that Sir Francis +Bernard died Wednesday night, the 16, [1779], which has since been +confirmed."</p> + +<p>He suffered from several complaints, and an epileptic fit more +violent than any he had had before, hastened the end. He died surrounded +by his children, within a month of completing his sixty-seventh year, +and was buried by the side of Lady Bernard in a vault under Aylesbury +church. Sir Francis Bernard's memory was held in high honor by his +children, and by none more tenderly than Thomas, his father's companion +and confidant. After his father's death, Thomas wrote:</p> + +<p>"May his children contemplate with pleasure and confidence, the +talents and probity of their father, and, soothed with the memory of his +virtues, forget the return which those virtues have received! And may +they, by retracing the events of his life, strengthen and fortify their +minds, that if ever they should be called to such a trial as he underwent, +they may imitate him in the conscientious and honourable discharge of +their duty, and in integrity of life."<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir John Bernard</span>, on the death of his father, succeeded to the +Baronetcy in 1779. When, in 1769, Sir Francis was recalled from the +government, he possessed a large landed estate in Maine of which the +large island of Mount Desert, which was given him by the Colony, and afterwards +confirmed by the Crown, was a part. He also owned Moose Island, +now Eastport, and some territory on the mainland. John, at the time +of his departure, had an agency for the sale and settlement of these and +other lands, and until the war commenced, was in comfortable circumstances. +In order to hold his property and prevent its confiscation, he +remained in the country, and therefore it could not be claimed that he +was an absentee, or a refugee, and as he did not take any part in the controversy, +it could not be claimed that he was an enemy to the new +government. His place of residence during the war appears to have been +at Bath, Machias, and at Pleasant Point, a few miles from Eastport. An +unbroken wilderness was around him. The only inhabitants at the head +of the tidewater of the St. Croix were a few hunters and Indians. He +lived in a small hut built by himself, with no companions but a dog. +Robbinston and Perry were uninhabited, Eastport contained but a single +family, yet at the spot now occupied by the remnant of the Passamaquoddy +Indians, he attempted to make a farm. He had been bred in ease and +refinement, had hardly done a day's laborious work in his life, yet he +believed he could earn a competence by labor. He told those who saw +him that "other young men went into the woods, and made themselves +farms, and got a good living, and he saw no reason why he could not." +But he cut down a few trees, became discouraged, and after the confiscation +of the property of Sir Francis in 1778, he was in abject poverty, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> +the misfortune of himself and family seemed to have unsettled his mind. +After the peace, he lived at Pleasant Point, and occasionally went to +Boston. His abject condition in mind and estate rendered him an object +of deep commiseration, and his conduct during hostilities having entitled +him to consideration, the Legislature of Massachusetts restored to him +one half of his father's estate, which included one half of the island of +Mount Desert, and an estate in Boston consisting of wharves, land, and +flats, which he sold for £600 to Wm. Allen. Of his subsequent history +while he continued in the United States, but little is known. Later +in life he held offices under the British Crown at Barbadoes and St. +Vincent. He died in the West Indies in 1809 in his sixty-fifth year, +without issue, and was succeeded by his brother Thomas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir Thomas Bernard</span>, the third surviving son of Sir Francis, succeeded +his brother John to the Baronetcy. He took his degree from +Harvard College in 1767. After he took up his residence in England, +much of his time was devoted to institutions of benevolence in London, +and he wrote several essays with a design to mitigate the sorrows, and +improve the condition of the humbler classes of English society. The +University of Edinburgh conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws. +He married a lady of fortune who died in 1813 while preparing to go to +church.</p> + +<p>Sir Thomas' account of his father's life makes him stand out perhaps +the most prominent of Sir Francis' children. His death occurred in +England in 1818. The Baronetcy of Sir Francis Bernard now stands in +the name of Morland.</p> + +<p>The following is a list of Sir Francis Bernard's confiscated property +in Suffolk County situated in what is now South Boston, and Jamaica +Plain, together with the name of the purchasers. He had also much +property in Maine, including one half of Mount Desert island, that was +confiscated.</p> + + +<p class="center">CONFISCATED PROPERTY OF SIR FRANCIS BERNARD SITUATED IN SUFFOLK +COUNTY.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Martin Brimmer, Aug. 18, 1779; Lib. 130 fol. 178; Farm, 50 A., mansion house and +barn in Roxbury, highway to Benj. Child S.E.; Jamaica Pond N.E.; Joseph Winchester +N.W.;, Samuel Griffin and school lands S.W.; the hill N.; Samuel Griffin W.; +S W; W. and S.W.—Wood lot in Roxbury, 12 A. 3 qr. 36 r., Sharp and Williams +S; land of heirs of William Douglas deceased W.; land of heirs of Edward Bromfield +deceased N. land of heirs of Elizabeth Brewer deceased E.——Wood lot in +Roxbury, 2A. 1 qr 17 r, highway W.: Capt. Baker S.; John Harris E.; Mr. Walter +N.——Salt marsh in Roxbury, 3 A. 1 qr., John Williams S., creek N.W.; Robert +Pierpoint N; creek to Dorchester E.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To William Allen, Jan. 2, 1781; Lib. 132 fol. 76; Land in Dorchester, 25 A. 3 r., road +to Point of Dorchester Neck N.; land of town of Dorchester and Richard Withington +deceased E; said Withington, James Baker, Samuel Blake deceased and +James Blake S.; Jonathan [Clap] W.——Salt marsh in Dorchester. 2 A. 3 qr., Sir +Francis Bernard N.; salt marsh of Richard Withington deceased E.; James Blake +W; the sea S.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span></p> +<h2>SIR WILLIAM PEPPERELL.</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Baronet of Kittery, Maine.</span></h3> + + +<p>William Pepperell was a native of Tavistock near Plymouth in +Devon, who at the age of twenty-two, about the year 1676, emigrated +to the Isle of Shoals, and became a fisherman. He acquired property and +removed to Kittery on the mainland, where he died in 1734, leaving an +only son of his own name, who continued the business of fishing, amassed +great wealth, and arrived at great honors. It is interesting and instructive +to trace the rising steps of the Pepperell family, from a destitute +young fisherman to the princely affluence and exalted station, civil, political, +and military, to which his son arrived. It throws light upon the early +history of the infant colonies, the character of the early settlers, the nature +of their occupations, their commerce, the condition, and relative +importance of places of trade, and the influence of the times, and events, +in forming the character and shaping the fortunes of the illustrious +subject of this memoir. The name once so celebrated, has in America +long since become extinct, and but for its record in the page of history, +would ere this have passed into oblivion. To account for this curious +fact, it will be necessary to give a more extended notice of the history +of the family than would otherwise seem necessary.</p> + +<p>While a fisherman at the Isle of Shoals, Pepperell had frequent occasion +to sail to Kittery Point for the purpose of traffic, and for the purchase +and repair of boats. A shipwright there named John Bray welcomed +him to his home, and supplied his wants. He had a daughter +Margery, who had arrived at the age of seventeen when she first saw +Mr. Pepperell, who was smitten with her youthful charms. At the time +of this marriage Mr. Pepperell removed from the Shoals to Kittery +Point, where Mr. Bray gave him the site of the present Pepperell mansion. +The south part of this structure was built by him and the north +part by his son Sir William, who was born here in 1696, and here dwelt +the two families till the decease of the father in 1734, which left the son's +family sole occupants till 1759. The home has since been curtailed in +its dimensions by the removal of ten feet from each end of the building. +It was during this period of little more than half a century that the largest +fortune, then known in New England, was gradually accumulated. +The principal business of the Pepperells was done in the fisheries. They +sometimes had more than one hundred small vessels at a time on the +Grand Banks. Ship-building was also a very extensive branch of industry +on the Pascataqua, and its tributary streams. The Pepperells built +many vessels and sent them to the West India islands, laden with lumber, +fish, oil, and live stock, to exchange for cargoes of rum, sugar, and molasses, +for home consumption; others to European markets to exchange +for dry goods, wine, and salt, and to sell both vessel and cargo. To the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> +Southern colonies fish was sent in exchange for corn, tobacco, and naval +stores. Mills were erected by them on the small rivers, and lumber +and ship-timber, were floated down to Kittery Point, and Newcastle, to +be shipped to European and American ports.</p> + +<p>Sir William was his only son. About 1727 he was elected a member +of the Council of Massachusetts, and held a seat in that body by annual +election for thirty-two years, until his death. He was also selected to +command a regiment of militia, and being fond of society, rich, and prosperous, +was highly popular, and possessed much influence. With a vigorous +frame, firm mind, and great coolness, when in danger, he was well +fitted for his residence in a country exposed to ferocious enemies.</p> + +<p>The Treaty of Utrecht which secured Nova Scotia to the British +Crown, gave France undisputed right to Cape Breton. Here they built +the city of Louisburg at enormous cost, and protected it with fortresses of +great strength. The walls of the defences were formed with bricks +brought from France, and they mounted two hundred and six pieces of +cannon. The city had nunneries, and Palaces, gardens, and squares, and +places of amusement, and was designed to become a great capital, and to +perpetuate French dominion, and the Catholic faith in America. Twenty-five +years of time and six million dollars in money were spent in +building, arming, and adorning this city, "The Dunkirk of the New +World." That such a plan existed, at so early a period of our history, is +a marvel, and the lovers of the wonderful may read the works of Parkman +which contain accounts of its rise, and ruin, and be satisfied that +"truth is sometimes stranger than fiction."</p> + +<p>The possession of this stronghold by the French was a source of +continual annoyance to the New England fishermen, and at last became +intolerable. Situated as it was directly off the fishing grounds, it meant +destruction to the fishing interest every time there was a war with France. +At last its capture was seriously conceived and undertaken. Governor +Shirley, in 1744, listening to the propositions made to him on the subject, +submitted them to the Legislature of Massachusetts, and that body in +secret session, the first ever held in America, authorized a force to be +raised, equipped, and sent against it, and the command was conferred +upon Colonel William Pepperell. His troops consisted of a motley assemblage +of fishermen, and farmers, sawyers, and loggers, many of whom +were taken from his own vessels, mills, and forests. Before such men, and +others hardly better skilled in war, in the year 1745, Louisburg fell. The +achievement is the most memorable in the Colonial annals. For this +great service Colonel Pepperell was created a Baronet in 1746. After the +fall of Louisburg, he went to England and was presented at Court. In +1759 he was appointed Lieutenant-General. He died the same year at his +seat at Kittery, aged sixty-three years, and was buried in the large and +beautiful tomb erected in 1734 which was placed near the mansion home. +His children were two, Andrew, a son who graduated at Harvard University +in 1743, and died March 1, 1751, aged twenty-five, and a daughter,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> +Elizabeth, who married Colonel Nathaniel Sparhawk. Lady Pepperell, +who was Mary Hirst, daughter of Grove Hirst of Boston, and granddaughter +of Judge Sewall of Massachusetts, survived until 1789. Mrs. +Sparhawk bore her husband five children, namely Nathaniel, William +Pepperell, Samuel Hirst, Andrew Pepperell, and Mary Pepperell. Sir +William, her father, soon after the decease of her brother, executed a will, +by which after providing for Lady Pepperell, he bequeathed the bulk of +his remaining property to herself, and her children. Her second son was +made the residuary legatee, and inherited a large estate. By the terms +of his grandfather's will he was required to procure an Act of the Legislature +to drop the name of Sparhawk, and assume that of Pepperell. +This he did on coming of age, and was allowed by a subsequent Act, to +take the title of Sir William Pepperell, Baronet. He received the honors +of Harvard University in 1766, subsequently he visited England, and +became a member of the Council of Massachusetts. In 1774 when that +body was recognized under the Act of Parliament, he was continued, +under the mandamus of the King, and thereby incurred the wrath of the +disunionists, who at a county congress, held at Wells, York County, +Maine, on the 16th of Nov. 1774, declared a boycott against him, and denounced +him in the following manner: "The said William Pepperell, +Esq., hath, with purpose to carry into force, Acts of the British Parliament, +made with apparent design to enslave the free and loyal people of +this country, accepted, and now holds, a seat in the pretended Board of +Councillors in this Province, as well as in direct repeal of the charter +thereof, as against the solemn compact of kings, and the inherent right +of the people. It is therefore Resolved, that said William Pepperell, Esq. +hath thereby justly forfeited the confidence, and friendship of all true +friends to American liberty, and with other pretended councillors, now +holding their seats in like manner, ought to be detested by all good +men, and it is hereby recommended to the good people of this country, +that as soon as the present leases made to any of them by said Pepperell, +are expired, they immediately withdraw all connection, commerce, and +dealings, from him, and they take no further lease, or conveyance of his, +farms, mills, or appurtenances thereunto belonging (where the said +Pepperell is the sole receiver and appropriator of the rents and profits), +until he shall resign his seat, pretendedly occupied by mandamus. And if +any persons shall remain, or become his tenants, after the expiration of +their present leases, we recommend to the good people of this country, +not only to withdraw all connections, and commercial intercourse with +them, but to treat them in the manner provided by the third resolve of this +Congress."</p> + +<p>The Baronet not long after this denouncement retired to Boston. His +winter residence was on Summer street, near Trinity church, and his +country residence was an estate on the southerly side of Jamaica Pond +containing sixty acres, which he leased from Sir Francis Bernard. In +1775 he arrived in England under circumstances of deep affliction. Lady<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> +Pepperell, who was Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. Isaac Royall, of Medford, +having died on the passage. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished, +and the year following was included in the Conspiracy Act. +In May, 1779, the Committee on confiscated estates offered for sale +"his large and elegant house, gardens, and other accommodations, &c., +pleasantly situated on Summer street, Boston, a little below Trinity +church." His vast domain in Maine, the largest owned by any individual +in New England, though entailed upon his heirs, was confiscated. This +estate extended from Kittery to Saco, with a coast line of upwards of +thirty miles, and extending back many miles into the interior, and, for the +purposes of farming and lumbering, was of great value, and the water +power and mill privileges, rendered it even at the time of the sequestration, +a princely fortune. His possessions were large in Scarboro, Elliot, +Berwick, Newington, Portsmouth, Hampton and Hubbardston. In Saco +alone he owned 5,500 acres, including the site of that populous town +and its factories. A large portion of this property was purchased by +Thomas Cutts who had served as a clerk in Sir William's counting room. +He was active during the revolution, was a noted merchant, president of +a bank, colonel of a regiment, senator in the Massachusetts Legislature, +and one of the founders of the Massachusetts General Hospital. He died +in 1821.</p> + +<p>All of Sir William's brothers were loyalists and were forced to leave +the country, and their vast domains passed into other hands. A life interest +or dower right in the Saco lands was enjoyed by Lady Mary Pepperell, +the widow of the first Sir William and her daughter, Mrs. Sparhawk, +which was devised to them by the Baronet's will. In exchange for +the right thus arising, the State afterwards assigned two-ninths in absolute +property to Lady Pepperell and her daughter, by a deed executed +in 1788. This small portion of this great estate was saved through these +ladies residing in the country during the war, the "sons of despotism" +could hardly tar and feather two defenceless women, or drive them forth +as they did their sons and brothers, and make absentees or refugees of +them.</p> + +<p>Thus the princely fortune of Pepperell, that required a century to +construct, from the foundation laid by John Bray the shipwright to the +massive structure raised by the fisherman William Pepperell and completed +by his son Sir William, fastened and secured though it was, by +every instrument that his own skill and the best legal counsel could devise +to give stability and perpetuity, was in a brief hour overthrown, and +demolished by the confiscation act of 1778. So complete was the wreck that +two of his daughter's grandsons, were saved from the almshouse by the +bounty of some persons on whom they had no claim for favor.</p> + +<p>Never before in the history of this country has there been a more +conspicuous fall of a family from a high estate. There has always been +a doubt as to the legality of the Confiscation Act, as far as the remainder +or reversionary interest, of the first Sir William was concerned, since<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> +it is apparently clear that the life-interest of the second Sir William could +only be, or by the statute actually was, diverted and passed to the State.<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a></p> + +<p>After the death of the first Sir William, his widow, Lady Pepperell, +caused a neat house to be erected near that of her daughter, and the village +church which still remain. Here she died in 1789 after being a widow +thirty years.</p> + +<p>This house came into the possession of Captain Joseph Cutts. He +was a large ship owner and a successful merchant. Ruined by Mr. Jefferson's +embargo, and the war of 1812, he lost his reason, and his two +sons also went insane. One fell by his own hand in Lady Pepperell's +bedchamber, the other was so violent at times that it was necessary to +chain him. Under these misfortunes the daughter Sally's reason gave +way. The town allowed a small sum for the board of her father, and +her brother. Her home even was sold to satisfy a Government claim for +duties owed by her father. It would seem that the doom of the Pepperells +was transmitted to all who should inhabit this house. Surely a blight +seemed to have fallen upon it which consumed the lives and fortunes of +a family until its evil destiny was fully accomplished.</p> + +<p>The old mansion built by the first Colonel Pepperell, and enlarged by +his son, is plain in its architecture, and contained a great many rooms before +it was curtailed ten feet from each end. It was well adapted to the +extensive domains and hospitalities of its former owners. The lawn in +front extends to the sea, and the restless waves over which Sir William +successively sought fortune and fame, still glitter in the sunbeams, and +dash around the disconsolate abode. The fires of hospitality are extinguished. +It is now occupied by the families of poor fishermen who do not like +to be troubled with visitors or strangers. The hall is spacious and well +finished; the ceiling is ornamented, and the richly carved bannisters bear +traces of former elegance. The large hall was formerly lined with +some fifty portraits of the Pepperell and Sparhawk families and of the +companions in arms of Sir William, such as Admiral Sir Peter Warren +Commodore Spry and others. We have now no sympathy with the joyous +acclamations once bestowed on these successful victors returning from +the field of glory to be crowned with laurels. The American people feel +no desire to perpetuate the fame of their achievements, although characterized +at the time by patriotism as pure, and disinterested as any exhibited +since this government was formed. Patriotism in those days implied +loyalty and fidelity to the king of England, but how changed the meaning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> +of that word in New England after the Declaration of Independence? +Words and deeds before deemed patriotic, were now traitorous, and so +deeply was the idea of their moral turpitude impressed on the public mind, +as to have tainted popular opinion concerning the heroic deeds of our +ancestors performed in the king's service, in the French wars, but criticism +of this is apt to produce what Coleridge declared the cold waters of reason +thrown on the burning embers of democracy inevitably produced—namely +a hiss. The Revolution absorbed and neutralized all the heroic fame +of the illustrious men that preceded it. The extinction of their fame +was not more remarkable than the wreck of their fortunes. The Penns, +Fairfaxes, Johnsons, Phillips, Robinsons and Pepperells were stripped +of their immense possession, by confiscation, who up to that time had +been but little less than hereditary noblemen and viceroys of boundless +domains.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 608px;"> +<img src="images/illo_210.jpg" width="608" height="450" alt="THE PEPPERELL MANSION." title="THE PEPPERELL MANSION." /> +<span class="caption">THE PEPPERELL MANSION.</span> +</div> + +<p>During the Revolution the Baronet was treated with great respect +and deference by his fellow exiles in England. His home in London was +open for their reception, and in most cases in which the Loyalists from +New England united in representations to the ministry or to the throne, +he was their chairman or deputed organ of communication. He was allowed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> +£500 sterling per annum by the British Government, and this stipend, +with the wreck of his fortune, consisting of personal effects, rendered +his situation comfortable, and enabled him to relieve the distress of the +less fortunate. And it is to be recorded in respect for his memory, that +his pecuniary benefactions were not confined to his countrymen who were +in banishment, for their loyalty, but were extended to his countrymen who +were disloyal, who languished in England in captivity sharing with them +the pension which he received from the government, after their government +had despoiled him of all his great possessions. It is to be remembered, +too, that his private life was irreproachable, and that he was among the +founders of the British and Foreign Bible Society.</p> + +<p>In 1779 the Loyalists then in London formed an Association, and Sir +William was appointed President. The first meeting was held at Spring +Garden Coffee House, May 29th, 1779, and the next at the Crown and +Anchor, in the Strand on the 26th. About ninety persons met at this place +composed of Loyalists from each Colony. A Committee appointed at this +meeting, on July 6th, reported an Address to the King. In this document +it is said, that, "notwithstanding your Majesty's arms have not been attended +with all the effect which those exertions promised, and from which +occasion has been taken to raise an indiscriminate charge of disaffection in +the Colonists, we beg leave, some of us from our own knowledge, and +others from the best information, to assure your Majesty that the greater +number of your subjects in the Confederated Colonies, notwithstanding +every art to seduce, every device to intimidate, and a variety of oppressions +to compel them to abjure their sovereign, entertain the firmest attachment +and allegiance to your Majesty's sacred person and government. In support +of those truths, we need not appeal to the evidence of our own +sufferings; it is notorious that we have sacrificed all which the most loyal +subjects could forego, or the happiest could possess. But, with confidence, +we appeal to the struggles made against the usurpations of Congress, by +Counter Resolves in very large districts of country, and to the many unsuccessful +attempts by bodies of the loyal in arms, which have subjected +them to all the rigors of inflamed resentment; we appeal to the sufferings +of multitudes, who for their loyalty have been subjected to +insults, fines, and imprisonments, patiently enduring all in the +expectation of that period which shall restore to them the blessings of +your Majesty's Government; we appeal to the thousands now serving +in your Majesty's armies, and in private ships-of-war, the former exceeding +in number the troops enlisted to oppose them; finally, we make a +melancholy appeal to the many families who have been banished from +their once peaceful habitations; to the public forfeiture of a long list of +estates; and to the numerous executions of our fellow-citizens, who +have sealed their loyalty with their blood. If any Colony or District, when +covered or possessed by your Majesty's troops had been called upon to +take arms, and had refused; or, if any attempts had been made to +form the Loyalist militia, or otherwise, and it had been declined, we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> +should not on this occasion have presumed thus to address your Majesty; +but if, on the contrary, no general measure to the above effect was attempted, +if petitions from bodies of your Majesty's subjects, who wished +to rise in aid of Government, have been neglected, and the representations +of the most respectable Loyalists disregarded, we assure ourselves that the +equity and wisdom of your Majesty's mind will not admit of any impressions +injurious to the honor and loyalty of your faithful subjects in +those Colonies."</p> + +<p>Sir William Pepperell, Messrs. Fitch, Leonard, Rome, Stevens, Patterson, +Galloway, Lloyd, Dulaney, Chalmers, Randolph, Macknight, Ingram, +and Doctor Chandler, composing a committee of thirteen, were +appointed to present this Address. At the same meeting it was resolved, +"That it be recommended to the General Meeting to appoint a Committee, +with directions to manage all such public matters as shall appear +for the honor and interest of the Loyal in the Colonies, or who have +taken refuge from America in this country, with power to call General +Meetings, to whom they shall from time to time report." Of this Committee, +Sir Egerton Leigh, of South Carolina, was Chairman. This body +was soon organized. On the 26th of July, Mr. Galloway, of Pennsylvania, +who was a member of it, reported rules for its government, which, after +being read and debated, were adopted. The proceedings of this Committee +do not appear to have been very important; indeed, to meet and +sympathize with one another, was probably their chief employment. On +the 2d of August, it was, however, "Resolved, That each member of the +Committee be desired to prepare a brief account of such documents, facts, +and informations, as he hath in his power, or can obtain, relating to the +rise, progress, and present state of the rebellion in America, and the causes +which have prevented its being suppressed, with short narratives of their +own, stating their facts, with their remarks thereon, or such observations +as may occur to them; each gentleman attending more particularly +to the Colony to which he belongs, and referring to his document for the +support of each fact." This resolution was followed by another, having for +its design to unite with them the Loyalists who remained in America, in +these terms: "Resolved, That circular letters be transmitted from the Committee +to the principal gentleman from the different Colonies at New +York, informing them of the proceedings of the General Meeting, the +appointment and purposes of this Standing Committee, and requesting +their co-operation and correspondence."</p> + +<p>August 11, 1779, at a meeting of the Committee, report was made +that General Robertson had been "so obliging as to undertake the trouble +of communicating to our brethren in New York our wishes to have an institution +established there on similar principles to our own, for the purpose +of corresponding with us on matters relative to the public interests of +British America." Whereupon it was resolved, that, in place of the circular +letter resolved upon on the 2d, "a letter to General Robertson, explanatory +of our designs and wishes, and entreating his good offices to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> +the furtherance of an establishment of a Committee at New York, be +drawn up and transmitted." At the same meeting, (August 11th,) Sir +William Pepperell stated that Lord George Germain had been apprised of +the proceedings of the "Loyalists for considering of American affairs in +so far as their interests were concerned, and that his Lordship had been +pleased to declare his entire approbation of their institution."</p> + +<p>The framing of the letter to General Robertson, above mentioned, +seems to have been, now, the only affair of moment, which, by the record, +occupied the attention of the Association. It may be remarked, however, +that agreeably to the recommendation above stated, a Board of Loyalists +was organized at New York, composed of delegates from each Colony. +Another body, of which the Baronet was President, was the Board +of Agents constituted after the peace, to prosecute the claims of Loyalists +to compensation for their losses by the war, and under the Confiscation +Acts of the several States. Sir James Wright, of Georgia, was first elected, +but at his decease, Sir William was selected as his successor, and continued +in office until the Commissioners made their final report, and the commission +was dissolved. Sir William's own claim was of difficult adjustment, +and occupied the attention of the Commissioners several day. In +1788, and after Mr. Pitt's plan had received the sanction of Parliament, +the Board of Agents presented an Address of thanks to the King for the +liberal provision made for themselves and the persons whom they represented, +which was presented to his Majesty by the Baronet. On this occasion, +he and the other Agents were admitted to the presence, and "all had +the honor to kiss his Majesty's hand." As this Address contains no matter +of historical interest, it is not here inserted. But some mention may be +made of West's picture, the "Reception of the American Loyalists by +Great Britain in 1783," of which an engraving is here shown. The Baronet +is the prominent personage represented, and appears in a voluminous +wig, a flowing gown, in advance of the other figures, with one hand extended +and nearly touching the crown, which lies on a velvet cushion on +a table, and holding in the other hand, at his side, a scroll or manuscript +half unrolled.</p> + +<p>The full description of this picture is as follows: "Religion and Justice +are represented extending the mantle of Britannia, whilst she herself +is holding out her arm and shield to receive the Loyalists. Under the +shield is the Crown of Great Britain, surrounded by Loyalists. This +group of figures consists of various characters, representing the Law, the +Church, and the Government, with other inhabitants of North America; +and as a marked characteristic of that quarter of the globe, an Indian Chief +extending one hand to Britannia, and pointing the other to a Widow and +Orphans, rendered so by the civil war; also, a Negro and Children looking +up to Britannia in grateful remembrance of their emancipation from +Slavery. In a Cloud, on which Religion and Justice rest, are seen in an +opening glory the Genii of Great Britain and of America, binding up the +broken fasces of the two countries, as emblematical of the treaty of peace<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> +and friendship between them. At the head of the group of Loyalists are +likenesses of Sir William Pepperell, Baronet, one of the Chairmen of their +Agents to the Crown and Parliament of Great Britain; and William +Franklin, Esq., son of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, who, having his Majesty's +commission of Governor of New Jersey, preserved his fidelity and loyalty +to his Sovereign from the commencement to the conclusion of the contest, +notwithstanding powerful incitements to the contrary. He was +arrested by order of Congress and confined for two years, when he was +finally exchanged. The two figures on the right hand are the painter, +Mr. West, the President of the Royal Academy, and his lady, both natives +of Pennsylvania."</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illo_214.jpg" width="450" height="380" alt="RECEPTION OF THE AMERICAN LOYALISTS IN ENGLAND." title="RECEPTION OF THE AMERICAN LOYALISTS IN ENGLAND." /> +<span class="caption">RECEPTION OF THE AMERICAN LOYALISTS IN ENGLAND.</span> +</div> + +<p>Sir William continued in England during the remainder of his life. +He died in Portman Square, London, in December, 1816, aged seventy. +William, his only son, deceased in 1809. The baronetcy was inherited by no +other member of the family, and became extinct. His daughters were Elizabeth,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> +who married the Rev. Henry Hutton, of London; Mary, the wife +of Sir William Congreve; and Harriet, the wife of Sir Charles Thomas +Palmer, Baronet.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 585px;"> +<img src="images/illo_215.jpg" width="585" height="400" alt="ARREST OF WILLIAM FRANKLIN BY ORDER OF CONGRESS" title="ARREST OF WILLIAM FRANKLIN" /> +<span class="caption">ARREST OF WILLIAM FRANKLIN BY ORDER OF CONGRESS.<br /> + +The Last Royal Governor of New Jersey, Son of Benjamin Franklin</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Sparhawk</span>, brother of the second Sir William Pepperell, +was born August, 1744. Graduated at Harvard University in 1765. He +was an Addresser to Gov. Gage and went to England where he remained +till 1809, when he returned, and died in Kittery, 1814. His two sons never +married, and were by the kindness of their neighbors saved from the +almshouse, on account of their noble ancestor, being great grandsons of +the elder Sir William Pepperell.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Hirst Sparhawk</span>, also brother to Sir William Pepperell, +graduated at Harvard University in 1771, an Addresser to both Hutchinson +and Gage. Subsequently he went to England with his family of four +persons. He died at Kittery, August 29, 1789, aged thirty-eight. He left +an only daughter, Miss Harriet Hirst Sparhawk, who at his request +was adopted by his sister in Boston, wife of Dr. Jarvis, with whom she +lived till the death of that lady in 1815. She afterwards lived at Portsmouth, +and expended one hundred dollars in repairing the old Pepperell +tomb. She was the last Sparhawk living of Pepperell blood, in America.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Andrew Sparhawk</span>, the fourth son of Colonel Sparhawk, married +a Miss Turner. Was a Loyalist and went to England with his brothers, +where his wife died soon after their arrival, and he died there in 1783, +leaving no children.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mary Pepperell Sparhawk</span>, married Dr. Charles Jarvis of Boston, +and after his death, she passed the remainder of her days at Kittery +Point near the village church, and nearly opposite the residence of her +grandmother, Lady Pepperell's dwelling, built after the Baronet's death. +She died in 1815.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO SIR WILLIAM PEPPERELL +IN SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Thomas Russell, Jan. 2., 1783; Lib. 136, fol. 203; Land and dwelling-house in Boston, +Summer St. S.; Benjamin Goldthwait E.; heirs of Benjamin Cunningham deceased +N.; Samuel Whitwell W.——Land and Buildings, Summer St. N.; widow +Jones W. and N.; Joseph Balch W.: John Rowe and Thomas Thompson S.; said +Thompson W.; John Rowe S.; Zachariah Brigdon E.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span></p> +<h2>JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY</h2> + +<h3>AND HIS SON</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Chancellor of England.</span></h3> + + +<p>John Singleton Copley of Boston was the son of Richard Copley +of County Limerick, who married Mary Singleton, of Deer Park, County +Clare. Her father was of a Lancashire house of that name which had +settled in Ireland in 1661.</p> + +<p>Richard and Mary came to Boston in 1736, and their son John +was born July 3rd, 1737. The father went to the West Indies and died +there about the time of the birth of his son.</p> + +<p>The widow of Richard Copley married Peter Pelham, an engraver +and artist, by whom she had one son, Henry Pelham, who followed his +father's profession. Peter Pelham died in 1751. John S. Copley became +one of the most famous painters of his time. Without instruction, or +master, he drew and painted, and "saw visions" of beautiful forms and +faces which he transferred to canvass. His pictures show up the features +and the figures of the aristocracy of Boston, of a time when there were +aristocrats here, so that it has been frequently said that one of these +ancestral portraits is a Bostonian's best title of nobility.</p> + +<p>Major George Washington visited Boston in 1755 and sat to young +Copley for a miniature. In 1766 Copley sent, without name or address, +an exquisite portrait of his half brother, Henry Pelham, known as the +"Boy and the Flying Squirrel," to Benjamin West, a fellow countryman +then settled in London with a request to have it placed in the Exhibition +Rooms of the Society of British Artists. The attention and admiration +excited by this wonderful painting were such that the friends of the +artist wrote most warmly to persuade him to go to England for the +pursuit of his vocation, and West extended to him a pressing invitation +to his own home. In 1769 he married Susannah Farnum, daughter of +Richard Clarke, a wealthy merchant of Boston, and agent of the East +India Company for their trade in that town. The tie between the artist +and his wife was peculiarly close. We constantly meet her familiar lineaments +through the whole course of Copley's works. Now Mary by +the manger, with the Divine Infant at her breast, in "The Nativity," +again in "The Family Picture" and in the fabled scene of Venus and +Cupid, or in the female group in "The Death of Major Pierson," dissolved +in an agony of grief, and fear, as they escape from the scene of +violence and death.</p> + +<p>The locality associated with his married life in Boston was a solitary +house on Beacon Hill, chosen with his keen perception of picturesque +beauty. His prophecy has been fully verified that the time would come +when that situation would become the favorite site for the homes of +the wealthy. Singular as it may appear the site selected by Copley was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> +the same as that selected by William Blackstone, the first settler of Boston. +In after years Copley's thoughts fondly reverted to his early home—his +farm, he called it—which contained 11 acres on the southwest side of +Beacon Hill, now bounded by Charles, Beacon, Walnut, and Mt. Vernon +streets, Louisburg Square and Pinckney street.</p> + +<p>In 1771 Copley wrote that he was earning a comfortable income. +At this time, he moved in the best society, where his courtly manners and +genial disposition made him a general favorite. He was now approaching +the crucial period of his life. He saw the approaching storm that was +soon to break and deluge his country in blood. He was peculiarly situated, +and in a trying position. It is said that his sympathies were at first +with the revolutionists, and he acted as an intermediary between them +and his father-in-law, Richard Clarke,<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> to whom the tea was consigned, +but when the infuriated mob destroyed the tea, and attacked the warehouse, +and residence of Mr. Clarke, forcing him to flee for his life, +Copley could no longer tolerate mob rule. His case was like that of +many others of whom it is said "persecution made half of the king's +friends." These outrages occurred in December 1773. Less than two years +afterwards he wrote to his wife, from Italy, July 1775: "You know +years ago I was right in my opinion that this would be the result of +the attempt to tax the colony; it is now my settled conviction that all +the power of Great Britain will not reduce them to obedience. Unhappy +and miserable people, once the happiest, now the most wretched. How +warmly I expostulated with some of the violent 'Sons of Liberty' +against their proceedings, they must remember; and with how little +judgment, in their opinion, did I then seem to speak! But all this is +past; the day of tribulation is come, and years of sorrow will not dry +the orphan's tears, nor stop the widow's lamentations, the ground will +be deluged in the blood of its inhabitants before peace will again assume +its dominion in that country."<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> Copley embarked for England, +June 1774, six months after his father-in-law was driven out of Boston +by the mob, and one year before the conflict with the mother country +commenced. Leaving his aged mother, his favorite brother, his wife +and children behind him, he went to prepare a place of refuge for them +from the impending storm. Probably the desire to visit Europe and behold +the work of the great masters of the art he loved so well had something +to do with leaving his native land, to which he was never to return. +After travelling and studying two years on the Continent, he went +back to London, and was soon joined by his family. Then began a career +of uninterrupted success. He became the fashion, and many +of the nobility sat to him as did also three of the princesses, +daughters of George III. Following the fashion of the day he took up +historical painting, which included the death of Major Pierson and the +death of Chatham (both now in the English National Gallery): The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> +siege of Gibraltar, now in the Guild Hall of London, and Charles I demanding +in the House of Commons, the surrender of the five impeached +members, which now hangs in the Boston Public Library. "The death of +Major Pierson" in repelling the attack of the French at St. Helier's, +Jersey, on the 6th of January 1781, was painted in 1783 for Alderman +Boydell, for his gallery. When this was dispersed it was bought back by +Copley, and remained in the house in George Street till Lord Lyndhurst's +death, when it was purchased for the National Gallery for 1500 guineas. +The woman flying from the crowd in terror, with the child in her +arms, was painted from the nurse of Mr. Copley's family; the figure between +her and the wall, with the upraised arm, is Mrs. Copley; the boy +running by the nurse's side is young Copley.</p> + +<p>Copley was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, the year he left +Boston, and in 1776, on his return from Italy to London, he became a +member of the Loyalist club, for weekly conversation and a dinner. He +died at his residence in George Street, London, Sept. 9, 1815, aged seventy-eight +and was buried in the tomb belonging to Governor Hutchinson's +family in the parish church at Croydon, near London. Copley had +one son and two daughters who lived to maturity.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illo_218.jpg" width="450" height="492" alt="JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY" title="JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY" /> +<span class="caption">JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY<br /> + +Born in Boston July 3, 1737. Painter to the King. Died in London Sept. 9, 1815.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Singleton Copley</span>, the younger, was born in Boston May +20, 1772, was early destined for his father's profession, and, accordingly +he attended the lectures of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Barry, at the +Royal Academy. He, however, had no inclination to follow in his father's +footsteps. He threw off his instructors, impatiently declaring that he +would not be known as the "son of Copley the painter" but it should +be "Copley, the father of the Lord Chancellor." So early did he prognosticate +his own future eminence. He was entered 1790 at Trinity College, +Cambridge. In the mathematical tripos of 1794, was second wrangler, +sickness alone preventing him from obtaining the highest honor of +the year. He was also Smith's Prizeman, won the King William prize, +and, the following year, was appointed a "travelling bachelor" with a +grant for three years of a £100 a year, and, a month later, was elected a +fellow of Trinity, improved the opportunity to visit Boston, the town of +his birth, with the ulterior view of regaining the family estates on Beacon +Hill, owned by his father before leaving Boston, more than twenty +years before. For although Copley was an Absentee, or Refugee, and +therefore had laid himself liable to the confiscation of his property, yet, +through his well known sympathy with the Revolutionists before the +commencement of open war, and through the assistance of some of his +friends, his property, which consisted of the largest landed estate in Boston, +had not been confiscated. There were however several real estate speculators +who had profited largely by purchasing the confiscated estates of +the Loyalists for a mere trifle who determined to possess themselves of +Copley's property. Jonathan Mason, and Harrison Grey Otis, made a contract +with Gardiner Green, who was Copley's agent, to purchase the same, +without adequate authority from the owner. When the deed was sent to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> +him for execution he refused to sign it. A bill in equity was bought to +enforce the contract of sale. Copley executed a power of attorney to his +son, when he went to Boston, giving him authority to settle the case. +He arrived in Boston Jan. 2nd, 1796, and wrote to his father: "The business +cannot come on till May. If you can make yourself a subject of the +United States you are clear. If otherwise I am not yet sufficiently informed +to say what may be the result, if you are decreed an alien, but +take courage." He wrote again in February 27, 1796, saying, "I have, +my dear sir, concluded my negotiations with Messrs. Mason, Otis, and +others. I have acted for the best. I was very strongly of the opinion +that the event of the contest would be in favor of the plaintiffs. Your +counsel agreed with me in their sentiments upon that head.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> A compromise +became, therefore, necessary, and for the consideration of $18,450 +a deed of release was given, dated February 22, 1796, recorded in +Lib. 182, fol. 184, Suffolk Deeds."<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a></p> + +<p>No deed of any lands in Boston within a century will compare with +this in importance and interest. Taking into consideration the upland, +beach, and flats, this purchase is at a considerably less rate than $1,000 +per acre. That the son acted wisely his letters prove, but the transaction +was one of deepest regret to the whole family, and embittered the +remainder of the artist's life.</p> + +<p>In a letter to his mother from Boston, the young man says: "Shall +I whisper a word in your ear? The better people are all aristocrats. My +father is too rank a Jacobin to live among them. Samuel Adams is superannuated, +unpopular and fast decaying in every respect." Again he +wrote to his mother from Philadelphia: "<i>I have become a fierce Aristocrat.</i> +This is the country to cure your Jacobins. Send them over and +they will return quite converted. The opposition here are a set of villains. +Their object is to overset the government, and all good men are +apprehensive lest they should be successful. A great schism seems to be +forming, and they already begin to talk of a separation of the States +north of the Potomac from those on the southern side of the river."<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> He +was a visitor at Mount Vernon and spent a week as a guest of the +first President of the young Republic.</p> + +<p>After nearly two years spent in the new United States, John Singleton +Copley, the younger, returned to what had now become the settled +home of the Copley family. He commenced a long course of study and +systematic preparation for a life which was to become of the most distinguished, +among the most famous men of the first half of the 19th +century. Called to the bar in 1804 he, with no other influence than that of +his own commanding talents, soon ranked among the leading men of +his profession and that at a time when an unusually large number of +great advocates were at the English bar.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span>But it was not at the bar only, or when on the bench at the head +of the judiciary of England that this son of Boston distinguished himself. +In both houses of Parliament, as Copley or Lyndhurst, he was an +acknowledged leader of men.</p> + +<p>Copley took his seat in the House of Commons as member for Yarmouth +in the Isle of Wight, in March 1818, and until his removal to the +House of Lords, nine years later, sat continuously as a member. Meanwhile +promotion, professionally and politically, was constantly growing. +In 1819, he was made a king's sergeant (at large) and chief justice of +Chester. In June of the same year he was appointed Solicitor General +(with knighthood), five years later became Attorney General. In 1826 +he succeeded Lord Gifford as Master of the Rolls, a high judicial office, +which at that time and for many years after did not compel the vacating +of a seat in Parliament.</p> + +<p>The town Council of Bristol unanimously elected him in the same year +Recorder of that city.</p> + +<p>In April 1827 in his 55th year on the retirement of Lord Chancellor +Eldon, the ambition of his life was realized. The great prize of the legal +profession was offered to him by the express desire of the king and with +it of course a peerage, Sir John Singleton Copley became Baron Lyndhurst +of Lyndhurst in the County of Hampshire and, for nearly forty +years thereafter remained to adorn the House of Lords by his high +talents, his noble character, and his fervid eloquence.</p> + +<p>Lyndhurst's first Chancellorship, was not of long duration. From 1830 +to 1834 we find him occupying the chiefship of the Court of Exchequer. +He a strong tory, had been honored by a whig ministry, in his appointment +to the office of Lord Chief Baron. This dignified and permanent +position he resigned again to became Chancellor following the passing +of the Reform Bill. As Lord Chancellor once more, and for the third +time, from 1841 to 1846 he was a member of the ministry of Sir Robert +Peel. The fame of the great jurist and statesman had become as precious +to the citizens of Breton, as it was to the mother country. Here in Massachusetts +he was born, and from his American parents received the first +vivid impression of childhood. The reminiscences of his youth however, +were always-accompanied by a heartfelt effusion of gratitude that his lot +was cast in England. To London he was especially attached, and used +to say "that every product known to man, every wonder of art, and skill, +which the civilized world produced, could be found there."<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a></p> + +<p>He was called the "Nestor of the House of Lords." His speeches +were remarkable for their clearness, vigor, and force, even when he had +reached nearly to his ninetieth year. A portrait of Lord Lyndhurst in his +Chancellor robes is in the portrait gallery of the New York Historical Society. +Lord Lyndhurst died October, 1863, in his 92nd year. Leaving no +male heirs, his title died with him.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_221.jpg" width="400" height="591" alt="LORD LYNDHURST" title="LORD LYNDHURST" /> +<span class="caption">LORD LYNDHURST, LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND.<br /> + +Born in Boston May 20, 1772. Son of John Singleton Copley. Died in London +Oct. 12, 1863.</span> +</div> + +<p>He married Sarah Geray, daughter of Charles Brunsden, and widow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span> +of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas, who fell at Waterloo. He was the father +of Sarah Elizabeth, Susan Penelope, and Sophia Clarence. His second +wife, Georgiana, daughter of Lewis Goldsmith, bore him a single child, Georgiana Susan.</p> + +<p>His Lordship's eldest sister, Elizabeth Clarke, born in Boston, 1770, +was educated at a boarding school at Clapham, London, and married +Gardiner Greene of Boston, a man of high social standing and business +position, who had come to Boston from Demerara after the Revolution, +where he had accumulated a large fortune. While on a visit to London +in July, 1800, he married Miss Copley. She died at Boston in 1866, +aged 95 years. In her will she left to Harvard College a collection of +proof copies of all of Copley's historical paintings. Her daughter, Martha +B. Greene, born in 1812, married Charles Amory and wrote the Life of +John Singleton Copley, and to this valuable work we are indebted for +much of the information we have given in this biographical notice. She +died in 1880 leaving many descendants.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>KING HOOPER OF MARBLEHEAD.</h2> + + +<p>Marblehead is a rough peninsular, projecting into the Bay, with +craggy shores, and a narrow harbor a mile and a half in length and a +half mile wide. It is distant about eighteen miles from Boston.</p> + +<p>From its peculiar adaptation to fisheries and commerce, though very +limited in territory, this place was once famous for the hardihood and daring +enterprise of its citizens. It was the principal fishing port in all the +colonies, and now it does not contain one single fisherman that goes to +the "Banks," but it has since become the principal yachting centre in the +United States if not in the world; frequently there will be seen gathered +here more than five hundred yachts of all classes and descriptions.</p> + +<p>It was naturally a wilderness of rock, with here and there a green +valley or glade just fitted for a little garden, where the mariner perched +his pretty nest, on the adjacent cliff. No herds or flocks ranged on this barren +place. A Marbleheader ploughed only the deep for his living, his +pasture lay afar off on the Banks of Newfoundland, or the Georges, +and his harvest whitened the shores with their wide spread fish flakes. Even +at this day, with its cluster of antique dwellings and rough trapesian +streets, this seaport has an odd look, like some ancient town in England. +But in this secluded spot, where stands the dilapidated fortresses of Sewall +and Lee, several eminent men, merchants, mariners and lawyers, were +born and educated, who became staunch loyalists. They were sincere in +their convictions and had the courage to declare them in defiance of a +rough and turbulent population. They could not view the revolutionary +proceedings of their townsmen without deep concern, and doing all in their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> +power to dissuade their fellow-citizens from the course they had taken, +they protested that the entire policy of the colonies was suicidal and that +the town had been guilty of treason by its action. With a sincere belief +that these rebellious acts of the colonists must sooner or later bring disaster +and ruin upon the country, and death and imprisonment to the leaders, +they entreated their friends and neighbors to recede from their position +before it was too late, but in vain. It was voted in town meeting +that they "ought not to be indulged in their wickedness" and that a committee +should be chosen to attend to the conduct of these ministerial tools +and Jacobites, that effectual measures might be taken "either for silencing +them or expelling them from the community". What brought about this +action of the Revolutionists was the address to Governor Hutchinson on +his departure for England signed by thirty-three of the principal citizens +of the town. Among these names there were five of the name of Hooper, +chief of whom was "King Hooper," the principal merchant in the town. +He had a high reputation for honor and integrity in his business dealings +and for his benevolence.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Robert Hooper</span>, the first to appear in Marblehead, is first mentioned +in Massachusetts records as master of a shallop hired of Mr. Moses Maverick, +a wealthy business man of Marblehead, in 1663. From a deposition +he made in court, he was born about 1606. This would make him old +enough to have been the father of John, Robert and Henry Hooper, the +other very early residents of Marblehead. He died after 1686.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Robert Hooper</span>, supposed to be the son of the aforesaid, was born +as early as 1655. Married Dec. 4, 1684, Anna, daughter of Peter and +Hannah Greenfield. Hannah was a daughter of John and Ann Devereux. +He was an inn keeper and died about 1689.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Greenfield Hooper</span>, son of the aforesaid, was born about 1686. He +resided at Marblehead, was a merchant. He also had a "workshop," +with loom for weaving. He married, Jan. 16, 1706, Alice, daughter of +Andrew Tucker, Sr., and received a share of his real estate. He died +about October 1, 1747.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 576px;"> +<img src="images/illo_223.jpg" width="576" height="400" alt="KING HOOPER MANSION" title="KING HOOPER MANSION" /> +<span class="caption">KING HOOPER MANSION, DANVERS.<br /> + +At his elegant mansion in Danvers, Robert Hooper entertained General Gage, who made it his headquarters in 1774.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Robert Hooper</span>, known as "King Hooper," was born at Marblehead, +June 26, 1709, son of the aforesaid Greenfield Hooper. He was married +four times. Was a merchant who rose from poverty to apparently inexhaustible +wealth, engrossing for years a large part of the foreign fishing +business of Marblehead, which was very extensive about the year 1760. +For awhile he purchased all the fish brought into that port, sent it to Bilboa +and other parts of Spain and received gold and silver in return, with +which he purchased goods in England. He owned lands in Marblehead, +Salem, Danvers, and an extensive tract at Lyndeborough, N. H., and +elsewhere. He had a large and elegant house at Marblehead, and also +a mansion at Danvers, where he did "royal" entertaining, rode in a chariot +like a prince, and was ever after known as "King Hooper." He was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> +one of the wealthiest and most benevolent men in the colony. He presented +Marblehead with a fire engine in 1751.<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p> + +<p>At his elegant house in Danvers he entertained General Gage +for some time in 1774, and was an Addresser of Hutchinson the same year. +He was appointed representative to the General Court in 1775, and declined +a seat in the Governor's council in 1759 on account of deafness. He +was one of thirty-six persons appointed as mandamus councillors of the +province in 1774, at the beginning of the agitation that led to the Revolution, +and was one of the twelve that did not accept of the honor, his deafness +previously referred to being probably the reason, for he was a staunch +loyalist. This, together with his age and known generosity, prevented +his being driven forth from the town; it however did not prevent the loss +of his great property, for when he died in 1790 he was insolvent. In a +letter dated Marblehead, March 17, 1790, addressed to his granddaughter +Ruth, the wife of Lewis Deblois, a Boston loyalist residing at St. John, +N. B., he says: "But as you justly observe we have been and still are +300 miles distance from each other and my advanced age make it doubtful +whether I may ever see you more in this world, your parting from me +was next to burying you, there is nothing would give more pleasure than +to hear of the health and prosperity of every branch of my family." This +truly great and honorable man died, a little more than a month after writing +this letter. He died May 20, 1790, aged 81 years.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Hooper</span>, son of the aforesaid, was born at Marblehead, May +29, 1743, married Oct. 30, 1766, Mary, daughter of Benjamin and Lucy +(Devereux) Harris of Newburyport, Nov. 20, 1746. She died at Newburyport +Oct. 3, 1796.</p> + +<p>He graduated from Harvard College in 1763, was a merchant in his +native town, carrying on a foreign trade. He built the mansion in Marblehead +afterwards occupied by Chief Justice Sewall. He was an Addresser +of Governor Hutchinson in 1774. Being an ardent loyalist he was forced +to leave his home in 1775 and go to England. He became a paper manufacturer +at Bungay, Suffolk, England, where he died in 1812. The +Marblehead Revolutionary committee recorded May 8th, 1781, that "they +believed he had voluntarily gone over to our enemies," that is he was a +loyalist, and proceeded to administer on his affairs. One third share was +set off to his wife June 9, 1783, and the balance confiscated and sold. He +had two sons and two daughters.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Robert Hooper</span>, son of King Hooper, was born at Marblehead, Feb. +9, 1746, married May 23, 1769, Anna, daughter of Richard and +Jemima Corwell. He was an Addresser of Governor Hutchinson, but +evidently made peace with the Revolutionists and was allowed to remain. +He died about 1781 at Marblehead. "He had usually traded beyond the +sea."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sweet Hooper</span>, son of King Hooper. Married at Boston, Aug. 4, +1779, Mary, daughter of Hector McNeil. He was an Addresser of Governor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> +Hutchinson, but was allowed to remain. He was a merchant at +Marblehead, died October, 1781.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Robert Hooper</span>, 3d. as described in the Addressers to Governor +Hutchinson, was probably a son of Deacon Robert Hooper, cousin to the +aforesaid Hoopers. He was born at Marblehead 1757, and married Sept. +21, 1777, Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. Nathaniel Whittaker of Salem. In +1794 he sold his two-sixths of the mansion house, etc., which had belonged +to his father, the late Deacon Robert Hooper. He removed to Lexington, +Maine, was master of Limerick Academy. He died May 11, 1836.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>WILLIAM BOWES.</h2> + + +<p>Nicholas Bowes of Cambridge, Mass., married 26 June, 1684, Sarah +Hubbard, who died 26 Jan. 1686, and for second wife married 6 May, +1690, Dorcas Champney, and a third wife, Martha Remington, of Cambridge, +June 21, 1718. It is claimed that he was descended from Sir Martin +Bowes, Lord Mayor of London. Nicholas Bowes, son of the preceding +was born at Boston, Nov. 2nd, 1706. He graduated at Harvard College +as M. A., was minister at Bedford from 1730 to 1754. He married Lucy +Hancock, the aunt of John Hancock, the Revolutionary Governor of Massachusetts. +Their son</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Bowes</span>, was born at Boston, 3 December 1734. He married +Ann Whitney, March 22, 1761, who died Jan. 2, 1762. His second +wife was Mary Stoddard, whom he married Oct. 30, 1769, and who died +9 May, 1774. He was a merchant and had inherited in 1764 a large property +from his uncle, Thomas Hancock, one of the wealthiest merchants in +Boston. He was an Addresser of Governor Hutchinson in 1774, and of +General Gage in 1775. At the evacuation of Boston he went to Halifax +with his family of four persons. In 1788 he was proscribed and banished, +and his estates confiscated. He died near London, April, 1805. His eldest +son,</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Bowes</span>, born at Boston, 15 Oct. 1771, lived in England and +died near London 10 June, 1850, aged 79. He married Harriet Troutbeck, +daughter of Rev. John Troutbeck, born at Boston 1 Oct. 1768, and +died in England, 14 January, 1851, aged 82. Their children were Emily +Bowes born 1806, Edmund Elford Bowes, born 1808, M. A. Trinity College. +Cambridge. Arthur Bowes, born 1813. All born and living in England +in 1856.</p> + +<p>Sarah Bowes, daughter of William Bowes, Sr., was born at Boston, +Jan. 31, 1773, and died in England. July 1850, unmarried.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span>LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO WILLIAM BOWES IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Richard Driver. Feb. 16, 1782, Lib. 134, fol. 23; Land in Boston, Fitch's Alley W.; +Margaret Phillips N., Corn Court E. Andrew Oliver S.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Mungo Mackey. June 11, 1783; Lib. 139, fol. 16. One fourth of land, brick distill +house and other buildings in Boston, Cambridge St. N.; George St E. heirs of +John Guttridge deceased S.; Belknap St. W.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Robert Jenkins, Feb. 16, 1784; Lib. 141, fol. 132; Land and buildings in Boston. Wilson's +Lane W.; Dock Square N.; Arnold and Samuel Wells E. heirs of Charles +Hammock deceased S.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To James Welch. Nov. 6, 1784; Lib. 145, fol. 250; Land in Boston. Wings Lane N., Nathan +Frazier and heirs of Charles Apthorp deceased E.; said heirs S.; E.; S. and W.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>GENERAL TIMOTHY RUGGLES.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Ruggles</span> of Nazing, Essex County, England, was born in +Sudbury, Suffolk County, England, in 1584. He came to Roxbury, +Massachusetts, in 1637 and was freeman May 22, 1639. He married in +Nazing, England, Mary Curtis. He died in Roxbury, November 16, 1644, +and his wife died in 1674, leaving four children.</p> + +<p>His son Samuel was many years selectman, representative, and captain +of the Roxbury company. His son Samuel succeeded his father in the +several offices named and in company with seven other persons purchased, +Dec. 27, 1686, for £20, from John Nagers and Lawrence Nassawano, two +noted Indians, a tract of land containing by estimation 12 miles long north +and south and eight miles wide east and west. This purchase is now +known as the town of Hardwick, Mass. His son, the Rev. Timothy Ruggles, +was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts November 3., 1685, and married +Mary White, the daughter of Benjamin and Susanna White. He +graduated from Harvard College in 1707, and was ordained pastor of the +Rochester church in 1710, which office he held until his death which occurred +October 26, 1768. He was a great worker in the community +and much beloved.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General Timothy Ruggles</span>, born in Rochester, Mass., October 20, +1711, eldest son of Rev. Timothy Ruggles, one of the fifth generation +of Ruggles in America, graduated at Harvard College in 1732 and commenced +practicing law in Rochester. He represented his native town in +the provincial assembly at the age of 25, and procured the passing of a +bill still in force prohibiting sheriffs from filing writs. He removed to +Harwich about 1753 on to the lands bought by his grandfather from the +Indians. In 1757 he was appointed judge and in 1762 Chief Justice of the +Court of Common Pleas, which he held till the Revolution. He was also +surveyor-general of the king's forest, an office of profit, attended with +but little labor. Besides professional employment he was engaged in military +and political occupation.</p> + +<p>In 1756 almost immediately before Mr. Ruggles' appointment to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> +bench, he accepted a Colonel's Commission in the forces raised by his native +province for service on the frontier of Canada. In the campaign +which followed, he served under the command of Sir William Johnson, +and did good service in the expedition against Crown Point. In September +of the same year he was second in command under that leader at the +battle of Lake George, in which the French under Baron Dieskau, met a +signal defeat, after very severe fighting, in which he distinguished himself +for coolness, courage and ability, and so highly were his services +esteemed on that occasion that he was promoted to the position of General +of Brigade and placed under the command of the Commander-in-Chief.</p> + +<p>In 1758 he commanded the Third Division of the Provisional troops +under Abercrombie, in the unsuccessful attack upon Ticonderoga. He +also served with distinction and courage in the campaign of 1759-1760. +In the winter of 1762 while the belligerent forces on both sides were in +winter quarters, he had the honor to be chosen speaker of the House of +Representatives. On the passing of the Stamp Act in 1765 delegates were +chosen by the legislature of the various colonies, to seek out some relief +from immediate and threatened evils, by a representation of their grievances +to the king and parliament. Gen. Ruggles was chosen as one of +the delegates from Massachusetts. The Stamp Act Congress met at +New York, Oct. 19, 1765, and General Ruggles was elected president of +same. An address to the king was voted and certain resolves framed setting +forth the rights of the colonies, and claiming an entire exemption +from all taxes, excepting those imposed by the local assemblies. Gen. Ruggles +refused his concurrence in the proceedings for which he was censured +on his return by the House of Representatives, and was reprimanded +by the speaker who occupied his place. John Adams, who claimed relationship +with Ruggles before his defection found nothing in his character +but what was noble and grand. "Ruggles' grandeur" he wrote, "consists +in the quickness of his apprehension, steadiness of his attention, +the boldness and strength of his thoughts and his expressions, his strict +honor, conscious superiority, contempt of meanness, etc." He was, he +said, a man of genius and great resolution. At an early period of the +Disunion propaganda. Ruggles, conceiving that the course of the British +Government was neither politic nor just, and believing that the Disunion +leaders honestly intended to bring about a reform, joined hands with +them and as previously stated he was elected President of the Stamp +Act Congress, but on the discovery of the real aim of that body, he refused +to proceed any further on the road to Disunion and left the Congress. +Adams then suddenly discovered, "an inflexible oddity about him, +which has gained him a character for courage and probity, and that at +Congress." "His behavior was very dishonorable" and governed by +"pretended scruples and timidities" and ever since he was "held in utter +contempt and derision by the whole continent." But fifty years later, +when no advantage could be gained by blackening the character of this +brave and honest man, he remembered he was a high-minded man, an exalted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> +soul acting in scenes he could not comprehend.<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> General Ruggles +was a staunch, independent and fearless supporter of the government, +a son of Massachusetts of which she should be proud.</p> + +<p>An extract from the "History of the County of Annapolis, Nova +Scotia," says, "The conduct of Mr. Ruggles as a military commander has +been highly praised by most competent judges. Few men in the province +were more distinguished and few more severely dealt with in the bitter controversies +preceding the Revolution. His appearance was commanding and +dignified, being much above the common size; his wit was ready and brilliant; +his mind clear, comprehensive and penetrating; his judgment was +profound and his knowledge extensive; his abilities as a public speaker +placed him among the first of the day; and had he embraced the popular +sentiments of the times, there is no doubt he would have ranked among +the leading characters of the Revolution."</p> + +<p>By pen and tongue, in the halls of the Legislature, and on the platform, +he declared against rebellion and bloodshed; General Ruggles was +a good scholar and possessed powers of mind of a very high order. Many +anecdotes continue to be related of him in the town of his nativity, which +show his shrewdness, his sagacity, his military hardihood and bravery. As +a lawyer he was an impressive pleader and in parliamentary debate able +and ingenious. He remained in the army until 1760, the last three years +being Brigadier General under Lord Amherst.</p> + +<p>As the Revolutionary quarrel progressed he became one of the most +violent supporters of the ministry and he and Otis as leaders of the two +opposing parties were in constant collision in the discussion of the popular +branch of government. In 1774 he was named a Mandamus Councillor, +which increased his unpopularity to so great a degree that his house +was attacked by night and his cattle were maimed and poisoned. General +Ruggles tried to form a plan of combining the Loyalists against the Disunionists +after the model of similar associations formed in other colonies. +On December 22, 1774, he sent a communication to the "Printers of the +Boston Newspaper" concerning the forming of an Association "and if +attended to and complied with by the good people of the province might +put it in the power of anyone very easily to distinguish such loyal subjects +to the king and are to assert their rights to freedom, in all respects +consistent with the laws of the land from such rebellious ones as under +the pretence of being friends of liberty, are frequently committing the +most enormous outrages upon the persons and the property of such of +his Majesty's peaceable subjects who for want of knowing whom to +call upon, in these distracted times for assistance, fall into the hands of +bandits, whose cruelties surpass those of savages."</p> + +<p>The "Association" consisted of a preamble and six articles. The principal +were the first and third, which provided "That we will upon all occasions, +with our lives and fortunes, stand by and assist each other in the +defence of life, liberty and property, whenever the same shall be attacked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span> +or endangered by any bodies of men, riotously assembled upon any pretence, +or under any authority not warranted by the laws of the land." +And "That we will not acknowledge or submit to the pretended authority +of any Congress, Committees of Correspondence, or any other unconstitutional +assembly of men, but will at the risk of our lives if need be, +oppose the forcible exercise of all such authority."</p> + +<p>The Association did not succeed, the Loyalists were not inclined to +such organization, nor fitted for secret intrigue without which it could not +have succeeded in combatting the measures of the Disunionists. They +were slow to join, and inefficient in action. No good was accomplished by +this association and the Disunionists proceeded on their way triumphant.</p> + +<p>When the appeal to arms had been finally decided on by the Disunionists, +the popular excitement was at a fearful height, and all those +who had counselled moderation, either in demand or action, were declared +to be enemies to their country and traitors to the cause of liberty, +and as such worthy of death. No man in Massachusetts was regarded +as so inimical to the cause of rebellion as General Ruggles, whose known +and recognized ability, great energy, and unflinching courage made him +an object of fear as well as dislike.</p> + +<p>They denounced him as malignant and openly threatened his life. In +consequence of this violence he was forced, with his family and such +of his neighbors as remained loyal, to seek safety and refuge from his +dwelling house which he had built in Harwich by joining the British +forces in Boston. On the very day of the battle of Lexington, a body of +Loyalists formed in Boston, composed of tradesmen and merchants. +They are spoken of as "the gentlemen volunteers," or Loyal American +Association. They were placed under the command of Brigadier General +Ruggles. During the siege of Boston they were joined by other +Loyalist companies, Loyal Irish Volunteers, Captain James Forrest, Royal Honorable +Americans, Colonel Gorham. After the evacuation of Boston he +was in Long Island for a while and in 1783 he was an exile from his native +province in his old age, but still as vigorous as he was loyal. His +extensive estates in Harwich were confiscated, but were made up to him +subsequently by the crown. He was living at Digby or Annapolis in the +year of 1783, and made an application for a grant of land in that portion +of the province. "In the following year the grant was issued. The undismayed +grantee commenced a labor at the age of more than seventy years, +which few, if any of the young men of to-day would voluntarily +undertake. The work of chopping down the forests and clearing the lands for +crops and of preparation for building went on simultaneously and rapidly +under his direction.</p> + +<p>"Two young men, Stromach and Fales, were employed to work with +him for a limited number of years and receive their pay in land. They +did their work, and he paid them, and their descendants are now the occupiers +of many a fair home in the beautiful township of Wilmot."</p> + +<p>General Ruggles' four daughters were married before the Revolution<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> +broke out and their husbands probably adhered to the Colonial side, for +they never came to Nova Scotia. Three of his sons followed him into +exile and settled in that country, Timothy, John, and Richard. It may +not be without use to remark that for much the greater part of his life, +General Ruggles ate no animal food, and drank no spirituous or fermented +liquors, small beer excepted, and that he enjoyed health to his +advanced age. This remarkable leader of men died in 1795. The "Royal +Gazette" in August, 1795, said of him that "the district of county in which +he lived will long feel the benefits resulting from the liberal exertions he +made to advance the agricultural interests of the Province." It was also +said of General Timothy Ruggles that he was one of the best soldiers +in the colonies.</p> + +<p>He was buried to the eastward of the chancel of the (then new) +church, lately known as the "Pine Grove Church," in Central Wilmot, +near the present village of Middleton,—a church toward the erection +of which he was a considerable contributor.</p> + +<p>Numerous descendants of General Ruggles are to be met with in +Nova Scotia. There is a street and church in Roxbury named after this +illustrious family.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Ruggles</span>, son of General Ruggles of Harwich, Mass., was proscribed +and banished in 1778. He settled in Nova Scotia and died there +in 1795. His widow Hannah, only daughter of Dr. Thomas Sackett of +New York, died at Wilmot, N. S. in 1839, aged 76. His only son, +<span class="smcap">Captain Timothy Amherst Ruggles</span> of the Nova Scotia Fencibles +died at the same place in 1838 at the age of 56.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Timothy Ruggles</span>, another son of the General, was a member of +the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia for many years. He died at N. S. +in 1831. Sarah, his widow, died at that place in 1842, aged 92.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Richard Ruggles</span>, son of the General, was born at Rochester, Mass., +in 1774 and died at Annapolis in 1832.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE FANEUIL FAMILY OF BOSTON.</h2> + + +<p>The Faneuils were Huguenot refugees from La Rochelle, France. +When they came to America they brought with them considerable wealth +in jewels and money. From their coat of arms we should judge they dated +back as far as the crusades, as the crossed palm branches can have no +other meaning.</p> + +<p>There is a paper extant in the French language and written by +Benjamin Faneuil the elder. It is a family record in which he states that +in 1699 he married Ann Bureau; then follows the birth of Peter Faneuil, +afterwards the birth of three daughters. This paper was left by Benjamin +Faneuil the younger, and is now in the possession of his great-grand-son +George A. Bethune, M. D., Boston (1884). They first settled +near New Rochelle, N. Y., and in 1699 Benjamin Faneuil was given the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> +freedom of the city of New York. In Valentine's "History of New York," +P. 219, we read in a list of the principal merchants of the city the name +of Benjamin Faneuil the third in the list.</p> + +<p>Andrew, the brother of Benjamin settled in Boston and made an +immense fortune as a merchant. His wife was born in Holland and was +a very beautiful woman.</p> + +<p>Andrew Faneuil had no children that lived to maturity. He adopted +two sons of his brother Benjamin of New York—Peter, born in 1701, +and Benjamin the younger, born in 1702. Benjamin Faneuil the younger, +married the daughter of Dr. John Cutler from a noted German family. +Andrew Faneuil was offended about this marriage and left most of +his fortune to his nephew Peter Faneuil. Peter Faneuil died five years +after his uncle and left no will, and his brother Benjamin was declared +sole heir to his fortune.</p> + +<p>Benjamin Faneuil the elder is buried on the north side of Trinity +church in New York City and the gravestone is in good preservation. +His brother Andrew lived in a splendid house at the corner of Somerset +and Beacon Streets, Boston; the house after his death was owned and occupied +by Gardner Greene. From that home in Boston Andrew Faneuil +was buried, having a most imposing funeral. (See Memorial Hist. of +Boston). His tomb is in the graveyard at the south side of the common.</p> + +<p>Benjamin Faneuil the younger, and Mary Cutler, had two sons +neither of whom left descendants, and a daughter. He lived at one time in +Boston at the corner of Washington and Summer Streets, and later in +Brighton. He was stone blind for twenty years and lived to be eighty-four +years of age. He was an admirable character and greatly beloved. +His daughter entertained General Washington at their home during the +seige of Boston, and General Lee was with him. Benjamin Faneuil admired +Washington and he told him so, emphatically, whether a Whig or +not. But he also told General Lee who was an Englishman that he had +his "head in the noose" for he was a very decided old man and had to +state his opinions under any circumstances.</p> + +<p>Peter Faneuil possessed his uncle's estate only about five years but +during that time he lived in sumptuous style at the corner of Somerset and +Beacon Streets in the house that Andrew built. He gave great sums to +charity and Faneuil Hall was but one of his gifts to the city. Every charity +of that day has his name down for a large sum. To Trinity church +he gave a £100 for an organ and a donation to support the families of the +deceased clergy of that church. It became so large that it was divided between +Trinity church and Kings Chapel, and has done much good. There +is a fine portrait of Peter Faneuil still extant; it was given to the Antiquarian +Society of Boston by his niece, Miss Jones, and is a better picture +than the one in Faneuil Hall.</p> + +<p>Peter Faneuil was a careful business man, but was always generous. +At the time of the erection of Faneuil Hall there was no market house +then in the town, and so he erected a building one hundred feet in length by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> +forty feet in width. Besides the market there were several rooms for town +officers, and a hall which would contain one thousand persons. On the +completion of the building the first public oration held there was a funeral +eulogy delivered in honor of its donor, Peter Faneuil, March 14, 1743 by +Master Lovell of the Latin School, and was "Recorded by Order of +Town."<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> The Hall was dedicated to Liberty and Loyalty to the King in +the following words, "May Liberty always spread its Joyful Wings, over +this Place. And may Loyalty to a King under whom we enjoy this Liberty +ever remain our Character." That the building should ever be used by +conspirators against the King, and become synonymous for disloyalty to +the King, was the very last purpose that its founder intended it to be +used for, yet by the strange irony of fate Faneuil Hall became known to +the world as the "Cradle of Liberty" in which the Revolution was rocked. +The town also voted to purchase the "Arms of Peter Faneuil and Fix +them up in Faneuil Hall." Only a few years passed when the very people +he had so benefited by his bounty tore down his "Arms" and portraits, and +showed the most violent marks of disrespect to the memory of him who +had been their best friend, but it was unreasonable violence that moved +the mob who called themselves patriots. Faneuil Hall is a permanent memorial +of the Huguenots of Boston and with the exception of a few crumbling +gravestones it is the only visible monument of their residence here.</p> + +<p>Peter Faneuil died in 1742 and left his vast fortune to his two nephews, +Peter and Benjamin Faneuil the younger, the latter being an eminent +merchant and was one of the consignees of the tea that was destroyed +by the mob. The following letter sent to him by the "patriots" at that +time undoubtedly expresses the feelings and the sentiment of those who +formed the "Boston Tea Party." The letter he said was found in his +entry.</p> + +<blockquote><p>"Gentlemen, It is currently reported that you are in the extremest +anxiety respecting your standing with the good people of this Town and +Province, as commissioners of the sale of the monopolized and dutied +tea. We do not wonder in the least that your apprehensions are terrible, +when the most enlightened humans and conscientious community on the +earth view you in the light of tigers or mad dogs, whom the public safety +obliges them to destroy. Long have this people been irreconcilable to +the idea of spilling human blood, on almost any occasion whatever, but +they have lately seen a penitential thief suffer death for pilfering a few +pounds, from scattering individuals you boldly avow a resolution to bear +a principal part in the robbing of every inhabitant of this country, in the +present and future ages of every thing dear and interesting to them. Are +there no laws in the Book of God and nature that enjoin such miscreants +to be cut off from among the people, as troublers of the whole congregation. +Yea, verily, there are laws and officers to put them into execution, +which you can neither corrupt, intimidate, nor escape, and whose resolution<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> +to bring you to condign punishment you can only avoid by a speedy +imitation of your brethren in Philadelphia. This people are still averse +to precipitate your fate, but in case of much longer delay in complying +with their indispensable demands, you will not fail to meet the just rewards +of your avarice and insolence. Remember, gentlemen, this is the +last warning you are ever to expect from the insulted, abused and most +indignant vindicators of violated liberty in the Town of Boston.</p> + +<p> +Thursday evening 9 o'clock,<br /> +Nov. 4. 1773.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +O. C. Secy, per order. +</p> +<p> +To Messrs. the Tea Commissioners,<br /> +Directed to B—— F—— Esq."<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a><br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Faneuils did not lack patriotism. They counselled prudence until +the country was prepared for action in a constitutional way. They were +entirely opposed to mob violence, and their patriotism took a reasonable +practical form, looking to the best interests of all. Further they had no +angry feelings against the English; they had too recently been received +and protected by them when their own country turned them out. They +always spoke of the English as a great nation. They admired their liberality +as to religious opinions in which France was wanting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Faneuil</span> the elder previously referred to, the father of +Peter and Benjamin, the younger, and Mary died at Cambridge in 1785 +aged 84.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Peter Faneuil</span> his son, who shared with his brother the vast fortune +left them by their uncle went to Canada at the outbreak of the Revolution +and then to the West Indies.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Faneuil</span> found that it was necessary for his safety +to leave Boston. He went to Halifax with the fleet when Boston was +invaded on March 17, 1776, he afterwards went to England where he +had $300,000 in English funds, with which he entertained his friends, +the less fortunate refugees. In writing to a friend he said, "When we +shall be able to return to Boston I cannot say, but hope and believe it +will not exceed one year, for sooner or later America will be conquered, +that you may depend on." He, however, was destined never to return +but was proscribed and banished. He resided at Bristol where he died +in 1785. His wife Jane was the daughter of Addington Davenport. The +Faneuil name has become extinct; there are, however, numerous descendants +through the female. Mary Faneuil, daughter of Benjamin Faneuil +the elder became the wife of George Bethune, Oct. 13, 1754, and died +in 1797, leaving many descendants. Mary Ann Faneuil, sister of Peter, +who built the hall, married John Jones, who died at Roxbury in 1767, +and whose son Edward died in Boston in 1835 at the age of 83. She +was a loyalist, and resided for some time in Windsor, Nova Scotia. A +letter from her son dated at Boston, June 23, 1783, advising her if desirous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> +of returning, not to come directly to Boston, as the law was still +in force; but first to some other State and thence to Boston.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE COFFIN FAMILY OF BOSTON.</h2> + +<h3> +<span class="smcap">Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Sir Thomas Aston Coffin, Admiral<br /> +Froman H. Coffin, General John Coffin.</span><br /> +</h3> + + +<p>The name of Coffin is widely spread over this continent; thousands +take pride in tracing their descent from Tristram Coffin of Alwington, +which extends along the Severn Sea, south of the boundary between +Somerset and Devon, fronting the broad Atlantic.</p> + +<p>The Coffins came over with William the Conqueror and settled there +in 1066. It is said that the name Coffin was a corruption or translation +of Colvinus, signifying a basket or chest, and that from the charge of the +King's treasure, such employment, like royalty itself, being hereditary, +the name became attached to the family. In 1085, according to the +"Doomsday Book," Alwington was possessed by David De la Bere, and +that the heiress of that name brought it to the Coffins. On a subject +less grave this might be suspected for a jest but the authority is proof. +Tristram came over to New England in 1642 and settled at Salisbury, and +also at Haverhill and Newbury. He resided at these places for sixteen +years and then went to Nantucket, which at that time was a dependency +of New York. For 80 pounds he and his associates bought of the Indians +a large part of the island. Tristram's third son, James, was Judge of +the Court of Common Pleas and of Probate. James' son, Nathaniel, +married the daughter of William Gayer, and niece of Sir John Gayer. +William, the eldest son of Nathaniel, born 1699, removed to Boston and +became proprietor of the Lunch of Grapes Tavern in 1731. It was situated +on King street at the corner of Mackerel lane, the site now occupied +by the Exchange building, on the corner of State and Kilby streets. It +was a tavern from 1640 to 1760, when the Great Fire swept everything +away.</p> + +<p>The Coffins were strong in numbers and near neighbors, along the +principal thoroughfare, now Washington street, dwelt twenty families, +descended from William Coffin, or their near kinfolk, who lived in constant +intercourse. The patriarch, at four score, his vigor hardly abated, +lived on this street near his son's house. His daughter, Elizabeth, married +her cousin, Thomas C. Amory, who had bought the house opposite her +father's, at the corner of Hollis street, built by Governor Belcher for his +own use. He was one of the organizers of Trinity church in 1734 and +was one of the first wardens of same. He lived in honor and affluence +till he died in 1774, just before the war broke out, which saved him +from witnessing the exile and widespread confiscation that awaited his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> +sons. His children and their children counted about sixty when he died, +but of his descendants bearing the name of Coffin, all have died out in +Massachusetts. He had four sons, all staunch Loyalists, William, Nathaniel, +John and Ebenezer. The daughters, Mrs. De Blois, Mrs. Amory, +and Mrs. Dexter, married into the best families of Boston, and through +love for their husbands took the other side. The sons were proscribed +and banished by an Act of the Massachusetts Legislature.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Coffin, Jr.</span>, the eldest son of William, was born in Boston, +April 11th, 1723. He was an Addresser of General Gage, was proscribed +and banished. He accompanied the Royal Army to Halifax in 1776 on +the evacuation of Boston.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir Thomas Aston Coffin</span>, Baronet, son of William, Jr., was born +at Boston, March 31, 1754. He graduated at Harvard College in 1772. +He was for a long time Secretary to Sir Guy Carleton, by whose side +he sat in the last boat which left Castle Garden on the evacuation of New +York, 25th Nov., 1783. When Sir Guy Carleton became Lord Dorchester +and Governor of Quebec, 1784, Coffin accompanied him and by his influence +was appointed in 1804 Secretary and Comptroller of Accounts of +Lower Canada. At another part of his life he was Commissary General +in the British Army. He went to England and died in London in 1810, +very wealthy. He was grandfather to Mrs. Bolton, wife of Col. Bolton, +R. A., who took an active part in the Red River Expedition of 1870.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Coffin</span>, the second son of William Coffin, Jr., was born in +Boston, 1758, and died at Kingston, Canada, in 1804.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ebenezer Coffin</span>, the third son of William Coffin, Jr., was born at +Boston, 1763, went to South Carolina where he acquired property as a +merchant and planter and was the father of Thomas Aston Coffin of +Charleston, South Carolina, whose descendants, with an hereditary instinct, +distinguished themselves by their chivalrous devotion to a failing +cause in the late Confederate war.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Coffin</span>, second eldest son of William, was born in Boston +in 1725, graduated at Harvard College in 1744, received in 1750 an +honorary degree at Yale. Brought up a merchant, he was early appointed +King's Cashier of the Customs and acquired considerable property. He +resided on the corner of Essex and Rainsford Lane, now Harrison avenue. +The tide washed up to the garden wall. Near by in front, on what is now +called Washington street, was the "Liberty Tree," where Captain Mackintosh +and his "chickens," met to plan outrages upon loyal citizens.</p> + +<p>In August, 1767, a flagstaff was erected which went through and +above it highest branches. A flag hoisted on this was the notice for the +assembling of the "Sons of Liberty" for action. In 1775, his son Nathaniel, +and his friends cut it down, much to the disgust of Mackintosh who +was known as the "First Captain General of Liberty Tree." On the +building occupying its site is a stone bas-relief of the tree with an inscription +on it. Nathaniel Coffin held one of the most lucrative positions under +the crown, his acquaintances and friends were naturally among the government<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span> +officials and the better class of the community. He had much +to lose if he severed from his fealty to the mother country and, banishment +and confiscation would be the penalty, if the disunionists succeeded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Coffin</span> was the last Receiver General and Cashier of +his Majesty's Customs at the Port of Boston, he was an addressor of +Hutchinson in 1774 and of Gage in 1775. With his family of three +persons he accompanied the Royal Army to Halifax in 1776 and in July +of that year embarked for England in the ship Aston Hall. In May, +1780, while returning, he died the day before the vessel arrived at New +York. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Barnes of Boston.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Coffin, Jr.</span>, son of the aforesaid, was born in Boston +in 1749. Was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774 and a Protester +against the disunionists the same year. He was brought up to the bar, +and succeeded well in his profession. As he took a prominent part on +the side of the Government; and caused the "Liberty Tree" to be cut +down, he was obliged to fly, or he would have been tarred and feathered. +He employed a negro to assist him in cutting it down. A thousand dollars +reward was offered by the Revolutionists for the offender, the darky informed +against him, and he had to leave.<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> He was at New York in +1783, and was one of the petitioners for lands in Nova Scotia. At a subsequent +period he was appointed Collector of Customs at the island of +St. Kitt's and filled that position for thirty-four years. He died in London +in 1831, aged 83.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Coffin</span>, second son of Nathaniel, the Cashier. An Addresser +of Hutchinson in 1774; went to Halifax in 1776, proscribed and +banished, 1778. Assisted his brother in destroying the "Liberty Tree." +He had three sons in the British service. After the peace, he was at St. +John, New Brunswick, a prosperous merchant.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General John Coffin</span>, the third son of Nathaniel, the Cashier, was +born in Boston, 1756, was sent to sea at a very early age, and at the age +of eighteen was in command of a ship. In 1775, while his ship was in +England, she was engaged by the government to take troops to America. +He had on board nearly a whole regiment with General Howe in command +of the troops, who was ordered out to supersede General Gage at +Boston. The vessel arrived at Boston June 15th. Mr. Coffin landed the +regiment on June 17th at Bunker Hill, and the action having already commenced, +he was requested by the Colonel, "to come up and see the fun," +the only weapon at hand being the tiller of his boat; he immediately, to +use a nautical phrase, "unshipped it," and with equal determination, commenced +"laying about" him, and "shipped" the musket, powder and belt +of the first man he knocked down. He bore an active part and distinguished +himself during the rest of the action. In consideration of his +gallant conduct he was presented to General Gage after the battle and +made an ensign on the field, shortly after he was promoted to a lieutenancy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> +but still retained the command of his ship. He was promised by General +Howe on his arrival at Boston the command of 400 men, if he would go +to New York and raise them. He accordingly went to New York when +Boston was evacuated March 17, 1776, where he raised among the Loyalists +a mounted rifle corps, called the "Orange Rangers," of which he was +made Commandant, and from which he exchanged into the New York +Volunteers in 1778. He took part in the defeat of Washington in the +battle of Long Island in 1777 and went with that corps to Georgia in 1778. +Here he raided a corps of partisan cavalry, composed chiefly of loyal planters. +At the battle of Savannah, at that of Hobkerk's Hill, and the action +of Cross Creek near Charleston, and on various other occasions, his conduct +won the admiration of his superior.</p> + +<p>At the battle of Eutaw Springs which he opened on the part of the +King's troops, his gallantry and good judgment attracted the notice and +remark of General Greene, the Revolutionary leader, one of General +Washington's ablest lieutenants. Major Coffin with 150 infantry and 50 +cavalry averted the advance on Eutaw. Colonel William Washington, a +distinguished partisan leader, with numerous cavalry rashly dashed forward; +he lost most of his officers and many of his men, and his horse +was shot under him, and he would have been slain had not Major Coffin +interposed, who took him prisoner. These two men, who had known each +other well in private life, rode back to camp to share the same meal and +the same tent.</p> + +<p>In the Southern colonies the Revolutionists and Loyalists, waged a +war of extermination, the partisans on both sides, seldom gave quarter +or took prisoners. At the close of the conflict in Virginia Lord Cornwallis +made him a gift of a handsome sword, accompanied by a letter conferring +on him the rank of Major Brevet. Whilst Coffin was attached to +Cornwallis, he was able to be of great service to him, but the bravery, not +to say the extraordinary sagacity mingled with audacity of one man, could +not save the army. Lord Cornwallis' army cooped up in Yorktown by a +superior army of French and Americans, and blockaded by a French fleet, +was in danger of starvation, and Coffin stood almost alone in successful +forays, in which he frequently eluded the whole American and French +army, and returned laden with the fruits of his success. In one of these +raids he accidentally came to the house of a wealthy planter whose daughter +was to be married that day. He quietly surrounded the house with his +troops and knocking at the door, sent in word that he wished to speak +with the proprietor. On presenting himself, the gentleman was courteously +made aware of his condition. He was told not to make any noise, +but to order sufficient turkeys, ham, wine and other provisions to be put +up, to satisfy his men; if this was done no harm would happen, but on +the contrary, if any resistance was attempted, everything and everybody +in the house would be destroyed. Coffin's character and resolution were +well known, so the planter thought it best to graciously comply with the +mandate. A large quantity of provisions was thus secured.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span>Captain Coffin supped with the wedding party, danced with the bride, +and left in safety, taking care that no alarm should be given, and reached +Cornwallis without accident by daylight.</p> + +<p>Even when the enemy held Charleston, during which time he ran +very great risks of being taken prisoner, he went to see Miss Ann Matthews, +daughter of William Matthews, Esq., of St. John's Island, to whom +he was eventually married in 1781. On the occasion of one visit, the +house was searched for him by authority, and the gallant soldier took refuge +under Miss Matthews' ample dress. At that time ladies wore hoops +and they must have been of considerable size, when Major Coffin, who +stood six feet two and was proportionately stout, could successfully conceal +himself under one. At the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, +that portion of his army consisting of native Americans, he failed to obtain +special terms for, in the articles of capitulation. He, however, availed +himself of the conceded privilege of sending an armed ship northerly, +without molestation, to convey away the most obnoxious of them. Major +Coffin determined not to be taken by the Revolutionists who had offered +$10,000 for his head, so he cut his way through the lines, and reached +Charleston, attracted by the charms of Miss Matthews. When Charleston +was evacuated Major Coffin made his way up to New York, crossed the +Hudson, having eluded all attempts at his capture and presented himself +at headquarters, to the great astonishment of his friends in the British +Army. Sir Guy Carleton, Commander-in-chief, appointed him Major of +the King's American Regiment, vacant by the death of Major Grant.</p> + +<p>Previous to the evacuation of New York, and probably in view of it, +Major Coffin and others who were feared and disliked by the victorious +Revolutionists, and were, therefore, thrust out beyond the pale of redemption, +were sent by the British Government, to New Brunswick. At +twenty-seven he laid down his sword and took up his axe, accompanied +by a wife delicately nurtured in a wealthy family and a warm climate, and +four negroes, one woman and three men, all brought from Charleston. +They arrived in October, 1783, when there were but two persons in or +near the harbor of St. John. Mr. Symonds and Mr. White, fur-traders, +kindly supplied the newcomers with provisions, and they immediately +commenced clearing and felling timber. During the first winter they suffered +great hardships, particularly Mrs. Coffin. His first mishap was the +loss of his boots in crossing a swamp, now the market place of the city of +St. John. Having selected some lots of ground fronting the harbor, he +proceeded to explore the interior of the country. An ascent of about +twelve miles up the beautiful St. John, opened out a rich and lovely landscape-hill +and dale, magnificent woods, rivers and lakes, swarming with +game and fish.</p> + +<p>In this fine and fertile locality Major Coffin purchased for a trifle a +tract of land from Colonel Grazier, to whom it had been granted by Government. +Four men were sent up there to build a house, and in the +following May, 1784, he and his wife and four black servants, took possession<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span> +of their new residence, and called it Alwington Manor, after the +family estate in Devonshire, which belonged to them in the time of +William the Conqueror. Two of the men, and the woman, proved to be +good and faithful servants, and when the slaves were emancipated, still +remained with the family.</p> + +<p>Settlers soon flocked into the province. Ten years' residence, with +Major Coffin's activity, aided by his willing men, made it a respectable +and desirable settlement. He was made a Magistrate of the county and +in due time a Member of the Provincial Parliament, and of the Legislative +Council, which offices he filled till within a few years of his death.</p> + +<p>In June, 1794, His Royal Highness, the Duke of Kent, the father of +Queen Victoria, who was then Governor of Nova Scotia, stopped at Alwington +Manor.</p> + +<p>Although retired from active employ, he still remained in the service +on half pay, and in 1804 he was advanced to the rank of Lieutenant +Colonel. In 1805 he went to England, where he was received with much +distinction, and was presented to the King by the commander-in-chief.</p> + +<p>The war of 1812 aroused all the warlike instincts of the old partisan; +he snuffed the battle afar off, and at once offered to raise a regiment for +home service. He soon had 600 men ready for service, which enabled +the Government to send the 104th regiment to Canada, then hardly pressed +by invasion. At the peace of 1815 he was promoted to the rank of Major-General, +and the regiment disbanded and General Coffin returned to half +pay once more.</p> + +<p>He for many years alternated in his residence between England and +New Brunswick. He was the oldest General in the British Army when +he died in 1838, aged 82, at the house of his son, Admiral T. Coffin, in +King's County, New Brunswick.</p> + +<p>Those who knew the General well in his later days, recall with affectionate +recollection the noble presence and generous character of the chivalrous +old soldier, a relic of the days in which giants were in stature and +in heart, true to his king and country, a humble Christian and an honest +and brave man, who united to the heroism of a Paladin the endurance +of the pioneer, and when he could no longer serve his Prince in the field, +served him still better by creating a new realm of civilization and progress +in the heart of primeval forest. His name will ever be held in honor in +New Brunswick.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_239.jpg" width="400" height="590" alt="ADMIRAL SIR ISAAC COFFIN" title="ADMIRAL SIR ISAAC COFFIN" /> +<span class="caption">ADMIRAL SIR ISAAC COFFIN.<br /> + +Born in Boston, 1759. Died in England, June 23, 1839. From a painting in possession +of the Boston Atheneum.</span> +</div> + +<p>Eight of the children of General and Mrs. Coffin, all natives of New +Brunswick, lived to make their way in the world, thanks to a grateful government +and helpful country. The eldest son, General Guy Carleton +Coffin, died in 1856, a General of the Royal Artillery; John Townsend +Coffin, the second eldest, entered the British Navy as midshipman in 1799 +and became admiral in 1841. Under the will of his uncle, Sir Isaac Coffin, +he became the owner of the Magdalen Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. +He died in 1882. Henry Edward Coffin, the third son, became a lieutenant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span> +in the British Navy in 1814 and an Admiral in 1856. He died in 1881. +The eldest daughter, Caroline, married the Hon. Charles Grant +of Canada, afterwards Baron de Longueuil; their son, the present +Baron, married a daughter of Lewis Trapmane of Charleston, S. C. The +second daughter married General Sir Thomas Pearson, K. C. B., an officer +much distinguished in Canada during the war of 1812.</p> + +<p>A third married Colonel Kirkwood of the British Army and went to +live in Bath, England.</p> + +<p>A fourth married John Barnett, Esq., also an officer in the British +Army, who subsequently occupied a high official position in the Island of +Ceylon.</p> + +<p>The fifth, Mary, married Charles R. Ogden, Esq., Attorney-General, +Lower Canada.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin</span> was the fourth son of Nathaniel, the +Cashier. He was born in Boston in 1759. At eight years of age he +entered the Boston Latin School. He was a diligent student in a class that +embraced numerous celebrities and when in Parliament he acknowledged +himself indebted to the methods and discipline of the Boston schools for +his apt classical quotations, then a mode much in vogue in that august assemblage. +His constitution was, however, too vigorous, his animal spirits +too buoyant for scholarship alone to mark his schoolboy days. He led +the sports of the playground and was the leader on the 5th of November, +the anniversary of the Gunpowder plot. Boston was a pleasant place to +dwell in, broad stretches of tree or turf, sloping pastures, and blooming +gardens, surrounded the abodes of the wealthy. Tide water fresh from +the ocean, spread nearly around the peninsular. Beyond these basins, +wooded heights of considerable elevation lifted themselves above boundless +tree tops. For fishing, or shooting, rowing, sailing, or swimming, +coasting or skating, Boston with its environs of lake, and orchard, was +then the paradise for boys. It was a capital school for his play hours, +and the old Latin,—the oldest school in the country,—dating from 1635, +for his studies of a graver sort. There fifteen of his cousins were his +school mates, a host of his own celebrities and four—Scheaffe, Moreland, +Mackay, and Ochterlony—who became baronets, or generals by military +service in England, he was well placed for development nor were his +opportunities neglected. At the commencement of the Revolution Isaac +was too young to enter into it, or to realize what it meant, but long before +he entered, at the age of fourteen, the British navy, he no doubt had +formed opinions of his own.<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> It was doubtless of advantage to him, quickening +his faculties and maturing his character, that such events were transpiring +about him at this plastic period. His sense of justice and right<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> +and of what freedom signified, proved in his subsequent career that these +advantages had not been without effect.</p> + +<p>At the age of fourteen Isaac entered the Royal navy under the +auspices of Rear Admiral Montague. By him he was confided to the +care of Lieutenant William Hunter, at that time commanding the Brig +Gaspee and who then spoke of his pupil, "Of all the young men I ever +had the care of, none answered my expectations equal to Isaac Coffin. He +pleased me so much that I took all the pains in my power to make him +a good seaman, and I succeeded to the height of my wishes, for never +did I know a young man acquire so much nautical knowledge in so short +a time." After serving on the Gaspee he served as midshipman on the +Kingfisher, Captain, Diligent, Fowey, Le Pincon and the Sybl, frigate. +In 1779 Coffin, now Lieutenant, went to England and joined the Adamant. +His next appointment was to the London of 98 guns, the flagship of Rear +Admiral Graves on the coast of America, from her he removed into the +Royal Oak where he acted as signal lieutenant in the action off Cape +Henry, March 16, 1781. By following such traces the naval histories of +Great Britain afford of these several ships, we can reasonably conjecture +the part Coffin took in the Revolutionary War. We learn what duties +were performed by him on each of them, and we have no reason to doubt, +from his rapid promotions, of his efficiency and zeal. We know that his +patron, Admiral Montague, protected the rear of Howe's retreat from +Boston in 1776, that the ships were often engaged with the enemy, and +that they captured several valuable prizes in which action he participated. +The events of the first four years of the war from 1775 to 1779 are sufficiently +familiar. D'Estraing's repulse at Savannah and Prescott's evacuation +of Newport in 1779, its reoccupation by Tiernay in July 1780. The +reduction of Charleston, defeat of Gates at Camden. Capture at sea of +Henry Laurens, president of Congress. After the surrender of Cornwallis +at Yorktown to the combined French and American armies and +French fleet, De Grasse hastened to the West Indies intending to join +the Spaniards, and capture Jamaica and drive the English out of the West +Indies. After the battle of March 16 at Cape Henry, on the return to +New York, the Royal Oak took several valuable prizes, and then went to +Halifax for repairs. In the middle of June a vessel arrived from Bristol +with the remains of his father, who died the day before. Having held an +important government position, his obsequies in New York on Broadway +showed due regard to his memory. Isaac was placed soon after in command +of Avenger, the advanced post of the British up the North River, +which he held during the autumn till he exchanged with Sir Alexander +Cochrane, for the Pocahontas and joined Admiral Hood at Barbados and +served on his flagship, the Barfleur. Soon after Coffin joined him he +learned that De Grasse was at St. Kitts, after an engagement there in +which the French lost one thousand men, Hood joined Lord Rodney's +fleet.</p> + +<p>For two days the hostile fleets manoeuvered in sight of each other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span> +near Dominica. In number the fleets were equal, in size and complement +of crew the French were immensely superior; they had twenty thousand +soldiers on board to be used in the conquest of Jamaica; a defeat at this +time would be England's ruin. The English Admiral was aware that his country's +fate was in his hands. It was one of those supreme moments +which great men dare to use and weak ones tremble at. At seven in the +morning, April 12, 1782, the signal to engage was flying at the masthead +of the Formidable Rodney's flagship. The Admiral lead in person and +in passing through the enemy's line engaged the Glorieux, a 74, at close +range. He shot away her masts and bowsprit and left her a bare hull. +All day long the cannons roared and one by one the French ships struck +their flags or fought till they sank. The carnage on them was terrible, +crowded as they were with troops. Fourteen thousand were reckoned as +killed besides the prisoners. The Barfleur, Hood's flagship, on which was +Coffin engaged the "Ville de Paris," the flagship of the French Admiral, the +pride of France, and the largest ship in the world. After fighting valiantly +all day, after all hope was gone, and a broadside from the Barfleur had +killed sixty men, she surrendered. Her decks above and below were +littered over with mangled limbs and bodies. It was said when she struck +there were but three men on the upper deck unhurt, the Count was one. +The French fleet was totally destroyed, and on that memorable day +Yorktown was avenged, and the British empire was saved. Peace followed +but it was peace with honor. The American Colonies were lost but England +kept her West Indies. The hostile strength of Europe all combined +had failed to wrest Britannia's ocean sceptre from her. She sat down, +maimed and bleeding, but the wreath had not been torn from her brows. +She was and is still the sovereign of the seas. After the battle Captain +Coffin went in his sloop to Jamaica, where through the influence of Hood, +he was appointed by Lord Rodney captain of the Shrewsbury, of 74 guns; +he was then only 22 years of age. This indicated the estimate of both +Hood and Rodney of the value of his services in the late famous battle. +Peace soon came, but there was much to discourage him. His family was +broken up. The remains of his father lay in their last resting place in +New York. The Shrewsbury was paid off, and he was put out of commission. +He was his own master with abundance of prize money. Many +of his family and friends from Boston had taken up their abode in London, +and the refugee loyalists formed there a large circle. They all liked +Isaac, a handsome young fellow with pleasant ways, generous and unpretending +and loaded with laurels. He was held in high estimation by the +great naval celebrities and by the public, their attention might have turned +the head of one less sensible.</p> + +<p>Sir Guy Carleton, who had been created Lord Dorchester, could +hardly have saved Canada for the Crown in 1775 without the aid of the +Coffins, was now appointed Governor of Canada. It was probably at +his request that Isaac was appointed to the command of the Thisbe, to +take him and his family and suite to Quebec in 1786. While on his way<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> +up the river to Quebec the Thisbe was becalmed off the Magdalen Islands, +and struck by their appearance, perhaps the more attractive from the +autumnal splendor, Coffin requested, probably not in very serious earnest, +that Lord Dorchester as representative of the Crown, would bestow them +on him. This request seemed reasonable to the governor, and eventually +letters patent were granted to him on the Islands. The records recite the +grant of the islands to him for his zeal and unremitting persevering efforts +in the public service. At Sir Isaac's death he left the island by will to +his nephew, Admiral John T. Coffin, who died in 1882. On his return to +Europe he was employed in many branches of the service. In 1794 he +was in charge of the Melampus frigate, in 1796 he was resident commissioner +of Corsica. From Elba he removed to Lisbon, to take charge of +the naval establishment there for the next two years. He was then dispatched +to superintend the arsenal at Port Mahon when Minorca fell into +the hands of the British, and from there to Nova Scotia, in the Venus +frigate. At Halifax and afterwards at Sheerness, as resident commissioner, +he was employed till April 1804, when appointed rear admiral he +hoisted his flag on the Gladiator, and the following month was created +a baronet.</p> + +<p>March, 1811, he married Elizabeth Browne, but within a few years +satisfied of their utter incompatibility, they very amicably, on both sides, +arranged for independence of each other. She was said to be addicted to +writing sermons at night to the disturbance of the slumber of her rollicking +spouse. The fault was certainly not hers, for she was a clever and +exemplary woman. She lived nearly as long as he did, but they rarely +met, though he made repeated overtures to reconciliation, some rather +amusing. It is the reasonable ambition of all Englishmen, whose conditions +and circumstances justify such aspirations, to be permitted to take +part in the legislation and government of the country, and when Sir +Isaac's health and peace rendered active service in the navy no longer +desirable, his wish was gratified by his return to Parliament in 1818 for +the borough of Ilchester for which he sat till 1826. His reputation and +experience, gave considerable weight to his opinion when he took part +as he frequently did in debates on naval affairs. He was tall, robust, but +of symmetrical proportions, his voice powerful, and his countenance expressive +and noble. Sir Isaac died at Cheltenham in Gloucestershire, +June 23, 1839, at the age of 80. Lady Coffin preceded him to the tomb +on the 27th of January that year. His brother, General John Coffin, died +the year previous, June 12, 1838, in New Brunswick. Sir Isaac made +frequent visits to his native town, having made more than thirty voyages +to and from America. The many brilliant gentlemen of Boston in professional +life, or among its merchant princes, affluent and convivial, were +pleased to have him as their guest. Loyalty to the mother country died +out slowly, and a Boston born boy, who had attained great distinction, +whose kinsfolk had ample means for hospitality, had much attention paid +him. His kinsman, Thomas C. Amory writes, "Often when at my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> +father's, who resided in Park street, where now is the Union Club house, +the festal entertainments extended into the small hours, and those upon +whom it devolved to sit up to receive the roisters, would gladly welcome +from far off his shout of 'Home ahoy!' breaking the silent watches of the +night."</p> + +<p>His prize money amounted to considerable. This he entrusted to +his cousin Amory in Boston, and the income finally equalled the original +deposit.</p> + +<p>He was very generous to his native land. Soon after the war ended +he established a schoolship in Massachusetts waters, for mates and skippers +to learn the art of navigation. The barge Clio which he purchased +for the purpose, was commanded by his kinsman, Captain Hector Coffin, +who was imprudent enough in 1826 to go up in her to Quebec with the +American flag flying and act in a very indiscreet manner, and when his +brother, General John Coffin, of New Brunswick, urged him to abandon +what gave umbrage at home, he acquiesced in giving up what had cost +him several thousand pounds. He also sent over to the land of his birth +famous race horses and cattle to improve the breed; also fish, rare fruit +and plants.</p> + +<p>He was warmly attached to Nantucket, where his ancestors and their +descendants had dwelt for many generations. He visited the place and +became acquainted with his kinsfolk and in 1826 appropriated $12,000 +afterwards increased till now it is upwards of $60,000, as a fund for a +school for the instruction of the posterity of Tristram. This includes +nearly every native born child of the island. The Duke of Clarence, +William the Fourth, who succeeded his brother George to the throne, +through his long connection with the navy, attached to him the officers +who had grown old with him. It is said the King had Sir Isaac upon his +list as Earl of Magdalen and intended to make him Governor of Canada, +and the only obstacle that prevented it was the attachment he had for the +land of his birth.</p> + +<p>This memoir of a Boston boy, who by dint of his own native energy +attained a title, and the highest rank in the British navy, and a generous +benefactor, whose works still bear witness to the noble impulse that +prompted them, will ever be kindly remembered and cherished by his +countrymen.</p> + +<p>Jonathan Perry Coffin, Sir Isaac's youngest brother, born in Boston +in 1762, was a barrister of repute in London.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Coffin</span>, the third son of William and Ann Coffin, was born +in Boston, August 19, 1729, and was brother of Nathaniel, the Cashier, +and uncle of General John, and Admiral, Sir Isaac Coffin. In the confiscation +Act he was described as distiller, and combined this business, no +doubt, with that of merchant and ship owner. Loyal to the core, and +knowing that he was a marked man, he resolved early in 1775, to place +his family in safety. Embarking, therefore, his household goods, his +wife and eleven children, on board his own schooner, the Neptune, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span> +brought them around safely to Quebec where on the 23d August, 1775, +he bought from "La Dame Veuve Lacroix" a piece of land at the <i>pres +de ville</i>, well known during the siege which followed as the "Potash." He +went to work with characteristic energy to establish a distillery, when +his work was interrupted by that celebrated event. In the autumn the +Revolutionary forces under Arnold and a former British officer, Montgomery, +invaded the Province, and Quebec was invested. Late in the +year John Coffin joined the Quebec enrolled British militia and the building +he had designed for a distillery, became a battery for the defence of +the approach from Wolfe's cove. The battery was armed with the guns +of a privateer frozen in for the winter. Her commander, Barnsfare, and +his seamen handled the pieces, and by his side John Coffin, the Boston +Loyalist, shared the merit of the defence.</p> + +<p>Before that battery, on the memorable morning of the 1st January, +1776, fell, General Montgomery, and the chief officers of his staff, and +with them the last hopes of the Revolutionary cause in Canada.</p> + +<p>In a paper prepared by his nephew, Lieutenant-Colonel Coffin of Ottawa, +read before the Literary and Historical society of Quebec Dec. 18, +1872, it is shown on the testimony of Sir Guy Carleton, then Governor of +Canada, and of Colonel Maclean, Commandant of Quebec, "that to the +resolution and watchfulness of John Coffin, in keeping the guard at the +<i>pres de ville</i> under arms, awaiting the expected attack, the coolness with +which he allowed the rebels to approach, the spirits which his example +kept up among the men, and to the critical instant when he directed Captain +Barnsfare's fire against Montgomery and his troops, is to be ascribed +the repulse of the rebels from that important post where, with their leader, +they lost all heart."</p> + +<p>There can be no question but that the death of Montgomery and the +repulse of this attack, saved Quebec, and with Quebec, British North +America to the British Crown, and that of the brave men who did this +deed John Coffin was one of the foremost.</p> + +<p>John Coffin died September 28, 1808, aged 78, as the record of his +burial has it, "One of His Majesty's Justices of the Peace of the City of +Quebec and Inspector of Police for said City."</p> + +<p>He had thirteen children born to him, 11 survived him. Directly, +or indirectly, all throve under the fostering protection of the Crown and +a grateful government. The eldest daughter, Isabella, married Colonel +McMurdo. Her sons served in India, a grandson was captain in the +Royal Canadian Rifles, when that fine regiment disbanded at Kingston +in 1870.</p> + +<p>The second daughter, Susannah, married the Hon. John Craigie of +Quebec, Provincial Treasurer, a brother of Lord Craigie, Lord of Sessions +in Scotland. One son, Admiral Craigie, died in 1872. A daughter married +Captain Martin, who led one of the storming parties at the capture of +Fort Niagara in 1814.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Margaret</span>, the youngest daughter, married her cousin, Roger Hale<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> +Sheaffe. At the time of the marriage he was major in Brock's regiment. +That gallant officer was slain at Queenstown Heights at 7 o'clock in the +morning. At noon Colonel Sheaffe moved up from Niagara, attacked +the American forces and hurled them from the rocks into the river. For +this great service he was made a Baronet.</p> + +<p>Of John Coffin's sons, the oldest, <span class="smcap">John</span>, born in Boston in 1760, died +Deputy Commissary-General at Quebec, March, 1837.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William</span>, the second son, born in Boston, 1761, obtained a commission +in the 1st Battalion of the King's Royal Regiment. Subsequently +through the kind influence of His Royal Highness, the Duke of Kent, +he obtained a commission in the regular army and served half the world +over. He retired from the service in 1816 a captain in the 15th Regiment +and Brevet Major, and died in England in 1836. His son <span class="smcap">William +Foster Coffin</span>, was Commissioner of Ordnance and Admiralty, Land +Department of the Interior, Canada. This gentleman married, in 1842, +<span class="smcap">Margaret</span>, second daughter of Isaac Winslow Clarke, of Montreal, who, +in 1774, was the youngest member of the firm of Richard Clarke and +Sons of Boston, to which was consigned the historical cargo of tea. He +rose to the rank of Deputy Commissary General, and after 50 years +service died in 1822.</p> + +<p>The third son, <span class="smcap">Thomas Coffin</span>, born in Boston, 1762, was a member +of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, and Lieutenant-Colonel of +Militia. He married a Demoiselle de Tonancour and lived and died at +Three Rivers, 1841. A son of his was for many years Prothonotary for +the District of Montreal.</p> + +<p>The fifth son, <span class="smcap">Francis Holmes Coffin</span>, born in Boston, 1768, +entered the Royal Navy and served during the long war with France, and +died an Admiral in 1835. His eldest son, General Sir Isaac Coffin, K. C. +Star of India, died at Black Heath, October, 1872.</p> + +<p>The fourth son, <span class="smcap">Nathaniel Coffin</span>, born in Boston, 1766, lived and +died in Upper Canada. In the war of 1812 he joined the volunteer companies +and was aide-de-camp to Sir Roger Sheaffe at the battle of Queenstown +Heights, where General W. Scott was taken prisoner. He became +Adjutant General of Militia in Upper Canada. He died at Toronto in +1835.</p> + +<p>The sixth son, <span class="smcap">James</span>, born in Boston, 1771, died at Quebec in 1835, +Assistant Commissary-General.</p> + +<p>These Boston men and women, sons and daughters of brave John +Coffin, are all living instances of the loyal faith in which they were born, +and of its honorable and just reward of a grateful and kind government, +and is but one case of many which goes to show that the Americans who +were loyal, as a body fared infinitely better than the Revolutionists who +were successful. It is proverbial that republics are ungrateful.</p> + +<p>Today their descendants are organized as the United Empire Loyalists +and count it an honor that their ancestors suffered persecution and +exile rather than yield the principals and the ideal of union with Great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span> +Britain. They have made of the land of their exile a mighty member +of the great British empire, they begin to glory in the days of trial +through which they passed.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF JOHN COFFIN'S CONFISCATED ESTATES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY AND +TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Christopher Clark, Aug. 9, 1783; Lib. 139, fol. 151; Land in Boston, Essex St. S.; +Short St. W.; Joseph Ford E.; Thomas Snow N.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Moses Wallack, Mar. 12, 1785; Lib. 146, fol. 260; Land in Boston, Essex St. S.; said +Wallack W.; S. and W.; Blind Lane N.; Thomas Downes and Samuel Bradley E.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Edward Jones, Feb. 13, 1786; Lib. 155, fol. 111; Land in Boston, Essex St. N.; the +sea S.; sugar house and land of heirs of Thomas Child deceased E.; Mary Pitman +and heirs of Samuel Bradley W.; with flats to low water mark.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JUDGE SAMUEL CURWEN.</h2> + + +<p>The paternal ancestry of Samuel Curwen, the subject of this +sketch were for many centuries amongst the leading families in the +county of Cumberland, in the north of England, where the family seat +Workington Hall still remains, George Curwin his immediate ancestor +was an early emigrant to New England, having established his residence +in Salem in 1638. He was highly esteemed for his active, and energetic +character, and for several years represented Salem in the "General +Court" or Legislature of the colony. He also commanded a squadron +of horse in the Indian wars and assisted in checking the inroads of the +savage enemy. He died at Salem in 1685 at the age of 74 years, leaving +a large estate. His son Jonathan was of the provincial council named +in the second charter granted by William and Mary in 1691, and a +judge of the superior court of the province. He married a daughter of +Sir Henry Gibbs and their son George was the father of the subject of +this sketch. George Curwin graduated at Harvard College in 1701 and +was pastor of a church at Salem. He died in 1717 at the early age of +thirty-five years. The subject of this memoir was born in 1715 and +graduated at Harvard College in 1735. In 1738 he traveled in England +and the Continent. On his return he engaged in commercial pursuits +with success. His business was subsequently interrupted by the depredation +of French cruisers fitted out from Louisburg. In 1744-5 Mr. +Curwin as a captain and his brother as a commissary joined an expedition +for the reduction of that stronghold. The result of the expedition +was completely successful, and reflected great credit on the participators +in it.</p> + +<p>Annexed is a cut of the Curwin House, Salem, erected by Captain +Curwin in 1642, now known as the witch house. The unfortunate persons +arrested during the witchcraft delusion were examined in this house by +Justices Jonathan Curwin and Hawthorn before being committed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illo_247.jpg" width="450" height="370" alt="CURWIN HOUSE" title="CURWIN HOUSE" /> +<span class="caption">CURWIN HOUSE, SALEM. ERECTED IN 1642.</span> +</div> + +<p>At the commencement of the Revolution Samuel Curwin was +Judge of Admiralty and had been in the commission of the peace for +thirty years. He was one of the signers of the address to Governor +Hutchinson when he went to England. This gave great offence to the +disunionists, they attempted to compel him to make public recantations +in the newspapers. This he refused to do, saying that the prescribed +recantation contained more than in conscience he could own, and that +to live under the character of reproach, which the fury of the mob +might throw upon him, was too painful a reflection to suffer for a moment. +He therefore resolved to withdraw from the impending storm. +He accordingly embarked for Philadelphia on the 23rd of April, 1775, +and thence to London on the 13th of the following month. While in +exile he kept a journal, which has been published. No work extant contains +so much information of the unfortunate Loyalists while abroad. +The journal commences at Philadelphia, May 4th, 1775, and says: "Since<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span> +the unhappy affairs at Concord and Lexington, finding the spirit of the +people to rise on every fresh alarm, (which has been almost hourly) and +their temper to get more and more soured and malevolent against all +moderate men, who they see fit to reproach as enemies of their country by +the name of tories, among whom I am unhappily (although unjustly) +ranked, and unable longer to bear their undeserved reproaches and +menace, hourly denounced against myself, and others, I think it a duly +I owe to myself to withdraw for a while from the storm, which to my +foreboding mind is approaching. Having in vain endeavored to persuade +my wife to accompany me, her apprehensions of danger from an incensed +soldiery, a people licentious, and enthusiastically mad, and broke +loose from all the restraints of law or religion, being less terrible to +her than a short passage on the ocean, and being moreover encouraged +by her, I left my late peaceful home (in my sixtieth year) in search of +personal security, and those rights which by the laws of God I ought +to have enjoyed undisturbed there, and embarked at Beverly on board +the schooner Lively, Captain Johnson, bound hither, on Sunday the 23rd +ultimo, and have just arrived. Hoping to find an asylum among quakers +and Dutchmen, who I presume from former experience have too great a +regard for ease and property to sacrifice either at this time of doubtful +disputation on the altar of an unknown goddess or rather doubtful +divinity."</p> + +<p>On landing he writes "I went in pursuit of lodgings, and on enquiring +at several houses, ascertained they were full or for particular reasons +would not take me in; and so many refused, as made it fearful whether +like Cain I had not a discouraging mark upon me, or a strong feature +of toryism. The whole city appears to be deep in congressional principles +and inveterate against <i>Hutchinson Addressers</i>." Under date +of May 9th, 1775, he writes, "Dined with Stephen Collins. Passed +the evening at Joseph Reed's in company with Col. Washington (a +fine figure and of most easy and agreeable address) Richard Henry Lee, +and Col. Harrison, three of the Virginia delegates. Besides Mr. and Mrs. +Reed, were Mrs. Deberatt, Dr. Shippen and Thomas Smith. I staid till +twelve o'clock, the conversation being chiefly on the most feasible and +prudent method of stepping up the channel of the Deleware to prevent +the coming up of any large ships to the city. I could not perceive the +least disposition to accommodate matters." He wrote, "Having had +several intimations that my residence here would be unpleasant, if allowed +at all, when it shall be known that I am what is called '<i>an addresser</i>' +I have therefore consulted the few friends I think it worth +while to advise with, and on the result am determined to proceed to +London in the vessel in which I came here."</p> + +<p>Following is a brief description of the journal, which Curwin kept +while in England, the four hundred and more pages contain matters of +the deepest interest to those who are interested in the lives of those Loyalists +who returned to England, July 3, 1775. "On landing at Dover,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span> +visited the Castle. Next day arrived at the New England Coffee House, +Threadneedle Street. Visited Westminster Hall with my friend Benjamin +Pickering. Went to old Jewery meeting-house where I met +Gov. Hutchinson, and his son and daughter, and received a cordial reception +and invitation to visit him. There is an army of New Englanders +here. Evening to Vauxhall Gardens. Spent the day at Hempstead +in company with Isaac Smith, Samuel Quincy, David Greene, and P. +Webster. I am just informed of the most melancholy event, the destruction +of Charlestown by the King's troops, of great carnage among +the officers. My distress and anxiety for my friends and countrymen +embitter every hour. By invitation dined at Grocers' Company feast, +at their hall in the Poultry. Dined with Governor Hutchinson in company +with Mr. Joseph Green, Mr. Manduit and Mr. Ward Nicholas Boylston. +It is a capital mistake of our American friends to expect insurrections +here, there is not a shadow of hope for such an event. It is said most +vigorous measures will take place in the spring, if no offer be made on the +part of the colonies. Visited Hampton Court, and Gardens. Thence to +Windsor. From the terrace we saw almost under our feet Eaton college. +Saw Mr. Garrick in Hamlet at Drury Lane. To the Herald's office where +Parson Peters, with his friend Mr. Punderson lodges, the latter has +lately arrived from Boston. It seems he was harshly dealt with by the +<i>sons of liberty</i>, being obliged to make two confessions to save his life +notwithstanding which he was hunted, pursued, and threatened, and +narrowly escaped death (or the Simsbury mines to which he was finally +adjudged, and he thinks with the loss of his eyes) which would have +been his fate but for his seasonable and providential retreat.<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> At +Chapel Royal, St. James, saw the king and queen, who joined in the +service with becoming devotion. Bishop of London preached. To the +Adelphia, Strand, where by appointment met twenty-one of my countrymen, +who have agreed on a weekly dinner here, viz., Messrs. Richard +Clark, Joseph Green, Jonathan Bliss, Jonathan Sewell, Joseph Waldo, S. +S. Blowers, Elisha Hutchinson, Wm. Hutchinson, Samuel Sewell, Samuel +Quincy, Isaac Smith, Harrison Grey, David Green, Jonathan Clark, +Thomas Flucker, Joseph Taylor, Daniel Silsbee, Thomas Brindley, William +Cabot, John S. Copley and Nathaniel Coffin, Samuel Porter, Edward +Oxnard, Benj. Pickman, Jno. Amory, Judge Robert Auchmuty and +Major Urquhart, absent, are members of this New England club, as is +also Gov. Hutchinson. At Parson Peters saw Mr. Troutbeck, lately +arrived from Halifax, and Mr. Wiswall, mutually invited each other to +visit and gave cards. Drank tea at Mr. Green's in company with Gov. +Hutchinson, whom I had not seen for some weeks, and who expressed +an uneasiness at my neglect to call. I called at Mr. Copley's to see Mr. +Clark and the family who kindly pressed my staying to tea. Was presented +to Mr. West, a Philadelphian, a most masterly hand in historic +painting. Mr. West is the king's history painter. Called on my friend<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> +Browne. He acquainted me with some facts relative to the unfortunate +abandonment of Boston by the king's troops, which has all the appearance +of being forced. Would to God this illjudged, unnatural +quarrel was ended."</p> + +<p>Went to Shepton Mallet.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> Walked to the market-cross, an open structure +supported by Gothic arches and pillars, and ornamented in front +by a few mutilated statues, but whether of saints or heroes of antiquity, +I know not. A few gentlemen of fortune live here, but many worthy +clothiers. Walked with Mr. Morgan over the hills to the remains of +Roman-way, the ditch continues, although in an imperfect state, and +carried over the Meridep hills, running from north to south and from +shore to shore. Rode to Bath. Met Col. Saltonstall who with Mr. +Boyleston has taken lodgings here for sometime past. Visited Glastonbury +Abbey ruins. In the Bristol Gazette is the following: 'Gov. Howe has +landed the British army and taken possession of New York on the +15th of September, the provincials had fled from the city with great +precipitation, towards Kingsbridge.' There have been some discouraging +accounts from France, respecting the intention of that court to assist +the colonies, and advices from Spain say their ports are open to the +English colonists. Received a letter informing me of my wife's health, +and that she had been obliged to pay ten pounds sterling to find a man +for the American army in my stead. Dec. 14. This day, General Burgoyne's +mortifying capitulation arrived in town. We all know the General's bravery, +and skill. He did not surrender whilst there was a possibility of +defence. On confirmation of the American news, Manchester offered +to raise a thousand men at their own expense, to be ready for service in +America in two months, and was soon followed after by Liverpool. It is +said there are to be proposals for raising two thousand men out of each +parish through the kingdom.</p> + +<p>Lord North, has proposed terms of reconciliation, but nothing short +of independency will go down with the colonies. France will support +them, all thoughts of conquest, of unconditional submission, be assured +are given up. I am fully convinced the colonies will never find any +good purpose answered by independence. God only knows what is before +us. I cannot review the state of Great Britain four years since, and +regard the present crisis without horror, without trembling. France +and Spain are armed from head to foot at all points ready to sally forth. +Heard the dreaded sound, war declared against France.</p> + +<p>Exeter, Sept. 6. Am informed that I am suspected to be an American +spy disaffected to government. Have heard that Paul Jones in +the French king's service, has taken a forty-four gun frigate, and entered +the harbor of Hull and destroyed sixteen ships.</p> + +<p>Visited Col. Erving and family, afterwards dined and took tea with +my worthy friend Judge Sewall, his company Mr. and Mrs. Faneuil. +From thence I went to see Mrs. Gardner, her husband the doctor, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> +their daughter Love Eppes. Meeting Colonel Oliver, late lieutenant-governor +of Massachusetts, he informed me of his residence.</p> + +<p>Visited Mr. Lechmere, drank tea with Judge Sewall, Captain Carpenter, +young Jonathan Gardner, both of Salem, and a Mr. Leavitt, +having arrived in a cartel ship from Boston, dined and passed the afternoon +and evening. From them I obtained much information relating +to our country and town. Those who five years, ago were the "<i>meaner +people</i>" are now by a strange revolution become the only men of power, +riches and influence. Those who, on the contrary, were leaders in +the highest line of life, are glad at this time to be unknown, and unnoticed, +to escape insult, and plunder, the wretched condition of all who +are not violent, and adopters of republican principles. The Cabots of +Beverly, who you know, had but five years ago a very moderate share of +property, are now said to be by far the most wealthy in New England. It +is a melancholy truth that whilst some are wallowing in undeserved +wealth, that plunder and rapine has thrown into their hands, the wisest, +most peaceable and most deserving such as you and I know are now suffering +want, accompanied by many indignities that a licentious, lawless +people can pour forth upon them.</p> + +<p>The number of Americans in Bristol are compiled in the following +list: Col. Oliver and six daughters. Mr. R. Lechmere, his brother Nicholas, +with wife and two daughters. Mr. John Vassal, wife and niece, +Miss Davis, Mr. Barnes, wife and niece, Miss Arbuthnot, Mr. Nathaniel +Coffin, wife and family. Mr. Robert Hallowell, wife and children. +Judge Sewell, wife, sister, and two sons. Samuel Sewall with his kinsman. +Mr. Faneuil, and wife. Mr. Francis Waldo and Mr. Simpson, together +with Mrs. Borland, a son and three daughters.</p> + +<p>April 24, 1780. This day, five years are completed since I abandoned +my house, estate, effects and friends. God only knows whether I +shall ever be restored to them, or they to me. Party rage, like jealousy and +superstition is cruel as the grave;—that moderation is a crime and in +times of civil confusions, many good, virtuous and peaceable persons +now suffering banishment from America are the wretched proofs and +instances. By letter from Salem from our friend Pynchon, all our +friends there are well and longing, but almost without hope, for the +good old times as is the common saying now except among those as he +expresses it, whose enormous heaps have made them easy and insolent, +and to wish for a continuance of those confusions by which they grow +rich.</p> + +<p>London, Oct. 30th, 1781. To Samuel Sewell, Esq., You wish me +to write you favorable news from America. Would to God such was to +be found written in the book of fate. The French you know are in +possession of the Chesapeake, with a much superior fleet to that of Great +Britain, for they reckon thirty-six capital ships to our twenty-four, even +after Digby's junction. General Cornwallis's royal master is in the utmost +distress for him, who, all the world here fears to hear will have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span> +been <i>Burgoyned</i> and therefore an end to this cursed, ill-omened quarrel, +though not in a way they wish, for which the instigators and continuers +deserve execution. At New England Coffee House heard the glorious +news of Admiral Rodney's defeat and capture of the French Admiral +de Grasse, with five capital ships and one sunk.</p> + +<p>London, March 17, 1783. Before the preliminaries are ratified +or hostilities ceased in the channel an American ship laden with oil, with +thirteen stripes flying, came into the river from Nantucket. The ship, +Captain Holton Johnson of Lynn, with whom I came from America, was, +by a revolution common at such periods translated into a legislator in our +Massachusetts Assembly, being about two months in London, told me +that had not his interests and efforts prevailed, my name would have been +inserted in the banishment list, and my estate confiscated, the reason, if +any, must be private spite and malice, no public crime was ever alleged, +but merely leaving the country in her distress. If success is justification, +I confess my guilt. Read a Boston newspaper, where I saw poor +Coomb's estate in Marblehead advertised for sale. I really pity my poor +fellow refugee and think him cruelly treated by his savage townsmen. At +New England Coffee House to read the papers filled with relations of +the rising spirit of Americans against the refugees, in their towns +and assemblies. Intoxicated by success under no fear of punishment, +they give an unrestrained loose to their angry, malevolent passions attribute +to the worst of causes the opposition to their licentious, mobbish violation +of all laws human and divine; and even some of the best of the +republican party seem to think at least their practice squints that way, +that the supposed goodness of their cause will justify murder, rapine, +and the worst of crimes. But cool impartial posterity will pass a better +judgment, and account for the violence of the times from party rage +which knows no bounds.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illo_253.jpg" width="450" height="558" alt="SAMUEL CURWEN" title="SAMUEL CURWEN" /> +<span class="caption">SAMUEL CURWEN.<br /> + +Born at Salem in 1715. Judge of Admiralty. Died at Salem in 1802.</span> +</div> + +<p>London, Aug. 9, 1783. By the newspapers from America, particularly +our quarter, I find there but slender grounds of hope for success in +attempting the recovery of debts or estates; a general shipwreck is +seemingly intended of all absentees' property—the towns in their instructions +to the representatives making it a point to prevent the return +of them, and consequent confiscations of all their property, notwithstanding +the provision in the fifth preliminary article. These lawless people +regard not any obstacle when the gratification of their angry passions +or the object of gain are in view. For an explicit answer, "Do you propose +to spend the remainder of your days abroad?" The wished for period of +my return is not arrived, it is a subject I consider with some indifference, +age and infirmities having made such inroads on my constitution as leave +me but little to hope, or fear from the result of public councils, or the +imprudence of private conduct. I am free to declare my apprehension +that the lower, illiterate classes, narrow-minded and illiberal all over the +world, have too much influence. Oct. 6. This day was proclaimed +peace with France, Spain, and Holland. At New England Coffee House<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> +in company with Mr. Nathaniel Gorham, lately arrived from Boston, +whom I had well known. He is a native of Charlestown, late a member +of Congress, and of the Massachusetts Assembly, and who is now +here on the score of obtaining a benevolence for the sufferers at the +destruction of that town June 17, 1775, by the king's troops, which all +things considered, carries with it such a face of effrontery as is not to +be matched. Invited him to tea; received a letter from my wife's +brother, James Russell. To him he replied, I thank you for your favor +of the 21st of August, the first from you since my unhappy abandoning +my former home in April, '75. In truth, were your sister (Mrs. Curwin) +no more, there would need no act of Massachusetts, or any other assembly, +or senate to prohibit my return. To his wife he writes: If it was +not for your sake, or that you would follow my fortune or accompany my +fate, I should not hesitate for a moment taking up my future abode, +which cannot possibly be but of short continuance, somewhere out of +the limits of the republican government. Wishes for the welfare of my +friends still warm my heart, as to the rest, I read with cold indifference +the insurrection in Pennsylvania, and the carryings-on in the late English +colonies, having lost local attachment. If your fortitude has increased +in the proportion that your health and spirits have improved, +perhaps you will not find it an insurmountable difficulty to resolve on a +land tour to Canada, or a voyage to some other English settlement. +Whatever shall be the result of your thoughts let me be made acquainted +therewith as soon as convenient. Should a final expulsion be concluded +on, you will no longer hesitate. Captain Nathaniel West brings me a +message from the principal merchants and citizens of Salem proposing +and encouraging my return which instance of moderation I view as +an honor to the town and respectful to myself. It affords me pleasure, +and I would cheerfully accept the offer, but should the popular dislike +rise against me, to what a plight should I be reduced, being at present +(out for how long is a painful uncertainty) on the British government +list for £100 a year (a competency for a single person exercising +strict economy) to surrender this precarious allowance without public +assurance of personal security. Imagine to yourself the distress of an +old man, without health under such adverse circumstances and you will +advise me to wait with resignation till the several Assemblies shall have +taken decisive measures. Went to the Treasury and there received +the agreeable information that the commissioners had granted my petition +to appoint an agent to receive my quarterly allowance, after my departure +from England, on making satisfactory proof of my being alive at the +successive periods of payment. From this date an end to my doubts respecting +my embarkation, its issue time must reveal. I know not in +what employment I am to pass the small remainder of my days, should +Providence permit my safe return home, but I shall not think part of +it ill-bestowed in directing and assisting the studies and pursuits of my +niece's children who are just of an age to receive useful ideas—with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span> +regard to the English, Latin, and Greek tongues. Sept. 25, 1784. Arrived +at Boston at half past three o'clock. Landed at the end of Long +Wharf after an absence of nine years and five months, occasioned by a +lamented civil war. By plunder and rapine some have accumulated +wealth, but many more are greatly injured in their circumstances. Some +have to lament over the wreck of their departed wealth and estates, of +which pitiable number I am, my affairs sunk into irretrievable ruin. On +Sunday, being the day following, I left for Salem, where I alighted at +the house of my former residence, and not a man, woman, or child, but +expressed a satisfaction at seeing me, and welcomed me back. The +melancholy derangement of my affairs has so entirely unsettled me, that +I can scarcely attend to anything. I think it very unlikely that my home +can be saved.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> Salem, Nov. 22, 1784. Judge Curwin wrote to his friend +Judge Sewall, Bristol, England, saying: "I find myself completely ruined. +I confess I cannot bear to stay and perish under the ruins of my late +ample property and shall therefore as soon as I can recover my account-books, +left in Philadelphia on my departure from America and settle my +deranged affairs, retreat to Nova Scotia, unless my allowance be taken +from me." He however remained at Salem where he passed the remainder +of his days dying in 1802 at the age of eighty-six. The foregoing brief +abstracts from Curwin's Journal give some of the things which he saw +and heard, and the hopes and fears which agitated him and his fellow +exiles. He left no children. Samuel Curwin Ward, a grandson of his +brother George, at the request of Judge Curwin, took his name by an act +of the Legislature, and his descendants are all that now bear the name +in New England.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JAMES MURRAY.</h2> + + +<p>James Murray was a direct descendant of Sir John Murray of +Philiphaugh, Scotland, who sat in Parliament for the County of Selkirk +in 1612. Sir John's second son, was John Murray of Bowhill. This +John Murray was the father of John Murray of Unthank, born in 1677, +who in turn was the father of James Murray, the subject of this notice, +who was born in 1713 at Unthank. Here on this ancestral estate he passed +the first fifteen years of his life, after the wholesome manner of Scotch +lads—porridge-fed, bare legged—he protested in after life against his +grandson wearing stockings. The people amongst whom he lived +had married, thriven and multiplied until the population had become +one vast cousinship, bound together by that clannish loyalty which, quite +apart from pride of name, is ineradicable in the Scots to the present +day. Through the influence of Sir John Murray he was apprenticed +to William Dunbar of London, a merchant in the West India trade. On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span> +the death of his father, he received a thousand pounds as his share of +the estate. With this small patrimony he decided to try his fortune +in the New World. His objective point in his new venture was the +Cape Fear Region in North Carolina. The Carolinas having shaken +off their proprietary rule were now entering, it was hoped, upon a more +prosperous period as dependencies of the Crown. Gabriel Johnson, a +Scotchman who had been a physician and professor at St. Andrews +University, had been recently appointed Governor. This made some +stir in Scottish circles, a fact which directed James Murray's desire +to this particular Colony. With letters of recommendation to Governor +Johnson, he embarked at Gravesend, September 20, 1735, for Charleston. +He settled at Wilmington, on the Cape Fear River, and purchased +a house in town and a plantation of 500 acres and Negro slaves. +He was also appointed collector of the Port, and in 1729 he was appointed +a member of the Board of Councillors. In 1737 Mr. Murray received +news of the death of his mother. This necessitated a journey to Scotland +to settle her estate. On returning he brought with him his younger +brother and his sister Elizabeth, not quite fourteen years of age. She +was installed as his housekeeper, and then began that affectionate intimacy +between them which was perhaps the most vital and enduring element +in the life of each. James Murray prospered as a planter and +merchant. He imported from England such goods as the colonists required +and in exchange sent to England naval stores, tar, pitch, and +turpentine.</p> + +<p>In 1744 he returned to Scotland with his sister Elizabeth, married +his cousin, Barbara Bennet, and remained in England and Scotland for +five years. On his return in 1749, accompanied by his wife and +daughter and his sister Elizabeth, their ship put into Boston, and he returned +alone to Wilmington, leaving his family in Boston, because, as +he wrote, "they had an opportunity of spending three of the most disagreeable +months of this climate in that poor Healthy Place, New England—their +health they owe to God's goodness, their poverty to their +own bad policy and to their Popular Government." His sister Elizabeth +remained in Boston and married Thomas Campbell, a Scotchman, merchant +and trader. Their married life was short, for the husband died +in a few years.</p> + +<p>A comfortable, prosperous figure in Boston at that time was Mr. +James Smith, a Scotchman, a sugar-baker, whose refinery had been in +working since 1729 or before and who had amassed wealth as well as +years. His home on Queen Street, now Court Street, was central in +position, surrounded by other residences of its kind, yet conveniently +near his sugar house, which stood in Brattle Street, between the old +church and what was known as Wing's Lane. At the same time +it was not far from King's Chapel. As one of the Church Wardens +of King's Chapel and a generous contributor to its needs Mr. Smith +stood high in the esteem of his fellow townsmen and the few allusions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span> +to him in the records and traditions of his day indicate that he was no +less genial a friend than an open handed citizen. Mr. Smith married +Mrs. Campbell in 1760. "I can assure you," wrote James Murray in +1761, "they both enjoy a happiness which is rarely met with in a match +of such disparity." Her brother rejoiced in this marriage, which he +declared placed her "in the best circumstances of any of her sex in the +town." Prosperity for one member of the family must help for all. +Boston thus became a second home for the Murrays in America.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illo_256.jpg" width="450" height="330" alt="COUNTY RESIDENCE OF JAMES SMITH" title="COUNTY RESIDENCE OF JAMES SMITH" /> +<span class="caption">COUNTY RESIDENCE OF JAMES SMITH, BRUSH HILL, MILTON.<br /> + +BUILT IN 1734.</span> +</div> + +<p>Shortly after his sister's marriage he lost his wife and all his children +but two, owing to the unhealthy climate. This caused him to +leave the South and his opinion of New England was changed, for he +wrote at this time, 1760, "you cannot well imagine what a land of +health, plenty and contentment this is among all ranks, vastly improved +within these ten years. The war on this continent has been a blessing +to the English subjects and a calamity to the French, especially in the +Northern Colonies, for we have got nothing by it in Carolina."</p> + +<p>In 1761 Mr. Murray married Miss Thompson, a daughter of Mrs. +Mackay, who lived on King Street. The marriage proved to be a +fortunate one for Mr. Murray's two daughters as well as for the two +most concerned. Mr. Smith was withdrawing from the sugar business +and wished Mr. Murray to take it up. He was, however, in no haste<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span> +to be off from his plantation, which he really loved, but at last the break +was made and in 1765 he removed to Boston to cast in his lot permanently. +Mr. Murray had warm friends in Boston and felt himself in congenial +surroundings. He occupied Mr. Smith's home on the corner of Queen +Street, the Smiths reserving a portion of it for themselves, though their +permanent residence was now at Brush Hill, Milton. Mr. Smith had +purchased in 1734, and subsequently, 300 acres at Brush Hill and erected +the mansion house now owned and occupied by Murray Howe.</p> + +<p>Mr. Smith's long life came to an end on the 4th of March, 1769. +He died at Brush Hill and was buried from his home on Queen Street. +Mrs. Smith returned to Scotland and before leaving she made over +to her brother the Brush Hill Farm, in trust for his daughters, Dorothy +and Elizabeth. This was very fortunate, as it afterwards turned out, +for it saved it from confiscation. Mr. Murray, with much content, +established himself there, hoping to "run off the dregs of his days" in +peace. Of the farm he had given his brother, some years before, a +graphic description; it was in many respects as pleasantly situated as +Governor Hutchinson's. It had, he said "a good house, well furnished, +good garden and orchards, meadows and pasturage, in 300 acres. A +riverlet washed it and by several windings lost itself between two bushy +hills, before it ran into the great bay. Of this bay, often covered with +sails, and of the light-house, there is a fair prospect from the house +which stands on an eminence and overlooks also a pleasant country +round. It is in short one of the pleasantest and most convenient seats +I see in the country."</p> + +<p>Dorothy Murray, who, family traditions say, had grown to be a +beautiful and fascinating young lady, accepted the hand of Rev. John +Forbes, a clergyman then settled at St. Augustine, Florida. Their +marriage occurred in 1769. The Forbes of Milton are the descendants.</p> + +<p>The political turmoil in the midst of which Mr. Murray found himself +upon his removal to Boston, in 1765, filled him with surprise and +dismay. He had hoped, on leaving North Carolina, that he was turning +his back upon rebellion, but here he had alighted upon the very seat of +disorder. By force of circumstances, as well as by inclination, it was +inevitable that in North Carolina, and afterwards in Massachusetts, his +associates should have been those whose sympathies were on the side +of law and order. The Boston of the disunionists, of Otis, Hancock, +and the "brace of Adams" he never knew. "He shared so completely +Hutchinson's convictions that the best interests of America were being +sacrificed" by the very men who maintained they were asserting their +rights and although, like those who sided with the Government, he incurred +suspicion and hatred, he never to the end of his life could see +himself as an enemy to the land he helped to build.<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a></p> + +<p>To such men as him, men who were averse to partisanship and whose +interests centered wholly within the domestic circle, yet who could take<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span> +a large impersonal view of passing events, the inevitable ban under +which, as Tories, they afterward fell, bore all the sting of injustice. +He wrote in 1766, "the truth is we are all the children of a most indulgent +Parent, who has never asserted his authority over us, until we +are grown almost to manhood and act accordingly; but were I to say +so here before our Chief Ruler, the Mob, or any of their adherents, I +should presently have my house turned inside out."</p> + +<p>When the troops sent by General Gage from New York arrived in +Boston and were refused shelter in various places under control of +the disunionists, Mr. Murray came forward and the sugar house was +opened to them for barracks. Thenceforth "Murray's Barracks" or +"Smith's Barracks," as they were indiscriminately called, were a source +of irritation to the disloyal section of the town. Moreover, his willingness +to lodge British soldiers, and a free hospitality shown to British +officers (among others who frequented his house was General Mackay, a +relative, probably, of his wife) marked Mr. Murray as a King's man. His +appointment in 1768 as a Justice of the Peace drew him still further into +public notice. Popular displeasure in fact, so far distinguished him as +to make him, in the autumn of the next year, the victim of a mob. The +condition of affairs was rapidly growing worse. The troops were +called from Murray's barracks to protect the guard on King's Street +from the fury of the mob and this brought about the so-called "State +Street Massacre." Then followed the Lexington affair and Bunker +Hill and the siege of Boston by Washington's army. During this time +Mr. Murray remained in Boston. His daughter, Mrs. Forbes, had returned +from Florida and with her sister Elizabeth, lived on the farm at +Brush Hill. His sister, Elizabeth Smith, had married Ralph Inman of +Cambridge and while her husband remained in Boston, she stayed in the +Cambridge mansion to prevent its being confiscated. Communications +between Milton and Boston were carried on by vessels sailing up the +Neponset.</p> + +<p>Mr. and Mrs. Murray visited Brush Hill in this manner and Mrs. Inman +even journeyed back and forth between Cambridge, Boston and Milton +in this way. Finally the evil day came when the evacuation of +Boston became a necessity. The consternation was indescribable. Men +who had lived all their lives in Boston and were a part and parcel of +it found themselves suddenly compelled to take leave of friends, old +associations and property and to flee with the army to Nova Scotia. The +departure of General Howe was hampered and delayed by the necessity +of caring for the removal of the Loyalists. All the transports which +were at hand, assisted by such other vessels as could be procured, were +inadequate for the purpose. The refugees, on their part, were in a +state of distraction between the impossibility of taking with them more +than a small part of their possessions. Mr. Murray, like the rest, had +no recourse but to sail with the troops for Halifax. The parting he +must have believed to be only temporary, but it was final.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span>A lady writing from Brush Hill under date of May 17th, 1776, and +signing herself E. F., gives a graphic description of the condition in +which the Murray family were left. She writes, "This amiable family +are going to be involved in new troubles. Did I fear for myself alone, +I should be happy compared with what I now suffer, for I have nothing +to fear from the malevolence of man, but when I see the few but valuable +friends I have remaining upon the point of becoming destitute like +myself my heart sinks within me, and I can not avoid exclaiming "Great +God!" Surely for all these things people shall be brought to judgment. I +am hunted from one retreat to another, and since I left your Ark, like +Noah's dove I can find no resting place. The Committee at Cambridge +have left Mrs. Inman's farm, in spite of all assiduity to prevent it and +the same tribe of demons have been here to take this into possession +during the life of Mr. Murray. When this affair will end, God knows. +Nature is all blooming and benevolent around us. I wish to Heaven +that she could inspire the breasts of this deluded people with the same +affectionate glow towards each other. <i>May eternal curses fall on the +heads of those who have been instrumental to this country's ruin.</i>"</p> + +<p>Again under the date of June 16th she writes, "Rejoice with me, my +dear Aunt, <i>this infernal crew cannot succeed in taking the farm from +this amiable family</i>. <i>The Almighty Father of infinite perfection will +not permit them to prosper in all their wickedness.</i>"<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a></p> + +<p>James Murray now began the weary life of banishment, the pathos +of which was so many times repeated in the history of the Loyalist exiles. +He first went to Halifax; there he established himself with his wife and +his sister, Mrs. Gordon, but he could not be content to stay so far from +his sister and his children, who remained in Boston to prevent their +property from being confiscated, and soon, as he puts it, he came "creeping +towards" them, hoping at least to be able more easily to communicate +with them and to serve them by sending occasional supplies. He +visited Newport, New York and Philadelphia. He found himself, however, +no nearer the accomplishment of his wishes in New York than in +Halifax and to Halifax, in 1778, after some two years spent in profitless +wanderings, he returned. There he remained the rest of his life. In +his last letter to his daughter dated Halifax, February 17th, 1781, he +said "A man near seventy, if in his senses, <i>can want but little here below, +nor want that little long</i>. Therefore the withdrawing of my salary for +some time past gives me but little concern." In this letter he seems +to have had a premonition of his death, for he died a few months later. +The salary that he refers to was that which he received from England +for several years after leaving Boston—about 150 Pounds a year as +inspector of imports and exports, many sufferers received from 50 to +300 Pounds a year in addition to their salary for their present subsistence. +Mrs. Inman, his sister, survived her brother but a few years<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> +and those were sad ones. Her friends were scattered, her means reduced +and her health undermined. She died May 25, 1785.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Elizabeth Murray</span>, his daughter, married Edward Hutchinson +Robbins, who in 1780, when but twenty-two years of age, became a member +of the disloyal government and who occupied the position of Speaker +of the House of Representatives, Lieutenant Governor and Judge of +Probate. Brush Hill afterwards passed into the possession of her son, +James Murray Robbins, who lived here until his death in 1885. It then +passed into the possession of his nephew, James Murray Howe, its +present occupant.</p> + +<p>As previously stated, the only thing that prevented the confiscation +of this estate was that Elizabeth and Dorothy Murray, to whom their +aunt had given it had remained on the property during the war and would +not leave it, although every effort was made to drive them off it by their +disloyal neighbors. Their father was proscribed and banished under +the Act of 1778, he was forbidden to return to Massachusetts and for a +time did not even dare to write to his family. A daughter of Mary +Robbins married a son of Paul Revere. Two of their sons fell upon +the battlefield in the war for the Union, fighting on the loyal side in support +of their government, giving to their country on the one hand lives derived +from the disunionists and on the other from their loyal ancestor.</p> + +<p>Rev. John Forbes wrote to his wife in 1783, just previous to his death, +as follows: "Upon hearing of the peace, having all my property in Florida, +I thought of going immediately to England. I might be of use to +myself either by giving a short representation of the importance of retaining +the province under the Crown of Great Britain or in finding early +what hopes I might entertain of being in a situation of remaining in +England with my united family, when the boys might be educated under +my eye." After Mr. Forbes' death his wife, Dorothy Forbes, hoping +to recover something from his estate as well as from her father's, made +a trip to Wilmington and St. Augustine. The land which Mr. Forbes +owned in Florida, which had been given over to the Spaniards, she received +compensation for from the British Government. In Wilmington, +however, she did not succeed, for when her father went to Boston +he turned over his Cape Fear estate, which he valued at that time +at £3000, to his nephew, Thomas Clark, who had recently come over +from England. After the war commenced, the whole of Mr. Murray's +property was confiscated. It was then claimed by Thomas Clark, who +presented an account for more than the assessed value of the property +for his salary for caring for it. As he had joined the disunionists it +was ultimately made over to him by act of the Legislature. Mrs. +Forbes tried to recover some of her patrimony, but without success. She +did not even see her cousin, who wrote from his plantation that floods +prevented his leaving his estate to visit Wilmington but that if she +would come to him he would be happy to see her and did not doubt of +being able to convince her that he had acted for the best in what he did.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span></p> +<h2>SIR BENJAMIN THOMPSON.</h2> + + +<p>Benjamin Thompson, otherwise known as Count Rumford was +one of the most distinguished men of his age. He came on both sides +of his parentage from the original stock of the first colonists of Massachusetts +Bay. <span class="smcap">James Thompson</span>, one of the original settlers of Woburn, +was prominent among those who fixed their residence in that part of the +town now known as North Woburn. Little is known of his English +antecedents except that he was born in 1593, his wife's name was Elizabeth +and by her he had three sons and one daughter all probably born +in England. As early as 1630 when he was thirty-seven he joined +the company of about fifteen hundred persons who under lead of Governor +Winthrop landed on New England shores during the eventful +year. He was one of the first settlers of Charlestown and belonged to +sturdy yeomanry of the country. He was among the few adventurers +who early pushed their way into an unknown region and fixed their +home in the wilderness, with Henry Baldwin and a few others, in that +part of Charlestown Village now known as North Woburn. James +Thompson was twice married. Elizabeth died November 13, 1643, and +he married February 15, 1644, Susannah Blodgett, widow of Thomas +Blodgett of Cambridge. The descendants of this early settler are now +very numerous in the country.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illo_261.jpg" width="450" height="253" alt="BIRTHPLACE OF BENJAMIN THOMPSON" title="BIRTHPLACE OF BENJAMIN THOMPSON" /> +<span class="caption">BIRTHPLACE OF BENJAMIN THOMPSON, NORTH WOBURN.</span> +</div> + +<p>Jonathan Thompson, son of the former had a son Jonathan who had +a son Ebenezer. Captain Ebenezer Thompson and Hannah Converse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span> +were the grandparents, Benjamin Thompson, the son of the last, and +Ruth Simonds were the father and mother of the celebrated Count Rumford. +His mother was the daughter of an officer who performed distinguished +service in the French and Indian wars, which were in progress +at the time of the birth of his eminent grandson. The parents +were married in 1752, and went to live at the house of Captain Ebenezer +Thompson. Here under his grandfather's roof, the future Count +Rumford was born, March 26, 1753, in the west end of the strong +substantial farm-house. The father of the little boy died November +7, 1754, in his twenty-sixth year, leaving his wife and her child to the +care and support of the grandparents. In March, 1756, when the +child was three years old, his widowed mother was married to Josiah +Pierce, the younger, of Woburn. Mr. Pierce took his wife and her +child to a new home, which, now removed, stood but a short distance +from the old homestead.</p> + +<p>Ellis in his "Life of Count Rumford" says, that Benjamin Franklin +and Benjamin Thompson were the two men most distinguished +for philosophical genius of all that have been produced on the soil of +this continent. "They came into life in humble homes within twelve +miles of each other, under like straits and circumstances of frugality +and substantial thrift. They both sprang from English lineage, of an +ancestry and parentage yeoman of the soil on either continent, to be +cast, as their progenitors had been, upon their own exertions, without +dependence upon inherited means, or patronage, or even good fortune. +Born as subjects of the English monarch, they both, at different periods +of their lives, claimed their privileges as such, visiting their ancestral +soil, though under widely unlike circumstances, and their winning fame +and distinction for services to humanity. We almost forget the occasion +which parted them in the sphere of politics, because they come +so close together in the more engrossing and beneficent activity of their +genius." It is not known whether these two men ever met together, +or sought each other's acquaintance, or even recognized each other's +existence, though they were contemporaries for more than thirty years.</p> + +<p>Benjamin Thompson in his youth attended the village grammar +school. Later he was apprenticed to Mr. John Appleton, an importer of +British goods at Salem, and later still was for a short time a clerk in a +dry goods store in Boston where he was when the "Massacre" occurred. +It was while at Salem he first displayed his fondness for experimental +philosophy, when accidentally his face was somewhat marked by a pyrotechnical +explosion. He used to steal moments to play the fiddle as he +was passionately fond of music. Lacking taste for trade he engaged in +the study of medicine with Dr. Hay of Woburn, meanwhile in company +with his friend and neighbor, Loammie Baldwin, walking to and fro +from Cambridge, in order to attend scientific lectures at Harvard +College. At length he became a teacher, first in Wilmington, then in +Bradford and then in a more permanent and lucrative position in Concord,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span> +New Hampshire, then a part of Essex County, Massachusetts; +once known as Penacook but at this time as Rumford. His more public +and noticeable life now began. Here he married at the early age +of nineteen Sarah, the widow of Colonel Rolfe and the daughter of the +Rev. Timothy Walker. When he went to Concord as a teacher he was +in the glory of his youth, and his friend Baldwin describes him as of +a fine manly make and figure, nearly six feet in height, of handsome features, +bright blue eyes, and dark auburn hair. He had the manners and +polish of a gentleman, with fascinating ways, and an ability to make himself +agreeable. His diligent study and love of learning also added to +his attractions. He was married about November, 1772, and his wife +brought to him a fortune. It was at about this time that Benjamin +Thompson met Governor Wentworth,—an event which led to that series +of difficulties and troubles which resulted in his leaving the country. The +governor was struck by the young man's commanding appearance, and +a vacancy having occurred in a majorship in the Second Provincial +Regiment of New Hampshire, Governor Wentworth at once commissioned +Thompson to fill it. Thus the young man received an appointment +over the heads of other officers of age and experience. It was a +mistake on the part of the governor and a mistake for him to accept +the office. The veteran officers over whom he had been appointed so +suddenly and unexpectedly from the plain life of a civilian were very +angry as was to be expected.</p> + +<p>Young Thompson manifested in early manhood the tastes, aptitudes +and cravings which prompt their possessor, however humbly born, and +under whatever repression from surrounding influence, to push his way +in the world by seeking and winning the patronage of his social superiors, +who have favor and distinctions to bestow. He was regarded from his boyhood +as being above his position; he had also a noble and imposing figure, +with great personal beauty, and with those whose acquaintance he cultivated +he was most affable and winning in his manners. His marriage +enabling him to give over the necessity of school keeping, furnished +him the means for making excursions at his pleasure. Besides his acquaintance +with Governor Wentworth at Portsmouth, he had also on +visits with his wife to Boston, been introduced to Governor Gage and +several of the British officers, and had partaken of their hospitalities. +Two soldiers, who had deserted from the army in Boston, finding their +way to Rumford (Concord), had been employed by him upon his farm. +Wishing to return to their ranks and comrades, they had sought for the +intervention of their employer to secure them immunity from punishment. +Thompson addressed a few lines for this purpose to General Gage asking +at the same time that his own agency in their behalf should not be disclosed. +Besides his acquaintance with the royal governors, the +patronage he had received from one of them, the intimacy in which he +was supposed to stand with others, the return of the deserters, and +his independent spirit, as shown in speaking his mind with freedom, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> +a way to check the rising spirit of rebellion, and in distrust of the ability +and success of the disunionists, caused him to be distrusted, and unpopular +by the inflammable materials around him. He therefore became a suspected +person in Rumford, where there were watching enemies, and talebearers, +as well as jealous committees, who soon brought their functions +to bear in a most searching and offensive way against all who did not +attend revolutionary assemblies. It was well known as it was observable +that Thompson took no part in these. He had occasion to fear any indignity +which an excited and reckless county mob, directed by secret instigators +might see fit to inflict upon him, whether it were by arraying +him in tar and feathers, or by riding him upon a rail to be jeered at by +his former school-pupils. If ill usage stopped short of these extremes, +the condition of escape and security was a public recantation, unequivocally +and strongly expressed, involving a confession of some act, or word, +in opposition to the will of the disunionists, and solemn pledge of future +uncompromising fidelity to them.</p> + +<p>There was something exceedingly humiliating and degrading to a +man of independent and self-respecting spirit, in the conditions imposed +upon him by the "Sons of Despotism" in the process of clearing himself +from the taint of "Loyalism." The Committees of "Correspondence and +of Safety" whose services stand glorified to us through their most efficient +agency in a successful struggle, delegated their authority to every +witness or agent who might be a self-constituted guardian of the disloyal +cause or a spy, or an eaves-dropper, to catch reports of suspected +persons. It was this example, followed a few years later that led to such +terrible results in the French Revolution.</p> + +<p>Major Thompson insisted from the first, and steadfastly to the +close of his life, affirmed that he had never done anything hostile to the +revolutionary cause up to this time. He demanded first in private, and +then in public, that his enemies should confront him with any charges +they could bring against him, and he promised to meet them and defend +himself against all accusations. He resolved, however, that he would +not plead except against explicit charges, nor invite indignity by self-humiliation. +Major Thompson was summoned before a Committee of the +people of Rumford (Concord), in the summer of 1774 to answer to the +suspicion of "being unfriendly to the cause of Liberty." He positively +denied the charge and boldly challenged proof. The evidence, if any +such was offered, was not a sort to warrant any proceedings against him, +and he was discharged. This discharge, however, though nominally an +acquittal, was not effectual in relieving him from popular distrust and +in assuring for him confidence. Probably his own reluctance to avow +sympathy with the disloyal cause, and make professions in accordance +with the wishes of his enemies, left him still under a cloud. A measure +less formal and more threatening than the examination before a self +constituted tribunal, was secretly planned by the "Sons of Despotism." +This was a visit to his comfortable home, the most conspicuous residence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span> +in the village. It was carried into effect in November, 1774. A mob +gathered at the time agreed on, around his dwelling, and after a serenade +of hisses, hootings and groans, demanded that Major Thompson +should come out before them. The feeling must have been intense and +was of a nature to feed its own flames. Had Thompson been within, he +would inevitably have met with foul handling. The suspicion that he +was hiding there would have led to the sacking of his dwelling, and the +destruction of his goods, though the daughter of their venerated minister +was its mistress, and she was the mother, not only of Thompson's infant, +but of the only child of their former distinguished townsman, Colonel +Benjamin Rolfe. Mrs. Thompson and her brother, Colonel Walker, came +forth and with their assurance that her husband was not in town, the +mob dispersed.</p> + +<p>Having received a friendly warning that this assault was to be made +upon him, his brother-in-law and other friends advised him to quit the +place, for although his family connections, beginning with the minister, +and the squire of the town, were, the most powerful set among the +inhabitants, yet they were unable to vindicate him and protect him from +outrage, and we may infer that his apprehensions were not in vain, notwithstanding +his own consciousness of rectitude.</p> + +<p>Mr. Thompson therefore had secretly left Rumford just before the +mob came to his home. He thought it was to be only a temporary separation +from the place, for all his friends were there, and his wife and +infant child; but he was never to see that pleasant home again, nor anyone +of those whom he left there, except that he had a brief and troubled +visit from his wife and infant, and met the latter again only after an interval +of twenty-two years. He made a hasty effort to collect some +dues which belonged strictly to himself, but he scrupulously avoided taking +with him anything that belonged to others, or even to his wife. What +of his own he left there was soon subjected to the process of confiscation.</p> + +<p>Thompson sought refuge in his former home at Woburn with his +mother. Here for a short time, he sought to occupy himself in quiet +retirement with his favorite pursuits of philosophical study and experiment. +But popular suspicion found means to visit its odium upon +him there, and seeking a new refuge, he found temporary shelter in +Charlestown, with a friend, nine miles from Woburn and one from Boston. +In compliance with an earnest appeal, his wife with her infant +joined him at his mother's home in Woburn, though it required of them a +ride of more than fifty miles in winter. They remained with him till +the end of May, 1775, after which he never saw his wife again. Thompson +offered his services to the patriot army but his enemies interposed +their veto. Ellis says, "There is no record, or even tradition of unwise +or unfriendly expressions dropped by Mr. Thompson which could be +used against him even when he challenged proof of his alleged disaffection +to the cause of his country. However he was young and he +had an independent spirit. His military promotion by pure favoritism,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span> +and, what he insisted was simply an act of humanity, his seeking immunity +for two returning deserters, were enough in themselves to assure him +zealous enemies."</p> + +<p>Through all this trouble Thompson had a staunch and loyal friend. +Colonel L. Baldwin was an ardent patriot, but stood faithfully by his +old friend and fellow-student, believed in him and protected him from +violence. At last Thompson's pride was so wounded and he felt the +humiliation so keenly that in the hot impulse of youth and a naturally +proud spirit, he embraced an opportunity to leave a land which he honestly +thought to be ungrateful and cruel. It is not true as has often +been said that Benjamin Thompson lost his interest in his family and +country. Some of the most tender and most touching letters were written +by him to his mother and his family still in Concord who believed in +his integrity. Some of these letters have never been published, others +after the lapse of nearly a century appeared in the "life of Count Rumford" +by Dr. Ellis. These errors as to matters of fact may persuade +us that the early predilection of Thompson for the loyalist cause, and +the opening of opportunities, more than any settled purpose, decided the +course of this forlorn and ill-treated young husband and father, adrift +on the world, when he found himself loosed from all home ties and that +there was nothing secret or disguised in the plans he formed +for seeking in a foreign land and among strangers at the +risk of homelessness and poverty, the peace and protection which +he could not find in his own dwelling. He did not privately +steal away; he remained in and about Woburn two months after writing +his last letter to his friend, Mr. Walker, in which he so deliberately +avowed his intentions. He settled his affairs with his neighbors, collecting +dues and paying debts, well assured that his wife and child would +lack none of the means of a comfortable support. Having made all his +preparations he started from Woburn October 13, 1775, in a country +vehicle, accompanied by his step-brother, Josiah Pierce, who drove him +to the shores of Narragansett Bay where he was taken aboard of the +British frigate Scarborough, in the harbor of Newport. The vessel very +soon came round to Boston and remained till the evacuation, of which +event he was undoubtedly the bearer of the tidings to England in despatches +from General Howe. From henceforth we are to know Benjamin Thompson +till the close of the war as an ardent loyalist, and in council and in +arms an opponent to the revolutionary cause. He must have done appreciable +service in the four or five months he was in Boston, in order to +have won so soon the place of an official in the British government. +Thenceforward the rustic youth became the companion of gentlemen of +wealth, and culture, of scientific philosophers, of the nobility and of +princes. The kind of influences which he at once began to exert, and +the promotion which he so soon received in England, answers to a class +of services rendered by him of a nature not to be misconceived. They +had not in England at that time much exact information about the state<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span> +of the country. Thompson thoroughly understood the matter. He +could give trustworthy information about the topography, and about the +events of the war in which he had played a part. He was not slow in +winning the confidence of Lord George Germaine, Secretary of State for +the Colonies, who was sadly deficient in his knowledge of the American +Colonies. Major Thompson was immediately admitted to a desk in the +Colonial office. He of course proffered and showed he could impart +"information." The young man became such a favorite with Lord George +that he was daily in the habit of breakfasting, dining and supping with +him at his lodgings and at his country seat, Stoneland. Apart from the +discharge of his duties as a private secretary, he made the most and the +best use of his opportunities in acquainting himself with London and +seeking introductions alike to men in public station and to those engaged +in scientific pursuits; nothing of interest would escape his keen observation, +and no means of personal improvement or acquisition through men +or things, would fail to yield him advancement.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_267.jpg" width="400" height="458" alt="SIR BENJAMIN THOMPSON" title="SIR BENJAMIN THOMPSON" /> +<span class="caption">SIR BENJAMIN THOMPSON.<br /> + +Born in North Woburn, March 26, 1753. In the uniform of a British Officer. Known +as Count Rumford. Died at Paris Aug. 21, 1814.</span> +</div> + +<p>He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and became one of the +most active and honored members of the Society. In 1780 he was made +"Under Secretary of State for the Northern Department." The oversight +of all the practical details for recruiting, equipping, transporting, and +victualling the British forces, and of many other incidental arrangements +was then committed to him. Major Thompson, who had always clung +to that title, though its provisional commission gave him no rank in the +regular army, was now honored with the commission in the regular army +of a Lieutenant Colonel; though now at the age of only twenty-eight, not +yet a veteran, he wished for, and meant to do, full military duty. He +needed a command. Where should he find a regiment. He provided for +himself, and resolved to secure a following from those in his native land, +who had been loyal to the government. They were known as the "Loyal +American Regiments" and for the most part, they were the most desperate, +and hated of any of the combatants, they had suffered the loss of +their homes, and endured the most cruel treatment from their neighbors, +and countrymen, and when the opportunity occurred they often retaliated. +In this partisan warfare quarter was neither given or taken. In +the early part of January, 1782, Lieutenant Colonel Thompson arrived +at Charleston, South Carolina, General Green's army at that time invested +the city. Becoming desperate in their need of supplies, a sortie was made +under Thompson's command, an attack was made by him on the partisan +forces under the command of Marion, the famous partisan leader, near the +Santee. When the brigade was first attacked it was under the command +of Colonel Horrey, and though Marion came in season to take part in the +action, he had the mortification of witnessing the discomfiture of his +band with the loss of many men and munition.<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a></p> + +<p>Rivington's New York Gazette, under date of Feb. 18th, 1782, says<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span> +"A detachment of the Royal Americans went on service against Greene," +March 27th. A person who left the Southern Army Feb. 13th, says Lieutenant +Colonel Thompson has taken command of the British cavalry under +Colonel Leslie. "A considerable force of cavalry and infantry commanded +by Colonel Thompson sallied out from Charleston on the side opposite +the American camp and surprised and dispersed a party of militia. +The British retreated before Greene could send reinforcements."</p> + +<p>Charleston, March 2. Lieutenant Colonel Thompson moved Sunday, +Feb. 24 from Daniel's Island, with the cavalry, Cunningham's and +Young's troops of mounted militia, Yagers, and Volunteers of Ireland, +with one three pounder, and a detachment of the Thirtieth Regiment. By +the spirited exertion of his troops, and by the Colonel's mounting the +infantry occasionally on the dragoon horses, he carried his corps thirty-six +miles without halting. Having secured the American scouts to prevent +information being given he drove in Horrey's regiment. They were pursued +by Major Doyle with mounted militia. On seeing the enemy, Colonel +Thompson sounded a charge and dashed forwards. Marion's marque +and men refreshed our soldiers. Colonel Thompson marched back driving +the cattle, etc. The admirable conduct of the officer who commanded can +be equalled by the spirit with which his orders were executed. (Rivington, +April 17). In the war of posts, of desultory skirmishes, and of raids +into the farming country, to which the struggle at the South was reduced, +there was indeed little opportunity for Thompson to win laurels. He +made use of his energetic and methodical skill in doing what he could to +organize and discipline such materials as he had before him.</p> + +<p>Towards the end of the war he was sent to New York to organize a +regiment out of the broken and scattered bands of Loyalists on Long +Island. "Recruits for the King's American Dragoons, likely and spirited +young lads who were desirous of serving their King and country, and who +prefer riding to going on foot, were offered ten guineas each, if volunteers." +Such was the advertisement. His ability in organizing this +regiment was a great achievement. He commanded at Huntington, Long +Island in 1782-3 where he caused a fort to be built. In August, 1782, near +Flushing, standards were presented to his corps, with imposing ceremonies. +Prince William came forward to the center of the regiment, +received the colors from Admiral Digby, and presented them with his +own hand to Lieutenant Colonel Thompson. On a given signal the +whole regiment gave three shouts, the music played "God save the King", +the artillery fired a royal salute and the ceremony ended.</p> + +<p>An ox was roasted whole, to grace this occasion. He was spitted +on a hickory sapling, twelve feet long, supported on crutches, and turned +by handspikes. An attendant dipped a swab in a tub of salt and water +to baste the ox, and moderate the fire. Each soldier then sliced off for +himself a piece of juicy beef.<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span>The Prince who officiated on this occasion was the King's third son, +afterwards William IV. He had sailed on board the Prince George under +Admiral Digby, to qualify himself for rank in the Royal Navy.</p> + +<p>Returning to England Thompson, as a commissioned officer of high +rank now on half pay, obtained leave to travel on the Continent. He left +England in September, 1783, with no anticipation of the ultimate result +of what was to him in intent mainly a trial of fortune. On his arrival +at Strasburg, Prince Maximilian, who became Elector of Bavaria in 1799 +and King in 1805, was attracted by the young man's appearance. On acquaintance +he soon realized that the Englishman was a man of remarkable +intelligence and later Thompson received an earnest invitation to +enter into the service of the elector. Thompson therefore returned to +England to receive the necessary permission from the king. The king +not only granted the permission but also conferred on him the honor of +Knighthood on February 23, 1784.</p> + +<p>Returning to the continent Thompson became a fast friend of the +Elector of Bavaria. His great mind was put to useful service in a +country that needed his wisdom, philanthropy and personal help. Many +honors were conferred upon him and he was admitted to several academies. +In 1788 the Elector made him Major-General of Cavalry and +Privy Councillor of State. He was also put at the head of the War +Department. His constant study in science and philosophy, and the +great problems of the day, made him an invaluable help to the people, besides +his ability as a statesman. In Munich, where beggary had been +reduced to a system and had become an intolerable curse, he received +from all classes multiplied tokens of most grateful regard for his acts +of disinterested benevolence. Both in England and on the continent he +was held in the highest esteem for the broad and wise plans for the +amelioration of the condition of the poor which he devised and executed. +He dealt with those who lived in the filthiest order and it was his aim to +show them that virtue came from cleanliness, and he worked unceasingly +that their surroundings might first be clean.</p> + +<p>Honors of all kinds were heaped upon this worker for mankind, but +nothing so deeply moved him or was so tenderly cherished in his memory, +as that scene, when once he was dangerously ill, the poor of Munich +went publicly in a body, in processions, to the cathedral, and offered public +prayers for his recovery. And on another occasion four years later, +when he was again dangerously ill at Naples, these people of their own +accord, set apart an hour each evening, after they had finished their +work in the Military Work-house, to pray for him. On his return, +after an absence of fifteen months, the subjects of his benevolence gave +him a most affecting reception. He in response, provided for them a +festival in the English Gardens which his own skill and taste had laid +out where before was an unhealthy marsh. Here eighteen hundred +poor people of all ages enjoyed themselves, in presence of above eighty +thousand visitors. Thompson says, "Let him imagine, I say, my feelings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span> +upon hearing the confused noise of the prayers of a multitude of +people who were passing by in the streets, upon being told that it was +the poor of Munich, many hundreds in number, who were going in procession +to the church to put up public prayers for me;—public prayers +for me!—for a private person!—a stranger!—a Protestant!"</p> + +<p>"Such testimonies as these were more valuable than all his military +honors, all his scientific reputation, his diplomas of Knighthood in +England, and in Poland, and his decoration as a count of the Holy Roman +Empire and there is reason to believe that he so regarded them himself."<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p> + +<p>He was accused of being selfish and devoid of all honor, coarse +and cruel. That he married another woman while his wife was alive +and was always a tyrant! The records of Concord give the date of his +wife's death as January 19, 1792, while the register of Paris gives the +date of his second marriage as October 24, 1805.</p> + +<p>Sarah, the only child of Count Rumford, who was born in the Rolfe +Mansion in Concord, Oct. 18, 1774, remained in the care of her mother +until the latter's death. Her father had taken great interest in her +and never forgot his family, and he made provision also for his mother. +After his wife's death, Sarah accepted her father's invitation to rejoin +him in Europe where she shared his honors both in London and on the +Continent. She received her title as countess and her pension both of +which she enjoyed to the close of her life.</p> + +<p>While the countess was on a return visit to her old home she gained +the first news of her father's coming marriage through his letters to her. +Father and daughter kept up a continual correspondence, and from +these letters which have since been published much of their private life +is revealed.<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> Count Rumford married the widow of General Anthony +Laurence Lavosier at Paris in 1805, but the marriage soon proved unhappy +and he retired to the Villa Auteuil, within the walls, but removed +from the noise of the great city. Count Rumford never returned +to his old home in Massachusetts though it was his wish to do so. The +United States government through its ambassador, Hon. Rufus King, +then resident of London, formally invited him to return, assured of his +loyalty and great ability, and offered him the responsible position of +superintendent of the proposed American Military Academy and of +inspector-general of artillery. Though to the mutual regret of both +parties concerned, the count was not able to accept the invitation of the +American government, he gave in order to assist in the equipment +of the Military Academy, some of his very valuable models and drawings +and offered to give his whole rich collection of military books, +plans, drawings, and models, provided they would be acceptable.</p> + +<p>The Count's last days were spent near Paris, as that climate was best<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span> +suited to him. He lived a very retired life spending most of his days +in philosophical pursuits and experiments, almost secluded from the +world. Constant friendship between Colonel Baldwin and Benjamin +Thompson remained until the end, and the latter was always grateful +for the interest and care his old friend had bestowed upon his daughter +during their separation.</p> + +<p>Thompson published essays and papers on his work and that he +could have been great in theoretical science is shown by his experiment +at Munich in 1798, and his clear reasoning upon it which was in advance +of the prevailing scientific opinion by half a century. When he +was in London in 1800 he projected the Royal Institute of Great Britain.</p> + +<p>Besides a great number of communications to scientific journals, he +published four volumes of essays, political, economical, experimental, and +philosophical. He was ever a great friend to Harvard College. When +the Colleges were converted into barracks, during the siege of Boston, he +was instrumental in preserving the library and philosophical apparatus +from destruction by the revolutionists who regarded the College as a hotbed +of toryism. By his will he laid the foundation of that professorship +to Harvard University, which has rendered his name justly esteemed with +his friends. He bequeathed an annuity of one thousand dollars and the +reversion of another of four hundred dollars, also the reversion of his +whole estate, which amounted to twenty-six thousand dollars, "for the +purpose of founding a new institution and professorship, in order to teach +by regular courses of academical and public lectures accompanied with +proper experiments, the utility of the physical and mathematical science +for the improvement of the useful arts, and for the extension of the industry, +prosperity, happiness and well being of society." In 1796 he remitted +five thousand dollars in three per cent. stocks, to the American +Academy of Arts and Sciences, the income to be appropriated as a premium +to the author of the most important discovery on light and heat.</p> + +<p>This great, useful and influential life came to a close on August 21, +1814. He was just about to depart for England to which country, as +long as he lived, he retained the most devoted attachment. His death resulted +from a nervous fever at Auteuil, about four miles from Paris +and he is buried within the limits of that city. In the Monthly Magazine +or British Register (London) for September, 1814, appeared the following:</p> + +<p>"At his seat near Paris, 60, died, August 21, that illustrious philosopher, +Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, F. R. S., Member of the +Institute, &c., an American by birth, but the friend of man, and an honor +to the whole human race."</p> + +<p>Many testimonies were given in remembrance of Benjamin Thompson +throughout the civilized world. In Munich the king erected at his +own cost a bronze statue of Count Rumford, and it stands in the Maximillian +Strasse, the finest street of Munich, perhaps of any city of Europe. +The new and beautiful library which was erected in Woburn,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> +Massachusetts, has paid tribute also to this man's memory. A bronze +monument of heroic size stands boldly out upon the library lawn, and the +inscription was written by President Eliot of Harvard College. The +Rumford Historical Association was organized in 1877 with the simple +desire to do justice to Count Rumford's transcendent abilities as a great +scientist and to his marked usefulness as one of the greatest philanthropists +of his age. A portrait of Count Rumford by Page after one Kellerhofer +hangs in Memorial Hall, Cambridge.</p> + +<p>Sarah, the Countess of Rumford, after living in Paris and London +several years, returned to her old home in Concord, where she spent +her last years. She possessed many memorials and pictures which she +was fond of exhibiting to visitors. She was eccentric but had a quick +and vigorous mind and idolized America. She was never married +and her death occurred December 2, 1852, at the age of seventy. In +her will she left $15,000 and her homestead, worth $5,000, for the endowment +of an institution for widows and orphans of Concord, the homestead +to be the site of the institution, to the New Hampshire Asylum for +Insane in Concord she left $15,000, to the Concord Female Charitable Society +who have under their care a school for poor children, called the +Rumford School, she left $2,000, and the rest of her property, estimated +at from $75,000 to $100,000, to distant relatives.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>COLONEL RICHARD SALTONSTALL.</h2> + + +<p>The ancestors of Sir Richard Saltonstall resided for centuries in +the parish of Halifax, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, and +the earliest date at which we find this name recorded is in 1276. Thomas +de Saltonstall of the West Riding of Yorkshire is the first name of whom +any record is preserved. Sir Richard Saltonstall, born in 1521 was +knighted by Queen Elizabeth in 1598. After holding several prominent +offices under the crown he became Lord Mayor of London in 1597-8. He +was the uncle of Sir Richard Saltonstall who was born in 1586 at Halifax +and was one of the patentees of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay +and was appointed First Assistant. He came over with the Winthrop +fleet, and arrived in Salem aboard of the Arabella, June 12, 1630, "bringing +out the charter with them." He returned to England, and at +his death, left a legacy to Harvard College. He dissented from the action +of the tyrannical rulers who were his associates, who inflicted +punishment on such as differed from them, but slightly in their notion of +policy, and requested that his dissent should be entered upon the records, +which stand much to his honor and credit. After his return to England +he wrote to Mr. Cotton and Mr. Wilson, the ministers in Boston "that it +did not a little grieve his spirit to hear what sad things were reported +daily of the tyranny and persecution in New England, as that they fined,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span> +whipped and imprisoned men for their consciences." His son Richard, +born in 1610, settled at Ipswich, Massachusetts, returned to England, +and died there in 1694. His son Nathaniel, born about 1639 and died +in 1707, settled at Haverhill, Mass., of which he is called the father. He +married Elizabeth, the daughter of the first minister, Rev. John Ward, +who gave the young couple the land for their home, on which was erected +the Saltonstall mansion which remained in the possession of the Saltonstall +family for several generations. In the early part of the last +century it was purchased by Major James Duncan, who erected the +present mansion which is now owned and occupied by the Haverhill Historical +Society. Nathaniel had a son Richard, who also had a son +Richard born June 24, 1703. He graduated from Harvard College in +1722 and became Colonel in 1726. In 1736 he became judge of the +Superior Court and died in 1756. His eldest son, Richard Saltonstall, +the subject of this notice, was the sixth generation from Sir Richard +the First Assistant, and the fourth of the family in succession who held +the office of Colonel. He graduated from Harvard College with high +honors and delivered the Latin Oration at Commencement.</p> + +<p>His acceptance from Governor Shirley of the commission of Colonel, +so soon after leaving college, evinced a spirit which was not long after to +be tried in arduous service for his country. During the French war he +was Major in the army and was one of the unfortunate prisoners at the +capitulation of Fort William Henry. He escaped being massacred by +the Indians by concealing himself in the woods where he lay for many +hours, and when at last he reached Fort Edward was nearly exhausted +with fatigue and hunger. He remained in active service until the +close of the war, and later was appointed Sheriff to the County of Essex.</p> + +<p>Colonel Saltonstall was always a steady loyalist in principle and never +for a moment wavered in his devotion to the flag which he had so +bravely fought under and which he had so often sworn to support. "The +proceedings (of the Government) were in his opinion extremely inexpedient, +but he never doubted their right to tax the Colonies."</p> + +<p>"He was much beloved by the people of Haverhill, and its vicinity. +He resided on the beautiful family estate in Haverhill known as 'the +Saltonstall Place,' where he lived in a liberal style of hospitality, sustaining +the character of a truly upright man, and an accomplished gentleman. +It was long before he lost his popularity, but in 1774 a mob +assembled from the West Parish of Haverhill and Salem, N. H., for the +purpose of proving themselves <i>Sons of Liberty</i> by attacking him. By +a word he could have collected a great part of the inhabitants of the +village to his defence, but he would not, though urged by some of his +friends. The rioters marched to his home and paraded before it, +armed with clubs and other offensive instruments, when he came to +the door and addressed them with great firmness and dignity. He told +them he was under the oath of allegiance to the king, that he was +bound to discharge the duties of the office he held under him, that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span> +did not think the people were pursuing a wise or prudent course but +that he was as great a friend to the country as any of them, and had +exposed his life in its cause, etc. He then ordered some refreshment for +the <i>gentlemen</i>, who soon began to relent, when he requested them to go +to the tavern and call for entertainment at his expense. They then huzzard +to the praise of Colonel Saltonstall, and never attempted to mob +him again."</p> + +<p>Colonel Saltonstall left Haverhill in the fall of 1774 and embarked +for England. He did not enter the British service, saying, if he could +not conscientiously engage on the side of his native country he never +would take up arms against her. If he had joined the continental army +he undoubtedly would have held an office of high command. The king +granted him a pension and he passed the remainder of his life in England, +where he died. In one of his last letters in which he expressed great +affection for the "<i>delightful place of his nativity</i>," he wrote, "I have +no remorse of conscience for my past conduct. I have had more satisfaction +in a private life here than I should have had in being next in +command to General Washington, where I must have acted in conformity +to the dictates of others, regardless of my own feelings."</p> + +<p>In Haverhill Colonel Saltonstall was much beloved and had a great +influence from his integrity, benevolence of disposition and his superior +understanding and knowledge of the world. In England he was hospitably +received by his remote family connections, who paid him every +kind and generous attention while living, and erected a monument to +his memory in Kensington church, on which is the following inscription:</p> + +<p>"Near this place are interred the remains of Richard Saltonstall, Esq., +who died October, 1785, aged fifty-two. He was an <i>American loyalist</i>, +from Haverhill in Massachusetts, where he was descended from a first +family, both for the principal share it had in the early erecting as well +as in rank and authority in governing that province, and wherein he +himself sustained, with unshaken loyalty and universal applause, various +important trusts and commands under the Crown both civil and military, +from his youth till its revolt; and throughout life maintained such +an amiable private character, as engaged him the esteem and regard of +many friends. As a memorial of his merits this stone is erected."</p> + +<p>Colonel Saltonstall was not married. He was Proscribed and +Banished by the law of 1778. His mansion home at Haverhill passed +into the hands of his brother, Dr. Nathaniel Saltonstall who joined the +Disunionists, at a time when his brothers remained true to those principals +of loyalty in which they had been educated. He however did +not take up arms against the government. At his death he left three sons +and four daughters, the only family of that name in Massachusetts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Leverett Saltonstall</span>, youngest son of Judge Saltonstall was +born in 1754 and at the commencement of the war had nearly completed +his term of service with a merchant of Boston, when Col. Saltonstall came +to that place for protection from mob violence. Being in the habit of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> +looking up to him for advice and direction, he embraced the same political +opinion, and becoming acquainted with the British officers he was fascinated +with their profession. After the passing of the Act of Disunion +July 4, 1776 he unlike his brothers decided to enter the British service +and fight for his government. He was in many battles, and commanded +a company in the army of Lord Cornwallis. He died at the +close of the war at New York, 1782. His brother-in-law, the Rev. +Moses Badger, who was also a loyalist, in a letter to Dr. Nathaniel Saltonstall +concerning his sickness (consumption), says, "It may be some +consolation to you and his mother to hear, that his behaviour in the regiment +endeared him to every officer, and the soldiers who had so frequent +opportunities to see his intrepidity, coolness and gallantry in action, absolutely +revered him. He was agreeable to people of all ranks. He +was exceedingly cautious in speaking, seldom uttering a word without reflection +and was never heard to speak ill of any one and reprobated the +man or woman who indulged themselves in this infirmity. He never +fell into the scandalous and fashionable vice of profaneness. In short, +I looked upon him to be as innocent a young man as any I have known +since I have been capable of making observations on mankind."<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>REV. MATHER BYLES.</h2> + + +<p>Josiah Byles, a saddler by trade, came from Winchester, Hants +county. He was in Boston in 1695 and joined the church October 11, +1696; seven years later he married the pastor's daughter.</p> + +<p>He had four children by his wife Sarah. His second wife, Elizabeth, +he married October 6, 1703; she was the widow of William Greenough +and the daughter of Increase Mather.</p> + +<p>Mather Byles, D. D., son of Josiah and Elizabeth, was born in Boston +in 1706. He graduated from Harvard University in 1725 and was +ordained first pastor of the Hollis street church in 1733. This church +was built on land given by Governor Belcher in 1733, the site is now +occupied by the Hollis street Theatre. He married, February 14, 1733, +Mrs. Anna Gale; the ceremony took place in the state room of the Province +House, Rev. Thomas Prince of the Old South officiating. By this marriage +he had six children born, all of whom died young except Elizabeth. +His second wife was Rebecca, daughter of Lieutenant Governor Hon. +William Tailor; the ceremony was performed by Rev. Joseph Sewell, +D. D. By his second wife he had four children. He was created Doctor +of Divinity at Aberdeen in 1765. He lived happily with his parish until +1776 when the connection was dissolved and never renewed. Of the +Congregational clergy he stood alone against the revolution.</p> + +<p>Mather Byles is one of the most interesting men of this period. He +was a scholar and a great wit. Pope, Lansdowne and Watts were among<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> +his correspondents. In his pulpit he avoided politics and on being asked +the reason, replied: "I have thrown up four breastworks, behind which +I have entrenched myself, neither of which can be enforced. In the +first place I do not understand politics; in the second place, you all do, +every man and mother's son of you; in the third place you have politics +all the week, pray let one day in seven be devoted to religion; in the +fourth place, I am engaged in work of infinitely greater importance; +give me any subject to preach on of more consequence than the truth +I bring you, and I will preach on it the next Sabbath."</p> + +<p>The preacher became known as the "celebrated Dr. Byles." He +wrote in poetry and prose very well, and some of his sermons are still +extant. Also several of his essays, in the New England Weekly Journal, +a poem on the death of George I; and the accession of George II, in 1727. +A sort of memorial address to Governor Belcher, on the death of his +wife, and a poem called the conflagration, and a volume of metrical +matters published in 1744.</p> + +<p>The serious writings of Dr. Byles are singularly free from everything +suggestive of frivolous association. In his pulpit there was none +of it, while out of it, unless on solemn occasions, there was very little +else. One of that day said his wit at times was quite as clever as Jonathan +Swift or Sydney Smith.</p> + +<p>Mather Byles and his family were staunch loyalists. News of the +repeal of the stamp act arrived in Boston May 16, 1766. The nineteenth +of May was appointed for merry-making. "At one in the morning the +bell of the Hollis street church began to ring," says a zealous writer +of that day. "The slumbers of the pastor, Dr. Byles, were disturbed of +course, for he was a tory, though a very pleasant tory, after all." In 1777 +he was denounced in town meeting, and having been by a subsequent +trial pronounced guilty of attachment to the Royal cause, was sentenced +to confinement, and to be sent to England with his family. This Byles +steadfastly refused to do and the doom of the banishment was never +enforced, and he was permitted to remain in Boston. The substances +of the charges against him were that he continued in Boston during the +siege; and that he prayed for the king and the safety of the town.</p> + +<p>For a time he was kept a prisoner in his own house. On one occasion +while under guard he persuaded the sentinel to go on an errand +for him, promising to perform sentinel's duty himself; and to the great +amusement of all gravely marched before his own door with a musket on +his shoulder, until his keeper returned. This was after his trial; and +alluding to the circumstances that he had been kept prisoner, that his +guard had been removed and replaced again, he said, that "he had been +guarded, re-guarded, and disregarded."</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_277.jpg" width="400" height="596" alt="REV. MATHER BYLES, D. D." title="REV. MATHER BYLES, D. D." /> +<span class="caption">REV. MATHER BYLES, D. D.<br /> + +Born in Boston in 1706. "A man of infinite wit." Died in Boston July 5, 1788.</span> +</div> + +<p>Near his house, in wet weather, was a very bad slough. It happened +that two of the selectmen who had the care of the streets, passed that +way driving in a chaise, stuck fast in this hole, and were obliged to get +out in the mud to extricate their vehicle. Dr. Byles came out, and making<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span> +them a respectful bow, said: "Gentlemen, I have often complained to you +of this nuisance, without any attention being paid to it, and I am very +glad to see you 'stirring' in this matter now."</p> + +<p>Dr. Byles' wit created many a laugh and many an enemy. In person +he was tall and commanding. His voice was strong and harmonious and +his delivery graceful. He was intimate with General Knox, who was +a bookseller before the war. When the American troops took possession +of the town after the evacuation, Knox, who had become quite corpulent, +marched in at the head of his artillery. As he passed on Byles thought +himself privileged, on old scores, exclaimed, loud enough to be heard, +"I never saw an ox fatter in my life." When confined in his own house +and quite poor and had no money to waste on follies, he caused the +little room in which he read and wrote to be painted brown, that he might +say to every visitor, "You see, I am in a brown study."</p> + +<p>From the time of the stamp act in 1765 to the period of the revolution +the cry had been repeated in every form of phraseology, "that our +grievances should be redressed." One fine morning the multitude had +gathered on the common to see a regiment of redcoats parade there, who +had recently arrived. "Well," said the doctor, gazing at the spectacle, +"I think we can no longer complain that our grievances are not red-dressed." +"True," said one of his neighbors who were standing near, +"but you have two d's, Dr. Byles." "To be sure, sir, I have," the doctor +instantly replied, "I had them from Aberdeen in 1765."</p> + +<p>Some visitors called one morning, and Mrs. Byles unwilling to be +found at her ironing board, and desiring to hide herself, as she would +not be so caught by those ladies, the doctor put her in a closet, and +buttoned her in. After a few remarks the ladies expressed a wish +to see the doctor's curiosities, which he proceeded to exhibit; and after +entertaining them very agreeably for some time, he told them he had +kept the greatest curiosity to the last; and proceeding to the closet, unbuttoned +the door and exhibited Mrs. Byles.</p> + +<p>He had at one time a remarkably stupid and literal Irish girl as a +domestic. With a look and voice of terror he said to her in haste, "Go +and say to your mistress, Dr. Byles has put an end to himself." The +girl ran upstairs and with a face of horror, screamed, "Dr. Byles has +put an end to himself." The astonished wife and daughter ran into the +parlor—and there was the doctor, calmly waltzing about with a part of +a cow's tail, that he had picked up in the street, tied to his coat or cassock +behind.</p> + +<p>On the celebrated Dark-day in 1780 a lady who lived near the +doctor, sent her young son with her compliments, to know if he could +account for the uncommon appearance. His answer was, "My dear, +you will give my compliments to your mamma, and tell her that I am +as much in the <i>dark</i> as she is." He paid his addresses unsuccessfully to +a lady who afterwards married a gentleman of the name of Quincy; the +doctor on meeting her said: "So madam, it appears that you prefer a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span> +Quincy to Byles." "Yes, for if there had been anything worse than <i>biles</i> +God would have afflicted Job with them."</p> + +<p>Mather Byles had two daughters by his second wife, Mary born in +1750 and Katherine born in 1753. They were famous for their hospitality +and their stout, unflinching loyalty to the throne, to the last hours of their +existence. This thread of life was spun out more than half a century after +the Royal government had ceased in these States; yet they retained their +love of, and strict adherence to monarch and monarchies, and refused to +acknowledge that the Revolution had transferred their allegiance to new +rulers. One of these ladies of a by-gone age, wrote to William the Fourth, +on his accession to the throne. They had known the "sailor-king" during +the Revolution and now assured him that the family of Doctor Byles always +had been, and would continue to be, loyal to the rightful sovereign of +England.</p> + +<p>Dr. Byles continued to live in Boston after the Revolution, the last +twelve years of his life being spent in retirement. He died of paralysis +July 5th, 1788 at the age of 82. As Dr. Byles refused to be driven out and +made a refugee, or absentee, he therefore saved his property from confiscation, +and his two daughters, maiden ladies, lived and died in the old +family house at the corner of Tremont and Nassau street, now Common +street. They were repeatedly offered a great price for their dwelling, but +would not sell it, nor would they permit improvements or alterations. In +the course of improvements in Boston a part of the building had to be removed +in widening the street. This had a fatal influence upon the elder +sister; she mourned over the sacrilege, and, it is thought, died its victim. +"That," said the survivor, "is one of the consequences of living in a Republic. +Had we been living under a king, he would have cared nothing +about our little property, and we could have enjoyed it in our own way +as long as we lived. But," continued she, "there is one comfort, that +not a creature in the States will be any better for what we shall leave behind +us." She was true to her promise, for the Byles estate passed to relatives +in Halifax at their decease. One of them died in 1835, the other in +1837. They worshipped in Trinity church under which their bodies were +buried, and on Sundays wore dresses almost as old as themselves. Among +their furniture, was a pair of bellows two centuries old, a table on which +Franklin drank tea on his last visit to Boston, a chair which more than a +hundred years before the Government of England had sent as a present +to their grandfather, Lieutenant-Governor Tailer. They showed to visitors +commissions to their grandfather, signed by Queen Anne, and three of +the Georges. They talked of their walks arm-in-arm, on Boston Common, +with General Howe, and Lord Percy, while the British Army occupied +Boston. They told of his Lordship's ordering his band to play +under their window for their gratification. They took pleasure in exhibiting +the many heirlooms which were in the possession of the family +and enjoyed hearing a recitation of the bright stories of the day. The +works of Watts were sent to Byles by the author from time to time and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span> +among the treasures highly prized by the family was a presentation copy, +in quarto from Pope, of his translation of the Odyssey. At the sale of the +library of Dr. Byles a large folio Bible in French, was purchased by a +private individual. This Bible had been presented to the French-Protestant +church in Boston, by Queen Anne, and at the time when it came into +the hands of Dr. Byles was the last relic of that church, whose visible temple +had been erected in School Street about 1716.<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></p> + +<p>The bible is now preserved in the library of the Divinity School at +Cambridge and was presented in 1831 by the widow of the late Samuel +Cobb of Boston, who had bought it at the sale of Mather Byle's library.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mather Byles, Jr.</span>, D. D., a son of Rev. Mather Byles by his second +wife, was born in 1734, and married Rebecca, daughter of Rev. N. Walter +of Roxbury in 1761. He graduated in 1751 at Harvard University. +In 1757 at the age of twenty-three he was ordained at New London; his +father preached the sermon. Eleven years after, his ministry came to an +abrupt termination. Without previous intimation, he called a meeting of +his church and requested dismission, that he might accept an invitation to +become Rector of the North Episcopal, or Christ Church, Salem street, +Boston. His change to Episcopacy was soon a matter of discussion all +over New England. Among the reasons he gave in the course of the discussion +that ensued, were, that "another minister would do much better +for them than he had done or could do, for his health was infirm, and the +position of the church very bleak, the hill wearisome, he was not a country +minister, and his home and friends were all in Boston." The debate was +long and warm, and produced total alienation. April 12, 1768, the record +is "The Rev. Byles dismissed <i>himself</i> from the church and congregation." +Before the close of 1768, he was inducted into the desired rectorship; +and of Christ Church, was the third in succession. He continued +to discharge his ministerial duties until 1775, when the force of events +compelled him to abandon his flock. He was a staunch loyalist, and resigned +the rectorship of Christ Church on Easter Tuesday, 1775, meaning +to go to Portsmouth, in New Hampshire, but political tumults there, making +that impossible, he remained in Boston, and performed the duty of +chaplain to some of the regiments, until the evacuation in 1776, when he +left Boston. Accompanied by his family of four persons, he went to Halifax. +In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He settled at St. John, +New Brunswick, after the war, and was Rector of the city, and Chaplain +of the Province. He died at St. John in 1814.</p> + +<p>His daughter Rebecca, born in 1762, married W. J. Almon, M. D., +Surgeon to the Ordnance and Artillery, and died at Halifax in 1853.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mather Byles</span> (3) born in 1764, went to the British West Indies, +was Commissary General at Grenada. He married June, 1799, Mary, +eldest daughter of Chief Justice Bridgewater of Grenada. The writer +was at St. George, Grenada, in 1907, and saw there in the Episcopal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span> +Church a marble tablet erected to the memory of Mather Byles of Boston, +by his Brother Belcher. He died Dec. 17, 1802.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Elizabeth</span>, born in 1767, married William Scoville, Esq., of St. +John, and died in 1808.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Anna</span>, born at Boston, married General Thomas DesBrisay, Lieut. +General in the Army, Commandant at Halifax in 1799.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Belcher</span> was born in 1780 at Halifax, and died in England in 1815.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mather Brown</span>, was a grandson of Rev. Mather Byles (1). His +mother was Elizabeth, born in 1737, who married in 1760 Gawler Brown +and died in 1763.</p> + +<p>Mather Brown went to Europe in 1780, with a letter of introduction +from his grandfather to Harrison Gray, Esq., London, a firm friend of +the family. Mr. Copley had likewise been intimate with Dr. Byles before +he left Boston. He also gave him a letter addressed by the old patriarch +"To Mr. Copley in the Solar system." In a letter dated Paris 23, 1781, +he writes: "Dr. Franklin has given me a pass, and recommendatory letter +to the famous Mr. West. He treats me with the utmost politeness; has +given me an invitation to his home. I delivered him my grandfather's +message, he expressed himself with the greatest esteem and affection for +him, and has since introduced me at Versailles, as being grandson to one +of his most particular friends in America."</p> + +<p>In his first letter from London, 1781, he writes: "In consequence of +the recommendation of Dr. Franklin, who gave me letters to his fellow +townsman, the famous Mr. West of Philadelphia, I practice gratis with +this gentleman, who affords me every encouragement, as well as Mr. Copley, +who is particularly kind to me, welcomed me to his home, and lent +me his pictures, etc. At my arrival Mr. Treasurer Gray carried me +and introduced me to Lord George Germaine." In a letter in 1783 he +wrote: "I have exhibited four pictures in the exhibition; the king and +queen were there yesterday." In 1784: "I have painted several Americans. +Yesterday I had two pictures shown his royal highness, the Prince of +Wales. They were carried to the palace by his page. He criticised them, +and thought them strong likenesses. I believe I never told you that the +king knew a picture of mine in the last exhibition, of the keeper of Windsor +Castle, and took particular notice of Mr. Gray's picture; asked him +who it was, and who did it, and what book he had in his hand. Mr. West +told him it was the treasurer of Boston painted by his pupil, a young man, +Mr. Brown of America. The king asked him what part. He told him +Massachusetts." In 1785 he writes: "Among other great people I have +painted, Sir William Pepperell and family, and Hon. John Adams, ambassador +to His Britannic Majesty. On the 20th of June, I had the +honor to be introduced to the Duke of Northumberland at his palace; +his Grace received me with the utmost politeness."</p> + +<p>Mather Brown became afterwards artist to the king, a worthy successor +to Copley. And thus two Boston-born boys filled this honorable +position.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE HALLOWELL FAMILY OF BOSTON.</h2> + + +<p>Robert Hallowell arrived in Boston from London, in 1764 and +entered upon his duties as Comptroller of the Customs. He was Collector +of the Customs at Portsmouth, New Hampshire before the age of +twenty-five. In 1765, Sabine says, "A mob surrounded his elegant house in +Hanover Street, tore down his fences, broke his windows, and forcing +the doors at last destroyed furniture, stole money, scattered books and +papers, and drank of the wines in the cellar to drunkenness."</p> + +<p>In 1768 Hallowell ordered Hancock's vessel, the <i>Liberty</i>, seized for +smuggling wine, to be removed from the wharf to a place covered by the +guns of the <i>Romney</i> frigate; and in the affray which occurred, received +wounds and bruises that at the time seemed fatal.</p> + +<p>He removed his office to Plymouth, June 1, 1774, when the port of +Boston was closed. In 1775, he was an Addresser of Gage; and the year +following with his family of five persons, he accompanied the British +Army to Halifax. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He went to +England and resided at Bristol. Hallowell came to the United States +in 1788 and in 1790—as the executor of his own father and of his wife's +father. In 1792 he removed to Boston with his family, and lived in the +homestead on Batterymarch Street, which because of his mother's life +interest, had not been confiscated. He was kindly received and became +intimate with some distinguished citizens.</p> + +<p>In 1816, when failing in health, he went to Gardiner, Maine to reside +with his son, and died there April, 1818, in his seventy-ninth year. His +wife was Hannah, daughter of Doctor Sylvester Gardiner. His two daughters, +Hannah and Anne, died unmarried. His son, the Hon. Robert +Hallowell, became a gentleman of great wealth and a highly respected +citizen. Two of Mr. Hallowell's sisters died in England; Sarah, wife +of Samuel Vaughan, in 1809; and Anne, widow of General Gould, in +1812.</p> + +<p>The towns of Hallowell and Gardiner on the Kennebec River are +named after their families.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Hallowell</span> of Boston, brother of Robert Hallowell, was +Commissioner of the Customs. In early life he commanded a small armed +vessel, and during the war ending in the conquest of Canada, commanded +the province twenty-gun ship, "King George," rendering essential service +notably at the retaking of Newfoundland.</p> + +<p>Captain Hallowell's acceptance of the office of Mandamus Councillor +made him a special object of public detestation.</p> + +<p>On September 2, 1774, while the mob were assembled on Cambridge +Common to receive the resignations of Danforth, Lee, and Oliver as Mandamus +Councillors, Hallowell passed on his way to Roxbury. About +one hundred and sixty horsemen pursued him at full gallop. Some of the +leaders however, prudently dissuaded them from proceeding and they returned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span> +and dismounted, except for one man who followed Hallowell to +Roxbury and caused him much annoyance. Through the action of the +mob he was obliged to seek protection in Boston and leave his mansion +which was built in 1738. It was used afterwards by the disunion forces +as a hospital for the camp at Roxbury and his pleasure grounds were converted +into a place of burial for the soldiers who died there.</p> + +<p>In March, 1776, Captain Hallowell accompanied the British army to +Halifax with his family of six persons. In July, 1776, he sailed for +England in the ship Aston Hall. While at Halifax he wrote: "If I can +be of the least service to either army or navy I will stay in America until +the Rebellion is subdued."</p> + +<p>The British Government granted him lands in Manchester, and two +other towns in Nova Scotia, and a township in Upper Canada, which +bears his name. He was a large proprietor of lands on the Kennebec, +Maine, prior to the Revolution, but in 1778, he was proscribed and banished +and included in the Conspiracy Act a year later, and his entire estate +confiscated. His mansion house in Roxbury was seized and sold +by the State, but as the fee was in Mrs. Hallowell, her heirs sued to recover +of the person who held under the deed of the Commission of Confiscation +and obtained judgement in 1803 in the United States Circuit +Court, by which she recovered the property.</p> + +<p>In 1784, when Mrs. Adams, the wife of the first minister from the +United States was in England, she relates that both Mr. Hallowell and +his wife treated her with respect and kindness. They also urged her to +take lodgings with them, but this she declined. She records, too, that +they lived in handsome style but not as splendidly as when in Boston. She +accepted an invitation to "an unceremonious family dinner" as Mrs. Hallowell +called it and met the Rev. Dr. Walter, Rector of Trinity Church, and +two other gentlemen who belonged to Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>On visiting Boston in 1796, Captain Hallowell was accompanied by +his daughter, Mrs. Emsley, whose husband had just been appointed Chief +Justice of Upper Canada. During his stay the odium which attached to +his official relations to the Crown seemed to have been forgotten, since he +was received by his former associates with the greatest kindness and +hospitality. He died at York (Toronto) Upper Canada, in 1799, aged +seventy-five, and was the last survivor of the Board of Commissioners.</p> + +<p>Captain Hallowell had two sons, both of whom changed their names. +<span class="smcap">Ward Nicholas Hallowell's</span> name was changed to Boylston. He was +born in Boston in 1749. Sabine says: "I have before me the original license +bearing the signature of George III by which he was authorized +to change his name;" it recites—"That Nicholas Boylston, his uncle by +his mother's side has conceived a very great affection for him, the petitioner, +and has promised to leave him at his death, certain estates which +are very considerable, etc." In early life he made a tour of Europe, visiting +Italy, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and along the coast of Barbary; +and arrived in England in 1775 through France, and Flanders. He dined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span> +at Governor Hutchinson's, London, with some fellow Loyalists, July 29, +1775, and entertained the company with an account of his travels, and, +at subsequent periods, exhibited the curiosities which he brought from +the Holy Land, Egypt, and other countries to the unhappy exiles from his +native state.</p> + +<p>In the Autumn of the next year, he was in lodgings at Shepton Mallet. +He became a member of the Loyalist Association, formed in London +in 1799. In 1800 he returned to Boston and laid claim to his father's +estate that had been confiscated and sold, as being the property of his +mother in her own right. Having assumed her name of Boylston, he +obtained the estate by due process of law, as previously stated. In 1810 +he presented Harvard College with a valuable collection of medical and +anatomical works and engravings. He took his mother's name of Boylston, +and thus claimed the family estate. He died at his seat in Roxbury, +January 7, 1828.</p> + +<p>He was a gentleman of education and took an active interest in the +Roxbury schools. His liberality is commemorated by a school, and a +street named after him, Boylston street being one of the principal streets +in Boston.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir Benjamin Hallowell</span> (Carew), another son of Captain Hallowell, +who, succeeding to the estates of the Carews of Beddington, assumed +the name and arms of that family. He was one of the eight Boston +boys who subsequently attained high rank in the British service. Admiral +Sir Isaac Coffin, Sir Benjamin Hallowell (Carew), John Singleton +Copley, the younger, who became Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Chancellor of +England, General Sir John Coffin, Hugh Mackay Gordon, Sir David Ochterlony, +Sir Roger Hale Sheaff, Sir Aston Coffin.</p> + +<p>Entering the royal navy during the American war he was at the time +of his death in 1834, an admiral of the Blue in the British Navy, G. C. +B., K. St. F. M. His commission as Lieutenant, bears date August, +1781; as Captain, in 1793; as Rear-Admiral, in 1811; as Vice-Admiral, +in 1819. He was made a Knight Commander of the Bath in 1819, and +was promoted to the rank of Grand Cross in 1831.</p> + +<p>His employments at sea were various and arduous. He was with +Rodney in the memorable battle with De Grasse; also at the siege of Bastia; +and in command of a ship-of-the-line under Hotham, in the encounter +with the French off the Hieres Islands. He served as a volunteer on +board the <i>Victory</i>, in the battle of Cape St. Vincent. In the battle, Admiral +Jarvis took his official post on the quarter deck of the Victory. Calder, the +captain of the fleet kept bringing reports of the increasing numbers, observed +till he reached twenty-seven, and said something of the disparity. +Enough of that, said Jarvis, the die is cast and if there are fifty sail, I +will go through them. Hallowell could not contain himself. He slapped +the great admiral on the back, crying "That's right, Sir John, and by God, +we'll give them a damned good licking." He was in command of the +<i>Swiftsure</i> of seventy-four guns, and contributed essentially to Nelson's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span> +victory in the battle of the Nile. From a part of the mainmast of +L'Orient, which was picked up by the <i>Swiftsure</i>, Hallowell directed his +carpenter to make a coffin, which was sent to Nelson with the following +letter:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"Sir, I have taken the liberty of presenting you a coffin made from +the mainmast of L'Orient, that when you have finished your military +career in this world, you may be buried in one of your trophies. But that +that period may be far distant is the earnest wish of your sincere friend,</p> + +<p class="signature"> +"<span class="smcap">Benjamin Hallowell</span>."<br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<p>Southey, in his "Life of Nelson," remarks: "An offering so strange +and yet so suited to the occasion, was received in the spirit in which it was +sent. And, as if he felt it good for him, now that he was at the summit +of his wishes, to have death before his eyes, he ordered the coffin to be +placed upright in his cabin. An old favorite servant entreated him so earnestly +to let it be removed, that at length he consented to have the coffin +carried below; but he gave strict orders that it should be safely stowed, +and reserved for the purpose for which its brave and worthy donor had +designed it."</p> + +<p>In 1799, Sir Benjamin was engaged in the attacks on the castles of +St. Elmo and Capua, and was honored with the Neapolitan Order of St. +Ferdinand and Merit. Two years later he fell in with the French squadron, +and surrendered his ship—the Swiftsure—after a sharp contest. +During the peace of Amiens, he was stationed on the coast of Africa. He +was with Hood in the reduction of St. Lucia and Tobago; with Nelson +in the West Indies; in command of the convoy of the second expedition +to Egypt; with Martin, off the mouth of the Rhone, where he assisted in +driving on shore several French ships-of-war; and in the Mediterranean. +His last duty seems to have been performed on the Irish station. He died +at Beddington Park, in 1834, at the age of seventy-three. His wife was +a daughter of Commissioner Inglefield, of Gibraltar Dock-yard. His son +and heir, Charles Hallowell Carew who at the time of his decease, had attained +the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy, and who married Mary, +the daughter of Sir Murray Maxwell, C. B., died at the Park, in 1848. +In 1851 his fifth son, Robert Hallowell Carew, late captain in the 36th +Regiment, married Ann Roycroft, widow of Walter Tyson Smythes.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO BENJAMIN HALLOWELL IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY, AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Samuel Gardner Jarvis, July 24, 1780: Lib. 131, fol. 230 Farm, 7 1-2 A., and +dwelling-house in Roxbury, Jamaica Plain N.W.; road by widow Parker's N.E.; +Joseph Williams S.E.; heirs of Capt. Newell, deceased, S.W.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Coffin Jones, Mar. 15, 1782; Lib. 134, fol. 60; Land and brick dwelling-house +in Boston, Hanover St. N.; heirs of Alexander Chamberlain, deceased, and heirs +of Miles Whitworth, deceased, W.; land in occupation of Samuel Sumner S. and +W.; said Sumner and Joseph Scott, an absentee, S.; said Scott and heirs of +Benjamin Andrews, deceased, E.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Coffin Jones, Mar. 15, 1782; Lib. 134, fol. 62; Land and dwelling-house in +Boston, land purchased by said Jones N.; Joseph Scott E.; S. and E.; said Scott +and Sampson Mason S. and E.; Masons Court S.; heirs of Miles Whitworth, +deceased, W.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illo_285.jpg" width="450" height="307" alt="THE OLD VASSALL HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE" title="THE OLD VASSALL HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE." /> +<span class="caption">THE OLD VASSALL HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE.<br /> + +Occupied during the siege of Boston by Dr. Benjamin Church, Surgeon-General, who was arrested and confined here +until his trial.</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE VASSALLS.</h2> + + +<p>John Vassall, the first member of this illustrious family of which +anything is definitely known, was an alderman of London, and in 1588 fitted +out and commanded two ships of war to oppose the Spanish Armada. +He was descended from an ancient French family traced back to about +the eleventh century of the house of Du Vassall, Barons de guerdon, in +Querci, Perigord.</p> + +<p>John Vassall had two sons, Samuel and William. Samuel was one of +the original patentees of lands in Massachusetts in 1628. His monument +in King's Chapel, Boston, erected by Florentinus Vassall, his great +grandson, in 1766, sets forth that he was "a steady and undaunted asserter +of the liberties of England in 1628, he was the first who boldly refused +to submit to the tax of tonnage and poundage, an unconstitutional +claim of the crown arbitrarily imposed for which to the ruin of his family, +his goods were seized and his person imprisoned by the star chamber +court, the Parliament in July, 1641, voted him £10,445:12:2 for his damages, +and resolved that he should be further considered for his personal +sufferings."</p> + +<p>His name headed the subscription list to raise money against the +rebels in Ireland, and his whole life was indicative of the energy and liberality +which characterized many of his descendants.</p> + +<p>His son, <span class="smcap">William Vassall</span>, born about 1590, was the first of his +name who came to America. He was an assistant in the Massachusetts +Bay Company and one of the original patentees of New England. In +June, 1635, he embarked with his wife and six children on board the Blessing, +for New England. He undoubtedly settled at first in Roxbury, +for in the church record of that town is the following entry: "Mrs. Anna +Vassaile, the wife of Mr. William Vassaile. Her husband brought five +children to this land, Judith, Frances, John, Margaret, Mary." Also one +other, Anne, who afterwards married Nicolas Ware.</p> + +<p>William Vassall removed later to Scituate, where he proved himself +to be an ever staunch Episcopalian. The Puritans had strong suspicion +of him always as "inclining to the Bishops." While he lived in Scituate +he was regarded as a highly respectable citizen and of "a busy and factious +spirit." He was proprietor of a large estate, which bore the name +of Newland. In 1646 he sailed to England for the redress of wrongs in +the government and never returned, but in 1648 removed to Barbados and +resided in the parish of St. Michael, where he died in 1655, aged 65 years. +He bequeathed to his son John one-third of his real estate and the remainder +to his five daughters. His Scituate estate consisted of about 120 acres, +with house, barns, and the privilege of "making an oyster bed in North +River," before his house. The estate was conveyed by Joshua Hubbard +to John Cushen and Mathyas Briggs for £120.</p> + +<p>His daughter Judith married Resolved White, the eldest brother of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> +Peregrine White, at Scituate, 1640. Frances married James Adams at +Marshfield 1646. Ann married Nicholas Ware of Virginia. Margaret +married Joshua Hubbard of Scituate. Mary was unmarried and alive at +Barbados in 1655.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Vassall</span>, only son of William Vassall, born about 1625. In +1643 his name is on the militia roll of Scituate, and later bore the rank of +captain. In 1652 he sold his house in Boston for £59. In 1661 he sold +his Scituate estates and removed, it is supposed, to Cape Fear, N. C, and +later to the West Indies.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Vassall</span>, the only son of Samuel, whose monument is in King's +Chapel, married Ann, the daughter of John Lewis, an English resident of +Geno. He went to Jamaica shortly after it was taken in 1655, and laid +the foundation of the great estate which his posterity enjoyed until the +emancipation in 1834. He had two sons, William and Leonard, from +whom descended all of the name of which there is any subsequent record.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Leonard Vassall</span>, son of said William, was born in Jamaica, 1678, +and was twice married. His first wife was Ruth Gale, of Jamaica by +whom he had seventeen children. She died in Boston in 1733. His second +wife was widow Phebe Goss, by whom he had one daughter. He removed +to Boston previous to 1723. He was early connected with Christ +Church. In 1730 he was instrumental in founding Trinity church. The +original building was built on land which he had purchased of William +Speakman, baker, 1728, for £450. The lot covered by the church was +bounded by Seven-starr Lane (Summer street), 86 feet and 169 feet on +Bishop's Lane (Hawley street), and is nearly opposite the estate which he +purchased in 1727 of Simeon Stoddard, and where he resided until his +death. He had large and valuable estates in Braintree and Jamaica.</p> + +<p>John and William Vassall, two of Major Leonard's sons, were important +men in Boston, and added much to the prosperity of the town.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Vassall</span>, the elder brother of William, was born in the West +Indies Sept. 7, 1713, and graduated from Harvard college in 1732. In +1734 he married Elizabeth, the daughter of Lieut. Gov. Spencer Phips by +whom he had four children, and later he married Lucy, the daughter of +Jonathan Barren of Chelmsford by whom he had one child. He resided +in Cambridge most of his life and died there November 27, 1747. December +30, 1741, John Vassall conveyed to his brother Henry (a planter +who had married Penelope the daughter of Isaac Royal of Antigua), in +consideration of £9050 over seven acres of land in Cambridge, with dwelling +house, barn and outhouses. During the Revolution, no doubt, this +house was the headquarters of the Surgeon-General and perhaps a hospital. +Dr. Benjamin Church, after he was detected in correspondence +with the enemy, was arrested here and confined to his quarters until trial, +and left a record of his occupation of the house by his name, cut with a +penknife on one of the doors of his chamber, which is still legible though +since covered with several coats of paint.</p> + +<p>After the death of John Vassall, his son, who was also known by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> +name of John, erected the house in Cambridge, which has since become +famous through Washington's connection with it, as during the Revolution +it was used as his headquarters, and afterwards it was the home of +Prof. Henry W. Longfellow.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Major John Vassall</span>, the grandson of Leonard Vassall, was born +in Cambridge, June 12, 1738, and graduated from Harvard College in +1757. He erected a beautiful edifice on the estate inherited from his father +and occupied it until driven from it by the rage of the mob. The estate +was confiscated in 1774 and he removed to Boston for protection, and +in that city continued to dwell upon the estate adjoining that of his uncle, +William Vassall, on Pemberton Hill, until 1776.</p> + +<p>At the commencement of the Revolution he was obliged to flee +with his family to England. He had large possessions in Cambridge, +Boston and Dorchester,<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> all of which were confiscated and himself exiled, +soon after he departed from home. He joined the British army in +Halifax, and from there sailed to England. He died there suddenly, October +2, 1796. An obituary published in the "Gentleman's Magazine" said +of him, "he had a very considerable property in America where he lived +in princely style." Sometime after the disturbances took place, having +taken a very active part and spared no expense to support the royal cause, +he left his possessions there to the ravagers, and having fortunately very +large estates in Jamaica, he came with his family to England. He carried +his loyalty so far as not to use the family motto, "Soepe pro rege, semper +pro republica."</p> + +<p>In 1774 he had been addresser of Hutchinson and for this great offence +to the mobs, he was driven from his home, his property was confiscated +and he was exiled. During his residence in England, he seems to +have lived near Bristol and died at Clifton. A part of the Jamaica grant +was still in the family, and his several children inherited a competence. +His wife Elizabeth, sister of Lieut.-Gov. Thomas Oliver, died +at Clifton, in 1807. His children were John, who died at Lyndhurst, in +the year 1800; Thomas Oliver, who died in England in 1807; Elizabeth; +Robert Oliver, who became a member of the Council of Jamaica, and died +at Abington Hall, in that island in 1827; a second Elizabeth, who married +a Mr. Lemaistre and died at Cheltenham, in 1856; Leonard and Mary, +who alone was born in England, who married Mr. Archer, and who with +her only child, deceased, at Clifton, in 1806.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Spencer Thomas Vassall</span>, son of the aforesaid John Vassall, born +at Cambridge, Mass., 1764. Entered the British Army as Ensign at the +age of twelve years. He rose to the command of the 38th regiment, and +was regarded as one of the bravest officers in the service. He was mortally +wounded at the storming of Monte Video, in 1807. His remains were +taken to England and buried in St. Paul's church, Bristol, where there is a +monument to his memory. His son, Spencer Lambert Hunter, who died +in 1846, was a Knight and a captain in the Royal Navy. His other son,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span> +Rawdon John Popham, was a colonel in the Royal Artillery. His youngest +daughter Catherine married Thomas L. Marchant Saumerez, son of +the admiral.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Vassall</span>, brother of Major John Vassall, was born in Jamaica, +November 23, 1715, and graduated at Harvard College in 1733. In +1774 he was appointed Mandamus Councillor, but was not sworn. He +was also sheriff of Middlesex County. He owned considerable property, +and was the possessor of a fine estate near Bristol, R. I. He was prominent +among the Loyalists of Boston, and was singled out early as an enemy +to the Revolutionary cause. He was proscribed and banished and obliged +to flee with his family to England. Mr. Vassall was for many years connected +with King's Chapel, Boston, and in 1785 protested by proxy against +the change in the Liturgy and the unauthorized ordination of James Freeman.</p> + +<p>The confiscation of his estate gave rise to a singular suit. As the +Federal Constitution was adopted, a State could be sued; and, at Mr. +Vassall's instance, proceedings against Massachusetts were commenced in +the court of the United States; and Hancock, who was governor, was summoned +as defendant in the case; he however declined to appear, and soon +after the eleventh amendment to the Constitution put an end to the right of +Loyalists to test the validity of the Confiscation Acts of the Revolution. +Mr. Vassall died at Battersea Rise, England, in 1800, aged eighty-five. +He was upright, generous, and loving. Church and society lost in him +an eager, zealous advocate, an upright Christian, of an honorable and unblemished +reputation. His first wife, Ann Davis, bore him Sarah, four +named William, two named Fanny, Francis, Lucretia, Henry and Catherine. +His second wife, Margaret Hubbard, was the mother of Margaret, +Ann, Charlotte, Leonard and Nathaniel. Each wife had twins. Nathaniel, +the youngest son, a captain in the Royal Navy, died in London in 1832.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Vassall</span>, son of the preceding William Vassall, was born +in Boston in 1753, and graduated at Harvard College in 1771. He was +a Loyalist and went to England. He inherited the bulk of his father's +property in the West Indies, which descended to his nephew, Rev. William +Vassall, rector of Hardington, England, "but so burdened and deteriorated +in consequence of emancipation of the slaves that it was not worth +anything," and that gentleman declined to administer upon it. He died +at the Weston House, near Totness, December 2, 1843. Ann, his widow, +died at the same place October 1846, aged seventy-five years.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Florentinus Vassall</span> was the son of William Vassall and a great-grandson +of Samuel, to whose memory he erected the beautiful marble +monument in King's Chapel, when he was in Boston in 1766. He was +here again in 1775 and in that year went to England. He was born in +Jamaica, and lived there the greater part of his life. He died in London +in 1778.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 605px;"> +<img src="images/illo_289.jpg" width="605" height="400" alt="COLONEL JOHN VASSELL'S MANSION." title="COLONEL JOHN VASSELL'S MANSION, CAMBRIDGE" /> +<span class="caption">COLONEL JOHN VASSELL'S MANSION, CAMBRIDGE.<br /> + +Washington's headquarters during the siege of Boston afterwards known as the Craigle and Longfellow House.</span> +</div> + +<p>Of the immense domain fifteen miles wide on both sides of the Kennebec +River, extending from the vicinity of Merry Meeting Bay to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span>southerly line of the town of Norridgwock, he was the owner of one twenty-fourth +part. In his will, executed in 1776, he gave to his son Richard +and to Richard's daughter, Elizabeth, life estate in these lands, and +then devised them in entail to his male children. The bequest proved +of little value to either. After the lapse of years the rights of Elizabeth +and her son Henry were transferred separately to parties in Boston, to +test the title which was claimed by squatters. Three of them were sued +in the name of the son. The cases were carried up to the United States +Supreme Court, where it was decided that during his mother's life, he +could not maintain an action. After her decease, suit against one settler +was renewed, but on intimation by the court that fifty years' possession +was sufficient to presume a grant, or title without consideration, another +point, namely, whether the right of the plaintiff to recover was barred by +the statute of limitation. The defendant paid a small sum for the land +he occupied, and each party his own costs. Thus in 1851 terminated litigation, +which for a long time was the subject of great interest on the Kennebec, +and elsewhere in Maine. This granddaughter Elizabeth was a remarkable +woman. Those who knew her speak of her as brilliant and +witty, as possessed of queenly grace of manner, as well informed, of wonderful +tact, and of excellent sense. Her first husband was Sir Godfrey +Webster, Bart. By this marriage she was the mother of Sir Godfrey Vassall +Webster, Bart., who died in 1836, of Lieut-Col. Sir Henry Vassall +Webster, K. T. S., of the British Army, who died in London in 1847, aged +54, and of Harriet, who married Admiral Sir Fleetwood B. Reynolds C. B. +K. C. H., who died at Florence in 1849, leaving an only child, the wife +of the son and heir of the Earl of Oxford. Another son, Charles Richard +Fox, whose father was Lord Holland, married Mary Fitzclarence, second +daughter of King William IV., and who, in 1845 was a colonel in the +army, and aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria.</p> + +<p>In 1797 Lady Webster married Lord Holland, who took by sign-manual +the surname of Vassal which, however, was not assumed by his +children. As Lady Holland, she was the mother of three children, who +died young, of Henry Holland, who became at the death of his father, +Lord Holland, of Mary Elizabeth, wife of Lord Lilford, and of Georgianna +Anne who died in 1819.</p> + +<p>The friendly feelings of Bonaparte towards Lady Holland, especially +after the peace of Amiens, is well known, and that in return "for the +many acts of kindness, which she had bestowed upon him" he left her a +gold snuff box which had been presented to him by Pope Pius VI., containing +a card with these words: "L'Empereur to Lady Holland, temoigne +de satisfaction et d'estime." She died at London, in 1845, aged 75. +Among her bequests were the income of an estate, about £1500 per annum, +to Lord John Russell, for his life, and a legacy of £100 to Macaulay +the historian.</p> + +<p>"The Vassall family has ever been distinguished for enterprise, magnanimity, +and noble bearing. If some of this name were not only often,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span> +but always, for their king it must be admitted that they made as great +sacrifices to loyalty as did their forefathers to liberty."</p> + +<p>The Vassals were connected by marriage and business dealings with +the Olivers and Royalls. All three families had acquired great wealth +in the West Indies, and although they lost their great possessions in New +England, by the Confiscation Act, yet they were much better situated than +their fellow sufferers as they retained their West Indian estates till they, +too, became worthless, after the emancipation of the slaves.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO JOHN VASSAL IN SUFFOLK +COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To John Williams, Sept. 25. 1781; Lib. 133, fol. 110; Land 3 1-2 A., and buildings in +Dorchester, the high road S. and W.; Ebenezer and Lemuel Clap N.; Zebadiah +Williams E.——1-2 A South of the above, Mr. Jeffries E.; the high road on +the other side.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Isaiah Doane, Jan. 8, 1784; Lib. 141, fol. 2; Land and buildings in Boston. Tremont +St. E; heirs of John Jefferies deceased S.; heirs of Jeremiah Allen deceased, William +Vassall and heirs of Joseph Sherburne W.; William Vassall and land of the +old brick church N.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>GENERAL ISAAC ROYALL.</h2> + + +<p>William Royall, the first member of this family of which there is +anything definitely known, emigrated to Salem probably during the year +of 1629. He had a grant of land there known as "Royall's side" or "Ryall's +Neck." He married, at Boston or Malden, Phoebe Green. He was +in Casco Bay as early as 1635. His house was built on the south side of +what was afterwards known as Royall's River, near its mouth, in North +Yarmouth. Here he lived until the troubles with the neighboring Indians, +which induced him to remove to Dorchester in 1675, accompanied by his +son William, who was born probably at the Casco settlement in 1640. He +was a carpenter by occupation, and died in 1724, in the 85th year of his +age, and is buried in the tomb built by his son Isaac in the Dorchester +burying ground.</p> + +<p>Isaac Royall, son of the aforesaid William, born probably at the settlement +in Casco Bay about 1672. He early settled at Boston, and engaged +in trade, making frequent voyages to Antigua and other West India +islands. He married, according to Boston records, on July 1, 1697, Elizabeth, +daughter of Asaph Eliot and grandniece of the apostle to the Indians +of that name. His wife was the widow of one Oliver, probably of +Dorchester.</p> + +<p>For a period of forty years Isaac Royall was a resident of +Antigua, although his frequent presence in Boston during that time is +evinced by his signature to conveyances. His name first appears on the +Suffolk records in a mortgage deed given by himself and wife on the 24th +August, 1697, he then being styled a "merchant of Boston." His trading<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span> +operations between 1704 and 1710 with the West Indies, proved the foundation +of his fortune.</p> + +<p>On December 26, 1732, he purchased of the heirs of Lieutenant +Governor Usher the estate in Charlestown (Medford) containing about +five hundred acres. The large Mansion house was built by Usher, but +has since become widely known as the Royall Mansion. It was one of +the finest and most pretentious residences of the time within the suburbs +of Boston. It is described by a visitor at that time as "A fine Country +Seat belonging to Mr. Isaac Royall, being one of the grandest in N. America." +This mansion was greatly added to, and almost rebuilt by the +wealthy West Indian planter. He petitioned the General Court in December, +1737, that he might not be taxed on the twenty-seven slaves which he +brought with him from Antigua. "That he removed from Antigua with +his family, and brought with him among other things, and chattels, a +parcel of negroes, designed for his own use, and not any of them for merchandise."</p> + +<p>Isaac Royall, the builder of this mansion, did not live long to enjoy +his princely estate, dying in 1739, not long after its completion. His +widow, who survived him eight years, died in this house, and was interred +from Colonel Oliver's in Dorchester April 25, 1747. The pair share the +same tomb in the old Dorchester burying place. His daughter Penelope +married Colonel Henry Vassall of Cambridge in 1742. He died in 1769, +and she died in Boston in 1800, aged 76.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General Isaac Royall</span>, a son, who was born in Antigua, probably +in 1719, married Elizabeth McIntosh in 1738, but lived mostly in Boston. +He became an extensive purchaser of lands in various parts of the State, +and was one of the original proprietors of the township of Royalston in +Worcester County. He was a member of the Artillery Company of Boston +in 1750, was made a brigadier general in 1761, the first of that title +among Americans. He was elected by the House a Councillor of the +Province, and served in that office until 1774, completing +twenty-three years of consecutive service.</p> + +<p>Much has been written of this man's position at the time of the colonial +disturbances in 1774. Possessed of large wealth, and the influence +that riches and education carried with them, his course was watched by +the people with intense anxiety. He was known to have much in common +with the faithful band of Loyalists, who were gathered about Cambridge +and Boston, yet he was still faithful to the people's church, and +most of his family ties held him to the popular cause. A long letter, +written by him to Lord Dartmouth, dated in January of 1774, exists in +the archives of the Massachusetts Historical Society's Proceedings, 1873-1875, +page 179. Harris says, "there can be no good reason for doubting the +sincerity of his sympathy with the people, and although, when the time +came to make a choice, he was prevailed upon to adhere to the side of the +government, there is abundant evidence of his continued love towards +New England and his desire to return and end his days here." How<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span> +much harder was it then for a man in his position to make the great sacrifices +he did, to give up his loved home and his property, all for the +cause of his King.</p> + +<p>He wrote to Lord Dartmouth, "I am conscious that in all public affairs +I have made the honor of my king and the real Interests and Peace +of my country the ultimate end of all my transactions. I am so to live +in this world as that I may be happy in another, and no man more ardently +wishes and earnestly prays to the God of Peace for the Restoration of +those happy days, which formerly subsisted between us and our mother +country than I do."</p> + +<p>Three days before the battle of Lexington, Colonel Royall took his +departure from Medford. He drove in his chariot, which was one of +the few in this vicinity, to Boston, and never again returned.</p> + +<p>The mansion itself was indeed one of the finest of colonial residences, +standing, as it did, in the midst of elegant surroundings. In the front, +or what is now the west side, was the paved court. Reaching farther +west were the extensive gardens, opening from the courtyard, a broad +path leading to the summer house. The slave quarters were at the south. +The brick slave quarters have remained unchanged, and are the last visible +relics of slavery in New England. The deep fireplace where the slaves +prepared their food is still in place, and the roll of slaves has certainly +been called in sight of Bunker Hill, though never upon its summit.</p> + +<p>The interior woodwork of the house is beautifully carved, especially +the drawing room, guest chamber, and staircase. The walls are panelled, +and the carving on either side of the windows is very fine, that in the guest +chamber being the most elaborate.</p> + +<p>One interested in colonial architecture may wander for hours +through this noble house, and yet feel that there is more to learn. The +dark cellar, full of passages, the garret with its corners, and the secret +staircase so often searched for, yet undiscovered, all furnish good material +for imaginary pictures of the Revolutionary days of our ancestors.</p> + +<p>The Royall mansion is now owned and occupied by "The Royall +House Association" and is open for the public.</p> + +<p>When Colonel Royall left his mansion he had prepared to take passage +from Salem to Antigua, but, having gone into Boston, the Sunday +previous to the battle of Lexington, and remained there until that affair +occurred, he was, by the course of events, shut up in the town. He sailed +for Halifax very soon, still intending, as he says, for Antigua, but on the +arrival of his son-in-law. George Erving, and his daughter, with the +troops from Boston, he was by them persuaded to sail for England, +whither his other son-in-law, Sir William Pepperell, had preceded.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 585px;"> +<img src="images/illo_293.jpg" width="585" height="400" alt="GENERAL ISAAC ROYALL'S MANSION" title="GENERAL ISAAC ROYALL'S MANSION, MEDFORD" /> +<span class="caption">GENERAL ISAAC ROYALL'S MANSION, MEDFORD.<br /> + +He was kind to his slaves, charitable to the poor and friendly to everybody.</span> +</div> + +<p>Upon his arrival in England, he exchanged visits with Governors +Pownall, Bernard, and Hutchinson. Colonel Royall after the loss of some +of his nearest relatives and of his own health, requested that he be allowed +to return "home" to Medford and to be buried by the side of his wife, his +father and mother, and the rest of his friends. He would fain have lived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span> +in amity with all men and with his king too, but the Revolution engulfed +him. But he is not forgotten. He died in England 1781, his large hearted +benevolence showed itself in many bequests to that country that had +driven him forth and to which he was an alien. He bequeathed upwards +of two thousand acres of land in Worcester County to found the first +Law Professorship of Harvard University and his other bequests were +numerous and liberal. He has a town (Royalston) in Massachusetts +named for him, and is remembered with affection in the place of his former +abode. His virtues and popularity at first saved his estate, as his +name was not included with those of his sons-in-law, Sir William Pepperell +and George Erving, in the "conspirators act," but on the representation +of the selectmen of Medford "<i>that he went voluntarily to our +enemies</i>" his property was taken under the confiscation act and forfeited. +It was held by the State until 1805, when it was released by the Commonwealth, +owing to the large bequests that Colonel Royall made to the public. +It was then purchased by Robert Fletcher, who divided the estate +up into house lots and sold them to various persons.</p> + +<p>General Royall's mansion was the centre of great festivities, and the +most noted families of Boston and vicinity were entertained there. He +was noted for his hospitality and was always generous and charitable to +the poor, and an excellent citizen. Brooks in his "History of Medford" +says hospitality was almost a passion with him. No home in the Colony +was more open to friends, no gentleman gave better dinners, or drank +costlier wines. As a master he was kind to his slaves, charitable to the +poor, and friendly to everybody.</p> + +<p>He was a most accurate man and in his daily journal minutely described +every visitor, topic, and incident and even descended to recording +what slippers he wore and when he went to bed. Some one said in +speaking of Colonel Isaac Royall, "it is not that he loved the colonies less +but England more." Among his bequests was a legacy of plate to +the first church of Medford, and legacies to the clergymen, and while +a member of the House of Representatives, he presented the chandelier +which adorned its hall.</p> + +<p>After the departure of General Royall from his beautiful home, it +was taken possession of by the rebels who came pouring into the environs +of Boston and laid siege to same. Colonel, afterwards General, John +Stark,<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> made the mansion his headquarters, and his New Hampshire troops +pitched their camp in the adjacent grounds. It was afterwards +occupied by General Lee, who took up his quarters in the mansion, whose +echoing corridors suggested to his fancy the name of Hobgoblin Hall.</p> + +<p>Elizabeth, the wife of Isaac Royall, died at Medford, July, 1770, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span> +was buried in the marble tomb in Dorchester. Their daughter Elizabeth, +the wife of Sir William Pepperell, died at sea upon the voyage to England +in 1775.<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a></p> + +<p>It is said that the male line of the Royalls has ceased to exist in +Maine and Massachusetts. The writer knows not of a single living individual +bearing the surname who has descended from the stock that in +the beginning of the settlement was so vigorous, and promised to be so +prolific. This statement will also apply to many other Loyalists' families +that were driven from their homes at the commencement of the Revolution.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>GENERAL WILLIAM BRATTLE.</h2> + + +<p>Thomas Brattle, the forefather of the Brattle family that settled in +Boston, was at his death accounted the wealthiest man in the Colony. +Though we have no information concerning the family prior to the coming +of Thomas Brattle to New England, it is only reasonable to believe +that he was descended from an educated and intelligent line. Only four +generations bearing the name existed here, and it is a notable circumstance +that all the male representatives of those four generations were +men of remarkable powers and distinguished abilities.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Brattle</span> was born about 1624, and was a merchant of Boston. +He was a member of the Artillery Company and captain in the +militia, and the commander of several expeditions against hostile Indians. +He was one of the founders of the Old South Church. He married +Elizabeth, the daughter of Captain William Tyng, by whom he had seven +children. His death occurred in 1683.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Brattle</span>, the son of the former, was born in 1658, and +was a graduate of Harvard College. He was a very intelligent man, +and was treasurer of Harvard College for twenty-five years. He was +one of the founders of the Brattle Street church, and gave an organ to +the King's Chapel when it was rebuilt in 1710, the first organ used in +Boston in a church. He was a steadfast opposer of the proceedings of +the courts during the witchcraft delusion in 1692. He was a Fellow of +the Royal Society, and died in 1713. President Ouincy says of him: +"He was distinguished for his private benevolences and public usefulness."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Brattle</span> graduated from Harvard college, and for over +twenty years was pastor of the Cambridge church. He was also a member +of the Royal Society of London.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Brattle</span>, son of the former, was baptized by his father in +1706. He graduated from Harvard College in 1722, and was a member<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span> +of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company. He was a theologian, +and as a physician he was widely known, and no higher tribute to his eminence +as a barrister need be sought than in the years 1736-7, when, only +thirty years of age, he was elected by the House and Council to the office +of Attorney General.</p> + +<p>He possessed strong peculiarities, and Sabine says of him that "A +man of most eminent talents and of greater eccentricities has seldom +lived." He inherited a large and well invested property, and had ample +means to cultivate those tastes to which, by his nature and education, he +was inclined. He was for many years Major General of the Province, +and afterwards Brigadier General. His large and beautifully situated +house, which now exists in Cambridge, though greatly transformed, +known as the "Old Brattle House" was the resort of the fashion and style +of this section of the country. At the age of twenty-one he married Katherine, +the daughter of Governor Gurdon Saltonstall. She died at Cambridge +in 1752, and he married again in 1755, Mrs. Martha, widow of +James Allen, and daughter of Thomas Fitch. General Brattle seems to +have inherited from his father the same love for and interest in the welfare +of his Alma Mater, which so characterized the beloved minister of +the church in Cambridge. He was long one of her overseers, and in 1762 +was appointed by the Council one of a committee for the erection of Hollis +Hall, a task which was satisfactorily completed.</p> + +<p>When the Revolution broke out in 1775, he was holding a very honorable +office under the crown. Harris says he was "on terms of friendship +with many of the regular army officers quartered in Boston and vicinity. +His cultivated and refined tastes tending always to draw him +to court, rather than plebeian society, were, no doubt, inducements for +him to remain loyal. Certain it was, while studiously endeavoring to +preserve friendly and peaceful relations with his townsmen and neighbors, +he was openly opposed to their principles. He was an Addresser +of Gen. Gage and approved of his plans, but at last public excitement +reached such a height that he deemed it wise to withdraw from Cambridge, +and leaving his house and property in the hands of his only daughter, +Madame Wendell, at that time a widow, he quietly joined the Royal +army in Boston, and at the evacuation in 1776, sailed with the forces to +Halifax, where he died in October of the same year. It is said that his +gravestone is still to be seen in the churchyard in that city." There +is a portrait of William Brattle in the possession of his descendants, +which was painted by Copley, being one of the first productions of that +eminent artist. Of his nine children, only two lived to maturity, Katherine +in whom the line but not the name was perpetuated, and Thomas.</p> + +<p>Katherine was married to John Mico Wendell, a merchant of Boston, +in 1752, who was of Dutch origin. After the death of her husband, +Katherine removed to Cambridge and resided there until her death in +1821, at the age of nearly ninety-one years. The house was situated +near the corner of what afterwards became Wendell street, and North<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span> +ave. The Centinel of February 10, 1821, contained a memoir from which +we gain some knowledge of her character.</p> + +<p>"Descended from honorable families, she possessed the virtues and +and maintained the honors of her ancestors.... During the war of +the Revolution, both her talents and virtues were put to severe tests, and +by her wisdom and discretion, her energy, and integrity, her benevolence, +and charity, she conciliated the favor of men in power, civil and military; +secured to herself personal respect, and rescued the paternal inheritance +from the hazard of confiscation. It was by her means that the portion of +the estate that fell to her brother Thomas, then in England, was in a like +manner preserved.... Her contributions aided in the translation +of the Bible into the languages of the East, and in the diffusion of +Christian knowledge among the poor and destitute of our own country."</p> + +<p>She had five children, but three of them died before reaching maturity. +Governor James Sullivan, who knew Thomas Brattle well, wrote +of him: "Major Brattle exercised a deep reverence for the principles of +government, and was a cheerful subject of the laws. He respected men +of science, as the richest ornament of their country. If he had ambition, +it was to excel in acts of hospitality, benevolence, and charity. The dazzling +splendor of heroes, and the achievements of political intrigues, +passed unnoticed before him, but the character of the man of benevolence +filled his heart with emotions of sympathy."... "In his death, the +sick, the poor and the distressed have lost a liberal benefactor, politeness +an ornament, and philanthropy one of its most discreet and generous supporters."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Brattle</span>, the youngest and only surviving son of General +William and Katherine Saltonstall Brattle, was born at Cambridge in +1742. He graduated from Harvard College in 1760, and not long afterwards +visited England and the Continent, for the double purpose of study +and travel.</p> + +<p>When the war broke out, he was still abroad, and being informed of +the position taken by his father, he conceived to be the most prudent +course to remain in England. While abroad he traveled over various +parts of Great Britain, and made a tour through Holland and France, +and was noticed by persons of distinction. Returning to London, he +zealously and successfully labored to ameliorate the condition of his +countrymen, who had been captured and were in prison. This restored +to him his estates, for he was included in the Confiscation, Proscription +and Banishment Act of 1778. He returned to America in 1779, and 1784 +the enactments against him in Massachusetts were repealed, and he took +possession of his patrimony. He found his mansion home at Cambridge +had been thoroughly ransacked and damaged by the Continental troops, +who had occupied it during the war. The neglected estate was restored +to its former beauty, and improved by the erection of a green-house, +probably one of the earliest known in this part of the country. He lived +here for many years, and became well known for his charities. He died,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span> +universally lamented and beloved, on the seventh of February, 1801, and +was laid to rest in the family tomb, the last of his name. He was never +married.</p> + +<p>The only descendants of General William and Katharine Saltonstall +Brattle, are through their daughter Katherine, who married John Mico +Wendell.</p> + + +<p class="center">CONFISCATED ESTATE OF WILLIAM BRATTLE IN BOSTON, AND TO WHOM +SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To James Allen, May 12, 1781; Lib. 132, fol. 202: Land and buildings in Boston. Tremont +St W.; John Rowe and Henry Caner, an absentee, S.; Nathaniel Holmes E.; George +Bethune N. and E.; John Andrew and heirs of Samuel Pemberton deceased N.; +Robert McElroy W. and N.; passageway W. and W. [N.]</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JOSEPH THOMPSON.</h2> + + +<p>Joseph Thompson was the son of Joseph and Sarah (Bradshaw) +Thompson, who were located in Medford as early as 1772, coming from +Woburn, and descended from the same family as Sir Benjamin Thompson +(Count Rumford). They lie buried side by side in the little burial +ground on Salem street, Medford. Joseph, the subject of this sketch, was +born May 16, 1734. He was married in Boston, 1759, to Rebecca Gallup, +whom Isaac Royall refers to in his will as a kinswoman of his wife.</p> + +<p>In addition to the double portion assigned to him out of his father's +estate, he added to it from time to time by the purchase of several estates. +His occupation is mentioned in the deeds as that of merchant. In +June, 1775, news reached the Provincial Congress that the Ervings of +Boston, had fitted out, under color of chartering to Thompson, a schooner +of their own, to make a voyage to New Providence (Nassau, Bahama +Islands), to procure "fruit, turtle and provisions of other kinds for the +sustenance and feasting of those troops who are, as pirates and robbers, +committing daily hostilities and depredations on the good people of this +colony and all America." Congress therefore resolved that Captain Samuel +McCobb, a member, "be immediately dispatched to Salem and Marblehead, +to secure said Thompson, and prevent said vessel from going said +voyage, and cause the said Thompson to be brought before this Congress." +Thompson, however, escaped, and afterwards went to England. On June +3, 1780, on the petition of Rebecca Thompson, asking leave be granted +her to rejoin her husband in England on the first convenient opportunity, +and to also return again to this state, the General Court, and the committee +of Inspection for Medford, were directed to see that she carried no +letters nor papers that might be detrimental to this, or any of the United +States of America.<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a></p> + +<p>James Prescott, Joseph Hosmer and Samuel Thatcher, Esq., were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> +ordered to make sales of certain estates situated in the county of Middlesex, +confiscated to the use of the government, belonging to Joseph Thompson, +merchant. Six acres of salt marsh on Medford river were sold to +Ebenezer Hall, Jr., for £70; a dwelling house and yard bounded south on +the great road, to Thomas Patten for £295; 1½ rods of land (part of +the dower estate of his mother), with 3-16 of the dwelling house, 1-4 of +an acre of mowing land, 20 rods of plow land, to Samuel Kidder for +£24.15; a pew in the meeting house to Susanna Brooks, widow, for £10; +8 acres of land bounded south on the great road and west on Proprietor's +Way, and situated near the Hay Market, to Jonathan Foster for £252. 10, +and about 10 poles of land with a joiner's shop thereon, bounded north on +the road to Malden, to Ebenezer Hall for £40.5, making a total of £692.5.</p> + +<p>A Mr. Thompson died in England during the war, probably the same.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>COLONEL JOHN ERVING.</h2> + + +<p>The Erving family was one of the oldest and most respected families +in Boston. Hon. John Erving, the father of the colonel, was one of the +most eminent merchants in America, and was a member of the Council +of Massachusetts for twenty years. The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, his +great-grandson, in a public address in 1845, thus refers to him: "A few +dollars earned on a commencement day, by ferrying passengers over +Charles River, when there was no bridge—shipped to Lisbon in the shape +of fish, and from thence to London in the shape of fruit, and from thence +brought home to be reinvested in fish, and to be re-entered upon the same +triangular circuit of trade—laid the foundations of the largest fortunes +of the day, a hundred years ago." Mr. Erving, by his wife Abigail, had +a large family. He died in Boston in 1786, aged ninety-three.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel John Erving</span>, eldest son of the preceding, was born in +Boston, June 26, 1727, was a colonel of the Boston regiment of militia, a +warden of Trinity church. He graduated at Harvard University in 1747. +In 1760 he signed the Boston Memorial, and was thus one of the fifty-eight +who were the first men in America to array themselves against the +officers of the Crown, but like many others that did not favor many acts +of the government, he could not tolerate mob rule, and therefore threw +his lot in on the side that represented law and authority.</p> + +<p>When Hancock's sloop Liberty was seized for smuggling in 1768, +by the commissioners, the fury of the mob became great. They fell upon +the officers, several of whom barely escaped with their lives. Mr. Erving, +besides having his sword broken, was beaten with clubs and sticks, +and considerably wounded. He was not concerned with the seizure of +the sloop.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_299.jpg" width="400" height="589" alt="MAJOR GENERAL SIR DAVID OCHTERLONY" title="MAJOR GENERAL SIR DAVID OCHTERLONY" /> +<span class="caption">MAJOR GENERAL SIR DAVID OCHTERLONY.<br /> + +Born in Boston Feb. 12, 1758. There is erected in Calcutta a monument to him, +which is one of the notable sights of that city. Died at Meerut, India in 1825.</span> +</div> + +<p>In 1774 he was an addresser of Hutchinson, and the same year appointed +mandamus councillor. On the evacuation of Boston, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span> +and his family of nine persons accompanied the army to Halifax, +and from there he went to England. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. +He died at Bath, England, June 17, 1816, aged eighty-nine. His +wife, Maria Catherina (youngest daughter of Governor Shirley), with +whom he lived sixty years, died a few months before him. A daughter +of Mr. Erving married Governor Scott of the island of Dominica and +died at that island February 13, 1768. His son, Dr. Shirley Erving, entered +Harvard College in 1773, but his education was cut short by the +Revolution. He became a prominent physician at Portland, Maine, and +died at Boston in 1813, aged fifty-five. His widow survived him for many +years. They left two sons and one daughter. The Erving mansion +house was on Milk street, and was confiscated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">George Erving</span> was a prominent merchant of Boston. He was one +of the fifty-eight memorialists who were the first men in America to array +themselves against the officers of the Crown, but he could not take +part with the mobs in their lawless and brutal actions. He was an Addresser +of Hutchinson in 1774, was proscribed under the Act of 1778, +and his estate was confiscated under the Conspiracy Act of 1779. He +went to Halifax with his family of five persons, and thence to England. +He died in London in 1806 at the age of seventy. His wife was a daughter +of General Isaac Royall of Medford.</p> + + +<p class="center">CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO COLONEL JOHN ERVING AND TO +WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To James Lloyd, May 4. 1787; Lib. 160, fol. 105; Land and buildings in Boston. Kilby St., +formerly Mackerel Lane, E; heirs of John Erving deceased N; heirs of Samuel +Hughes W.; Joseph Winthrop S.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Codman, Jr., July 2. 1787. Lib. 160, fol. 201; Land and messuage in Boston. +Newbury St., W.; John Crosby N.; E. and N., John Soley E. and S., passage or +alley S.——Land 14 A., in Walpole, road from Walpole to the sign of the Black +Lamb in Stoughton N.; Nathaniel Preble S.E.; Philip Bardin S.W. and N.W.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Nathaniel Appleton. Feb. 13, 1789; Lib. 164, fol. 149; Land, 14 A, in Walpole, road +from Walpole to the sign of the Black Lamb in Stoughton N.; Nathaniel Preble +S.E.; Philip Bardin S.W. and N.W.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Deming. May 6, 1789; Lib. 166, fol. 11; Land and messuage in Boston. Newbury +St. W.; John Crosby N.; E. and N.; John Soley E. and S.; passage or alley S.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>MAJOR GENERAL SIR DAVID OCHTERLONY.</h2> + + +<p>Captain David Ochterlony, the father of the subject of this memoir, +was born in Forfarshire, Scotland, and was descended from one of +the most ancient families in that country. In 1226 the land of "Othirlony" +was exchanged by his ancestors for those of Kenney in Forfarshire +possessed by the Abbey of Aberbrothock. Kenney had been bestowed on +the Abbey by its founder, King William, the Lion King of Scotland.</p> + +<p>David, was a captain in the merchant service, and resided for a while<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span> +at Montrose. Boston was one of the many ports visited by him in his voyages. +Five years after his first appearance in Boston, June 4, 1757, +intention of marriage was published, to Katherine, daughter of Andrew +Tyler of Boston, by his wife Miriam, a sister of Sir William Pepperell. +On 27th of June, 1762, he purchased a brick house with about 1500 square +feet of land on Back street, which at that time was that part of Salem +street from Hanover to Prince street. Meanwhile three sons and +daughter were born. The eldest of these, <span class="smcap">Major General Sir David +Ochterlony</span> born 12 Feb. 1758, who was to revive the name in a new +locality. Captain Ochterlony, the father, continued his career as a mariner +but a few years after locating in Boston, he died in 1765, at St. Vincent +W. I. His widow went to England, where she married Sir Isaac +Heard of London, Norroy and Garter King of Arms, and gentleman of +the Red Rod, to the order of the Bath.</p> + +<p>The son David was a scholar at the Latin School in Boston, when +his father died. At the age of eighteen he entered the army and went to +India, as a cadet, and in 1778 received an appointment as Ensign. In 1781 +he was Quartermaster to the 71st Regiment of Foot. During the twenty +years that succeeded, he was exposed to all the danger and fatigue of +incessant service in the East. He attained the rank of Major in 1800 +and of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1803, and Colonel in 1812. His commission +of Major General bears date June 1, 1814. In 1817 he received the +thanks of both Houses of Parliament. His health, after nearly fifty +years of uninterrupted military duty in a tropical climate, became impaired +and he resigned a political office in India with the intention of +proceeding to Calcutta, and thence to England. This plan he did not +live to execute. He died at Meerut in 1825, while there for a change +of air. He was Deputy-Adjutant-General at the Battle of Delhi, after +which he was sent as envoy to the Court of Sha Alum. For his conduct +in the Nepaulese war, he was created a Knight Commander of the Bath +and May 7, 1816, was made a baronet. After his death there was erected +in Calcutta a monument to him, which is one of the notable signs of the +city. Sir David never married. His title descended to Charles Metcalf +Ochterlony, and was succeeded in it by his son, the present baronet, Sir +David Ferguson Ochterlony. Gilbert Ochterlony, the second son of Captain +David, died Jan. 16, 1780, aged 16, at the home of his step-father +Isaac Heard, Esq., at the college of arms.<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> Alexander, the third son +died in 1803, and Catherine in 1792.</p> + +<p>Captain David's will, made at the time of his marriage, was probate +March 7, 1766, and left everything to his wife Katrin, but his estate was +not settled till after the peace. 1791, and then it was insolvent, the sum +then obtained to close up the estate paid a dividend of only six and a half +pence on the pound. The name of Ochterlony in New England became +extinct.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span></p> +<h2>JUDGE AUCHMUTY'S FAMILY.</h2> + + +<p>Robert Auchmuty first of the American family of that name was +descended from an ancient Scottish family, holding a barony in the north +of that country. His father settled in England early in the eighteenth +century, and Robert studied law at the Temple, London, and came to +America and settled in Boston about the year 1700. He was a profound +lawyer and possessed remarkable talents and wit, but when he +was admitted to practice does not appear. He was in practice soon +after 1719 and the profession owed much to his character and system +and order which now began to distinguish its forms of practice. His +talents were extraordinary, "Old Mr. Auchmuty says a contemporary +would sit up all night at his bottle, yet argue to admiration next day, and +was an admirable speaker." He was sent to England to settle a boundary +dispute between Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. +His services were so valuable, that on December 1738, he received from +the former a grant of two hundred acres of land. He was judge of the +Court of Admiralty for New England from 1733 until 1747. While +he was in England he advocated the expedition to Cape Breton in an +ably written pamphlet published in 1744. This tract probably gave to +the historian Smollett the erroneous impression that Auchmuty was the +originator of that brilliant enterprise, the credit of which belongs to +Governor Shirley.</p> + +<p>Judge Auchmuty held his office until 1747 when he was superseded +by Chambers Russell. His home was in Roxbury, Massachusetts, and +many anecdotes of him have been handed down from generation to generation. +He was "greatly respected and beloved in public and private +life." His memory is held in high veneration by the bar in Massachusetts +and his opinions are still respected.</p> + +<p>Judge Auchmuty died in April, 1750, leaving several children. His +daughter married Judge Pratt of New York and his son, +Judge Robert Auchmuty, followed in his father's footstep, and +became a noted lawyer in Massachusetts. Although he had +not the advantage of a collegiate education he became an able +lawyer. As an advocate he was eloquent and successful. "Among his +contemporaries were Otis, Quincy, Hawley, and judges Paine, Sargent, +Bradbury, R. Sewall, W. Cushing and Sullivan and though less learned +than some of these he was employed in most of the important jury +trials."</p> + +<p>"It was when together with that class of lawyers above named that +the profession owed the respectability which since his day has characterized +the bar of Massachusetts."<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> He held the office of Advocate of +the Court of Admiralty from August 2, 1762, until his appointment as +judge, having been originally appointed in the place of Mr. Bollan, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> +hold the office during his absence. Chambers Russell was appointed in +the place of the elder Auchmuty as judge of the Admiralty for Massachusetts, +New Hampshire and Rhode Island in 1747. He held the office +until his death in 1767, and Robert Auchmuty, the younger, was appointed +by the governor to fill his place. This was in April, but on the sixth +of July he was duly commissioned as Judge of the Admiralty for all New +England with a salary of £300 a year. His commission was received in +March, 1760, when his salary was increased to £600 per annum. Judge +Auchmuty continued to hold this office as long as the authority of the +British was recognized, as he was a zealous Loyalist.</p> + +<p>Robert Auchmuty was one of the commissioners with Governor Wanton +of Rhode Island, Samuel Horsemanden, Chief Justice of New York, +Frederic Smythe, Chief Justice of New Jersey, and Peter Oliver, Chief +Justice of Massachusetts, to inquire into the destruction of the Gaspee, +in 1772.<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> He was a colleague of Adams and Quincy in defence of the +British soldiers tried for participation in the "Boston Massacre."<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> He +appeared once after his appointment in defence of Captain Preston +and his soldiers, and his argument was described as so memorable +and persuasive, "as almost to bear down the tide of prejudice against +him, though it never swelled to a higher flood."</p> + +<p>The Auchmuty house in Roxbury stands at the corner of Cliff and +Washington Streets. It was build about 1761 by the younger Judge Auchmuty, +who resided there until the outbreak of the revolution. Here as a +convenient halting place between the Province House and the Governor's +country seat at Jamaica Plain, and the Lieutenant Governor residence at +Milton, met the crown officers to make plans to stem the rising tide of +disloyalty and lawlessness of the mobs, and their secret leaders. Here +Bernard Hutchinson Auchmuty, Hallowell, and Paxton discussed the +proposed alterations in the charter, and the bringing over of British troops +to preserve the peace. Letters of Judge Auchmuty to persons in England +were sent to America with those of Governor Hutchinson by Franklin +in 1773 and created much commotion.<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></p> + +<p>At the Declaration of Independence in 1776 he left his native country +and settled in England. At one period he was in very distressed circumstances. +He never returned to the United States and his estate was +confiscated. His mansion in Roxbury became the property of Governor +Increase Sunmer and was occupied by him at the time of his decease. +Auchmuty Lane was that part of Essex Street between Short and South +Street in Boston. Robert Auchmuty died in London an exile from his +native land in November, 1778.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_303.jpg" width="400" height="583" alt="BRITISH TROOPS PREVENTING THE DESTRUCTION OF NEW YORK" title="BRITISH TROOPS PREVENTING THE DESTRUCTION OF NEW YORK" /> +<span class="caption">BRITISH TROOPS PREVENTING THE DESTRUCTION OF NEW YORK.<br /> + +On its evacuation by Washington; it was set on fire, it was saved by the summary +execution of all incendaries by the British.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Honorable James Auchmuty</span>, son of the elder Robert, was a storekeeper +in the Engineer Department. At the peace he removed to Nova +Scotia where he became an eminent lawyer, and was appointed judge. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span> +had a son, a very gallant officer in the British Army, who was killed in +the West Indies.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Reverend Samuel Auchmuty</span>, another son of the elder Judge +Auchmuty who settled in New York, was born in Boston in 1725. He +graduated from Harvard college in 1742 and was taken by his father to +England, where he was ordained a minister in the Episcopal church. +The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Oxford. He was appointed +by the Society for the Propagation of the gospel, an assistant minister +of Trinity church in New York. He married in 1749 a daughter of Richard +Nichols, governor of that province. In 1764 at the death of the Rector +of Trinity church he was appointed to succeed him and took charge +of all the churches in the city, performing his arduous duties with faithfulness +until the revolution. In 1766 he received the degree of S. T. D. +at Oxford. Dr. Auchmuty opposed the revolution and when the Americans +took possession of New York City in 1777, it is said a message was +sent him from Lord Sterling by one of his sons, "that if he read a prayer +for the King the following Sunday, he would send a band of soldiers +and take him out of the desk." His son, knowing his father's indomitable +spirit did not deliver the message, but with some of his classmates from +Columbia college attended the church with arms concealed under their +gowns and sat near the pulpit for his protection. His conscience would +not allow him to omit these prayers without violating his ordination vows. +As soon as he commenced reading, Lord Sterling marched into the +church with a band of soldiers and music playing Yankee Doodle. The +Doctor's voice never faltered and he finished his prayer and the soldiers +marched up one aisle and down another, and went out again without +violence. After the service Dr. Auchmuty sent for the keys of Trinity +and its chapels, and ordered that they should not be opened again until +the liturgy could be performed without interruption, and took them to +New Jersey. When the British took possession of New York he resolved +at once to return to his loved flock and applied for leave to pass +the American lines. This was denied him. With the unfailing energy which +marked his character he determined to return on foot through circuitous +paths to avoid the American lines. After undergoing great hardships, +sleeping in the woods and great exposure, he reached the city. On its +evacuation by Washington's Army it had been set on fire, and it was only +by using the most drastic means,—the summary execution of all incendaries +by the British—that the city was saved from total destruction. +Nearly one thousand buildings were burned in the western part of the +city and among them Trinity church, the Rector's home, and the Charity +School. Through the exertions of the British troops, St. Paul's and King's +College barely escaped. The Vestry of Trinity reported their loss at +£22,000, besides the annual rent of 246 lots of ground on which the +buildings had been destroyed. After the fire, Dr. Auchmuty searched +the ruins of his church and of his large and elegant mansion; all of his +papers and records had been destroyed; he found no articles of value except<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span> +the church plate and his own. His personal loss he estimated at +upwards of $12,000.</p> + +<p>The Sunday following Dr. Auchmuty preached in St. Paul's church +for the last time. The hardships which he had undergone terminated in +an illness which resulted in his death after a few days. This venerable +and constant worker for mankind died March 4, 1777 in his fifty-second +year, and was buried under the altar of St Paul's. Interesting notices of +his labors and sufferings and death may be found in Hawkins' "Historical +Notices of the Missions of the Church of England, in the North +American Colonies," London, 1845. By the old inhabitants of the city +Dr. Auchmuty was much respected and beloved and was spoken of as +Bishop Auchmuty. He had seven children. Jane, one of his daughters, +married Richard Tylden of Milstead, of county Kent in England. One of +her sons was Sir John Maxwell Tylden, who was in the army for twenty +years in which he greatly distinguished himself. Another, William Burton +Tylden was a major in the Royal Engineers. Dr. Auchmuty had two +other daughters of which there is no account, save that they were married.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir Samuel Auchmuty</span>, the eldest son of the Rev. Dr. Auchmuty, +was a Lieutenant General in the British Army. At the beginning of the +Revolution he was a student at Kings College and was intended by his +father for the ministry. His own inclinations were military from his +boyhood and soon after he graduated he joined the Royal army under +Sir William Howe as an ensign in the 45th regiment and was present +at most of the actions in that and the following year. In 1783 he commanded +a company in the 75th Regiment, in the East Indies, and was +with Lord Cornwallis in the first siege of Seringaptarn. In 1801 he joined +the expedition to Egypt, and held the post of adjutant-general. He returned +to England in 1803 and three years after was ordered to South +America, where as brigadier-general, he assumed the command of the +troops; and in 1807 assaulted and reduced—after a most determined resistance—the +city and fortress of Montevideo. In 1809 he was transferred +to India. Subsequently he succeeded Sir D. Baird as chief of staff +in Ireland. He was knighted in 1812, his nephew, Sir John Maxwell +Tylden, lieutenant-colonel of the 52 regiment being his proxy. He twice +received the thanks of Parliament, and was presented with a service of +plate by that body and by the East India Company. His seat was +Syndale House, in Kent, near Feversham. He died in Ireland suddenly +in 1822 at the age of 64.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Robert Nicholas Auchmuty</span>, another son of the Rev. Dr. Auchmuty, +graduated at Kings College, New York and in the revolution served +as a volunteer in the British army. His wife was Henrietta, daughter +of Henry John Overing and he died at Newport, Rhode Island in 1813. +His daughter Maria M., widow of Colonel E. D. Wainwright of the +United States Marines, died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 1861, aged 71.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Richard Harrison Auchmuty</span>, brother of the above, was a surgeon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span> +in the British Army. Taken prisoner in the storming of Stony Point. +With Cornwallis at Yorktown, and died soon after the surrender, while +on parole.</p> + +<p>"It is regretted that men as distinguished in their day as were the +Auchmuty's, father and sons, so few memorials new remain." They +were men who adorned their profession and "left a distinct and honorable +impression upon their age."</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO ROBERT AUCHMUTY ET AL. +IN SUFFOLK COUNTY, AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Samuel Clark, Feb. 26, 1780; Lib. 131, fol. 58; Land and dwelling-house in Boston, +School St. S.; the town's land W.; John Rowe N; Joseph Green E——Garden +land near the above. Cook's Alley W.; Leverett Saltonstall N.; William Powell E. +S. and E.; Leverett Saltonstall S. [Description corrected in margin of record.]</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Josiah Waters, Jr., April 13, 1782; Lib. 134, fol. 164. Discharge of mortgage Fillebrown +et al to Auchmuty dated Feb. 10. 1766.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Increase Sumner, July 31, 1783; Lib. 139, fol. 122; 6 A. 3 qr. 10 r. land and dwelling-house +near the meeting-house in Roxbury, the road N.; Jonathan Davis E., S.E; +and S.; the lane and Increase Sumner W.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>COLONEL ADINO PADDOCK.</h2> + + +<p>Robert Paddock was one of the Pilgrim Fathers, he was one of the +early settlers of Plymouth, and was a smith by trade. He had a son, +Zachariah, born in 1636, who was the ancestor of the subject of this +sketch. Robert Paddock was probably a relative of Captain Leonard Peddock +who was master of one of the ships that came to Plymouth in 1622, +it being frequently the case in those times that names were mis-spelled. +This is the origin of the name of Peddock's Island at the entrance of +Boston Harbor. Branches of this family at the Revolutionary period +were to be found in various parts of New England, New Jersey, and +South Carolina. Adino Paddock was the son of John and Rebecca +(Thatcher) Paddock; was born March 14, 1727, and was baptized in the +First Church, Harwich, March 31, 1728.</p> + +<p>His father died in 1732 and his mother removed soon after to Boston, +where her name appears as a communicant in Brattle Square church +"from Church East Yarmouth" December 5, 1736. Adino Paddock +was married in Boston, June 22, 1749, to Lydia Snelling, daughter of +Robert and Lydia (Dexter). He settled in Boston, where he manufactured +chaises and transacted his business near the head of Bumstead +Place. He lived opposite the burying ground, on the east side of Long-Acre +Street. Adino Paddock was the first coach-maker of the town, +and was a man of substance and character. His name is best known in +connection with the famous Paddock elms. Mr. James Smith, a prosperous +sugar baker, whose house was on Queen Street,—now Court +Street,—when in London, was struck by the beauty of the elms in Brompton<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span> +Park. The story goes that Mr. Smith procured young trees of +the same kind, and had them planted in his nursery, on his beautiful +farm, Brush Hill, in Milton. The fame of these trees spreading, one of +his friends, Mr. Gilbert Deblois, asked for some, saying that he would +in return name his newborn son for Mr. Smith. The bargain was struck, +and James Smith Deblois, baptized May 16, 1769, bore witness to its +fulfilment. Other elms of this stock were also planted, but those received +by Mr. Gilbert Deblois became the most celebrated. These were set out +in front of the granary, just opposite Mr. Deblois' house in Tremont +Street. As Adino Paddock's shop window looked out upon them, Mr. +Deblois enjoined Mr. Paddock to have an eye to their safety.</p> + +<p>It is related that on one occasion, Paddock offered the reward of a +guinea, for the detection of the person who "hacked" one or more of the +trees. He guarded the infant elms very carefully and the "Gleaner" tells +of his darting across the street upon one occasion and vigorously shaking +an idle boy who was making free with one of the sacred saplings. +The elms were thought to have been planted in 1762. They grew to +magnificent proportions, and withstood the axe for more than a century. +They escaped in 1860, but were cut down a few years later. The largest +was one that stood near the Tremont House. Its circumference near the +sidewalk was nearly seventeen feet. This was the largest of all the trees +belonging to the public walks of the city, excepting the great American +elm on Boston Common that was destroyed by the tornado of 1869.</p> + +<p>Adino Paddock was in 1774 captain of the train of artillery belonging +in Boston of which John Erving was colonel. This company was +particularly distinguished for its superior discipline and the excellence of +its material. The gun house stood at the corner of West and Tremont +Streets, separated by a yard from the school house. In this gun house was +kept two brass three-pounders, which had been recast from two old guns +sent by the town to London for that purpose, and had the arms of the +province engraved upon them. They arrived in Boston in 1768, and were +first used at the celebration of the King's birthday, June 4th, when a +salute was fired in King Street.</p> + +<p>When the mobs began to be in evidence Captain Paddock expressed +an intention to turn them over to General Gage, for safe keeping, some +of the men that composed the company, resolved, that it should not be +so, they met in the school-room, and watching their opportunity they +crossed the yard, entered the building and, removing the guns from their +carriages, carried them to the school room where they were concealed in +a box in which fuel was kept. They were finally taken to the American +lines, in a boat, and were in actual service during the whole war. The +two guns were called the "Hancock" and "Adams," and were in charge +of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, until presented in +1825 by the State to the Bunker Hill Monument Association. They are +now suspended in the chamber at the top of Bunker Hill Monument, with +a suitable inscription on each.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span>Before Mr. Paddock's departure from Boston he was entitled to +the higher military appellation of Colonel. As an active officer, and for a +time commander of the Boston train of artillery, he felt himself particularly +honored, as he was then in a position of great usefulness, for, in +fact his lessons in military matters while in the Train, were productive of +much good, as laying the foundation of good soldiership, in the Province, +by giving thorough instruction to many who afterwards became distinguished +officers in the revolutionary war.</p> + +<p>Ardently attached to the interests of the government he was one of +the foremost of the loyalist party. He left Boston at the evacuation, +March 17, 1776. There were nine in his family. They went to Halifax and +in the following June he embarked with his wife and children for England.</p> + +<p>In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. From 1781 until his death +he resided on the Isle of Jersey and for several years held the office of +Inspector of Artillery Stores with rank of Captain. Colonel Paddock received +a partial compensation for his losses as a Loyalist, and died March +25, 1804, aged seventy-six years. Lydia, his wife died at the Isle of Jersey, +in 1781, aged fifty-one.</p> + +<p>Colonel Paddock's house was situated on the south corner of Bromfield +and Tremont Streets, formerly Common Street and Ransom Lane. +Thomas Bumstead, a coach-maker, purchased the estate when it was confiscated +and carried on the coach-making business there. Bumstead Place +was laid out in 1807 on the site of the home, and was closed in 1868. Gilbert +Deblois occupied the opposite corner, on which was built Horticultural +Hall, the trustees of the new office building recently erected there, at +the suggestion of Alex S. Porter, named the new building the "Paddock +Building" who said "I think that we ought to do all we can to preserve +the memory of those good old citizens who by their influence and hard +labor did so much in laying the foundation of our beloved city."</p> + +<p>Adino Paddock and Lydia Snelling had thirteen children, nine of +them died in infancy, and John a student at Harvard College was drowned +while bathing in Charles River in 1773.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Adino Paddock</span>, the younger, accompanied his father to Halifax +in 1776 and in 1779 followed his father to England, where he entered +upon the study of medicine and surgery. Having attended the different +hospitals of London and fitted himself for practice, he returned to America +before the close of the Revolution, and was surgeon of the King's +American Dragoons. In 1784 he married Margaret Ross of Casco Bay, +Maine, and settling at St. John, New Brunswick, confined his attention to +professional pursuits. In addition to extensive and successful private +practice he enjoyed from Government the post of surgeon to the ordinance +of New Brunswick. He died at St. Mary's, York County in 1817, aged +58. Margaret his wife died at St. John in 1815 at the age of 50. The +fruit of this union was ten children, of whom three sons, Adino, Thomas +and John were educated physicians. Adino commenced practice in 1808 at +Kingston, New Brunswick. Thomas married Mary, daughter of Arthur<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span> +McLellan, Esq., of Portland, Maine, and died at St. John, deeply lamented +in 1838, aged 47.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO ADINO PADDOCK IN SUFFOLK +COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Thomas Bumstead. Aug. 1, 1782, Lib. 135, fol. 139; Land and buildings in Boston, +Common St. W.; land of the commonwealth S.; heirs of Gillum Taylor deceased +E. and S.; Thomas Cushing E., N. and E.; Rawson's Lane N.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THEOPHILUS LILLIE.</h2> + + +<p>Edward Lillie by the recorded births of his children appears to have +been in Boston as early as 1663. As he was devoted to the Church of +England, it may be presumed that he came from that country, and the +date of his eldest child's birth makes it likely that he was born before +1640. This branch of the Lillie family probably lived for a while in +Newfoundland, and if so, they are likely to have been of the Devonshire +or West-of-England stock, which supplied the first settlers for that Province. +They became possessed of real estate at St. John's during the +latter half of the seventeenth century, described as "a plantation"—a +term signifying full proprietorship.</p> + +<p>Edward Lillie married about 1661, Elizabeth, whose maiden name +is unknown. He was one of the well known citizens of the town of +Boston when its estimated population was from five to seven thousand +inhabitants. In 1687 he was one of the sixty citizens whose property was +rated at £50 or more,—taking rank with such contemporaries as Elisha +and Eliakim Hutchinson, Adam Winthrop, Samuel and Anthony Checkley, +and Simon Lynde.<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> Edward Lillie carried on a large business as +"cooper," at that period one of the most important industries of New +England in its connection with commerce.</p> + +<p>Prior to 1670 Edward Lillie had land "in his tenure and occupation" +at the North End. He purchased July 8, 1670, an estate at what was then +the South End of the town,—a dwelling-house and land. This estate +was situated on the south-east corner of Washington and Bedford Streets, +and it is in part now (1907) the site of R. H. White's dry-goods establishment. +In January 1674 he purchased of Captain Thomas Savage land +on Conduit (now North) Street and erected thereon in 1684 a brick dwelling-house. +The estate was valued in inventory at £1300.</p> + +<p>Edward Lillie's will was dated December 24, 1688, and proved January +7, 1688-9. His wife was probably the "Mrs. Lily" whose death, +according to town records, took place January 4, 1705. They had six +children.</p> + +<p>Samuel Lilly, born March 20, 1663, was the eldest child. June 4, 1683, +he married at the age of twenty Mehitable Frary, daughter of Captain and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span> +Deacon Theophilus Frary, one of the founders of the Old South Church. +Her mother was the daughter of Jacob Eliot, and the niece of John Eliot, +the "Apostle to the Indians." Mehitable, was born February 4, 1665-6, +and as her father had no sons, his estate was divided between the daughters.</p> + +<p>Samuel Lillie, like his father, was a "cooper," but early in life became +interested in commerce, sending as early as May 23, 1684, merchandise +to the island of Nevis. For the next twenty-three years he was widely engaged +in commercial transactions, and was uniformly styled "merchant" +in formal documents. After his father's death he bought and occupied +the latter's premises at the North End, enlarging them by other purchases.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Royall, wife of Isaac Royall and mother of the Loyalist was a +cousin of Mrs. Samuel Lillie. During his latter years Samuel Lillie was absent +from America quite frequently. It is not likely that he was in +Boston from 1708 till shortly before his death.<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> Mrs. Lillie died +March 4, 1723. They had eleven children, born in Boston and baptised +(except one or two) in the Second church, each a few days after birth.</p> + +<p>Theophilus Lillie, the fourth child of Samuel and Mehitable Lillie, +was baptized August 24, 1690. He married July 8, 1725, Hannah Ruck +(Rev. Cotton Mather officiating). Seems to have done much in settling +his father's affairs, but was not engaged in active business.</p> + +<p>On the 28th of July, 1732, in Town Meeting, he with others, was appointed +a committee to receive proposals, touching the demolishing, repairing, +or leasing out the old buildings belonging to the town in Dock +Square. The committee to give their attendance at Mr. William Coffin's +the Bunch of Grapes tavern, on Thursdays weekly, from six to eight +o'clock in the evening. In 1736 he appears as one of the subscribers to +Prince's Chronological History of Boston, the list containing, according +to Drake, the names of persons most interested at that period in literary +concerns.</p> + +<p>Hannah Ruck, his wife, was born December 4, 1703 and was the +daughter of John Ruck, a successful merchant, a citizen active in municipal +affairs and holding municipal offices. Her mother was Hannah +Hutchinson, daughter of Colonel Elisha Hutchinson, and aunt of Thomas +Hutchinson, the last Royal Governor. A close friendship existed between +the two families, and their homes were near together at the North +End. This friendship was continued in Halifax, after the Loyalist +exodus in 1776.</p> + +<p>Theophilus Lillie sold the family estate at the corner of Newbury +and Pond Streets March 9, 1754. Before this sale he had removed to +the Ruck homestead "near the old North Meeting House." Mr. Lillie +died late in March, 1760. He left but little property. His eldest son +Samuel, died young and John and Theophilus Lillie were his father's +sole heirs.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Theophilus Lillie</span>, the youngest son, was born August 18, 1730.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span> +He married late in 1757 (intentions of marriage published October 27, +1757) Ann Barker, who had been a shop-keeper, in company with Abiel +Page, "near Rev. Mr. Mather's meeting-house." He was educated as a +merchant and was in retail trade as early as 1758, as shown by the numerous +collection suits brought by him, and his advertisements in the Boston +"Gazette" May 22 of that year. His store was on "Middle (Hanover) +Street, near Mr. Pemberton's meeting-house." His stock was miscellaneous +English Dry Goods and Groceries.</p> + +<p>When it was determined to resist the tax on imports, a non-importation +agreement was entered into in August, 1768, by the merchants of +Boston, many were forced to sign it through fear of offending the mob, +the agreement ended in 1769, and some of those who had been forced into +it were determined to proceed in their regular business, and would pay no +attention to a renewal of it, among these was Theophilus Lillie. They were +proscribed and persecuted for several weeks by the rabble collecting to +interrupt customers, passing to and from their shops, and houses, by +posts erected before their shops with a hand pointed towards them, and +by many marks of derision. At length on February 22nd, 1770, a more +powerful mob than common, collected before the house of Theophilus +Lillie and set up a post on which was a large Wooden Head, with a +board faced paper, on which was painted the figures of four of the principal +importers. One of the neighbors, Ebenezer Richardson, found fault +with the proceedings which provoked the mob to drive him into his +home for shelter. Having been a custom house officer, he was peculiarly +obnoxious to the mob. They surrounded his house, threw stones and +brick-bats through the windows, and, as it appeared upon trial were forcing +their way in, when he fired upon them, and killed a boy eleven or +twelve years of age. He was soon seized, and another person, George Wilmot +with him, who happened to be in the house. They were in danger +of being sacrificed to the rage of the mob, being dragged through the +streets and a halter having been prepared, but some more temperate than +the rest, advised to carry him before a justice of peace, who committed +him to prison.</p> + +<p>The boy that was killed was Christopher Snider, the son of a poor +German. The event was taken advantage of by Sam Adams, and other +revolutionary leaders to raise the passion of the people, and thereby +strengthen their cause. A grand funeral therefore was judged to be the +proper course to pursue. In the <i>Evening Post</i> of 26 Feb. is a very minute +account of the affair, which had a very great deal to do with subsequent +events. The corpse was set down under 'Liberty Tree' whence the +procession began. About 50 school boys preceded, and there was "at +least 2000 in the procession, of all ranks, amid a crowd of spectators." The +pall was supported by six youths chosen by the parents of the deceased. +On the Liberty Tree and upon each side and foot of the coffin were +inscriptions well calculated to excite sympathy for the deceased, and at +the same time indignation against him, who occasioned his death.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span>On the 20th of April following the two culprits were tried for their +lives. Richardson was brought in guilty of murder, but Wilmot was +acquitted. Drake says "In this account of the case of Richardson and +Wilmot, it must be borne in mind that it is almost entirely made up from +the facts detailed by their enemies. Richardson was no doubt insulted beyond +endurance, which caused his rashness, in a moment of intense excitement +he fired on the mob. These facts doubtless had their weight with +the court, for the Chief Justice Thomas Hutchinson, viewed the guilt of +Richardson as everybody would now, a clear case of justifiable homicide, +and consequently refused to sign a warrant for his execution, and, after +lying in prison two years, was, on application to the King pardoned and +set at liberty."<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a></p> + +<p>After the affair of the Wooden Figure at Lillie's, there was constant +trouble in Boston between the soldiers and roughs of the town, until the +5th of March, when occurred the affray between the Mob and the Soldiers +known as the "Boston Massacre."<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a></p> + +<p>Mr. Lillie had taken no part in the affair that happened near his +store, but popular feeling was influenced by that occurrence against him. +Mr. Lillie's full statement of the interference with his business by the +illegal committee of citizens, will be found in the "Massachusetts Gazette," +January 11, 1770. An extract will show his attitude towards the +affair.</p> + +<p>"Upon the whole, I cannot help saying—although I have never +entered far into the mysteries of government, having applied myself to +my shop and my business—that it always seemed strange to me that +people who contend so much for civil and religious liberty should be so +ready to deprive others of their natural liberty: that men who are guarding +against being subject to laws [to] which they never gave their consent +in person or by their representative should at the same time make +laws, and in the most effectual manner execute them upon me and others, +to which laws I am sure I never gave my consent either in person or by +my representative. But what is still more hard, they are laws made to +punish me after I have committed the offence; for when I sent for my +goods, I was told nobody was to be compelled to subscribe; after they +came, I was required to store them. This in no degree answered the end +of the subscription, which was to distress the manufacturers in England. +Now, my storing my goods could never do this; the mischief was done +when the goods were bought in England; and it was too late to +help it. My storing my goods must be considered, therefore, as punishment +for an offence before the law for punishing it was made.</p> + +<p>"If one set of private subjects may at any time take upon themselves +to punish another set of private subjects just when they please, it's such +a sort of government as I never heard of before; and according to my +poor notion of government, this is one of the principal things which government<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span> +is designed to prevent; and I own I had rather be a slave under +one master (for I know who he is, I may perhaps be able to please +him) than a slave to a hundred or more whom I don't know where to +find, nor what they will expect of me."</p> + +<p>In 1770 Mr. Lillie removed to Oxford in Worcester County,—a removal +induced probably by his recent experiences in Boston. His domicile +is stated to be in that town in actions brought by him in Suffolk County. +On account of his political views his new residence did not prove to be +any more congenial than Boston had been.</p> + +<p>In 1772 he attached for a debt the house of Dr. Alexander Campbell +and the people of Oxford took umbrage, and threatened him with +violence. In the same year he sold his place in Oxford, and returned +to Boston. He bought in 1774 an estate in Brookfield, but it does not appear +that he lived upon it at any time. Until the political troubles Mr. Lillie +seems to have been in good circumstances, and to have kept up in his +manner of dress the fashions of the period, according to family traditions. +He left Boston in March, 1776 with the British troops for Halifax. His +family thus embarking numbered four persons—himself and wife, and +one of the other two being, doubtless, a negro servant.</p> + +<p>Mr. Lillie's death occurred in Halifax two months after leaving Boston, +on May 12. His property in Massachusetts was confiscated. Jacob +Cooper, of Boston, administered on his estate. Mrs. Lillie continued to +live at Halifax, and notwithstanding the confiscation proceedings, she +undertook to collect, by suits in Massachusetts in 1784-85, some of the +debts due to her husband. The Confiscation Act however, was a bar +to any recovery.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Lillie survived her husband eighteen years. Her funeral is +registered on the records of St. Paul's church, Halifax, as being on September +16, 1794, at the age of seventy-nine. Her will dated December 10, +1791, and August 5, 1794 (appointing Foster Hutchinson, the younger, +Executor) was proved September 20, 1794, on the oath of John Masters +and Foster Hutchinson, the younger. Certain provisions of the will show a +particular interest in a colored servant. The will provides: "It is also +my will and intention that my black man Caesar be free, and that the sum +of ten pounds be retained and left in the hands of my hereinafter named +executor, to be applied to the use of said Caesar in case of sickness, or +other necessity, at the discretion of said executor." She also bequeathed to +him "a suit of mourning cloths suitable for a man in his situation in life"; +and in a later codicil, "the feather-bed and bedstead whereupon he usually +sleeps, and also the bedclothes and bedding belonging thereto." Mr. +Lillie's confiscated personal effects indicate that he lived in a liberal style. +At the time of his death. Governor Hutchinson, then in England, wrote +in his Diary, July 24, 1776:</p> + +<p>When I came home I heard of Mr. Lillie's death at Halifax. What +numbers have been brought to poverty, sickness, and death by refusing +to concur with the present measures of America!</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span>Theophilus Lillie died childless. Search was made in July, 1895, by +Edward Lillie Pierce and his son George, in the old graveyard at Halifax, +but no stone for him or his wife was discovered, although her funeral +had been duly recorded in the church register. The stones of Foster +Hutchinson and his family were well preserved; and the Lillie stone +if ever set up, would be likely to be found near them.</p> + +<p>Mr. Lillie's personal property in Massachusetts was disposed of and +his three pieces of real estate were sold at public auction. His debts were +small and the whole amount turned into the treasury, £595, valued at +£446 in sterling money. The public gain was considerable.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Lillie</span>, the only surviving brother of Theophilus was born +August 8, 1728. He is described as a "mariner" in public documents, +but no details of his career on the sea have been transmitted. He married +in Trinity church, August 16, 1754 Abigail Breck (born June 19, +1732.) She was the daughter of John and Margaret Breck. John +Lillie died April, 1765, and his will was proved on the 19th. He left six children. +John Lillie, his son, became a Major in the Continental Army +and served in many engagements with great bravery during the war. General +Washington certified that Major Lillie "conducted himself on all +occasions with dignity, bravery, and intelligence." He was married to +Elizabeth Vose, January 20, 1785, and was survived by several children.</p> + +<p>Mehitable and Ann Lillie, two of John Lillie's daughters (the mariner) +have always with their descendants been well known.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO THEOPHILUS LILLIE IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To John Greenough, May 26, 1781; Lib. 132, fol. 216. Land and buildings in Boston. +Middle St. E.; Samuel Ridgeway S.; Thomas Greenough W. Thomas Greenough +and Edward Foster, an absentee, N.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Samuel Howard. Aug. 3, 1781: Lib. 133, fol. 5. One undivided third of land and +large brick dwelling-house in Boston, Sun Court St. N.; Joseph Hemmingway and +others E.; John Leach and others S.; Market Square W.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>DR. SYLVESTER GARDINER.</h2> + + +<p>Sylvester Gardiner was born in South Kingston, Rhode Island, in +1707. He was descended from the first emigrant of the name to the +Narragansett country. His father was William Gardiner, the son of +Benoni, the son of Joseph, an English emigrant. Sylvester was the +fourth son of William Gardiner and was educated by his +brother-in-law, the Rev. Dr. McSparran, for the medical profession. He studied eight +years in England and France, and returning to Boston, entered and +pursued a successful professional career. He established a store for the +importation of drugs and acquired a fortune. He accumulated much real<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span> +estate in Maine and became proprietor of one-twelfth part of the "Plymouth +Purchase," so-called, on the Kennebec River. At one time he +owned 100,000 acres and was grantor of much of the land in ancient +Pittston. "His efforts to settle the large domain were unceasing from +the year 1753 to the Revolution. He was made perpetual moderator of +the proprietors at all their meetings; he executed their plans, built mills, +houses, stores and wharves, cleared lands, made generous offers to emigrants; +established an episcopal mission, and furnished the people of that +region with their first religious instruction. And most of all this was +accomplished with his own money."<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> He erected houses and mills at +Swan Island, Pownalborough and other places, and was the author of +the beginnings of many settlements. He was a public spirited man of +great zeal and energy, broad and liberal in his views.</p> + +<p>Dr. Gardiner was married three times. His first wife was Anne, +daughter of Doctor John Gibbons of Boston; his second, Abigail Eppes +of Virginia; his third, Catharine Goldthwaite. In Boston he was respected +by all classes. Of the "Government Party," he entertained as guests, +Sir William Pepperell, Governor Hutchinson, Earl Percy, Admiral Graves, +Major Pitcairn, General Gage, Major Small and others. He was +an Addresser of the Royal Governors in 1774 and the year +following he became identified with the Royal cause. In 1776, +at the evacuation, he abandoned all and found temporary shelter +at Halifax. When he left his native country close to the age of three +score and ten, he took only about £400 with him. The vessel in which he +embarked was destitute of common comforts, poorly supplied with provisions, +and the cabin, which he and several members of his family occupied, +was small and crowded with passengers. In 1778 he was proscribed +and banished and settled in Poole, England. His property in Boston and +Maine was confiscated and all goods that could be found were sold at +public auction. A library containing five hundred volumes, was sold +in 1778-79 at auction by William Cooper. His books and other personal +effects amounted to £1658.18.</p> + +<p>The estates on the Kennebec were confiscated but the Attorney-General +found that the action was illegally prosecuted and instituted new +proceedings. Before they were brought to a close peace was declared +and the proceedings stayed. The heirs of Dr. Gardiner learned these +facts and obtained the property. Had there not been a flaw in the first +suit this would not have been the case.</p> + +<p>"In 1785 Doctor Gardiner returned to the United States. For a part +of his losses he petitioned Massachusetts for compensation. He had never +borne arms, he said, nor entered into any association, combination or +subscription against the Whigs. When he quitted Boston, he stated, too, +that he had in his possession a valuable stock of drugs, medicines, paints, +groceries and dye stuffs, which having a vessel fully equipped and entirely +under his control, he could easily have carried off, but which he left,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span> +of choice, for the benefit of the country, which he knew was in need. +The claim was acknowledged to the extent of giving his heirs tickets +in the State Land Lottery, by which they obtained nearly six thousand +acres in the county of Washington, Maine."<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a></p> + +<p>Washington, on taking possession of Boston, ordered the medicines, +etc., in Doctor Gardiner's store, to be transferred to the hospital department +for the use of the Continental Army; but the State authorities interfered +and required delivery to the Sheriff of Suffolk county. The result, +however, was a vote of the council complying with the requisition of the +commander-in-chief.</p> + +<p>After the peace Doctor Gardiner resided in Newport, Rhode Island, +where he still practiced medicine and surgery. There he died suddenly +of a malignant fever on August 8, 1786, in his eightieth year. His body +was interred under Trinity church and his funeral was attended by most +of the citizens. The shipping displayed its colors at half-mast, and much +respect was shown by the people. Dr. Gardiner had always been philanthropic +and a benefit to mankind. He seems to have been identified in +church work wherever he lived and from the following extract appears +to have been a member of King's chapel, while residing in Boston: +"April 3, 1740.—Rec'd of Mr. Sylvester Gardiner Sixteen Pounds Two +Shills, in full for wine for the Chapple for the year past. John Hancock."<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a></p> + +<p>Dr. Gardiner acted conscientiously in his course in remaining loyal and +his "Christian fortitude and piety were exemplary as his honesty was +inflexible and his friendship sincere."<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> In the Episcopal church in +Gardiner, Maine, near the pulpit, a beautiful cenotaph of black marble +about eight feet high enclosed in a fine oaken frame, is erected to the +memory of Dr. Gardiner, by Robert Hallowell Gardiner, his grandson +and heir.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Gardiner</span>, the eldest son of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, was born +in Boston in 1731, and was sent to England, to complete his education. +He studied law at Inner Temple and practiced in the courts of Westminster +Hall. He received the appointment of Attorney-General in the +West Indies at St. Christopher's. He was denied promotion by the +British Government because of his sympathy for the Whigs, and in 1783 +he returned to Boston. On February 13, 1784, John Gardiner, his wife, +Margaret, and their children were naturalized. John Gardiner was an +ardent reformer and an active Unitarian. He was the principal agent +in transforming the King's Chapel into a Unitarian church. He wrote +an able treatise in defence of the theatre. Removing to Pownalborough, +Maine, he represented that town in the General Court from 1789 until +his death in 1793-94. He was drowned by the loss of a packet in which +he was sailing to Boston to attend the session of the Legislature.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span><span class="smcap">John Sylvester John</span>, son of John Gardiner, was born in Wales +in 1765. His father had left America in 1748 before he was of age and +resided in England and South Wales until 1768, when he went to St. +Christopher's, remaining in the West Indies until 1783. John Sylvester +John, became an able theological and political writer. He was rector +of Trinity church, Boston, from 1805 until his death, which occurred +at Harrowgate Springs, England, in 1830, while traveling for his health.</p> + +<p>A tablet was erected in Trinity church to the memory of John Sylvester +John Gardiner, who had first been an assistant and later the rector +of the church. At the time of the great Boston fire, November 9, 1872, +when old Trinity church on Summer street was destroyed, this tablet +was the only relic saved from the interior of the church. It was rescued +from the flames by a great-grandson of John Sylvester John Gardiner, +and is now in Trinity church, Copley square. Boston.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Gardiner</span>, son of the rector, was an eminent Boston +lawyer. He had two daughters, Louisa, who married John Cushing of +Watertown, and Elizabeth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Gardiner</span>, the second son of Sylvester Gardiner, removed +to Gardinerston, Maine, soon after the settlement commenced. He +employed a housekeeper and entertained his friends and was famous for +his fun making. He gave offence to the Whigs because he "would drink +tea"; because he refused to swear allegiance to their cause; and because +he called them "Rebels." "Arrangements were made to take him from +his bed at night, and tar and feather him, but a Whig, friendly to him, +carried him to a place of safety. He was, however, made prisoner, tried +and sent to jail in Boston."<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> In March, 1778, he petitioned for release +and was soon after allowed to return home where "he was regarded as +a harmless man and was allowed for the most part to remain unmolested, +except by petty annoyances." William Gardiner died, unmarried at +Gardiner, Maine, and was buried "beneath the Episcopal vestry."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Anne Gardiner</span>, third child of Sylvester Gardiner, married the +second son of the Earl of Altamont. <span class="smcap">Hannah</span>, a fourth child, was the +wife of Robert Hallowell. <span class="smcap">Rebecca</span>, the fifth child, married Philip +Dumarisque. Last, <span class="smcap">Abigail</span>, married Oliver Whipple, counsellor-at-law, +Cumberland, Rhode Island, and subsequently of Portsmouth, New +Hampshire.</p> + +<p>Nearly the whole of the estate in Maine passed under the provisions +of Doctor Gardiner's will, to Hannah's only son, Robert Hallowell, who, +as one of the conditions of that instrument, added the name of Gardiner. +John on account of his political and religious opinions failed to become +the principal heir, and William "was not an efficient man."</p> + +<p>Sylvanus Gardiner's second wife was the widow of William Eppes +of Virginia, daughter of Col. Benj. Pickman of Salem. She died at +Poole, England, leaving a son, Wm. Eppes, who married Miss Randolph +of Bristol, whose son was a commissary general in the British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span> +Army. A daughter, Love Eppes, married Sir John Lester of Poole, and +Abigail Eppes married Richard Routh, a loyalist.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO SYLVESTER GARDINER IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To William Coleman, Benjamin Coleman, Dec 12. 1782. Lib. 136, fol. 146; Land and +buildings in Boston, Marlborough St. W.; John Sprague and Samuel Partridge S.; +alley between said land and land of John Erving E.; Samuel Partridge N.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Joseph Gardner, Nov. 21. 1783; Lib. 140, fol. 113; Land in Boston, Marlborough St. E.; +alley S. and E., Samuel Dashwood S. and E., Martin Gay E.; Winter St. S.; heirs +of William Fisher W.; S.; W. and S.; heirs of Henderson Inches S.; John Williams +and land of the State W.; Jonathan Cole N.; John Lucas E. and N.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Boles, March 2, 1784; Lib. 141, fol. 195. Land in Boston. Winter St. N.; John +R. Sigourney W.; Dr. John Sprague S. and E.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Joseph Henderson. Aug. 7, 1784. Lib. 144 fol. 111; Land and buildings in Boston, +Long Lane E.; Dr. John Sprague S. and E.; Andrew Johonnot S., Charles Paxton +and Dr. Sprague W.; said Sprague N.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>RICHARD KING.</h2> + + +<p>Of Scarborough, he was a prosperous merchant, "with a leaning +towards the Government." Many persons had become indebted to him +beyond their ability to pay. In consequence, apparently of this circumstance, +his troubles soon began, after the attack and destruction of Mr. +Hutchinson's residence, of which the following outrage appears to have +been an imitation, and the story has been handed down by no less a person +than John Adams: "Taking advantage of the disorders occasioned by the +passage of the Stamp Act, a party disguised as Indians, on the night of +the 16th of March, 1760, broke into his store, and his dwelling-home also, +and destroyed his books and papers, containing evidences of debts. Not +content with this, they laid waste his property and threatened his life +if he should venture to seek legal mode of redress."</p> + +<p>John Adams was counsel for King, and he, who had no pity for +Hutchinson, but rather rejoiced in the impunity of his assailants, writes, +"The terror and distress, the distraction and horror of his family cannot +be described by words or painted on canvas. It is enough to move a +statue, to melt a heart of stone to read the story."<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a></p> + +<p>The popular bitterness then engendered did not, however, subside, +and in 1774, a slight incident occurred which soon caused it once more +to break out. A vessel of Mr. King's was found to have delivered a load +of lumber in Boston, by special license, after the port had been closed, +and the material had been purchased for the use of the troops. On this +occasion forty men from the neighboring town of Gorham came over +and compelled Mr. King, in fear of his life, to make a disavowal of his +opinion. These repeated shocks seem to have been too much for Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span> +King's constitution. He became insane and died in the following March.</p> + +<p>Such were the means adopted by the Sons of Despotism, to make +patriots, to convert their fellow countrymen to their ways of thinking. +Intimidation and oppression are the accompaniments of all successful revolutions. +The same holds true of the methods adopted at the present time +by the leaders of a strike. The leaders, like the revolutionary leaders, +are unwilling to acknowledge that they are disturbers of the peace, or +that acting under them their followers are brutally assailing those who +seek employment under other than union conditions.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHARLES PAXTON.</h2> + +<h3>COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS.</h3> + + +<p>The subject of this sketch was born at Boston, February 28, 1707. +Wentworth Paxton and Faith, his wife, were his parents. Charles +Paxton was a Commissioner of Customs and as such early incurred the +ill will of the so-called patriotic party. In 1769 he and his associates +were posted in the "Boston Gazette," by James Otis. It was this card of +Otis which brought on the altercation with Robinson, another commissioner, +in the coffee-house in State street, and which resulted in injuries +to the head of the first champion of the revolution, from which he never +recovered. Otis subsequently became insane and while confined in an +asylum met his death, being struck by a bolt of lightning.</p> + +<p>Charles Paxton was a warden of King's Chapel in 1762, and was +remarkable for finished politeness and courtesy of manners. His office +was unpopular and odious and the wags of the day made merry with +qualities, which at any other time would have commanded respect. On +Pope-day, as the gun-powder plot anniversary, or the 5th of November +was called, there was usually a grand pageant of various figures on a +stage mounted on wheels and drawn through the streets with horses. +The Pretender suspended on a gibbet between the Devil and the Pope, +with appropriate implements and dress, were among the objects devised +to make up the show. Sometimes political characters, who in popular +estimation should keep company with personages represented, were added; +and of these, Commissioner Paxton was one. On one occasion he was +exhibited between the figures of the Devil and the Pope in proper figure. +As the disputes which preceded the war increased, the visits of Paxton +to London became more frequent. He went there as the authorized agent +to the crown officers, to complain of the merchants for resisting the +Acts of Parliament, and for the interest of the supporters of the Crown. +After he entered upon his duties he was efficient and active beyond his +associates. John Adams says of him that he appeared at one time to +have been Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary and Chief Justice.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span>Paxton and his fellow-commissioners seized one of Hancock's vessels +for smuggling wine which caused a fearful mob and the flight of the +officers of the revenue to Castle William. Then came the hanging of +Paxton in effigy on the "Liberty Tree," then at the instance of the Commissioner +the first troops came to Boston; then the card of Otis, denouncing +the commissioners by name, the assault upon him in answer to it, +and later came the destruction of three cargoes of tea; then the shutting +of the port of Boston; then the first continental congress; then war,—a +war which cost England $500,000,000 and the Anglo-Saxon race 100,000 +lives in battle, storm and in prison.</p> + +<p>In 1776, with his family of five persons, Mr. Paxton embarked at +Boston with the British Army for Halifax, and in July of that year sailed +for England in the ship Aston Hall. He came under the Confiscation +Act and was proscribed and banished. In 1780 he was a pallbearer at the +funeral of Governor Hutchinson. In 1781 he was seen walking with +Harrison Gray, the last Colonial treasurer of Massachusetts, near Brompton. +This able and determined supporter of the crown died in 1788 at +the age of eighty-four at the seat of William Burch (one of his fellow +commissioners) at Norfolk, England.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JOSEPH HARRISON.</h2> + +<h3>COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS.</h3> + + +<p>As previously stated, after the close of the last war with France +which ended in the conquest of Canada, the Government decided on enforcing +the revenue laws.<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> The frigate Romney of fifty guns had arrived +from Halifax and at the same time the sloop "Liberty," owned by John +Hancock, arrived loaded with wine from Madeira; there was a duty of +£7 per tun on such wines; several cargoes had been smuggled in without +payment of the duty, and it seemed probable that there would either be +a connivance by the custom house officer in this case, as in others, or +there would be a great disturbance by the mob. Harrison determined that +there should be no connivance by the officers and that the laws against +smuggling should be enforced, even if the vessel did belong to one of the +principal merchants and a representative of Boston and an officer of the +corps of cadets. Before the vessel arrived it had been frequently mentioned +that the duties would not be paid, and it was expected that an +open refusal would be made. When the vessel arrived and was lying at +Hancock's wharf on the tenth of June, 1768, the custom house officer, +Thomas Kirk, went on board, and was followed by Captain John Marshall,—who +commanded Mr. Hancock's ship, the London Packet,—with five or +six others. These persons confined Kirk below and kept him some three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span> +hours, and in the meantime the wine was taken out and no entry made +of it at the Custom House or Naval Office. The cargo was landed in +the night and carted through the streets of Boston under a guard of thirty +or forty stout fellows armed with bludgeons, and though it was notorious +to the greatest part of the town, no officer of the customs thought fit +to attempt a seizure, nor is it probable that he could have succeeded if +he had attempted it. On the liberation of the custom house officer, an +entry was made the next morning by the master, Mr. Nathaniel Barnard, +who entered four or five pipes of wine, and made oath that that was all +he brought into port. This was as much a submission to the authority of +the act as if the whole cargo had been seized.</p> + +<p>It was determined to seize the sloop upon a charge of false entry. +Accordingly Mr. Joseph Harrison, the collector and Benjamin Hallowell, +the comptroller, repaired to Hancock's wharf and made the seizure, and +fearing an attempt to rescue the vessel, made a signal to the Romney, +which lay at a small distance from the shore, and a boat with armed men +came to their aid. To prevent a rescue the vessel was taken from the +wharf into the harbor. This removal brought on a riot, a mob was soon +gathered together and the officer, insulted and beaten, several of whom +barely escaped with their lives. Among the numerous missiles thrown at +Mr. Harrison was a brick or stone which struck him on the breast, from +the effects of which he was confined to his bed. His son, Mr. Richard +Acklom Harrison, was thrown down, dragged by the hair of his head +and otherwise barbarously treated. Mr. Hallowell and Mr. Erving, +inspectors, did not fare much better. The former was confined to his +home from the wounds and bruises he received and the latter besides +having his sword broken was beaten with clubs and sticks, and considerably +wounded. The mob next proceeded to the home of Mr. John +Williams, the Inspector-General, broke his windows and also those of the +Comptroller, Mr. Hallowell. They then took Mr. Harrison's boat and +dragged it to the Common and there burned every fragment of it. Captain +Marshall, the captain of the "London Packet," died the same night +as the riot, at Hancock wharf, and it is said his death was caused by the +over-exertion which he made in removing the wine from the sloop +Liberty. The most conspicuous man on the part of the mob was Captain +Daniel Malcolm, a trader in Fleet street, who, it is said, was deeply interested +in the wines attempted to be smuggled. The revenue officer knew +him well and owed him no good will, for the reason that some time before +they undertook to search his premises for contraband goods, but were +obliged to retreat before deadly weapons, without effecting their object. +On the occasion of the seizure of the Liberty he headed a party of men +who exerted themselves to prevent her removal to the Romney, they said +the sloop should not be taken into custody, and declared they would go +on board and throw the people belonging to the Romney overboard.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> +When the ministry became advised concerning the riots which followed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span> +the seizure of the sloop Liberty, they gave orders for two regiments to +sail for Boston from Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> They arrived September 30. The 29th +regiment camped on the Common and the 14th was quartered in Faneuil +Hall. The revenue officers retired after the assaults upon them to the +Castle until the arrival of the troops. Joseph Harrison and his wife and +family went to England. He was succeeded in the collectorship by +Edward Winslow, who held the office till the evacuation of Boston.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CAPTAIN MARTIN GAY.</h2> + + +<p>John Gay emigrated to America about 1630. He settled first at +Watertown and was a grantee in the great Dividends and in Beaver +Brook plowlands, owning forty acres. He was Freeman May 6, 1635 +and a Selectman in 1654. He died March 4, 1688, and his wife Joanna +died August 14, 1691. He had eleven children.</p> + +<p>Nathaniel, third child of John Gay was born January 11, 1643. Was +Freeman May 23, 1677, and Selectman in 1704 and other years. He +married Lydia Lusher. He died Feb. 20, 1712. His wife died August +6th, 1774, aged ninety-two. He had ten children.</p> + +<p>Rev. Ebenezer Gay, D. D., Minister of Hingham was born in 1696 +graduated at Harvard University in 1714, and was ordained in 1718. He +was a devoted loyalist, and died 1787, at the age of ninety, and in the sixty-ninth +year of his ministry. Rev. Doctor Chauncy "pronounces him to have +been one of the greatest and most valuable men in the country." His son, +<span class="smcap">Martin Gay</span>, was Captain of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company. +He was born at Hingham on the 29 December, 1726. He married +first, 13 December, 1750, Mary Pinckney, by whom he had seven children. +After her death he married Ruth Atkins, by her he had two children. He +carried on the business of a brass founder, and copper smith, on Union +Street, Boston. He was also deacon in the West Church in Lynde Street. +On the thirtieth of April, 1775, shortly after the battle of Lexington, Deacon +Gay, with Deacon Jones was requested to "take care of the plate, etc., +belonging to this church, and Congregation." The church and congregation +were at this time dispersed and the meeting house occupied as a barrack +by the troops, and the pastor had gone to Nova Scotia. Mr. Gay +was true to his trust, at the evacuation he took "the plate and linnen" to +Nova Scotia and afterwards returned it, for long years after in 1793 the +church voted him their thanks for "having taken care of the plate belonging +to the church, while the town was in the hands of the British troops, +and when it was evacuated." When the new church was built in 1805 +he subscribed three hundred dollars towards it. From 1758 to 1774, he +was yearly chosen one of the two Assay Masters, and for many years he +was chosen one of the sixteen Firewards of the Town, in which office he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span> +had as associates John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and Adino Paddock, +he was chosen one of the twelve Wardens of the Town in 1771, and occupied +many other offices of importance, which shows the esteem in +which he was held by his fellow townsmen. In June, 1774, he signed the +Address to Governor Hutchinson, and from that time, he was not elected +to any town office, owing to his public avowal of Loyalist sentiments.</p> + +<p>Mr. W. Allan Gay of West Hingham, a grandson of Martin Gay, has +three letters written by the Captain, they have been published in the Collection +of the Colonial Society of Mass., Vol. 3. They are interesting as +they bring us almost into personal contact with people who were living in +Boston more than a hundred years ago, and one of whom saw the Battle +of Bunker Hill. The first was written by Captain Martin Gay to his +brother Jotham, seven years his elder. He had been an officer in the +French war of 1755 and had taken part in the expedition against Nova +Scotia under Gen. John Winslow. He afterwards settled in the province +he had helped to conquer from the French and at the date of the letter had +been for more than ten years a resident of Cumberland, Nova Scotia. Within +but three weeks after the battle, it gives one of the first authentic accounts +published. The writer's loyalty to his "King and Country" is very +apparent, as well as his detestation of all Rebels, and especially the "famous +Doctor Warren." The letter in part is as follows: "The victory obtained +by about two thousand regular troops commanded by General +Howe, over a large body of the County Rebels, ('tis said about six thousand,) +on the heights of Charlestown, on the 17ult, was a remarkable Action. +It proves that nothing the enemies to Great Britain can do, will +daunt the courage of British troops. The Rebels had entrenched themselves +on the top of a high hill, with two cannon mounted in the Redoubt, +besides several field pieces, on the hill, which is about a quarter of a +mile from Charles River in approaching which, the troops had to break +through stone walls, and other difficulties, which gave the enemy every advantage +they could wish for. However, after a most violent hot fire, the +brave soldiers forced the entrenchments to the joy of all the spectators, +(myself being one) and others on this side of the river, who are friends to +King and Country. Immediately on the King's troops appearing on the +top of the Redoubt, the Rebels ran off in great confusion leaving their +cannon, entrenching tools and a large number of their dead and wounded. +The loss was great on both sides, the action lasted about an hour and a +quarter. We have reason to lament the loss of so many valuable brave +officers and men, of the King's Army who were killed on the field of +battle, and since dead of the wounds they received. I have not seen any +account of the transaction of that day made public by authority, therefore +will not pretend to say which suffered most in the loss of men. Will mention +one on the Rebel side, the famous Doctor Warren, who has for +some years been a stirrer up of Rebellion, was killed in the action. Had +some others of his disposition which I could name been there, and meet the +same fate with him, it would have made the victory of that day the more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span> +glorious, though the Rebels meet with a shameful defeat, they still +continue in their opposition, in fortifying hills and others places near this +town. I am not apprehensive of their ever being able to take or destroy +this town, but 'tis a melancholy consideration to be in this situation, which +must in time prove fatal to this town and province, if not soon prevented +by that almighty being, whose providence preserves and governs the +world in all things."</p> + +<p>On the evacuation of Boston in March, 1776, by the British troops, he +accompanied them to Halifax. There went with him his son Martin, and +his daughter Mary, who afterwards married Rev. William Black of Halifax, +and also "his man London." He remained in Nova Scotia during the +whole period of the war. Mrs. Ruth Gay, second wife of Martin Gay, +whose maiden name as already stated was Atkins, remained in Boston during +the war, probably with her father's family. Her father, Thomas Atkins, +was a bricklayer by trade, and a well-to-do citizen, his real estate having +been appraised at his death in 1785 at £1,696. He, with his eldest +son, joined the revolutionists, but his second son, Gibbs Atkins, was a loyalist. +So were families divided in those days.</p> + +<p>The second letter was from his wife in Boston and was sent to him at +Halifax. It is interesting as showing some of the devices reported to by the +loyalists, their families and friends to save at least a portion of their estates +for the original owners. The letter is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p class="signature"> +Boston, 24 June, 1786.</p> + +<p>My Dear Mr. Gay: +</p> + +<p>My last of the 8th instant containing the melancholy account of the +death of my father, I make no doubt you have received. In that I also +informed you that the house was to be sold the 15 of this month which was +done accordingly. Mr. Whalley chose to bid it of and Brother Timothy +bought it at £380. He paid 129 Dollars Earnest money, the rest is to be +paid in 6 weeks. I wish you could settle your affairs so as to come home +before the time is up. Mr. Whalley has sent you the account of the sale +properly authentic, and has directed them to be left at Mr. Pike's at Halifax. +Do come home as soon as you can. Our friends unite with me in +love to you and children. Father Gay has got quite well. Fanny is with +me and desires her duty to you. Love to her Brothers and Sisters. Believe +me to be your tender, affectionate Wife,</p> + +<p class="signature"> +R. GAY. +</p></blockquote> + +<p>The sale mentioned by Mrs. Gay took place under the Confiscation Act +of 1777-1780. These estates were treated by the Probate Court as those +of deceased persons. As Martin Gay's wife was not an absentee she was entitled +to her third or dower right in her husband's estate. The Commissioners +appointed by the Probate Court assigned to Mrs. Gay as "her +third" "the two middle tenements of the house on Union Street, Boston, +with the cellars chambers and upper rooms. Also the shop fronting Union +Street and the land under same with the liberty to go through the great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span> +entry into the said shop, with the use and improvements of the yard, Well, +Pump, and Privy." This division was made at her request as a shrewd +means of retaining for herself and eventually for her husband, the <i>whole</i> +of the property, for it would be difficult to sell or to lease the two ends +of the house so divided, with the middle taken out. The result was that the +remainder of the house was unsaleable and as stated in the letter was +bought in by her brother Timothy Atkins. As Mrs. Gay by her right +of dower had only a life estate on the property, it was necessary that she +should require what is known as the "remainder" which was still vested in +the Commonwealth. This was conveyed to her by Act of the Legislature, +Feb. 7th, 1807, for the consideration $1,680. In 1809, the widow, Ruth +Gay, and her son Ebenezer Gay, sold this property for fifteen thousand +dollars.</p> + +<p>The third letter is dated at London, 7 July, 1788. In it he says "I +cannot pretend to say when my affairs will admit of my return to America. +By a late act of parliament a final settlement will (it is sayed) be made +with the Loyalists within a few months. I must wait with patience this +important event, then prepare to leave this both wonderful and delightful +kingdom, and return to my family and friends in my native country, +though an Alien when in it."</p> + +<p>He remained two years in England and returned to Boston in 1792, +when he resumed his business as a coppersmith at his old stand in Union +Street, and soon after entered into business relations with Mr. James Davis, +a brass founder, then but twenty-two years of age, who had learned +the trade from a Hessian, who like many of his countrymen were obliged +to remain in the country when Congress violated the terms of the Saratoga +Convention.<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> Mr. Gay subsequently sold the business to Mr. Davis, who +incorporated it in 1828 under the name of the Revere Copper Company, +Mr. Joseph Warren Revere being one of the incorporators.</p> + +<p>Martin Gay died in 1809, and he was buried in the Granary Burial +Ground. <span class="smcap">Samuel Gay</span> was the eldest son of Martin Gay who graduated +at Harvard in 1775. Owing to the disturbed state of the times, and the +quarterings of the rebel troops in the College buildings, he did not take +his degree at the College Commencement, which was not held this year. +He became a permanent resident of New Brunswick, and was a member of +the first House of Assembly organized in the Colony, and represented the +County of Westmoreland several years. He was also a magistrate of that +County, and Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. He died at +Fort Cumberland (where his father had a grant of land from the Crown) +January 21, 1847 in the ninety-third year of his age.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ebenezer Gay</span> was the youngest son of Martin Gay, and can hardly +be classed as a loyalist. He was a child when his father went to Halifax, +and he remained in Boston with his mother during the war. He graduated +at Harvard College in 1789, practiced law, and was a member of the +State Senate, and resided at Hingham. Mr. Wickworth Allen Gay, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span> +artist, is his son. Martin Gay the younger, was fifteen years of age when +he accompanied his father to Halifax. Three years later he was accidentally +shot by a friend while hunting near Windsor, Nova Scotia.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO MARTIN GAY IN SUFFOLK +COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To John Davis. Jan. 7, 1783; Lib. 136, fol. 228; Land in Boston, Winter St. S.. Samuel +Dashwood E. and N.; Dr. Sylvester Gardner, an absentee, W.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Timothy Atkins. Dec. 13. 1787; Lib. 161, fol. 240; Land and buildings in Boston. +Union St. E.; Philip Freeman S.; E.; E. and S.; heirs of Benjamin Andrews W; +N. and W.; Dorothy Carnes N. and W.; Jeremiah Bumstead N.; reserving that +part of the premises set off to Ruth Gay, wife of said Martin Gay.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>DANIEL LEONARD.</h2> + + +<p>The Leonard family was established in this country in 1652, by three +sons of Thomas Leonard, who remained in England. The three sons +were James, Henry, and Philip, all of whom have left many descendants. +The Leonards were interested in the first iron works established in this +country at Lynn, Braintree, Rowley Village, and Taunton, and at a later +date at Canton, so that the observation "where you can find iron works +there you will find a Leonard" has been almost literally verified. They +were probably interested in most, if not all the iron works established in +this country within the first century after its settlement, and it is a remarkable +fact that the iron manufacture has continued successively, and +generally very successfully, in the hand of the Leonards or their descendants, +down to the present day.</p> + +<p>James was the progenitor of the Leonards of Taunton, Raynham and +Norton. He and his sons often traded with the Indians, and were on +such terms of friendship with them, that when war broke out King Philip +gave strict orders to his men never to hurt the Leonards. Philip resided +in winter at Mount Hope, but his summer residence was at Raynham, +about a mile from the forge. The family was noted throughout Plymouth +County in Colonial times for its wealth, and the number of able men it +produced in successive generations, who were entrusted by the public +with offices of honor and importance. To this family belonged Daniel +Leonard, the third Taunton lawyer, a man who was no unconspicuous actor +in the affairs of his time. He was the only son of Ephraim Leonard, +a judge of the Court of Common Pleas, a colonel in the militia, and the +possessor of a large property, who resided on a homestead of five hundred +acres connected with which were extensive iron works, situated in +that part of the town of Norton now known as Mansfield. There, in a +house on this estate the subject of this sketch was born May 29, 1740. +His boyhood was passed tranquilly amid comforts which usually wait on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span> +an only child of wealthy and influential parents. Entering Harvard College +at an early age, he graduated in 1760 in the class of John Lowell, the +celebrated lawyer. He took up law as a profession, and had not been +long at the bar before he was engaged in a fair practice, his generous disposition +and affable manners having established his popularity, while his +acquirements won for him reputation as an orator and a scholar. In +1770 he received from Yale College the degree of M. A.; in 1769 he was +appointed as King's Attorney of Bristol County. Having become possessed +of a fortune by a Boston heiress, he adopted what for that age and +vicinity was considered great style, and display of dress, and mode of +living. He set up a chariot, and pair of horses with which he travelled +to Boston several times a week, something no lawyer in the Province +had ever ventured to do before. In 1769 he began his political career by +entering the Legislature where he represented Taunton during the year's +of 1770-71-73 and 74. At first he made the most ardent speeches, which +had been up to that time delivered in the House against Great Britain +in favor of the colonists, but in the latter years of his service as a representative, +he, like many more of his countrymen, became alarmed at the +mob outrages, and the drifting of the country towards rebellion, he +slowly changed his opinions and became a Loyalist and a supporter of +the government that represented law, and authority. The revolutionists +attributed this change to the influence of Governor Hutchinson and Attorney-General +Sewall with whom he was on terms of intimacy, although +this friendship formed some cause of distrust; the change in his views +was not known publicly, or with certainty until the summer of 1774, as is +evidenced by his being a member of the Committee of Nine on the state +of the Province in the Legislature of that year, a committee made up of +those only who were believed to be against the government. In June of +that year he became an "addresser" to Governor Hutchinson. A few +weeks later he was appointed Mandamus Councellor by the King. When +it became known that he had taken the oath for qualifications for this office +a mob of upward of two thousand men gathered on the "green" near +his home, uttering oaths and angry threats and menacing him with personal +indignities, which they would undoubtedly have proceeded to put +into execution if they could have found him, but being informed by his +father that he had gone to Boston and that he would use his influence to +induce his son to resign his office, they were mollified for the time and refrained +from pulling the house down, and gradually dispersed. They, +however, assembled again the following evening, and seeing a light in +the south chamber where Mrs. Leonard lay sick in bed, and thinking +that Leonard was there, they fired through the window into the room; the +bullets passed through the upper sash and shutter, and lodged in the +partition of the next chamber.<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> Friends had acquainted Mr. Leonard of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span> +the mob's intention to attack his home. He therefore went to Boston +where his family soon joined him, and was protected from further violence +by the presence of the troops. This outrage upon his home greatly +embittered him against the revolutionists and their cause, and was undoubtedly +the cause of his writing his celebrated letters, which so ably +championed those principles of civil liberty, for which the loyalists so +nobly contended.</p> + +<p>Daniel Leonard was the author of the famous letters signed Massachusettensis, +mis-attributed by the first President Adams to Jonathan +Sewall. These letters that appeared in the Massachusetts Gazette "reviewed +with much ingenuity with the purpose of showing that the course +of the government was founded in law and reason; that the colonies had +no substantial grievance; that they were a part of the British Empire and +properly subject to its authority." From the great skill in which they +were written they were attributed to Jonathan Sewall, a man of much talent. +It was more than a generation before the authorship was assigned +to Daniel Leonard. John Adams answered these papers as "Novanglus." +"Massachusettensis" bears dates between December, 1774, and April, +1775, and was published three times in a single year: first, in the "Massachusetts +Gazette and Post Boy," next in a pamphlet form; and last, by +Rivington, in New York. Still another edition appeared in Boston in +1776. The replies were numerous. "Novanglus" bears dates between +January and April, 1775. Both were printed in 1819, with a preface, by +Mr. Adams, who remarks of "Massachusettensis," that "these papers +were well written, abounded with wit, discovered good information, and +were conducted with a subtlety of art and address wonderfully calculated +to keep up the spirits of their party, to depress ours," etc., etc.</p> + +<p>The following are a few brief extracts from these letters.</p> + +<p>"The press when opened to all parties and influenced by none, is a +salutary engine in a free state, to preserve the freedom of that state, but +when a party has gained the ascendancy, so far as to become the licensers +of the press, either by act of government, or by playing off the resentment +of the populace against printers, and authors, the press itself becomes +an engine of oppression or licentiousness, and is as pernicious to society +as otherwise it would be beneficial. It is too true that ever since the origin +of our controversy with Great Britain, the press of this town have been +indulged in publishing what they pleased, while little has been published +on the part of the government. The effect this must have had upon the +minds of the people in general is obvious. In short, the changes have +been so often rung upon oppression, tyranny, and slavery, that, whether +sleeping or waking, they are continually vibrating in our ears, and it is +now high time to ask ourselves whether we have not been deluded by +sound only. Should you be told that acts of high treason are flagrant +through the country, that a great part of the province is in actual rebellion, +would you believe it true? Nay, you would spurn it with indignation. +Be calm, my friends, it is necessary to know the worst of a disease, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span> +enable us to provide an effectual remedy. Are not the bands of society +cut asunder and the sanctions that hold man to man trampled upon? Can +any of us recover a debt, or obtain compensation for an injury by law? +Are not many persons, whom once we respected, and revered, driven +from their homes, and families, and forced to fly to the army for protection, +for no other reason but their having accepted commissions under our +king? Is not civil government dissolved?</p> + +<p>"Reader, apply to an honest lawyer (if such a one can be found) and +inquire what kind of an offence it is for a number of armed men to assemble, +and forcibly to obstruct the courts of justice, to pass governmental +acts, to take the militia out of the hands of the king's representatives to +form a new militia, to raise men and appoint officers for public purposes, +without order or permission of the king or his representatives, or for a +number of men to take to their arms, and march with a professed design +of opposing the king's troops. Ask, reader, of such a lawyer, what is the +crime, and what the punishment, and if, perchance, thou art one that has +been active in these things, and art not insensibility itself, his answer will +harrow up thy soul.</p> + +<p>"The shaft is already sped, and the utmost exertion is necessary to +prevent the blow. We already feel the effects of anarchy, mutual confidence, +affection, and tranquility, those sweeteners of human life are succeeded +by distrust, hatred, and wild uproar; the useful arts of agriculture +and commerce are neglected for caballing, mobbing this or the other man, +because he acts, speaks or is suspected of thinking different from the +prevailing sentiment of the times, in purchasing arms, and forming a +militia. O height of madness! Can you indulge the thought one moment +that Great Britain will consent to this? For what has she protected and +defended the colonies against the maritime powers of Europe, from their +first British settlement to this day? For what did she purchase New York +of the Dutch? For what was she so lavish of her best blood and treasure +in the conquest of Canada, and other territories in America? Was it to +raise up a rival state, or to enlarge her own empire? I mention these +things, my friends, that you may know how people reason upon this subject +in England, and to convince you that you are deceived, if you imagine, +that Great Britain will accede to the claims of the colonies. And +now, in God's name, what is it that has brought us to this brink of destruction? +Has not the government of Great Britain been as mild and +equitable in the colonies, as in any part of her extensive domains? Has +she not been a nursing mother to us from the days of our infancy to this +time. Has she not been indulgent almost to a fault?</p> + +<p>"I have as yet said nothing of the difference in sentiment among ourselves. +Upon a superficial view we might imagine that this province +was nearly unanimous; but the case is far different. A very considerable +body of men of property in this province are at this day firmly attached +to the cause of government, bodies of men compelling persons to +disavow their sentiments, to resign commissions or to subscribe leagues,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span> +and covenants, has wrought no change in their sentiments. It has only +attached them more closely to government and pray more devoutly for +its restoration.</p> + +<p>"A new, and until lately unheard of mode of opposition, has been devised, +said to be the invention of the fertile brain of one of our party +agents, called a committee of correspondence. This is the foulest, subtlest, +and most venomous serpent that ever issued from the eggs of sedition. +These committees when once established, think themselves amenable +to none, they assume a dictatorial style, and have an opportunity under +the apparent sanction of their several towns, of clandestinely wreaking +private revenge on individuals by traducing their characters, and holding +them up as enemies of their country, wherever they go, also of misrepresenting +facts and propagating sedition through the country. Thus a +man of principle and property in travelling through the country would +be insulted by persons whose faces he had never seen before. He would +feel the smart without suspecting the hand that administered the blow. +These committees, as they are not known in law, and can derive no authority +from thence. They frequently erect themselves into a tribunal where +the same persons are at once legislators, accusers, witnesses, judges, and +jurors and the mob the executioners. The accused has no day in court, +and the execution of the sentence is the first notice he receives. It is +chiefly owning to these committees, that so many respectable persons have +been abused and forced to sign recantations and resignation though so +many persons, to avoid such reiterated insults, as are more to be deprecated +by a man of sentiment than death itself, have been obliged to quit +their houses, families and business, and fly to the army for protection. +That husband has been separated from wife, father from son, brother +from brother, and the unfortunate refugee forced to abandon all the +comforts of domestic life. Have not these people that are thus insulted, +as good a right to think and act for themselves in matters of the last importance. +Why then, do you suffer them to be cruelly treated for differing +in sentiment from you? Perhaps by this time some of you may inquire +who it is, that suffers his pen to run so freely. I will tell you; it +is a native of this province that knew it before many that are now basking +in the rays of political sunshine, had a being. He was favored not by +whigs, or tories, but the people. He is now repaying your favors, if he +knows his own heart, from the purest gratitude. I saw the small seed of +sedition when it was implanted; it was as a grain of mustard. I have +watched the plant until it has become a great tree; the vilest reptiles +that crawl upon the earth are concealed at the root, the foulest birds of the +air rest upon its branches.</p> + +<p>"At the conclusion of the late war Great Britain found that the national +debt amounted to almost one hundred and fifty million, and heavy +taxes and duties were laid. She knew that the colonies were as much +benefited as any part of the empire, and indeed more so, she thought it +reasonable that the colonies should bear a part of the national burden, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span> +that they should share in the national benefit. For this purpose the +stamp act was passed. At first we did not dream of denying the authority +of parliament to tax us, much less legislate for us. We had paid +for establishing a post office, duties imposed for regulating trade, and +even for raising a revenue to the crown without questioning the right. +Some resolves in Virginia denying the right of parliament made their +appearance. We read them with wonder, they savoured of independence. +It now became unpopular to suggest the contrary, his life would be in +danger that asserted it. The newspapers were open to but one side of +the question and the inflammatory pieces that issued weekly from the press, +worked up the populace to a fit temper to commit the outrages that ensued. +It has been said that several thousands were expended in England, +to ferment the disturbance there. However that may be, opposition +to the ministry was then gaining ground, from circumstances foreign +to this. The ministry was changed and the stamp act repealed. When +the statute was made imposing duties upon glass, paper, India teas, etc. +imported into the colonies, it was said this was another instance of taxation. +We obtained a partial repeal of this statute which took off the +duties from all articles except teas. We could not complain of the three-penny +duty on tea as burdensome, for a shilling which had been laid upon +it for the purpose of regulating trade, and therefore was allowed to be +constitutional, was taken off; so that we were, in fact, gainers nine pence +on the pound by the new regulation. The people were told weekly that +the ministry had formed a plan to enslave them that the duty upon tea +was only a prelude to a window tax, hearth tax, land tax and poll tax, +etc. What was it natural to expect from a people bred under a free +constitution, jealous of their liberty, credulous, even to a proverb when +told their privileges were in danger. I answer outrages, disgraceful to +humanity itself. What mischief was not an artful man, who had obtained +the confidence and guidance of such an enraged multitude, capable +of doing? He had only to point out this or that man, as an enemy of his +country, and no character or station, age or merit could protect the proscribed +from their fury. Happy was it for him, if he could secrete his +person, and subject his property only to their lawless rage. By such +means acts of public violence has been committed as will blacken many a +page in the history of our country. They have engrossed all the power +of the province into their own hands. A democracy or republic it has +been called, but it does not deserve the name of either. It was, however, +a despotism cruelly carried into execution by mobs, and riots, and more +incompatible with the rights of mankind than the enormous monarchies of +the East. The government under the British Constitution consisting of +kings, lords, and commons, is allowed both by Englishmen and foreigners +to be the most perfect system that the wisdom of ages has produced. The +distributions of power are so just, and the proportions so exact, as at once +to support and control each other. An Englishman glories in being subject +to and protected by such a government.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span>"Let us now suppose the colonies united and moulded into some form +of government, in order to render government operative and salutary, +subordination is necessary. This our patriots need not be told of, and +when once they had mounted the steed and found themselves so well seated +as to run no risk of being thrown from the saddle, the severity of +their discipline to restore subordination would be in proportion to their +former treachery in destroying it. We have already seen specimens of +their tyranny, in the inhuman treatment of persons guilty of no crime except +that of differing in sentiment. What then must we expect from +such scourges of mankind when supported by imperial powers?</p> + +<p>"I do not address myself to whigs or tories, but to the whole people. +I know you well, you are loyal at heart, friends to good order, and do violence +to yourselves in harboring one moment, disrespectful sentiments towards +Great Britain, the land of our forefathers' nativity, and sacred repository +of their bones, but you have been most insidiously induced to believe +that Britain is rapacious, cruel and vindictive, and envies us the inheritance +purchased by the sweat and blood of our ancestors. Could +that thick mist be but once dispelled that you might see our Sovereign, the +provident father of all his people, and Great Britain a nursing mother to +the colonies, as they really are. Long live our gracious king, and happiness +to Britain would resound from one end of the province to the other."<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a></p> + +<p>In February, 1775, Daniel Leonard was appointed Solicitor General +of the Commission of Customs with a salary of £200 sterling, a body exercising +powers similar to those of a court of admiralty. Thirteen months +after this time, March, 1776, he accompanied the British Army to Halifax +with his family of eight persons and thence to London, where he +practiced as a barrister in the Courts of Westminster.</p> + +<p>In 1780, William Knox, Under Secretary of State for the American +Department suggested the division of Maine, and a province of the territory +between the Penobscot and St. Croix rivers, with Thomas Oliver +for Governor, and Daniel Leonard for Chief Justice. The plan was approved +by the King and Ministry, but was abandoned because Wederburne, +the Attorney-General, gave the opinion that the whole of Maine +was included in the charter of Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>Mr. Leonard was in Massachusetts in 1799 and again in 1808. He +was included in the Banishment Act of 1778 and the Conspiracy Act of +1779. He received the appointment of Chief Justice to Bermuda. After +filling this office for many years, he again in his last days took up his +residence in London, where he died June 27, 1829, aged 89. His death +was the result of an accident while withdrawing the charge from a pistol, +he accidentally discharging it so as to cause almost instant death.</p> + +<p>The generous temper and affable manners of Mr. Leonard seemed +to have fascinated those who were in his household. The nurse who +was entrusted with the care of the infant daughter of his first wife, would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span> +never leave him. She went with his family in all their wanderings, first +to Boston, then to Halifax, London, and Bermuda, then to the United +States, back again to the West Indies, then to London, and died in their +service. His Deputy Sheriff, who had been a Captain in the Provincial +service, a person of great address, wit, and accomplishments, followed his +fortunes and was killed in the battle of Germantown, then a Major in +the British Army. A young gentleman educated at Harvard College, +and in his office, went with him to London where he died.</p> + +<p>Daniel Leonard married twice. His first wife was Anna, daughter +of Hon. Samuel White of Taunton, his second Sarah Hammock of Boston, +who died on the passage from Bermuda to Providence, R. I., aged +78. He left a daughter Anna, who married a Mr. Smith of Antigua, Harriet +who died in London in 1849, Sarah who married John Stewart, a +captain in British army and afterwards Collector of the Port of Bermuda. +Sarah had four children. The eldest Duncan Stewart, on the death of +an uncle who died childless, succeeded to an ancient Lairdship in Scotland. +His brother, Leonard Stewart, was an eminent physician in London. +His sister Emily married a Captain in the service of the East India Company, +the other sister, Sarah, married a Mr. Winslow, descended from +the ancient governor of Plymouth, and a relative of Lord Lyndhurst, +(Copley) whose private Secretary he was during his Chancellorship.<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> Mr. +Leonard had an only son Charles, who was born when the mob attacked +his house, and was feeble-minded. He entered Harvard College in 1791, +but did not graduate. He was subsequently under the guardianship of +Judge Wheaton, and was found dead in the road in Barrowsville, near +Taunton in 1831. Col. Ephraim Leonard, who lived till the close of the +Revolution devised his large estate to his grandson Charles. It was understood, +however, that the father and sisters of Charles were to participate +in the enjoyment of the property. Had Daniel Leonard returned from +banishment and taken the oath of naturalization and allegiance to the +new government, he would have inherited this large estate, but this he +would not do, nothing could swerve him from his loyalty to the old flag.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JUDGE GEORGE LEONARD.</h2> + + +<p>Major George Leonard was the third in descent from James, the +immigrant. He removed in 1690 to Norton, then a part of Taunton, +where he became the proprietor of very large tracts of land, and was +in fact the founder of that town. Here this family, as possessors of +great wealth and of the largest landed estate probably of any in New +England, have lived for over two hundred years. Major George was +Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. His eldest son George, the subject +of this sketch, was born March 4, 1698. He was in office from early<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span> +manhood until old age. He served his town in nearly every capacity +and was appointed a judge of the Court of Common Pleas, in 1725; a +member of the Council in 1741; and Judge of Probate in 1747; while +in the Militia he rose to rank of Colonel. In 1740 he was dismissed from +the bench, in consequence of his connection with the famous Land Bank +scheme, but was restored six years afterwards, and became Chief Justice. +He was called a "neutral" by Clark the historian of Norton, and he +remarks that though the most influential man in town he took no active +part in public affairs during the war. A <i>neutral</i> in the Revolution was +a Loyalist, the Revolutionists did not allow such a thing as a "neutral" +to exist. The fact was that he was an old man, whom all classes respected, +and on that account they did not molest him, and drive him out.</p> + +<p>He died in 1778, in his eighty-first year. "Tradition," says Clark, +"has universally given him a character above reproach, and of sterling +worth." He married Rachel Clap, of Scituate, who bore him four children +and who died in 1783, in her eighty-second year.</p> + +<p>George Leonard, son of the former, was born in 1729, and graduated +at Harvard University in 1748. He held several important offices under +the Colonial government, and after the adoption of the Federal Constitution, +was a member of Congress. It is said "he was a genuine specimen +of an American country gentleman," that "he was a kind and considerate +landlord, who never raised his rents, and who regarded his old +tenants as his friends," that "he was tenaciously attached to old customs, +and wore the short breeches and long stockings to the day of his death."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>COLONEL GEORGE LEONARD.</h2> + + +<p>Was the son of Rev. Nathaniel Leonard the brother of Judge Leonard +and fifth in descent from James the immigrant. He was driven forth +from his native land and settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and was +much employed in public affairs. The year after his arrival, he was appointed +one of the agents of government to locate lands granted to +Loyalists, and was soon after made a member of the Council, and commissioned +as a Colonel in the militia. He died at Sussex Vale in 1826, +at an old age. His wife Sarah, died a year before aged eighty-one. He +had several children. His daughter Caroline married R. M. Jarvis, +Esq., in 1805, and his daughter Maria married Lieutenant Gustavus +Rochfort of the Royal Navy in 1814. His son, Colonel Richard Leonard +of the 104th Regiment of the British army and Sheriff of the District of +Niagara, died at Lundy's Lane in 1833.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">George Leonard, Jr.</span>, son of George Leonard, accompanied his father +to New Brunswick in 1783. He was a grantee of the city of St. John. +He was bred to the law, and devoted himself to his profession. He died +at Sussex Vale in 1818.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span></p> +<h2>HARRISON GRAY.</h2> + +<h3> +<span class="smcap">Receiver General of Massachusetts.</span><br /> +</h3> + + +<p>Harrison Gray, was the son of Edward Gray and his wife Susanna. +He was born in Boston, 24 February, 1711.</p> + +<p>Edward Gray was from Lancashire, England, was an apprentice in +Boston in 1686, and married Susanna Harrison in 1699, by whom he had +several children.</p> + +<p>Harrison Gray was bred a merchant. His patrimonial inheritance, +aided by industry, enabled him to acquire a handsome fortune. In June +1753, he was chosen Treasurer of the province by the General Court and +continued in that office till October, 1774. He was an ardent loyalist, +and adhered to government from the beginning of the controversy, but +the modification of his conduct, his superior fitness for the office and the +confidence in his integrity secured him public favor through the stormy +period which commenced soon after his first election, and continued until +his appointment to, and acceptance of, the office of mandamus counsellor +in 1774. But this was an unpardonable offence in the eyes of the "sons +of despotism." It was however unsolicited, unexpected, and accepted +with great reluctance, being strongly pressed upon him by the leaders +of the loyalist party; and as most of those who had been appointed his +colleagues living in the country were compelled by the mobs to decline +the office, he was led to believe that residing in Boston then garrisoned +by the troops, he had no such apology for shrinking from the service, +and accordingly sacrificed inclination to a conscientious sense of duty. +This brought upon him the ill will and malice of his political opponents, +among these was John Adams, who said, "I went in to take a pipe with +brother Cranch and there I found Zab Adams. He told me he heard +that I had made two very powerful enemies in this town, and lost two +very valuable clients—Treasurer Gray, and Ezekiel Goldthwaite; and +that he had heard that Gray had been to me for my account, and paid it +off, and determined to have nothing more to do with me. O the wretched, +impotent malice! they show their teeth—they are eager to bite—but they +have not strength. I despise their anger, their resentment, and +their threats; but I can tell Mr. Treasurer that I have it in my power to +tell the world a tale which will infallibly unhorse him, whether I am in +the house or out. If this province knew that the public money had never +been counted these twenty years, and that no bonds were given last year, +nor for several years before, there would be so much uneasiness about it +that Mr. Treasurer would lose his election another year." This was one +of the meanest and most contemptible statements John Adams ever made. +It was a reckless accusation, and insinuation, and was ably answered by +his grandson, Harrison Gray Otis, who prepared a clear refutation of +the unjust accusation in Russell's Centinel, June, 1830. It was also refuted +by subsequent events. In October, 1774, the royal government<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span> +was superseded by the revolutionary congress who resolved "<i>that no +more taxes be paid to him</i>," and made choice of Henry Gardner for his +successor. This authority he could not be expected to recognize. He +therefore retained the books and files at his office till the evacuation of +Boston, and then left them in exemplary order. They are still in the public +archives of Massachusetts and show the model of a faithful state +treasurer. He might have been justified in retaining a lien upon these +as a security against loss and damage to his very valuable real, and personal +estate, which he left, and which was soon confiscated, but his high +sense of official duty forbade his recourse to any such precaution, and he +withdrew from a country which he loved, not less than those who stayed +at home, taking nothing which belonged to the public, but surrendered all +his property into the keeping of the public that treated him so basely. He +was also a creditor to many of the "sons of despotism," at the head of +whom was John Hancock, who owed him a large sum for borrowed money, +no part of which would he pay in his lifetime, and of which a small +part was received from his executors.<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a></p> + +<p>In the House of Representatives, August 8, 1775, "Ordered, that Mr. +Hopkins be directed to inquire how the Committee of Supplies have disposed +of the horse and chaise formerly Harrison Gray's which was +used by the late Dr. Warren, and came to the hands of the said Committee +after Dr. Warren's death." The next day, "Ordered, that Dr. +William Eustis be, and hereby is directed, immediately to deliver to the +Committee of Supplies the horse and chaise which were in the possession +of the late Doctor Warren, and which formerly belonged to Harrison +Gray."</p> + +<p>When Boston was evacuated, Mr. Gray, urged by a sense of duty, +with the male members of his family, tore himself away from his adored +and only daughter, Mrs. S. A. Otis, which so preyed upon her peace of +mind that it finally caused her death.</p> + +<p>He went to Halifax with his family of four persons where he stayed +a short time. "He was passenger in one of the six vessels that arrived +at London from Halifax, prior to June 10, 1776, laden with Loyalists +and their families."</p> + +<p>In Mr. Gray's house in London about the year 1789, Arthur Savage +gave the Rev. Mr. Montague a bullet taken from the body of General +Warren the day after his death. Mr. Montague after his return to Boston, +became rector of Christ Church. Harrison Gray, in a letter to him, +dated London, August 1st, 1791, remarks to him in a spirit of loyalty to +the crown of Britain as follows: "The melancholy state in which you +represent religion to be in Boston and New England is confirmed by all +who come from thence. Is this one of the blessings of your independence +to obtain which you sacrificed so many lives? I am glad your federal +constitution 'has had a very great and good effect', but very much question<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span> +whether you will ever be so happy as you were under the mild and +gentle government and protection of Great Britain; for, notwithstanding +the freedom my countrymen boast of, if in order to obtain it they have +sacrificed their religion, they have made a poor bargain. They cannot, +in a religious sense, be a free people till the Son of God has made them +free. It is very surprising, considering the establishment of the Roman +Catholic religion at Quebec was one of the heavy grievances the American +Congress complained of<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> that your governor and other great men +in your town should attend the worship of God in a Roman Catholic +church, to hear a Romish bishop on a Sunday; and that he should be one +of the chaplains who officiated at a public dinner. I cannot at present +account for their inconsistency any otherwise than by supposing the part +they took in the late unhappy contests lays so heavy upon their consciences +that they imagine no one can absolve them but a Romish priest."</p> + +<p>Mr. Gray lived in England upon a pension granted by the British government. +In 1794 at the advanced age of eighty-four, this excellent +and virtuous man sunk to rest. Perhaps no man among the many excellent +persons who went into exile at this time was more beloved and +regretted by his political enemies, for a more genuine model of nature's +nobleman never lived.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Gray</span>, son of Harrison Gray and his wife Elizabeth, born in +Boston, 18th of May, 1755. He went to Ireland soon after the battle of +Lexington. Hearing that the difficulties would probably be adjusted, he +embarked for Massachusetts, the vessel was taken off Newburyport. He +was in Newbury Jail, February, 1776, when at the solicitation of his sister, +the mother of Harrison Gray Otis, an order was passed to allow +his removal to the Otis homestead in Barnstable on condition of his giving +a bond with security in £1,000 not to pass without the limits of that +town, or deal or correspond with the enemy. Mr. Gray was in London, +January, 1781.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Gray</span> was descended from an old Boston family, his grandfather +Joseph Gray, was married by Rev. Samuel Williard to Rebecca +Sears, June 27, 1706. Their son Joseph Gray was born April 9, 1707, +and married Rebecca, daughter of John West of Bradford, or Haverhill +of Massachusetts. The old people were displeased with the match and +cut Rebecca off with "one pine tree shilling." Their son Joseph, the subject +of this sketch, was born July 19, 1729. He was a loyalist and settled +at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and was a member of the firm of Proctor & Gray, +merchants. His wife was Mary, daughter of Hon. Joseph Gerrish. His +son, the Rev. Benjamin Gerrish Gray, D. D., was born in 1768, married +Mary, daughter of Nathaniel Roy Thomas a Loyalist, and was many +years rector of St. George's parish, Halifax, and afterwards of an Episcopal +church in St. John, N. B. Died at the latter city in 1854. Another +son of Joseph Gray was William, born in 1777. Was British Consul +for Virginia for a long time and died in England in 1845.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span>Joseph Gray died at Windsor, N. S., in 1803 at the age of seventy-four, +leaving a large number of descendants.</p> + +<p>John Gray of Boston, another brother of Joseph Gray. He was +bred to business in that town by Caleb Blanchard. About the year 1768 +he went to England, but returned previous to hostilities, and was appointed +Deputy Collector of Customs, in which office he was popular. In +1776 he embarked for Halifax with the Royal Army, and before the +close of that year was at Charleston, S. C., and in prison. He was still +in that city as late as 1780, when he was an Addresser of Sir Henry +Clinton. Before the last mentioned date, however, he had engaged in +business as a commission merchant, and had purchased a plantation on account +of himself and of John Simpson, a fellow Loyalist of Boston. But +involved politically beyond the hope of extrication he sold his interest in +the plantation, and invested the proceeds in indigo and in a ship with the intention +of sailing for London. The Revolutionists not only defeated this +plan, but seized his vessel and his cargo, and the result was that of both +he barely saved one hundred guineas. With this sum he fled to his +brother Joseph at Halifax, who provided him a passage to England in +a ship of war. Without any accession to his fortune yet, with letters to the +agents of the East India Company, he soon embarked for India, and, on his +arrival there, was well received. The family account is that he wrote a treatise +on the Cultivation of Indigo, which the Governor and Council considered +so valuable as to grant him £4,000 sterling, and jointly with a Mr. +Powell, an extensive tract of land. These two grantees, assisted by the +Company, established a factory, and began the culture of indigo, which +was said to be the first attempt to cultivate this beautiful dye in India. +Both died suddenly in 1782 on the same day. Gray was at the plantation, +and Powell was two hundred miles away at the factory, and the supposition +was that they had incurred the jealousy of the natives, who had +caused their death by poison. Powell's brother told Joseph Gray, prior +to 1799 that the estate of our Loyalist and his associate had become "the +greatest indigo plantation in the known world."<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a></p> + +<p>Samuel Gray was also a brother of Joseph Gray. He died at Boston +in 1776 leaving issue, male and female. His wife was a daughter of +Captain Henry Atkins of Boston.</p> + +<p>Thomas Gray of Boston was a merchant, a Protester against the +Revolutionists, and one of the Addressers of Hutchinson. He died at +Boston in 1783.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO HARRISON GRAY IN SUFFOLK +COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To John Stanton, David Devens, Jonathan Harris, Feb. 11, 1780; Lib. 131, fol. 51; +Land and two brick dwelling-houses in Boston, Cornhill W.; land purchased by +Samuel Allen Otis N.; E. and N.; Wilson's Lane E.; Nathaniel Appleton S.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Samuel Allen Otis, April 4, 1780; Lib. 131, fol. 93; Land and brick dwelling-house +in Boston, Cornhill W.; land purchased by John Stanton and others S.; W. and +S.; Wilson's Lane E.; Samuel Vallentine N.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span></p> +<h2>REV. WILLIAM WALTER.</h2> + +<h3> +<span class="smcap">Rector of Trinity Church, Boston.</span><br /> +</h3> + + +<p>Thomas Walter, an Attorney at Law, came to America from Youghall, +Ireland, about 1679, bringing a recommendatory letter to the churches +in New England from a Congregational church in Youghall,—and +by virtue thereof was admitted a member of the Second church, Boston, +November 2, 1680. His family were originally of Lancashire, England, +and were of gentle blood. He died before the year 1698.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Nehemiah Walter</span>, son of the former, was born in Ireland, +December, 1663, and came to America with his father. He early distinguished +himself by proficiency in his studies at school, and by the +age of thirteen was a master of the Latin tongue. It soon became evident +that his genius pointed to a professional life, and he was sent to +Harvard University where he graduated with honors in 1684. Shortly +thereafter he removed to Nova Scotia where he resided some months +for the purpose of acquiring the French language. He became a distinguished +scholar and became noted among the literati of the day. After +a careful and impartial examination and great deliberation, "he fell +in the way of the Churches of New England, as thinking their constitution +practice in general, with respect to worship, discipline and order, most +comfortable to gospel institution and primitive practice." He was ordained +a colleague of the Rev. John Eliot October 17, 1688 at the age +of twenty-five. The first church at Roxbury had, at the earnest request +of the venerable Apostle Eliot, been seeking a colleague to share the duties +which increasing infirmity rendered irksome to him; and Nehemiah +Walter was chosen. Mr. Eliot died soon after this after a life crowned +with glory, honors, and labor, and it was a great consolation to him in his +latter days to see his people so happily settled under Mr. Walter. For +more than sixty years his successor faithfully discharged the duties of +his office always to the acceptance of his people. He married Sarah, +the daughter of Rev. Increase Mather by Maria, daughter of the distinguished +Rev. John Cotton. Nehemiah Walter died September 17, +1750, and he was buried in the ministerial vault in the old burial ground, +corner of Washington and Eustis Streets, Roxbury.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Thomas Walter</span>, second son of Nehemiah Walter, was born +in Roxbury, December 13, 1696, and early gave evidence of most extraordinary +genius. He graduated from Harvard University in 1713 and +was ordained October 29th, 1718, and December 25th of the same year +was married to Rebeckah, daughter of Rev. Joseph Belcher. He was a +man who combined great wit and humor with infinite learning and excelled +in the science of harmony. He published works on music, and one +of his sermons upon the 2nd Samuel XXIII 1 "The Sweet psalmist of +Israel" which was delivered at the Boston Lecture, has been pronounced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span> +"the most beautiful composition among the sermons which have been +handed down to us by our fathers." Others of his sermons were also +published. Thomas Walter was one of the most distinguished scholars +and disputants of the day. "He had all his father's vivacity and richness +of imagination with more vigor of intellect." For his genius and +powers he was reckoned to be one of the ablest clergymen that New +England up to that time had produced. His death occurred on Sunday, +January 10, 1724-5, and he expressed his hope that he might die on that +day, when lying prostrate with consumption. His tomb is in the old +burying ground, Roxbury. His daughter Rebeckah, who was born in +1722, died unmarried January 11, 1780.</p> + +<p>Rev. William Walter, the subject of this sketch, was a nephew of +Thomas Walter. He was born in 1739, and graduated at Harvard College +in 1756. Up to the time of the Revolution the preachers in the +Episcopal church occupied the position of missionaries in the American +colonies. They were sent here and were in the pay of the "Society for +the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts." The following extracts +are from letters written to the Secretary of the Society, and they +explain themselves.</p> + +<p>"Copy of a letter written to the Reverend Mr. Hooper of Trinity +church in Boston, by Mr. Barnard, an eminent dissenting clergyman, in +answer to one from the former desiring the latter would be so good as +to send him a just and honest character of Mr. William Walter, who +was talked of as a fit person to be assistant Minister at said church."</p> + +<p>"He came out of our College with the reputation of one of the best +classical scholars of his class. He lived first in this town in the business +of a Grammar Schoolmaster, which trust he executed for several years +to universal acceptance, faithful, and careful. I have reason to believe, +in forming the tender minds of his pupils to virtue and religion, as well +as forwarding them in their scholastic exercise. When to the sorrow +of the town, he quitted that employ, he became connected with the Custom +House. This business naturally raised complaints against him +among trading people. But all I have heard were of his not being so +flexible in some matters as they wished, none of oppression, much less of +mean fraudulent ways of filling his own pockets.</p> + +<p>"His temper is innocently cheerful, open, and friendly. He has a +tender and delicate sense of honor, a just idea of the truest honor. He is +kind and compassionate, etc." This letter had the desired effect. It was +written Oct. 15, 1763. He was ordained by the Bishop of London the +following year and became an assistant to the Rev. Mr. Hooper, whom +he succeeded as rector of Trinity church, the third Episcopal church in +Boston, being opened in 1735. It stood on the corner of Summer and +Hawley Streets. It was a plain wooden structure without steeple or +tower.</p> + +<p>In 1767 he joined with the Clergy of Massachusetts and Rhode +Island in sending a letter to England requesting that a Bishop be sent to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span> +America. The letter says, "We are too remote and inconsiderable to +approach the Throne, yet could His Majesty hear the voice of so distant +a people the request for American Bishops would appear to be the crye +of many of his most faithful subjects."</p> + +<p>"We do, however, think ourselves happy in this, that the Society will +omit no favorable opportunity of representing the advantage that may +accrue to these Colonies, to religion and to the British Interests, by condescending +to this one request."<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> The Episcopal form of worship was +always disagreeable to the Congregationalists, and when they discovered +that the ministry entertained the design of sending over a bishop to the +colonies, a controversy for years ran high on the subject. So resolute +was the opposition to this project that it was abandoned. This controversy +John Adams says contributed as much as any other cause to arouse +attention to the claims of Parliament. The spirit of the times is well +represented in a cartoon in the Political Register of 1769 which is here +reproduced.</p> + +<p>The Rev. William Walter was a firm Loyalist. At the evacuation +of Boston he was obliged to leave his house and accompanied by his family +he went to Halifax. In 1776 he went to England, then returned and went +to New York, and acted for some time as Chaplain of a British regiment. +While in New York he sent a letter to the Secretary of the S. P. G. F. +P., dated Dec. 8, 1781. It is interesting as it shows the trials and difficulties +of the ministers of the Church of England during the Revolution. It +is in part as follows: "I disbelieve that Mr. Bass ever preached a sermon +for cloathing a rebel battalion, or ever read the Declarative Act for independence +in his church, or has altered his sentiments since his dismission, +but that he opens his church on the days appointed by Congress as Public +days, is most certain, and if this is to be criminal, then every clergyman +within the rebel lines is criminal, and among others, Dr. Inglis, of +this city, who did the same when Mr. Washington's army was here, yet +no clergyman stands higher in the esteem of the Society for his loyalty." +The occasion of this letter was the stopping of Mr. Bass's salary by the +Society, as it had been reported to it that Mr. Bass had gone over to +the rebels.</p> + +<p>At the peace, accompanied by his family of six persons and by three +servants, he went from New York to Shelburne, N. S., where the Crown +granted him one town and one water lot. His losses in consequence of +his loyalty were estimated at £7,000. In 1791 he returned to Boston and +the next year was chosen Rector of Christ church.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_341.jpg" width="400" height="624" alt="LANDING A BISHOP." title="LANDING A BISHOP." /> +<span class="caption">LANDING A BISHOP.</span> +</div> + +<p>William Walter was a zealous supporter of the church and crown, +and vindicated his sincerity by the sacrifices he made for them. His discourses +are described as rational and judicious, "recommended by an eloquence, +graceful and majestical." He was no knight errant, but while +adhering to his own convictions with quiet persistency, he exercised a +large charity towards all forms of faith and Christian worship. The degree<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341"></a></span> +of D. D. was conferred on him by Kings College, Aberdeen, in 1784. +In 1796 he was invited to deliver the Dudleian lecture at Harvard College +and in 1798 he pronounced the anniversary discourse before the +Massachusetts Humane Society, which was published. Dr. Walter +was a remarkably handsome man; tall and well proportioned. When in +the street, he wore a long blue coat over his cassock and gown, wig dressed +and powdered, a three-cornered hat, knee breeches of fine black cloth, +and with silk hose, and square quartered sleeves with silver buckles. His +countenance was always serene, his temper always cheerful; happy himself, +he communicated happiness to all around him. In the desk he read +the glorious service like one inspired; his voice was clear, musical and +well modulated. In his family he was loved, reverenced and admired. +His heart, his house, his purse, were ever open to the needy. He married +Lydia, daughter of Benjamin Lynde, the younger, of Salem, and by her +had seven children. Her death occurred in 1798.</p> + +<p>Dr. Walter continued his rectorship at Christ church until his death +in 1800, at the age of sixty-one. The Rev. Dr. Parker, who preached his +funeral sermon, delineated his character as ornamental to religion and +to the church, to literature and humanity. Dr. Walter's grandson, +Lynde Minshall Walter, born in 1799, graduated at Harvard University +in 1817. He established the Boston Evening Transcript in 1830, and was +the first editor of the paper. His death occurred in 1842. Another +grandson, William Bicker was born in Boston, April 19, 1796, and graduated +at Bowdoin College in 1818. He studied divinity at Cambridge +but did not preach. He became best known as an author, possessing +an active fancy and a great faculty of versification. He contributed odes +and sonnets and translations to the newspapers and in 1821 in Boston, he +published "Poems" and "Sukey" a poem. In 1822 he went to the +southern states to give lectures on poetry, but he died shortly after his +arrival in Charleston, South Carolina, April 23, 1822.</p> + +<p>This family so distinguished in ecclesiastical history of New England +is believed now to be extinct. There were others of the name in Boston +at an early period, who have perhaps left descendants, but they are not +known to have any connection with this family.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO REV. WILLIAM WALTER +IN SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Leonard Jarvis, Sept. 27, 1784; Lib. 145, fol. 32; Land and buildings in Boston, +South St. W.; Samuel Quincy, an absentee, S.; Robert Robbins and heirs of Benjamin +Clark, deceased, E; Samuel Connant N. and E.; Nathaniel Taylor, an +absentee, N.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span></p> +<h2>THOMAS AMORY.</h2> + + +<p>Hugh Amory was living in the year 1605 at Wrington in Somersetshire, +under the northern side of Mendip Hills, this town and Shepton +Mallett was noted at this time for its broad cloth manufactures which, +within fifty years had transformed England's industry and commerce +in Somerset and Devon. Hugh and one of his sons was a merchant the +other was a woolen-draper, the latter, Thomas Amory, was the ancestor +of the American branch of the family, his career was the troubled +one of a Bristol merchant in the middle of the seventeenth century, +when the city was besieged and taken by both the Parliamentary and +the King's army. His son Jonathan was born in the county of Somerset +in the year 1654, his father owned the estate of St. Anne and other +lands in the county which in the next century went to his descendants +in this country, but too heavily encumbered to be of any value. Jonathan +was brought up under the care of his elder brother Thomas, who married +Elizabeth Fitzmaurice a daughter of the 19th Lord of Kerry, ancestor +of the present Marquis of Landsdowne. In consequence of this connection +he removed to Ireland, taking his younger brother Jonathan +with him, who in time became a merchant at Dublin, where he is recorded +in 1675 as the purchaser from the city of the north bank of the +Liffy. Dublin, hitherto, had lain wholly on the south side of the river. +As late as 1816, £2, 10s. annual rent for it from "Jonathan Armory" still +formed an item of the city's income. It is now as other crowded city districts, +which have wharves at one end and a railway station at the other, +with streets of age-blackened tenements and workshops between.</p> + +<p>Jonathan Amory married Rebecca Houston in 1677, he went to the +West Indies with his brother Robert in 1682, and his wife died at Barbados +in 1685. Jonathan Amory then went to South Carolina taking +with him his infant son Thomas. He married again, and invested largely +in lands and houses. He was elected speaker of the Colonial Legislature, +and subsequently treasurer of the Province. He died in the fall +of 1699 of yellow fever.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Amory</span>, son of the former, was born in Limerick, Ireland, +in 1682 and accompanied his father to South Carolina. In the year +1696 he was sent with his sister Anne to their relatives in England to +be educated. He was placed under the care of his cousin, Counsellor +Amory, and was sent to the Westminster school. After his father's +death he entered the counting-house of Mr. Ozell, a French merchant in +London who in the year 1709 sent him to the Azores as supercargo. +Here he established himself as a merchant and was appointed Dutch +and English consul, and making only an occasional visit to Europe. Here +he remained many years. About 1719 he embarked for Boston, and +spent the following winter with his sister in Carolina. Returning to +Boston he met Rebecca Holmes, daughter of Frances Holmes, and married +her in May, 1721.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span>Thomas Amory bought lands at the South end of Boston, built a +house and wharves, hired a counting-house of his friend, Governor Belcher, +on the Long wharf and engaged in commerce with England, the +Azores and Carolinas. He died in 1728, but his widow long survived +him, dying in Boston in 1770 at the age of seventy. He left three sons +and two daughters.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Amory</span>, son of the former, was born in Boston April 23, +1722, and entered the Latin school in 1735, and graduated at Harvard +College in 1741. He studied Divinity, but never took orders. As eldest +son he inherited a double share of his father's estate. He married Elizabeth, +the daughter of William Coffin and by her had Rebecca, afterwards +the wife of Dr. Aron Dexter. He purchased the house built by +Governor Belcher at the corner of Harvard and Washington streets, the gardens +of which extended to the water, and this was his principal residence +for the rest of his life. Thomas Amory was one of the Addressers of +Gage but he did not take an active part in controversies preceding +the revolution. He is described in a deed in 1769 as "Thomas Amory +gentleman" in 1772 as "Distiller" and at other times as merchant. It +was said that as the Revolution drew near he and his brother John planned +to withdraw to England, leaving in the care of their brother Jonathan, +who was childless, their combined families, to the number of +twenty-three. He was on terms of friendship with the British officers and +when the troops garrisoned the town, his house was attacked by the mob. +He was entertaining some of the officers at his home, when bricks were +thrown at his windows. One of these missiles waked his little daughter, +by smashing the pane and falling on her bed. He spoke to the mob +from the porch and it dispersed, but he had first hastily sent his guests by +the garden way, to his boat, by which they were enabled to get to their +quarters. His wife's family, the Coffins, were all Loyalists, and Thomas +Amory therefore was regarded with some suspicion, especially as he +was an "Addresser" of Gen. Gage.</p> + +<p>When General Washington entrenched Dorchester Heights, March +1776, in order to command Boston with his guns, the inhabitants saw +danger from both sides. Washington's assault would do great damage +and the British troops as they withdrew might fire the town. On March +8th Deacon Newhall, chairman of the selectmen, requested Thomas and +Jonathan Amory, and their friend, Peter Johonnot, to carry to General +Washington a paper prepared by four Selectmen, proposing that the +British troops should be allowed to retire unmolested, on condition of +doing no harm. The offer was really authorized by General Robertson, +acting for General Howe, but this could not be put in writing, nor was +the person named to whom the paper was addressed. The messengers, +however, delivered it to General Washington, whereupon Colonel +Learned on his behalf wrote them an answer to the effect that no notice +could be taken of a letter neither addressed to himself, nor authenticated +by General Howe. Nevertheless the agreement was kept, as if it had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span> +been formally made. Ministers were therefore able to deny to an angry +opposition in Parliament that there had been any compromise, or stipulation +between General Howe and the rebels, although the Duke of Manchester +affirmed that he had private information of it.<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a></p> + +<p>On the evacuation Thomas Amory withdrew to Watertown, where +he lived some years. He died shortly after the peace in 1784. His widow +survived until 1823. He left nine children, seven of whom were married +and resided in Boston. It is interesting to consider how the blood +of the loyal and the disloyal afterwards became mixed. At the battle +of Bunker Hill June 17, 1776, Captain Linzee of the Kings ship-of-war +Falcon cannonaded the works which Prescott the "rebel" defended, but +the granddaughter of Linzee was the wife of Prescott the historian who +was a grandson of the rebel, and this lady is a daughter of Thomas C. +Amory, the eldest son of this notice. Jonathan, the second son of our Loyalist, +married Hettie, daughter of James Sullivan, governor of Massachusetts, +while the wife of John Amory, another son, was near of kin to +Henry Gardner, the "rebel" who succeeded Harrison Gray, the last royal +treasurer of the same state. Again Nathaniel, another son, married a +niece of Commodore Preble, and her sister was the wife of Admiral +Wormley of the Royal Navy. Once more, William, a fifth son, born in +1774, was an officer in the British navy and after the war entered the U. +S. navy and distinguished himself in the war with Tripoli, being one of +the party that burnt the Philadelphia. He also distinguished himself in +an attack under Hull on a fort in South America during the French war. +But "loyalty" as understood in olden time, is still represented in the +family by the union of Mr. Amory's grandson Charles with Martha +Greene and of his grandson, James Sullivan, with Mary Greene, nieces +of the late Lord Lyndhurst. Mr. Amory's grandson, Thomas C., married +Esther Sargent, and William of the same degree of consanguinity +married Anna, daughter of David Sears of Boston. Of the sons here +mentioned, Thomas C. Amory, was a successful merchant and died in +1812. Thomas C., Jr., also a descendant, is the author of the Life of +Governor Sullivan, his grandfather on his mother's side.<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a></p> + +<p>Jonathan Amory, brother to Thomas, was born in Boston December +19, 1726. He married Abigail Taylor, and resided on what is now the +opening of Temple Place into Washington street. His garden is said +to have extended two or three hundred feet in either direction, joining his +brother John's home which formerly had been Rufus Greene's in Newbury +street, at the corner of West street.</p> + +<p>Jonathan Amory died in 1797, leaving a large estate to his brother +John and John's children.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Amory</span>, another brother of Thomas, was born in Boston in +1728. He married Catherine, daughter of Rufus Greene. He was the +father of nine children who grew up and settled in his native town. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span> +built a house at the corner of Beacon and Tremont streets, opposite King's +chapel, and lived there, and in Washington street on the site where +Amory hall afterwards stood. He engaged in commerce with his +younger brother. The letters of this business house from 1760 during +the Stamp Act excitement and the Tea troubles give many interesting +particulars of that period. Parts of this correspondence were published +in English papers and to one letter a member of Parliament ascribed influence +in the repeal of the Stamp act. In 1757 the store of Jonathan +and John Amory was "the sign of the Horse at the head of Dock Square," +they afterwards (before 1762) removed into King street "just below +the town house." Their store was probably the last of the "old stores" +in State street. The house, distill-house stores and wharf were Thomas +Amory's share of his father's property. Amory's wharf was at the +east end of Castle street, on which in 1777 he had a still-house.</p> + +<p>In 1774 John Amory left with his family for England. It was +necessary that one of the partners should go on business. At the beginning +of hostilities his house owed their English creditors £23,000 sterling +which they remitted without delay, while their countrymen who owed +them, from inability, or taking advantage of the times paid, if at all, in +a depreciated currency.</p> + +<p>The illness of his wife, which terminated in her death in 1778, prevented +his return to Boston. Shortly before the peace he embarked for +America and landing at New York he took the oath of allegiance to the +Crown. He was not permitted to live in Boston in consequence of the +"Banishment Act." His name had been placed upon the list of the +proscribed, and preliminary measures were taken to confiscate his property. +His brother wrote him should this be done he would always +share what he had with him. He resided in Providence till 1783, some +of his family being with him then through the influence of his friends +in Boston, and upon his petition to the Legislature, declaring his allegiance +to the new government, he was allowed to return to Boston. He +died in 1805, leaving six sons and four daughters. One of his daughters +married John Lovell, widely known as a political writer, and another +was the wife of John McLean, who liberally endowed the Massachusetts +General hospital.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>REV. HENRY CANER.</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap"><small>RECTOR OF KING'S CHAPEL.</small></span></h3> + + +<p>Henry Caner, D. D., was graduated at Yale College in 1724, and +was the "son of Mr. Caner who built the first college and rector's house" +at New Haven, Connecticut. For three years after leaving college he +lived under the theological teaching of Mr. Johnson of Stratford, who +had the general supervision of the Episcopal students of divinity, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span> +who had been his college tutor. Though too young to be ordained, he +assisted Mr. Johnson as a catechist and schoolmaster at Fairfield. In +1727 he went to England for ordination. For some years, subsequently, +his ministry was confined to Norwalk and Fairfield, Connecticut, and he +became a great worker among the missions. His health became impaired +by his severe labors and in 1736 he sought relief by a voyage to +England, where on the recommendation of Archbishop Potter he had been +created M. A. by a diploma at Oxford March 8, 1735. His father died +in 1731 at the age of sixty. The name was long preserved in New Haven +by "Caner's Pond." The name is also written sometimes Canner, +or Conner.</p> + +<p>In 1747 the successful missionary was inducted into office as rector +of the First Episcopal church (King's Chapel) Boston. On being invited +to King's Chapel he received a deserved promotion to the most conspicuous +Episcopal pulpit in America; after a laborious ministry of twenty-two +years in the mission at Fairfield, Connecticut. On his removal +to Boston he left behind him two hundred and three communicants, a +large number of those days, in a mission where he had found but twelve. +Also a handsome church and a large convenient parsonage nearby.</p> + +<p>The old chapel in Boston was built between 1687-1689. In 1710 it +was rebuilt to twice its original size under Governor Shirley. After +the lapse of nearly half a century King's Chapel was found to be in a +ruinous condition and measures were taken to rebuild, which resulted in +the well known King's Chapel now standing upon the spot. The erection +of this building in 1749 is largely due to the efforts of Dr. Caner, +who was then rector.</p> + +<p>There is no trace of his printed discourses later than 1765, but the +traditions of his preaching give him a high rank as a man of learning and +fine intellectual endowments. The first Episcopal church in New England +was, prior to the revolution, in a flourishing state. Later, while +the British ships were in the harbor and the British troops in the town, +many of their officers regularly worshipped at the chapel. When becoming +quite infirm in his seventy-seventh year, his age and position +placed Dr. Caner at the head of the Church of England clergy in this part +of the country. Records show abundantly the pastoral labor which +devolved upon him, especially in his military congregation. The last +burial records by his trembling hand are those of three soldiers of his +Majesty's 65th Regiment of Foot. The Register of burials also notes +the funeral, on March 18, 1752, of Ann, "the Pious and Virtuous Consort +of Rev. Henry Caner, aged forty-six."</p> + +<p>He was a devoted Loyalist, and when it was evident he could no +longer be useful in Boston, he went with the British troops to Halifax. +In one of the record books of King's Chapel, Dr. Caner made the following +entry: "An unnatural rebellion of the colonies against his Majesty's +government obliged the loyal part of his subjects to evacuate their +dwellings and substance and take refuge in Halifax, London and elsewhere;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span> +by which means the public worship at King's Chapel became +suspended, and it is likely to remain so until it shall please God, in the +course of his providence, to change the hearts of the rebels, or give success +to his Majesty's arms for suppressing the rebellion. Two boxes +of church plate and a silver christening basin were left in the hands of +the Rev. Dr. Breynton at Halifax, to be delivered to me or my order, +agreeable to his note receipt in my hands." After being a rector in Boston +for twenty-eight years this aged clergyman was driven from his home +and native land. Dr. Caner's escape from Boston is thus described by +himself in a letter dated Halifax, May 10, 1776: "As to the clergy of +Boston, indeed they have for eleven months past been exposed to difficulty +and distress in every shape; and as to myself, having determined to +maintain my post as long as possible, I continued to officiate to the small +remains of my parishioners, though without support, till the 10th of +March, when I suddenly and unexpectedly received notice that the King's +troops would immediately evacuate the town. It is not easy to paint +the distress and confusion of the inhabitants on the occasion. I had but +six or seven hours allowed to prepare for this measure, being obliged +to embark the same day for Halifax, where we arrived the first of April. +This sudden movement prevented me from saving my books, furniture, +or any part of my interest, except bedding, wearing apparel, and a little +provision for my small family during the passage.</p> + +<p>"I am now at Halifax with my daughter and servant, but with no +means of support, except what I receive from the benevolence of the +worthy Dr. Breynton."</p> + +<p>No less than eighteen Episcopal clergymen from Boston and its +neighborhood sailed away with the fleet that bore Dr. Caner, and the +town of Boston would have been left without any Episcopal clergymen +at all, only for Dr. Andrew Eliot, the pastor of the New North church, +who called upon Rev. Samuel Parker, assistant to Rev. William Walter +of Trinity church. Mr. Parker was packing up his library preparing +to depart when called upon by Dr. Eliot, who with true Christian candor, +represented to him the destitute situation in which the Episcopalians +would be left who should remain in the country, with all their ministers +gone, that although it might be prudent for the elder gentlemen to go, +who had made known their sentiments, that he, a young man, who had +done nothing to render himself obnoxious to the rebels, would be perfectly +safe, that it was a duty he owed to that part of the community to +stand by them, finally he prevailed upon him to stay, a circumstance that +Bishop Parker always acknowledged with gratitude.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_349.jpg" width="400" height="581" alt="REV. HENRY CANER" title="REV. HENRY CANER" /> +<span class="caption">REV. HENRY CANER.<br /> + +Born in New Haven, Conn, 1700. Rector of King's Chapel, Boston, 1747-76. Died +in England Feb. 11, 1793.</span> +</div> + +<p>From Halifax Dr. Caner went to England. An extract from the +diary of Thomas Hutchinson in 1776 says, "I went with Dr. Caner to +Lambeth, to introduce him to the Archbishop who was very gracious to +him, and gave him an order for One Hundred Pounds on the Treasurer +of the moneys received for the clergy of America." He was proscribed +and banished, under the statute of Massachusetts, in 1778, and his estate +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span>confiscated. A fellow Loyalist wrote in 1785: "By letters from London, +I am informed that Dr. Caner had retired with his young wife to Cardiff, +in Wales."</p> + +<p>Dr. Caner died in England at the close of the year 1792 in his ninety-third +year. One of his daughters married a Mr. Gove of Boston. The +Boston Gazette (No. 2002) of February 11, 1793, contains the following: +"At Long-Ashton, Somersetshire, England, aged ninety-three, the Rev. +Dr. Henry Caner, a very respectable character, many years minister of +the Chapel church in this town." Foote in his "Annals of King's Chapel" +says, "I am informed by Mr. Henry O. B. O'Donoghue of Long-Ashton, +near Bristol, that there is no tombstone in the churchyard with Dr. +Caner's name, nor any trace to be found of such a person ever having +lived in the Parish." It has been said, also, that Dr. Caner died in London +in 1792.</p> + +<p>Dr. Caner's house stood close to King's chapel on the north side of +the old burying-ground, and was a rough wooden structure. This spot +was afterwards occupied by the Boston Athenaeum, and later by a Savings +Bank. It next was occupied by the Massachusetts Historical Society, +who sold it to the city of Boston, and it is now used as an annex to +City Hall.</p> + +<p>On the evacuation of Boston the church vestments, plate, registers +and records were taken from the church, a part of which last was recovered +from Dr. Caner's heirs in 1805. King's Chapel and Christ church +are now without doubt the only historical buildings remaining unchanged +from before the revolution of all those in which Boston was once so rich.</p> + +<p>The vestry of the chapel in 1784 applied to Rev. Dr. Caner to have +restored to them the "Church Plate and Linnen which he carried +away." This he refused to do as his estate was taken from him by the +public. He however turned it over to the "Society for Propagation of +the Gospel in Foreign Parts," who afterwards disposed of it in the Provinces +that remained loyal. In 1787 a silver flagon and covered cup +which was presented to the chapel by Governor Hutchinson, having the +name of King William and Queen Mary engraved on it, was claimed +by Dr. Thomas Bulfinch, Warden, as the property of the King's Chapel, +it then being in the hands of Rev. Dr. Parker of Trinity church for safe-keeping. +It is now the property of the chapel.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO REV. HENRY CANER IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Samuel Henly, Sept. 30, 1793; Lib. 177, fol. 82; Land and dwelling-house in Boston. +Tremont St. W.; Chapel Burying Ground and heirs of Middlecott Cook deceased S.; +John Rowe E.; William Brattle, an absentee, N.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span></p> +<h2>FREDERICK WILLIAM GEYER.</h2> + + +<p>The Gayers or Geyers as it was variously spelled, first settled at Nantucket. +Some of the family came very early to Boston. The name is first +mentioned in Boston Town Records 1690, when William Gayer married +Maria Guard. In her will recorded with Suffolk Probate Records, Vol. +17, p. 80, 1710, she described herself as the wife of William Gayer, Mariner +of Nantucket. In 1692 Damaris Gayer, the daughter of William Gayer, +married Nathaniel Coffin. Their son William Coffin removed to Boston +and was the ancestor of the Boston family of Coffins.</p> + +<p>The Geyers were prominent merchants in Boston. They did not +interest themselves in political matters or held office. The records mention +that in 1765 Mr. Henry Christian Geyer was paid £173. 4. 1. for repairs +done on Faneuil Hall.</p> + +<p>At the outbreak of the Revolution, Frederick William Geyer was one +of the principal merchants of Boston. He was proscribed and banished +in 1778, but not being an Addresser, or having taken any active part in +politics, he was allowed to come back in 1789 and was restored to citizenship +by Act of the Legislature. He was in business with his son at No. +13 Union street, Boston, in 1794. Died at Walpole, N. H., in 1803. A +daughter who died near London in 1855 at the age of 81, married Mr. +Joseph Maryatt, a West Indian merchant. She was the mother of Captain +Maryatt of the British Navy, the well known author of sea tales.</p> + +<p>Mr. Geyer's estate was on Summer street, formerly Seven Star Lane, +and was one of the finest in Boston. In the inventory of his estate made +by the commissioner after his departure, the mansion house is valued at +£6,000. It was confiscated and sold to Nathan Frazer, whose daughter +afterwards married Frederick W. Geyer, Jr., and the property was once +more restored to the family.</p> + +<p>The estate once belonged to Leonard Vassall, and contained one of +the best gardens in Boston. It was planted as early or before 1642 by +Gamaliel Wayte, for we find by the <i>Book of Possessions</i> that this land +is described as Wayte's Garden. Judge Sewall in his diary states that +he lived to the age of 87, and not long before his death was blessed with +several new teeth, which shows that he not only had the ability to plant, +but to eat his fruits. Mrs. Maryatt, whose gardens at Wimbleton were +at one time the finest in England, and we may reasonably conjecture that +the taste and skill that produced such marvels, were nurtured and fostered +in her younger days among the flower beds of Summer street. This +garden occupied the site of the store of C. F. Hovey & Co., and as late as +1870 there was an old pear tree in the yard in a thrifty condition.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 585px;"> +<img src="images/illo_351.jpg" width="585" height="400" alt="LEONARD VASSALL AND FREDERICK W. GEYER MANSION" title="LEONARD VASSALL AND FREDERICK W. GEYER MANSION" /> +<span class="caption">LEONARD VASSALL AND FREDERICK W. GEYER MANSION, SUMMER STREET. + +Site now occupied by C. F. Hovey & Co. The mother of Captain Marryatt was born in this house.</span> +</div> + +<p>Nancy Geyer married Rufus Amory, February 13th, 1794. He was +the second son of John Amory the Loyalist, and a very successful lawyer. +The wedding is described as "a very gay and brilliant affair." It gained +an unexpected distinction in consequence of a heavy snowstorm by which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span> +Prince Edward, afterward Duke of Kent and father of Queen Victoria, +travelling from Canada to take command of the troops at Halifax, was +just then detained at Boston. He accepted Mr. Geyer's invitation to the +wedding, and came with his aides. "His Royal Highness" it is recorded, +was complaisant and affable in his deportment, and claimed the customary +privilege of kissing the bride, and bridesmaids. His host's son who was +married the year before to Rebecca Frazer, the daughter of Nathan +Frazer, who bought the Geyer mansion when it was confiscated, was an +ardent sympathizer with revolutionary France, who disapproved of titles. +He put their marriage notice in this form in the Boston Gazette of Jan. +21, 1793. "By Citizen Thatcher, Citizen Frederick W. Geyer, Jr., to +Citess Rebecca, daughter to Citizen Nathan Frazer."<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a></p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO FREDERICK WILLIAM GEYER +IN SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Nathan Frazier, May 12, 1780; Lib. 131, fol. 143; Land and house in Boston, +Summer St., formerly Seven Star Lane, in front; land of First Church S.W.; +John Rowe S.W.; Benjamin Church, Thomas Thayerweather and heirs of Samuel +Sewall N.W.——Green Lane S.W.; John Welsh S.W. and S.W.; John +Gooch and others S.E.; James Gooch N.E. and N.W.; John Gooch S.W. and N.W.; +James Gooch and others S.W.——Green Lane S.; John Welsh W.; John Gerrish +N.; lane from Green Lane to the Mill Pond E.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE APTHORP FAMILY OF BOSTON.</h2> + + +<p>Charles Apthorp was born in England in 1698 and was educated +at Eton. He was the son of John Apthorp and Susan his wife, whose +maiden name was Ward, of the family of Lord Ward of Bexley.</p> + +<p>After the death of his father Charles Apthorp came to New England, +and became one of the most distinguished merchants of Boston. He +was paymaster and commissary under the British Government of the land +and naval forces quartered in Boston. On the 13th January, 1726, he +married Grizzel, daughter of John Eastwicke. She was born August, 1708, +at Jamaica and came to Boston in 1716. Her mother was Griselda Lloyd, +daughter of Sir John Lloyd of Somersetshire, England, who assisted in +conveying King Charles II to France after the battle of Worcester.</p> + +<p>Charles Apthorp was one of the first Wardens of Trinity church, and +one of the committee that waited on Peter Faneuil, and in the name of the +town to render him their "most hearty thanks for so beautiful a gift." +To King's Chapel he was a bountiful benefactor, having given £1,000 +towards its rebuilding.</p> + +<p>Charles Apthorp had eighteen children, of whom fifteen survived +him and eleven married. He died in Boston suddenly in 1758 at the age +of sixty. His funeral took place at King's Chapel twelve days later and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span> +his remains were therein deposited. He was reputed as the "greatest +and most noble merchant on the continent." He was also characterized +as "a truly valuable member of society," and that "he left few equals behind +him." A marble monument with a Latin inscription was placed in +King's Chapel to his memory by his sons, "which monument covers the +tomb of the truly-noble-minded race of Apthorp."</p> + +<p>He was very proficient in and a great admirer of the Fine Arts, especially +in painting and architecture; talents which have been transmitted +to his descendants as Charles Bulfinch, Esq., the architect of the State +House and other edifices. The original mansion in Brighton, Massachusetts, +formerly the Charles Apthorp place, still remains and is of great +antiquity.</p> + +<p>On the death of Charles Apthorp he possessed the whole of Long +Island, the largest island in Boston Harbor. Calf island also was formerly +known as Apthorp's Island. The Apthorp heirs subsequently sold their +interest in Long Island to their sister Grizzell's husband, Barlow Trecothick, +Lord Mayor of London. After the death of Trecothick the island +passed on the 11th June, 1790, into the possession of his brother-in-law +Charles Ward Apthorp of New York.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Charles Ward Apthorp</span>, the eldest son of Charles Apthorp, married +in New York Mary McEvers. He had three sons and three daughters. +Of his daughters, Charlotte Augusta was the only one who left +descendants. Her husband was John Cornelius Vanden Heuvel, a Dutch +gentleman of fortune, who had been Governor of Demerara and afterwards +settled in New York. Maria Eliza, their eldest daughter, married +John C. Hamilton, a son of the celebrated Alexander Hamilton.</p> + +<p>Charles Ward Apthorp was a member of the Council of New York +in 1763 and served until 1783. He had lands in Maine and a large +amount of property in Boston, Brookline, and Roxbury, all of which was +confiscated. He died at his seat, Bloomingdale, in 1797.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 586px;"> +<img src="images/illo_353.jpg" width="586" height="400" alt=""BISHOP'S PALACE,"" title=""BISHOP'S PALACE,"" /> +<span class="caption">"BISHOP'S PALACE," RESIDENCE OF REV. EAST APTHORP.<br /> + +John Adams says, "It was thought to be a splendid palace and intended for the residence of the first royal bishop."</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Apthorp</span>, the second son, went to England, and became connected +in business with the house of Tomlinson & Trecothick. He +married Alicia Mann of Windsor, sister of Sir Horace Mann, many +years resident British minister at Florence. Mr. Apthorp embarked for +Italy with his wife who was in a very hazardous state of health, and who +died at Gibraltar, leaving two daughters under the care of their grandmother +at Windsor. He pursued his travels in Italy, and afterwards +returned to Boston, where he married Hannah Greenleaf, daughter of +Stephen Greenleaf, the last Royal high sheriff of Suffolk County. He +lived about four years at Brighton, when he embarked, with his wife, from +New York for Charleston, S. C, to enjoy a warmer winter climate, and +they were lost at sea. The children, one son and two daughters, were +left under the care of their grandfather who attended most faithfully to +their interests and education. One daughter married Charles Bulfinch +his cousin, and the other Charles Vaughn, son of Samuel Vaughn, Esq.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span> +of London. The son, Col. John T. Apthorp, married Grace Foster, who +lived only one year, leaving an infant. In another year he married her +twin sister Mary by whom he had a numerous family.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rev. East Apthorp, D. D.</span>, was born in Boston in 1733 and was +educated at Cambridge, England. He took orders and returned, and became +the founder and rector of Christ church in Cambridge, Massachusetts. +Here he published a pamphlet in defence of the conduct of the +society for "Propagating the gospel" which was attacked by Dr. Mayhew, +who was answered by the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy +rendered his situation irksome and after only six years ministry +in this country, he left for England. It was thought by many that the +establishment of the Episcopal church at Cambridge was for the purpose +of converting the students who were generally dissenters and with ulterior +views, which excited the most acrimonious jealousy.</p> + +<p>While General Burgoyne's army was detained at Cambridge, Lieutenant +Brown, who was out on parole according to the terms of the Convention, +was riding with two ladies in a chaise when he was killed in cold +blood by a sentinel, a boy scarcely fourteen years old, who levelled his +gun at him and shot him through the head. "His remains were interred +in Christ's church. The people, during the time the service was being +performed, seized the opportunity of the church being open, which +had been shut since the commencement of hostilities, to plunder, ransack, +and deface everything they could lay their hands on, destroying the pulpit, +reading desk, and communion table, and ascending the organ loft they +destroyed the bellows and broke all the pipes of a very handsome instrument."<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> +Rev. East Apthorp was afterwards successively vicar of Croydon +where Governor Hutchinson resided, and rector of Bow church, London, +which he exchanged for the prebendary of Finsbury; he had many +friends among the dignitaries of the church and was greatly beloved and +respected. By his wife, the daughter of Foster Hutchinson, and niece +of Thomas Hutchinson, he had several children. His only son became +a clergyman, and his daughters married Dr. Cary and Dr. Butler, heads of +colleges, and a third daughter married a son of Dr. Paley.</p> + +<p>He published two volumes of Discoveries on the Prophecies, delivered +at Warburton lecture, Lincoln's Inn, and a volume in answer to Gibbon. +The last twenty-six years of his life were passed at Cambridge, England, +with almost total loss of sight, and he died in April, 1816, at the age +of eighty-three, closing a life of great usefulness.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Apthorp</span>, born 19 October, 1741, continued paymaster of +the British forces after his father's death from 1758 to 1776, when he +was proscribed, and banished. He went to England and lived several +years at Ludlow, Wales. He visited Lisbon for health, where he married. +He returned to Ludlow, where he died, leaving a widow and one +son.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span><span class="smcap">William Apthorp</span>, born Feb. 26, 1748, married Mary Thompson. +He was a merchant, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. The +year after, he came from New York to Boston. He was arrested, and +occupied for awhile a private room in the deputy jailer's house, but letters +were received to his disadvantage, and he was committed to a close +prison by order of the Council, his countrymen would show him no mercy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Susan Apthorp</span> the second daughter of Charles Apthorp, married +Thomas the son of Dr. Bulfinch. She had several children, three only +that arrived at a marriageable age. Charles Bulfinch, the only son was +born in August, 1763, and graduated at Harvard College in 1781, and +after living abroad for some time returned to Boston in 1786. He inherited +talents from his grandfather and became a great architect. He +was chairman of the board of Selectmen for twenty-one years during +which official service many of the great improvements in the town were +executed, including the State House, City Hall, the General Hospital and +the building of Franklin Street. After the capitol of the United States +was burnt, in 1814, Mr. Bulfinch was appointed by President Munroe to +superintend its re-erection. His wife died in 1841, and his death followed +three years later on April 15, 1844.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO CHARLES WARD APTHORP, +IN SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Joseph Hall, April 27, 1782; Lib. 134, fol. 187; Land and moiety of dwelling-house +in Boston, Cole Lane S.W.; Joseph Hall E.; Samuel Barrett N.; Jonathan Williams +W.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Edward Smith, June 10, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 12; Land and buildings in Boston. Wings +Lane N., Brattle St. E.; land of Elizabeth Clark deceased, [formerly] Lillie W.; +John Roulstone S.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Ephraim Murdock, June 22, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 47; Lands and part of house in Roxbury; +11 A. opposite dwelling-house of the late Rev. Mr. Walter, road S.; said +Murdock W.; heirs of Gov. Dudley N.; said Murdock E.——8 A. near where the +old meeting-house stood, road N.; John Davis E.; heirs of John Scott S.; Ezra +Davis W.——2 A., said Murdock N.; John Morrey E., town way S.; William +Dudley W.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Daniel Dennison Rogers, July 4, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 68; Land and buildings in Boston, +Beacon St. in front, highway to Beacon Hill N.W.; John Spooner N. and E.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Wheelwright, July 19, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 114; Land, flats, warehouses and +wharf near the South Battery in Boston, Purchase St. N.W.; heirs of Alexander +Hunt S., the sea E.; the highway N.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Wheelwright, July 19, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 116; Land and dwelling-house in +Boston, Atkinson St. E.; Burry St. S.; Proprietors of the Irish Meeting House W.; +Onesephorus Tileston N.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Grizzell Apthorp, widow, and Perez Morton, Sept. 24, 1782; Lib. 136, fol. 8; One +moiety of land and two brick tenements in Boston, Fleet St. N.; Edward Langdon +E.; William and Mercy Stoddard S.; W.; S; W.; S. and W.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Andrew Symmes July 30, 1783; Lib. 139, fol. 117; Assignment of mortgage Lib. 100, +fol. 97.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Francis Johonnot, agent for creditors of Nathaniel Wheelwright, deceased, March 7, +1786; Lib. 155, fol. 225, Assignment of mortgage Lib. 97, fol. 200.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Samuel Pitts, June 10, 1786; Lib. 157, fol. 222; Assignment of mortgage Lib. 103, +fol. 89.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Nathaniel Greene, April 5, 1787; Lib. 160, fol. 25; One half part of four parcels of +land in Roxbury. 2½ A.; 17 A. near the tide-mill; 13½ A. woodland; and piece of +salt marsh.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE GOLDTHWAITE FAMILY OF BOSTON.</h2> + + +<p>Thomas Goldthwaite, ancestor of all of this name in America, was +born in England about 1610. The original home is supposed to be what +is now Gowthwaite manor, three miles from Pateley Bridge, Yorkshire, +West Riding.</p> + +<p>He probably came with Governor Winthrop's fleet to America. His +first appearance in the Boston records appeared June 14, 1631. Thomas +Goldthwaite settled in Roxbury where his name appears as "Thomas +Gouldthwaight" in Rev. John Eliot's list of his church members, Eliot +having begun his pastorate there in 1632. Thomas was made a freeman +in Massachusetts, May 14, 1634. In 1636 he appears in Salem where, as +an inhabitant he was granted ten acres of land. His first house lot has +been located by some of the best antiquarian authority, as on the southwest +corner of Essex and Flint Streets in Salem. In 1636 he married his first +wife. Her death occurred some time before 1671 and he then married +Rachel Leach, of Salem. He was called "Constable Gouldthwaight" at +a meeting of the selectmen, December 14, 1659. Thomas died in March, +1683, at about the age of seventy-three, his wife Rachel surviving him. He +left three children, Samuel, Mehitable, and Elizabeth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Goldthwaite</span>, (of the second generation) like his father, +was a cooper, and lived in Salem. For many years during his lifetime +and that of his immediate descendants, four family homesteads lay side +by side on the original Goldthwaite farm, opposite the site where the Peabody +church afterwards was built. He died about the year 1718, leaving +ten children and perhaps more.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain John Goldthwaite</span> (of the third generation), son of the +former, was born in Salem in 1677. By trade he was a mason and early +settled in Boston where he married, March 13, 1701, Sarah Hopkins. +They were married by the Rev. Cotton Mather of whose church John +Goldthwaite was a member. After the death of Cotton Mather he was +one of three who took inventory July 22, 1728. His home was in Boston +until 1725, and the birthplace of all his children was on the north +side of Charter Street, near Copp's Hill burying-ground, on the property +given to his wife and her sisters by their uncle, Major Thomas Henchman. +He sold this place May 17, 1725, and removed to another estate +he had purchased on the southeast side of Mill pond. Here he passed the +remainder of his life. His son Ezekiel inherited the estate after his +father's death, and sold it to Thomas Sherburn, his brother-in-law.</p> + +<p>Sarah Goldthwaite died Oct. 31, 1715, at the age of thirty-five and +is buried in Copp's Hill. John Goldthwaite married Mrs. Jane Halsey +of Boston as his second wife. From 1708 to 1758 his name is often +mentioned in Boston records. He is one of seventeen named as the +founders of the New North church in 1714. His name appears in records +of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, and in the town records<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span> +with the title of captain, in 1741. In his old age he had a barbecue for +descendants on North Square. It was held under a tent because they +were too numerous to assemble in a house. He died June 25, 1766, and +is probably buried in the tomb of his son Ezekiel on Copp's Hill. He had +nine children by his first wife and five by his second.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Joseph Goldthwaite</span> (fourth generation) fourth child +of John, was born November 11, 1706, in Boston. He married February +8, 1727, Martha Lewis, who was born in Boston and baptized in the second +church, Feb. 29, 1707, the daughter of Martha (Burrell) and Philip +Lewis. Joseph joined the Artillery Company in 1730 and in 1738 was +First Sergeant. In 1745 he joined the Colonial army for the siege of +Louisburg and according to records in the British war office, being commissioned +adjutant in the first Massachusetts regiment, Honorable William +Pepperell, colonel, March 12, 1744-(5) and captain (brevet) March +20, 1744-(5). After his return from the war he became a private citizen, +and is seldom spoken of in records by his military title, being rather +called esquire, or gentleman. In 1728 he appears as a goldsmith, and +later as a merchant, licensed as a retailer at his store on Marlboro Street +(part of Washington) in 1737 and again in 1742. He held several appointments +and later became constable. His home in 1744 was on Fish, +afterwards North Street. In 1773 he and his family retired to a farm +purchased by him in western Massachusetts, July 10, 1773, ten acres and +mansion house. Here Joseph Goldthwaite died March 1, 1780, aged +seventy-two. His widow died October 26, 1783, aged seventy-five, and +a double stone marks their graves in Weston. He had ten children.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ezekiel Goldthwaite</span> (fourth generation) son of John, born at +Boston, July 9, 1710. Married Nov. 2, 1732, Elizabeth Lewis of Boston. +For the greater part of his life he was Registrar of Deeds for the County +of Suffolk. His first signature as registrar was Nov. 6, 1740. He was +an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and a protester against the Revolutionist +the same year, although like many other loyalists he was one of the +58 Boston memorialists in 1760 who arrayed themselves against the Crown +officials, and having sowed the seeds of sedition, afterwards became +alarmed at its results, mob rule.</p> + +<p>His last signature as registrar is said to have been written Jan. 17, +1776, two months before the evacuation of Boston. He died seven +years later, Dec. 4th, 1782, in his 73rd year. His widow died Feb. 6, +1794, aged 80.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Thomas Goldthwaite</span> (fourth generation) son of John, +born in Boston Jan. 15, 1717, married August 26, 1742, Esther Sargent. +He became an influential citizen of Chelsea, acting as selectman, moderator +of town meetings, and from May, 1757, till his removal from the +town, seven years in succession, was its deputy to the House of Representatives, +where he was active in introducing important legislation.</p> + +<p>He was given many important positions under the Colonial government. +In 1763 he was appointed to the command of Fort Pownal, removing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span> +his family there from Chelsea. This was an important frontier +post, commanding the entrance to the Penobscot River, and offered the +advantage, also of a rich trade with Indians, then numerous in those +parts. Not long after succeeding to this command in company with +Francis Bernard, son of the Governor he purchased a large tract of land, +2,700 acres in the neighborhood of the fort, on condition of their settling +thereon thirty families, of building an Episcopal church, and employing +a minister. The enterprise was interrupted by the Revolution, +in which each side endeavored to get control of all the arms and ammunition +possible, and to take into its possession, or render defenceless, such +posts as could be held by the enemy. With such an object in view, in +April, 1775, Capt. Mowatt, who afterwards burned Falmouth, now Portland, +anchored before Fort Pownal, and a letter containing Governor +Gage's orders having been delivered to Col. Goldthwaite he carried away +the cannon belonging to the fort. The attitude taken by its commander +in allowing the fort to be thus disarmed, was never forgiven by the +Revolutionists, and he ever after was regarded as a Loyalist. His explanation +of his conduct on that occasion is as follows:</p> + +<p>"On the 27th of last month about 20 armed men arrived here from +St. George's who came in the name, and as a committee from the people +of St. George's, and others, who they say had assembled there to the +amount of 250; and this party in their name demanded of me the reason +of my delivering the cannon belonging to this fort to the King's forces. +I went into the fort and got the Governor's letter to me, and it was read +to them. I then informed them that this was the King's fort, and built +at his expense, that the Governor was commander in-chief of it; that I +could not refuse to obey his orders."</p> + +<p>Little is known of Col. Goldthwaite between the surrender of Fort +Pownal in the spring of 1775 and his arrival in England early in 1780. +Gov. Hutchinson mentions in his diary that, "T. Goldthwaite arrived at +Portsmouth Feb. 15, 1780." In an entry of the previous Dec. 4, the +Governor mentions a call from "young Goldthwaite, son of J. Goldthwaite +now at New York." It must have been quite soon after his arrival that +Colonel Goldthwaite settled at Walthamstow, Essex, a few miles north +of London. Samuel Curwen in his journal speaks of dining with him +there July 29, 1782. His son Thomas married Mrs. Primatt, a lady of +fortune, in the summer of 1780, and also lived in the town. The houses +of both father and son are still there and easily identified, and are in excellent +preservation. The Colonel's residence is of brick or stone covered +with stucco, the main portion three stories high, and an entrance with +Ionic pillars. The grounds are ample and handsomely laid out with +well kept walks and planted with trees and shrubbery.</p> + +<p>After a life of nearly twenty years spent in retirement in England, +Col. Goldthwaite died Aug. 31, 1799, in his 82 year. Mrs. Catharine, his +wife, died Dec. 16, 1796, aged 81. They lie buried in Walthamstow +church yard.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span><span class="smcap">Major Joseph Goldthwaite</span>, (fifth generation), the eldest of Joseph's +children, was born in Boston, October 5, 1730. He entered the +Boston Latin school in 1738, and probably commenced his military career, +which he afterwards followed near the commencement of the French and +Indian war, when about twenty-five years old. He married October 5, +1730, Hannah Bridgham, said to have been of Barre, Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>In 1759 he appears as Major in the regiment from Boston under the +command of Col. John Phillips, January 1, 1760 to January 10, 1761, on +the roll of field and staff officers in Colonel Bagley's regiment in service +at Louisburg, in which he acted also as paymaster. He served during +the campaign of 1762 as Lieut. Colonel of the regiment commanded by +Colonel Richard Saltonstall, roll dated Boston, Feb. 19, 1763, in which he +is called "of Roxbury." He was addressed at that time as colonel.</p> + +<p>October 5, 1768, Joseph Goldthwaite was appointed as Commissary +to the British troops who had been quartered in Boston on account of the +resistance the inhabitants had shown to the custom officials. In Massachusetts +Historical Society's collections, Vol. X, p. 121, is printed a list +of the different nations of Indians that met Sir William Johnson at Niagara, +July, 1764, to make peace in behalf of their tribes which was "inclosed +in a letter from Colonel Joseph Goldthwaite of Boston, to Dr. +Stiles, A. D. 1766."<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a></p> + +<p>Among the Goldthwaites who remained loyal to the crown, Major +Joseph was one of the strongest. He was an Addresser of Hutchinson in +1775, and during the siege he passed the winter in Boston. At the +evacuation he accompanied the British army to Halifax, and thence to +Quebec. Nine days before his departure from Boston he wrote a letter +to his uncle Ezekiel Goldthwaite, Esq., of Boston, acquainting him with +his property and the household goods he had left behind. "In short, I +leave behind me at least three thousand pounds sterling. You give the +enclosed to my wife, if you can meet her. When I shall see her God only +knows. Don't let her want for anything."<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a></p> + +<p>Some experiences of Major Joseph's wife, Mrs. Hannah, while her +husband was shut up in Boston with the British army, appear in the Journal +of the Massachusetts House of Representatives.<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a></p> + +<p>August 4, 1775, Mrs. Goldthwaite with her sister-in-law and a Mrs. +Chamberlain, left Boston with a horse and chaise and crossed the Winnisimmet +Ferry. She was arrested and taken under guard to the general +court at Watertown. It appeared on her examination that her health was +impaired, and an order was passed to allow her to visit Stafford for the +benefit of the waters there, but under the care of the Selectmen, and afterwards +to retire to the house of her brother Joseph Bridgham at Rehoboth, +and to be under the committee of correspondence. It was Colonel +Loammi Baldwin who had them arrested and taken to Watertown and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span> +according to his account, it was an act on their part which must have required +considerable courage "no such instance having happened before," +the city being then closely besieged.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Goldthwaite petitioned the court to allow her to use the waters +in Newton instead of at Stafford, her health being very delicate, and the +petition was accompanied by her physician's certificate. This was granted +to her and she probably remained through the siege at Newton where +the family of Mr. Benjamin Goldthwaite had also taken refuge. After +the siege she returned to Boston where she died, probably never seeing +her husband again.</p> + +<p>Major Goldthwaite from Quebec, went to New York, and his death +occurred there October 3, 1779. He had been proscribed and banished +in 1778. It was at this time he drew up his will, which is at Somerset +House, London, dated Feb. 11, 1778. As he died childless, he bequeathed +his property to his brother's and sister's children "provided that none of +them are Rebels, and have borne arms against their King, otherwise to +go to the next eldest son of the same family who is loyal, and true to his +King, and country." Of the several Goldthwaite Loyalists, Major Joseph +was one of the most uncompromising in his devotion to his King and +country.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Philip Goldthwaite</span>, (fifth generation), brother to Major +Joseph Goldthwaite, was born in Boston, March 27th, 1733. He was a +member of the Boston Latin School in 1741. He married June 7, 1756, +Mary Jordan of Biddeford. His title of captain seems to have come from +his command of vessels, and it is interesting to note that in every generation +of his descendants to the present day there have been more or less +who have chosen the same occupation.</p> + +<p>Captain Philip was an officer of the Customs at Winter Harbor, and +remained loyal when the war broke out. Sabin says he was one of the +two persons of Saco and Biddeford dealt with by the Revolutionists of +that section for their loyal principles and that as soon as the war commenced +he placed himself under British protection at Boston. An earlier +record in regard to him says: "Captain Philip Goldthwaite was +brought before the New Hampshire Committee of Safety at Portsmouth, +Nov. 23, 1775, on suspicion of being unfriendly to the liberties of America. +Upon examination nothing appearing against him, ordered that he +be dismissed."</p> + +<p>There can be no doubt however, as to Captain Philip's real sentiments. +The atmosphere in which he was living must soon have become +unendurable to one holding his opinions, and therefore we soon find him +in England, where he appears as early as 1780, at that date taking out +his brother's administration papers. He bought an annuity in the king's +household and became one of the Gentlemen of the bed chamber. In +October, 1786, it appears from the probate records at Boston, that he +had died probably at sea, for Edward Daws of Boston, trader, is administrator +of the estate of Philip Goldthwait, late of Boston, mariner. His<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span> +inventory contained clothes, a quadrant, books and chest, and amounted +to £7, 10 s. He left several sons and daughters, whose descendants are +now quite numerous.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Goldthwaite</span>, (fifth generation), brother of the aforesaid +Philip, was born in Boston, March 20th, 1735, and married Amy Borden +of Newport, R. I., where he became a prominent merchant. He very +early came under suspicion as having loyalist sentiments. After the +death of his brother, Major Joseph, in New York, October, 1779, he +petitioned the Rhode Island General Assembly representing that his +brother had lately died in New York, leaving a large estate there in the +hands of persons who were wasting it, also that he had been authorized to +settle it if he could obtain permission to go to New York, asking to be +allowed to do so, and to return with the effects when obtained, which petition +the Council, after consideration, granted.</p> + +<p>He did not, however, return, and in July 1780, an act was passed by +the Rhode Island Assembly, proscribing persons that had left the state and +joined the enemy, ordered if they returned they should be apprehended, +and imprisoned or transported. "Samuel Goldthwaite, merchant, late of +Newport," was included in the list. Orders were also given under the +same date that such property as he left in Newport should be inventoried +and taken into possession of the Sheriff. About this time Samuel had +gone to England on business connected with the settlement of his father's +and brother's estates, for in the same year he was administrator on them +in London. One year later he had returned to his wife Amy, at that +time preferring a petition to the Rhode Island Assembly, stating that her +husband was then in New York, and had requested her, with her family, +to come to him, and praying the Assembly to permit her with her family, +furniture, and effects, to go to him there by the first opportunity. The +petition was granted and she went in a cartel vessel under the direction of +William Taggart. The family settled in Baltimore after the Revolution, +and have left many descendants there.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Michael B. Goldthwaite</span>, (fifth generation), son of Joseph, of +Boston, born there Jan. 5th, 1740, married Sarah Formon, March 8th, +1759. He was an eminent surgeon and attended the army at the taking +of Louisburg. Like most physicians of that day, he kept an apothecary +shop, which was in 1774 on Hanover Street. He was an Addresser of +both Hutchinson and Gage. He died in 1776. He was an ardent sympathizer +with the loyalists.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lieutenant Henry Goldthwaite</span>, (fifth generation) son of Colonel +Thomas, of Walthamstow, England, born at Chelsea, March 29, 1759, +married in England, Sarah Winch of Brampton, Oxon. Henry's name +is found as one of the garrison of Fort Pownal Oct. 23, 1775. He afterwards +entered the British Army remaining in America, in that service, +for some years after most of his family had taken up their abode in England. +The records of the British War Office show that he was ensign, +Independent Co. Invalids, Nov. 13, 1793. Lieutenant Royal Garrison Battalion,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[361]</a></span> +Sept. 9, 1795, and lieutenant half pay Oct. 31, 1796. He died at +sea, in the Mediterranean early in 1800. He left two sons, Charles, born +1796, and Henry Barnes, born 1797, whose descendants are living in +England.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO JOSEPH GOLDTHWAIT IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Perez Morton, Sept. 24, 1782: Lib. 136, fol. 9: One undivided half of land, distill +house and other buildings in Boston. Pecks Lane W.; John Osbourn N., N.W.; +N.E. and N.; Francis Johonnot E.; the sea S.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JOHN HOWE.</h2> + + +<p>Abraham Howe came to Dorchester in 1636; was admitted Freeman +May 2, 1637, he came from Broad Oak, Essex County, England, and +died at Dorchester, Nov. 20th, 1683. His son Isaac Howe, was baptized +in Roxbury in 1655. Isaac had a son Isaac, born in Dorchester, July 7, +1675. He had a son Joseph, born in Dorchester, March 27, 1716, who +was the father of John Howe, born in Boston, October 14, 1754. Joseph +Howe was a reputable tradesman in Marshall's Lane. He apprenticed +his son to learn the printing business.</p> + +<p>Richard Draper, the publisher of the <i>Massachusetts Gazette</i>, and +<i>Boston News Letter</i> died June 5, 1774. He left no children. His wife +conducted the business for several months, and then formed a business +connection with John Howe.</p> + +<p>Howe had recently become of age, and was a sober, discreet young +man. Mrs. Draper, therefore, was induced, a short time before the commencement +of the war, to take him into partnership, but his name did +not appear in the imprint of the Massachusetts Gazette till Boston was +besieged by the Continental Army.</p> + +<p>Howe remained with his partner until they were obliged to leave +Boston in consequence of the evacuation of the town by the British troops, +March 17, 1776, when they went to Halifax, from there he went to Newport, +R. I., when the British took possession of the town December 8th.</p> + +<p>John Howe was married at Newport by Rev. George Bisset, Rector +of Trinity Church, to Miss Martha Minns. Mr. William Minns accompanied +his daughter from Boston, and was present at the ceremony. +William Minns was born at Great Yarmouth, England, December 16, +1728. In 1737 he accompanied his uncle, Robert Ball, and his widowed +mother, and came to Boston. Miss Martha Minns was sixteen years of +age when she married John Howe. She was noted for her beauty and +her portrait is still in possession of her family. The issue of this marriage +was three sons and three daughters.</p> + +<p>Mr. Howe commenced the publication of a newspaper for the British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[362]</a></span> +at Newport; it was called The Newport Gazette, and the first paper was +issued January 16, 1777.</p> + +<p>The last number of a bound volume of this paper in possession of +the Redwood Library at Newport, is dated January 15, 1778, but the publication +of the paper probably continued till the evacuation of Newport +by the British, October 25, 1779.</p> + +<p>The paper was published in a house on the opposite side of the Parade, +the Vaughn estate, now a market. A recent writer says:</p> + +<p>"During the time the British were in possession of Newport, it was +the office of the Newport 'Gazette,' the paper printed by the British on +the press and type of the Newport 'Mercury.' Before that the 'Mercury' +was printed by Solomon Southwick, in Queen Street, but when the +island fell into the hands of the enemy, Southwick, as is well-known, buried +his type in the rear of what was the old Kilburn House on Broad +Street (now Broadway) and left the town. The loyalists recovered the +type, and a printer named Howe began the printing of the 'Gazette.'"</p> + +<p>A bound file of the newspaper published by Mr. Howe is in the possession +of the Redwood Library. It runs, with a few numbers missing, +from No. 1, to No. 52, January 15, 1778.</p> + +<p>The first number was issued Jan. 16, 1777, with the following introduction.</p> + +<blockquote><p>"The Favours which the Subscriber has received from the Gentlemen +of the <i>Army and Navy</i>, in Boston and elsewhere, joined with the Importunities +of many of the Inhabitants of this Town, has induced him, +as speedily as possible, to gratify them with a <i>Newspaper</i>. He can +only say, that his best endeavors shall not be wanting to render it as entertaining +as possible: And he has nothing to wish for, but the Exercise +of that Candour he hath so often before been indebted to. Its <i>size</i> +is at present contracted, owing to the Impossibility of procuring larger +printing Paper; but if more Intelligence should at any Time arrive, than +this can contain, the Deficiency will be supplied with a <i>Supplement</i>. +No Subscriptions are received; but if any Gentlemen choose to have the +Paper weekly the Boy shall leave it at their houses. Articles of intelligence +will be thankfully received and every favor gratefully acknowledged, +by their</p> + +<p class="signature"> +Obedient humble servant,<br /> +<span class="smcap">John Howe</span>." +</p></blockquote> + +<p>The British evacuated Newport, October 25, 1779, and Mr. and Mrs. +Howe accompanied them to New York, and thence removed to Halifax +and took up their permanent abode there, on the corner of Sackville and +Barrington Streets. Here on Friday, January 5th, 1781, he published the +first issue of the Halifax Journal, a paper that continued to be published +regularly until 1870. It is said that Mr. Howe brought with him the +printing press that had once belonged to Benjamin Franklin, and the first +that the philosopher had ever possessed. It did the printing for the Howe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span> +family for years. Mr. Howe was for many years King's printer for the +Province, which secured to him all the government printing, including the +publishing of the official gazette. For some years previous to his death, +he held the office of postmaster-general and justice of the peace, and was +living at the time of his death, December 29, 1835, at his beautiful residence +on the Northwestarm, in good circumstances, and had the respect +of the whole community.</p> + +<p>Mr. Howe was a Sandemanian, that is, a follower of Robert Sandeman, +who came to Boston from Glasgow in 1764; they held their first +meetings at the Green Dragon Tavern, and afterwards had a meeting-house +in the rear of Middle or Hanover street. This society rejected the +belief in the necessity of spiritual conversion, representing faith as an operation +of the intellect, and speculative belief as quite sufficient to insure +final justification. This sect continued till 1823, when the last light was extinguished +in Boston. Many of the Sandemanians were Loyalists, and +went to Halifax. They may have built on a sandy foundation, but judging +from their fruits, we may charitably conclude that in the main they +were correct. Probably they did not like a church and state religion; +and that may have been all. The few who were in Halifax met every +Lord's day in an upper room, in the building lately used by Baxter as a +furniture warehouse on Prince Street. The members, male and female, +sat together around a table and took the Lord's Supper. This was weekly. +There was singing and prayers, and Mr. Howe would afterward +stand up, read a chapter of the Bible, and give an address. No doubt it +was very good and simple and delivered with a calm, quiet sort of eloquence. +When the meeting was over the brothers and sisters in fellowship, +(only the more elderly members) rose and kissed one another, +and seemed to be remarkably happy. It is said that in the afternoon of +every Sunday the old gentlemen members went down to the room below +and dined together, and probably edified one another with religious conversation. +Those now living who have ever been with these Sandemanians +in that upper room will never forget the calm godly faces of such men +as old Mr. Howe, Mr. Greenwood and Mr. Mansfield. Strange to say, +none of the Howes, and very few, if any, of the other families have followed +in the track of these good men and women as to creed. It is to +be hoped that many have been influenced for good by what they may +have recalled of such worthy ancestors. Old Mr. Greenwood fell dead +in the room while reading, and Mr. Mansfield died the same day from +some accidental cause.</p> + +<p>In a speech delivered by his son <span class="smcap">Joseph Howe</span>, in Boston July +4, 1858, he spoke of his father as follows: "The loyalists who left these +States were not, it must be confessed, as good republicans as you are, but +they loved liberty under their old forms, and their descendants love it too. +My father, though a true Briton to the day of his death, loved New England, +and old Boston especially, with filial regard. He never lost an opportunity +of serving a Boston man, if in his power. At the close of your<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[364]</a></span> +railway banquet, one gentleman told me that my father had, during the +last war, taken his father from the military prison at Melville Island, and +sent him back to Boston. Another, on the same evening, showed me a +gold watch, sent by an uncle, who died in the West Indies, to his family. +It was pawned by a sailor in Halifax, but redeemed by my father, and +sent to the dead man's relatives. And so it was all his life. He loved +his sovereign, but he loved Boston too, and whenever he got sick in his +latter days, we used to send him up here to recruit. A sight of the old +scenes and a walk on Boston Common were sure to do him good, and he +generally came back uncommonly well." Elsewhere the same son remarked: +"For thirty years he was my instructor, my playfellow, almost +my daily companion. To him I owe my fondness for reading, my familiarity +with the Bible, my knowledge of old colonial and American incidents +and characteristics. He left me nothing but his example, and the +memory of his many virtues, for all that he ever earned was given to +the poor. He was too good for this world. But the remembrance of +his high principle, his cheerfulness, his childlike simplicity, and truly +Christian character, is never absent from my mind."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Martha Howe died Nov. 25, 1790, aged 30 years, and was buried +in St. Paul's churchyard, Halifax.</p> + +<p>A few years after the death of his first wife, Mr. Howe married Mrs. +Austin, a widow with several children, wife of Captain Austin. By her he +had two children, Sarah and Joseph. Mrs. Howe died in 1837. He had +eight children, and at the present time there are eighty-five of his descendants, +out of all these the survivors who bear the name of Howe only number +sixteen. Many of his descendants were men of great prominence. +His son William Howe, Assistant Commissary-General, who died at Halifax, +January, 1843, aged fifty-seven. John Howe, Queen's Printer, and +Deputy Postmaster-General, who died at the same place the same year, +and David Howe, who published a paper at St. Andrew, N. B., Joseph, +born December 13, 1804, became Hon. Joseph Howe, Governor of Nova +Scotia in May, 1873.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>SAMUEL QUINCY.</h2> + +<h3> +<span class="smcap"><small>Solicitor-General.</small></span><br /> +</h3> + + +<p>Edmund Quincy, the first of the name in New England, landed at +Boston on the 4th of September, 1633. He came from Achurch in Northamptonshire, +where he owned some landed estate. That he was a man +of substance may be inferred from his bringing six servants with him, +and that he was a man of weight among the founders of the new commonwealth +appears from his election as a representative of the town of Boston +in the first General Court ever held in Massachusetts Bay. He was +also the first named on the committee appointed by the town to assess +and raise the sum necessary to extinguish the title of Mr. Blackstone to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span> +the peninsula on which the city stands. He bought of Chickatabut, Sachem +of the Massachusetts tribe of Indians, a tract of land at Mount Wollaston, +confirmed to him by the Town of Boston, 1636, a portion of which +is yet in the family.</p> + +<p>Edmund Quincy died the year after making this purchase, in 1637, +at the age of 33. He left a son Edmund and a daughter Judith. The +son lived, in the main, a private life on the estate in Braintree. He was +a magistrate and a representative of his town in the General Court, and +Lieutenant-Colonel of the Suffolk Regiment.</p> + +<p>Point Judith was named after his daughter. She married John Hull, +who, when Massachusetts Bay assumed the prerogative of coining money, +was her mint-master, and made a large fortune in the office, before +Charles II. put a stop to that infringement of the charter. There is a +tradition that, when he married his daughter to Samuel Sewall, afterwards +Chief Justice, he gave her for her dowry, her weight in pine-tree +shillings. From this marriage has sprung the eminent family of the +Sewalls, which has given three Chief Justices to Massachusetts and one +to Canada, and has been distinguished in every generation by the talents +and virtues of its members.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Quincy, who was a child when brought to New +England, died in 1698, aged seventy years, having had two sons, Daniel +and Edmund.</p> + +<p>Daniel died during his father's lifetime, leaving an only son John, +who graduated at Cambridge in 1708, and was a prominent public man +in the Colony for nearly half a century. He was a Councillor, and for +many years Speaker of the Lower House.</p> + +<p>He died in 1767, at the time of the birth of his great-grandson, John +Quincy Adams, who therefore received the name which he has made +illustrious. Edmund, the second son, graduated in 1690, and was also +in the public service almost all his life, as a magistrate, a Councillor, and +one of the Justices of the Supreme Court. He was also colonel of the +Suffolk Regiment, at that time a very important command, since the county +of Suffolk then, and long after, included what is now County of Norfolk, +as well as the town of Boston. In 1737, the General Court selected +him as their agent to lay the claims of the Colony before the home government, +in the matter of the disputed boundary between Massachusetts +Bay and New Hampshire.</p> + +<p>He died, however, very soon after his arrival in London, February +23, 1737, of the smallpox, which he had taken by inoculation. He was +buried in Bunhill Fields, where a monument was erected to him by the +General Court, which also made a grant of land of a thousand acres in +the town of Lennox to his family, in further recognition of his public +services.</p> + +<p>Judge Edmund Quincy had two sons, Edmund and Josiah.</p> + +<p>The first named, who graduated at Cambridge in 1722, lived a private +life at Braintree and in Boston.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span>One of his daughters married John Hancock, the first signer of the +Declaration of Independence, and afterwards Governor of Massachusetts. +Josiah was born in 1709, and took his first degree in 1728. He accompanied +his father to London in 1737, and afterwards visited England +and the Continent more than once.</p> + +<p>For some years he was engaged in commerce and ship-building in +Boston, and when about forty years of age he retired from business and +removed to Braintree, where he lived for thirty years the life of a country +gentleman, occupying himself with the duties of a county magistrate, and +amusing himself with field sports. Game of all sorts abounded in those +days in the woods and along the shore, and marvellous stories have come +down, by tradition, of his feats with gun and rod. He was Colonel of +the Suffolk Regiment, as his father had been before him; he was also +Commissioner to Pennsylvania during the old French war to ask the help +of that Colony in an attack which Massachusetts Bay had planned upon +Crown Point. He succeeded in his mission by the help of Doctor Franklin.</p> + +<p>Colonel Josiah Quincy, by his first marriage, had three sons, Edmund, +Samuel, Josiah, and one daughter, Hannah. His first wife was +Hannah Sturgis, daughter of John Sturgis, one of his Majesty's Council, +of Yarmouth. His eldest son, Edmund, graduated in 1752, after which +he became a merchant in Boston. He was in England in 1760 for the +purpose of establishing mercantile correspondences. He died at sea in +1768, on his return from a voyage for his health to the West Indies.</p> + +<p>The youngest son of Colonel Josiah Quincy bore his name, and was +therefore known to his contemporaries, and takes his place in history, as +Josiah Quincy, Junior, he having died before his father, he was born +February 23, 1744, and graduated at Harvard College, 1763. He studied +law with Oxenbridge Thacher, one of the principal lawyers of that +day, and succeeded to his practice at his death, which took place about +the time he himself was called to the bar. He took a high rank at once in +his profession, although his attention to its demands was continually interrupted +by the stormy agitation in men's minds and passions, which +preceded and announced the Revolution, and which he actively promoted +by his writings and public speeches. On the 5th of March, the day of the +so called "Boston Massacre" he was selected, together with John Adams, +by Captain Preston, who was accused of having given the word of command +to the soldiers that fired on the mob, to conduct his defence and that +of his men, they having been committed for trial for murder. At that +moment of fierce excitement, it demanded personal and moral courage +to perform this duty. His own father wrote him a letter of stern and +strong remonstrance against his undertaking the defence of "those criminals +charged with the murder of their fellow citizens," exclaiming, with +passionate emphasis, "Good God! Is it possible? I will not believe it!"</p> + +<p>Mr. Quincy in his reply, reminded his father of the obligations his +professional oath laid him under, to give legal counsel and assistance to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[367]</a></span> +those accused of a crime, but not proved to be guilty of it; adding: "I +dare affirm that you and this whole people will one day rejoice that I became +an advocate for the aforesaid criminals, <i>charged</i> with the murder +of our fellow citizens. <i>To inquire my duty and to do it, is my aim.</i>" +He did his duty and his prophecy soon came to pass.</p> + +<p>There is no more honorable passage in the history of New England +than the one which records the trial and acquittal of Captain Preston and +his men, in the midst of the passionate excitements of that time, by a jury +of the town maddened to a rage but a few months before by the blood of +her citizens shed in her streets.</p> + +<p>In 1774 he went to England, partly for his health, which had suffered +much from his intense professional and political activities, and also as a +confidential agent of the Revolutionary party to consult and advise with +the friends of America there. His presence in London coming as he +did at a most critical moment excited the notice of the ministerial party, +as well as of the opposition. The Earl of Hillsborough denounced him, +together with Dr. Franklin, in the House of Lords, "as men walking the +streets of London who ought to be in Newgate or Tyburn." The precise +results of his communications with the English Whigs can never be +known. They were important enough, however, to make his English +friends urgent for his immediate return to America, because he could +give information which could not safely be committed to writing. His +health had failed seriously during the latter months of his residence in +England, and his physicians strongly advised against his taking a winter +voyage.</p> + +<p>His sense of public duty, however, overbore all personal considerations, +and he set sail on the 16th of March, 1775, and died off Gloucester, +Massachusetts, on the 26th of April.</p> + +<p>The citizens of Gloucester buried him with all honor in their graveyard; +after the siege of Boston, he was removed and placed in a vault in +the burying ground in Braintree. Josiah Quincy was barely thirty-one +years of age when he thus died.</p> + +<p>His father, Colonel Quincy lived on at Braintree during the whole of +the war. He died on March 3rd, 1784.</p> + +<p>His passion for field sports remained in full force till the end, for +his death was occasioned by exposure to the winter's cold, sitting upon +a cake of ice, watching for wild ducks, when he was in his seventy-fifth +year.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Quincy</span>, the subject of this memoir, was the second son of +Colonel Josiah Quincy, and the brother of Josiah, Junior, and Edmund. +He was born in that part of Braintree now Quincy, April 23, 1735. He +graduated at Harvard College in 1754, and studied law with Benjamin +Pratt.</p> + +<p>Endowed with fine talents, Mr. Quincy became eminent in the profession +of the law, and succeeded Jonathan Sewall as Solicitor-General +of Massachusetts. He was the intimate friend of many of the most distinguished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[368]</a></span> +men of that period, among whom was John Adams. They +were admitted to the bar on the same day, Nov. 6, 1758.</p> + +<p>As Solicitor for the Crown, he was engaged with Robert Treat +Paine in the memorable trial of Capt. Preston, and the soldiers in 1770; +his brother was opposed to him on that occasion, and both reversed their +party sympathies in their professional position. It was plain to all sagacious +observers of the signs of the times, that the storm of civil war was +gathering fast; and it was sure first to burst over Boston. It was a time +of stern agitation, and profound anxieties. In their emotion Mr. Quincy +and his wife shared deeply, and passionately. The shadows of public and +private calamity were already beginning to steal over that once happy +home. The evils of the present and the uncertainties of the future bore +heavily on their prosperity. The fierce passions which were soon to +break out into revolutionary violence and mob rule, had already begun +to separate families, to divide friends, and to break up society. Samuel +Quincy was a Loyalist and remained true to his oath of office, wherein +he swore to support the government. His father and brother were revolutionists; +as previously stated his brother died on shipboard off Gloucester, +seven days after the hostilities had commenced at Lexington, +and when his father saw from his house on Quincy Bay, the fleet drop +down the harbor, after the evacuation of Boston on March 17, 1776, +it must have been with feelings of sorrow that the stout-hearted old man +saw the vessels bear away his only surviving son, never to return again. +Such partings were common griefs then, as ever in civil wars, the bitterest +perhaps that wait upon that cruelest of calamities.</p> + +<p>Samuel Quincy was an addressor of Governor Hutchinson, and a +staunch Loyalist. His wife, the sister of Henry Hill, Esq., of Boston, +was not pleased with her husband's course in the politics of the times, and +he became a Loyalist against her advice, and when he left Boston, a refugee, +she preferred to remain with her brother, and never met her husband +again. The following letter written to his brother by Mr. Quincy, +during the siege of Boston, will explain his position at that time.<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a></p> + +<blockquote><p> +To Henry Hill, Esq., Cambridge.</p> +<p class="signature"> +Boston, May 13, 1775.</p> +<p> +Dear Brother: +</p> + +<p>There never was a time when sincerity and affectionate unity of +heart could be more necessary than at present. But in the midst of the +confusions that darken our native land, we may still, by a rectitude of +conduct, entertain a rational hope that the Almighty Governor of the universe +will in his own time remember mercy.</p> + +<p>I am going, my dear friend, to quit the habitation where I have been +so long encircled with the dearest connections.</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span>I am going to hazard the unstable element, and for a while to change +the scene—whether it will be prosperous or adverse, is not for me to determine. +I pray God to sustain my integrity and preserve me from temptation.</p> + +<p>My political character with you may be suspicious; but be assured, +if I cannot <i>serve</i> my country, which I shall endeavor to the utmost of my +power, I will never <i>betray it</i>.</p> + +<p>The kind care of my family you have so generously offered penetrates +me with the deepest gratitude. If it should not be within my power to +reward you, you will have the recompense greater than I can give you, +the approbation of your own heart. Would to God we may again enjoy +the harmonious intercourse I have been favored with since my union with +your family. I will not despair of this great blessing in some future +and not very distant period. God preserve you in health and every earthly +enjoyment, until you again receive the salutation of</p> + +<p class="signature"> +Your friend and brother,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Samuel Quincy</span>.<br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_369.jpg" width="400" height="555" alt="SAMUEL QUINCY" title="SAMUEL QUINCY" /> +<span class="caption">SAMUEL QUINCY.<br /> + +Born at Braintree, now Quincy, April 23, 1735. Solicitor-General of Massachusetts. +Died at sea in 1789. His remains were interred on Bristol Hill, England. From +a painting by Copley.</span> +</div> + +<p>Again on August 18th he writes to Mr. Hill and said, "You conjure +me by the love of my country to use my best endeavors to bring about a +reconciliation, suggesting that the Americans are still as determined as +ever to die free, rather than live slaves; I have no reason to doubt the +zeal of my fellow-countrymen in the cause of freedom, and their firmness +in its defence, and were it in my power, my faithful endeavors +should not be wanting (nay, I have a right to say they are not) to effect +an accommodation. But, my good friend, I am unhappy to find that the +opinion I formed in America, and which in a great measure governed my +conduct, was but too justly founded. Every proposal of those who are +friendly to the colonies, to alter the measures of government and redress +the grievances of which they complain, is spurned at, unless attended +with previous concessions on their part. This there is less reason every +day to expect, and thus the prospect of an accommodation is thrown at a +distance; nor is there yet the least reason to suppose that a formidable, +if any opposition will be framed against administration in favor of +America.</p> + +<p>"These are facts, not of conjecture only, but visible and operative. +Your reflection will perhaps be, we must then work out our own salvation +by the strength of our own arm, trusting in the Lord. Really, my friend, +if the colonies, according to their late declaration, have made a resistance +by force their choice, the contest is in short reduced to that narrow compass. +I view the dangerous and doubtful struggle with fear and trembling; +I lament it with the most cordial affection for my native country, +and feel sensibly for my friends. But I am aware it is my duty patiently +to submit the event as it may be governed by the all-wise counsels of that +Being 'who ruleth in the heavens, and is the God of armies.'"</p> + +<p>In a letter to his wife, London, Jan. 1, 1777, he said: The continuance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span> +of our unhappy separation has something in it so unexpected, so +unprecedented, so complicated with evil, and misfortune, it has become almost +too burdensome for my spirits, nor have I words that can reach its +description. I long much to see my father. It is now more than eighteen +months since I parted with him in a manner I regret. Neither of +you say anything of the family at Braintree. They ought not to think +me regardless of them though I am silent; for, however lightly they may +look upon me, I yet remember them with pleasure.</p> + +<p>Again, on March 12, 1777, he said: You inquire whether I cannot +bear contempt and reproach, rather than remain any longer separated +from my family? As I always wished, and I think always endeavored, +not to deserve the one, so will I ever be careful to avoid the other. You +urge as an inducement to my return, that my countrymen will not deprive +me of life. I have never once harbored such an idea. Sure I am +I have never merited from them such a punishment. Difference of opinion +I have never known to be a capital offence, and were the truth and +motives of my conduct justly scrutinized, I am persuaded they would +not regard me as an enemy plotting their ruin. That I might yet be able +to recover in some respect the esteem of my friends, I will not doubt +while I am conscious of the purity of my intentions. When I determined +on a voyage to England, I resolved upon deliberation, and I still think, +with judgment. I did not, indeed, expect so hurried a succession of +events, though you must remember, I long had them in contemplation.</p> + +<p>I am sorry you say nothing of my father, or the family at Braintree; +I have not received a line nor heard from them since I left America. * * +God bless you all; live happy, and think I am as much so as my long absence +from you will permit.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="signature"> +March 20, 1777. +</p> + +<p>I am not surprised much that, to the less of property, I have already +sustained, I am to suffer further depredations, and that those to whom I +am under contract should avail themselves of this opportunity and endeavor +to make what is left their own. All I ask is that my brother and +my other friends (if I have any) would think of me as they ought, and to +be assured, that as far as they interpose their assistance to save me from +suffering, they will not hereafter find me deficient in return.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +October 15, 1777.<br /> +</p> + +<p>If things should not wear a more promising aspect at the opening of +the next year, by all means summon resolution to cross the ocean. But +if there is an appearance of accommodating this truly unnatural contest, +it would be advisable for you to bear farther promise; as I mean to +return to my native country whenever I may be permitted, and there is +a chance for my procuring a livelihood. But I do not say that I will not +accept of an opening here, if any one should offer that I may think +eligible.</p> + +<p class="signature"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[371]</a></span> +London, April 18, 1778.<br /> +</p> + +<p>If there is an accommodation, I shall certainly turn my views to some +part of the continent, unless something very promising should offer elsewhere. +It would grieve me very much to think of never again seeing +my father; God bless him, and many other worthy friends and relations +in New England; but a return to my native country I cannot be reconciled +to until I am convinced that I am as well thought of as I know I +deserve to be. I shall ever rejoice in its prosperity, but am too proud to +live despised where I was once respected—an object of insult instead of +the child of favor.</p> + +<p>You suggest, that had I remained, I might still have been with you +in honor and employment. It may be so, but when I left America I had +no expectation of being absent more than a few months, little thinking +operations of such magnitude would have followed in so quick a succession; +I left it from principle, and with a view of emolument. If I have +been mistaken, it is my misfortune, not my fault. My first letters from +my friends congratulated me on being out of the way; and I was pleased +to find my undertaking met with their approbation as well as my own. +The hearts of men were not within my reach, nor the fortuitous event +of things within my control. "I am indeed a poor man;" but even a +poor man has resources of comfort that cannot be torn from him, nor are +any so miserable as to be always under the influence of inauspicious stars. +I will therefore still endeavor to bear my calamities with firmness, and to +feel for others.</p> + +<p>Those who have befriended my family are entitled to my warmest +gratitude, and I hope you will never fail to express it for me. Whether +it ever will be in my power to recompense them I know not, but no endeavor +of mine shall be wanting to effect it. * * * I conjecture, though +you do not mention from what quarter, you have received unkindness. +There are in this world many things we are obliged and enabled to encounter, +which at a distance appear insupportable. You must have experienced +this as well as I; and it ought to teach us that best doctrine +of philosophy and religion—resignation. Bear up, therefore, with fortitude, +and wait patiently in expectation of a calmer and brighter day.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +London, May 31, 1778.<br /> +</p> + +<p>By the public prints we are made acquainted with an act of the state +of Massachusetts Bay, that precludes those among others from returning, +who left it since the 19th of April, 1775, and "joined the enemy." +You do not mention this act, nor have I any information by which I am +to construe what is meant by "joining the enemy." The love of one's +country, and solicitude for its welfare, are natural and laudable affections; +to lose its good opinion is at once unhappy, and attended with +many ill consequences; how much more unfortunate to be forever excluded +from it without offence! It is said also that there is a resolve of +congress, "that no absentee shall be permitted to take up his residence in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span> +any other colony without having been first received and admitted as a +citizen of his own." This may have some effect on a movement I had +in contemplation of going southward, where I have a very advantageous +offer of countenance and favor.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +London, March 15, 1779.<br /> +</p> + +<p>You may remember in some of my former letters I hinted my wish to +establish a residence in some other part of the continent, or in the West +Indies, and particularly mentioned to you Antigua—where my kinsman, +Mr. Wendell, my friend, Mr. David Greene, Dr. Russell and his family, +Mr. Lavicourt, Mr. Vassall, and others of my acquaintance, will give the +island less of the appearance of a strange place. By the passing of the +act of proscription the door was shut against me in my own country, +where I own it would have been my wish to have ended my days. This +confirmed my resolution. I have since unremittedly pursued various objects, +endeavoring to drive the nail that would go.</p> + +<p>My first intention was that of transplanting myself somewhere to +the southward. On this subject I thought long, and consulted others. I +considered climate, friends, business, prospects in every view, and at last +formed my opinion. The provinces in the south part of America in point +of health were not more favorable than the island—in point of friends +they might be preferable, but with respect to business or the means of +acquiring it, uncertain; public commotion yet continued, violent prejudices +are not easily removed. I had neither property nor natural connections +in either of them. I could have no official influence to sustain +me. What kind of government or laws would finally prevail it was difficult +to tell. These and other reasons determined me against the attempt. +But to stay longer in England, absent from my friends and family, with +a bare subsistence, inactive, without prospects, and useless to myself and +the world, was death to me! What was the alternative? As I saw no +chance of procuring either appointment or employ here, the old object of +the West Indies recurred, where in my younger days I wished to have +remained; and by the influence of some particular gentlemen I have at +last obtained the place of "Comptroller of the Customs at the Port of +Parham in Antigua;" for which island I mean to embark with the next +convoy. My view is to join the profits of business in the line of my profession +to the emoluments of office. This I flatter myself will afford me +a handsome maintenance. I grow old too fast to think of waiting longer +for the moving of the waters, and have therefore cast my bread upon +them, thus in hopes that at last, after many days, I may find it.</p> + +<p>Transmit to my father every expression of duty and affection. If +he retains the same friendship and parental fondness for me I have always +experienced from him, he will patronize my children, and in doing +this will do it unto me. It was my intention to have written to him, but +the subjects on which I want to treat are too personally interesting for +the casualties of the present day. He may rest assured it is my greatest +unhappiness to be thus denied the pleasing task of lightening his misfortunes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span> +and soothing the evening of his days. Whatever may be the +future events of his life, I shall always retain for him the warmest filial +respect, and if it is my lot to survive him, shall ever think it a pleasure as +well as my duty to promote to my utmost the welfare of his posterity. +My mother will also accept of my duty and good wishes; the prosperity +of the whole household lies near my heart, and they will do me an injustice +if they think me otherwise than their affectionate friend. * * *</p> + +<p>With respect to my property in America, my wish and desire is, if +I have any control over it, that my friends there collectively, or some one +singly under your direction, would take it into their hands, and consolidating +the debts I owe into one sum, apply it to their discharge. I can +think of no better way than this. If eventually I am deprived of it, I +will endeavor to bear it with that fortitude which becomes a Christian +and philosopher.</p> + +<p>P. S. I could wish above all things to preserve my law books.</p> + +<p class="center"> +TO HENRY HILL, ESQ.</p> +<p class="signature"> +London, May 25, 1779. +</p> + +<p>I have obtained an appointment at Parham, in Antigua, as comptroller +of the customs, and am to embark soon for St. Kitts. * * It is this +day four years since I left Boston, and though I have been racked by my +own misfortunes and my feelings for the distresses of my family and +friends, I have still by a good Providence been blessed with health and +comforted by the kindness of many friends. If I have not been in affluence, +I have been above want, and happy in the esteem of numbers in this +kingdom to whom I was altogether a stranger. * * The education of my +children is uppermost in my heart. The giving my son the benefit of +classical learning by a course of college studies, is a step I much approve. +The sequestration of my books is more mortifying to me than any other +stroke. If they are not yet out of your power save them for me at all +events.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In a copy of a letter to a friend, apparently in the West Indies, but +whose name does not appear, Mr. Quincy thus expresses himself:</p> + +<blockquote><p class="signature"> +Antigua, Feb. 1, 1782. +</p> + +<p>You ask of me an account of my coming to the West Indies, the +manner of my existence and destination, &c. The story is long, and would +require many anecdotes to give the true history, but you will excuse me +if at present I say only, that in the year 1775, just after the battle of +Lexington, I quitted America for London on motives of business, intending +to return in a few months; but my absence was construed by our good +patriots as the effect of my political principles, and improved first to my +proscription, afterwards to the very flattering title of traitorous conspirator, +and the confiscation of my estate. I remained in England several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span> +years, but, tired of waiting for the moving of the waters, and unwilling +to waste the flower of my age in a state of indolence, neither profitable +to myself nor my family, I resolved to seek my fortune in this part of +the world, where I had been in my younger days,—obtained a berth in +the customs, which, together with the emoluments of my profession, +afford me a comfortable subsistence, and the prospect of something +beyond.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +Your friend, &c.,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Samuel Quincey</span>. +</p></blockquote> + +<p>Mr. Quincy's wife died November, 1782 in Massachusetts. He married +again while at Antigua, Mrs. M. A. Chadwell, widow of Hon. +Abraham Chadwell.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="center"> +TO HIS SON, SAMUEL QUINCY, JR., CAMBRIDGE.</p> + +<p class="signature">June 10, 1785. +</p> + +<p>How anxious soever I may feel to see my friends and relations once +more, I cannot think of doing it at the expense of my liberty; nor will +I ever visit that country where I first drew my breath, but upon such +terms as I have always lived in it; and such as I have still a right to +claim from those who possess it,—the character of a gentleman. * * * +The proposal Judge Sumner has hinted to me of keeping his old berth +for you at Roxbury, is a good one, at least better than Boston. Cultivate +his good opinion, and deserve his patronage; he will bestow the latter +for my sake, I trust, as well as his personal esteem for you. It will also +stand you in stead at court, where I hope you will one day figure as a +legislator as well as an advocate. All depends upon setting out right. +You are at the edge of a precipice, or ought to consider yourself so; +from whence, if you fall, the "<i>revocare gradum</i>," is a task indeed. Resolve, +then, to think right, and act well; keeping up to that resolution +will procure you daily the attention of all ranks, and command for you +their respect. Keep alive the cause of truth, of reason, of virtue, and of +liberty, if I may be permitted to use that name, who have by some injuriously +been thought in a conspiracy against it. This is the path of duty, +and will be the source of blessing.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +July 24, 1789.<br /> +</p> + +<p>I am exceedingly sorry to hear of the distracted political situation of +Massachusetts. * * * A constitution founded on mere republican principles +has always appeared to me a many-headed monster, and, however +applauded by a Franklin, a Price, and a Priestley, that in the end it must +become a suicide. Mankind do not in experience appear formed for that +finer system, which, in theory, by the nice adjustment of its parts promises +permanency and repose. The passions, prejudice, and interests of +some will always be in opposition to others, especially if they are in place.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span> +This, it may be said, is the case in all governments, but I think less so in +a monarchy than under a republican code. The people at large feel +an overbalance of power in their own favor; they will naturally endeavor +to ease themselves of all expenses which are not lucrative to them, and +retrench the gains of others, whether the reward of merit or genius, or +the wages of a hireling.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +Tortola, June 1, 1789.</p> +<p> +<span class="smcap">My Dear Son</span>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>Your short letter of the 14th February gave me pleasure, as it +informed me of your health and that of your family, and other friends +in the neighborhood of Roxbury.</p> + +<p>It would be my wish to make you a visit once more in my life, +could it be ascertained I might walk free of insult, and unmolested in +person. Two things must concur to satisfy me of this,—the repeal of +the act passed 1779, against certain crown officers, as traitors, conspirators, +&c.; and accommodation with those who have against me pecuniary +demands. The first I have never yet learned to be repealed, either in +whole or in part, and therefore I consider it as a stumbling-block at the +threshold; the second, no steps I suppose have been taken to effect, +although I think it might be done by inquiry and proposition—with some +by a total release from demand, and with others by a reasonable compromise. +If you ever wish your father to repose under your roof, you +will take some pains to examine the list, and make the trial. I shall +shortly, I hope, be in a situation to leave this country, if I choose it; but +whether Europe, of the two objects I have in view, will take the preference, +may depend on the answer I may receive from you, upon the hints +I have now thrown out for your consideration and filial exertions. * * *</p> + +<p>I have been, as I informed you in my last, a good deal indisposed +for some time past. I find myself, however, better on the whole at +present, though I feel the want of a bracing air. Adieu.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +Your affectionate parent,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Samuel Quincy</span>. +</p></blockquote> + +<p>Soon after the date of this last letter, Mr. Quincy embarked for +England, accompanied by his wife. The restoration of his health was +the object of the voyage, but the effort was unsuccessful; he died at +sea, within sight of the English coast. His remains were carried to +England, and interred on Bristol hill. His widow immediately re-embarked +for the West Indies, but her voyage was tempestuous. Grief +for the loss of her husband, to whom she was strongly attached, and suffering +from the storm her vessel encountered, terminated her life on +her homeward passage.</p> + +<p>It was a singular coincidence that two of Mr. Quincy's brothers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[376]</a></span> +died at sea, as he did on shipboard, Edmund, the eldest and Josiah, the +youngest brother.</p> + +<p>Samuel Quincy had two sons: Samuel, a graduate of Harvard +College in 1782, who was an attorney-at-law in Lenox, Mass., where +he died in January, 1816, leaving a son Samuel. His second son, Josiah, +became an eminent counselor-at-law of Romney, N. H., and President +of the Senate of that State.</p> + +<p>Mr. Samuel Quincy was proscribed and banished and his property +confiscated.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>COLONEL JOHN MURRAY.</h2> + + +<p>About 1750 there appeared in Boston society a very handsome man +by the name of Murray, whose antecendents people seemed to be ignorant, +when he came to this country he settled at Rutland, and was very poor, +and at first "peddled about the country" and then became a merchant. He +was a man of great influence in his vicinity, and in the town of Rutland, +which he represented many years in the General Court. On election days +his home was open to his friends and good cheer dispensed free to all +from his store. His wealth, social position, and political influence, made +him one of the Colonial noblemen who lived in a style that has passed +away in New England. He was a Colonel in the militia, for many years +a member of the General Court, and in 1774 was appointed a Mandamus +Councillor, but was not sworn into office, because a mob of about five +hundred, with the "Worcester Committee of Correspondence," repaired +to Rutland, to compel Colonel Murray to resign his seat in the Council. +On the way, they were joined by nearly one thousand persons, among +whom were a portion of the company who had compelled Judge Timothy +Paine to take the same course, marching directly to Rutland the same +day.</p> + +<p>A delegation went to his house, and reported that he was absent. A +letter was accordingly sent to him, to the effect that; unless his resignation +appeared in the Boston papers, he would be waited upon again. He +abandoned his home on the night of the 25th of August of that year, and +fled to Boston.</p> + +<p>As previously stated, there was always a mystery surrounding John +Murray, regarding who he was and where he came from, but his descendants +had some reason for supposing that he was one of the "Athol +Family" of Scotland, the surname of the Duke being Murray. Some +years since one of Col. Murray's descendants went to "Blair Athol," the +family seat of the Dukes of Athol, hoping to hear something about him, +and there found an old retainer of the family who recalled the fact that +many years ago a younger member of the family had disappeared, nothing +being heard of him again, though it was supposed he had run away to +America.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span>Miss Murray, after her father's death, went from St. John to Lancaster, +Mass., to be with her relatives, the Chandler Family. She had +with her some amount of silver plate, and on each piece was the arms +of the "Ducal House of Athol." She had small means, and when +in need of money used to sell this silver, one piece at a time. In the +grant of the town of Athol by the General Court the first name is that +of John Murray, who probably gave the name of his ancestral home to the +new town.</p> + +<p>In 1776, with a family of six persons, he accompanied the Royal +Army to Halifax. Col. Murray left a very large estate when he fled from +Boston, and in 1778 he was prosecuted and banished, and in 1779 lost his +extensive property under the Confiscation Act.</p> + +<p>After the Revolution, Colonel Murray became a resident of St. John, +N. B. He built a house in Prince William street, with a large lot of land +attached to it, which became very valuable.</p> + +<p>A portrait by Copley is owned by his grandson, the Hon. R. L. Hazen +of St. John, a member of the Executive Council of New Brunswick. +He is represented as sitting in the full dress of a gentleman of the day, +and his person is shown to the knees. There is a hole in the wig, which +is said to have been done by one of the mob who sought the Colonel at +his house after his flight, vexed because he had eluded them, vowed they +would leave their mark behind them, accordingly pierced the canvas with +a bayonet.</p> + +<p>Colonel Murray married several times, his first wife was Elizabeth +McLanathan, who was the mother of ten children. His second wife was +Lucretia Chandler, the daughter of John and Hannah Gardner, of Worcester. +His third wife was Deborah Brinley, the daughter of Francis +Brinley, of Roxbury.</p> + +<p>Colonel Murray was allowed a pension of £200 per annum by the +British Government. His estate valued at £23,367, was confiscated except +one farm for his son Alexander, who joined the Revolutionists. He +died at St. John, 1794.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Murray</span>, of Brookfield, Mass., Son of Colonel John. He +graduated at Harvard College in 1771. Mr. Murray entered the military +service of the Crown, and was Major of the King's American Dragoons. +In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. At the peace he retired, on half +pay. In 1792 he was a member of the House of Assembly of N. B. In +1803 he left the Colony. In 1832 he died at Portland, Maine.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Murray</span>, Son of Colonel John, graduated at Harvard College +in 1772. He was with the British troops at Lexington in 1775, and +was taken prisoner. In a General Order, dated at Cambridge, June 15, +1775, it was directed "That Samuel Murray be removed from the jail in +Worcester to his father's homestead in Rutland, the limits of which he is +not to pass until further orders." In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. +He died previous to 1785.</p> + +<p>Robert Murray, Son of Colonel John. In 1782 he was a Lieutenant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span> +of the King's American Dragoons. He settled in N. B., and died there +of consumption in 1786.</p> + +<p>John Murray, Son of Colonel John. In 1782 he was a Captain in +the King's American Dragoons. After the Revolution he was an officer +of the Fifty-fourth Regiment, British Army.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JUDGE JAMES PUTNAM.</h2> + +<h3> +<span class="smcap">Attorney-general of Massachusetts Bay.</span><br /> +</h3> + + +<p>John Putnam, the founder of the Salem family, was born in 1579, +at Wingrave, Buckinghamshire, England. He is described in the records +an husbandman. His farm was at Burstone in Wingrave. He emigrated +to Salem with his three sons in 1640, where grants of land were made +by the town of Salem to him and to his sons on their own account, in +what was then known as Salem Village, now the town of Danvers.</p> + +<p>His sons were Thomas, born 1614, died at Salem Village 1686; +Nathaniel, born 1619, died at Salem Village 1700; John, born 1627, died +at Salem Village, 1710.</p> + +<p>In deeds, John Putnam is described as both husbandman and yeoman. +He was a man of substance and of as much education as his contemporaries, +but neither seeking or desiring public office. In 1653 he divided +his lands between Thomas and Nathaniel, having evidently already +granted his homestead to his younger son John. He died in 1662.</p> + +<p>The subject of this memoir was a descendent of John Putnam, in +the fifth generation, through his youngest son John, known as Captain +John. It was in the military affairs and in the witchcraft delusion that +his character is best shown. In 1672 he is styled Corporal, in 1678 he +was commissioned Lieutenant of the troope of horse at the Village, and +after 1687 he is styled "Captain." He served in the Naragansett fight, +and retained his military manners throughout his life. In 1679 and later +he was frequently chosen to present Salem at the General Court, to settle +the various disputed town bounds. He was selectman in 1681. He was +deputy to the General Court for many years previous to the new charter.</p> + +<p>His residence was on the farm originally occupied by his father, now +better known as Oak Knoll, the home of the poet Whittier.</p> + +<p>The will of John Putnam is not on record. He seems to have disposed +of his property by deed to his children. Rev. Joseph Green makes +the following note in his diary: "April 7, 1710, Captain Putnam buried +by ye soldiers."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lieutenant James</span>, son of <span class="smcap">Captain John</span>, was born in Salem Village, +1661, and died there in 1727. He was a farmer, inheriting from +his father the homestead at Oak Knoll. In 1720 he is styled on the records +Lieut., which title was always scrupulously given him. Although<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span> +never caring to hold office, he was evidently esteemed by the townspeople. +He had been taught a trade, and he in his turn taught his son +the same trade, that of bricklayer. This was a custom among many of +the early Puritan families. It is to the credit of all concerned, that far-sighted +and wealthy men of that day brought up their sons to know a useful +trade, in case adversity should overtake them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">James Putnam</span>, of the fourth generation, son of the aforesaid Lieut. +James, was born in Salem Village in 1689, and died there in 1763. He +lived in the house just to the south-east of Oak Knoll on the same road; +the house is still standing, in a fine state of preservation.</p> + +<p>During his long life, James Putnam took considerable interest in +town affairs. He was one of those who succeeded in obtaining the establishment +of the district of Danvers. In 1730 he paid the largest tax +in the village.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Honorable James Putnam</span>, of the fifth generation, son of the +aforesaid James Putnam, was born in Salem Village, 1726, and died at +St. John, N. B., 1789. He graduated from Harvard College in 1746. In +his class was Dr. Edward H. Holyoke, whose father, Edward Holyoke, +was then president of the College. He studied law, under Judge Trowbridge, +who according to John Adams, controlled the whole practice of +Worcester and Middlesex Counties, and settled in Worcester in 1749, +taking up the practice of the law.</p> + +<p>In 1750 he married Eleanor Sprague, by whom he had one daughter, +Eleanor, who married Rufus Chandler, of Worcester.</p> + +<p>James Putnam, in 1757, held the commission of Major, under Gen. +Louden, and saw service. Between the years of 1755 and 1758, John +Adams, afterwards President of the United States, taught school in +Worcester, and studied law with Mr. Putnam. He also boarded in his +family. Mr. Adams remarks that Mr. Putnam possessed great acuteness +of mind, had a very extensive and successful practice, and was eminent +in his profession. James Putnam was one of the twenty signers to +the address from the barristers and attorneys of Massachusetts to Gov. +Hutchinson, May 30, 1774. His brothers, Dr. Ebenezer and Archelaus, +both addressed Gov. Gage on his arrival, June 11, 1774. In February, +1775, he, with others, was forced by the threatening attitude of the mob +to leave Worcester and seek refuge in Boston, he having had his cattle +stolen and a valuable grist mill burned, and threatened with bodily harm.</p> + +<p>On Oct. 14, 1775, eighteen of those gentlemen who were driven from +their habitations in the country to the town of Boston, addressed Gov. +Gage on his departure. Among the signers were James Putnam and +James Putnam, Jr.</p> + +<p>In 1778 the Massachusetts Legislature passed an act confiscating the +estate of 308 Loyalists and banishing them; if they returned a second +time, to suffer death without the benefit of clergy. Among these was +the Hon. James Putnam, who had in 1777 succeeded Jonathan Sewell as +attorney general of Massachusetts, the last under the Crown.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span>During the siege of Boston on the 17th Nov. 1775, the following +order was issued by the British Commander: "Many of his Majesty's Loyal +American subjects having offered their services for the defence of the +place" are to be formed into three companies under command of Hon. +Brigadier General Ruggles, to be called the Loyal American Associates, +to be designated by a white sash around the left arm. James Putnam +was commissioned captain of the second company, and James Putnam, Jr. +was commissioned second lieutenant of the second company. At the +evacuation of Boston, both James Putnam and his sons, James and Ebenezer, +accompanied the army to Halifax, and New York, where his sons +engaged in business. He sailed for Plymouth, England, December, 1779, +with Mrs. Putnam and his daughter Elizabeth.</p> + +<p>While in England he wrote numerous letters to his brothers, from +which we make the following quotations. Under date of Nov. 13th, 1783, +he writes from London: "My countrymen have got their independence +(as they call it) and with it in my opinion, have lost the true Substantial +Civil liberty. They doubtless exult as much at the acquisition they have +gained as they do at the loss the Tories, as they call them, have sustained."</p> + +<p>"America, the thirteen states, at last separated from this country, +never more to be connected. For you may believe me when I say I firmly +believe, and on good grounds, that even the present administration +would not now accept of the connection, if America would offer it on the +old footing."</p> + +<p>"You may be assured there is nothing I wish for more than to see +my dear brother and other dear friends in America again."</p> + +<p>"At the same time, I can tell you with truth, unpleasing as you may +think the situation of the Loyalists to be, I would not change with my independent +countrymen with all imaginary liberty, but real heavy taxes +and burdens, destitute in a great measure, as I know they are, of order +and good government."</p> + +<p>"Having this view of things, you can't expect to see me in Massachusetts +soon, even if I was permitted or invited to return with perhaps +the offer of the restoration of my estate. For what would it be worth but +to pay all away in taxes in a short time."</p> + +<p>"I'm not yet determined whether to remain in this country or go +abroad to Nova Scotia or elsewhere."</p> + +<p>Again, under date of July 20, 1784, he writes: "Your country is so +changed since I left it, and in my opinion for the worst, that the great +pleasure I should have in seeing my dear friends would be lost in a great +measure in the unhappy change of government."</p> + +<p>His next letter was from Parr, on the river St. John, N. B., Nov. 18, +1784. He says: "Dear Brother. I have been at this place about ten +days, am surprised to find a large flourishing town, regularly laid out, +well built, consisting of about two thousand houses, many of them handsome +and well finished—And at the opposite side of the river at Carlton,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[381]</a></span> +about five hundred more houses on a pleasant situation. A good harbor +lies between the two towns, which never freezes, and where there are +large ships and many vessels of all sizes. The country appears to me to +be very good, and am satisfied will make a most flourishing Province."</p> + +<p>He writes again the next year: "You may wonder perhaps at my saying +I hope I'm settled in this Province for life, and that I can be contented +or happy in the place formerly called Nova Scotia."</p> + +<p>"I want to see you and my friends, if I have any, but I don't wish +to live in your country or under your government. I think I have found +a better. No thanks to the Devils who have robbed me of my property. +I do not wish to live with or see such infernals."</p> + +<p>"God bless you, your wife, your son, your daughter, my brother, etc., +who I shall be glad to see again, but not in the American States."</p> + +<p>In another letter, dated St. John, N. B., May 13, 1785, to his brother, +he says: "As to seeing you any more, you have no reason to expect it in +your State.</p> + +<p>"You may be assured, I should be exceeding happy in seeing you both +here. I can give you a comfortable lodging, and wholesome good fresh +provisions, excellent fish and good spruce beer, the growth and manufacture +of our own Province.</p> + +<p>"Tho' we should be glad to see the few friends we have remaining +there among you, we don't wish to give them the pain of seeing us in your +State, which is evidently overflowing with <i>freedom and liberty</i><a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> without +restraint.</p> + +<p>"The people of the States must needs now be very happy, when they +can all and every one do just what they like best. No taxes to pay, no +<i>stamp act</i>, <i>more money</i> than they know what to do with, <i>trade and navigation +as free as air</i>."</p> + +<p>Under date of Nov. 4, 1786, he writes: "The people of your State +seem to be stirring up another revolution. What do they want now? +Do they find at last, to be freed from the British Government, and becoming +an independent State does not free them from the debts they owe +one another, or exempt them from the charge of taxation. I wish they +would pay me what they justly owe, they may then have what government +they please, or none, if they like that best."</p> + +<p>He was appointed in 1784 Judge of the Supreme Court of New +Brunswick, and a member of the Council. It was said that he was the +ablest lawyer in all America. Judge Putnam was the first of the council +and bench of New Brunswick, who died from failing health; he had not +attended council meetings for over a year. He died 23 Oct., 1789, in his +65th year. In character he was upright and generous; his health was +never robust; and loss of country, friends and wealth must have been a +severe blow. Sabine says: "I have often stood at his grave and mused +upon the strange vicissitudes of human condition, by which the Master,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span> +one of the giants of the American Colonial Bar, became an outlaw, and +an exile, broken in fortune and spirit, while his struggling and almost +friendless pupil, elevated step by step by the very same course of events, +was finally known the world over as the Chief Magistrate of a Nation." +It is thus in all successful Revolutions, those that were at the head of affairs +are hurled from power, and their fortunes wrecked, whilst young +men like John Adams, of great abilities but poor, and little prospects for +advancement, are elevated to the highest offices. Who would have ever +heard of the "Little Corporal" had it not been for the French Revolution, +then there would not have been any "Napoleon the maker of Kings."</p> + +<p>Judge Putnam had two relatives who became famous in the Colonial +wars, and the Revolution. Major-General Israel Putnam was of the +fourth generation from John. He was born in Salem Village, 1717. He +distinguished himself at Crown Point, Montreal and Cuba, and later at +Bunker Hill. General Rufus Putnam was of the fifth generation. After +serving in the Colonial wars under his cousin Israel Putnam, he took +part in the siege of Boston, and constructed the works on Dorchester +Heights, on the 4th of March, 1776, that forced the evacuation of Boston.</p> + +<p>At no time during the youth of these two men would one have predicted +that they would be two great soldiers. Their early education was +very defective, partly because school advantages were then very meagre +in the rural districts, in which they passed their youth, and partly no +doubt, because their strong inclinations were for farming and active outdoor +life, rather than for books and sedentary occupation. Robust and +full of energy, they were as boys, given to feats of strength and daring.</p> + +<p>In 1780 General Rufus Putnam "bought on easy terms" the confiscated +property of Colonel Murray, who married Lucretia Chandler. This +property was situated in Rutland, and consisted of a large farm and spacious +mansion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">James Putnam, Jr.</span>, son Judge Putnam, graduated at Harvard College +in 1774. He was one of the eighteen country gentlemen who addressed +Gen. Gage, and were driven into Boston. He went to England +and died there in 1838, having been a barrack master, a member of the +household, and an executor of the Duke of Kent, the father of Queen +Victoria.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JUDGE TIMOTHY PAINE.</h2> + + +<p>Stephen Paine, from whom so many of the family in America are +descended, came from Great Ellingham, near Hingham, Norfolk County, +England. He was a miller, and came with a large party of immigrants +from Hingham and vicinity, in the ship Diligent, of Ipswich, John Martin +master, in the year 1638, bringing with him his wife Rose, two sons and +four servants.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span>Mr. Paine first settled at Hingham, Mass., where he had land granted +to him, was made a freeman in 1639 and elected Deputy in 1641. In +1642 he, with four others, settled at Seekonk, and became prominent in +the affairs of the new settlement at Rehoboth.</p> + +<p>Mr. Paine survived the eventful period of King Philip's war and +died in 1679, outliving his two sons, Stephen having died at Rehoboth in +1677, and Nathaniel in 1678.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Paine</span>, son of the aforesaid Nathaniel, of the third generation, +was born at Rehoboth 1661, married Dorothy, daughter of Jonathan +Rainsford, of Boston. He removed in early life to Bristol, Mass., +now R. I., and was one of the original proprietors of that place. In 1710 +he was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and Judge of +Probate. He was one of the Council of Mass. Bay from 1703 till his +death in 1723, with the exception of the year 1708. Nathaniel Paine died +at Bristol, R. I., in 1723, and his wife Dorothy Rainsford, in 1755.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Paine</span>, of the fourth generation and fourth son of the +preceding Nathaniel, was born at Bristol 1688. He was an active and +influential citizen of Bristol, was for five years elected Representative. In +1723 he was a member of a Court of Admiralty for the trial of pirates. +In 1724 was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas.</p> + +<p>Mr. Paine married Sarah, daughter of Timothy Clark of Boston. +After his death in 1729, his widow married John Chandler and removed +to Worcester.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Timothy Paine</span>, son of the aforesaid Nathaniel and Sarah Clark, +his wife. He was born in Boston in 1730 and married Sarah Chandler +in 1749, the daughter of John Chandler, so these young people had probably +been brought up under the same roof from early childhood. He +graduated at Harvard College in 1748, and was a stout government man +in the controversies which preceded the Revolution.</p> + +<p>Soon after leaving college, Mr. Paine was engaged in public affairs, +and the number and variety of offices which he held exhibit the estimation +in which he stood. He was at different times Clerk of the Courts, +Register of Deeds, Register of Probate, member of the executive council +of the Province, in 1774 he was appointed one of his Majesty's Mandamus +Councillors, Selectman and Town Clerk, and Representative many +years in the General Court. In 1771 he was also Special Justice of the +Supreme Court. Solid talents, practical sense, candor, sincerity, ability, +and mildness, were the characteristics of his life.</p> + +<p>When the appeal to arms approached, many of the inhabitants of +Worcester, most distinguished for talents, influence, and honors, adhered +with constancy to the Government. Educated with veneration for the +sovereign to whom they had sworn fealty; indebted to the government +for the bounty, honor and wealth which they possessed—loyalty and gratitude +alike influenced them to resent acts that were treasonable, and rebellious. +The sincerity of their motives were attested by the sacrifice of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[384]</a></span> +life, property, loss of power, and all the miseries of banishment, confiscation +and exile.</p> + +<p>The struggle between the revolutionist, and the loyalty of a minority +of the people, powerful in numbers, as well as talents, wealth, and influence, +arrived at its crisis in Worcester early in 1774, and terminated in +the total defeat of the loyalists.</p> + +<p>Among the many grievances of the revolutionists, was the vesting +of the government in the dependents of the King, it aggravated the irritation, +and urged the mobs to acts of violence.</p> + +<p>Timothy Paine, Esq., had received a commission as one of the Mandamus +Councillors. High as was the personal regard, and respect for the +purity of private character of this gentleman, it was controlled by the political +feelings of a period of excitement; and measures were taken to compel +his resignation of a post which was unwelcome to himself, but which +he dared not refuse, when declining would have been construed as contempt +for the authority of the King, by whom it was conferred.</p> + +<p>August 22, 1774, a mob of nearly 3000 persons collected from the +surrounding towns, visited Worcester and entered the town before 7 +o'clock in the morning. They chose a committee to wait upon Mr. Paine +and demand his resignation as Councillor. They went to his house, and +he agreed to resign from that office, and drew up an acknowledgement, +mentioning his obligations to the country for favors done him, his sorrow +for having taken the oath, and a promise that he never would act in that +office contrary to the charter, and after that he came with the committee +to the common, where the mob made a lane between them, through +which he and the committee passed and read divers times as they passed +along, the said acknowledgment. At first one of the committee read the +resignation of Mr. Paine in his behalf. It was then insisted that he +should read it with his hat off. He hesitated and demanded protection +from the committee, which they were incapable of giving him. Finally, +with threats of tar and feathers, and personal violence, in which his wig +was knocked off, he complied, and was allowed to retire to his dwelling +unharmed.</p> + +<p>At the commencement of the Revolution some American soldiers +quartered at his house repaid his perhaps too unwilling hospitality, and +signified the intensity of their feelings towards him by cutting the throat +of his full length portrait.</p> + +<p>Madam Paine, in passing the guard house, which stood nearly where +the old Nashua Hotel stood in Lincoln square, heard the soldiers say +"Let us shoot the old Tory." She turned around facing them and said: +"Shoot if you dare," and then she reported to General Knox the insult +she had received, which was not repeated.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Timothy Paine or Madam Paine, as she was styled from respect +to her dignity and position, was a woman of uncommon energy and acuteness. +She was noted in her day for her zeal in aiding as far as was in +her power the followers of the crown, and in defeating the plans of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span> +rebellious colonists. In her the King possessed a faithful ally. In her +hands his dignity was safe, and no insult offered to it, in her presence, +could go unavenged.</p> + +<p>Her wit and loyalty never shone more conspicuously than on the following +occasion: when President Adams was a young man, he was invited +to dine with the court, and bar, at the home of Judge Paine, an eminent +loyalist of Worcester. When the wine was circulating around the +table, Judge Paine gave as a toast "The King." Some of the Whigs were +about to refuse to drink it, but Mr. Adams whispered to them to comply, +saying "we shall have an opportunity to return the compliment." At +length, when he was desired to give a toast, he gave "The Devil." As the +host was about to resent the indignity, his wife calmed him, and turned +the laugh upon Mr. Adams, by immediately exclaiming "My dear! As +the gentleman has been so kind as to drink to our King, let us by no +means refuse in our turn to drink to his."</p> + +<p>Timothy Paine and Sarah Chandler, his wife, not only feared God, +but honored the King, so the old record goes. They belonged to families, +often associated together in the remembrance of the present generation, as +having adhered through the wavering fortunes and final success of the +Revolution, devoted and consistent to the British Crown. Solid talents, +practical sense, candor, sincerity, affability, and mildness, were the characteristics +of his life. He died July 17, 1793, at the age of sixty-three. +His widow died at Worcester, in 1811.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>DR. WILLIAM PAINE.</h2> + + +<p>William Paine, son of the aforesaid Timothy Paine, was born in +Worcester, Mass., June 5, 1750. He graduated at Harvard College in +1768, his name standing second in a class of more than forty, when they +were arranged in the catalogue according to the dignity of families.</p> + +<p>He then began the study of medicine with a very distinguished physician, +Dr. Edward A. Holyoke, of Salem, while here he made the acquaintance +of the lady whom he married a few years later.</p> + +<p>One of his earliest instructors was John Adams, who was then reading +law in the office of Hon. James Putnam, at Worcester. He began +the practice of medicine in Worcester in 1771. That year Mr. Adams +revisited Worcester, after an absence of sixteen years, and notes the impression +of his former pupils as follows: "Here I saw many young gentlemen +who were my scholars and pupils. John Chandler, Esq., of Petersham, +Rufus Chandler, the lawyer, and Dr. William Paine, who now studies +physics with Dr. Holyoke of Salem, and others, most of whom began to +learn Latin with me."</p> + +<p>In 1771, after about three years of study, he returned to Worcester, +with every prospect of becoming a leader in the medical profession. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span> +1773 he entered into partnership with two other physicians or "Traders +in the Art, Mystery and Business of an Apothecary and the practice of +Physick." This interest was confiscated in 1779.</p> + +<p>In 1773 Dr. Paine was married to Miss Lois Orne of Salem, with +a fortune of 3,000 pounds sterling. Six children were born from this +union.</p> + +<p>For the purpose of facilitating his business abroad and of perfecting +his medical education, Dr. Paine in Sept. 1774, sailed for England, and +the following winter was passed in the study of medicine. During his +visit there he was presented to the King, and Queen Charlotte, wearing +the court dress prescribed for medical men, which was a gray cloth coat +with silver buttons, a white satin waistcoat, satin small clothes, silk hose +and wearing a sword, and a fall of lace from cravat or collar, and lace +in the sleeves. It is interesting to read some of his letters written as he +was about leaving England. In one of them he writes "The Colonists had +better lay down their arms at once, for we are coming over with an overwhelming +force to destroy them." His wife and children seemed to +have remained with his father and mother while he was in England, but +finding their position in Worcester unpleasant on account of their unpopular +political opinions, she left and went to Rhode Island.</p> + +<p>Dr. Paine returned to America in 1775, shortly after hostilities commenced, +and while there was apparently no legal impediment to his return +to Worcester, it was doubtless a very prudent decision of Dr. Paine +not to make the attempt. His feeling of personal loyalty to the government +was too strong to allow him even to appear to yield to the Revolutionists, +then dominating his native town, and he wisely returned to England. +His study of medicine there must have been pursued with unusual +zeal and success, for Nov. 1775, he received from Marischal College, Aberdeen, +the degree of M. D.</p> + +<p>Soon after obtaining this distinction, he received an appointment as +Apothecary to the British forces in America, and served in Rhode Island +and New York till 1781, when he returned to England, in company +with his patient, Lord Winchelsea. While in England, in 1782, he is said +to have been made Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of London.</p> + +<p>October 23, 1782, he was commissioned Physician to His Majesty's +Hospitals within the district of North America, commanded by Sir +Guy Carleton, and he reported for duty at Halifax, N. S. Letters which +have been preserved show that during this year at Halifax he had won +the respect, friendship and confidence, not only of his immediate medical +superior, Dr. Nooth, but also of Lord Wentworth, Governor of the +Province.</p> + +<p>In the summer of 1784, Dr. Paine took possession of La Tete, an island +in Passamaquoddy Bay, granted him by the British Government, for +his services in the war. He remained there less than one year, and then +made his residence in St. John, N. B., where he took up the practice of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span> +his profession. The cause of the removal from the island was the protest +of his wife that the children could not receive a proper education in +that isolated spot.</p> + +<p>He was elected member of the Assembly of New Brunswick from +the county of Charlotte, and was appointed Clerk of the House. He was +commissioned as a justice for the county of Sunbury. There is abundant +evidence of the high estimate placed on his character and ability in +the numerous offices which he held during his residence here.</p> + +<p>July 29, 1786, he wrote to a friend: "I do a great deal of Business +in my Profession, but I get very little for it. The truth is we are all +very poor, and the most industrious and economical gets only a bare subsistence. +However, it will soon be better as the Province is daily filling +with stock of all kinds."</p> + +<p>In 1787 Dr. Paine made application for leave to visit and reside in +New England while remaining on half pay, and a permit to that effect +was issued by the War Office.</p> + +<p>In Salem he devoted himself to the practice of medicine in the town +where he had been known as a student of the famous Dr. Holyoke, and +where his wife had spent her early life.</p> + +<p>In 1793 his father died, and he removed to Worcester, and for the +remaining forty years of his life he resided in the paternal mansion. His +father's property was large, and as he was not an absentee, it was not +confiscated. By his will it was equally divided between his children, the +farm and homestead covered 1230 acres. Dr. Paine bought the shares of +his brothers, and sisters in same for 2,000 pounds sterling, but the deeds +were given to Nathaniel Paine in trust for William, for the doctor was as +yet, but an alien in his native state. The year 1812 was a critical one, +bringing a most important question for him to decide, for war arose between +Great Britain and the United States, and he was still a half-pay +officer in His Majesty's service. He therefore resigned from the British +service, and in 1812 petitioned the Legislature for its consent to his being +a naturalized citizen of the United States.</p> + +<p>William Paine was one of the founders of the American Antiquarian +Society of Worcester. His name was omitted from the act of incorporation +because he was an alien. The next year, 1813, he was elected Vice +President of same.</p> + +<p>He occupied the old paternal mansion on Lincoln street in a quiet, +very dignified and almost luxurious manner as befitted a country gentleman. +Here he died at the ripe age of 83, March 19, 1833.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Paine</span>, son of Timothy, was born at Worcester, Mass. +Graduated at Harvard College in 1771. The Worcester County Convention, +Sept. 7, 1774, voted to take notice of Mr. Samuel Paine, assistant +clerk, for sending out <i>venires</i>. Voted, that Mr. Samuel Dennison go +to Mr. Samuel Paine forewith, and desire his immediate attendance before +this body, to answer for sending <i>venires</i> to constables commanding +their compliance with the late Act of Parliament.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[388]</a></span>Mr. Paine appeared and stated that he felt bound by the duty of his +office to comply with the Act, "Voted that Mr. Paine has not given satisfaction, +and that he be allowed to consider till the adjournment of this +meeting."</p> + +<p>On September 21, he transmitted a paper to the Convention explanatory +of his conduct; but that body voted that it "was not satisfactory, and +that 'his letter be dismissed' and Mr. Paine himself 'be treated with all neglect.'"</p> + +<p>In 1775 he was sent to the Committee of Worcester under guard, +"to Watertown or Cambridge, to be dealt with as the honorable Congress +or Commander-in-Chief shall, upon examination, think proper." His direct +offenses consisted, apparently, in saying that the Hampshire troops +had robbed the home of Mr. Bradish; that he had heard the Whig soldiers +were deserting in great numbers, and that he was told "the men +were so close stowed in the Colleges that they were lousy." This is the +substance of the testimony of a neighbor, the only witness who appeared +against him.</p> + +<p>In 1776 Mr. Paine accompanied the British Army to Halifax when +they evacuated Boston. During the war he wandered from place to place +without regular employment. He returned to Worcester where he died +in 1807. The British government allowed him an annual pension of £84.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JOHN CHANDLER.</h2> + + +<p>The founder of this family, so large and so influential before the +Revolution, came to these shores from England in 1637, when William +Chandler and Annice, his wife, settled in Roxbury. Mr. Chandler died +in 1641, "having lived a very religious and godly life," and "leaving a +sweet memory and savor behind him." Annice Chandler must have been +an attractive woman, for she was not only soon married to a second husband, +but to a third, and her last one evidently expected her to enter into +matrimony a fourth time, for in his will he provided that she shall have +the use of his warming pan only so long as she remained his widow. +Goodwife Parmenter, however, died in 1683, in full possession of the +warming pan, the widow of the third husband.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Chandler</span>, a son of William, emigrated to Woodstock, Conn., +and became a farmer. He was selectman and deacon of the church, and +died there in 1703, leaving a family and property valued at £512.</p> + +<p>The second John Chandler, son of the first of that name, had before +his father's death, moved to New London, Conn., where he married, and in +1698 had opened a "house of entertainment" there. He at a later date +moved back to South Woodstock, and in 1711 was chosen representative +to the General Court at Boston for several years. After the erection of +Worcester County by Act of the Legislature of Massachusetts, April 2,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span> +1731, the first Probate Court in Worcester was held by Col. Chandler +as Judge in the meeting house, 13th of July, 1731, and the first Court of +Common Pleas and General Sessions on August 10 following, by the +Hon. John Chandler, commissioned June 30, 1731, Chief Justice. These +offices he held until his death, as well as Colonel of Militia to which stations +of civil, judicial and military honors, he rose by force of his strong +mental powers, with but slight advantages of education. Judge John +Chandler died August 10, 1743, in his 79th year, leaving in his will +£8,699.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Chandler</span>, the third of that name, son of the Hon. John Chandler, +held nearly all the offices in the town of Worcester, Selectman, Sheriff, +Probate Judge, Town Treasurer, Register of Probate, Register of Deeds, +Chief Judge of County Courts, Judge of Common Pleas, Representative +to the General Court, Colonel of Militia and a member of the Governor's +Council. He died in 1762, wealthy and full of honors.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Judge Chandler</span>, was married to Hannah Gardner, daughter of John +Gardner of the Isle of Wight (known afterwards as Gardner's Island), +in 1716. She died in Worcester in 1738, aged 39 years, leaving nine children, +the first members of the Chandler family who were born and bred +in Worcester.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Chandler</span>, son of the aforesaid, the fourth to bear that name +was born in New London, Connecticut, in 1720, was married twice and +had sixteen children. His father removed to Worcester when he was +eleven years of age. At his father's death he succeeded him to the principal +county offices. He was Colonel in the militia, and was in service +in the French war, and he was Sheriff, Judge of Probate and County +Treasurer. Up to 1774 John Chandler's life had been one of almost +unbroken prosperity, but when the rebellion broke out, his loyalist +sentiments brought upon him the wrath of the mob, and he was compelled +to leave home, and family and retire to Boston. When Boston +was evacuated, he went to Halifax, and thence to London, and +two years after he was proscribed and banished. He sacrificed his +large possessions, £36,190 as appraised in this country by commissioners +here, to a chivalrous sense of loyalty. In the schedule exhibited +to the British Commissioners, appointed to adjust the compensation to +the Americans who adhered to the government; the amount of real and +personal property which was confiscated, is estimated at £11,067, and the +losses from office, from destruction of business, and other causes, at nearly +£6,000 more. So just and moderate was this compensation ascertained +to be, at a time when extravagant claims were presented by others, that +his claim was allowed in full; he was denominated in England "The Honest +Refugee." Sabine says "I am assured that, while he was in Boston he +was supported for a considerable time by the sale of silver plate sent him +by his family; and that when he left home he had no idea of quitting the +country. I am assured also, that when the Revolutionary Commissioners +took an inventory of his household furniture, the females were plundered +of their very clothing." His adherence to the government, and his departure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[390]</a></span> +for England, seems to have been his only offences, yet he was +treated as harshly as though he had borne arms in the field.</p> + +<p>He is spoken of as having a cheerful temperament, engaging in manner, +hospitable as a citizen, friendly and kind as a neighbor, industrious +and enterprising as a merchant, and successful as a man of business. He +died in London in 1800, and was buried in Islington churchyard. In +1741 he married Dorothy, daughter of Colonel Nathaniel Paine. She +died in 1745. His second wife was Mary, daughter of Colonel Church, +of Bristol, R. I., a descendant of the warrior who fought King Philip. +She died at Worcester in 1783. His portrait in oil is preserved in the +rooms of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester. George Bancroft, +the distinguished historian, and the widow of Governor Davis of +Massachusetts, are Colonel Chandler's grandchildren.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Clark Chandler</span>, son of Colonel John, was born at Worcester in +1743. At first a clerk in the office of the Register of Probate, he became +joint Register with Hon. Timothy Paine, and held the appointment from +1766 to 1774. He was also Town Clerk of Worcester from 1768 to 1774. +In 1774 he entered upon the town Records a remonstrance of the Loyalists +to the great anger of the Revolutionists, who voted in town meeting +that he should then and there "obliterate, erase, or otherwise deface, the +said recorded protest, and the names thereto subscribed, so that it may become +illegible and unintelligible." This he was obliged to do, in presence +of the revolutionists, to blot out the obnoxious record by dipping +his fingers in ink, and drawing them over the protest.</p> + +<p>He left home in June, 1775, and went to Halifax, and thence to +Canada. He returned in September of the same year, and was imprisoned +in the common jail. Confinement impaired his health, and he was +removed to his mother's home. Finally he was allowed to go to Lancaster, +on giving security that he would not depart from that town. He returned +to Worcester and kept store at the corner of Main and Front +streets. His person was small, and he wore bright red small clothes; was +odd and singular in appearance, which often provoked jeers and jokes +of those around him, but apt at reply "he paid the jokers in their own +coin." He was never married, and died in Worcester in 1804.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rufus Chandler</span>, fifth child of Colonel John by Mary Church, his +second wife. He was born in 1747, and graduated at Harvard College in +1776 in a class of forty, with the rank of the fourth in "dignity of family." +He read law in the office of his uncle, Hon. James Putnam, in +Worcester, where he afterwards practised his profession until the courts +were closed by the mobs in 1774. He was one of the barristers and attornies +who addressed Hutchinson in the last mentioned year. He inherited +the loyalty of his family and left the country at the commencement +of hostilities. He went to Halifax in 1776 and in 1778 was proscribed +and banished. His mother used a part of his estate for the support of +his daughter; but the remainder appraised at £820, was confiscated. He +resided in England as a private gentleman, and died in London in 1823,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[391]</a></span> +at the age of 76, and his remains were laid with those of his fathers in +Islington churchyard. His wife was Elizabeth Putnam, his only child, +who bore her mother's name, married Solomon Vose, of Augusta, Maine.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gardner Chandler</span>, son of Colonel John, of Hardwick, Mass., was +born in 1749, and was a merchant in that town. His property was confiscated, +and the proceeds paid into the treasury of the state. He left the +colony and returned some time after to Hardwick. He made acknowledgments +satisfactory to his townsmen, it was voted by the town "that +as Gardner Chandler has now made acknowledgment, and says he is +sorry for his past conduct, that they will treat him as a friend and neighbor, +so long as he shall behave himself well." He removed to Brattleboro, +Vermont, and again to Hinsdale, N. H. He died in the last named town. +His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Brigadier Timothy Ruggles.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Chandler</span>, son of Colonel John, was born in Worcester, +1750, graduated at Harvard College in 1768. He was a pupil of John Adams, +and commenced the practice of law in Petersham. His brother-in-law, +the Rev. Dr. Bancroft, wrote "that he possessed personal manliness +and beauty," that "he was endowed with a good mind and a lively imagination" +that "in disposition he was cheerful." He was one of the eighteen +county gentlemen who addressed General Gage on his departure in 1775. +In 1776 he went to Halifax. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished, +and his estate confiscated. Entering the British service he commanded a +corps of Volunteers and did good service. He returned to Petersham in +1784, and engaged in trade, but relinquished business on account of ill +health, and returned to Worcester. Citizenship was restored in 1789, by +Act of the Legislature of Mass. He was a very pleasant companion, and +a favorite singer of songs in social parties. He never married. He died +at Worcester in 1801.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Chandler</span>, eighth child of Colonel John, was born at Worcester +in 1752, and graduated at Harvard College in 1772. At that time +students in that institution were ranked according to "dignity of family" +and William was placed in the highest class. He was one of the eighteen +county gentlemen who were driven from their homes to Boston, and who +addressed General Gage on his departure in 1775. In 1776 he went to +Halifax. He was proscribed and banished under the Act of 1778, but returned +to Mass., after the close of the Revolution. Among the articles +in the inventory of his estate when it was confiscated was seven pairs of +silk hose, at fourteen shillings; plated shoe buckles, six shillings; and +pair of velvet breeches.</p> + +<p>Gardiner Chandler, brother of Colonel John. He was born in +Woodstock in 1723. In the French war he was a major and was in service +at the surrender of Fort William Henry. He was Treasurer of +Worcester County eight years and succeeded his brother John, as sheriff, +in 1762. He presented General Gage an Address in behalf of the Judges +of the Court of Common Pleas in 1774; and was compelled by a Convention +of the Committee of Correspondence to sign a "Recantation." In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[392]</a></span> +time, he regained the confidence of the community, and was suffered to +live undisturbed. He died in Worcester, in 1782. His first wife was +Hannah Greene, of Providence, R. I., his second, Ann Leonard, of Norton, +Mass.</p> + +<p>The Chandlers were in every respect the most eminent family in +Worcester County, and furnished many men of distinction in its ante-revolutionary +history. They were closely allied by blood, marriage or friendship +with the aristocracy of the county and province, in which they had +unbounded sway. They had large possessions, and shared with the Paine +family (with whom they were allied), the entire local influence at Worcester, +but did not, like that family, survive the shock of the Revolution, +and retain a local habitation and a name. Their property was confiscated +and they were declared traitors.</p> + +<p>The family was broken up; some members of it went abroad and died +there, others were scattered in this country, yet not a few of their descendants +eminent in the most honorable pursuits, and in the highest positions +in life under different names and in various localities, represent +that ancient, honorable and once numerous race, wrecked by the Revolution.</p> + +<p>John Adams says in his diary, "The Chandlers exercised great influence +in the County of Worcester until they took the side of the government +in the Revolution, and lost their position. They were well bred, +agreeable people, and I visited them as often as my school, and my studies +in the lawyer's office would admit."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JOHN GORE.</h2> + + +<p>John Gore, of Roxbury, and his wife Rhoda, were both church members +in 1635. He died June 2, 1657, and his widow married Lieut. John +Remington. He had ten children, of whom John, Samuel, Abigail, Mary, +Mylam, and Hannah, were mentioned in his will.</p> + +<p>Samuel Gore, son of the former, lived in Roxbury, and was a carpenter. +He married August 28, 1672, Elizabeth, daughter of John Weld. +He died July, 1692. They had seven children.</p> + +<p>Obadiah Gore, son of Samuel, was also a carpenter, and lived in +Boston. He married, October 26, 1710, Sarah Kilby. He died October +8, 1721, and was survived by five children, all of whom were baptized at +the Brattle Street church.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Gore</span>, son of the former, lived in Boston, and was a painter +and merchant. He married, May 5, 1743, Frances, daughter of John +Pinkney. She was born September 20, 1726. They had fourteen or fifteen +children, nine of whom lived to be married. The baptisms of nine +of his children are given in the records of the Brattle Street Church. +John Gore was an Addresser of Gage, and in 1776 went to Halifax and +thence to England. He was proscribed and banished in 1778, and pardoned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span> +by the Legislature in 1787. He died in Boston in 1796, aged seventy-seven. +His will is in the Suffolk Register, Lib. 94, F. 182. His son, +<span class="smcap">Christopher Gore</span>, was born in Boston, Sept. 21st, 1758. He was educated +in the public schools of Boston, and was prepared at the South Latin +school under the tuition of Mr. Lovell, the most noted educator of +his day. At the age of 13, Christopher entered Harvard College, and +was among the youngest of his class. But he commenced his collegeate +course in troubleous times, for in his junior year the Revolution broke +out, which created confusion and disorder through society, and deranged +the plans, and changed the pursuits of many in every grade and +profession. The College at Cambridge was considered by the Revolutionists +as "nest of tories" and during the siege of Boston the college buildings +were taken possession of by the continental army stationed at Cambridge, +and the students were dispersed for several months. Young Gore +was determined to follow out his course of college training, however, and +to this end went to Bradford, in Essex County, and studied under the +direction and in the family of Rev. Mr. Williams, afterwards professor +of mathematics and natural philosophy in Harvard College. When the +college removed to Concord he, with most of the students, repaired +thither, and resumed his studies. He graduated in 1776, the year that +his father was driven from the land of his birth.</p> + +<p>Christopher Gore soon commenced the study of law in the office and +under the direction of Judge John Lowell, in whose family he resided +while a student. He commenced the practice of law in Boston with +every prospect of success. He had to depend on himself alone, for not +only had he his own fortune to make, but after he left college, he had +to contribute to the support of his mother and three unmarried sisters, +who were left in Boston without means when his father went to Halifax.</p> + +<p>By his own exertion and industry, he paid his college bills after he +entered on his profession, in addition to his other responsible duties, devolving +upon him with honor to himself. During 1809-10 Mr. Gore +was Governor of Massachusetts. While Governor, he occupied the home +corner of Park and Beacon streets, and it is said he drove through the +streets of Boston in a carriage drawn by four horses. This was more +than the plain republican people of Boston could stand, and they did not +want him for Governor again, besides it is undeniable that Mr. Gore was +a good deal of an aristocrat at heart, and consequently more or less a loyalist. +But he made a fine administrator, and at the end of the term retired +to private life, and did not resume the practice of his profession.</p> + +<p>In 1791 Christopher Gore purchased in Waltham about 1000 acres of +land which formerly belonged to an ancestor of President Garfield. Here +Governor Gore erected a stately mansion upon a knoll or rise of the land +not far distant from Gore street, where one of the drives, leading to it, +runs under rows of stately trees, and through a finely kept lawn. In the +rear of the house are the flower gardens, and conservatory, and behind +that the kitchen garden; to the west of this is the deer park.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[394]</a></span>After the death of Governor Gore this stately structure was sold to +General Theodore Lyman, who after living there seven years sold it to +Singleton Copley Greene, the son of Gardner Green, who married a +daughter of Copley the artist, the sister of Lord Lyndhurst: (see p. 216.) +Christopher Gore married Rebecca Payne, 11 Nov. 1783. They had +no children. Gov. Gore died 1 March 1827, his widow 22 Jan. 1833.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JOHN JEFFRIES.</h2> + + +<p>David Jeffries was born at Rhoad, in Wiltshire, England, 1658, and +arrived at Boston, May 9, 1677. He married Sept. 15, 1686, Elizabeth, +daughter of John and Elizabeth Usher, by whom he had several children. +Of his two sons, John, born Feb. 5, 1688, and David, born June +15, 1690, John became Town Treasurer, was a very prominent citizen. +He married Sept. 24, 1713, Anne Clarke, and had issue, an only child +Anne, who died young. He went to London in 1710, and returned in +1713. He resided in Tremont Street opposite the King's Chapel.</p> + +<p>David Jeffries Jr., who continued the name, married in 1713, Katherine, +daughter of John and Katherine Eyre, by whom he had an only +child David, born 23 Oct. 1714. He was a merchant, and in 1715 he +sailed for England, and was lost in the Amity, Sept. 13, 1716, on the sands +near Dungeness. His son,</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">David Jeffries</span>, married his cousin, Sarah Jaffrey, 1741, by whom +he had eight children, all of whom died young except John, born Feb. 4, +1744, alone preserved the name.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Jeffries</span>, the only son of the former, graduated from Harvard +College in 1763, having pursued his medical studies with Doctor Lloyd. +He continued his study of medicine in London, and was honored with +the degree of M. D. at Aberdeen in 1769. In 1771 he was appointed surgeon +to the "Captain" a British Ship-of-the-line in Boston Harbor, by +his friend, Admiral Montague. He held that position until 1774.</p> + +<p>Dr. Jeffries practised in Boston until the Revolution. He landed +with the forces at the battle of Bunker Hill, and assisted in dressing the +wounded of the Royal Army, and, it is said, identified the body of Warren, +in the presence of Sir William Howe. He accompanied the British +troops at the evacuation in 1776 to Halifax, and was appointed Chief of +the Surgical Staff of Nova Scotia. In 1779 he went to England; and on +his return to America, held a high professional employment to the British +forces at Charleston and New York. He resigned in 1780, and going +to England again, commenced practice in London.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_395.jpg" width="400" height="553" alt="DR. JOHN JEFFRIES" title="DR. JOHN JEFFRIES" /> +<span class="caption">DR. JOHN JEFFRIES.<br /> + +Born in Boston, Feb. 4, 1774. In his balloon costume. Dr. Jeffries and Blanchard +were the first to cross from England to France in a balloon. Died in Boston +Sept. 16, 1819.</span> +</div> + +<p>On the 17th of January, 1785, Dr. Jeffries crossed the English channel +with Blanchard in a balloon, landing in the forest of Guines in France. +This feat procured for him the attention of the most distinguished personages<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[395]</a></span> +of the day and an introduction to all the learned and scientific societies +of Paris.<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a></p> + +<p>Dr. Jeffries' first wife was Sarah Rhoads, whom he married in 1770. +By her he had three children, who died unmarried. He married again, +Sept. 8, 1787, Hannah, the daughter of William and Hannah Hunt. In +1790 Dr. Jeffries returned to Boston in the ship Lucretia.</p> + +<p>He resumed his practice, and delivered the first public lecture on +anatomy, a branch of his profession of which he was very fond.<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> He +was eminent as a surgeon, midwife and physician. He attended the poor +as faithfully and cheerfully as the rich, and was never known to refuse a +professional call. His death occurred in Boston, September 16th, 1819, +aged 76 years, after a successful practice of fifty-three years.</p> + +<p>Dr. Jeffries had by his second wife eleven children, all of whom +died unmarried excepting John, Katherine who married G. C. Haven, +Julia Ann, who married Thomas E. Eckley, and George J., who took the +name of Jaffrey.<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a></p> + +<p>John Jeffries, son of the doctor, was born March 23, 1796, and became +the only representative of the name in the city. He was a distinguished +physician in Boston. He married, November 8, 1820, Anne +Geyer, daughter of Rufus Greene and Ann (McLean) Amory. His +children were Catherine, Anne, Sarah, Augustus, Edward P. and Henry +N. Jeffries.</p> + +<p>George Jaffrey, an elder son of Dr. John Jeffries the loyalist, was +born December 21, 1789. George Jaffrey, his grand-uncle, who graduated +from Harvard College in 1736, became a Counsellor and held various +important positions in Portsmouth, N. H. He married Lucy, the daughter +of Adam Winthrop, but had no issue. His loyalty to the crown involved +him in trouble several times, but he died in 1802 leaving property, +then a large amount to George Jaffrey Jeffries, on condition that "he +should drop the name of Jeffries; become a permanent resident of Portsmouth, +and never follow any profession except that of being a gentleman."</p> + +<p>George Jaffrey made his home in Portsmouth and for many years +was librarian of the Portsmouth Athenaeum. He died May 4, 1856, and +a merited tribute was paid to his character and his labors by Mr. Brewster +in the Portsmouth Journal of the 10th.<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a></p> + +<p>The Jeffries family have always ranked among the gentry of Boston, +and have maintained that position from the date of the earliest settlement, +to the present time.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THOMAS BRINLEY.</h2> + + +<p>Thomas Brinley, Auditor general to Charles First and Second, had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span> +a son Francis who settled at Barbados, but the climate not being suited +to his habits and constitution, came to New England and settled at Newport, +R. I., in 1652. This was about fourteen years after the settlement +of that place, and Francis Brinley held various offices; among them that +of Judge. He occasionally resided in Boston, owning a large estate at the +corner of Hanover and Elm streets. He died there in 1719, aged eighty-seven, +and was buried in a grave in the King's Chapel burial-ground in +Boston, on the spot where the family tomb now stands.</p> + +<p>Thomas, son of the latter, was one of the founders of King's Chapel +and resided in Boston. He married Mary Apthorp, and in 1684 went to +England, where he died in 1693. His daughter Elizabeth married William +Hutchinson, Esq., a graduate of Harvard College, in 1702. Mrs. +Brinley, Francis and Elizabeth, returned to Newport, R. I.</p> + +<p>Francis Brinley, the son of Thomas, was born in London in 1690, and +was educated at Eton. He became a colonel and resided in Roxbury. +His mansion was named Datchet from the house of that place in England. +Colonel Brinley returned to London, where he died November 27, 1765. +Francis Brinley's wife was Deborah, daughter of Edward and Catherine +Lyde, and his marriage took place April 18, 1718. They had five sons +and two daughters; one of whom married Colonel John Murray, and the +other Godfrey Malbone.</p> + +<p>Of the sons, <span class="smcap">Thomas Brinley</span> was a Mandamus Councillor, and +lived on Harvard Street. He married his cousin Elizabeth, the daughter +of George Cradock, but they left no children. He was a graduate of +Harvard College in 1744, and became a Merchant in Boston.</p> + +<p>His name appears among the one hundred and twenty-four merchants +and others, who addressed Hutchinson in Boston in 1774; and +among the ninety-seven gentlemen and principal inhabitants of that town, +who addressed Gage in October of the following year. In 1776 he went +to Halifax, and thence to England in the same year. In 1778 he was +proscribed and banished. His death occurred in 1784, and Elizabeth, +his widow, died in England in 1793.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Edward Brinley</span>, brother of Thomas, married Sarah, daughter of +Thomas Tyler and left many descendants.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Brinley</span>, another brother, also married his cousin, Catharine +Cradock, was a resident in South Street and at one time lived in +Framingham. About 1760 he leased the "Brinley Farm" of Oliver DeLancey, +agent of the owner, Admiral Sir Peter Warren, of the Royal +Navy, and as is said, employed fifteen or twenty negroes, in its cultivation. +It is related that Daniel Shays, the leader of the insurrection in +1786, was in the service of Mr. Brinley on this farm. In 1775 he was an +Addresser of Gage, and was ordered, in consequence, to confine himself +to his own leasehold. He fled to the Royal Army in Boston, and after +the evacuation of that town, he was sent to Framingham by sentence of +a Court of Inquiry, ordered to give bond in £600, with two sureties, to +remain there four months and to be of good behavior.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[397]</a></span>"In September 1776, Ebenezer Marshall, in behalf of the Committee +of Correspondence, Inspection and Safety, represented that the 'people +take him for a very villain,' as he had declared that 'Parliament had an +undoubted right to make void the charter in part or in whole'; 'that ten +thousand troops, with an artillery, would go through the continent, and +subdue it at pleasure'; that he had conveyed 'his best furniture to Roxbury, +and moved his family and goods into Boston,' and had himself remained +there, 'as long as he could have the protection of the British +troops;' that he approved of General Gage's conduct in the highest +terms;' that 'his most intimate connections were some of our worst enemies +and traitors;' and that, while he had been under their inspection, +they had seen nothing 'either in his conduct or disposition, that discovers +the least contrition, but otherwise.'"<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a></p> + +<p>To some of these allegations, Mrs. Brinley replied in two memorials +to the General Court. She averred that, by the conditions of the recognizance, +her husband was entitled to the freedom of the whole of the town +of Framingham; that he was in custody on the sole charge of addressing +Gage; and that instead of being a refuge in Boston, he was shut up in +that town while accidentally there, etc. She stated that he at one time +had been compelled to work on John Fisk's farm, without liberty to go +more than twenty rods from the house unless in Fisk's presence; and +that he was denied the free use of pen, ink and paper. She said that after +Mr. Brinley had been transferred to the care of Benjamin Eaton, he +was not allowed to go from the house, and was fearful that his departure +from it would occasion the loss of his life; also that she or any other person +was not allowed to converse with him, unless in the hearing of some +member of Eaton's family. She urged that he might be removed to +some other inland town, and be treated in accordance with his sentence. +Mr. Brinley's defence of himself seems to have been the simple remark: +"I am a gentleman and have done nothing to forfeit that character." He +merely had a rational opinion, but that was enough.</p> + +<p>On the 17th September, 1776, the General Court, by resolve, committed +him to the care of his father, on security in £600 for his appearance; +and, in October of the same year, the committee of Framingham reported +to the council that they had disposed of his farm, stock, farm-utensils and +household furniture. Nathaniel Brinley removed to Tyngsborough, +where his son Robert, married Elizabeth, daughter of John Pitts. This +staunch loyalist died at that place in 1814, at the age of eighty-one.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO THOMAS BRINLEY IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Gustavus Fellows, Sept. 28, 1782; Lib. 136, fol. 11; Land, dwelling-house, distill house +and wharf in Boston, Hollis St. S.; heirs of Joshua Henshaw deceased W.; low +water mark.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[398]</a></span></p> +<h2>REV. JOHN WISWELL.</h2> + + +<p>John and Thomas Wiswell were early residents of Dorchester. John's +name is found in the records as early as 1634. His brother Thomas came +to Dorchester about 1635. Noah, son of Thomas, born in 1640, was a +military man, and was in command in the desperate battle with the Indians +near Wheelwright's Pond, N. H., where he and his son John were +killed, July 6th, 1690. Another son of Thomas, Inchabod, born in 1637, +was minister of Duxbury. He had a son Peleg, born in 1683, who was +schoolmaster at Charlestown in 1704. John Wiswell, son of Peleg, married +Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. Samuel Rogers, graduated from Harvard +College in 1705, was a master of a Boston Grammar School in 1719. He +died in 1767, aged 84 and is buried in Copps Hill burying ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Wiswell</span>, son of the aforesaid, was born in 1731, and graduated +from Harvard College in 1749. In 1753 he was teaching school in +Maine, but he pursued the study of divinity as a Congregationalist. Occasionally +he preached, and in 1756 he was invited to become the pastor +of the New Casco parish in Falmouth, now Portland, and was ordained +November third of that year. In 1761 he married Mercy, the daughter +of Judge John Minot, of Brunswick.</p> + +<p>In 1764 John Wiswell suddenly changed his religious views and left +his people. He embraced the Episcopal form of worship, and preached +for several Sundays in the town-house. On September 4, 1764, the Parish +of St. Paul's Church, Falmouth, was organized and Mr. Wiswell was +invited to become their rector. For want of a bishop in the colonies, he +was obliged to go to England to receive ordination. A writer at this +time says, "There was a sad uproar about Wiswell, who has declared for +the church and accepted of the call our churchmen have given him to be +their minister." They voted him £100 a year and later he received £20 as +a Missionary from the Missionary Society. After a year's elapse, he was +able to report to the Society in London for the propagation of the Gospel +in Foreign Parts, that his Congregation had increased to seventy families, +and the admittance of twenty-one persons to the communion. In +1765 the parish addressed a letter to the Rev. Mr. Hooper of Boston, asking +his good offices in enlisting the sympathy of the churchmen there, in +behalf of their oppressed fellow-worshippers in Falmouth. John Wiswell +was an ardent Loyalist, as were about twenty of the leading men of +his church. He continued to preach until the revolution broke out. After +the trouble came in the colonies, he was seized while out walking one +day with Captain Mowatt, by Colonel Samuel Thompson of Brunswick, +who had arrived with about fifty men unknown to the inhabitants. Colonel +Thompson refused to release Mr. Wiswell, and Captain Mowatt, but +finally seeing that the town was against him, he consented to release them +if they would give their parole to deliver themselves up next day. After +his capture, the clergyman was obliged to declare his abhorrence of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[399]</a></span> +doctrine of passive obedience and non-resistance, and was then released. +Mr. Wiswell now joined the British Forces, and after going on board a +man-of-war addressed a letter to the wardens of his church, resigning +his charge. After Captain Mowatt burned Falmouth, he sailed to Boston, +and then to England. After leaving his parish he was for three years +a chaplain on the British Naval Ship Boyne, and later for a short time was +a curate in Suffolk. He and fifteen others from Falmouth had their estates +confiscated, and were banished.</p> + +<p>At the close of the war, Mr. Wiswell accepted the call of some of +his former parishioners, and settled in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, over a +parish they had formed there, and in 1782 he was appointed a missionary +of that place. Having lost his first wife, he married a widow Hutchinson +from the Jerseys, as the Rev. Jacob Bailey, the frontier missionary writes, +who married them. John Wiswell was afterwards a missionary at Aylesford, +and after a very full and worthy life, died at Nova Scotia in 1812, +at the age of eighty-one. He left two sons, born in Falmouth, who were +Lieutenants in the Navy. Peleg, one of his sons, was appointed Judge +of the Supreme Court, of Nova Scotia, in 1816 and died at Annapolis in +1836, at the age of seventy-three. When the Rev. John Wiswell lived +in Falmouth, Maine, he occupied a house painted red, which stood on +the corner of Middle and Exchange Streets, afterwards owned and occupied +by James Deering, and which gave place to the brick block built +by that gentleman.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>HENRY BARNES.</h2> + + +<p>John Barnes, and his wife Elizabeth (Perrie) came to Boston about +1710. He was a prominent merchant, and was in partnership with John +Arbuthnot, who married Abigail Little, of Pembroke, in 1719, and whose +daughter Christian married Henry, the son of John Barnes, Sept. 26, +1746. John Barnes was a prominent Episcopalian, was vestryman of +King's Chapel from 1715 to 1724, warden from 1724 to 1728, was the +first mentioned of the trustees concerned in the purchase of land for +Christ Church, and afterwards of those who bought of Leonard Vassal, +Esq., his estate on Summer street (see p. 286) for the building of Trinity +Church. His home in Boston was on the north side of Beacon street, +extending from Freeman Place to Bowdoin Street, a portion of which +is now occupied by the Hotel Bellevue, he purchased this property in +1721, and died, seized of it. In 1756 it was conveyed by John Erving +(see p. 298) to James Bowdoin.</p> + +<p>John Barnes died early in 1739 at Clemente Bar, St. Mary Co., Maryland. +His wife died in 1742 in Boston.</p> + +<p>Among their children was Elizabeth, who married Nathaniel Coffin +the Cashire (see p. 234). Among their distinguished children were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[400]</a></span> +General John Coffin and Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the British Navy.</p> + +<p>Catherine, another daughter, born in 1715, married Colonel Thomas +Goldthwaite (see p. 356). She was his second wife, and died at Walthamstow, +England, 1796, aged 81.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Henry Barnes.</span> The subject of this memoir was baptized Nov. 20, +1723. He was brought up in his father's business, and established himself +as a merchant in Marlborough, Mass., in 1753, and was appointed +magistrate. He was possessed of considerable property, and was one of +the largest tax payers in the town, and was the owner of several slaves, +one of whom "Daphne," he left in Marlborough, and she was supported +out of his estate.</p> + +<p>Henry Barnes was thoroughly loyal, and for that reason he was +probably the best hated man in Marlborough. A late town history says +Marlborough was cursed by a Loyalist named Henry Barnes.</p> + +<p>Towards the close of February, 1775, General Gage ordered Captain +Brown and Ensign D'Bernicre to go through the Counties of Suffolk and +Worcester, and to sketch the roads as they went, for his information, as +he expected to march troops through that country the ensuing spring. +Their adventures after their departure for Marlborough, are related by +one of them as follows:</p> + +<p>"At two o'clock it ceased snowing a little, and we resolved to set off +for Marlborough, which was about sixteen miles off. We found the +roads very bad, every step up to our ancles; we passed through Sudbury, +a large village near a mile long; the causeway lies over a great swamp, +or overflowing of Sudbury river, and is commanded by a high ground +on the opposite side. Nobody took the least notice of us, till we arrived +within three miles of Marlborough, (it was snowing very hard all +the while,) when a horseman overtook us, and asked us from whence +we came—we said from Weston; he asked us if we lived there—we said +no; he then asked where we resided, and, as we found there was no evading +his questions, we told him we lived in Boston. He then asked us +where we were going: we told him to Marlborough, to see a friend; (as +we intended to go to Mr. Barnes's, a gentleman to whom we were recommended, +and a friend to the Government;) he then asked us, if we +were of the army; we said no, but were a good deal alarmed at his asking +us that question; he asked several rather impertinent questions, and then +rode on for Marlborough, as we suppose, to give them intelligence of our +coming—for on our arrival the people came out of their houses (though +it snowed and blew very hard) to look at us; in particular, a baker asked +Capt. Brown, 'Where are you going, Master?' He answered, 'To see Mr. +Barnes.'<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a></p> + +<p>"We proceeded to Barnes's, and on our beginning to make an apology +for taking the liberty to make use of his house, and discovering to +him that we were officers in disguise, he told us that we need not be at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[401]</a></span> +the pains of telling him, that he knew our situation, that we were very +well known, he was afraid, by the town's people. We begged he would +recommend some tavern where we should be safe; he told us we would +be safe no where but in his house; that the town was very violent, and +that we had been expected at Col. Williams's tavern, the night before, +where there had gone a party of liberty people to meet us. While we +were talking, the people were gathering in little groups in every part of +the town (village).</p> + +<p>"Mr. Barnes asked us who had spoken to us on our coming into +town; we told him a baker; he seemed a little startled at that, told us +that he was a very mischievous fellow, and that there was a deserter at +his house. Capt. Brown asked the man's name; he said it was Sawin, +and that he had been a drummer. Brown knew him too well, as he was +a man of his own Company, and had not been gone above a month; so +we found we were discovered. We asked Mr. Barnes, if they did get us +into their hands what they would do with us; he did not seem to like to +answer; we asked him again; he then said, he knew the people very well, +that we might expect the worst treatment from them.</p> + +<p>"Immediately after this, Mr. Barnes was called out; he returned a +little after, and told us the Doctor of the town had come to tell him, he +was come to sup with him, (now this fellow had not been within Mr. +Barnes's doors for two years before, and came now for no other business +than to see and betray us). Barnes told him he had company, and could +not have the pleasure of attending him that night; at this the fellow +staid about the house, and asked one of Mr. Barnes's children, who her +father had got with him; the child innocently answered, that she had +asked her papa, but he told her it was not her business; he then went, I +suppose, to tell the rest of his crew.</p> + +<p>"When we found we were in that situation, we resolved to lie down for +two or three hours, and set off at twelve o'clock at night; so we got some +supper on the table, and were just beginning to eat, when Mr. Barnes, +who had been making inquiries of his servant, found the people intended +to attack us; he then told us plainly, that he was very uneasy for us, that +we could be no longer in safety in the town; upon which we resolved +to set off immediately, and asked Mr. Barnes if there was no road round +the town, so that we might not be seen. He took us out of his house by +the stable, and directed us by a by-road which was to lead us a quarter of +a mile from the town; it snowed and blew as much as I ever saw in my +life. However, we walked pretty fast, fearing we should be pursued; at +first we felt much fatigued, having not been more than twenty minutes at +Barnes's to refresh ourselves, and the roads were worse, if possible, than +when we came; but in a little time it wore off, and we got on without being +pursued, as far as the hills which command the causeway at Sudbury, +and went into a little wood, where we eat a bit of bread that we took from +Barnes's, and eat a little snow to wash it down.</p> + +<p>"A few days after our return, Mr. Barnes came to town from Marlborough,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[402]</a></span> +and told us that immediately after our quitting town, the Committee +of Correspondence came to his house, and demanded us; he told +them we were gone; they then searched his house from top to bottom, +looking under the beds and in the cellar, and when they found we were +gone, they told him, if they had caught us in his house, they would have +pulled it down about his ears. They sent horsemen after us on every +road, but we had the start of them, and the weather being so very bad, +they did not overtake us, or missed us. Barnes told them we were not +officers, but relatives of his wife's from Penobscot, and were going to +Lancaster; that perhaps deceived them."</p> + +<p>In the House of Representatives, November, 1775, the "Petition of +Henry Knox<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> humbly showeth. That your petitioner having been +obliged to leave all his goods and home furniture in Boston, which he has +no prospect of ever getting possession of again, nor any equivalent for the +same, therefore begs the Honorable Court, if in their wisdom see fit, to permit +him to exchange house furniture, with Henry Barnes, late of Marlborough, +which he now has in his power to do." The prayer was refused, +but he was allowed to <i>use</i> the Loyalist's goods, on giving receipt to account +for them to the proper authorities.</p> + +<p>In December, 1775, Catherine Goldthwaite prayed the interposition +of the General Court, stating in a petition that she was the niece and +adopted heir of Barnes; that she had resided with him about seventeen +years, that at his departure from town, she was left with a part of his +family in possession, and that the committee of Marlborough had entered +upon his estate, sold a part, and proposed to dispossess her entirely. No +redress could be obtained.</p> + +<p>Through the violence of the mob Henry Barnes was forced to seek +shelter in Boston early in 1775. From there he went to England. In +1777 he was at Bristol with his wife and niece, and in September thirteen +of his fellow Loyalists were his guests, and later still in the same year +he dined with several of the Massachusetts exiles at Mr. Lechmere's, +when the conversation was much about the political condition of their native +land.</p> + +<p>Mr. Barnes was proscribed and banished, and his estate confiscated. +He died at London in 1808, at the age of eighty-four.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THOMAS FLUCKER.</h2> + +<h3> +Secretary of Massachusetts Bay.<br /> +</h3> + + +<p>The Fluckers were descended from a French Huguenot family who +settled in England. Captain James Flucker, mariner, came to America +and married Elizabeth Luist at Charlestown, Mass., May 30, 1717. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[403]</a></span> +was taxed there from 1727 to 1756 and died 3 Nov. 1756. She died +Sept. 1770. They had eight children.<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Flucker</span>, son of the aforesaid, was born at Charlestown, +9 Oct. 1719. He was a merchant in Boston and owned an estate on Summer +street. He was commissioned a Justice of the Peace 14 Sept. 1756, +was a member of the Council in 1761-68. A Selectman of Boston in 1766, +succeeded Andrew Oliver as Secretary, 12 Nov. 1770, was made a Mandamus +Councillor 9 Aug. 1774. He married 1st, 12 June 1744, Judith, +daughter of Hon. James Bowdoin, a Boston Huguenot family, and as a +testimony to the public spirit of this famous family, Bowdoin College remains. +2nd, 14 Jan. 1751, he married Hannah, daughter of General +Samuel Waldo, proprietor of the Waldo Patent Main, to whose heirs the +great domain descended. The portion belonging to Mrs. Flucker and +her brother, were confiscated.</p> + +<p>Thomas Flucker was a staunch Loyalist. He was banished and his +estates confiscated. He left Boston at the evacuation, March 17, 1776, +for Halifax. He afterwards went to London, where he was a member of +the Brompton Row Association of Loyalists, who met weekly for conversation +and a dinner. An extract from Hutchinson's Diary, July 13, 1776, +says:</p> + +<p>"Flucker dined with us; depends on the truth of the report of his +family's being arrived in Ireland; has 300£ allowed by treasury; last (?) +of the Council 200£." Thomas Flucker died in England suddenly on +Feb. 16, 1783. His wife remained in England, but survived him only +three years.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Flucker</span>, of Massachusetts, son of the former, graduated +at Harvard University in 1773. During the Revolution he was a Lieutenant +in the 60th British regiment at St. Augustine, Fla., in 1777. By +the University catalogue, it appears that he and his father died the same +year, 1783.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lucy Flucker</span>, another child, born 2 August 1756, married General +Henry Knox of the revolutionary army, and afterwards Secretary at War. +The young rebel had at the time a flourishing bookstore opposite Williams +Court in Cornhill, a fashionable morning resort at that time for the +British officers and their ladies. Harrison Gray Otis says that Miss +Lucy "was distinguished as a young lady of high intellectual endowments, +very fond of books, especially of the books sold by Knox, at +whose premises was kindled as the story went, 'the guiltless flame' which +was destined to burn on the hymeneal altar." Henry Knox became +Chief of Artillery in the Revolution, and in Washington's Administration, +Secretary of War. He acquired on easy terms, a very large share +of Mrs. Flucker's property, which had been confiscated, and settled on it +at Thomaston, Maine, building a fine mansion in which he himself died in +1806, and his wife in 1824.</p> + +<p>Sally Flucker, another daughter of Thomas Flucker, Jr., who performed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span> +in Burgoyne's "Maid of the Oaks" in private theatricals given by +British officers in Boston, accompanied the family to England and married +Mr. Jephson, a member of the Irish Parliament. Copley painted +her portrait.</p> + +<p>Hannah Flucker, daughter of Thomas, married 2 Nov. 1774, James +Urquhart, captain in the 14th regiment, which was engaged in the battle +of Bunker Hill.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>MARGARET DRAPER.</h2> + + +<p>Richard Draper and his brother William emigrated to the Colonies +and settled at Boston about 1680. He was a merchant in that city. The +Boston Records state that Richard Draper and John Wentworth furnished +the lumber from which Faneuil Hall was built. In his will he +says that he is the son of Edward and Ann Draper, of Branbury, in the +County of Oxford, Great Britain, deceased, and only brother to William +Draper Senr. of Boston. This will was probated Jan. 25th, 1728.</p> + +<p>About the year 1700 the Postmaster of Boston was one John Campbell, +a Scotchman, and son of Duncan Campbell, the organizer of the postal +system of America. He was also a bookseller. In those early days the +dissemination of news was in the hands of the postmasters of each town, +and John Campbell on Monday, April 24, 1704, improved the present system +by <i>printing the news</i>. He issued the first number of the Boston +"News Letter," the first newspaper issued in America. The first sheet +of the first number was taken damp from the press by Chief Justice Sewell, +to show to President Willard, of Harvard College, as a wonderful +curiosity. Bartholomew Green, eldest son of Thomas Green, printer to +Cambridge University, was the printer. He obtained possession of the +newspaper in 1721, shortly after Campbell was removed from the post-office +in Boston. On his death in 1733, it passed into the hands of his +son-in-law, John Draper, son of Richard Draper, who continued to publish +it until his death in 1762, when he was succeeded by his son Richard Draper, +who changed the title to the "Massachusetts Gazette and Boston News +Letter." He was brought up a printer by his father, and continued with +him after he became of age, and was for some years before his father's +death a silent partner with him. He was early appointed printer to +the Council and Government, which he retained during life. Under his +successful editorship, the paper was devoted to the Government, and in +the controversy with Great Britain, he strongly supported the Loyalists +cause, and illustrated the head of his paper with the King's Arms. Many +able advocates of the Government filled the columns of the "News-Letter" +but the opposition papers were supported by writers at least equally powerful +and numerous.</p> + +<p>The Drapers were considered the most eminent and successful printers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span> +in America. A list of works containing their imprints would fill +pages.</p> + +<p>Richard Draper was a man of feeble health, and was remarkable for +the delicacy of his mind and gentleness of his manner. No stain rests on +his character. He was attentive to his affairs, and was esteemed as the +best compiler of news of his day. Having been successful in his business +and acquired a competency, he erected a handsome brick home on a +convenient spot in front of the old printing home in Newbury, now Washington +street, where he resided, and which was afterwards confiscated. +He died June 6th, 1774, aged 47, without children, and was succeeded by +his widow, Margaret, who was a granddaughter of Bartholomew Green.</p> + +<p>A month before his death, he had taken John Boyle into partnership, +but at the outbreak of hostilities, his sympathies being strong for the +Revolutionary cause, he was not agreeable to Widow Margaret, and was +succeeded in the partnership by John Howe, who was a devoted loyalist, +and continued with her until the final suspension of the paper, which occurred +on the evacuation of Boston, by the British troops, when Margaret +departed with the soldiers, going first to Halifax and thence to +England, where she enjoyed a pension from the British Government for +the remainder of her life, in return for her loyalty and devotion to the +Government.</p> + +<p>Margaret Draper's paper was the only one published in Boston during +the siege. It had been published without intermission for 72 years. +She died in London in 1807, and was included in the confiscation and +banishment Act.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO MARGARET DRAPER IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Richard Devens, Feb. 7, 1783; Lib. 137, fol. 48; Land and buildings in Boston, Newbury +St. W.; heirs of Benjamin Church S. and E., Josiah Waters, Jr. N.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>RICHARD CLARKE.</h2> + + +<p>Richard Clarke was the son of Francis Clarke, merchant, a descendant +of an old Boston family. Richard graduated at Harvard College +in 1729. He and his sons were the consignees of a part of the tea +destroyed in Boston by the celebrated "Tea Party" December 1773. In +a letter from Messrs. Clarke & Sons to Mr. Abram Dupuis they say: "On +the morning of the 2nd inst. about one o'clock, we were roused out of our +sleep by a violent knocking at the door of our house, and on looking out of +the window we saw (for the moon shone very bright) two men in the +courtyard. One of them said he brought us a letter from the country. +A servant took the letter from him at the door, the contents of which was +as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p class="signature"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span> +Boston, 1st Nov., 1773.</p> +<p> +Richard Clarke & Son: +</p> + +<p>The Freemen of this Province understand from good authority, that +there is a quantity of tea consigned to your house by the East India Company, +which is destructive to the happiness of every well wisher to the +country. It is therefore expected that you personally appear at Liberty +Tree, on Wednesday next, at twelve o'clock at noon day, to make a public +resignation of your commission, agreeable to a notification of this day for +that purpose.</p> + +<p>Fail not upon your peril.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +O. C.<br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<p>"In this you may observe a design to create a public belief that the +factors had consented to resign their trust on Wednesday, the 3d inst., on +which day we were summoned by the above-mentioned letter, to appear +at Liberty Tree at 12 o'clock noon. All the bells of the meeting houses +for public worship were set a-ringing at 11 o'clock, and continued ringing +till twelve; the town cryer went thro' the town summoning the people +to assemble at 'Liberty Tree.' By these methods, and some more secret +ones, made use of by the authors of this design, a number of people supposed +by some to be about 500, and by others more, were collected by the +time and place mentioned in the printed notification.</p> + +<p>"They consisted mostly of people of the lowest rank, very few reputable +tradesmen, as we are informed, appeared amongst them. The gentlemen +who are supposed the designed factors for the East India +Company, viz: Mr. Thos. Hutchinson, Mr. Faneuil, Mr. Winslow and +Messrs. Clarke, met in the forenoon of the 3rd inst., at the latter's warehouse, +the lower end of King street. You may well judge that none of +us entertained the least thought of obeying the summons sent us to attend +at Liberty Tree. After a consultation amongst ourselves and friends, +we judged it best to continue together, and to endeavour, with the assistance +of a few friends, to oppose the designs of the mob, if they should +come to offer us any insult or injury. And on this occasion we were so +happy as to be supported by a number of gentlemen of the first rank. +About one o'clock, a large body of people appeared at the head of King +Street, and came down to the end, and halted opposite to our warehouse. +Nine persons came from them up into our counting room, viz., Mr. +Molineux, Mr. Wm. Dennie, Doctor Warren, Dr. Church, Major Barber, +Mr. Henderson, Mr. Gabriel Johonnot, Mr. Proctor and Mr. Ezekiel +Cheever. Mr. Molineux as speaker of the above Committee, addressed +himself to us, and the other gentlemen present, and told us that we had +committed an high insult on the people, in refusing to give them that +most reasonable satisfaction which had been demanded in the summons +which had been sent us, then read a paper proposed by him, to be subscribed +by the factors importing, that they solemnly promise that they +would not land or pay duty on any tea that should be sent by the East +India Company, but they would send back the tea to England in the same +bottom, which extravagent demand being firmly refused, and treated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[407]</a></span> +with proper contempt by all of us. Mr. Molineux then said that since +we had refused their most reasonable demands, we must expect to feel, +on our first appearance, the utmost weight of the people's resentment, +upon which he and the rest of the committee left our counting room and +warehouse, and went to, and mixed, with the multitude that continued before +our warehouse. Soon after this the mob having made one or two +reverse motions to some distance, we perceived them hastening their pace +towards the store, on which we ordered our servant to shut the outward +door; but this he could not effect, although assisted by some other persons +amongst whom were Nathaniel Hatch, Esq., one of the Justices of +the inferior Court for this country, and a Justice of the Peace for the +county. This gentleman made all possible exertions to stem the current +of the mob, not only by declaring repeatedly, and with a loud voice, that +he was a magistrate, and commanded the people, by virtue of his office, +and in his Majesty's name, to desist from all riotous proceedings, and to +disperse, but also by assisting in person; but the people not only made +him a return, of insulting and reproachful words, but prevented his endeavors +by force and blows, to get our doors shut, upon which Mr. Hatch, +with some other of our friends, retreated to our counting room. Soon +after this, the outward doors of the store were taken off their hinges by +the mob, and carried to some distance; immediately a number of the mob +rushed into the warehouse, and endeavoured to force into the counting +room, but as this was in another story, and the staircase leading to it narrow, +we, with our friends,—about twenty in number—by some vigorous +efforts, prevented their accomplishing their design. The mob appeared +in a short time to be dispersed, and after a few more faint attacks, they +contented themselves with blocking us up in the store for the space of +about an hour and a half, at which time, perceiving that much the greatest +part of them were drawn off, and those that remained not formidable, +we, with our friends, left the warehouse, walked up the length of King +Street together, and then went to our respective homes without any molestation, +saving some insulting behavior from a few dispicable persons.</p> + +<p>"The night following, a menacing letter was thrust under Mr. Faneuil's +door, to be communicated to the other consignees, with a design to +intimidate them from executing their trust, and other methods have since +been made use of in the public papers and otherwise, for the same purpose."<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a></p> + +<p>On the morning of November 17, 1773, a little party of family +friends had assembled at the home of Richard Clarke, Esq., near the +King's Chapel on School Street, to welcome young Jonathan Clarke, who +had just arrived from London. All at once the inmates of the dwelling +were startled by a violent beating at the door, accompanied with shouts +and the blowing of horns, creating considerable alarm. The ladies were +hastily bestowed in places of safety, while the gentlemen secured the avenues +of the lower story, as well as they were able. The yard and vicinity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[408]</a></span> +were soon filled with people. One of the inmates warned them from an +upper window, to disperse, but getting no other reply, than a shower of +stones, he discharged a pistol. Then came a shower of misseles, which +broke in the lower windows and damaged some of the furniture. Some +influential Revolutionists had by this time arrived, and put a stop to the +proceedings of the mob, which then dispersed. The consignees then +called upon the governor and council for protection.</p> + +<p>The eventful Thursday, December 16, 1773, a day ever memorable +in the annals of Boston, witnessed the largest mob yet assembled in Boston. +Nearly seven thousand persons collected at the Old South Meeting +House. The tea ships had not taken out clearance papers, the twenty +days allowed by law terminated that night. Then the revenue officers +could take possession, and under cover of the naval force, land the tea, +and opposition to this would have caused bloody work. The Revolutionists +desired to avoid this issue, so it was decided to destroy the tea. +Rotch, the owner of the "Dartmouth," applied to Governor Hutchinson, +at his residence in Milton, for a pass to proceed with his vessel to London, +for the governor had ordered Colonel Leslie, commander of the +castle, and Admiral Montagu, to guard the passages to the sea, and permit +no unauthorized vessels to pass. The governor offered Rotch a letter +to Admiral Montagu, commending ship and goods to his protection, if +Rotch would agree to have his ship haul out into the stream, but he replied +that none were willing to assist him in doing this, and the attempt +would subject him to the ill will of the people. The governor then sternly +refused a pass, as it would have been "a direct countenancing and encouraging +the violation of the acts of trade."</p> + +<p>Between six and seven o'clock in the evening three different mobs +disguised as Indians proceeded from different parts of the town, arrived +with axes and hatchets, and hurried to Griffin's (now Liverpool wharf), +boarded the three tea ships, and, warning their crews and the custom +house officers, to keep out of the way, in less than three hours time had +broken and emptied into the dock three hundred and forty-two chests of +tea, valued at £18,000. A Loyalist writer of the time says: "Now this +crime of the Bostonians, was a compound of the grossest injury and insult. +It was an act of the highest insolence towards government, such a +mildness itself cannot overlook or forgive. The injustice of the deed +was also most atrocious, as it was the destruction of property to a vast +amount, when it was known that the nation was obliged in honor to protect +it." This memorable occurrence was undoubtedly in the immediate +sequence of the events which it produced, the proximate cause of the +American Revolution.<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a></p> + +<p>Richard Clarke was treated with much severity by the Revolutionists. +His name is found with the Addressers of General Gage. He arrived in +London December 24, 1775, after a passage of "only" twenty-one days +from Boston. He was one of the original members of the Loyalist Club,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[409]</a></span> +for a weekly dinner, and discourses. He lived with his son-in-law, Copley +the painter, Leicester Square. Lord Lyndhurst was his grandson. +He died in England in 1795.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jonathan Clarke</span>, son of Richard Clarke, accompanied his father +to England. He was his father's partner in business. He was a member +in 1776 of the Loyalists Club, in London, and had lodgings in Brompton +Row the next year. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. After the +Revolution he went to Canada.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Isaac Winslow Clarke</span>, son of Richard Clarke, was born in Boston, +27 October, 1746. He was sent by his father to Plymouth to collect +debts, but in the night was assaulted by a mob and obliged to flee from +the town, to escape from personal injuries. He became Commissary-General +of Lower Canada, and died in that Colony in 1822, after he had +embarked for England. His daughter Susan married Charles Richard +Ogden, Esq., Solicitor-General of Lower Canada, in 1829.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PETER JOHONNOT.</h2> + + +<p>The Johonnots in America are of French Huguenot origin. Daniel +Johonnot, who was born in France about 1668, was one of the first parties +of thirty families that arrived in Boston in 1686. He was in company +with his uncle Andrae Sigournie, Distiller, from Rochelle, and went +with him to Oxford in New England, remaining there until the settlement +was broken up by the incursion of Indians August 25, 1696. Jean +Jeanson (John Johnson) and his three children were killed during the +massacre. Mrs. Johnson was Andrew Sigourney's daughter, and tradition +in the Johonnot family relates that she was rescued at that time +from the Indians by her cousin, Daniel Johonnot, to whom she was subsequently +married.<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a></p> + +<p>The first record we have of Daniel Johonnot in Boston was at the time +of his marriage "on the 18th of April, by the Rev. Samuel Willard of the +Old South Church, to Susan Johnson." This was in the year 1700. In +1714 it appears by the Suffolk Records he purchased for £300 "current +money," of John Borland and Sarah his wife, an estate near the Mill +Creek and bounded by Mill Pond, and the street leading to said pond +(Union Street) etc. His last purchase of real estate was near the Old +South Church and this land was afterwards occupied by one of the descendants +of his daughter Mary, Mary Anne (Boyer), number 156 +Washington street, opposite the Province House. At the time of Daniel +Johonnot's death it was occupied by his grandson, and must have been +Mr. Johonnot's last residence, as in an inventory it is described as being +in the possession of Mr. Daniel Boyer. In Mr. Johonnot's French +Bible, Amsterdam Edition of 1700, are recorded the births of his six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span> +children in French, all children of Daniel and Serzane Johonnot. This +Bible later came into the possession of one of his descendants. Daniel +Johonnot died in Boston in June, 1748 at the age of eighty years. His +wife died some time after 1731, and before the death of her husband. +He was remembered as being a friend to the poor, always industrious +and frugal.</p> + +<p>Zacherie (Zachariah) Johonnot, the eldest son of the preceding was +born in Boston January 20, 1700-1. His first wife was Elizabeth Quincy, +who died during the revolution, and he married again, April 24, 1777, +Margaret Le Mercier, daughter of Andrew Le Mercier, Minister of the +French Protestant church in Boston.</p> + +<p>Like his father he was a Distiller and engaged in mercantile pursuits. +His dwelling house and store was on Orange street at the South part +of the town, and his distillery was on Harvard street directly opposite +his dwelling. At the end of the same street was his wharf, and wooden +distil-house, storehouses, etc. His house and store were burnt at the +time of the great fire, April 20, 1787. The spacious gardens filled with +rare fruit trees, beautiful flowers and shrubs from his father's land were +mostly destroyed.</p> + +<p>Mr. Johonnot died in Boston in 1784 at the age of eighty-three. To +his son Peter (then in England) he bequeathed "his mansion house, store +adjoining, yard and garden, as the same is now fenced in, etc." He had +ten children, all by his first wife.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Peter Johonnot</span>, the fourth child of the preceding, was born in +Boston September 23, 1729. He was married January 10, 1750 to Katherine +Dudley by the Rev. Mather Byles. She was the daughter of the +Honorable William Dudley (son of Governor Joseph Dudley). Peter +Johonnot was a Distiller, and lived in Boston. In 1775 he was an Addresser +of Gage. The next year he was one of the committee with +Thomas and Jonathan Amory, chosen by the citizens of Boston March +8, 1776, to communicate with General Howe and take measures to avert +the impending destruction, threatened by him, in case his army should be +molested while evacuating the town.</p> + +<p>In 1776 Peter Johonnot went to Halifax and thence to England. +In 1778 he was proscribed and banished, and in 1779 he was a loyal +Addresser to the King. Mrs. Johonnot's death occurred in Boston in +1769. Mr. Johonnot died in London August 8, 1809, at the age of +eighty, and left no issue.<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> The following occurs in the Diary of Dr. P. +Oliver:—"1809, Aug.—Peter Johonnot died this month in London, aged +79."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Francis Johonnot</span>, son of Daniel, was born November 30, 1709. +He married Mary Johnson of Boston, widow, 1752. He was a distiller +and engaged in mercantile pursuits. His distillery was near Essex +street on the margin of the South Cove. His "Mansion house" was on +Newbury, now Washington street, the same was owned and occupied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span> +for many years by his son-in-law Eben Oliver, Esq. He was a loyalist, +and at the beginning of the revolution went to England. He died March +8, 1775. Mary, his widow, who died in Boston March 17, 1797, in her +seventy-third year, administered upon his estate in Massachusetts. They +had seven children.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mary Johonnot</span>, daughter of Andrew Johonnot, and cousin to +Peter the Loyalist, was born in 1730. She married Thomas Edwards of +Boston, June 13, 1758, the ceremony being performed by the Rev. Henry +Caner of King's Chapel. Mr. Edwards for a while was engaged in mercantile +business in Middletown, Connecticut, but later returned to Boston, +and was employed by the government. He was a loyalist and went +to Halifax in 1776 and thence to England. He died in London at an advanced +age. Mary Johonnot, his wife, died in Boston, February 14, +1792. They had five children.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO PETER JOHONNOT IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Ebenezer Seaver, Sept. 4, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 190; Land and buildings in Boston, +Orange St. E.; Samuel Pope and Hopestill Foster S.; Joseph Lovell and heirs of +William Ettridge W.; Zachariah Johonnot N.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JOHN JOY.</h2> + + +<p>The name of Joy was probably derived from Jouy in Normandy +and may have reached England in the form of "de Jouy." William Joy +was a Vicar in England in 1395. The name was borne with distinction +in England and Ireland for at least five centuries.</p> + +<p>Thomas Joy, of Boston, Massachusetts, was born about 1610 in the +county of Norfolk, England. The first time he appears in Boston records +is "on the 20th of 12th Month, called February, 1636." By trade +he was a builder and probably continued that occupation in Massachusetts. +He married in 1637 Joan Gallop, the daughter of a well-known +townsman, and she became mother of the American Joys. Her father's +land included several of the harbor islands, one of which still bears his +name.</p> + +<p>Thomas Joy built in 1657-8, the house in the Market Place, which +was at once the armory, court house, and town hall of Boston, and the +first seat of government in Massachusetts. On account of political +troubles, Thomas Joy exchanged part of his possessions in Boston for +property in Hingham. In 1648 he removed to that town, but his Boston +connections were still maintained. He had interests in mills at +Hingham, and died in that town, October 21, 1678. His widow survived +him more than twelve years, dying in Hingham, March 20, 1690-1.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[412]</a></span> +Both are buried in the hill, back of most ancient Protestant church in the +United States, where they worshipped. They had ten children.</p> + +<p>Joseph, the fourth child, was born in Boston, April 1, 1645. He +lived on Bacheler (Main Street,) Hingham, nearly opposite the meeting +house, of which he is thought to have been the builder. He married +August 29, 1667, Mary, daughter of John and Margaret Prince, of Hingham, +and by her had fifteen children. He died in that town, May 31, +1697.</p> + +<p>Joseph Joy, his eldest son was born in Hingham July 30, 1688. He +was constable in 1697-1711. He married May 22, 1690 Elizabeth, daughter +of Captain Thomas Andrews. He died in Hingham, April 29, 1716. +His gravestone with inscription still legible in the Hingham churchyard +is the most ancient Joy grave mark in America.<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> He had nine children.</p> + +<p>John, the fourth child, was born in Hingham February 7, 1695-6. +He lived on Main street at Hingham Centre. December 7, 1724, he married +Lydia, daughter of Samuel Lincoln, and by her had seven children. +His death is not recorded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Joy</span>, the second child of the preceding, was born in Hingham +June 4, 1727. He lived in Boston, and by trade was merchant and +housewright. He married Sarah, daughter of Michael and Sarah +(Kneeland) Homer, of Boston. In 1767 and 1773 he was one of the +"principal citizens" to visit the schools with the Governor. In 1774 Mr. +Joy was an addresser of Hutchinson, and in 1775 of Gage. In 1776 he +went to Halifax with his family and in 1778 he was proscribed and banished. +In 1779 he was in England, where he remained, though several +of his sons afterwards returned to America. Hutchinson in his diary, +June 7, 1776, speaks of a number of Loyalists who had recently arrived +at Dover. Mr. Joy's name was among those mentioned. The Loyalist +died in London, December, 1804. His portrait by Copley, is an heirloom +in the family of the late Charles Joy of Boston. Mrs. Joy died in England +in 1805.</p> + +<p>A letter of John Wendell (1806) mentions among his early friends +in Boston, "Mr. John Joy, who served his time with our respected neighbor, +Captain Benjamin Russell, and who afterwards married Mr. Homer's +daughter." Mr. Joy had seven children.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. John Joy</span>, the eldest son, was an apothecary, and returned to +America in 1783, and lived in Boston. His estate on Beacon Hill, once +the "elm pasture" of Judge Samuel Sewell, the diarist, was bounded by +Beacon, Walnut, Mt. Vernon and Joy street, and included about 100,000 +sq. ft. of land. Bowditch says Dr. Joy was desirous of getting a house +<i>in the country</i>, and selected this locality as "being country enough for +him," "the barberry bushes were flourishing over this whole area." His +land cost about $2000, and in 1833 his heirs sold this lot for $98,000. On +the southeastern part of this estate he built a modest and graceful wooden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[413]</a></span> +building, which was eventually moved to South Boston Point. He +married Abigail Green of Boston, and died in 1813.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Michael Joy</span>, another son, was born at Boston in 1754, went to +England with his father and died at Hartham Park, England July 10, +1825. Graduated B. A., Harvard College, 1771, and admitted to the +same degree at Princeton College, N. J., 1771. He married a lady +named Hall in England. His son Henry Hall Joy, of Hartham Park, +was a lawyer and Queen's Counsel, was buried in the Temple Church, +London.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Joy</span>, the third son of the Loyalist, was born in Boston, +Dec. 27th, 1757, and died at Boston, April 14, 1829. He returned to +Boston, was a merchant and was the first Consul General of the United +States at Calcutta, holding his commission from President Washington. +In 1808 he bought of the trustees of the First Church their property on +Cornhill Square, on which he erected Joy's Building, which for three-fourths +of a century was a landmark of Boston, people came from miles +around to view the stately edifice, and were greatly astonished at its +magnificence. The Rogers Building, in front of Young's Hotel, now +occupies its site. He was one of the Mt. Vernon proprietors that acquired +the valuable lands of John Singleton Copley on Beacon Hill, and +a spring in one of his houses on the east side of Charles street, is the +famous spring of water which William Blackstone, the first white settler +of Boston, mentioned as one of the chief attractions of the Shawmut +peninsula.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>RICHARD LECHMERE.</h2> + + +<p>Hon. Thomas Lechmere was for many years Surveyor General of +His Majesty's Customs for the Northern District of America. His brother +was Lord Lechmere of Evesham, who married the daughter of the +Earl of Carlisle.</p> + +<p>Thomas Lechmere married Ann Winthrop, a descendant of Governor +Winthrop, the ceremony was performed by Rev. Eben Pemberton, +Nov. 17, 1709. He died at an advanced age, June 4th, 1765, having +been born in June, 1683. His wife died in 1746.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Richard Lechmere</span>, son of the above, married Mary Phips, of +Cambridge in 1753. She was the daughter of Spencer Phips, who was +Lieut. Governor for many years; his farm was what is now known as +East Cambridge, and the house stood near where the modern Court +House, afterwards was built; General Gage landed his detachment here, +which marched to Lexington. About one hundred yards from the West +Boston Bridge, a fort was erected on December 11th, 1775, during its +erection several soldiers of the revolutionary army were killed at this +redoubt. It was considered the strongest battery erected during the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[414]</a></span> +siege of Boston, and was known as "Lechmere Point Redoubt," +having acquired this property from his wife. It was known for +many years as Lechmere's Point. The farm was confiscated, and during +the siege of Boston was occupied by Washington's army.</p> + +<p>Richard Lechmere was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774; was +appointed Mandamus Councillor, but did not accept. In 1776 he went +to Halifax, with his family of eleven persons, and thence to England. In +1778 he was proscribed and banished, and his estate confiscated; the next +year he was included in the Conspiracy Act. His home was at Bristol +in 1780. He died in England in 1814, aged eighty-seven.</p> + +<p>Richard Lechmere left no male representatives, his daughters, are +represented by Coores of Scrunten Hall, Yorkshire. Sir Edward Russell +of Ashford Hall, Ludlow and Worralls, whose representatives now +are Sir H. Lechmere Stuart, Bart., and Eyre Coote of West Park Eyre. +In Colonel Lechmere Russell's possession is Ann Winthrop's bible, with, +in her son Richard Lechmere's writing, the statement it was his mother's +bible. A piece of land at Hanley, in Worcestershire, the residence of +the Lechmere's, is called New England, and is planted with oaks, the seed +of which were sent from America by Thomas Lechmere, the settler here.</p> + +<p>Nicholas Lechmere, son of Thomas Lechmere, and brother of Richard, +was born at Boston, July 29, 1772. He was appointed an Officer +of the Customs of Newport, Rhode Island. In 1765, fearing the loss of +life in the tumult of that year, he fled to the Cygnet, sloop-of-war, and refused +to return to his duties without assurance of protection. From +1767 to the commencement of the Revolution, the disagreements between +him and the revolutionists were frequent. In December, 1775, he +refused to take the oath tendered by General Lee, and was conveyed +under guard to Providence. He went to England, and in 1770, was +with his brother at Bristol in 1780. He was banished and his estate confiscated.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO RICHARD LECHMERE IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Mungo Mackey, June 11, 1783; Lib. 139, fol. 14; Land and dwelling-house in Boston, +Cambridge St. S.; Staniford St. W.; passageway N.; Timothy Newell E. and +N.; Jeremiah Allen E.——One undivided half of land, brick distill house and +other buildings, Cambridge St. N.; George St. E.; heirs of John Guttridge deceased +S.; Belknap St. W.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>EZEKIEL LEWIS.</h2> + + +<p>William Lewis belonged to the Braintree Company, which in 1632 +removed from Braintree to Cambridge, thence about 1636 to Hartford, +about 1659 to Hadley, which town he represented in the General Court +1662, from thence to Farmington, where he died Aug., 1683. Captain +William Lewis, son of the above, married May Cheever, daughter of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[415]</a></span> +famous schoolmaster. He died 18 Aug., 1690. Ezekiel Lewis, son of +Captain William, was born at Farmington, Conn., Nov. 7, 1674. Graduated +at Harvard College in 1695. In 1699 it was decided that the +town of Boston required an assistant in the Latin School for Mr. Ezekiel +Cheever. It being committed to the Selectmen, Mr. Ezekiel Lewis, his +grandson, was selected to fill the position, and to have a salary of not +exceeding forty pounds a year. He entered upon his duties the following +August. He afterwards became a great merchant in Boston, was +Representative 1723 to 1727.</p> + +<p>A document dated March 8th, 1707-8 contains the signatures of the +Overseers of the Poor for the town of Boston at that period. Ezekiel +Lewis' name appears among the seven mentioned. The men who held +the position of Overseers were of high standing in the community, and +were usually distinguished for their business talents, wealth and charities.<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a></p> + +<p>In 1742, when Faneuil Hall was opened, Ezekiel Lewis was among +the Selectmen and representatives of the town of those who were "to +wait upon Peter Faneuil, Esq., and in the name of the town to render +him their most hearty thanks for so beautiful a gift," etc.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ezekiel Lewis</span>, the Loyalist, was born at Boston, 15 April, 1717, +and graduated at Harvard College, 1735. Under the Act of 1777-8, by +which the Judge of Probate was authorized to appoint agents for the estates +of absentees in each county, the name of Ezekiel Lewis appears in +Suffolk County Probate Records, 1779. Docket 16800.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>BENJAMIN CLARK.</h2> + + +<p>Dr. John Clark was the first of a prominent Boston family of that +name. He was a gentleman of college education, and a leading physician +of that day. He died in 1680, aged 85. Their only son, Hon. Dr. John +Clark, of Boston, died in 1690, leaving three sons, John, born 1667, William +1670, Samuel 1677.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hon. William Clark, Esq.</span> became a wealthy merchant and member +of the Governor's Council. His residence was situated in North +Square, on the corner of Garden Court and Prince street. This mansion +was a monument of human pride, in all colonial Boston there was +not its peer, and it was without doubt built to outvie that of Hutchinson's, +Clark's wealthy next-door neighbor, whose home was demolished +by the mob. The principal feature which distinguished this house, was +the rich, elaborate and peculiar decoration of the north parlor, on the +right of the entrance hall, which was a rich example of the prevalent +style, found in the mansions of wealthy citizens of the colonial period, +in and around Boston.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[416]</a></span>The peculiar decoration consisted of a series of raised panels filling +these compartments, reaching from the surbase to the frieze, eleven in +all, each embellished with a romantic landscape painted in oil colors, the +four panels opposite the windows being further enriched by the emblazoned +escutcheons of the Clarks, the Saltonstalls, and other allied families. +Beneath the surbase, the panels, as also those of the door, were +covered with arabesques. The twelfth painting was a view of the house +upon a horizontal panel over the mantel, from which this engraving was +made, and beneath this panel inscribed in an oval, was the monogram +of the builder, W. C. At the base of the gilded and fluted vault of the +buffet was a painted dove. The floor was inlaid with divers woods in +multiform patterns. In the center, surrounded by a border, emblazoned +in proper colors, was the escutcheon of the Clarks, with its three white +swans.</p> + +<p>The mere enumeration of the details fails to give an idea of the impression +made by this painted and gilded parlor, not an inch of whose +surface but had been elaborated by painter, gilder, carver or artist, to +which the blazoner had added heraldic emblems; so that, as you looked +round these walls, the romantic ruins and castles seemed placed there +to suggest, if not to portray, the old homes of a long line of ancestors, +and the escutcheons above to confirm the suggestion, thereby enhancing +the splendor of the present by the feudal dignity of an august past.</p> + +<p>The house is supposed to have been built about 1712-1715, for the +land was purchased of Ann Hobby, widow, and several other heirs, December +10, 1711, for £725 current money. If so, Councillor Clark lived +many years to enjoy the sumptuousness of his new house and the envy of +his neighbors. His death, in 1742, was attributed by some to the loss +of forty sail of vessels in the French war. After his death the estate +was conveyed to his son-in-law, Deacon Thomas Greenough, for £1,400, +old tenor, and was by him sold to Sir Charles Henry Frankland, Bart., +for £1,200 sterling. The mansion, afterwards was known as the Frankland +House.</p> + +<p>There were numerous places in Boston named after Clark. There +was Clark's Wharf, afterwards changed to Hancock's, and now known +as Lewis; Clark street from Hanover to Commercial, still named, in +1788; Clark Square, now North Square, where the Clark mansion was +built, was named in 1708, "The Square living on ye Southly side of the +North Meeting House including ye wayes on each side of ye watch-house"; +Clark's Corner, 1708, corner of Middle, now Hanover street and +Bennet street, Dr. Clark's Corner, 1732; corner of Fish, now North +street, and Gallops alley, now Board alley and Clark's Shipyard.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 566px;"> +<img src="images/illo_417.jpg" width="566" height="400" alt="CLARK-FRANKLAND HOUSE." title="CLARK-FRANKLAND HOUSE." /> +<span class="caption">CLARK-FRANKLAND HOUSE.</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[417]</a></span></p> +<h2>AGNES, LADY FRANKLAND.</h2> + + +<p>Sir Harry Frankland, as he was familiarly called here, was heir to +an ample fortune, and what added to his interest in this puritanical colony +was that he was a descendant in the fourth generation from Oliver +Cromwell, he came here in 1741 as Collector of the Port of Boston, preferring +that office to the Governorship of Massachusetts, the alternative +offered him by George II. The story of his marriage is romantic +enough. Upon an official visit to Marblehead, he was struck by the +radiant beauty of a young girl of sixteen, maid-of-all-work at the village +inn, bare-legged, scrubbing the floor; inquired her name, and, upon a +subsequent visit, with the consent of her parents, conveyed her to Boston +and placed her at the best school. The attachment he conceived for her +appears to have been returned, though Sir Charles did not offer her marriage. +The connection between this high official and his fair protégé +causing scandal, Frankland purchased some 500 acres of land in Hopkinton, +which he laid out and cultivated with taste, built a stately country-house +and extensive farm buildings, and there entertained all the +gay companions he could collect with deer and fox hunts without, with +music and feasting within doors, duly attending the church of his neighbor, +the Rev. Roger Price, late of King's Chapel, Boston, of which +Frankland had been, from his arrival, a member. Called to England by +the death of his uncle, whose title he inherited as fourth baronet, he +journeyed to Lisbon, and there, upon All Saints Day, 1755, on his way +to high mass, he was engulfed by the earthquake, his horses killed, and +he would have perished miserably but for his discovery and rescue by +the devoted Agnes. Grateful and penitent, he led her to the altar, and +poor Agnes Surriage, the barefooted maid-of-all-work of the inn at +Marblehead, was translated into Agnes, Lady Frankland.</p> + +<p>It was upon Sir Harry Frankland's return from Europe in 1756 +that he became the owner of the Clark House, lived in it one short year, +entertaining continually, with the assistance of his French cook, Thomas, +as appears by frequent entries in his journal; was then transferred to +Lisbon as Consul General, and so, with the exception of brief visits to +this country in 1759 and 1763, disappearing from our horizon.</p> + +<p>After his death at Bath, England, in 1768, his widow returned here +with her son, but not until she had recorded her husband's virtues upon +a monument "erected by his affectionate widow, Agnes, Lady Frankland,"—dividing +her year between Boston and Hopkinton, exchanging +civilities with those who had once rejected her, till the contest with England +rendered all loyalists and officials unpopular.</p> + +<p>At Hopkinton, May, 1775, she was alarmed at the movement of the +revolutionists, her Ladyship asked leave to remove to Boston. The Committee +of Safety gave her liberty to pass to the capital with her personal +effects, and gave her a written permit, signed by Benjamin Church.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[418]</a></span> +Jr., chairman. Thus protected, she set out on her journey with her attendants; +but was arrested by a party of armed men, who detained her +person, and effects, until an order for the release of both was obtained. +To prevent further annoyance, the Provincial Congress furnished her +with an escort, and required all persons who had any of her property in +their possession to place the same at her disposal. Defended by a guard +of six soldiers, Lady Frankland entered Boston about the first of June, +1775; witnessed from her window in Garden Court street the battle of +Bunker Hill, took her part in relieving the sufferings of the wounded officers, +and then in her turn disappeared, leaving her estates in the hands +of members of her family, thereby saving them from confiscation, which +was the fate of her neighbor Hutchinson. Upon her death in England +in 1782 the town mansion passed by her will to her family, and was sold +by Isaac Surriage in 1811 for $8000 to Mr. Joshua Ellis, a retired North +End merchant, who resided there till his death. Upon the widening of +Bell Alley, in 1832, these two proud mansions, the Frankland and Hutchinson +houses long since deserted by the families whose importance they +were erected to illustrate and perpetuate, objects of interest to the poet, +the artist, and the historian, alike for their associations with a seemingly +remote past, their antique splendor, and for the series of strange romantic +incidents in the lives of their successive occupants, were ruthlessly +swept away.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>COLONEL DAVID PHIPS.</h2> + + +<p>The most picturesque and remarkable in character and personal fortune +of all the royal governors, was the first of them, Sir William Phips. +He was a characteristic product of the New England soil, times and +ways. Hutchinson thus briefly and fitly designates him: "He was an +honest man, but by a series of fortunate incidents, rather than by any +uncommon talents, he rose from the lowest condition in life to be the +first man in the country."</p> + +<p>Cotton Mather informs us that William Phips was one of twenty-one +<i>sons</i> and of <i>twenty-six</i> children, of the same mother, born to James +Phips of Bristol, England, a blacksmith, and gunsmith, who was an early +settler in the woods of Maine, at the mouth of the Kennebec River. But +records and history are dumb as to facts about the most of these scions +of a fruitful parentage, other than that of their having been born. William +was born Feb. 2, 1651; was left in early childhood without a father. +What the mother's task was, in poverty, with hard wilderness surroundings, +of bears, wolves, and savages, we may well imagine. Her famous +son, untaught and ignorant, tended sheep, till he was eighteen years of +age. Then he helped to build coasters, and sailed in them. This was +at that time, and afterwards a most thriving business, the foundation of +fortunes to rugged and enterprising men, born in indigence.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[419]</a></span>He went to Boston in 1673, at the age of twenty-two, worked at his +trade, he had early visions of success and greatness, for the first time +he learned to read, and also to do something that passed for writing. He +married the widow of John Hull, the mint master, they suffered straits +together, but he used to comfort her with the assurance that they would +yet have "a fair brick house in the Green Lane of North Boston." And +so they did. That "Greene Lane" became Charter street, when in 1692, +he came back as Sir William Phips, from the Court of London, bringing +the Province Charter as the first Governor under it. The "fair brick +house" long served as an Asylum for boys, at the corner of Salem and +Charles streets.</p> + +<p>But a strange wild daring, and romantic interval of adventure preceded +his honors, and wealth. He wrought at intervals in Maine, and here, +as a ship carpenter, sailed coasters, and engaged in expeditions against +the Indians. In 1684 he went in a search in the waters of the Spanish +Main for a treasure ship known to be sunk there. Going to London, the +Admiralty, and James II. gave him the command of an eighteen-gun +ship and ninety-five men. A two years' cruise in the West Indies, in +which he showed a most signal intrepidity, heroism and ingenuity of resource, +in suppressing a mutinous crew, was unsuccessful, except in acquainting +him, through an old Spaniard, of the precise spot where a +treasure-laden galleon had foundered fifty years before. He returned to +England for a new outfit. The king favored him, but not with another +war ship. The Duke of Albemarle and others, as associates, provided +him with a vessel on shares. The hero had heroic success. Cotton +Mather informs us that "Captain Phips arrived at <i>Port de la Plata</i>, made +a stout <i>canoo</i> of a stately cotton-tree, employing his own <i>hands</i> and <i>adse</i> +in constructing it, lying abroad in the woods many nights together. The +piriaga, as they called it, discovered a reef of rising shoals called "<i>The +Boilers</i>", here an Indian diver dove down and perceived a number of +<i>great-guns</i>, and upon further diving the Indian fetched up a <i>sow</i>, or +lump of silver, worth two or three hundred pounds. In all, thirty-two +tons of silver, gold, pearls and jewels were recovered from the wreck. +Besides which, one Adderly of Providence, one of the Bahama Islands, +took up about six tons of silver, which he took to the Bermudas. Captain +Phips returned to London in 1687 with more than a million and a +half of dollars, in gold and silver, diamonds, precious stones, and other +treasures. His own share in the proceeds was about a hundred thousand +dollars. To this was added the honors of knighthood, and a gold +cup for Lady Phips, of the value of five thousand dollars."</p> + +<p>He returned home in the capacity of high-sheriff, under Andros, +who did not want him, for he was utterly ignorant of law, and could not +write legibly. He soon made another voyage to England, and returned +to Boston, built the "fair brick house," of his vision, engaged in a successful +military expedition against Acadia, in which he took and plundered +Port Royal, and other French settlements. He then instigated and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[420]</a></span> +conducted as commander, a naval expedition against Quebec, which +proved a failure. He again went to England, and returned as the first +Governor under the new Charter, May 14, 1692. The appointment +was made to conciliate the people of the province, and it was supposed +would be gratifying to them, it was however a risky experiment, this +attempt to initiate a new order of things, under the lead of an illiterate +mechanic, utterly unskilled, in legal, and administrative affairs, a rough +seaman, and a man of hot temper. Yet after he arose to these high offices, +he showed no false pride, and often alluded to his lowly origin. He +gave his fellow ship carpenters a dinner in Boston, and when borne down +with public distraction, would wish himself back to his broad-axe again. +He was pure in morals, upright in his dealings, and owed his success in +life to his own energy and prowess. All incompetent as he was for the +stern exigency, he had to meet the appalling outburst of the Witchcraft +delusion with its spell of horrors. During the greater part of the proceedings +of the courts, he was absent at the eastward, in an expedition +against the Indians, and engaged in building a fort at Pemaquid. When +he returned to Boston he found that even his own wife had been "cried +out upon" as a witch, and he at once put a stay upon the fatuous proceedings. +His weak and troubled administration lasted two and one-half +years. He then went to England to answer to complaints made +against his administration, when he died suddenly Feb. 18, 1695, aged +forty-five years. He was buried in the church of St. Mary Woolnoth, +London, where his widow caused a monument to be erected to his memory. +He died childless.</p> + +<p>Governor Phips' widow married the rich merchant, Peter Sergent, +who built and occupied the stately mansion, afterwards purchased by the +Province, as a residence for the Governor, and known as the Province +House.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Spencer Phips</span> was a nephew of Governor Phips' wife. The governor +having no children, adopted as his heir, Spencer Bennett, he was +Lieu. Governor between 1733 and 1757, and married Elizabeth Hutchinson. +He resided mainly at Cambridge. His farm consisted of that +part of Cambridge afterwards known as Lechmere Point, now East +Cambridge, his daughters married Andrew Boardman, John Vassall, +Richard Lechmere and Joseph Lee. Lieu. Governor Phips died in +March, 1757.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">David Phips</span>, only son of Lieutenant Governor Spencer Phips, +graduated at Harvard College in 1741. He was Colonel of a troop of +guards in Boston, and Sheriff of Middlesex County. He was an Addresser +on three occasions, as his name is found among the one hundred +and twenty-four merchants, and others, of Boston, who addressed Governor +Hutchinson in 1774, among the ninety-seven gentlemen and principal +inhabitants of that town, and among the eighteen country gentlemen +who were driven from their homes, and who addressed General +Gage in October, 1775. He went to Halifax at the evacuation of Boston<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[421]</a></span> +in 1776, and was proscribed and banished under the Act of 1778. +His home at Cambridge was confiscated. He died at Bath, England in +1811, aged eighty-seven.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE DUNBAR FAMILY OF HINGHAM.</h2> + + +<p>Robert Dunbar, a Scotchman, became a resident of Hingham shortly +after 1650, and probably was the ancestor of all the families who have +borne this surname in Plymouth county. The Christian name of his +wife was Rose. She survived him and died 10 Nov. 1700. Robert died, +19 Sept., 1693. He had eight sons and three daughters, and died possessed +of considerable property. His grandson Joseph removed to Halifax, +Plymouth County, in 1736.<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Dunbar</span>, son of the aforesaid Joseph was born in Hingham, +March 8, 1733. He was an ensign of Militia at Halifax, Mass., +and in 1774 had his colors demanded of him by the mob, some of the +selectmen being the chief actors. He refused and they broke into his +house, took him out, forced him upon a rail, where for three hours, he +was held, and tossed, up and down, until he was exhausted. He was +then dragged and beaten, and gave up the standard to save his life. In +1776 he went to Halifax, Nova Scotia, with the Royal Army. In 1778 +he was proscribed and banished.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jessie Dunbar</span>, of the fourth generation, was born in Hingham, +June 26, 1744. He removed to Bridgewater, Plymouth County.<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a></p> + +<p>He bought some fat cattle of Nathaniel Ray Thomas, a Mandamus +Councillor, in 1774, and drove them to Plymouth for sale; one of the oxen +being skinned and hung up, the "Sons of Liberty" came to him and +finding where he bought it, commenced punishing him for the offence. +His tormentors put the ox in a cart, and fixing Dunbar in his belly, +carted him four miles and required him to pay one dollar for the ride. +They then delivered him to a Kingston mob, which carted him four +miles further, and forced from him another dollar, then delivered him to +a Duxbury mob, who abused him by beating him in the face with the +creature's tripe, and endeavored to cover his person with it, to the endangering +his life. They then threw dirt at him, and after other abuses, +carried him to Councillor Thomas's house, and made him pay another +sum of money, and he, not taking the beef, they flung it in the road and +quitted him. Jesse Dunbar died at Nobleboro, Maine, in 1806, leaving +many descendants.</p> + +<p>The outrageous and brutal treatment he received from the "Sons of +Despotism" are among the worst on record.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[422]</a></span></p> +<h2>EBENEZER RICHARDSON.</h2> + + +<p>The Richardson family were the earliest settlers of Woburn, Massachusetts. +Ezekiel, Samuel and Thomas Richardson, three brothers, with +four other persons, laid the foundations of the town, in 1641. In 1642 it +was incorporated under the name of Woburn, the name of a town in +Herefordshire.</p> + +<p>Samuel Richardson, the ancestor of Ebenezer Richardson, came to +Charlestown, about 1636, as his name appears on the records of July 1 of +that date as one of a committee to "lay out lots of land for hay." When +the three brothers settled at Woburn, they lived near each other on the +same street, which was laid out in 1647, as Richardson's Row, by which +name it has ever since been known. It runs almost due north and south, +in the N. E. part of the present town of Winchester.</p> + +<p>Lieut. John Richardson, eldest son of Samuel, was born Nov. 12, +1639, was a yeoman, and soldier in King Philip's war, and passed his life +in Woburn, and died there in 1696. John Richardson, son of Lieut. John +was a carpenter, and lived in Woburn. He died March 18, 1715.</p> + +<p>Timothy Richardson, son of John, was born in Woburn, 1687, was +badly wounded in Lovewell's Indian fight at Pigwacket. The colony +having offered one hundred pounds for Indian scalps, Captain Lovewell +went with forty-six men on a scalp hunt into Maine. Captain Lovewell +was the first one killed. The fight lasted ten hours, those who left the +fatal battle ground, were twenty in number, of whom eleven were badly +wounded, among whom was Timothy Richardson, who lived for ten +years afterwards, but in great suffering he died in Woburn in 1735.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ebenezer Richardson</span>, eldest son of Timothy, and Abigail Johnson, +was born in Woburn, March 31, 1718, and married Rebecca (Fowle) +Richardson, daughter of Captain John and Elizabeth (Prescott) Fowle, +of Woburn, and widow of Phineas Richardson. His father's farm was +bounded easterly by the Woburn and Stoneham line, it was here probably +that Ebenezer was born.<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a></p> + +<p>Ebenezer Richardson was an officer of the Customs in Boston. On +the 22 Feb., 1770, he was assailed by a mob who chased him to his home, +bricks and stones were thrown at the windows. Richardson, provoked, +fired at random into the mob, dangerously wounding one of them, Samuel +Gore, and mortally wounding another, Christopher Snider, a poor German +boy, who died the next morning.</p> + +<p>The excitement was intense, the funeral of the boy was attended by +the revolutionists, and the event taken advantage of to fire the passions +of the people. On the 20th of April, Richardson was tried for his life +and brought in guilty of murder. Chief Justice Hutchinson viewed the +guilt of Richardson, as everybody would now, a clear case of justifiable +homicide, and consequently refused to sign a warrant for his execution,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span> +and after lying in prison two years, was, on application to the King, +pardoned and set at liberty.<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> To reward Richardson for what he had +suffered, he was appointed in 1773 as an officer of the Customs of Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Historians have treated Richardson very unfairly, and caused his +memory to be execrated. He was a Custom House officer, and the duties +of his office caused him to seize smuggled goods, as any custom +house officer would at the present time, previous to that he belonged to +the secret service division for the detection of illicit traders, on this account +he has always been contemptuously called an "informer". He was +not any worse than hundreds of secret service agents employed at the +present time by the United States Government, to detect law-breakers. +They are of course detested by the criminal classes, and the mountaineer +moonshiners of Kentucky consider it no crime to kill them, when the opportunity +offers. After Richardson's release, he went to Philadelphia to +reside, so as to escape mob violence; the malignity of the revolutionists, +however, followed him, and a scurrilous effusion was published there entitled +"The Life and Humble Confession of Richardson the Informer."</p> + +<p>The broadside was embellished with a rude wood cut of Richardson +firing into the mob, and the killing of the boy Snider. The same +has been recently republished, and the author states "Whatever facts it +may contain, are doubtless expanded beyond the limits of the actual +truth."<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>COMMODORE JOSHUA LORING.<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a></h2> + + +<p>Thomas Loring came from Axminster in Devonshire, England, to +Dorchester with his wife, Jane, whose maiden name was Newton, in the +year 1634, they removed to Hingham, and finally settled and died at +Hull in 1661, leaving many descendants, who still reside in Hull, and +Hingham.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Commodore Joshua Loring</span> was descended from Thomas Loring. +He was born at Boston, Aug. 3, 1716. He was apprenticed to Mr. +Mears, a tanner of Roxbury. When he was of age he went to sea. +About 1740 he married Mary, daughter of Samuel Curtice, of Roxbury. +In 1744 he was master of a Brigantine Privateer of Boston, and while +cruising near Louisburg, was taken by two French Men of War.</p> + +<p>He purchased an estate in 1752, on Jamaica Plain, Roxbury, of +Joshua Cheever, on which he erected what has since been known as +the Greenough mansion. It is said to have been framed in England and +was one of the finest residences in Roxbury. It was situated opposite +the intersection of Center and South streets, opposite the soldiers' monument.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[424]</a></span>On December 19, 1757, He was commissioned captain in the British +Navy, was Commodore of the naval forces on Lakes Champlain and Ontario, +and participated in the capture of Quebec under Wolfe, and in the +conquest of Canada in the succeeding campaign of Amherst. He was +severely wounded in the leg while in command on Lake Ontario, and at +the close of the war he retired on half pay, at which time he settled +down at Jamaica Plain, Roxbury. He was one of the five Commissioners +of the revenue, and General Gage by writ of mandamus appointed +him a member of his Council, and he was sworn in Aug. 17, 1774. This +immediately subjected him to the strictest surveillance by the revolutionists, +and the greatest pressure was brought to bear upon him to +throw up the obnoxious office. A diarist, under date of Aug. 29, speaking +of a Roxbury town meeting recently held says, "Late in the evening +a member visited Commodore Loring, and in a friendly way advised him +to follow the example of his townman Isaac Winslow, (who had already +resigned). He desired time to consider it. They granted it, but +acquainted him if he did not comply he must expect to be waited on by +a large number, actuated by a different spirit. (Tarred and feathered +and rode on a rail). On the morning of the Lexington battle, after +passing most of the previous night in consultation with Deacon Joseph +Brewer, his neighbor and intimate friend, upon the step he was about +to take, he mounted his horse, left his home and everything belonging +to it, never to return again, and pistol in hand, rode at full speed to +Boston, stopping on the way only to answer an old friend, who asked +'Are you going, Commodore?' 'Yes,' he replied. 'I have always eaten +the king's bread, and always intend to.'" The sacrifice must have been +especially painful to him, for he was held in high esteem by his friends +and neighbors, but he could not spurn the hand that had fed him, and +rather than do a dishonorable act, he would sacrifice all he possessed, +even the land of his birth. At the evacuation he went to England. He +received a pension from the crown until his decease at Highgate, in October, +1781, at the age of sixty-five. Joshua Loring was proscribed, banished +and his large estate confiscated. His mansion house was in May, +1775, headquarters of General Nathaniel Greene, and afterwards for a +brief period, a hospital for American soldiers, many of whom were buried +on the adjacent grounds. Later Captain Isaac Sears bought the +property of the State, and lived there for several years.</p> + +<p>Mary, his widow, was through the influence of Lord North, pensioned +for life; she settled at Englesfield, Berkshire County, England, +where she died in 1789 at the age of eighty.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Joshua Loring, Jr.</span> was a twin brother of Benjamin Loring, sons +of Commodore Loring. He was born Nov., 1744. He was an Addresser +of Governor Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gen. Gage in 1775. One +of the last official acts of the latter in Boston was his proclamation of +June 7, 1775, appointing Mr. Loring "sole vendue-master and auctioneer." +He was High Sheriff and a member of the Ancient and Honorable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[425]</a></span> +Artillery Company in 1769. In 1776 he went to Halifax with the +Royal Army, and, early the next year, he was appointed Commissary of +Prisoners by Sir William Howe. He was severely criticized at the time +by the Revolutionists, for cruelties to his unfortunate countrymen who +were prisoners, but as Sabine truly says, "it is not easy to ascertain the +truth or to determine his personal responsibility in the treatment of prisoners."<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> +He was proscribed and banished, and died in England in 1789, +aged forty-five. His wife was a Miss Lloyd, to whom he was married +at the house of Colonel Hatch in Dorchester in 1769. His son,</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir John Wentworth Loring</span> was born in Roxbury, Oct., 1773; +was baptized in Trinity church by Rev. D. Walters, Nov. 29; was a midshipman +in the British navy, and from 1819 to 1837 was Lieut. Governor +of the Royal Naval College. In 1841 was advanced to the rank of Rear +Admiral of the Red and in 1847 was promoted Vice Admiral of the +White. His son, William, was Captain of the "Scout" in the Royal +Navy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Benjamin Loring</span>, twin brother of Joshua Loring, Jr., born in +1744, graduated at Harvard College in 1772. He was a Surgeon in a +Regiment in the King's service in South Carolina. At the peace, accompanied +by his family of five persons, and by one servant, he went +from New York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia. His losses in consequences +of his loyalty were estimated at $15,000. He was an absentee but not +proscribed. He returned to Boston and died there in 1798, aged sixty-five.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Commodore John Loring</span>, son of Commodore Joshua, was a midshipman +in the Royal Navy, at fourteen years of age. In 1776 he was +one of four prisoners taken in the schooner Valent, and sent into Boston, +as there was no place provided for prisoners he was sent to Concord +Jail by the Council, who ordered "that Edward Marsh, and John Loring +should not use pen or paper, nor any one allowed to speak to them, +but in the presence of the jailor". His uncle Obediah Curtis being a very +influential man, interceded for him so strenuously, he being but quite +a youth, that he was released and sent to the care of Col. Buckminster +of Framingham, his wife's father. His kind host was in danger of having +his home demolished for harboring a "young Tory", on account of +the young man calling his neighbors "rascally rebels." In 1776 he was +exchanged and returned to England. He was early a Post Captain. In +1793 he had command of the British Squadron in the Camatic. In 1803 +he had command of the Frigate Bellerophon (which in 1813 conveyed +Napoleon to St. Helena) and captured the French Frigate Duquesne, 74 +guns, and a national schooner. In the same year he was Commodore of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[426]</a></span> +the British Fleet off Cape Francoix, which blockaded and defeated the +French squadron, and the troops under Rochambeau, Nov. 30, 1803. +Commodore John Loring died at his seat in Farehan, Nov. 9, 1808, leaving +a widow and children. The Naval service lost in him "one of its +most brave, zealous and humane officers." He married Miss Macneal of +Campleton Argyleshire, a lady of great beauty. His son Hector, became +captain of the Howe, 120 guns, of the Royal Navy. He married +Miss Charlotte Jessy, daughter of James Jamison of the Royal Bengal +Medical Service. His eldest son John, a midshipman on board of the +Eurylas, in 1820, died of the yellow fever at Bermuda.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Royal Loring</span>, son of Commodore Joshua, probably never +married. He was captain of the Brigantine "William," owned by Richard +Clarke and Sons, of Boston, engaged in bringing tea from London +to Boston. It was the fourth and last vessel on the East India Company's +account to sail there. She was cast ashore at Provincetown on +Cape Cod. The tea was saved and conveyed to the Castle in Boston +Harbor. Very little is known afterwards of Captain Royal Loring.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO JOSHUA LORING IN SUFFOLK +COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To John Keyes, Aug. 31, 1779; Lib. 130, fol. 191; Land 19 A., mansion house and barn +in Roxbury, Joshua Loring N. and N.E.; Lemuel May E.; Ebenezer Weld S.; road +leading to Dedham W.; then running S.; E. and N. on land of John Keyes.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Isaac Sears, Oct. 28, 1779; Lib. 130, fol. 237; Farm, 54 A. 3 qr. 9 r., and mansion +house in Roxbury, road leading by Jamaica meeting-house to Boston W.; heirs of +Mr. Burroughs deceased N. and N.W.; lane N.E.; lane and Capt. May E.; land of +Joshua Loring, absentee, now of John Keyes S.——5 1-2 A. salt marsh, creek +W.; Mr. Bowdoin S.; heirs of Joseph Weld deceased E.; heirs of John Williams +deceased N.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To James Swan, Feb. 1, 1782; Lib. 134, fol. 6; Wood or pasture land, 8 A. 31 r., in +Brookline, road W.; Mr. Crafts N.W. and N.E.; Capt. Baker S.E.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Tufts, Apr. 28. 1783; Lib. 138, fol. 101; Land and dwelling-house in Boston, +common or training-field N.W.; West St. N E.; David Colson S.E.; heirs or assigns +of Dr. George Stewart S.W.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Ellis Gray, Nov 23, 1795; Lib. 181, fol. 275; Wood and pasture land, 24 1-2 A. 7 r., +in Roxbury, near Henry Williams; Caleb Williams and Mr. Morries S.E.; Ebenezer +Chanies S.W.; Mr. Bourn N.W. and N.E.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>ROBERT WINTHROP.</h2> + + +<p>The most prominent name in Massachusetts History is that of +Winthrop. Governor John Winthrop has been called the "Father of Boston." +From the date of the first settlement of Massachusetts to the present +time, the name of Winthrop has been prominent in each generation.</p> + +<p>The family of Winthrops of Groton Manor, Suffolk County, England, +took its name by tradition, from the village of Winthrope, near +Newark, in Nottinghamshire. The earliest ancestor of whom anything +is known with certainty is</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[427]</a></span>I. Adam Winthrop, known to have been living at Lavenham, in +Suffolk in 1498, who had, by his wife Jane Burton, a son—</p> + +<p>II. Adam Winthrop second of that name, born in Lavenham, Oct. +9, 1498, died in Groton, Nov. 9, 1562, who became a wealthy London +merchant, acquired the manor of Groton, near Lavenham, in 1544; was +inscribed Armiger by Edward VI. in 1548, and in 1551 was Master of the +influential Company of Clothworkers. He had thirteen children, several +of whom became distinguished. His third son was—</p> + +<p>III. Adam Winthrop, third of that name, who came into possession +of Groton Manor. He was born in London, Aug. 10th, 1548, died +at Groton March 28, 1623. He was a lawyer and county magistrate, and +married Alice, sister of Dr. John Still, Bishop of Bath and Wells. His +only son was—</p> + +<p>IV. John Winthrop, born Jan. 12, and died in Boston, March 26, +1649. He was a lawyer and magistrate, and became a great Puritan +leader, and led the greatest emigration that had ever gone forth from +England up to this time. In February, 1630, preparations began to be +made with vigor for the embarkation of a great colony, by the end of +the month a fleet of fourteen vessels was ready with men, women and +children, and all necessary men of handicrafts, and others of good condition, +wealth, and quality, to make a firm plantation. In this fleet were +congregated the forefathers of Massachusetts, with their wives and little +ones, about to quit forever their native country, kindred, friends, and acquaintances. +They were to leave the land of their fathers, perhaps forever, +to break assunder those chords of affection, which so powerfully +bind a good man to his native soil, and to dissolve those tender associations +which constitute the bliss of civil society, and to seek in an unknown +wilderness, a new home, which in time would become a great nation. On +the 8th of June, 1630, the fleet sighted land, Mt. Desert, and regaled +themselves with fish of their own catching. "So pleasant a scene here +they had, as did much refresh them, and there came a smell off the shore, +like the smell of a garden." On the 12th, they came to anchor in Salem +harbor, and by 14th of July, thirteen out of the fourteen ships had arrived +safely, the other vessel, the Mary & John, was the first to arrive, and +had landed their passengers at Dorchester. Governor Winthrop, after +his arrival at Salem, determined to remove to a point of land between two +rivers flowing into Boston Harbor, and named the town Charlestown, in +honor of Charles I. The next year the Governor caused the settlement +to remove across the Charles river to another point of land called by the +Indians "Shawmut," signifying the place of living waters, which caused +the removal there. The Governor settled alongside of the "Great +Spring" on the present site of the Old South church, next to Spring +Lane, which runs into Water street, hence the name. The place was +called Boston, named after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, from which +place some of the settlers came, and the County was named Suffolk.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[428]</a></span> +Thus Boston was settled by the English Puritans under the leadership +of Governor Winthrop.<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a></p> + +<p>Governor Winthrop had five daughters and two sons, the elder resided +chiefly in Connecticut and the younger in Massachusetts, generally +known as, VI, Wait Still Winthrop or Wait Winthrop, born in Boston, +Feb. 27, 1642, died Nov. 7, 1717. A soldier of the Indian wars, for more +than thirty years Major General commanding the Provincial Forces of +Mass., Judge of the Superior Court, Judge of Admiralty and some time +Chief Justice of Mass. He married Mary, daughter of Hon. William +Brown, of Salem, by whom he had one daughter, Ann, wife of Thomas +Lechmere, brother of Lord Lechmere, and an only son, VII, John Winthrop, +born in Boston, Aug. 26, 1681, died at Sydenham Aug. 1, 1742, +graduated at Harvard College in 1700. Failing to receive the political +preferment to which claim he conceived a sort of hereditary claim, he +went to England to reside in 1727. He became an active member of +Royal Society, of whose transactions one volume is dedicated to him, he +resided there until his death. He had five daughters and two sons, the +eldest, VIII, John Still Winthrop, born in Boston, Jan. 15, 1720, died +June 6, 1776. Graduated at Yale College in 1737. In early life he resided +with his father in England, and occasionally in Boston, but after +his marriage, chiefly in New London, Conn., where he built a large +house, still standing at the head of Winthrop's Cove, described in 1787 as +the best house in the Province. He had fourteen children, five daughters +and nine sons. Of his sons, two died in childhood. John and +William died unmarried. Francis Bayard Winthrop went to New York, +also Benjamin Winthrop. Joseph Winthrop went to Charleston, S. C.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Lindall Winthrop.</span> Born March 6, 1760, died in Boston, +Feb. 21, 1841. Graduated at Harvard College 1780, was Lieutenant +Governor of Massachusetts from 1826 to 1833. He married in 1786, +Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Temple, Bart., and granddaughter of +James Bowdoin of Boston, Governor of Massachusetts. Their son, the +Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, was the most conspicuous member of the +family in America for a long period. In his memoir of the Winthrop +family he says "From the above five brothers descend the numerous +branches of the Winthrop family, now widely scattered in different parts +of the United States and Europe."<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> It does not appear that either of +them joined the revolutionists or took any part in the war, except the +youngest son, who was a staunch loyalist, and was of great service to his +country.</p> + +<p>The youngest son of John Still Winthrop, was, IX, Robert Winthrop, +the subject of this sketch, born in New London, Dec. 7, 1764, died at +Dover, England, May 10, 1832. During the Revolution he was appointed +a Midshipman in the Royal Navy. In 1790 he was a Lieutenant; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[429]</a></span> +six years later a Post Captain. He attained the rank of Rear Admiral +in 1809, and of Vice Admiral in 1830. He served on board of the flagship +of Sir George B. Rodney in the memorable victory over the French +April 12, 1782. The French Admiral, Count de Grasse, fresh from his +victory at Yorktown, had refitted at Martinique's dock yards, and with +the assistance of the Spaniards, who had fitted out a fleet at Havana, intended +to capture Jamaica, and drive the English out of the West Indies. +All the Lesser Antilles were his own, except St. Lucia. There +alone the English flag still flew as Rodney lay in the harbor of Castries, +and saw the French fleet becalmed under the high lands of Dominica. +All day long the cannon roared, and one by one the French ships struck +their flags or fought on till they sank. Rodney's flagship came alongside +of the Ville de Paris, the pride of France and the largest ship in the +world, on which De Grasse commanded in person. He fought after all +hope had gone, with her masts shattered, her decks littered with mangled +limbs and bodies. He gave up his sword to Rodney. The French fleet +was destroyed, fourteen thousand were killed, besides the prisoners. On +that memorable day the British Empire was saved and Yorktown was +avenged. He was at the conquest of Martinique and St. Lucia in 1794, +also captured a French corvette. He was wrecked in the frigate Undaunted. +He was on duty in the North Sea. He superintended the +landing of troops in the expedition against Ostend. Entrusted with a +small squadron to cruise off Holland, his boats burned a store-ship, made +prize of fifteen merchant vessels, a sloop-of-war, and an armed schooner. +He assisted in the capture of the Helder. Stranded in the frigate Stag, +he was compelled, after saving her stores, to burn her. Stationed on the +coast of Spain, in the Ardent of sixty-four guns, he drove on shore a +French frigate, which was set on fire and burned by her own crew. Such +is the bare outline of the great services he rendered on the ocean.</p> + +<p>In 1807 the Sea Fencibles of the Dover district was placed under +his orders. He married Miss Farbrace. He died at Dover in 1832. +Two sons and four daughters survived him.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>NATHANIEL HATCH.</h2> + + +<p>Colonel Estes Hatch was one of the most prominent and wealthy +men of Dorchester. He owned many negro slaves who worked on his +extensive estate, comprising sixty acres of land on the southerly side of +Dudley street, lying part in Roxbury and a part in Dorchester. It included +Little Woods, afterward known as Swan's woods.</p> + +<p>Col. Hatch commanded the Troop of Horse, in Boston, led a company +at the capture of Louisberg and died in 1759. He was prominent +in town affairs, and held the principal military offices, and at the time +of his death was Brigadier General of Horse. His wife was Mary, daughter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[430]</a></span> +of Rev. Benjamin Rolfe, her father and mother and their youngest +child were killed by the Indians in their home at Haverhill in 1708. Col. +Hatch and Mary Rolfe were married Nov. 9th, 1716.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Hatch</span>, son of Col. Hatch, graduated at Harvard College +in 1742, and subsequently held the office of Clerk of the Courts. He +was a firm loyalist, and at the evacuation of Boston in 1776, he went to +Halifax with the British troops. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished, +and in 1779 was included in the Conspiracy Act, by which his +large and valuable estate was confiscated, it was bought afterwards by +Captain James Swan, who paid £18,000 for it, and who soon afterwards +offered it to Gov. Hancock for £45,000. Writing to Hancock, Swan +say: "The mansion house can be refitted in as elegant a manner as it +once was for about £4,000." During Swan's residence here he made the +house a seat of hospitality, entertaining among others persons of distinction. +The Marquis de Viomel, second in command of Rochambeau's +army, Admiral d'Estaing, the Marquis de Lafayette and General Knox.<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a></p> + +<p>Nathaniel Hatch married July 7, 1755, Elizabeth Lloyd. They had +several children. Paxton, born Oct. 9, 1758; Mary, born Jan. 14, 1760; +Addington, born Sept. 22, 1761; Jane, born March 10, 1767; Susannah +Paxton, born March 13, 1770. Nathaniel Hatch died in 1780.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO NATHANIEL HATCH IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Samuel Dunn, Jr., July 11, 1781; Lib. 132, fol. 263; Land, 60 A.; and mansion +house in Dorchester, road to Dorchester meeting house N.; Jonas Humphrey, +Thomas Wiswall and James Bird E. and S.; John Holbrook S.; John Williams, +Samuel Humphrey and brook between Dorchester and Roxbury W. and N.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHRISTOPHER HATCH.</h2> + + +<p>Of Boston. When the Royal Army evacuated that town, March 17, +1776, cannon, shot, and shells were left on his wharf, and in the dock. +In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He accepted a commission under +the crown, and was a Captain in the Loyal American regiment. He +was wounded and commended for his gallantry. At the peace he retired +on half pay, about £80 per annum. He was a grantee of the city of St. +John, N. B., soon after going there established himself as a merchant +near the frontier, and finally at St. Andrews. He was a magistrate, and +colonel, in the militia. He died at St. Andrews, 1819, aged seventy. +Elizabeth, his widow, died at the same place, 1830, at the age of seventy-five.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Harris Hatch</span>, son of Christopher, was a gentleman of consideration +in New Brunswick, where he held the office of Member of her Majesty's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[431]</a></span> +Council Commission of Bankruptcies, Surrogate, Registrar of +Deeds, member of the Board of Education, Lieut. Colonel in the Militia, +and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hawes Hatch</span>, of Boston, brother of Christopher Hatch. He went +to Halifax with the Royal Army in 1776. In 1778 he was proscribed +and banished. He entered the service, and in 1782 was a captain in De +Lancey's Second Battalion. He retired on half pay at the close of the +war, and was a grantee of the city of St. John. For some years after +the Revolution, he lived at and near Eastport, Maine, on the frontier. He +died at Lebanon, N. H., in 1807.<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>WARD CHIPMAN.</h2> + + +<p>John Chipman was born in Whitechurch, near Dorchester, England, +about 1614, and died April 7, 1708. He sailed from Barnstable, Devon +County in May, 1631, in the ship Friendship, arriving in Boston July +14th, 1631. John Chipman was the first and only one of the name to +seek a home in America, and up to 1850 there was no Chipman in this +country who was not descended from him. He was for many years a +selectman, then in Plymouth County invested with the authority of a +magistrate, and was often a "Deputy to Court" and he, with three assistants, +was designated to frequent the early Quaker meetings and "endeavor +to reduce them from the errors of their wayes". In 1646 he married +Hope, second daughter of John and Elizabeth Howland, born in +Plymouth, Mass., 1629, died 1683.</p> + +<p>John Chipman had eleven children, and except a son and daughter +who died in infancy, all survived him. His eldest son Samuel Chipman, +was born in Barnstable, Mass., 1661, and died in 1723. He built on the +paternal homestead near the Custom House the "Chipman Tavern," +which continued in the line of his posterity until 1830. He was by record +a yeoman, and an inn-holder. He too had eleven children.</p> + +<p>Rev. John Chipman, of the third generation, was the third son of +Samuel aforesaid, was born in Barnstable 1691, died March 23, 1775. +He graduated from Harvard College in 1711, and was ordained 1715 as +pastor of the first church in the precinct of Salem and Beverly, now +North Beverly. He married, first, Rebecca Hale, and, second, Hannah, +daughter of Joseph Warren, of Roxbury. He had fifteen children, all +by the first marriage.</p> + +<p>John Chipman of the fourth generation, eldest son of Rev. John +Chipman, was born in Beverly 1722, died 1768. Graduated from Harvard +College in 1738, admitted to the practice of law, which at the time +of his death embraced only twenty-five barristers in Massachusetts, which +also included then the district of Maine. He had abilities of a rare order,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[432]</a></span> +his services were appreciated and sought in distant localities. While arguing +a case before the Superior Court at Falmouth (Portland), Maine, +he was suddenly seized with apoplexy, from which he died. He had +twelve children.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ward Chipman</span>, the subject of this biography, was of the fifth generation, +and the fourth son of the aforesaid John Chipman. He was +born in Marblehead, Mass., July 30, 1754, and died at Fredericton, N. B., +Feb. 9, 1824. He graduated from Harvard College in 1770. His graduation +oration being the first delivered there in the vernacular language. +He studied law in Boston under the direction of Hon. Daniel Leonard, +and Hon. Jonathan Sewell, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. +Ward Chipman and Daniel Leonard, with fifteen other names, appear +upon "The Loyal Address" to Gov. Gage on his departure from Boston +in 1775 as "of those gentlemen who were driven from their Habitations +in the country to Boston."<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> He left Boston at the evacuation and went +with the army to Halifax, "being obliged to abandon his native land." He +then went to England, where he was allowed a pension in common with +a long list of his suffering fellow-countrymen, but a state of inaction being +ill-suited to his ardent mind, in less than a year he relinquished his +pension and rejoined the King's troops at New York, where he was employed +in the Military Department and in the practice of the Court of Admiralty. +In 1782 he held the office of Deputy Mustermaster-General, of +the Loyalist forces.</p> + +<p>In 1783 he was one of the fifty-five who petitioned for extensive +grants of lands in Nova Scotia, out of which was erected the province of +New Brunswick, of which province he was appointed Solicitor-General +and continually afterwards bore a conspicuous part, and attained the +highest honors. He was a member of the House of Assembly and Advocate +at the Bar, a Member of his Majesty's Council, a Judge of the Supreme +Court, Agent for the settling of disputed points of boundary with +the United States until he closed his mortal career while administering +the Government of the Colony as President, and Commander in Chief, +during a vacancy in the office of Lieut. Governor. His remains were +conveyed from Fredericton to St. John where a tablet, adds to above +quoted statement, the following: "Distinguished during the whole of +his varied and active life, for his superior abilities and unweariable zeal, +for genuine integrity and singular humanity and benevolence, his loss +was universally deplored; and this frail tribute from his nearest connection +affords but a feeble expression of the affectionate respect with which +they cherished the memory of his virtues."</p> + +<p>Hon. Ward Chipman married Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. William +Hazen of Haverhill, Mass., and his wife, the only daughter of Dr. Joseph +LeBaron of Plymouth, Mass. She died at St. John in 1852 in her eighty-sixth +year. The wife of Hon. William Gray of Boston was his sister. +Ward, his only child, was born July 21, 1787, graduated at Harvard College<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[433]</a></span> +in 1805, where so many of his ancestors had before him. He held +many places of honor and trust; was finally chief justice of New Brunswick, +and died at St. John in 1851 in his sixty-fifth year. While the +Prince of Wales, now King Edward VII., was in that city in August, +1860, he occupied the Chipman mansion.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>GOVERNOR EDWARD WINSLOW.</h2> + + +<p>Edward Winslow was born at Droitwich, Worcestershire, England, +19 October, 1595. He appears to have been a well educated and +accomplished man. In the course of his travels on the continent of Europe +he went to Leyden and there became acquainted with Mr. John +Robinson, and the church under his pastoral charge, which he joined in +1617. He married the 16th of May, 1618, and settled in that city till the +church removed to America in 1620. In his "Brief Narration" he says: +And when the ship was ready to carry us away the bretheren that stayed +feasted us that were to go at our pastor's home. After tears and singing +of psalms they accompanied us to Delph's Haven, where we were to +embark, and there feasted us again. But we, going aboard ship lying at +the quay ready to sail, the wind fair, we gave them a volley of small +shot and three pieces of ordnance, and so lifting up our hands to each +other and our hearts to the Lord we departed, etc.</p> + +<p>Winslow's name is third on the list of those who subscribed to the +Covenant, or compact, before the disembarkation at Cape Cod. He was +one of the first who came on shore to seek out the most eligible place for +founding a settlement in this wild and unknown land. He was a gentleman +of the best family of any of the Pilgrims, his father, Edward Winslow, +Esq., being a person of importance in Droitwich. In all the initiatory +labor for establishing this little colony, the nucleus of a great nation, +he was ever active and influential in promoting the welfare of the +Pilgrims, who on account of the respectability of his family, and the excellent +qualities of his mind and heart appear to have regarded him with +more than ordinary respect and confidence, which was never misplaced.</p> + +<p>At the annual election in 1624 Mr. Winslow was elected Assistant +and in 1644 Governor of Plymouth Colony.</p> + +<p>In 1655 Oliver Cromwell appointed three commissioners, of which +number Winslow was the chief, to go with an expedition against the +Spaniards in the West Indies under Admiral Penn and General Venables. +The three commissioners to direct their operations. After an +unsuccessful attack on St. Domingo, the fleet sailed for Jamaica, which +surrendered without any resistance. But Mr. Winslow, who partook of +the chagrin of defeat, did not live to enjoy the pleasure of victory. In +the passage between Hispaniola and Jamaica the heat of the climate +threw him into a fever, which put an end to his life on May 8, 1655,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[434]</a></span> +in the sixty-first year of his age. His body was committed to the deep, +with the honors of war, forty-two guns being fired by the fleet on that +occasion.</p> + +<p>After Bradford, Plymouth Colony owed to no man so much as to +Edward Winslow. Always intelligent, generous, confident, and indefatigable, +he was undoubtingly trusted for any service at home or abroad +which the infant settlement required.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Josiah Winslow</span>, the only surviving son of Governor Edward +Winslow, was born at Plymouth in 1629 and died on the family estate, +Careswell, Marshfield, Dec. 18, 1680, in the 52nd year of his age. He +was buried at the expense of the colony "in testimony of the colony's endeared +love and affection for him." He married Penelope, daughter of +Herbert Pelham, Esq., who came to Boston in 1645.</p> + +<p>He stood upon the uppermost heights of society, he reached every +elevation that could be obtained, and there was nothing left for ambition +to covet, because all had been gained. He was the first native-born general +and the first native-born governor. The governor acquired the highest +military rank and had engaged in active and successful warfare with +the highest command in New England. He presided over the legislative, +executive and judicial departments of the government. In addition +to his military and civil distinction he acquired that of being the most +delightful companion in the colony. He lived on his ample paternal domain +and his hospitality was magnificent and the attractions of the festive +board at Careswell were heightened by the charm of his beautiful +wife. He was elected governor in 1673, which office he held until his +death. He was succeeded by his only surviving son.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Isaac Winslow</span>, born in 1670 and died Dec. 6, 1738. This eminently +distinguished man sustained the chief places of power and honor +in the colony, and was a worthy successor to his father in being its chief +military commander, a member of the Council for more than 20 years +and for some time its president, and for several years Chief Justice of +the Court of Common Pleas, and Judge of Probate; the last office he +held at his death. His eldest son, Josiah, graduated at Harvard College +in 1721, was killed in battle with the French and Indians at Georges +Island, May 1st, 1724. His second son, great grandson of the first governor +of Plymouth, was the celebrated</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Winslow</span>, born in Marshfield, May 27, 1702, and died in +Hingham, 1774, in his 73rd year. No native of New England, probably, +except Sir William Pepperell, was more distinguished as a military +leader. In 1740-1 he was a captain in the unfortunate expedition to +Cartagena under the command of Admiral Vernon, and subsequently +endured much hard service in the several enterprises against Crown +Point and Nova Scotia. He will be remembered in our annals principally +in removing the Arcadians from Nova Scotia. The forces employed by +the Colony at this period was composed almost entirely of Massachusetts +troops, specially enlisted for the service to act as a distinct body. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[435]</a></span> +formed into a regiment of two battalions, of which Governor Shirley was +the Colonel, and of which Winslow, then a half-pay Captain in the British +army and a Major-General in the Militia, was Lieutenant-Colonel. +As Shirley could not leave his government to take command in person, +Monckton, a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army, was appointed to conduct +the first battalion and Winslow the second. The plan for abducting the +Arcadians was kept a profound secret, both by those who formed it and +by those who were sent to execute, the home government knew nothing +about it and it appears to have been done solely by the Colonial government; +Colonel Winslow was but the instrument and acted under the Governor's +written and positive instructions.</p> + +<p>In 1756 Major-General Winslow took the field with eight thousand +men raised in New England and New York to repel the French invasion +and marched against Montcalm, who to save Crown Point and Ticonderoga +made a movement from Oswego by the St. Lawrence River. As +soon as the French General returned to Canada, Winslow and his army +returned to Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>In 1762 he was appointed with William Brattle and James Otis to +act as Commissioner "to repair to the river St. Croix, determine where +the easterly line of Maine is to begin and extend the said line as far as +should be thought necessary." In compliment to General Winslow, "the +fourth of a family more eminent for their talents, learning and honors +than any other in New England," one of the towns on the Kennebec +River in 1771 was called by his name. Of this town he was one of the +original grantees. He died at Hingham in 1774, aged seventy-one, leaving +two sons and a widow, who embarked with the Royal Army from +Boston in 1776. She was in England in 1783, and enjoyed a pension +from the government.</p> + +<p>Pelham Winslow, eldest son of General John, was born June 8th, +1737, graduated at Harvard College in 1753, and entered the office of +James Otis to fit himself for the bar, was a staunch loyalist. In 1774 he +abandoned his home to escape mob violence and took refuge in Boston. +At the evacuation in 1776 he accompanied the Royal Army to Halifax, +and thence went to New York, where he entered the military service of +the Crown, and was Major. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. +He died at Brooklyn, New York, in 1783, leaving a wife and an infant +daughter.</p> + +<p>Dr. Isaac Winslow, second son of General John, born April 7, 1739, +graduated at Harvard College in 1762, died in 1819. He commenced the +practice of physic, and though of the same principles as other members +of his family, remained upon his estate during the war, and his life, +thereby saving it from confiscation, for although he was a strong loyalist +his medical services were of such great value to the revolutionists that +they did not drive him forth and deprive him of his property. Sabine +says: I find it said, and the authority good, that in 1778 he treated about +three hundred patients inoculated with smallpox, and such was his remarkable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[436]</a></span> +success not one of them died. His son John, an eminent +lawyer, deceased at Natchez in 1820. His widow, Frances, died at Hingham +in 1846, aged eighty-four. The family tomb of the Winslows is at +Marshfield, on the Careswell estate, of which Governor Winslow was the +first owner. It was afterwards purchased by Daniel Webster, on which +he resided until his death.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Edward Winslow</span>, only brother of General John, born June 7, +1714, died at Halifax in 1784, aged seventy-two years. He graduated +at Harvard College in 1765, resided at Plymouth, was Clerk of the Courts, +Register of Probate, Collector of the Port. He was obliged to seek shelter +in Boston from mob violence, at the evacuation in 1776 went with the +Army to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he died. The ceremonies at his +funeral were of a style to confer the highest honors to himself, and +his illustrious family. His estates in Massachusetts were confiscated, +but every branch of his family was amply provided for by the generosity +of the British Government.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Edward Winslow, Jr.</span>, only son of the aforesaid Edward. He was +born in 1745, died at Fredericton, N. B., 1815, aged seventy years, graduated +at Harvard College in 1765. In 1774, the Plymouth County Convention +"Resolved, That Edward Winslow, Jr., one of the two clerks of +the Court of General Sessions of the Peace and Court of Common Pleas +for this County, has, by refusing this body a copy of an Address made +at the last term in this County, to Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., betrayed +the trust reposed in him, by refusing his attendance when requested, treated +the body of this county with insult and contempt, and by that means +rendered himself unworthy to serve the county in said office."</p> + +<p>In 1775 he joined the Royal Army at Boston, and entering the service +became a Colonel. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. In +1782 he was Muster-Master-General of the Loyalist forces employed under +the Crown. After the war he settled in New Brunswick, and was +a member of the first Council formed in that Colony, Surrogate-General, +Judge of the Supreme Court, and finally Administrator of the Government. +The Royal Arms which for many years were displayed in the +Council Chamber in the Old State House in Boston, still exist, and are +carefully preserved in Trinity church, St. John, N. B. The story of their +exit from Boston, and by what means they came to find a permanent +home at St. John, were not known till recently, when documents were +found, which leave no question or room for doubt.</p> + +<p>In the winter of 1785 Edward Winslow was at Halifax and Ward +Chipman, a fellow refugee from Boston, had taken up his residence at +St. John. In a letter of Mr. Winslow to Mr. Chipman on the 16th January, +1785, he says, "Give my old Custom House seal to Mr. Leonard, +and tell him I'll forward <i>the famous carv'd Coat of Arms</i> by the first conveyance +from Halifax." A subsequent letter to Mr. Chipman, refers +more fully to the subject which is in part as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p class="signature"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[437]</a></span> +Halifax, 25 March, 1785.</p> + +<p>My Dear Fellow: +</p> + +<p>By the schooner Halifax I send a small assortment of stationery as +per invoice.... In the box with your stationery is a venerable Coat +of Arms, which I authorize you to present to the Council Chamber, or +any other respectable public Room, which you shall think best entitled +to it. They (Lyon & Unicorn) were constant members of the Council +at Boston (by mandamus) ran away when the others did—have suffered—are +of course Refugees and have a claim for residence at New Brunswick.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +Cordially yours<br /> +ED. WINSLOW.<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a></p> +<p> +Ward Chipman, Esq. +</p></blockquote> + +<p>Judge Winslow was one of the founders of the Old Colony Club, at +Plymouth, and was one of its most active members. He delivered the +first anniversary address of that association on the 22 of December or +Forefathers' Day, in 1770.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Isaac Winslow</span> was a Boston merchant, son of Col. Edward Winslow, +born May 2, 1709. He was the third in descent from John Winslow +who came from Droitwich to Boston in 1655, and died in 1674. He was +a brother of Governor Edward of the Plymouth Colony. He was a +gentleman highly esteemed for his benevolence and other virtues. He +graduated at Harvard College in 1727, then entered the counting room +of James Bowdoin, and subsequently with his brother Joshua carried on an +extensive and profitable business in Boston. They also became considerable +ship owners, and had one ship constantly in the London trade. +Joshua was one of the consignees of the tea destroyed by the mob. Isaac +retired from business in 1753, and became a resident of Roxbury. He +was the last occupant of the Dudley mansion, which was razed to the +ground a few days after the battle of Bunker Hill, to make way for +the works erected here by the Americans. The Universalist church was +built upon its site. In making the necessary excavation for the church, +the wine cellar of the mansion was unearthed and strange to say, as it +may seem, the liquors were, after a lapse of forty-five years, found intact.<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a></p> + +<p>In June 1760 he received the thanks of the town for a gift of land +near Meeting House Hill. His first wife, Lucy, daughter of Gen. Samuel +Waldo, died in Roxbury in 1763, at the age of forty-three.</p> + +<p>In 1774 he was an Addresser of Gov. Hutchinson, and 1775 of Gen. +Gage. He was appointed Mandamus Councillor, and was qualified. +This was an offence that could not be forgiven by the disunionists.</p> + +<p>Though a loyalist, his moderation and his character made him less +obnoxious to the revolutionists than his neighbors, Auchmuty, Hallowell, +and Loring. His virtues, however, could not save him from the fury of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[438]</a></span> +the mob. Immediately after the Lexington affair, he took refuge in +Boston.</p> + +<p>In 1776, with his family of ten persons, he accompanied the Royal +Army to Halifax, and in 1778 was proscribed and banished, and his estates +confiscated. In his religious belief he was a Sandemanian. Jemima, +his widow, died at London in 1790.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Edward Winslow</span> was an Episcopal minister of Braintree, +now Quincy, Mass. He was born in Boston in 1722. Graduated at +Harvard College in 1741. His father Joshua was a brother of the aforesaid +Isaac Winslow, and son of Colonel Edward Winslow.</p> + +<p>The North Precinct of Braintree, now Quincy, had the reputation +of being a "nest of Tories," owing to the presence of the Church of +England people, connected with Christ Church. The mother English +society was most liberal in dealing with its offshoot and until the Revolution, +it annually sent over sixty pounds sterling for the support of the +minister. In all, it is said to have spent over thirteen thousand dollars +in building up this church. Naturally the society was inclined to a +friendly feeling toward the hand which fed it. To it the Apthorpe's, the +Vassall's, the Borland's, the Cleverly's and the Millers, indeed all the +gentry of the neighborhood with the exception of the Quincy's, belonged, +the Adam's not being in this class at that time. It was here the same +as elsewhere throughout the colonies, the ministers of the Established +Church of England stood condemned in the eyes of revolutionists, +neither seclusion, insignificance nor high character was able to save +the clergy from the fury of the mobs.</p> + +<p>In June, 1777, a town meeting was called for the purpose of agreeing +upon a list of those persons who were "esteemed inimical" to the +popular cause. This was in the nature of a formal indictment of the +whole society, for among the names of those recorded as "inimical" were +its rector, its wardens, and all its leading members.</p> + +<p>The Rev. Edward Winslow, the rector of Christ Church, found his +situation uncomfortable in the extreme, nor was it any longer safe for +him to read the prayer for the King. Yet he seems to have struggled +on vainly hoping for better days, until his salary was stopped, and many +of his people had moved away. Then in 1777, taking very properly the +ground that his ordination oath compelled him to conform literally to the +Prayer Book he "with sad and silent musings" resigned his charge. Going +to New York, which was then in British occupation, Mr. Winslow +died there in 1780 before the close of the war. He lies buried under +the altar of St. George's Church in that city. Jane Isabella, his widow, +died at Fayetteville, North Carolina, in 1793, aged sixty-six.</p> + +<p>Joseph Winslow of Boston was a merchant, he was born in 1724, +and died in 1777, was the son of Kenelm, the great grandson of Kenelm +of Droitwich, the brother of Governor Winslow, who died at Salem in +1672.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illo_439.jpg" width="450" height="615" alt="SIR ROGER HALE SHEAFFE, BARONET" title="SIR ROGER HALE SHEAFFE, BARONET" /> +<span class="caption">SIR ROGER HALE SHEAFFE, BARONET.<br /> + +Born in Boston in 1763. Though reluctant to serve against his countrymen, yet at +Queenstown's Heights he drove the American army over the heights into the +Niagra river, for which he received the title of Baronet. Died at Edinburgh +in 1851.</span> +</div> + +<p>He was possibly the Joseph Winslow who took part at the Siege of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[439]</a></span> +Louisberg, and was amongst the number to volunteer under the command +of Bacon to attack the island Battery, and was the Joseph Winslow +referred to by the Committee of Newport, R. I., of which Jonathan Otis +was chairman, who wrote to the Committee of Easthampton, New York, +in June, 1775, that he was "an inveterate enemy of our country" and +that "it was generally thought he had gone to a hospital to take the +small pox for the purpose of spreading the disease in the Whig Camp at +Cambridge." Sabine says the truth of this averment may be doubted.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO ISAAC WINSLOW IN SUFFOLK +COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Ebenezer Crosbey, June 15, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 20; Assignment of mortgage Joseph +Crosby to Isaac Winslow, dated Aug. 5, 1768.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>SIR ROGER HALE SHEAFFE, BARONET.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">William S. Sheaffe</span>, of Charlestown, was born in 1649, and married +in 1672 Ruth Woods. He was a mariner, and they had three sons +and three daughters. His son William, born 1683, married Mary Longfellow, +a widow, in 1704. He died in 1718, and his widow in 1720. They +had five sons and two daughters. His eldest son William Sheaffe, Jr., +was born 13 Jan., 1705. He graduated at Harvard College in 1723, and +married Susanna Child, Oct. 1st, 1752.<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Sheaffe</span> was Deputy Collector of Customs of Boston. He +frequently acted as Collector in the absence of Sir Henry Frankland, who +held that office in 1759, and when the Baronet was removed for inattention +to his duties, he was appointed to fill the vacant place, and issued +the celebrated "Writs of Assistance," giving the Revenue officers the right +to search for smuggled goods. Roger Hale succeeded as Collector in +1672, when Sheaffe was again Deputy. He continued in that office +under Joseph Harrison, who was the last Royal Collector of the port. +Mr. Sheaffe died in 1771, leaving a large family in poverty. There is +ample evidence that Mrs. Sheaffe was an intelligent, excellent woman, +and bore many trials with pious resignation, and that the Sheaffe's were +a loving and happy family. Mrs. Sheaffe died in 1811.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Susanna</span>, Mr. Sheaffe's eldest daughter, who died in 1834, married +Captain Ponsonby Molesworth, a nephew of Lord Ponsonby. The family +account is that on the day of the landing of the British troops in Boston, +a regiment halted in Queen (Court) street, opposite Mr. Sheaffe's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[440]</a></span> +house, that, Susanna attracted by the music, accompanied by her younger +sisters, went upon the balcony, that Captain Molesworth saw her, was +struck with her great beauty, gazed upon her intently, and at last, said +to a brother officer, who like himself was leaning against a fence, "That +girl seals my fate." An introduction, and a visit followed, and the maiden's +heart rapidly won, but then came sorrow, for Susanna was barely +fifteen, and parental consent to her marriage was refused. Her governess, +to whom she entrusted her grief, espoused her cause, and favored +immediate union, and the result accordingly was, the flight of the three +to Rhode Island, where the loving pair were married. Molesworth sold +his commission in 1776, and in December of that year was in England +with his wife. Their married life proved uncommonly happy; and they +lived to see their children's children.</p> + +<p>Another daughter, Helen, of remarkable beauty, married a revolutionist, +James Lovell, who became Naval Officer of Boston. Their grandson, +Mansfield Lovell, was a General in the Confederate service, and was +in command at New Orleans, when it was captured by the Union forces. +The General was true to the disunion instincts of his grandfather.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir Roger Hale Sheaffe, Baronet</span>, the subject of this sketch, was +son of William Sheaffe. Born in Boston in 1763. His mother, after the +death of his father, removed to a wooden house which was standing till +recently on the corner of Essex and Columbia (formerly Auchmuty +street) which was owned by her father. Lord Percy, afterward, Duke of +Northumberland hired quarters there, soon became attached to Roger, +and assumed the care of him. It would seem that the original intention +of his Lordship was to provide for the boy in the Navy, for Mrs. Sheaffe +wrote, in December 1776, she was told "Earl Percy had taken my son +Roger from the Admiral's ship, given him a commission in the Army +(which I must not say that I am sorry for), and sent him to England +to an academy for education under his patronage." In 1778 Roger was +dangerously ill, and on becoming convalescent, passed two months in +Devonshire, with his sister, Mrs. Molesworth. In a letter dated at the +Academy, Little Chelsea, early in 1779, he said, Lord Percy is as good +as ever. He has given me a commission in his own regiment, the Fifth, +now in the West Indies. I shall not join it for a year.</p> + +<p>My love to my dear sister and brother. Remember me kindly to all +my friends in Boston. You may be sure that I shall follow your advice +strictly, that I may be all that you wish, shall be the endeavor of your +most dutiful and affectionate son.</p> + +<p>In 1786 Captain Molesworth said in a letter to his mother-in-law, +Mrs. Sheaffe, The Duke of Northumberland has lodged money to buy +Roger a Company, which, when he is in possession of, he will have it in +his power more fully to manifest his affection for so good a mother. +Roger's sister, Mrs. Molesworth, at the same period wrote her mother, +"He is as good a young man as ever lived. Lord Percy continues his +kindness to him. He improves very much, and is a great favorite with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[441]</a></span> +all his masters." Again, "Roger behaves remarkably well, is much +liked in the Regiment; he is tall, well made, and reckoned handsome, +very lively, yet prudent and steady in matters of consequence. He wishes, +as much as we do, to go to Boston."</p> + +<p>In 1791 Lieutenant Sheaffe was at Detroit, which post was still held +by England, on account of the non-fulfillment of some of the terms of +the treaty of peace. In 1794, before the surrender of the "Western +Posts" as they were called, Lieutenant Sheaffe delivered a letter to Capt. +Williamson, which was unequivocally of a military and hostile nature.</p> + +<p>"I am commanded to declare that during the inexecution of the +treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States, and until +the existing differences respecting it, shall be mutually and finally adjusted, +the taking possession of any part of the Indian territory, either for +purposes of war or sovereignty, is held to be a direct violation of his +Britannic Majesty's rights, as they unquestionably existed before the +treaty, and has an immediate tendency to interrupt, and in its progress +destroy, that good understanding which has hitherto subsisted between +his Britannic Majesty and the United States of America. I, therefore require +you to desist from any such aggression. R. H. Sheaffe, Lieut. 5th +Reg't. and Qr. M'r. Gen. Dept. of his Britannic Majesty's service."</p> + +<p>In 1801 he was in service in the attack on Copenhagen under Lord +Nelson; and though poor, just one-half of his prize money was sent to +his mother in Boston.</p> + +<p>At the battle of Queenstown Heights, he was a Colonel in General +Brocks army; that gallant officer was slain at 7 o'clock in the morning. +At noon, Colonel Sheaffe moved up from Niagara, took command of the +forces and drove the Americans over the rocky heights into the river. +For this victory he was made a Major General, and created a Baronet. +At this period General Scott (who was the conqueror of Mexico, and +Commander in Chief of the United States forces at the outbreak of the +Civil War,) was a Colonel, and was taken prisoner by General Sheaffe, +who related to him some of the circumstances of his military career, in +substance, that in 1775, he was living in Boston with his widowed mother +with whom Earl Percy had his quarters, that his Lordship was very +fond of him, and took him away with him in view of providing for him, +which he did, by giving him a military education, and by purchasing a +commission and promotion to as high rank as is allowed by the rules of +the service, and that the war then existing found him stationed in Canada. +He stated moreover, that, reluctant to serve gainst his own countrymen, +he solicited to be employed elsewhere, but at that time his request +had not been granted.</p> + +<p>Major General Sheaffe, commanded the British Army in person, +and after the battle of Queenstown Heights, he moved upon Little York, +now Toronto, and captured it. During these operations he lost his baggage +and papers, which General Dearborn informed the Secretary of +War "were a valuable acquisition."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[442]</a></span>In April, 1813, within a week of the fall of Little York, in a letter +from his wife's mother to her niece, Miss Child, dated at Quebec, she +says, "It is possible that you may not have heard that your cousin, Sir +Roger Sheaffe has had the title of Baronet of Great Britain conferred on +him, by our Prince Regent, a handsome compliment, which I trust will +be followed by something substantial to support it. Sir Roger is so +pressed with public business as to allow him scarcely time to attend to +his private concerns. My dear Margaret is still in Quebec, with her +lovely little Julia, as Upper Canada is still the seat of war. Her elevation +to rank, has not in the least deprived her of her native humility and +meekness. The manner it was announced to her was rather singular. +She was met by a gentleman in the street, as she was going to church, +who accosted her by the title of 'Lady Sheaffe', and put a letter in her +hand from the Duke of Northumberland, addressed to 'Lady Sheaffe' +which she received with her usual equanimity."</p> + +<p>In 1841 he writes to his cousin, Miss Susan Child of Boston, "The +year 1834 was indeed a sad one, in it we lost the last of our children, and +in the same year died my sister Molesworth, a brother of Lady Sheaffe, +my late brother William's eldest son, named after me, a Captain in the +Army, and also Lord Cragie, the brother of your cousin, Mrs. Cragie's +husband. I retain a good share of activity, as well as of erect military +carriage, my sight is good, my teeth in a state to create envy in a majority +of American misses, my appetite never fails and I sleep well." In +January, 1842, he spoke of William, eldest surviving son of his brother +William thus: "He is my natural heir, and having adopted him when he +was ten years of age; and it having pleased God to take all my children +from me. I regard him as a son."</p> + +<p>Sir Roger H. Sheaffe died at Edinburgh in 1851, aged eighty-eight. +He visited Boston, his native town, four times, namely, in 1788, in 1792-3, +in 1803 and in 1806. He was respected and loved by his kinsmen to a +remarkable degree. He was of medium stature, his person was well +formed, his face was fine, his eyes of the deepest blue, full and prominent; +and his teeth were of the purest white, regular and even, and were +retained to the close of his life. Lady Sheaffe was Margrate, daughter +of John Coffin and a cousin of Lieutenant-General John and of Admiral +Sir Isaac Coffin. She was the mother of four children, who, as we have +seen, died before her husband. The remains of Sir Roger's father and +mother, of his brother Thomas Child, of his sisters Helen, Salley, Nancy, +and Margaret, and of others of his lineage, were deposited in the Child +Tomb, Trinity Church, Summer street, Boston.<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a></p> + +<p>Nathaniel Sheaffe, oldest brother of Sir Roger, was a clerk in the +Custom House, but at the death of his father in 1771, he left, in order to +better provide for his mother and sisters, of whom he had the care. At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[443]</a></span> +the outbreak of the Revolution, he went to Jamaica, "where he intended +to stay till the times will permit him to come home." He died January +29, 1777, and was buried in the churchyard at Morant Bay, Jamaica.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Child Sheaffe</span>, brother of Sir Roger, went to New York +after the evacuation of Boston. He was engaged in trade with the West +Indies and Souther Ports. He died in Boston previous to 1793.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JONATHAN SAYWARD.</h2> + + +<p>The name Saward or Sayward is an ancient Teutonic personal name, +sae, the sea and weard, a keeper—the Guardian of the Sea, and was applied +to the high admiral in Saxon times.</p> + +<p>Henry Sayward came over to this country from England in 1637. +He resided a few years at Hampton and Portsmouth, and then came to +York. He was by occupation a millwright and carpenter, a man much +needed, as mills were the principal sources of income to the new settlers. +The town of York granted him three hundred acres of upland on the +west side of the York river, and the selectmen laid the same out to him +June 20th, 1667. Here he settled, and built a saw mill, and carried on +a large business. He also at this time built the meeting house at York. +He was constable of York in 1664, Selectman in 1667, Grand Juryman +in 1668-9. His wife's name was Mary, and it has been claimed she was +the daughter of John Cousins, of Casco Bay. He died in 1679. There is +no record of the birth of their children, as the records of the Town of +York were destroyed by the Indians on Feb. 5, 1692, but there is a deposition +and deeds, which prove they had three sons and three daughters.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jonathan Sayward</span>, the second son of Henry and Mary Sayward, +resided in York. Very little is known concerning him. In 1687 there +was a grant of land made to him by the town, on Little River, near Wells. +He died previous to 1699.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Sayward</span>, son of the aforesaid, was born at York, March 17, +1702. He was constable in 1716. Moderator and Selectman in 1721. +At this date the meeting voted "that Mr. Joseph Sayward shall have the +full management to build a sufficient fortification about our Parsonage +home, of ten foot high, and fifty foot square, with two good buskins, or +flancers, of ten foot square, all to be built of square hard timber, of ten +inches thick, to be built forthwith, and said Sayward to keep a just and +full account of ye cost and charge thereof." In 1723 the Indians were +troublesome. A company under Captain Bragdon was sent in pursuit +of them, a journal of their proceedings was kept by Joseph Sayward, +which is in the Mass. Archives.</p> + +<p>He married Mary, daughter of Samuel and Deborah Webber, of +York, and had five sons and four daughters.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jonathan Sayward</span>, eldest son of the aforesaid Joseph, and of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[444]</a></span> +fourth generation in this country, and the subject of this sketch, was born +at York, November 9, 1713. He began to take an interest in public affairs +early in life. He was chosen town clerk in 1736, and constable in +1741. He was commissioned by Governor Shirley to command the sloop +"Sea Flower" in the expedition against Louisburg in 1744, in which he +took an important part.</p> + +<p>He was chosen Representative to the General Court of Massachusetts +for the years 1766, 7, 8.</p> + +<p>In 1772 he was appointed by Governor Hutchinson as Special Justice +of the Court of Common Pleas, and Judge of Probate for York +County.</p> + +<p>He was for many years extensively engaged in shipping, and at one +time owned about twenty vessels, which were employed in the Southern +and West India trade. He was one of the most extensive land owners +in York, and was one of the proprietors of the town of Shapleigh.</p> + +<p>When the Revolution broke out he was living in affluence in the +beautiful mansion which he had built on the York river, near the mill +site granted to his ancestors. At this time he had several vessels with +valuable cargoes in the West Indies, and large sums of money invested +in personal securities, on the income of which he enjoyed a satisfactory +and honorable independence, but all was swept away in the Revolution.</p> + +<p>Judge Sayward was one of the seventeen "Rescinders." He was not +only decided in his attachment to the Crown, but was of the opinion that +the Revolution would cause the decline of national virtue and prosperity +in America. He fared hard at the hands of the "Sons of Liberty," and +by remaining was obliged to bear contempt and insult, and by his own +account never went out without £100 in his pocket, so as to be ever ready +to escape from his persecutors. But, however bad he was treated in +the early days of the great struggle, he seems to have regained the confidence +of his townsmen, for in 1780 he was elected Moderator of the +town meeting, and auditor of selectmen accounts in 1782.</p> + +<p>His mansion home previously referred to is among the most interesting +of the many historic homes in the ancient town of York, and what +makes it doubly so is the fact that it contains all the original furniture, +books, painting, silver plate, and the "loote" he obtained at the capture +of Louisburg and brought home with him, consisting of rare chinaware, +two very large candlesticks, a pair of andirons, a warming pan and brass +tongs, all of which are now in a good state of preservation. There is also +a full length portrait of Judge Sayward and another of his wife, with +costumes of their times, and one of his daughter Sarah, at the age of +twenty-three, painted by Blackburn at Charleston in 1761, a pupil of Copley. +As works of art these paintings are pronounced by connoisseurs as +exceedingly fine. The family coat of arms of the Saywards, in color, occupies +a conspicuous place over the mantel piece, on the back of which is +the following memorandum, which proves conclusively that it was legally +granted:</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[445]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p class="signature">London, July 1st, 1762. +</p> + +<p>The arms of Jonathan Sayward, Esqr., of Old York, in the Province +of the Massachusetts Bay, in New England, Merchant, Rec'd this 1st of +July, 1762, from the College of Arms, Herald's Office. The painting, Vellum, +Frame and Glass as it now stands cost 32-6 Sterling Rec'd by his +most dutifull Humble Servt.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +Nath. Barrell. +</p></blockquote> + +<p>There is also a commission from Governor Shirley to Jonathan Sayward, +to command the sloop "Sea Flower" in the Louisburg expedition. +The mansion is full of articles worth the attention of those of historical, +antiquarian taste. Judge Sayward died May 8, 1797, and is buried in the +old burying ground in York Village.</p> + +<p>He married in 1736 Sarah Mitchell, who died in 1775. They had +only one child, Sarah, born 1738, who married Nathaniel Barrell of Portsmouth, +merchant. They were married at the judge's mansion in 1758. +She was a great belle in her time, and was the general favorite of the +village. She died in 1808, and her husband in 1831, aged 99 years. They +had eleven children.</p> + +<p>The mansion was for many years owned and occupied by Elizabeth +and Mary Barrell, daughters of Jonathan Sayward Barrell, granddaughters +of the Judge. They took great pleasure in exhibiting the house and the +many interesting relics and heirlooms of their grandfather, and it is largely +due to them that the same was kept intact, and not distributed at their +death, as many members of the family desired. Elizabeth died in the +old mansion November 12, 1883, aged 84 years, and her sister Mary died +at the same place, June 6, 1889, aged 85 years.<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>DEBLOIS FAMILY.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Etienne Deblois</span> was born in France, and for a time lived in Belgium. +He was a French Huguenot, and the family name was DeChatillon. +He was descended from the last counts of Blois and was banished +from France at the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. After living in +the Low Countries, he removed to England and was present at the battle +of the Boyne. His sister was burnt at the stake in Ireland by the Papists, +and he died in England.</p> + +<p>Stephen Deblois, son of Etienne, was born in Oxford, England, in +1699. He came to New York in the Frigate Sea Horse, commanded by +Captain Dumaresq. In 1720 he removed to Boston. He married February +6, 1721, Ann Farley, of English parentage. His death occurred in +Boston in 1785, and his large estate was settled in 1790. In his will he +says: "My two sons has been obliged to leave and I do not expect to see +them again."</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[446]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gilbert Deblois</span>, son of the latter was born in New York city, +March 17, 1725. He became a prosperous Merchant in Boston. In 1749 +he married Ann, daughter of William and Ann Holmes Coffin, and +granddaughter of Nathaniel Coffin. In 1774 Gilbert Deblois was an Addresser +of Hutchinson, and in 1775 an Addresser of Gage. In 1776 he +went to Halifax with his younger brother Lewis, and then must have returned +to New York before his departure for England, according to an +account in Hutchinson's Diary.</p> + +<p>Dec. 23, 1776—Gilbert Deblois arrived in one of the transports from +New York.</p> + +<p>While residing in Boston, Mr. Deblois planted some elms in front of +the Granary, just opposite his house on Tremont Street. These famous +trees afterwards became known as the Paddock elms. Mr. Deblois had +asked Paddock to keep an eye to their safety, and Adino Paddock performed +this duty faithfully.</p> + +<p>In a letter written by James Murray to a friend in New York, dated +September 30, 1769, he speaks of Mr. Deblois' assistance to him when +he was attacked by a mob. "Mr. Deblois threw himself in my rear, and +suffered not a little in my defence."</p> + +<p>In 1778 Gilbert Deblois was proscribed and banished, and his estate +confiscated. The year following he was in London and addressed the +king. His death occurred in that city in 1792, aged sixty-seven.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lewis Deblois</span>, brother to Gilbert, married Elizabeth Jenkins of +Boston, in 1748. He was a prominent merchant in Boston, was an Addresser +of General Gage in 1775. He went to Halifax on the evacuation +of Boston in 1776.</p> + +<p>He was proscribed and banished. He died very suddenly in England, +(after being out all day) in 1779, aged seventy-one.</p> + +<p>George Deblois, son of the aforesaid was born in Boston in 1753. He +was a merchant in Salem. He was an Addresser of General Gage in +1774. He went to England. In 1784, there was a George Deblois, a +merchant at Halifax, N. S., probably his son. The widow of a George +Deblois died in the same city in 1827, aged seventy-four.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lewis Deblois</span>, brother of the aforesaid, was born in Boston in 1762. +He went to New Brunswick and was a prominent merchant in St. John, +and in 1795 a member of the company of Loyal Artillery. He died in +that city in 1802. His daughter Elizabeth Cranston married James +White, Esq., Sheriff of the County of St. John.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO GILBERT DEBLOIS IN +SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Gilbert Deblois, Jr., Feb. 3, 1783; Lib. 137 fol. 28; Two thirds of land and brick +warehouse in Boston, Cornhlll W., Spring Lane N.; Stephen Minot E.; land of +Old South Church S.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Ann Deblois, wife of Gilbert Deblois, Oct. 17, 1783; Lib. 151 fol. 217; Two thirds of +land and house in Boston, Common St. W.; Martha Symmes N.; E.; N. and E.; +Moses Gill N.; William Dana E.; Rawsons Lane S.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[447]</a></span></p> +<h2>LYDE FAMILY.</h2> + + +<p>Edward Lyde married in 1660 Mary, daughter of Rev. John Wheelwright, +and died before 1663. He had an only son Edward, who married +Susanna Curwin, daughter of Captain George Curwin. His second +wife was Deborah, daughter of Hon. Nathaniel Byfield, 1696. In 1685 +Edward Lyde and William Williams witnessed a deed that the Indian +Chief Wamatuck and his Counsellors signed by making their marks. It +was concerning land in Boston Harbor. In 1702-3 he was a warden of +Kings Chapel.</p> + +<p>Byfield Lyde, eldest son of the preceding, was born in Boston in +1704. Graduated at Harvard College in 1723. He was an Addresser of +Governor Hutchinson in 1774, and a Protester against the disunionists the +same year, and in 1775 he was an Addresser of General Gage. His wife, +Sarah, the only daughter of Governor Belcher, died in Boston, October +10, 1768, aged sixty-one. In 1776 he accompanied the Royal Army to +Halifax and died there the same year.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Edward Lyde</span>, second son of Edward Lyde, was born in Boston in +1725. He was a merchant, and was proscribed, banished, and his property +confiscated. It was bought in by his brother Nathaniel (born in +1735) who was allowed to remain.</p> + +<p>Hutchinson, in his diary May 3rd, 1770, says: "Landed at Halifax. +Edward Lyde, Esq., invited me to his house, where I tarried till I embarqued +for England. I was very happy in being at Mr. Lyde's as there +was so great an addition to the inhabitants from the navy and army and +Refugees from Boston which made the lodgings for them very scarce +to be had, and many of them when procured, quite intolerable." Again +in his diary June 7, 1776, Hutchinson says: "Ned Lyde had arrived with +others at Dover."</p> + +<p>Edward Lyde died in New York in 1812, aged eighty-seven.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">George Lyde</span>, of Boston, in 1770, was appointed Collector of the +Port of Falmouth, (Portland) Maine, and continued there until the beginning +of the Revolution. He was an Addresser of Governor Hutchinson +in 1774, and in 1778 was proscribed and banished. He was in England +in 1780.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO EDWARD LYDE IN SUFFOLK +COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Nathaniel Byfield Lyde, Feb. 21, 1785; Land and buildings in Boston, Summer St. +S., Bishop's Alley W.; heirs of Andrew Cunningham deceased N.; land formerly +of John Simpson deceased E.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[448]</a></span></p> +<h2>JAMES BOUTINEAU.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Stephen Boutineau</span> was one of the French Protestants, or Huguenots +who came to Falmouth (Portland), Maine, in 1687, in company +with Peter Bowdoin, Philip LeBretton, Philip Barger and others. He +married Mary, daughter of Peter and Elizabeth Bowdoin in 1708. He +was in 1748 the only surviving elder of the French Church on School +street, Boston, of which Andrew Le Mercier was minister.<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> His son +James Boutineau was born 27 January, 1710, he was an Attorney-at-law. +In 1774 he was appointed Mandamus-Counsellor, and was one of the ten +who took the oath of office. His daughter Nancy was married on Oct. +5, 1769, to John Robinson, a commissioner of the customs, but previous +to this marriage Robinson was accused of assault upon James Otis, the +latter, one of the most formidable of the "Patriots" met Commissioner +Robinson at the Coffee-house and trouble ensued. As usual in all such +cases, the friends of each party made out a good case for their respective +sides, the matter was carried into court, where it was kept for about +four years and the jury finally brought in damages in favor of Otis. In +the meantime Robinson and his wife had gone to England, and as Mr. +Boutineau was a lawyer, he managed the case for his son-in-law, who +apologized for injuring Otis. Mr. Otis refused the fine of 2,000 pounds +sterling, and nothing was demanded of Robinson but the costs of court +and the amount of Mr. Otis' surgeon's bill, altogether amounting to +about 112 pounds, lawful money. The affair ended in the Courts about +1772.</p> + +<p>James Boutineau was included in the Conspiracy Act of 1779, and +his estate was confiscated under its provisions. He went to England, +and his death occurred in that country. Mrs. Boutineau was a sister of +Peter Faneuil, and another sister married Edward Jones, a merchant in +Boston. Mrs. Jones went to Halifax, Nova Scotia, and while there received +a letter from the Boutineaus in England, in which she was informed +that, "Mr. and Mrs. Faneuil, who lodge in the same house with +us, make it agreeable;" and that "there are one or two other genteel +gentlemen and ladies, so that during the winter we drank tea with each +other four days in the week." Of other fellow Loyalists, Mrs. Boutineau +writes, that "Lodgings have been taken for Mr. Sewell, of Cambridge, +and family,—they are expected here this day. Colonel Murray's +family are gone to Wales, as well as Judge Browne and Apthorp's. All +the New England people here, are Barnes and family, Captain Fenton +and daughter, besides those in the house." In a postscript, she adds: "I +desire you to inform me (if you can) who lives in my house in Boston." +In a letter to her sister, dated April 1, 1785, Mrs. Boutineau tells Mrs. +Mary Ann Jones who was residing in Boston at that time that her health<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[449]</a></span> +is "very indifferent," and that "Mr. Faneuil had a letter lately from Mr. +Jones, who is going soon to be very well married," etc.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO JAMES BOUTINEAU, ET AL., +IN SUFFOLK COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Samuel Clark, Feb. 26, 1780; Lib. 131 fol. 58; Land and dwelling-house in Boston, +School St. S.; the town's land W.; John Rowe N., Joseph Green E.—Garden +land near the above, Cook's Alley W.; Leverett Saltonstall N., William Powell E,; +S. and E.; Leverett Saltonstall S. [Description corrected in margin of record.]</p> + +<p class="hanging">To Samuel Broome, July 24, 1780; Lib. 131 fol. 327; Land and dwelling-house in Boston, +Milk St. S.; land of old South Church W.; Stephen Minot N.; widow Jones E.; N. +and E.—Pasture land, 1 A. 10 r. opposite said dwelling-house, Milk St. N.; +Cole, Decoster et al. E.; heirs of Barnabas Binney et al. S.; heirs of John +Greenleaf deceased W.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>COLONEL WILLIAM BROWNE.</h2> + + +<p>The Brownes of Salem, Mass., are descended from an old respected +family of "Browne Hall," Lancashire, England. Simon Browne, Barrister, +resided there in 1540, and removed to Brundish, Suffolk. His son +Thomas died there in 1608, and his son Francis died there in 1626. His +son Hon. William, born 1608, came to Salem in 1635, became a merchant +in Salem, and was eminent for his exemplary life, and public charities. +He died in 1687. Major William Browne, son of the preceding, was +born in 1639. He was a Councillor and Judge of the Court of Common +Pleas for Essex County. He was a successful merchant, and a man of +great influence in the Colony. He married Hannah, daughter of Captain +George Curwin. He died in 1716, at the age of seventy-eight.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Samuel Browne</span>, son of the aforesaid, was born in 1669. +He was the first town Treasurer of Salem, was many years a Representative, +Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Essex County, was also +Chief Justice of said Court, also Colonel and Councillor. He was said to +be by far the greatest merchant in his day, in the County of Essex. He +emulated the beneficence of his father, uncle, and grandfather, in bequeathing +large sums to Harvard College, and to schools in Salem. He +died in 1731, aged 62. His son Samuel graduated at Harvard College, +1727. He married a daughter of John Winthrop, F. R. S., of New London, +Conn., and died in 1742, aged 34. He was concerned in mercantile +affairs.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel William Browne</span>, son of the aforesaid Samuel, was born +at Salem in 1737, was a grandson of Governor Burnet. He graduated +at Harvard College in 1755, the third in his class. He married his cousin, +a daughter of Governor Wanton of Rhode Island, and was doubly +connected with the Winthrop family, the wives of the elder Browne and +Governor Wanton being daughters of John Winthrop, F. R. S., great-grandson<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[450]</a></span> +of the first governor of Massachusetts. William Browne was +Colonel of the Essex regiment, a member of the General Court in 1768, +was one of the seventeen Rescinders, Judge of the Supreme Court, one of +the ten Mandamus Counsellors who was sworn in. Colonel Browne was +esteemed among the most opulent and benevolent individuals of the +province before the Revolution, and so great was his popularity that the +gubernatorial chair was offered him by the "Committee of Safety" as an +inducement for him to remain and join the "Sons of Liberty." But he +felt it his duty to remain on the side of the government, which represented +law and authority, even at the expense of his great landed estates, both +in Massachusetts and Connecticut, in the latter there were fourteen valuable +farms, all of which were afterwards confiscated. After the passage +of the Boston Port Bill, he was waited upon by a committee of the Essex +delegates, which consisted of Jeremiah Lee, Samuel Holton, and Elbridge +Gerry. They informed him that "It was with grief that the +country had viewed his exertions for carrying into execution certain acts +of parliament, calculated to enslave, and ruin his native land, that while +the country would continue the respect for several years paid him, it resolved +to detach every future connection all such, as shall persist in supporting +or in any countenancing the late arbitrary acts of Parliament; +that the delegates in the name of the country, request him to excuse them +from the painful necessity of considering, and treating him as an enemy +to his country, unless he resigned his office as counsellor and judge." Colonel +Browne replied as follows: "As a Judge, and in every other capacity, +I intend to act with honor, and integrity, and to exert my best abilities, +and be assured, that neither persuasion can allure me, nor menaces compel +me, to do anything derogatory to the character of a Counsellor of his +majesty's province of Massachusetts. I cannot consent to defeat his +Majesty's intentions, and disappoint his expectations by abandoning a +post to which he has been graciously pleased to appoint me."</p> + +<p>He was an Addresser of General Gage, was included in the Banishment +Act of 1778, and in the Conspiracy Act of the year following. He +was in London as early as May 4, 1776, and gave his fellow exiles some +particulars relative to the evacuation of Boston. His wife, who complained +of her treatment at Salem, and Boston, after his departure, does +not appear to have joined him in England until the spring of 1778. In +1781 he was appointed Governor of the Bermudas, and administered the +affairs of these islands in a manner to secure the confidence of the people. +Under his judicious management the colony flourished. He found the +financial affairs of the islands in a confused and ruinous state, and left +them flourishing. In 1788 he left for England, deeply and sincerely regretted +by the people. He died in England, February, 1802, aged sixty-five.</p> + +<p>William Browne, son of the aforesaid, born at Salem, was an officer +in the British Army, and was at the siege of Gibraltar. He was in England +in 1784.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[451]</a></span>Colonel Benjamin Pickman, writing in 1793, said of the Brownes: "I +would observe that the family of the Brownes has been the most remarkable +family that has ever lived in the Town of Salem, holding places of +the highest trust in the Town, County, and State, and possessing great +riches. Their donations to the schools have been considerable, and their +mercantile engagements have very much contributed to the growth of +the Town."</p> + +<p>The Browne mansion, erected by William Browne in 1740, upon the +summit of Browne's Hill. He named "Browne Hall" after a place in +Lancashire, England, that belonged to his ancestors.</p> + +<p>The building consisted of two wings, two stories high, connected by +a spacious hall, the whole presenting 80 feet front. The dwelling was +one of the most magnificent in the Colony, it was finished in a most thorough +and costly manner, corresponding with the wealth of the owner. +The house was confiscated and later came into the possession of Hon. +William Gray, who resided there till 1800. Subsequently it was known +as "Sun Tavern," and then taken down.<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>ARCHIBALD CUNNINGHAM.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Archibald Cunningham</span>, of Boston, Massachusetts, was a prosperous +merchant and a member of the North church in that city. He was +high in office among the Free Masons. In 1776 he went to New York +and on account of his loyalty was proscribed and banished in 1778.</p> + +<p>At the peace he went from New York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, accompanied +by his family of six persons and one servant. In Nova +Scotia he was Clerk of the Peace, and Register of Probate. On account +of adhering to the royal cause his losses were estimated at £1100. As he +was a man of learning, a reader, and of an observant nature, he left many +valuable papers. His death occurred in 1820.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CAPTAIN JOHN MALCOMB.</h2> + + +<p>There is not much known of this person. I find that he lived at +Brunswick, Maine, and that in 1760 he married Abigail Trundy, of Falmouth +(Portland). He was commissioned Ensign by Governor Shirley, +and served under Colonel Waldo, in the 2nd Massachusetts Regiment +against Louisburg in 1745. He was also Captain of a vessel that took despatches +from there to Boston in the same year.</p> + +<p>It was not often that the same man was tarred and feathered mere<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[452]</a></span> +than once, but this unhappy experience twice befell John Malcom. His +offence appears to have been in the exercise of his duty as custom house +officer, of seizing a vessel at Falmouth, now Portland, for want of a register, +and freely speaking of the actions of the "Sons of Liberty." We are +informed by the papers of that period<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a> "That John Malcom was genteely +Tarr'd and Feathered at Pownalborough" (now Dresden, Maine) "on +November first, 1773, and on January 25th, 1774, a mob in Boston tore +his cloaths off, and tarr'd his Head and Body, and feathered him, then +they set him on a chair in a cart, and carried him through the main Street +into King Street, from thence they proceeded to 'Liberty Tree,' and +then to the Neck, as far as the Gallows, where they whipped, beat him +with Sticks, and threatened to hang him."</p> + +<p>The "Sons of Despotism" detained him under the gallows for an +hour. He was then conveyed to the north end of the town, and thence +back to his house. He was kept stripped four hours, and was so bruised +and benumbed by the cold that his life was despaired of. It was by such +means that the disunionists made converts to their cause. His offence +for this Boston outrage, was that he struck one of his tormentors, a +tradesman who had frequently insulted him, when a warrant was issued +against him, but as the constable had not been able to find him, a mob +gathered about his house and broke his windows. Malcomb was in the +house, and pushing his sword through a broken window, wounded one +of his assailants. The mob then made a rush, broke in, and finding him +in a chamber, lowered him by a rope into the cart, and treated him as before +mentioned in the newspapers.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE RUSSELL FAMILY OF CHARLESTOWN.</h2> + + +<p>The Russell family was eminent in social station and distinguished +in the many public offices held by them in Boston and Charlestown for +nearly two centuries. The first of this family to come to this country +was the Hon. Richard Russell, son of Paul, of Hereford, England, born +1611, was an apprentice at Bristol, 1628, arrived here in 1640 with his +wife, both admitted to the church in 1641, was a prominent merchant, +Representative, Councillor, Speaker, Treasurer, Assistant. He died in +1676, aged 63. His son James, born 1640, died 1709. He also was +judge, Councillor and Treasurer, etc. He had an only son Daniel, born +1683, died 1763. He married Rebecca Chambers, and was also Councillor, +Commissioner, Treasurer, etc.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chambers Russell</span>, son of the preceding, was born 1713. He was +Judge, Councillor and a prominent lawyer, in whose office John Adams +and Judge Sewall studied law. He graduated at Harvard College 1731,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[453]</a></span> +married Mary Wainwright, resided at Lincoln, which was incorporated +in 1754, and named by him, after Lincoln in England, where some of his +ancestors resided. His wife died in 1762, and he went to England, and +died Nov. 24, 1767, at Guilford County, Surrey.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">James Russell</span>, brother of Chambers, married Catherine Greaves, +1738. He was Judge, Representative, and in 1774 was appointed Mandamus +Councillor, but did not take the official oath. This saved him from +the wrath of the revolutionists. He was not solicitous to shine, but was +anxious to do good, and to be on friendly terms with his neighbors. He +was incessant in his endeavors to promote the happiness and advance the +prosperity of the community in which he lived. A bridge from Charlestown +to Boston was among the enterprises which he projected. By his +persevering efforts, the work was accomplished, and the Charlestown +Bridge was the first structure of the kind ever build across a broad river +in the United States. Through his great benevolence, and public spirit, +he was not driven from his home as his sons were, the revolutionists allowed +him to remain, and he died at Charlestown, Sept. 17th, 1798, aged +83 years.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">James Russell, Jr.</span>, son of the preceding, was obliged to leave and +go to England. Was in London, February 1776, and at Exeter in 1779. +A year later the fortunate captures made by a privateer gave him a fortune, +and he was "bound in the matrimonial chain" to Mary, second daughter +of Richard Lechmere, a Boston Loyalist. They were married in 1780 +at St. Peter's Church, Bristol, where he resided as a merchant. Among +their children was Lechmere-Coor-Graves, Charles James, who died in +service of Royal Navy, Katherine-Sarah, who married Major Miller of +Bombay Artillery, Lucy Margaret, married Rev. Robert Cope Wolf.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Charles Russell</span>, brother of James, was also a staunch loyalist. +Graduated at Harvard College 1757. Married Feb. 15, 1768, Elizabeth, +only daughter of Colonel Henry Vassell of Cambridge. He succeeded to +his uncle, Judge Chambers Russell's estate at Lincoln, was proscribed and +banished, and his estate confiscated. He was a physician at Antigua, +where his wife owned considerable property. He died there in 1780, and +his wife died at Plymouth in 1802.<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>EZEKIEL RUSSELL</h2> + + +<p>Was a Printer and born in Boston, he served an apprenticeship with +his brother Joseph. This family had no connection with the Charlestown +Russells. In November, 1771, he commenced a political publication +called "The Censor." It was printed in Marlboro Street, was a weekly +publication, designed to defend the action of the government, and was +supported by the loyalists. The articles were written with great ability<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[454]</a></span> +by Lieut. Gov. Oliver, Dr. Benjamin Church, and other loyalists. The +first number reprinted from the Massachusetts Spy, the then famous letter +of Joseph Greenleaf attacking Governor Hutchinson, and answered +it with vehemence and spirit. In succeeding numbers the controversy +was prolonged with increasing bitterness, and at last became intensely +personal. The issue of Feb. 8, 1772, contained a recipe to make a modern +patriot for the Colonies, especially for Massachusetts, as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"Take of impudence, virulence and groundless abuse <b>quantum sufficit</b>, atheism, +deism and libitinism <b>ad libitum</b>; false reports, well adapted and plausable lies, with +groundless alarms, <b>one hundred wt. avoirdupois</b>; a malignant abuse of magistracy, +a pusilanimous and diabolical contempt of divine revelation and all its abbettors, <b>an +equal quantity</b>; honor and integrity not quite <b>an atom</b>; fraud, imposition, and hypocrisy, +any proportion that may seem expedient; infuse therein the credulity of the +people <b>one thousand gallons</b>, as a <b>menstrum</b> stir in the <b>phrenzy</b> of the <b>times</b>, and at +the end of a year or two this judicious composition will probably bring forth a +A <b>***</b> and Y <b>***</b> an O <b>***</b> and a M <b>*****</b>."</p> + +<p class="signature"> +"Probatum est I. N."<br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Censor not proving a success, Mr. Russell attempted to establish +a newspaper at Salem, but that also failed. He returned to Boston, +where he obtained support principally by printing and selling ballads, and +small pamphlets. His wife was an active and industrious woman, who +not only assisted him in printing, but sometimes wrote ballads on recent +tragical events, which were published, and had frequently a considerable +run. Ezekiel Russell died September 1796, aged fifty-two years. Joseph +Russell, brother of Ezekiel, son of Benjamin and Elizabeth Russell, was +born at Boston, 8 September, 1734, and died at St. John, New Brunswick, +in 1808, aged 74 years.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JONATHAN SEWALL.</h2> + +<h3> +<span class="smcap">Attorney General Of Massachusetts.</span><br /> +</h3> + + +<p>The family of Sewall is traced to two brothers, Henry, and William +Sewall, both Mayors of Coventry, England, Henry Sewall born about +1544, was a Linen Draper, Alderman of Coventry, Mayor in 1589 and +1606. Died 1628, aged 84. Buried in St. Michael's Church, Coventry. +Married Margaret, eldest daughter of Avery Grazebrook.</p> + +<p>Their son Henry Sewall, emigrated to New England in 1634. He +came over "out of dislike to the English Hierarchy" and settled at Newbury. +He died at Rowley in 1657, aged 81 years. Married Anne Hunt. +They brought with them their son, Henry Sewall, born in Coventry, in +1614, died in 1700, aged 86. Married Jane Dummer in Newbury, 1646. +He went back to England and resided for some years at Warwick. In +1659 he returned to New England, "his rents at Newbury coming to very +little when remitted to England." His son Stephen was born at Badesly, +England in 1657. He came to New England in 1661, settled at Salem +and was a Major in the Indian wars. He died in 1725. Married Margaret,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[455]</a></span> +daughter of Rev. Jonathan Mitchell of Cambridge in 1682. They +had an only son Jonathan, who was a merchant at Boston. He married +Mary, sister of Edward Payne, of Boston. They had a son,</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Judge Jonathan Sewall</span>, the subject of this notice. He was born +at Boston in 1728. Graduated at Harvard College in 1748, and was a +teacher at Salem till 1756. He married Esther, daughter of Edmund +Quincy, Esq., of Braintree, afterwards of Boston, and sister of Dorothy +Quincy, wife of Governor Hancock, and of Elizabeth Quincy, wife of +Samuel Sewall, of Boston, the father of Samuel Sewall, Chief Justice +of Massachusetts. Jonathan Sewall studied law with Judge Chambers +Russell, of Lincoln, commenced practice in his profession at Charlestown. +He was an able and successful lawyer. He was Solicitor General, and +his eloquence is represented as having been soft, smooth and insinuating, +which gave him as much power over a jury as a lawyer ought ever to +possess. At the death of Jeremy Gridley, he was appointed Attorney-General +of Massachusetts, September, 1767. In 1768 he was appointed +Judge of Admiralty for Nova Scotia. He went there twice in that capacity, +and remained but a short period.</p> + +<p>He was a gentleman and a scholar. He possessed a lively wit, a brilliant +imagination, great subtlety of reasoning and an insinuating eloquence.</p> + +<p>He was an intimate friend of John Adams, they studied together in +Judge Russell's office, and afterwards, while attending court, they lived +together, frequently slept in the same chamber, and often in the same +bed, and besides the two young men were in constant correspondence.</p> + +<p>He attempted to dissuade John Adams from attending the first Continental +Congress, and it was in reply to his arguments, and as they +walked on the Great Hill at Portland, that Adams used the memorable +words, used so often afterwards in 1861 when the ordinance of secession +was passed: "The die is now cast, I have now passed the Rubicon; sink +or swim, live or die, survive or perish with my country, is my unalterable +determination." They parted, and met no more until 1788. Adams, the +Minister of the new republic at the Court of St. James, and the eloquent +and gifted Sewall, true to the Empire, met in London. Adams laying +aside all etiquette made a visit to his old friend and countryman, he said, +"I ordered my servant to announce John Adams, I was instantly admitted, +and both of us forgetting that we had ever been enemies, embraced each +other as cordially as ever. I had two hours conversation with him in a +most delightful freedom, upon a multitude of subjects." In the course +of the interview, Mr. Sewall remarked that he had existed for the sake of +his two children, that he had spared no pains or expense in their education +and that he was going to Nova Scotia in hope of making some provision +for them.</p> + +<p>In 1774, he was an Addresser of Governor Hutchinson, and in September +of that year his elegant home in Cambridge (which he rented +from John Vassal, afterwards Washington's head-quarters, since occupied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[456]</a></span> +by the poet Longfellow) was attacked by the mob and much injured. He +fled to Boston to escape from the fury of the disunionists. He had ably +vindicated the characters of Governors Bernard, Hutchinson and Oliver, +he was esteemed an able writer, and a staunch loyalist. He was proscribed +in the Conspirators Act of 1779. He resided chiefly in Bristol +till 1788, for the education of his children, then he removed to St. John's, +N. B., having been appointed Judge of Admiralty for Nova Scotia and +New Brunswick. He immediately entered upon the duties of his office, +which he held till his death, which occurred September 26, 1796, at the +age of sixty-eight. His widow survived him, and removed to Montreal, +where she died January 21, 1810.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jonathan Sewall</span>, son of the aforesaid, was born at Cambridge, +1766, was educated at Bristol, England, and afterwards resided at Quebec, +where he occupied the offices of Solicitor and Attorney General and +Judge of the Vice Admiralty Court, until 1808, when he was appointed +Chief Justice of Lower Canada, which he resigned in 1838. For many +years he was President of the Executive Council, and Speaker of the Legislative +Council.</p> + +<p>In 1832 he received the degree of Doctor of Law from Harvard College. +He died at Quebec in 1840, aged seventy-three. His brother +Stephen was Solicitor General of the same Province in 1810 and resided +in Montreal. He died there of Asiatic cholera in the summer of 1832.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Sewall</span> son of Henry Sewall and brother of Major Stephen +Sewall, was the first chief justice of Massachusetts. This was the +famous Sewall that sat in judgment upon the witches and afterwards +repented it, who refused to sell an inch of his broad acres to the hated +Episcopalians to build a church upon, who was one of the richest, most +astute, sagacious, scholarly, bigoted and influential men of his day, who +has left us in his Diary a transcript almost vivid in its conscientious faithfulness +of that old time life, where he tells us of the courts he held, the +drams he drank, the sermons he heard, the petty affairs of his own household +and neighborhood, and where he advised with the governor touching +matters of life and death. He married Hannah, the only child of John +Hull, the mintmaster, who it is said gave her, on her marriage, a settlement +in pine tree shillings equal to her weight. Hull owned a large farm +of 350 acres in Longwood, Brookline, which descended to his son-in-law, +and was known afterwards as Sewall's Farm.<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a></p> + +<p>Samuel Sewall, son of the aforesaid, married Rebecca Dudley, a +daughter of the governor. His son, Henry Sewall, born in 1719, died in +1771, was a gentleman much respected, and a lawyer of prominence. His +son,</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Sewall</span>, the subject of this article, was born at Brookline, +December 31, 1745. Graduated at Harvard College in 1761. He studied +law and settled in Boston. His name occurs among the barristers and +attorneys who addressed Governor Hutchinson in 1774, and in the Banishment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[457]</a></span> +and Proscription Act in 1778, when his large estate which he had +inherited from his ancestors, was confiscated. He went to England, and +in 1776 was a member of the Loyalist Club, London. Two years later +he was at Sidmouth, a "bathing town of mud walls and thatched roofs." +In 1780 he was living in Bristol, and on the 19th of June amused himself +loyally celebrating Clinton's success at Charleston in the discharge of +a two-pounder in a private garden, and three days later was shot at by +a highwayman and narrowly escaped with his life. Early in 1782 he was +at Taunton, and at Sidmouth. He died at London, after one day's confinement +to his room, May 6th, 1811, aged fifty-six years. He was unmarried.</p> + + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONFISCATED ESTATES BELONGING TO SAMUEL SEWALL IN SUFFOLK +COUNTY AND TO WHOM SOLD.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">To Edward Kitchen, Wolcott, July 19, 1782; Lib. 135, fol. 113; Land 263 A. 1 qr., in +Brookline, Thomas Aspinwall E.; marsh road to Charles River N E.; Charles River +N.; Thomas Gardner and Moses Griggs S. and S.W.; Solomon Hill S. and S.E.——Land, +16 A. 3 qr., and half of house in Brookline on Sherburn Road and the +marsh lane, bounded by Capt. Cook, Samuel Craft and Elisha Gardner.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Heath. Nov. 12. 1782; Lib. 136, fol. 102; Land and buildings in Brookline. +9 A. 33 r., Sherburn Road S.E.; a town way N.E.; Mr. Aker N.W.; a town way +S.W.——32 A. 3 r., Daniel White and the pound S.W.; road and Joseph Williams +S.E.; Joshua Boylston and William Hyslop N.E.; Sherburn Road N.W.——18 A. +2 qr. 5 r., Samuel White N.W.; John Dean S.W. and S.; a town way S.E., said +Dean N.E.; S.E. and S.; said town way E.; road N.E.——59 A. 3 qr. 4 r., Benjamin +White and Dr. Winchester N.E.; Sarah Sharp S.W.; Samuel White and +heirs of Justice White S.E.; Benjamin White N.E.; S.E. and N.E.; Sherburn Road +N.E.——23 A. 3 qr. 33 r., Ebenezer Crafts and Caleb Gardner N.W.; said Gardner +and Benjamin White S.W.; Moses White S.E.; Benjamin White and Moses +White N.E.; Moses White S.E.: a town way N.E.—- 3 A. 28 r, Ebenezer Craft +S.W.; S.E. and N.E.; the County line N.W.——8 A. 1 qr., 31 r., Daniel White +N.W.; the County line S.W.; David Cook S.E.; heirs of Ebenezer +Davis N.E.——5 A. 2 qr. 38 r., said Craft N.W.; saw mill meadow W.; William +Heath S. and S.E.; Benjamin White and William Hammon N.E.——7 A. 2 qr., +32 r., Edward K. Walcott S. and W.; Benjamin White S.; William Acker S.E.; +John Child E.; Charles River N.; Joseph Adams and Daniel White W.——4 A. +26 r., Moses White W., Esquire White, Ebenezer Craft and a creek S.; Nehemiah +Davis and heirs of Caleb Denny S.E.; the marsh road N.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John Molineux, William Molineux, Aug. 11, 1783; Lib 139, fol. 153; Land and buildings +in Boston, Newbury St. W.; Daniel Crosby, John Solely and heirs of Benjamin +Church deceased S.; land late of Frederick William Geyer E.; Thomas Fairweather, +Sampson Reed, John Homands and Edward Hollowday N.; said Sewall +W.; N.; W. and N.</p> + +<p class="hanging">To John McLane, Dec. 18, 1783; Lib. 140. fol. 207; Land and buildings in Boston, Newbury +St. W.; said Sewall S.; E.; S. and E.; Edward Hollowday N.</p></blockquote> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THOMAS ROBIE.</h2> + + +<p>William and Elizabeth Robie were inhabitants of Boston as early as +1689, when their son Thomas was born on March 20th of that year. He +graduated at Harvard College in 1708, and died in 1729. He was tutor, +librarian, and Fellow of the college. He published an account of a remarkable +eclipse of the sun on Nov. 27, 1772, also in the <i>Philosophical +Transactions</i> of the Royal Society, papers on the Alkaline Salts, and the +Venom of Spiders (1720-24). The following extract from the diary of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[458]</a></span> +President Leverett shows the estimation in which he was held. "It ought +to be remembered that Mr. Robie was no small honor to Harvard College +by his mathematical performances, and by his correspondence thereupon +with Mr. Durham and other learned persons in those studies abroad." +In mathematics and natural philosophy he was said to have no equal in +New England.</p> + +<p>His mother was Elizabeth Taylor, daughter of James Taylor, long +treasurer of the Province.<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> He went to Salem and established himself in +the practice of physic, and married a daughter of Major Stephen Sewall.</p> + +<p>Thomas Robie, of Marblehead, was a son of the preceding Dr. Robie. +He was a merchant, and married a daughter of the Rev. Simon Bradstreet, +who was the great grandson of Gov. Bradstreet, called the Nestor +of New England. Mr. Robie was a staunch loyalist, was an Addresser +of Gov. Hutchinson, and thus brought upon himself and family the ire of +the Revolutionists. They were obliged to leave the town and take refuge +in Nova Scotia. Crowds of people collected on the wharf to witness their +departure, and many irritating and insulting remarks were addressed to +them concerning their Tory principles, and their conduct towards the +Whigs. Provoked beyond endurance by these insulting taunts, Mrs. +Robie retorted, as she seated herself in the boat that was to convey her to +the ship: "I hope that I shall live to return, find this wicked rebellion +crushed and see the streets of Marblehead run with rebel blood." The +effect of this remark was electrical among the Revolutionists and only +her sex prevented them from doing her person injury. But there were +other loyalists in Marblehead who, if not so demonstrative, were not less +sincere in this opinion. With fortitude and silence they bore the taunts +and insults to which they were subjected, honestly believing that their +friends and neighbors were engaged in a treasonable rebellion against their +lawful sovereign.</p> + +<p>Mr. Robie first went to Halifax, but afterwards to London, Feb. 5, +1776. He passed his time of exile mostly in Halifax, where one of his +daughters married Jonathan Stearns, Esq., another refugee; another was +married to Joseph Sewall, Esq., late treasurer of Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>After the war was over some of the refugees attempted to return to +their former homes. During the month of April, 1783, the town was +thrown into a state of the greatest excitement by the return of Stephen +Blaney, one of the loyalists. Rumors were prevalent that other refugees +were also about to return, and on April 24 a town meeting was held, when +it was voted that "All refugees who made their appearance in town were +to be given six hours notice to leave, and any who remained beyond that +time were to be taken into custody and shipped to the nearest port of +Great Britain." Late one afternoon after this action of the town a vessel +from the provinces arrived in the harbor. It was soon ascertained that +the detested Robie family were on board, and, as the news spread through +the town, the wharves were crowded with angry people, threatening<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[459]</a></span> +vengeance upon them if they attempted to land. The dreadful wish uttered +by Mrs. Robie at her departure still rankled in the minds of the people +and they determined to give the Robies a significant reception. So great +was the excitement that it was feared by many of the influential citizens +that the unfortunate exiles might be injured and perhaps lose their lives +at the hands of the infuriated populace. During the night, however, a +party of gentlemen went on board of the schooner and removed them to +a place of safety. They were landed in a distant part of the town and +secreted for several days in a house belonging to one of the gentlemen. +In the meantime urgent appeals were made to the magnanimity of the turbulent +populace, and the excitement subsided.</p> + +<p>Mr. Robie went into business again in a limited extent, and died at +Salem about 1812, well esteemed and respected. The large brick mansion +house of Thomas Robie is situated on Washington street, near the head +of Darling street, Marblehead.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Bradstreet Robie</span>, son of the above, of Halifax, was appointed +solicitor-general of Nova Scotia in 1815, speaker of the house of +of assembly in 1817, 1819-20, member of the council in 1824, and master +of the rolls in 1825, and died at that city January, 1858, in his eighty-eighth +year.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>BENJAMIN MARSTON.</h2> + + +<p>The origin of the name Marston, is the English of Marsius (Lat.) +Marson (Ger.) and signifies warrior, being derived from Mars, the god +of war.</p> + +<p>John Marston, the first of this name to come to America came from +Ormsby, Norfolk, England, to Salem, in 1637, when he was 22 years of +age. He married Alice, surname unknown, on Aug. 4, 1640, and on June +2, 1641 was admitted freeman. He had ten children between 1641 and +1661. His occupation was that of carpenter. He was diligent and prosperous +in his business, and at his death bequeathed to his children "his +house and land, and some money." His sons were influential in town +matters, and three were chosen representatives to the general court.</p> + +<p>He died Dec. 19, 1681, and was buried in the Old Salem Burying +Ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Marston</span>, the first of this name and lineage, was the +fourth son of the preceding John Marston, and was born in Salem, Jan. 9, +1651. He was an active and enterprising merchant and carried on for +many years an extensive and profitable business with the West Indies, +Spain, Nova Scotia, and Southern Colonies. He owned two warehouses, +and the wharves on which they stood, several vessels, Brigantines, Ketches, +Shallops and Sloops. In the year 1700 he built a large and handsome +brick dwelling house, the first brick house in Salem. It was built by +George Cabot, a mason from Boston. Its location was afterwards occupied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[460]</a></span> +by the Lee house on the corner of Essex and Crombie streets. Towards +the close of his life, his estate suffered great losses, some of his vessels +were lost at sea, some taken by the French and pirates, and others having +lost all their crew by disease, or otherwise, "ye voiages were spiled." +In June, 1719, he sailed with his son Benjamin, Jr., in "The good Briganteen +Essex" from Salem to Ireland. His son wrote from Dublin, Nov. +6, 1719, to his mother announcing "the death of his father there, from the +Small Pox, and that he was taken ill of the same distemper, the night he +died, and that he had recovered and was not much marked."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Marston</span>, the second of this name, son of the preceding +Benjamin Marston, was born in Salem, Feb. 24, 1697. He graduated +from Harvard College in 1715. It appears after the death of his father he +remained in Ireland, conducting all the business matters connected with +the Essex, with a degree of energy and capacity not often found in a +young man of 22 years of age. The voyage turned out to be much more +profitable than was expected, and much of the property that had been sold +or mortgaged by his father was redeemed.</p> + +<p>He engaged in business at Salem as a merchant and gained a reputation +among his fellow townsmen as a "man of honorable motives and strict +integrity of character." He was chosen representative to the general +court in 1727-28-29. Was High Sheriff of Essex till 1737, was Justice +of General Session and Common Pleas Courts. In 1729 he married Elizabeth +Winslow, daughter of Hon. Isaac Winslow of Marshfield. In 1740 he +retired from business, and bought a large and valuable property at Manchester, +known for many years as the Marston farm. Here he passed the +remainder of his days, and died May 22, 1754, aged 57 years, leaving a +large estate including the Great and Little Misery Islands, for which he +had paid £516. 13.9. A part of the income of the island he left for the +purpose of "Propagating the Gospel among the Indians."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Marston</span>, the third of this name, and family, and son of +the preceding, was born in Salem, Sept. 30, 1730. He graduated at Harvard +College in 1749. After leaving college he travelled in Europe and +visited some other of the British colonies. He married Sarah Sweet, +whose sister, Martha, married Col. Jeremiah Lee of Marblehead. After +his marriage he "settled down" in Marblehead, where for many years he +carried on a large and successful business as a merchant. He owned a +store in King street, and other stores, and warehouses, and jointly with his +partners, Jeremiah Lee and Robert Hooper, several large ships. He also +owned a pleasant and commodious dwelling house, and much real estate, +and other property in Marblehead and elsewhere. He was considered by +his friends and neighbors as a man of pure life, and great integrity of +character, active in business, energetic in public matters, hospitable and +benevolent in private, a great reader and scholar, and fond of literary pursuits, +always occupying one of the most respectable positions in society, +and greatly esteemed by all who knew him. Here he continued to live +for twenty years, actively engaged in business, and doing his duty towards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[461]</a></span> +his town. He was chosen selectman, and overseer of the poor, thirteen +times in fifteen years, fireward twelve times in fourteen years, assessor in +1760, moderator of town meetings, fourteen times in eight years, and occupied +many other important offices of trust. After 1768, however, when +the troubles which preceded the Revolution began to increase the confidence +of the people, that were influenced by the Revolutionists, appear to +have been withheld. They still chose him moderator of all town meetings, +but he was not again appointed on any important committees. He was +known to be "an uncompromising adherent to the lawful government of +the British Colonies," but as he had violated no agreements, and never +attempted to counteract the plans of the conspirators, though frequently +and openly expressing his disapprobation of their violent proceedings, he +was for some time unmolested. At an early period, however, he discovered +the storm brewing, and as if apprehensive of future difficulties he began +"to sell off some of his property."</p> + +<p>Benjamin Marston was one of the Addressers of Governor Hutchinson, +and thus incurred the displeasure of the Revolutionists. After this +he was harshly and brutally treated by the "Sons of Liberty." In the +year 1775, his home was mobbed by a Marblehead <i>Committee</i>, who without +any legal authority, entered his doors, broke open his desk, embezzled +his money, and notes, and carried off his books and accounts. He made +his escape from the town with difficulty, the turbulent "Sons of Despotism" +would have probably tarred and feathered him if he had come within +their reach. He remained concealed among his friends for some time, +till he could reach Boston and place himself under the protection of the +British. A letter from Hon. Wm. Brown, who also had sought shelter +in Boston, to his friend Judge Curwen, a fellow Loyalist, said "About 2 +months ago, Mr. Marston came here by night from Col. Fowle's farm. +He knows nothing about Salem. His wife died last summer."</p> + +<p>After the evacuation of Boston he went to St. John, N. B., and then +to Windsor, N. S., finally settling down at Halifax, and there engaging +in trade and venturing to sea, he was taken prisoner and carried into +Plymouth, and remained in duress in Boston until he was exchanged, and +then went to Halifax. He returned to Boston after the peace in 1787, in +the spring of which year he visited his friends in Plymouth, for the last +time, and soon after embarked for London. His after life is best described +in a letter to his sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Watson, of Plymouth, wife +of William Watson, Esq., under date of London, March 19, 1792. He +says: "I now sit down and write to you with satisfaction, for I have at +length fairly waded thro the <i>Slough of Despond</i>. I am now landed on +the opposite side and shall go on my way rejoicing, having once more +emerged into active life. In fact, I am engaged to go with a large Company, +who are going to make a Settlement on the Island Bulama, on the +coast of Africa, as their Land Surveyor General on a pretty good lay. No +expedition could have hit my taste and humor more exactly than this one +promises to do. It is so of the <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> kind, that I prefer it,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[462]</a></span> +vastly to any employment of equal emolument and of a more regular kind, +that might have been offered to me in this country.</p> + +<p>"You say you have mourned me as <i>dead and buried</i>. In truth, my +dear Sister, I have been much worse off. I have for more than four +years been <i>buryed alive</i>. As to gratifying your wish in making my +native country the residence of the remainder of my days, it is not +at present in my power to do, for want of means. There is not remaining +in my mind the least resentment to the Country because the party whose +side I took in the late great Revolution, did not succeed, for I am now +fully convinced. It is better for the world that they have not. I don't +mean by this to pay any complements to the first instigators of our American +Revolution, although it has been of such advantage to mankind, I +should as soon think of erecting monuments to Judas Iscariot, Pontius Pilate +and the Jewish Sanhedrim for betraying and crucifying the Lord of +Life, because that event was so importantly and universally beneficial."</p> + +<p>The expedition to Africa resulted disastrously, and Benjamin Marston +died on the Island of Bulama of the African fever, on the 10th of August, +1792.</p> + +<p>From the scanty materials which have been here brought together, +will be sufficient to convince the reader that it was no personal consideration, +no expectation of honors and rewards, or desire of rank and distinction, +but simply from a deep conviction of duty, a clear sense of loyalty +to the British crown, that he gave up everything that was dear to him, his +"pleasant and spacious dwelling" house, with its "fine old garden for +morning exercise," his cherished library, his "much property," his well-earned +reputation as a merchant, a magistrate and a citizen, his relatives, +friends, and native country, and become a refugee and a wanderer on the +face of the earth, "without a place that he could command to lay his head," +and those that bore his name, were more proud of it than if he left rank +and honor and large possessions to his representatives. There were very +few of those who embraced the cause of the Mother Country, in those trying +times, that were led by more honorable, or disinterested motives, or +are more deserving of remembrance than Benjamin Marston of Marblehead.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>HON. BENJAMIN LYNDE CHIEF JUSTICE OF MASSACHUSETTS.</h2> + + +<p>It appears from the registry in the Church of St. John, the parish +church of Hackney, near London, that Enoch Lynde was married on the +25th of October, 1614, to Elizabeth Digbie, a descendant of Sir John Digby. +Enoch Lynde resided in London, was a merchant engaged in foreign +trade, and was for some years connected with the postal service between +England and Holland. He died the 23rd of April, 1636, aged fifty years.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[463]</a></span><span class="smcap">Simon Lynde</span>, the third son of Enoch Lynde, was born in London +in 1624. He engaged in mercantile pursuits, and went to Holland. In +1650 he came to New England, and in the following year married Hannah, +a daughter of Mr. John Newgate. During the thirty years of his +life in the colony, he was a person of prominence, and acquired large landed +possessions, in Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. In 1687 +he was appointed one of the Justices of the Superior Court. He died 22nd +Nov. 1687, possessed of a large estate, and many children, who survived +him.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Lynde</span>, the sixth son of Simon, was born 22nd September, +1666. He records of himself that he was admitted to Harvard College on +the 6th of September, 1682, by the Rev. Increase Mather, after having received +his preparatory education under the famous grammar Master, +Ezekiel Cheever, and received his first Degree in 1686. His father desired +that he should complete his education in England. On 27th June, +1692, he sailed for England, and was admitted he says "for the study of +Law, into the honorable Society of the Middle Temple, Oct. 18, 1692." +"I was called to the Bar as Counsellor at Law in 1697, and received a commission +under the great Seal, for King's Advocate, in the New Court of +Admiralty, in New England, in the same year." He returned to America +Dec. 24, 1697. On the 27 of April, 1699, he married Mary, daughter of +Hon. William Browne of Salem. In 1712 he was appointed a Judge of +the Superior Court, and in the following year a Councillor. On the resignation +of Judge Sewall in 1728, he was made Chief Justice of the Province, +which office he held at the time of his death, Jan. 28, 1745, in the +79th year of his age. The Boston Evening Post said of him, "Inflexible +justice, unspotted integrity, affability, and humanity were ever conspicuous +in him. He was a sincere friend, most affectionate in his relations, +and the delight of all that were honored with his friendship and acquaintance." +He left two sons, the younger, William, died unmarried, in 1752. +His eldest son,</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Lynde, Jr.</span> was born on the 5th of October, 1700. He +graduated from Harvard College in 1718, and in 1721 he took his master's +degree at Cambridge. He soon after received the appointment of Naval +Officer for Salem. In 1734 he was appointed a special judge of the Court +of Common Pleas, for Suffolk. In 1737 he was one of the agents in the +settlement of the boundary line between New Hampshire and Massachusetts. +Two years later he was made one of the Standing Judges of Common +Pleas for Essex, and in 1745, the year of his father's death, he was +raised to the Superior Bench of the Province. He was a member of the +Council for many years, but declined a re-election in 1760, in consequence +of the controversy that arose in that year between the House and Government +as to the right of Judges to sit as Councillors. On the promotion of +Chief Justice Hutchinson to the executive chair, in 1771, Judge Lynde +was appointed to the place now vacant, and became Chief Justice of the +Province. He resigned not many months after, pending the controversy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[464]</a></span> +respecting the payment of judges' salaries by the town. He had now +reached the age of 72, and "not being inclined to ride the Circuit longer" +he accepted the more humble and less laborious position of Judge of Probate +for Essex, which office he held until the breaking out of the Revolution, +not many years before his death, which was occasioned by the kick +from a horse, from the effects of which he did not recover, and he died +Oct. 5th, 1781, aged 81 years. It was a remarkable coincidence that both +father and son should have been Chief Justices of the Supreme Court, +and occupied a seat on that bench, between them for nearly sixty years. +The most important trial that took place during his judicial term was that +of the so-called "Boston Massacre," where the soldiers fired on the mob +in King street. At this trial Judge Lynde presided. It was a time of +great political excitement, and the occasion was one that required the utmost +firmness, and skill on the part of the judge, to ensure a just and impartial +decision. These trials lasted several days, and, as has been said, +"proceeded with care and patience, on the part of the Bench, and counsel, +and both judges and jury seemed to have acted with all the impartiality +that is exhibited in the most enlightened tribunals." "The result," says +Judge Washburn, "is a proud memorial of the purity of the administration +of justice in Massachusetts." Judge Lynde was noted for his learning, +his liberality, and his public spirit. He was a diligent student of our Colonial +history, and his diary, published by one of his descendants, Dr. F. +E. Oliver, recalls names and events, that belong to the earlier years of the +province, and records the daily life of persons holding official positions during +a period with which many are not now familiar. He left three daughters, +of whom Mary, the eldest, married Hon. Andrew Oliver, Jr., one of +the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas for Essex; Hannah, who died +unmarried and Lydia who married Rev. William Walter, the rector of +Trinity Church of Boston.<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> Both of his sons-in-law being staunch loyalists.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PAGAN FAMILY.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Robert Pagan</span> was a native of Glasgow, Scotland, was born in 1750 +and came to Falmouth in 1769. From that time to the commencement +of the war he carried on a large lumber business and ship building. The +ships which were built were not generally employed in our trade, but +with their cargoes sent to Europe and sold. Robert Pagan & Co. kept +on the corner of King and Fore Streets, the largest stock of goods which +was employed here before the war. He was a man of popular manners, +and much beloved by the people. He early became involved in the controversies +of the times, and abandoned his business and country soon after +the burning of Falmouth by Mowatt. In his testimony before the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[465]</a></span> +Claim Commission he testified<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a> "That he uniformly declared his +sentiments in favor of Great Britain. Never submitted to join the rebels +or to take no part with them." He early applied for leave to quit Casco +Bay with the property belonging to himself and copartnery. This was +refused him. In the month of February, 1776, he privately embarked +his family on board a Brig he had in the harbor of Falmouth and sailed +for Barbados. From that he went home. He afterwards carried on +trade at New York and Penobscot, at the latter place he remained until +the end of the war, when he removed to St. Andrews. Mr. Pagan was +proscribed and banished. He settled at St. Andrews, N. B., in 1784, and +became one of the principal men of Charlotte County. After serving the +Crown as agent for lands in New Brunswick, and in superintending affairs +connected with grants to Loyalists, he was in commission as a magistrate, +as a Judge of a Court, and as Colonel in the militia, and, being a +favorite among the freeholders of the county, was elected to the House of +Assembly, and for several years was a leading member of that body. +Judge Pagan died at St. Andrews, November 23, 1821 and Miriam, his +widow, (a daughter of Jeremiah Pote), deceased at the same place January, +1828, aged 81. They were childless.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Pagan</span>, brother to Robert Pagan. He was with his brother +during the war, and at the peace went to St. John, New Brunswick; was +one of the grantees of that city, and established himself there as a merchant. +He removed to Halifax, and while absent in Scotland for the +benefit of his health, died in 1804.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Pagan</span>, brother of Robert and Thomas, was with his +brothers during the war, and at the peace settled in New Brunswick, and +was a member of the House of Assembly and of the Council. His death +occurred at Fredericton, March 12, 1819.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE WYER FAMILY OF CHARLESTOWN.</h2> + + +<p>Edward Wyer came from Scotland. He was a tailor, and in 1658 +married Elizabeth Johnson. He died May 3rd, 1693, aged 71 years. His +son William was a sea captain, and married Eleanor Jennes, Oct. 26, 1701. +He died Feb., 1749, aged 69 years.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">David Wyer</span>, son of William, was born at Charlestown, Feb. 24th, +1711. He also was a sea captain. Married Rebecca Russell, Feb. 2, +1738. He removed to Falmouth (Portland) and was an officer of the +Customs there. All the officers of the revenue of that port were loyal +except one, Thomas Child, who joined the Revolutionists. They all became +refugees, and abandoned their country. During the military possession +of the town by Thompson (before the burning of it by Captain +Mowatt) he was required to give his presence before the Board of War +as being a Tory.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[466]</a></span><span class="smcap">David Wyer, Jr.</span>, son of the aforesaid David was born at Charlestown +in 1741, and graduated at Harvard College in 1758. In 1762 he +was admitted to the bar, and commenced the practice of law at Falmouth. +On the testimony of other lawyers who practiced in Maine prior to the +Revolution, it was said of Wyer, that "he was a high-minded stirling +fellow of strong talents, an able and eloquent advocate, and extremely independent +in his opinions and character." Without the regular appointment +and commission of Attorney of the Crown, Mr. Wyer acted in that +capacity when occasion required the services of such an officer in the +Courts of Maine. He died in 1776 at Stroudwater, to which place he +removed after the burning of Falmouth, at the age of thirty-five, of an +epidemic which prevailed at that time, and which carried off many persons +old and young. Mrs. Wyer, a niece of Hon. Thomas Russell and +two children survived him. One of the latter married Captain Samuel +Waite of Portland.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Wyer</span>, brother of David Wyer, Jr., was born at Charlestown, +June 15, 1744. Married Sarah Francis, March 8th, 1766 in Medford. +He removed to Falmouth with his father, was also employed as an +officer of the Customs. He lost £325 in real and personal estate by the +burning of the town in 1775. He did all he could to support the government; +he refused to serve in the rebel army, on which he was taken up +and abused by the mob, and obliged to pay a fine. Was taken before the +Provincial Congress at Watertown, and obliged to quit Falmouth in 1777 +in an open boat with his father-in-law, Jeremiah Pote, in which they went +to Nova Scotia. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. In 1779 he +was in New York and was commissioned as captain of an armed vessel, +the brigantine "British Tar," 65 men. He was in command of this vessel +for nine months, during which time he had two engagements with +two rebel privateers at different times. He had a house and lot in Falmouth, +which was confiscated, and a half interest in a cargo burned at +Falmouth. In 1784, he went to St. Andrew, N. B., with other Loyalists, +and continued there until his decease. He was an Agent of the British +Government for settling and allotting lands to adherents of the Crown +in the Revolution. The first Sheriff of Charlotte County, was a Judge of +the Court of Common Pleas and Deputy Colonial Treasurer. In 1790 he +went on a year's tour to Europe, and on his return became a merchant, +and had extensive lumber interests. He died February 24th, 1824. He +had a numerous family, was married three times, his first wife Sarah +Francis of Medford, second Joanna Pote of Falmouth, third Mary Hunt, +who died 25 October, 1801, aged 37. An only son survived him.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Wyer, Jr.</span>, a member of her Majesty's Council, Justice of +the Common Pleas, member of the Board of Education, Commissioner of +Wrecks, and Lieutenant-Colonel in the militia. He married Sarah, daughter +of Thomas Tompkins, of St. Andrews, 24 March, 1808, and died at +St. Andrews, December, 1848, aged sixty-nine.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[467]</a></span></p> +<h2>JEREMIAH POTE.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">William Pote</span> was in Marblehead as early as 1688. He married +Hannah Greenfield. His second wife was Ann Hooper, whom he married +in 1689. His son William was born at Marblehead, 1690, who married, +June 2, 1718, Dorothy Getchell.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jeremiah Pote</span>, son of the aforesaid, was born at Marblehead, Jan. +18, 1724. His father removed to Falmouth, now Portland, and died +there. Jeremiah Pote became one of the principal merchants of the +town, he owned and occupied one of the two principal wharves in that +town previous to the Revolution. He transacted a large business and +filled offices of trust and honor. In his testimony before the Claim Commission<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> +"Claimt says He is a native of America. Lived at Falmouth, +Casco Bay, when trouble broke out. He did everything in his power +against the measure of the Rebels. He happened to be one of the selectmen +at Falmouth, whose business it was to give notice of Town Meetings. +Claimt refused to notify the meetings desired by the Rebels. In +consequence of this he was persecuted. Was imprisoned several times. +Had his things taken from him by force, so that he was forced to quit +home, got to Nova Scotia, went in open boat. Went from Halifax to +New York in 1778. Was employed by Admiral Gambin to pilot a vessel +to New Hampshire, which was going with Sir Henry Clinton, Manisfestoes. +The vessel was seized and the whole crew made prisoners and +kept in prison during the winter. Went to Penobscot in 1780 to St. +Andrews in the beginning of 1784."</p> + +<p>In 1774 a public meeting was called to consider the state of public +affairs, which he attended, but he desired that his dissent might be entered +against a resolution relative to the Ministry and East India Company, +which was introduced and passed.</p> + +<p>In 1775, during the trouble with Captain Mowatt, which resulted in +the burning of the town, in which he lost £1,000, he brought upon himself +the vengeance of the Revolutionists, who under Thompson, assumed +the government, and organized themselves into a board of war, and required +him to contribute money and provisions, and to give a bond of +£2,000 to appear at the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, and give +an account of his conduct. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. After +the peace he settled at St. Andrews at the mouth of the St. Croix +river, the boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick, where he +died November 23, 1796, aged seventy-one years. His son Robert, deceased +at the same place November 8, 1794, at the age of twenty-five, and +his daughter, Joanna, married Thomas Wyer, Jr., his widow Elizabeth +Berry of Kittery, died December 24, 1809, aged seventy-nine.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[468]</a></span></p> +<h2>EBENEZER CUTLER.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">John 1 Cutler</span> came from Spranston, two miles from north of Norwich, +and about eight miles south of Hingham, in the County of Norfolk, +England. His name first appears among the persecuted adherents of Rev. +Robert Peck, A. M., of Hingham, who "sold their possessions for half their +value, and named the place of their settlement after their natal town." +He embarked, it is believed, in the Rose of Yarmouth, William Andrews, +Jr., Master, which sailed on or about April 18, 1637. He was at Hingham +by or a little after June 10th following, when land was assigned him. +He came attended by his wife Mary, seven children, and one servant. +He died the following year, which must have subjected his widow and +children to great hardships. His third son,</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Samuel 2 Cutler</span>, was born in England in 1629, was of Marblehead +in 1654, of Salem in 1655, of Topsfield and Hingham in 1671, and of +Gloucester, March 17, 1693. In 1671 he as heir and attorney for his +brothers and sisters, united with his mother in the sale of their patrimonial +estate in Hingham. He was often called to settle and appraise estates. +He died in 1700, 71 years of age. He had two sons and three daughters. +His second eldest son,</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ebenezer 3 Cutler</span>, was born at Salem in 1664, where he married +Mary, daughter of Zacheray and Mary March. Mr. Cutler died about +1729 at Salem and the widow in 1734, the sale of the homestead being effected +soon after, and the family removed from Salem. He had six children, +four sons and two daughters. The eldest son,</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ebenezer 4 Cutler</span>, was born in Salem, October 1, 1695. He was a +farmer and brickmaker. He married May, daughter of William Stockwell, +Oct. 16, 1732. He inherited the farm in Sutton, Mass., purchased +of William Stockwell by his father, and on which he settled previous to +1728. It is said that three of his sons resided on this farm at one time, +each occupying separate houses. He died in 1779, and had two daughters +and five sons.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ebenezer 5 Cutler</span>, son of the aforesaid,<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a> settled in the town of +Oxford, Mass., as an inn keeper and trader. He married Miriam Eager, +sister of his brother Zackeus' wife, and daughter of James Eager of +Westboro, Mass., Nov. 24, 1764. Mrs. Cutler was a sister of Colonel +Eager, who was a Loyalist and settled in Victory, Nova Scotia.</p> + +<p>Before the commencement of hostilities he tried to be neutral, but +when the tea troubles arose, he went quietly at night, and purchased a +quantity of it, on the return with his supply a masked band interrupted +him, took the tea from him and burnt it. That decided him, which side +to take, and he became a staunch loyalist.</p> + +<p>Ebenezer Cutler was a trader which caused him to travel considerably +about the country, and being very independant and outspoken he soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[469]</a></span> +had many enemies among the Revolutionists, and a price was set on his +capture. He had many narrow escapes before they got him. Once he +was hidden in a farmhouse between the chimney and outer wall, most suffocated +by smoke.</p> + +<p>The Committee on Correspondence made charges against him, and +sent him with the evidence of his misconduct to General Ward at Cambridge, +the charges were as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p class="signature"> +Northboro, May 17th, 1775.</p> + +<p>Sir: +</p> + +<p>We the Committee of Correspondence of the Town of Northboro +having taken into our custody Mr. Ebenezer Cutler, late of Groton, but +now of this town, which from his conduct appears to us to be an avowed +enemy of his Country, he has set at naught and despises all the Resolutions +of the Continental and Provincial Congress, and also utterly refuses +to act in any defence of his now perishing country whatever, and as he +has from his past conduct, ever since we have been struggling for the +Liberties of our Country appeared in the eyes of the Public to be aiding +and abetting, in defeating the plans of the good people of this Province, +and has been riding from one part of this province to the other, and in +our opinion for no good design, we think it highly necessary to send him +to the Council of war, to know whether he may (as he desires) have +a pass to go into Boston: we also inclose the substance of two evidences +concerning said Cutler.</p> + +<p> +By order of the Committee of Correspondence,</p> +<p class="signature"> +GILMAN BASS, Clerk. +</p> + +<p>N. B. General Ward, we apprehend is well acquainted with the +character and conduct of said Cutler.<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a></p></blockquote> + +<p>His case was submitted to Congress, when it appeared that he had +spoken "many things disrespectful of the Continental and Provincial Congress" +that he had "acted against their resolves," had said that "he would +assist Gage," had called such as signed the town-covenant or non-consumption +agreement "dammed fools" etc., etc. A resolve to commit him to +prison was refused a passage, and a resolve that he be allowed to join +the British troops at Boston was also lost. But subsequently he was allowed +to go into that town "without his effects." On the evacuation of +Boston he accompanied the British Army to Halifax. He settled at Annapolis +Royal, and with the money which the British government paid +him in compensation for his losses, he established himself in business +there. After his home in Oxford was broken up, his wife Miriam, and +children, went to her mother, Mrs. Eager, in Worcester. His wife died +there. Mrs. Eager was a strong Loyalist, one day a party of Rebels visited<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[470]</a></span> +her, and she sent them off by some ready quotations of scripture. She +and her sons brought the family to Annapolis and then settled on a farm +in Nisteaux.</p> + +<p>After a few years Ebenezer Cutler went to England on a visit and +there married Mary, daughter of Colonel Hicks, of the 70th Regiment. +Two children were born in England and four in N. S. He was protonotary +of the County of Annapolis, and was a zealous Episcopalian. He +died there in 1831, quite aged. Mary, his widow, died at the same place +in 1839. He was proscribed and banished in 1778, and his property was +confiscated and inventoried April 5th, 1779. Aug. 3rd the judge appointed +a commission to settle his estate. His first wife, Miriam, died at Northboro, +Mass., and her estate was inventoried Sept. 10, 1784, amounting to +£100. He had by her eight children.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ebenezer 6 Cutler</span>, son of the aforesaid, was born at Oxford, Mass. +Aug. 27th, 1765. He was a student at Harvard at the commencement of +hostilities, when he was obliged to leave. Opposite his name in the College +archives, is the name "Traitor," which means just the opposite, that +he was a Loyalist. He went to Nova Scotia with his father. He was +an expert accountant, and crown land surveyor. Here he resided several +years, but settled finally at Moncton. One day in going up the street, +passing Mr. Wilmot's, he saw a very beautiful girl leaning over the gate, +a visitor of Mrs. Wilmot, Olivia Dickson. It was a case of love at +first sight. He met a friend a few minutes after and told him that he +had just seen his wife that was to be. In due time they were married. +On one of his voyages as supercargo, the vessel was taken by a Spanish +privateer, off Jamaica. The captain recognized him as a Free Mason, +gave him liberty, set him ashore at Port Antonio, where he obtained a +mule, and crossed the mountains to Kingston where he took a vessel for +Nova Scotia. He died in 1839. He had ten children, six daughters and +four sons, the tenth child born was</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rebecca 7 Cutler</span>, who married John Whitman of Annapolis +whose ancestor came from Plymouth County, Mass., and settled in Nova +Scotia previous to the Revolution. William Whitman of Boston and Clarence +Whitman of New York are children of John Whitman and Rebecca +Cutler.</p> + +<p>Robert J. Dysart and Hugh Dysart, accountants of Boston, are descendants +in the third generation from Ebenezer Cutler and Olivia Dickson.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 643px;"> +<img src="images/illo_471.jpg" width="643" height="400" alt="The Engagement at the North Bridge in Concord." title="The Engagement at the North Bridge in Concord." /> +<span class="caption">The Engagement at the North Bridge in Concord.<br /> + +1 The Detachment of the Regulars who fired first on the Provincials at the Bridge.<br /> + +2 The Provincials headed by Colonel Robinson & Major Buttrick<br /> + +3 The Bridge +</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[471]</a></span></p> +<h2>APPENDIX.</h2> + +<p>THE TRUE STORY CONCERNING THE KILLING OF THE TWO SOLDIERS +AT CONCORD BRIDGE, APRIL 19TH, 1775. THE FIRST BRITISH +SOLDIER KILLED IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.</p> + +<p>See page 53.</p> + + +<p>After the skirmish at Lexington, the king's troops marched into Concord +in two columns, the infantry coming over the hill from which the Americans +had retreated, and the grenadiers and marines followed the high road. On +reaching the Court house Colonel Smith ordered six companies (about two +hundred men) under Captain Parsons, to hold the bridge and destroy certain +stores on the other side. With the balance of his command he remained in +the center of the town destroying such warlike stores as could be found, this +being the object of the expedition.</p> + +<p>Captain Parsons in the meantime, posted three companies under Captain +Laurie at the bridge, while he proceeded to Colonel Barrett's home in search +of stores. The Americans had gathered on the high ground, west of the bridge, +and now numbered about four hundred and fifty men, representing many of +the neighboring towns. The Acton company in front, led by Capt. Isaac Davis, +marched in double file and with trailed arms for the bridge. The British +guard, numbering about one hundred men, drew up in line of battle on the opposite +side of the bridge, and opened fire upon them. Capt. Davis, and Abner +Hosmer, of the same company, both fell dead. Seeing this, Major Buttrick +shouted "Fire, fellow soldiers! for God's sake fire!" The order was instantly +obeyed. One of the British was killed, and several wounded, one severely, who +was left on the ground, when the British retreated to the center of the village. +The Americans turned aside to occupy favorable positions on the adjacent +hills.<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> A young man named Ammi White was chopping wood for Rev. William +Emerson at the "Old Manse" at the east end of the bridge, while the +firing was going on he hid under cover of the wood-pile, when it was over he +went to the bridge, saw one British soldier dead, another badly wounded, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[472]</a></span>grasping his axe he struck the wounded soldier on the head crushing in his +skull, then taking the soldier's gun, he went off home. The gun is now in the +rooms of the Antiquarian Society of Concord. In the meantime, the detachment +under Capt. Parsons returned from the Barrett house, crossed the bridge, +passed the dead bodies of the soldiers and joined the main body unmolested. +They reported when they arrived at Boston, that the wounded soldier at the +bridge had been scalped and his ears cut off.</p> + +<p>Very little was said during the past hundred years concerning the inhuman +act of Ammi White, in fact this is the first time the name of the perpetrator +of the outrage has been published. It was not a popular subject to be discussed +in the Council of the "Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution" +when assembled to recount the "brave deeds of their patriotic forefathers." +Hawthorne mentions it in the "Old Manse" pp. 12, 13.</p> + +<p>The writer's attention was first drawn to it by an article in the Boston +papers concerning the observances of "Patriots Day," April 19th, 1903. It was +as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"A story of the Concord fight not told by guides who take tourists to the +graves of the soldiers by the Concord bridge was told by the Rev. Franklin Hamilton, +preaching on "Patriots' Day and Its Lessons" last evening at the First +Methodist Episcopal Church.</p> + +<p>"It shows," said he, "that the British soldiers were men like you and me. +It shows that the story of that fateful battle hour found many weeping hearts +across the sea. Your histories tell you how two British soldiers, a sergeant and +a private, were killed, and are buried under the pines by the wall. One was +killed and the other wounded. As the wounded soldier was crawling away he +was met by a boy who had been chopping wood, and who, inflamed with the +spirit of the hour, struck him dead with his axe. Mr. Bartlett of Concord tells +me that not so long ago a young woman came to Concord and asked to be +shown where the British soldiers lay. She came from Nottinghamshire, and +was a relative of one of them. She went to the graves and placed upon them a +wreath, singing as she did so 'God Save the King.'"</p></blockquote> + +<p>This led me to examine into the case. I found that there was considerable +rivalry of feeling between the towns of Concord and Acton as to the part +each took in the fight. There was a saying that "Acton furnished the men, +and Concord the ground." And that there was not a Concord man killed, +wounded or missing in the "Concord Fight." In the Centennial observances +at Acton in 1835, the Address was delivered by Josiah Adams. He said:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"That two were killed at the bridge is certainly true, and it is true too that +historians have published to the world that they were killed in the engagement.</p> + +<p>It is true also, that a monument is about to be placed over them on the +spot to perpetuate American valor. The manner in which one of them met +his death as disclosed in the depositions of Mr. Thorp, Mr. Smith and Mr. +Handley, namely by a hatchet after he was wounded and left behind, was well +known at the time. It was the action of an excited and thoughtless youth who +was afterwards sufficiently penitent and miserable and whose name therefore +will not be given. But the attempt to conceal the act from the world which was +made at the time, and has since continued, cannot be approved. It would surely +have been better to have given it to the world accompanied by the detestation +and horror which it merited and received. Thorp in his deposition said: +'Two of the enemy were killed—one with a hatchet after bring wounded and +helpless. This act was a matter of horror to all of us. I saw him sitting up +and wounded as we passed the bridge.'"</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[473]</a></span>Smith said: "One of them was left on the ground wounded and in that situation +was killed by an American with a hatchet." Handley said: "The young +man who killed him told me in 1807 that it worried him very much."</p> + +<p>This inhuman act was of course reported by the British and a Boston paper +represented that one killed at the bridge at Concord was scalped and the +ears cut off from his head. This led to a deposition from Brown and Davis +that the truth may be known. They testified that they buried the bodies at the +bridge, that neither of those persons were scalped, nor their ears cut off.</p> + +<p>If there be any one left to advocate such a proceeding, he will say that +the deposition was true to the letter. But alas! it was in the letter only. It +had the most essential characteristic of falsehood—the intention to make a +false impression in regard to what was known to be the subject of inquiry to +have it believed that both men were killed in the engagement."</p> + +<p>"If a monument is to be erected by the authority of a town, one of the +most respectable in the County of Middlesex, let it be seen that its inscription +contains the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, relative to the +subject matters thereof."<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a></p></blockquote> + +<p>My attention was next attracted to the soldiers' graves at Concord Bridge +by the following letters that appeared in the Boston Transcript:</p> + +<blockquote><p class="center"> +BRITISH GRAVES AT CONCORD.</p> + +<p>To the Editor of the Transcript: +</p> + +<p>I want to say in your columns something which has been on my mind +frequently since I went to Concord Bridge on my recent visit to America. It +has mingled some sadness with an otherwise most delightful visit.</p> + +<p>By the side of the road there are the graves of the British soldiers who +fell there, unnamed and unhonored by us, yet they died doing what they conceived +to be their duty just as your men did. The loneliness and unrecognized +character of these graves struck me sadly, and I have often since wished that +they, too, might have some tribute to their stanch, if misplaced bravery. Now +in looking (as I constantly do) through the writings of my most dear friend and +counsellor, James Russell Lowell, I find he has exactly struck the note I want +in his poem, "Lines suggested by the graves of the two English soldiers on +Concord Battleground." The third verse would make a fitting tribute to the +character of these men. It runs as follows:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<span class="i0"> "These men were brave enough and true</span><br /> +<span class="i0">To the hired soldiers' bull-dog creed;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">What brought them here they never knew,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">They fought as suits the English breed;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">They came three thousand miles and died</span><br /> +<span class="i0">To keep the past upon its throne—</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Unheard, beyond the ocean tide,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Their English mother made her moan."</span> +</div> + +<p>Do you think there might be found, among the splendidly patriotic Daughters +of the Revolution, some sufficiently generous-minded to put this American +poet's recognition of the worth of these poor fellows on a small tablet near the +graves? I would at least ask whether the last two lines of this verse do not +move the heart of any woman.</p> + +<p>I do not know how public sentiment toward the sacred ground of Concord +battlefield might regard such an intrusion, and if the words were those of any +but such a man as Lowell, so associated with the locality and imbued with all +that that fight meant to your nation, I would not be so bold as to suggest it. I +know that this is really a national, not an individual, matter and that a stranger<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[474]</a></span> +ought not to intermeddle with it. I am only making my little moan in +sympathy with the English mother whose heart Lowell so beautifully understands.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +ALBERT WEBB.</p> +<p> +Elderslie, London Road, Worcester, Eng., March 31, 1909.<br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<p>The editor's comments on the letters was in part as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"The letter in another column pleading for a memorial tablet, bearing suggested +and suggestive lines from Lowell, at the grave of the two British soldiers +slain at the North Bridge, Concord, should challenge attention and it +is difficult to see why it should challenge antagonism. The grave is now +marked by two stones half sunken in the mold with which kindly nature everywhere +seeks to efface the evidences of human strife. It is protected by chains +which were provided some thirty years ago by a British resident of Boston. +On a stone of the wall sheltering the grave is an inscription setting forth who +sleep below. Neither the inscription nor the defence was strictly necessary, +for all Concord knows where the grave is, and tradition has preserved the +names of the two men who buried the slain, giving them hasty but not irreverent +interment. Nor has there ever been danger of vandalism. The old New +England reverence for the last resting place of the dead protected the sleepers +for one hundred years, and the chain fence is more the tribute of a countryman +to these friendless and nameless victims of George III.'s policy than a precaution. +The same spirit which protected those two soldiers' resting place would +doubtless not see anything objectionable in a bronze tablet carrying Lowell's +lines. Certainly the people of Concord, the descendants of the Minutemen, +would be the last to feel incensed at this tribute, if tribute it be, or this reminder +of permanent material, of the historic dust that must in these one +hundred and thirty-four years have turned into earth.</p> + +<p>"These two soldiers are none the less historical characters because their +identity is unknown. What their names or grades neither history nor research +tells. They were just common men in the ranks, in the era when the private +soldier was simply so much food for powder.</p> + +<p>"But apart from the influence of local sentiment, there is a broad public +opinion that guards a soldier's sepulchre, even if he was an enemy in life. This +opinion is expressed in the general custom in this country to allow both sides +memorials on the great battlefields of our Civil War.</p> + +<p>"If the suggested tablet should be erected at Concord, if 'patriotism' +should at first think too much honor were done these 'hireling soldiers,' would +not reflection remind that when the 'embattled farmers'—who, by the way, +were led by a veteran and accomplished officer—and the regulars faced one +another across the narrow stream both were proud of the name of Englishmen? +Concord was then a microcosm of English America, which up to the very verge +of hostilities had drunk the King's health and had clung desperately to the foolish +fond belief that he was a good sovereign misled by designing ministers."</p></blockquote> + +<p>This led me to further investigate this matter, for I had been informed +that the graves had been desecrated some years ago under authority of the +town officials. I therefore caused to be published in the Boston Transcript +under the heading of "Notes and Queries" the following query:</p> + +<blockquote><p>(7891.) 1. Can anyone give the names of the two British soldiers killed +at Concord Bridge, or inform me if there were any papers taken from their +bodies that would identity them? I have been informed that there were.</p> + +<p>2. One of the soldiers was left wounded on the bridge; what was the name +of the "young American that killed him with a hatchet"?</p> + +<p>3. When did the selectmen of Concord give Professor Fowler permission +to dig up the two bodies of the British soldiers and remove the skulls to be +used for exhibition purposes?</p> + +<p class="signature"> +J. H. S.</p> +<p> +April 6, 1906. +</p></blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 586px;"> +<img src="images/illo_475.jpg" width="586" height="400" alt="MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE SKIRMISH AT CONCORD BRIDGE" title="MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE SKIRMISH AT CONCORD BRIDGE" /> +<span class="caption">MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE SKIRMISH AT CONCORD BRIDGE. + +The letter A on the left of the engraving, marks the site of the graves of the two British Soldiers. The first killed +in the Revolution.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[475]</a></span>The only answer received was the following:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"7891. 3. The indirect intimations of J. H. S. are shrewd, but before the +alleged action of the selectmen excites the Concord people, they should insist +upon his producing adequate evidence.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +ROCKINGHAM." +</p></blockquote> + +<p>The adequate evidence was produced and is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p class="signature"> +"The Worcester Society of Antiquity,<br /> +Worcester, Massachusetts, April 12, 1909.</p> + +<p>Mr. James H. Stark,</p> + +<p>Dear Sir: +</p> + +<p>Mr. Barton has handed your letter to me and I write to say that the +skulls of those two British Soldiers killed at the bridge in Concord were once +the property of this Society, we having purchased them of the Widow of Prof. +Fowler, the phrenologist, who some years ago went about the country giving +lectures and illustrating his subjects. Prof. Fowler got permission to dig up +those skulls from the Selectmen of Concord, and he carried them about with +him and used them in his lecturing. After his death one of the members +learned of them and we purchased the skulls and they were in our museum +some time. The late Senator Hoar learning that we had them, came to know +if we would be willing to return them to Concord that they might be put back +in the ground from whence they were taken. As he seemed quite anxious +about it, consent was given, and they were sent to Concord to be placed in +their original resting place. Presume they are there at the present time.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Yours,</p> +<p class="signature"> +ELLERY B. CRANE.<br /> +Librarian." +</p></blockquote> + +<p>The only excuse offered for the inhuman act of Ammi White was found +over one hundred years after the crime was committed. It is now said that +he was only a boy, and that the wounded soldier cried out for water, and that +while giving it to him he tried to kill him with his bayonet. This is all false, +there is no evidence whatever to prove it, in fact Thorp, one of the deponents +said "he was killed with a hatchet after being wounded and helpless, and the +act was a matter of horror to all of us." Handley said "The young man who +killed him told me in 1807 that it worried him very much." Here is not the +slightest evidence that White killed him in self defence, neither was he the +boy as represented, for I find that he enlisted five days after killing the soldier, +in Capt. Abishai Brown's Co. Col. John Nixon's (5) Regiment. He enlisted +April 24, 1775, June 10, 1775 signed advance pay order at Cambridge, Aug. +1, 1775, Private on muster roll at that date. Service 3 months 15 days. Company +return dated Sept. 30, 1775.<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a></p> + +<p>I am pleased to state that a few weeks after the aforesaid letters appeared +in the Transcript, that the town authorities at Concord gave permission +to the "British Army and Navy Veterans" of Boston, to march on Memorial +Day, May 30, 1909, to the graves of the two soldiers and to decorate +same, which was accordingly done. The graves of the soldiers are referred +to in the Transcript article as being "protected by chains, which were provided +some thirty years ago by a British resident of Boston." The party referred to +was Mr. Herbert Radcliffe, a member of the British Charitable Society. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[476]</a></span> +facts which I have stated here, concerning what occurred, "Where once the +embattled farmers stood and fired the shot heard round the world" is not +done with a view of reviving old grievances, or re-opening old sores, but that +the historic truth may be known concerning "the shot heard round the world," +for history should know no concealment, and as Josiah Adams truly said, "the +truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, should be told relative to this +matter."</p> + +<p>If it be said that these are old stories of the past, we reply that these +misrepresentations are being quoted as having actually occurred and are made +living issues for to-day by numerous societies formed for that; and kindred +purposes. Even those societies designed to keep in remembrance their honored +ancestors' part in the Revolution, make it a point to perpetuate their +historic fables and falsehoods in the belief that anything is good enough to be +said of their historic opponent.</p> + + +<p class="center">THE ENGAGEMENT AT THE NORTH BRIDGE IN CONCORD, WHERE THE +TWO SOLDIERS WERE KILLED.</p> + +<p>In the American army which was formed at Cambridge immediately after +the affair at Lexington and Concord, there were two young artists from +Connecticut, Amos Doolittle, afterwards a well known engraver, and a portrait +painter by the name of Earl, both members of the New Haven company. During +their stay at Cambridge, these young men improved the opportunity by +visiting Lexington and Concord, for the purpose of studying the battle field +and making drawings of the several localities, the buildings, and the forces +in action. The drawings were mostly made by Earl, and afterwards engraved +by Doolittle, on his return to New Haven the same year. The four plates +were each twelve by eighteen inches in size, and have been claimed to be the +first series of historical prints ever published in this country. "Plate III., the +battle of the North Bridge in Concord" shown here in reduced size from the +reproduction of the original in "Stark's Antique Views of Boston." In this engraving, +one soldier is seen falling, near the spot where the two soldiers are +buried.</p> + + +<p class="center">THE BIRTHPLACE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.</p> + +<p>Boss or ring rule is not a modern invention, for at the time of the Revolution, +Sam Adams was the political boss of Boston, Gordon in his "History of +the American Revolution" under date of 1775, traces this practice to a much +earlier date. "More than 50 years ago Mr. Samuel Adams' father and 20 others, +one or two, from the north end of the town, where all the ship business +is carried on used to meet, make a caucus, and lay their plans for introducing +certain persons into places of trust and power. By acting in concert, together +with a careful and extensive distribution of ballots, they generally carried the +elections to their own mind." In this manner Sam Adams first became a +representative for Boston, and then its Boss. At this period ship building +was one of the leading industries of Boston. Originally the "Caucus Club" +was a mechanics club called from the leading trade in it the "Calkers' Club,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[477]</a></span> +which name, with a variation it still retained after it had passed in the hands +of politicians.</p> + +<p>It is impossible to exaggerate the influence such secret societies as the +Caucuses, and Sons of Liberty, had upon the events which helped to bring on +the conflict with the mother country. The "Sons of Liberty" met in a distillery, +and also the Green Dragon Tavern, and arose out of the excitement +attending the passage of the Stamp Act. John Adams in his diary gives some +interesting glimpses of their clubs, where the Revolution was born, he says +"Feb. 1, 1763. This day learned that the Caucus Club meets at certain times +in the garret of Tom Dawes, the adjutant of the Boston regiment. He has a +large house, and he has a movable partition in his garret, which he takes +down and the whole club meets in one room. There they smoke tobacco till +you cannot see from one end of the garret to the other. Then they drink +flip I suppose, and there they choose a moderator, who puts questions to the +vote regularly, and selectmen, assessors, collectors, wardens, and representatives, +are regularly chosen before they are chosen in the town. Fairfield, +Story, Ruddock, Adams, Cooper, and a rudis indigestaque moles of others are +members."</p> + +<p>"January 15, 1766. Spent the evening with the Sons of Liberty at their +own apartments in Hanover Square near the Tree of Liberty. It is a counting-room +in Chase & Speakman's distillery; a very small room it is. There were +present John Avery, a distiller of liberal education; John Smith, the brazier; +Thomas Chase, distiller; Joseph Fields, master of a vessel; Henry Bass, +George Trott, jeweler; and Henry Wells. I was very cordially and respectfully +treated by all present. We had punch, wine, pipes and tobacco, biscuit +and cheese, etc."</p> + +<p>Chas. J. Gettemy in commenting on same, says:<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a></p> + +<p>"From which it appears that politicians are much the same in all times. +Public officials were chosen by a ring in Boston in the year of our Lord 1763 +before they were "chosen by the town" <b>and the Revolution was hatched in a +rum-shop</b>, while those upon whom history has placed the seal of greatness and +statesmanship filled themselves with "flip" in an atmosphere dense with tobacco +smoke as they plotted and planned the momentous events of the time!"</p> + + +<p class="center">PAUL REVERE THE SCOUT.</p> + +<p>Paul Revere was born in Boston, Dec. 21, 1734, his father was a Huguenot +named Rivoire, which in time became Revere. When Revere left school he +went into his father's shop to learn the art of gold and silver smith.</p> + +<p>His first military experience was when he was twenty-one years old, in +the expedition against Crown Point, in which he held the king's commission +from Gov. Wm. Shirley as second lieutenant of artillery. The service proved +uneventful, it continued for six months and then the enterprise was abandoned.</p> + +<p>On his return he took an increasing and prominent part in the political<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[478]</a></span> +life of the time, and on one occasion his pugnacious disposition got him into +the police court, in 1761, where he had to pay a fine and be bound over to +keep the peace.</p> + +<p>Revere became quite skilled in drawing and engraving on copper, and the +exciting political events of the time readily lent themselves to pictorial treatment. +Probably the best known of Revere's copper-plate engraving, was that +of the so-called "State Street Massacre." It has since, however, been discovered +that in this instance he appropriated the work of Henry Pelham, the +half brother of Copley the artist<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> as the following letter will show:</p> + +<blockquote><p class="signature"> +Boston, March 29th, 1770.</p> + +<p>Sir: +</p> + +<p>When I heard that you was cutting a plate of the late Murder, I thought +it impossible as I knew you was not capable of doing it unless you copied it +from mine and as I thought I had intrusted it in the hands of a person who +had more regard to the dictates of Honor and Justice than to take the undue +advantage you have done of the confidence and trust I reposed in you. But I +find that I was mistaken and after being at great Trouble and Expense of making +a design, paying for paper, printing, etc., find myself in the most ungenerous +Manner deprived not only of any proposed Advantage, but even of the +expense I have been at as truly as if you had plundered me on the highway. +If you are insensible of the Dishonour you have brought on yourself by +this Act, the World will not be so. However, I leave you to reflect and consider +of one of the most dishonorable Actions you could well be guilty of.</p> + +<p class="signature"> +H. PELHAM.<br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<p>This is a serious charge against Revere's honor and integrity, for it seems +that Pelham loaned Revere a drawing of the "Massacre" from which Revere +made an engraving and sold copies without giving the real artist credit for +his sketch, since the Revere plate bears the inscription Engraved, Printed and +Sold by Paul Revere.</p> + +<p>Revere was one of the chief actors in the tea mobs that destroyed the tea +which precipitated the Revolution. The North End Caucus had, on Oct. 23, +1773, declared that its members would "oppose at peril of life and fortune the +vending of any tea that might be imported by the East Indian Company." A +song was composed which became very popular. One of them commenced with</p> + +<p class="poem"> +<span class="i0"> "Our Warren's there and bold Revere</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> With hands to do and words to cheer."</span> +</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illo_479.jpg" width="400" height="581" alt="PURSUIT AND CAPTURE OF PAUL REVERE" title="PURSUIT AND CAPTURE OF PAUL REVERE" /> +<span class="caption">PURSUIT AND CAPTURE OF PAUL REVERE.<br /> + +He and another scout, named Dawes, was captured on the road to Lexington, +April 19, 1775.</span> +</div> + +<p>Revere took a prominent part in this tumultuous affair, and the next day +he was selected as the man to take the news to New York and Philadelphia. +From this time on he was the chief scout of the Boston Revolutionists. He +was one of a band of thirty formed to watch the movements of the British +that had been sent to Boston after the destruction of the tea. Finally the +vigilance of these scouts was rewarded. It became apparent that something +unusual was occurring in the British camp on the evening of April 18th, 1775, +for Revere says "On Tuesday evening, the 18th, it was observed that a number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[479]</a></span> +of soldiers were marching towards the bottom of the Common," which meant +that they were going in boats across the river to Charlestown or Cambridge, +instead of making a long march around by land. About ten o'clock Dr. Warren +sent in great haste for me and begged that I would immediately set off for +Lexington. I found he had sent an express by land, a Mr. William Dawes." +I then went home, took my boots and surtout, went to the north part of the +town, where I kept a boat; two friends rowed me across Charles River. When +I got into town, I met Colonel Conant and several others. They said they had +seen our signals. I told them what was acting, and went to get a horse." +Mounted on Deacon Larkin's horse, he said "I alarmed nearly every home +till I got to Lexington. After I had been there about half an Hour, Mr. Dawes +arrived, who came from Boston over the Neck. We set off for Concord." +They had gone but a short distance when they were taken prisoners. Revere +said "I saw four of them, who rode up to me with their pistols in their hands, +said G—d d—n you, stop, if you go an inch further you are a dead Man." The +result was that neither Revere nor Dawes reached Concord.</p> + +<p>On the day following these events Revere was permanently engaged by Dr. +Warren, as a scout to do outside business for the Committee of Safety. This +patriotic service had a commercial value, and the Committee in auditing the +bill thought he was disposed to value his labors too highly, for they reduced +his charges from five shillings to four shillings a day.<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> In his financial dealings +with the government he hardly ever failed to send in bills for work done +which the authorities deemed extravagant charges and pruned down accordingly.</p> + +<p>Most men like Revere, somewhat above the masses, but not possessing +the elements of enduring fame, are remembered by a circle of admiring and +respecting friends until they pass away, and are ultimately forgotten, finding +no place upon the pages of written history. Paul Revere was rescued +from this fate by an accident, a poet's imagination of things that never occurred. +His famous ride remained unsung, if not unhonored for eighty-eight +years, or until Longfellow, in 1863 made it the text for his Landlord's +Tale in the Wayside Inn. It is to the "poetic license" of Longfellow, that most +persons owe their knowledge of the fact that such a person as Revere ever +existed. The poet did not mention the name of Dawes, yet he was entitled to +as much credit, for what he did on the eve of the historic skirmish at Lexington, +as Revere.</p> + +<p>Poetry and history sometimes become sadly mixed, the poet and romancist, +in so far as they deal with matters of verifiable records should keep closer to +the truth, and make use of poetic license as little as possible. To be sure +the poet's statement concerning the lantern, and that Revere reached Concord +was long ago shown to have been incorrect, but its persistent virility only +goes to prove that truth is not the only thing which crushed to earth, will rise +again. Very little is said by historians, concerning the Penobscot Expedition +despatched in the summer of 1779 by the Massachusetts Council against +the British on the coast of Maine. It was an episode of the Revolution that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[480]</a></span> +resulted in disaster so complete, so utterly without excuse, and so thoroughly +discreditable to American arms as to make its contemplation without feelings +of shame and humiliation impossible. An overwhelming force of Colonial +troops, through the clear cowardice of an admiral bearing the proud name +of Saltonstall, allowed itself to be frightened into an ignominious and panic-stricken +desertion of its post of duty by a ridiculously ill equipped enemy. +The ensuing scandal besmirched reputations hitherto untarnished, and the +State of Massachusetts was plunged, on account of the expedition, into a debt +of eight million dollars sterling. "To attempt to give a description of this terrible +Day," wrote General Lovell, "is out of my Power. It would be a fit subject +for some masterly hand to describe it in its true colors, to see four ships pursuing +seventeen Sail of Armed Vessels, nine of which were stout Ships, Transports +on fire. Men of War blowing up every kind of Stores on Shore, throwing +about, and as much confusion as can possibly be conceived."<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a></p> + +<p>Thus did this little Garrison with three Sloops of War, by the unwearied +exertions of soldiers and seamen, writes John Calef in his Journal under date +of August 14, 1779, whose bravery cannot be too much extolled, succeed in +an enterprise of great importance, against difficulties apparently unsurmountable, +and in a manner strongly expressive of their faithful and spirited attachment +to the interests of their King and Country. Calef gives the total number +of American ships of war, brigs and transports as 37, of which 26 were +burnt and 11 captured.<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> "The soldiers and crew took to the woods, and singly +or in squads, made their way to the Kennebec, where most of them arrived after +a week's suffering from hunger and exposure."<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a></p> + +<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Revere was in command of the artillery train, and +this episode was a serious event in his life, and came near stripping him of +the laurels he had won by his earlier exploits, he was arrested on charges of +cowardice, censured after an investigation, court martialled, and was grudgingly +acquitted, after three years persistent effort.</p> + +<p>Paul Revere's Masonic Record also has its blemishes. He received his +degrees in St. Andrews Lodge in 1760-1. He afterwards became Grand Master. +There being too many Loyalists or "Gentry" in St. Andrews Lodge to +suit the taste of Revere, the leader of the mechanics, he and his friends therefore +withdrew from same, and started "Rising States Lodge," but it did not +succeed. The members soon fell to quarrelling among themselves. Some +twenty members came together and voted the lodge out of existence, and divided +the funds of the lodge, amounting to $1,577.50 among twenty-five members +of the lodge, among whom was Paul Revere and his son. This was contrary +to all Masonic precedents. The funds and paraphernalia of the Lodge +should have been returned to the Grand Lodge. A committee was appointed +to investigate the matter. They made a very scathing report in which it said +"To divide it among members of a Lodge whenever they think proper to dissolve +this union, is making the funds an object of speculation, it is treating<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[481]</a></span> +the noble example of departed donors with contempt and devoting their sacred +deposit to individual emoluments, it is taking bread from the hungry, It is +multiplying the tears of the widow and fatherless."</p> + +<p>The Grand Lodge ordered that the funds of the lodge should be devoted +to charity and a report of same printed and sent to each member of Rising +States Lodge.<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a></p> + + +<p class="center">WILLIAM FRANKLIN, SON OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.</p> + +<p>William Franklin, Last Royal Governor of New Jersey, was a natural son +of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. He was born about 1731. His father said of him: +"He imagined his father had got enough for him; but I have assured him that +I intend to spend what little I have myself, if it pleases God that I live long +enough; and, as he by no means wants acuteness, he can see by my going on +that I mean to be as good as my word." He served as Postmaster of Philadelphia, +and as clerk of the House of Assembly of Pennsylvania. In the +French war he was a captain and gained praise for his conduct at Ticonderoga. +Before the peace, he went to England with his father. While there, Mr. Strahan +wrote Mrs. Franklin, "Your son I really think one of the prettiest young gentlemen +I ever knew from America. He seems to me to have a solidity of +judgment, not very often to be met with in one of his years." While abroad +young Franklin visited Scotland and became acquainted with the celebrated +Earl of Bute, who recommended him to Lord Fairfax, who secured for him, +as is said, the appointment of Governor of New Jersey, in 1763, without the +solicitation of himself or his father. All intercourse between him and his +father was suspended for more than a year before the actual commencement +of hostilities. He was involved in a helpless quarrel with the delegates, and +the people of New Jersey. In May, 1775, in a message he sent to the Assembly +he said, "No office of honor in the power of the Crown to bestow would ever influence +him to forget or neglect the duty he owed his country, nor the most +furious rage of the most intemperate zealots induce him to swerve from the +duty he owed his Majesty." On the 20th of May, the day this message was +transmitted, the Assembly was prorogued, and Governor Franklin never communicated +with that body again. Three days after the first Provincial Congress +commenced their session at Trenton, and the Royal Government ceased, +and William Livingston became Franklin's successor.</p> + +<p>Congress ordered the arrest of Governor Franklin as an enemy to his +country. He was accordingly placed in the custody of a guard commanded +by a captain who had orders to deliver him to Governor Trumball in Connecticut. +He was conveyed to East Windsor, and quartered in the house of Captain +Ebenezer Grant. In 1777 he requested liberty to visit his wife who was +a few miles distant, and sick. This Washington refused, saying, "It is by no +means in my power to supersede a positive Resolution of Congress under +which your present confinement took place." His wife was born in the West +Indies and it is said that she was much affected by the severity of Doctor +Franklin to her husband while he was a prisoner. She died in 1778 in her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[482]</a></span> +49th year, and is buried in St. Paul's Church, New York. It is inscribed upon +the monumental tablet erected to her memory that "Compelled to part from +the husband she loved, and at length despairing of the soothing hope of his +speedy return, she sunk under accumulated distresses, etc."</p> + +<p>In 1778, after the arrival in America of Sir Henry Clinton, an exchange +was effected and Governor Franklin was released, and went to England. In +West's picture of the Reception of the American Loyalists, by Great Britain +in 1783, Governor Franklin and Sir William Pepperell are the prominent personages +represented. (See page 214.)</p> + +<p>In 1784, the father and son, after an estrangement of ten years, became +reconciled to one another, for Doctor Franklin writes, "It will be very agreeable +to me, indeed nothing has ever hurt me so much, and affected me with +such keen sensation, as to find myself deserted in my old age by my only +son, and not only deserted, but to find him taking up arms against me in a +cause wherein my good fame, fortune and life were all at stake. You conceived, +you say, that your duty to your king and regard for your country required +this. I ought not to blame you for differing in sentiment with me in +public affairs. We are all men, subject to errors, etc." In his will, dated June +23, 1789, a few months before his decease, he showed his shrewdness and +craftiness for which he was always noted, in leaving his Nova Scotia lands to +his son, the title to which was doubtful on account of the part he took in the +Revolution. He says "I give and devise all the lands I hold or have a right +to in the Province of Nova Scotia, to hold to him, his heirs and assigns forever. +I also give to him all my books and papers which he has in his possession, and +all debts standing against him on my account-books, willing that no payment +for, nor restitution of the same be required of him by my executors. The part +he acted against me in the late war, which is of public notoriety, will account +for my leaving him no more of an estate he endeavored to deprive me of."</p> + +<p>Governor Franklin continued in England during the remainder of his life. +He received a pension from the British Government of £800 per annum. His +personal estate valued at £1800, which was confiscated, the government allowed +him full compensation for. He had several shares in back lands and +grants and real estate in New York and New Jersey, all of which he conveyed +to his father, as he was indebted to him. He died in Nov., 1813. His +son, William Temple Franklin, was Secretary to Dr. Franklin, and edited his +works. He died at Paris in May, 1823.</p> + + +<p class="center">ROYAL COAT OF ARMS.</p> + +<p>The Royal Coat of Arms embossed on the outside cover of this work is +an exact reproduction of the Coat of Arms that was formerly above the Governor's +seat in the Council Chamber in the Old State House in Boston. It +was made from a photograph taken from the original in Trinity Church, St. +John, N. B., for a fuller description of same, see p. 436. The seal embossed on +the outside back cover, is a reproduction of the seal of "The Colony of the +Massachusetts Bay in New England" from which the present seal of the State +of Massachusetts is derived. It was the seal that was used on all official documents +down to the time of the Revolution.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[483]</a></span>PELHAM'S MAP OF BOSTON.</p> + +<p>This plan was made by Henry Pelham, the half brother of Copley the +painter. It was made under permission of J. Urquhart, Town Major, August +28, 1775. It shows the lines about the Town and the Harbor, and is the most +important of the early maps of Boston and the one upon which all subsequent +revolutionary maps are based. It was printed in two sheets published in London, +June 2, 1777, done in aquatinta by Francis Jukes. This copy is reproduced +from the original in the Massachusetts Historical Society's Library and +is drawn on a photographic print from which this engraving is made.</p> + + +<p class="center">JUDGE CHAMBERLAIN'S OPINION OF COL. THOS. GOLDTHWAITE.</p> + +<p>Col. Goldthwaite was a man of ability, unbounded enterprise, and considerable +influence. Chamberlain in his History of Chelsea says of him: "Some +very unfavorable accounts of Col. Goldthwaite have been published, which I +do not feel at liberty to withhold, but in referring to them suggest, first, that +they were mainly written after he had become obnoxious as a loyalist; secondly: +that his position on the Penobscot was one in which it would have been +impossible to protect the just rights of the Indians against turbulent frontiersmen +outside any efficient government without incurring their hostility, since +their only sense of justice was their desire for exclusive possessions of lands +which rightfully belonged to the original occupants."</p> + + +<p class="center">GOV. JOHN WINTHROP—See Page 426.</p> + +<p>John Winthrop, born Jan. 12, 1587, died at Boston March 26, 1649, by his +first wife Mary Forth, had</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="childrren1"> +<tr><td align="left">John, born Sept. 12, 1606</td><td align="left">Forth, born Dec. 30, 1609</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Henry, born Jan. 19, 1608</td><td align="left">Mary, born probably 1612</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ann, baptised Aug. 8, 1614 and died soon after</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ann (again) baptised June 26, 1615</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>By his second wife, Thomasine Clopton, had a child who died at the same time +as its mother.</p> + +<p>By his third wife, Margaret Tyndal, he had</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="children2"> +<tr><td align="left">Stephen, Mar. 31, 1619</td><td align="left">Nathaniel, Feb. 20, 1625, died young</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Adam, April 7, 1620</td><td align="left">Samuel, August 26, 1627</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Deane, March 23, 1623</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ann, April 29, 1630, who died on the voyage over</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">William, Aug. 14, 1632, probably died early</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sarah, baptized Jan. 29, 1634, probably died early</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>By his fourth wife, Martha, a widow of Thomas Coytmore, sister of Increase +Nowell of Charlestown, he had Joshua, baptised December 17, 1648</p> + +<p>His eldest son, John Winthrop, born Sept. 12, 1606, at Groton, who afterwards +became Governor of Connecticut, died and was buried in Boston; it is +his line of descendants that is given on page 426; the other branches of the +family became extinct in the male line.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[484]</a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX.</h2> + + + + +<div> +Abercrombie, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Achmuty (see Auchmuty). Robert, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Adams, Charles Francis, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frances, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Mrs., <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Quincy, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josiah, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zab, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Albemarle, Duke of, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Allen, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Almon, W. J., <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Altamont, Earl of, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ambrose, Robert, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ames, Fisher, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gov., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Amherst, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Amory, Abigail Taylor, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann Geyer, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann McLean, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catherine Green, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Fitzmaurice, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Esther Sargent, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hattie Sullivan, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hugh, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha Greene, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nancy Geyer, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rufus, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rufus Greene, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas C., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Coffin, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ancient and Honorable Artillery Co., <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Anderson, James, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Andrews, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, Jr., <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Andros, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barrett, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edmond, Sir, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Appleton, John, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Apthorp, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alicia Mann, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Ward, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlotte Augusta, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">East (Rev.), <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grace Foster, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grizzell, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grizzell Eastwicke, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, Greenleaf, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John T. (Col.), <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary McEvers, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Thompson, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susan, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susan, Ward, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Arbuthnot, Abigail Little, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christian, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Archer, Mary, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Argenson, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Arnold, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benedict, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Asby, James, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ashburton, Lord, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ashley, Joseph, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ashton, Jacob, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Astor, John Jacob, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Atkins, David, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gibbs, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruth, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Atkinson, John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Attucks, Crispus, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Auchmuty, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria M., <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, Harrison, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Nicholis, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, Sir, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, Rev., <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Austin, Capt., <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Avery, John, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alywin, Thomas, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[485]</a></span>Ayres, Eleanor, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Bache, Benjamin F., <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bacon, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Badger, Moses, Rev., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bagley, Col., <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bailey, Jacob, Rev., <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baird, D., Sir. 304.<br /> +<br /> +Baker, John, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walter, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Baldwin, Henry, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loammi, Col., <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ball, Robert, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bancroft, George, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. Dr., <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bangs, Seth, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barber, Major, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barger, Philip, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barker, Ann, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barnard, John, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Barnes, Catherine, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christian Arbuthnot, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Surgeon-General, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Barnett, John, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barnsfare, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barre, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barrell, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan Sayward, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel B., <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Sayward, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theodore, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walter, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Barrett, Col., <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barrick, James, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barron, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucy, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Barry, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barton, David, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M., <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bass, Gilman, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bath, Lord, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beaman, Thomas, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beath, Mary, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beaumarchais, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beecher, Henry Ward, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Belcher, Andrew, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eliza, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Governor, see Jonathan.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan (Gov.), <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph (Rev.), <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebeccah, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bennett, Barbara, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spencer (see Phips, Spencer), <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bentham, Jeremy, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Benton, Senator, (Thos. H.), <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bernard, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amelia, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis, Rev., <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis, Sir, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Godfrey, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Governor, see Sir Francis.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Sir, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Julia, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scrope, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Berry, Edward, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bethel, Robert, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bethune, George, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George A., <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bicker, William, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bigelow, Timothy, Col., <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bissett, George, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Black, David, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Blackburn, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Justice, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Blackstone, Mr., <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Blackwell, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Blair, John, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Blanchard, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bland, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Blaney, Joseph, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bligh, Thomas, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bliss, Daniel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Blodgett, Susannah, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Blowers, Sampson S., <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sampson Salter, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bloye, Henry, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boardman, Andrew, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bollan, Mr., <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bolton, Col., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Borland, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Boucher, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bourn, Edward, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elisha, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lemuel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Boutineau, James, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Bowdoin, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nancy, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bowen, John, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathan, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bowes, Ann Whitney, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arthur, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorcas Champney, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edmund Elford, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emily, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harriet Troutbeck, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucy Hancock, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha Remington, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin (Sir), <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Stoddard, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicholas, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Hubbard, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bowditch, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bowdoin, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judith, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bowman, Archibald, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[486]</a></span>Boyd, Gen., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boydell, Alderman, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boyer, Daniel, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boyle, John, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boyleston, Mr., <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boylston, Ward Nicholas, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Braddock, Gen., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bradford, Gov., <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bradish, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bradshaw, Sarah Thompson, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bradstreet, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simon, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bragdon, Capt., <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brandon, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brattle, Katherine, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Katherine Saltonstall, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Braxton, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bray, John, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margery, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Breck, Abigail, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Brewer, Daniel, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Breynton, Rev. Dr., <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bridgewater, Chief Justice, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bridgham, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Briggs, Mathyas, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brigham, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bright, John, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brimmer, Martin, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brindley, see Brinley.<br /> +<br /> +Brinley, also Brindley.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catherine Craddock, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deborah, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Pitts, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Apthorp, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. (Nathaniel), <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sylvester Oliver, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Britton, David, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brock, Gen., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Broderick, John, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brooks, Susanna, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Broomer, Joshua, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown, Abishai (Capt.), <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capt., <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gawler, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lieut., <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mather, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shearjashub, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Browne, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah Curwin, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judge, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simon, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bruce, James, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brunsden, Charles, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bryant, Seth, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brymer, Alexander, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bubler, Joseph, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Buckminster, Col., <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bulfinch, Charles, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susan Apthorp, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bumpus, Thomas, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bumstead, Thomas, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burch, William, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burden, William, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bureau, Ann, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burgoyne, Gen., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burke, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burnett, Gov., <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burr, Aaron, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burrell, Colbourn, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Burton, Jane, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bush, David, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bute, Lord, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Butler, Benjamin F., <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr., <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen., <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilliam, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Buttrick, Maj., <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Byfield, Deborah, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Byles, Anna, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Belcher, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josiah, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mather, Rev., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mather, Jr., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mather (3), <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bymer, Alexander, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Cabot, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Calef, John, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Calhoun, John C., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Callahan, Charles, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Callendar, Edward B., <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Callender, James Thompson, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Camden, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Campbell, Alexander, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duncan, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Caner, Ann, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry (Rev. Dr.), <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Canner, Henry, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Canning, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Capen, Hopestil, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carew, Charles Hallowell, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Hallowell, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Carleton, Guy (Sir), <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carlisle, Earl of, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Carpenter, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carr, Mr., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patrick, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[487]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert (Sir), <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Carroll, Charles, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Rev.), <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Carter (Lieut.), <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cartwright, Geo. (Col.), <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carver, Caleb, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Melzor, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cary (Dr.), <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cazneau, Andrew, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cednor, William, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chambers, Rebecca, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chace (see also Chase).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ami, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Levi, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shadrach, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chadwell, Abraham, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. A., <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chalmers, (Richard-?-), <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chamberlain, Joseph, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Champney, Dorcas, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chandler, Ann, Leonard, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Annice, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clark, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorothy, Paine, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr., <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eleanor Putnam, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Ruggles, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gardner, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah Gardner, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Col.), <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucretia, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rufus, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Channing, Dr., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charles I., <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charles II., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chase (see also Chace and Speakman, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chatham, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chauncy (Rev. Dr.), <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Checkley, Anthony, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cheever, Ezekiel, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joshua, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chickatabut, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Child, Isabella, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susan, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susannah, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Hale, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chipman, Hannah Warren, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hope Howland, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Rev.), <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca Hale, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ward, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Church, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, Jr., <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonel, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ciely, John, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clap, Rachel, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clarence, Duke of, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clark (see also Clarke).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Clark, Mary, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Timothy, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Clarke (see also Clark), <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac Winslow, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret Winslow, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susan, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Sons, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Clay, Henry, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cleveland, President, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cleverly, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clinton, Henry (Sir), <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cobb, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cochrane, Alexander (Sir), <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capt., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Codner, William, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coffin, Ann, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann Holmes, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aston (Sir), <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caroline, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Amory, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Barnes, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis Holmes, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Froman H. (Admiral), <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guy Carleton (Gen.), <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hector (Capt.), <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Edward, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, Sir (Admiral), <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac Sir (Gen.), <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isabella, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Gen.), <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John T. (Admiral), <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Townsend, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan Perry, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lieut. Col., <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margrate, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, Jr., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">T. (Admiral), <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Aston, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Aston (Sir), <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tristram, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, Jr., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Foster, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Collins, Stephen, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Colonial Club, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Conant, Col., <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Congreve, Mary, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William (Sir), <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Conkey, Israel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Connors, Mrs., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[488]</a></span>Converse, Hannah, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cook, Robert, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cookson, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cooley, John, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coombs, Mr., <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cooper, Jacob, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Coote, Eyre, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coores, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Copley, Elizabeth Clark, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Georgiana, Susan, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Copley, John Singleton, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Singleton (2) (See also Lyndhurst, Lord), <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Copley, Richard, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sophia, Clarence, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susan Penelope, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cornwallis, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Corwell, Anna, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jemima, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cotton, John, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Courtney, Thomas, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cousins, John, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cox, Edward, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cradock, Catherine, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Crage, James, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cragie, Lord, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Craigie, Admiral, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cranch, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crane, Ellery B., <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Major, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Crehore, Zeedah, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cromwell, Oliver, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crowne, William (Col.), <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cummins, A., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cunningham, Archibald, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Curtice (See also Curtis).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Curtis (See also Curtice).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Obediah, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Curwen, George, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susannah, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cushen, John, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cushing, William, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cushman, Elkanah, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cutler, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Hicks, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Marsh, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">May Stockwell, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miriam, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miriam Eager, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Olivia Dickson, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zackeus, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cutts, Joseph (Capt.), <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sally, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Dabney, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dalglish, Andrew, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Danforth, Judge, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Daphne (a slave), <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dartmouth, Lord, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Daubney (See also Dabney).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Davenport, Addington, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jane, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Davie, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davis, Ann, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Governor, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac (Capt.), <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jefferson, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dawes, William, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Daws, Edward, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.<br /> +<br /> +D'Bernicre (Ensign), <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br /> +<br /> +D'Estaing (Admiral), <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De Brisay (see Des' Brisay).<br /> +<br /> +De Chatillon, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De Grasse, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De la Bere, David, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De Lancey, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oliver, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +De Viomel, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Deane, Silas, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dearborn (Gen.), <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Debarrett, Mrs., <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Deblois (including De Blois).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann Coffin, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann Farley, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Cranton, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Jenkins, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Etienne, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilbert, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Smith, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruth, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dechezzar, Adam, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Decrow, Thomas, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Deering, James, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dennie, William, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dennison, Samuel, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Derby, Richard, Jr., <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Des' Brisay, Thomas (Gen.), <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Devens, Richard, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Devereaux, Anna, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dewey, George (Admiral), <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dexter, Aaron, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dexter, Mrs., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca Amory, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dickenson, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dickerson, William, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dickson, Olivia, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dieskau, Baron, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Digby, Admiral, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Sir), <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dillon, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Doolittle, Amos, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dorchester Historical Society, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dorchester, Lord (see also Sir Guy Carleton), <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[489]</a></span>Dougherty, Edward, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dowse, Joseph, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Doyle, Major, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Doyley, Francis, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Drake, Samuel G., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Draper, Ann, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Driver, Richard, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Duane, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Duche, Jacob (Rev.), <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Duddington (Lieut.), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dudley, Charles, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph (Gov.), <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Katherine, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Duelly, William, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dulaney (Daniel ?), <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dumaresq, Capt., <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philip, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, Gardiner, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dummer, Jane, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dunbar, Daniel, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jessie, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rose, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Duncan, Alexander, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James (Major), <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dunlap, Daniel, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dunn, Samuel, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dunning, Mr., <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Du Portail, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dupuis, Abram, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Durham, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Du Vassall (see also Vassall), <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Duyer, Edward, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dysart, Hugh, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert J., <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Eager, James, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miriam, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Earl, James, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br /> +<br /> +East India Company, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eastwicke, Guzzel, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Eaton, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eckley, Thomas E., <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Julia Ann Jeffries, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Edgar, James, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Edward IV., <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">VII., <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Edwards, Thomas, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Johonnot, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Edson, Josiah, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eldridge, Joshua, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eliot, Andrew, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew (Rev.), <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Asaph, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Rev.), <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ellis, Ephraim, Jr., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joshua, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ellsworth, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Emerson, John, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William (Rev.), <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Emsley, Chief Justice, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Endicott, John (Gov.), <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eppes, Abigail, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Love, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Erving, Abigail, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col., <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Jr., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Catherine, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shirley (Dr.), <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Etter, Peter, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eustis (Gov.), <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William (Dr.), <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Evans, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Everett, Edward, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oliver, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Eyre, John, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Katherine, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, Lord, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fales, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Faneuil, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, Jr., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jane, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Ann, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Farbrace, Miss, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Farley, Ann, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Farnum, Susannah, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fellows, Gustavus, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fenton, Capt., <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ferguson, Major, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fields, Joseph, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Finney, Francis, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilfret, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fisk, John, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fitch, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fitzclarence, Mary, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fitzmaurice, Elizabeth.<br /> +<br /> +Flagg, Samuel, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fleming, John, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fletcher, Robert, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Flucker, Elizabeth Luist, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Flucker, Hannah, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah Waldo, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judith Bowdoin, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucy, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sally, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, Jr., <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Foote, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Forbes, John (Rev.), <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorothy, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Forest, James, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Formon, Sarah, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Forrest, James, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[490]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">James (Capt.), <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Foster, Comfort, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, Jr., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grace, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fowle, Col., <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Prescott, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fowler, Professor, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fox (Charles James), <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Francis, Sarah, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frankland, Agnes (Lady), <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frankland, Charles Henry Sir, (alias Sir Henry and Sir Harry), <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Franklin, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William (Sir), <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Temple, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Frary, Mehitable, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theophilus, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Frazer, Nathan, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Freeman, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Freneau, Philip, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frye, P., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Full, Thomas, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Gage, Thomas (General and Governor), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gale, Anna, <a href="#Page_275">275</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruth, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gallison, John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gallop, Antill, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gallop, Joan, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Galloway (Richard), <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Golway, William, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gambin, Admiral, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.<br /> +<br /> +G. A. R., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gardiner, Abigail, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann Gibbons, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benoni, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catherine Goldthwait, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Sylvester John, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucretia Chandler, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Hallowell, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Svlvanus, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sylvester (also Silvester), <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(Dr.), <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Weld, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Garrick, Mr. (David), <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Garrison, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gates, General, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gay, Ebenezer (Rev.), <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joanna, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jotham, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lydia Lusher, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin, Capt., <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gay, Mary, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Pinckney, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruth, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruth Atkins, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. Allen, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wickworth Allen, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gayer (see also Geyer).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Sir), <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +George (Capt.), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br /> +<br /> +George III., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Geray, Sarah, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas (Lt. Col.), <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Germain, Lord George, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gerrish, Cabot, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gerry, Elbridge (Gov.), <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Getchell, Dorothy, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gettemy, Charles J., <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Geyer, Damaris, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederick William, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Christian, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Guard, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nancy, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gibbons, Ann, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gibbs, Henry (Sir), <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gilbert, Bradford, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perez, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gilbert, Thomas, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, Jr., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Glover, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gladstone (William E.), <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Goffe, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Goldsbury, Samuel, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Goldsmith, Georgiana, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Goldthwait, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catherine, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catherine Barnes, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ezekiel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah Bridgham, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry (Lieut.), <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Barnes, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jane Halsey, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha Lewis, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Jordan, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mehitable, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michael B., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philip (Capt.), <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rachel, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Formen, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Hopkins, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Winch, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Goodale, Nathan, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Goodhue, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gordon, Hugh Mackay, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gore, Abigail, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[491]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christopher (Gov.), <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Weld, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frances Pinckney, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mylain, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Obadiah, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca Payne, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rhoda, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Kilby, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gorham, David, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Goss, Phebe, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gould, Anne, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">General, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gouldthwaight, Thos. (see Goldthwaite), <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grant, Charles, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ebenezer (Capt.), <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen., <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Major, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Grattan, Thomas Colley, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Graves (Admiral), <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gray, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin Gerrish, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ellis, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harrison, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harrison, Jr., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gray, Horace, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>n, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Gerrish, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susannah, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Grazebrook, Avery, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Grazier, Col., <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Greathouse, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Greecart, John, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Green (see also Greene).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abigail, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bartholomew, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin. Jr., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen., <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, Rev., <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phoebe, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rufus, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Greene, Catherine, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gardiner, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha B., <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rufus, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Singleton Copley, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Greenfield, Ann, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Greenlaw, John, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Greenleaf, Hannah, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Greenough, Thomas, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Greenwood, Mr., <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Grenville, George (Lord Chancellor of Exchequer), <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gridley, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeremy, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Griffin, Edmund, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Griffith, Mrs., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grison, Edward, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grozart, John, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Guard, Maria, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Guild, Curtis, Jr., <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Hale, Mary P., <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roger, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hall, Adam, (3rd), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ebenezer (Jr.), <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luke, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hallowell, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin (Capt.), <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin (Admiral), <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin (Sir), <a href="#Page_283">283</a> (see Carew).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah Gardiner, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ward, Nicholas (see Boylston), <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Halsey, Jane, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Halson, Henry, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hamilton, Alexander, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franklin (Rev.), <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John C., <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Eliza Heuvel, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hammock, Sarah, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hammond, Green, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hancock, John, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hancock, Lucy, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Handley, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harcourt, Vernon (Sir), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hardwicke, Lord, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harris, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucy Devereaux, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Joseph, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard Acklom, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susannah, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hassam, John T., <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hatch, Addington, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christopher, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col., <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Lloyd, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Estes (Col.), <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harris, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hawes, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jane, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[492]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paxton, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susannah, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hathaway, Calvin, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ebenezer, Jr., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luther, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shadrach, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Haven, G. C., <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Katherine Jeffries, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Haward, John, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hawley, Joseph, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hawthorn (Justice), <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hawthorne, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hay, Dr., <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hazen, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. L., <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Heard, Isaac (Sir), <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Heath, William, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hefferson, Jane, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henly, Samuel, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henchman, Thomas (Major), <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henderson, James, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Henry, Patrick, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hester, John, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Heuvel, Charlotte Augusta Apthorp, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Cornelius Vanden, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Eliza, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hichborn, Benjamin (Col.), <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hicks, Colonel, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Higginson, Henry, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hill, Henry, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hillsborough (Earl of), <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hinkly, Richard, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hinston, John, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hirons, Richard, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hirst, Grove, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hitchcock, E. A., <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen., <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hoar, George F. (Senator), <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hobby, Ann, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hodges, Samuel, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holland, Georgianna Anne, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lady (see Webster, Elizabeth), <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Elizabeth (see Lilford), <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Holmes, Benjamin M(ulberry), <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Holton, Samuel, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holyoke, E. A., <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward A. (Dr.), <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward H., <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hombersley, Ruth, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Homer, Michael, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Kneeland, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Honourable Artillery Company, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hood, Admiral, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hooper, Ann, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anna Corwell, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alice Tucker, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Whittaker, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greenfield, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"King," <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Harris, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary McNeil, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. M., <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, Jr., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, 3d, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweet, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hopkins, Mr., <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Horn, Henry, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Horrey, Col., <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Horsemauden, Samuel, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Horton, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hosmer, Abner, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hotham, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br /> +<br /> +House, Joseph, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Houston, Rebecca, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hovey, C. F. & Co., <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<br /> +How, Josiah, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Howe, Abraham, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen., <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Murray, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha (Mrs.), <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murray, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William (Sir), <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Howland, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hope, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hubbard, Daniel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joshua, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hubbel, Lewis, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hughes, Peter, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hull, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judith Quincy, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hulton, Henry, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hunt, Anne, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (3rd), <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hunter, William, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William (Lieut.), <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hurlston, Richard, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hutchinson, Abigail, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward H., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eliakim, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elisha, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Brinley, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foster, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Rogers, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Oliver, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter Orlando, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[493]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas (Governor), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a> to <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, Jr., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Widow, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hutton, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Ingersoll, David, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Inglefield (Commissioner), <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Inglis, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr., <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ingraham, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Inman, John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ralph, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ireland, John, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Richard, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jaffrey, George, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George J., <a href="#Page_395">395</a> (see also Jeffries, George J.).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucy Winthrop, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +James, II., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jamison, Charlotte Jessy, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jarvis, Caroline Leonard, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles (Dr.), <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Admiral, Sir), <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leonard, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. M., <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jay, John, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jeanson, Jean, <a href="#Page_409">409</a> (see also Johnson, John).<br /> +<br /> +Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jeffries, Ann, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann Geyer Amory, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Clarke, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustus, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catherine, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward P., <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Usher, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George J., <a href="#Page_395">395</a> (see Jaffrey, George J.).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah Hunt, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry W., <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Dr.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Jr., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Julia, Ann, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Katherine, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Katherine Eyre, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Jaffrey, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Rhoads, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jenkins, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jennes, Eleanor, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jephson, Mr., <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sally Flucker, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Capt., <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gov., <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holton (Capt.), <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susan, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William (Sir), <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Johonnot, Andrew, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Quincy, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Katherine Dudley, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret Le Mercier, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Serzane, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susan Johnson, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zachariah (also Zasherie), <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Joice, Isaac, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jones, Deacon, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elisha, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ephraim, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonas, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Ann, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jordan, Mary, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jouy, <a href="#Page_411">411</a> (see Joy).<br /> +<br /> +Joy, Abigail Green, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Andrews, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Hall, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James R., <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joan Gallop, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lydia Lincoln, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michael, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Prince, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Homer, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Junius Americanus (see Arthur Lee), <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Kalm, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kast, P. G., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kent (Duke of), <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Keyes, John, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kerry (Lord), <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kidd, Capt., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kidder, Samuel, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kilby, Sarah, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.<br /> +<br /> +King, Edward, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rufus, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Kirk, Thomas, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kirkwood, Col., <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Knight, John (Sir), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Knox, Henry (Gen.), <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Knutton, John, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Knutter, Margaret, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Lafayette, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lansdowne (Marquis of), <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">[494]</a></span>Laughton, Henry, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Laurens, Henry, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Laurie, Capt., <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lavicourt, Mr., <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lavosier, Anthony Lawrence (General), <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lawton, Henry, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lazarus, Samuel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leach, Rachel, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Learned (Col.), <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leavitt, Mr., <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Le Baron, Joseph (Dr.), <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Le Bretton, Philip, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lechmere, Ann Winthrop, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Phips, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicholas, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lecky (W. E. H.), <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leddel, Henry, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lee, Arthur (Junius Americanus), <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles (Gen.), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judge, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha Sweet, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard Henry, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Leffingwell, E. H., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leigh, Egerton (Sir), <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lemaistre, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Le Mercier, Andrew, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Leonard, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anna, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anna White, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caroline, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ephraim, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, Col., <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, Judge, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philip, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rachel Clap, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, Col., <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Hammock, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Leslie, Col., <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lester, John (Sir), <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Love Eppes, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Leverett, President, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewis, Ann, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ezekiel, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha Burrell, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Cheever, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philip, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lilford, Lord, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lillie, Ann, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mehitable, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel (Mrs.), <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theophilus, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lilly, William, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lincoln, Abraham, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lydia, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lindall, Henry, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Linkieter, Alexander, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Linzee (Capt.), <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Liste, Mrs., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Little, Abigail, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Livingston, R. R., <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lloyd, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr., <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Griselda, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Sir), <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Logan (Cayuga, chief), <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Longfellow, Henry W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Longueuil, Baron de (see Grant, Charles), <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Loring, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlotte Jessy Jamison, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hector, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jane, Newton, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Commodore, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Wentworth (Sir), <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, Royal, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joshua, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joshua (Commodore), <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joshua, Jr., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William (Capt.), <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Loudon (Gen.), <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Louis XVI., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Love, John, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lovel, John, Sir, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lovell, General, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mansfield (Gen.), <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Master, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lovewell (Capt.), <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lowe, Charles, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lowell, James Russell, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John 126, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Luist, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lusher, Lydia, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lutwiche, Edward Goldston, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lyddell, Henry, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lyde, Byfield, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catherine, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deborah, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Wheelwright, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Belcher, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susanna, Curwin, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lyman, Theodore (Gen.), <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lynch, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lynde, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">[495]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Byfield, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chief Justice, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Dizbie, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enoch, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah Newgate, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lydia, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Browne, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simon, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lyndhurst, Lord (see also John Singleton Copley, 2nd.), <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Macauley, Thomas Babington, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Macdonald, Dennis, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mackay, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mackey, Mungo, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br /> +<br /> +MacKinstrey, Mrs., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mackintosh, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">("Capt."), <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Macknight, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maclean (Col.), <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Macneal, Miss, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Madison, James (President), <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Magdalen, Earl of (see Sir Isaac Coffin), <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Malbone, Godfrey, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Malcolm, Daniel, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Malcomb, Abigail Trundy, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Capt.), <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Manchester, Duke of, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mann, Alicia, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horace (Sir), <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mansfield, Isaac, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mansfield, Mr., <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br /> +<br /> +March, Mary, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zacheray, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Marion, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marsh, Edward, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marshall, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Capt.), <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Marston, Alice, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, Jr., <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Winslow, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Sweet, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Martin, Capt., <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michael, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Maryatt, Captain, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mascarene, John, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mason, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Slidell, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Masters, John, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mather, Cotton, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Increase, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Matthews, Ann, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Manduit, Mr., <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maverick, Moses, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Maxwell, Mary, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murray (Sir), <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +May, Dr., <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McAlpine, William, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McArthur (Gen.), <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McCall, George, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McClintock, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McCobb, Samuel, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McClure (Gen), <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McEwen, James, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McEvers, Mary, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McIntosh, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McKeron, John, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McLanathan, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McLean, John, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McLellan, Arthur, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McMasters, Daniel, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patrick, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McMullen, Alexander, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McMurdo (Col.), <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isabella, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susannah, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McNiel, Archibald, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hector, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McSparran, James (Rev.), <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mears, Mr., <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Meserve, George, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Messengham, Isaac, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Middleton, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mifflin (Col.), <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miller, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Katherine Sarah Russell, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col., <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Major, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mills, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Minns, Martha, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Minot, Christopher, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mercy, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mitchell, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mitchelson, David, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Molesworth, Ponsonby (Capt.), <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Molineaux, Mr., <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Montague (Admiral), <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. Mr., <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Montgomery, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(General), <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Moody, John, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John J., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Moore, John, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moreland, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morgan, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morris, Gouverneur, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Gage, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roger, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Morrison, John, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morton, Perez, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mowatt (Capt.), <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mulcainy, Patrick, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mulhall, Edward, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mullins, Thomas, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Munroe, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Murdock, Ephraim, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Murray, Alexander, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col., <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[496]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorothy, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth McLanathan, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Col.), <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Sir), <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucretia Chandler Gardner, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Nagers, John, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nassawano, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nelson, Lord, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nevin, Lazarus, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Newcastle (Duke of), <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Newgate, Hannah, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Newhall (Deacon), <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Newton, Jane, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nicholls, Richard, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard (Col.), <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Nixon, John (Col.), <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Noble, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Nooth (Dr.), <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br /> +<br /> +North, Lord, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Northumberland (Duke of), <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Norton, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nutting, John, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +O'Brien, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> +<br /> +O. C., <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ochterlony, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexander, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catherine, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Metcalf, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David (Sir, Maj. Gen.), <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David Ferguson (Sir), <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilbert, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Katherine Tyler, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +O'Donoghue, Henry O. B., <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Offley, Amelia, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ogden, Charles R., <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Richard, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susan Clarke, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Oliver, Andrew (Lt. Gov. etc.), <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew (of Salem), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eben, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. E. (Dr.), <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lt. Gov., <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Lynde, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter (Dr.), <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas (Lt. Gov., etc.), <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. S. (Cap. R. N.), <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Sanford, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Sanford (Jr.), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +O'Neil, Joseph, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Orange, Prince of (William III.), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> +<br /> +O'Reilly, John Boyle, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Orne, Lois, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Timothy, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Otis, Harrison Gray, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James (Col.), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. A. (Mrs.), <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Overing, Henrietta, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry John, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Oxford, Earl of, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Oxnard, Edward, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ozell, Mr., <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Paddock, Adnio, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adino (the younger), <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lydia Snelling, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary McLellan, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca Thacher, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zachariah, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pagan, Miriam Pote, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Page, Abiel, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Paine, Dorothy, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorothy Rainsford, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lois Orne, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Chandler, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Clark, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Treat, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rose, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Timothy, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William (Dr.), <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Paley (Dr.), <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Palmer, Charles Thomas (Sir), <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harriet, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Parker, Rev. Dr., <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel (Rev.), <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Parmenter (Goodwife), <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Parnell, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Parr, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Parsons, Capt., <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Patten, George, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Patterson, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Paxton, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Paxton, Faith, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wentworth, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Payne, Edward, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pearson, Thomas (Sir), <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[497]</a></span>Peck, Robert (Rev.), <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Peddock, Leonard (Capt.), <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pedrick, John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pelham, Henry, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Herbert, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Penelope, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pemberton, Eben (Rev.), <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. Mr., <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Penn, Admiral, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pepperell, Andrew, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harriet, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margery Bray, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Hirst (Lady), <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, Sir (1st), <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, Sir (2nd), <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Percy, Earl, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Perkins, James, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Perkins, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, Lee, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Perrie, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Perry, Samuel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seth, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Silas, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Peters, Parson, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Petit, John Samuel, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Phillips, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederick, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Col.), <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Phips (also Phipps).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. F., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lady, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">May, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sheriff, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spencer, Lt. Gov., <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spencer 286, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Sir, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pickering, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Timothy (Col.), <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pickman, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin (Col.), <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. Gayton, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pierce, Edward Lillie, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josiah, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">President, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pine, Samuel, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pinckney, Mary, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pinkney, Frances, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pitcairn, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pitt, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pitts, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pollard, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pond, Eliphalet, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ponsonby, Lord, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Porter, Alexander S., <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. G. (Rev.), <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pote, Ann Hooper, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorothy Getchell, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Berry, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah Greenfield, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joanna, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miriam, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Powell, Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pownall, Thomas (Gov.), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Poynton, Thomas, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pratt, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judge, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Preble (Commodore), <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Prentice, John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Prescott, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William H., <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Preston, Captain, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Price, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Priestly, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Primatt, Mrs., <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Prince, John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Capt., <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, Rev., <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Prindall, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Proctor, Mr., <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Proctor & Gray, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Punderson. Mr., <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Purchis, Oliver, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Putnam, Archelaus, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eleanor Sprague, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">General, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Israel, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, Jr., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John 378, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rufus, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pynchon, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Quincy, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Quincy, Daniel, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorothy, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edmund, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Esther, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josiah, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judith, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Radcliffe, Herbert, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rainsford, Dorothy, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ramage, John, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Randolph, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">[498]</a></span>Read, Charles, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Reed, Joseph, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Remington, John, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha A., <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rhoda Gore, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Revere Copper Co., <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Warren, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Reynolds, Fleetwood B. (Sir), <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joshua, Sir, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Rhoads, Sarah, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Richards, Owen, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Richardson, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ezekiel, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phineas, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Timothy, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Rives, Mr., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roath, Richard, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robbins, Edward Hutchinson, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Roberts & Co., <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Robertson, William (Gen.), <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robie, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Taylor, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel Bradstreet, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Robinson, John, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rochambeau, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rochfort, Gustavus, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Leonard, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Rodney, Lord, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rogers, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel Dennison, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeremiah Dummer, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ruck, Hannah, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ruggles, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard 135, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Timothy, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Timothy (2nd), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Timothy, Rev., <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ruggles, Timothy, Amherst, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rolfe, Col., <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benj., <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benj. (Rev.), <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Rome, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Root, Elihu, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rose, Peter, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ross, Margaret, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Rotch, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Routh, Richard, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Royall, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac (of Antigua), <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac (Gen.), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Penelope, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Roycroft, Ann, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rumford, Count (see also Sir Benjamin Thompson), <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess (Sarah), <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Rummer, Richard, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rush, Mr., <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Russell, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catherine Greaves, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chambers, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles James, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr., <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward (Sir), <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Vassall, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ezekiel, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, Jr., <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Lord), <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Katherine, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lechmere (Col.), <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lechmere-Coor-Graves, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucy Margaret, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Lechmere, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Wainwright, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca Chambers, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Sabine, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sackett, Hannah, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas (Dr.), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Salisbury, Lord, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Saltonstall, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gurdon, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Katherine, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leverett, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, Col., <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard (Sir), <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sampson, John, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sanford, Margaret, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sargent, Esther, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Saumerez, Thomas L. Marchant, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Saunders, Henry, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Savage, Abraham, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arthur, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rowland, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Saward, see Sayward.<br /> +<br /> +Sayward, Henry, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Webber, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Mitchell, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Scammel, Thomas, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scheaffe (see also Sheaffe), <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schuyler, Gen., <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scoit, Joseph, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">[499]</a></span>Scollay, John, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scott, Duncan C., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Governor, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winfield (Gen.), <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Scoville, William, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sears, Anna, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Selby, John, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Selkrig, James, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Semple, John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sergeant, Peter, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Serjeant, John, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Service, Robert, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sewall, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sewall, Ann Hunt, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chief Justice, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Esther Quincy, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah Hull, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jane Drummond, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph (Rev.), <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judge, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret Grazebrook, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret Mitchell, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Payne, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca Dudley, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Shattock, Samuel, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shays, Daniel, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sheaffe, Col., <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Helen, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lady, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret Coffin, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Longfellow, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nancy, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roger Hale (Sir), <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruth Woods, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sally, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susannah, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susannah Child, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Child, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, Jr., <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William S., <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Shepard, Joseph, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sherburn, Thomas, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sherman, Gen., <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sherwin, Richard, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shippen, Dr., <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shirley, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Catherina, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, Gov., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sigourney, Andrew, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sigournie, Andrae, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Silsby, Daniel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Simcoe, Gov., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Singleton, Mary, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Simonds, Ruth, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Simpson, John, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, Jr., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Skinner, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Slidell, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Small, Major, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, Abigail, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adam, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anna Leonard, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col., <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goldwin, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph (Rev.), <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joshua, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Solomon, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sydney, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Symthe, Frederic, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smythers, Walter Tyson, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Snelling, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lydia, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lydia Dexter, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Snider, Christopher, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Southwick, Solomon, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sparhawk, Andrew, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew Pepperell, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harriet Hirst, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Pepperrell, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel Hirst, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Pepperrell, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Speakman, William, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spooner, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John J., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sprague, Eleanor, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Spry, Commodore, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Square, Richard, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stacy, Richard, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stanton, E. M., <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stark, Caleb (Major), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James H., <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Gen.), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Stayner, Abigail, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stearns, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sterling, Benjamin Ferdinand, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Stevens, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stewart (Col.), <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duncan, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emily, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Capt.), <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leonard, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Leonard, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Stiles, Ezra (Dr.), <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Still, Alice, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[500]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Dr.), <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Stimson, John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stockwell, May, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Stoddard, Mary, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simeon, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Story, Josep, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stow, Edward, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Strachan, John (Dr.), <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Strahan, Mr., <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Strange, Lot (3rd), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stromach, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stuart, H. Lechmere (Sir), <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sturgis, Hannah, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sullivan, Bartholemew, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hettie, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James (Gov.), <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sumner, Increase, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. (W. G.), <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sumpter, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Surriage, Agnes (see also Lady Frankland), <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Swain, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Swan, James, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James (Capt.), <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Swasey, Joseph, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sweet, Martha, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Swift, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sylvester, John (Rev.), <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Symmes, Francis, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Symonds. Mr., <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Tailor, Rebecca, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William (Lt. Gov.), <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tarbett, Hugh, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Taylor, Abigail, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Temple, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Sir, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Terree, Zebedee, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Terry, William, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zebedee, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Thatcher, "Citizen," <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oxenbridge, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Thayer, Arodi, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ziphion, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Mary, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, Ray, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Thompson, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Benj. (Sir), Count Rumford, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel (Col.), <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Bradshaw, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Thorp, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tiernay, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tilden, Israel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tilghman, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Timmins, John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tisdel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tomlinson & Trecothick, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tompkins, Sarah, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tonancour, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Townsend, Gregory, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tropmane, Lewis, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Trecothick, Barlow, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Trott, George, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Troutbeck John, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harriet, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Trowbridge, Edmund, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Trumbull, Gov., <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Trundy, Abigail, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tucker, Alice, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tufts, John, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simon, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tupper, Eldad, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Turbett, Hugh, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Turner, John, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miss, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Turill, Joseph, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tylden, John Maxwell (Sir), <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Burton, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tyler, Andrew, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Katherine, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miriam Pepperell, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Brinley, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tyng, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tyron, Gov., <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Upham, Joshua, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Upshall, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Urquhart, Hannah Flucker, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James (Capt.), <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Major, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Usher, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lt. Gov., <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Van, Murray, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vane, Harry (Sir), <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vans, William, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vassaile (see also Vassall).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anna, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frances, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judith, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Vassall, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Davis, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catherine, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlotte, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, Lemaestre, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fanny, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florentinus, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry (Col.), <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Col., <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Jr.), <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[501]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Maj.), <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leonard, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucretia, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margaret Hubbard, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Archer, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rawdon, John Popham (Col.), <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Oliver, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruth Gale, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spencer Lambert Hunter, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spencer Thomas, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Oliver, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Vaughn, Charles, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Venables, Gen., <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vergennes, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vernon, Admiral, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Victoria, Queen, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vose, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Putnam, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Solomon, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Wainwright, E. D. (Col.), <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria M., <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wait, Richard, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Waite, Samuel, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Waldo, Col., <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frances, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucy, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel (Gen.), <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Walker, Adam, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col., <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gideon, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Timothy (Rev.), <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zera, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Walpole, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Walter, Lydia Lynde, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lynde, Minshall, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">N. (Rev.), <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nehemiah (Rev.), <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebeckah Belcher, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. Dr., <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Mather, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas (Rev.), <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, Rev., <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wamatuck (Indian Chief), <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wanton, Gov., <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ward, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen., <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Rev., <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel Curwen, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susan, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Warden, James, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ware, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Warren, Abraham, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph (Dr.), <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter (Sir), <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Washington, George, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Augustine, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Waterhouse, Samuel, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Watson, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, Col., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Watts, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wayte, Gamaliel, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Webb, Albert, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nehemiah, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Webber, Deborah, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Webster, Daniel, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth (Lady Holland), <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Godfrey (Sir), <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Godfrey Vassall (Sir), <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harriet, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">P——, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wedderburn (Solicitor Gen.), <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Weld, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wells, Henry, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William V., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Welsh, James, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wendell, John, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Mico, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madame, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wentworth, Gov., <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Sir), <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +West, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel (Capt.), <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wetmore, William, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Whalley, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Whatley, Thomas, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas William, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wheaton, Caleb, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judge, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wheelwright, John, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Rev., <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Whipple, Abigail Gardiner, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oliver, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Whiston, Obadiah, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +White, Ammi, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anna, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornelius, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel, Jr., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Cranston Deblois, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gideon, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gideon (Jr.), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peregrine, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. H. & Co., <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Resolved, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">[502]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susannah, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Whitman, Clarence, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Whitney, Ann, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Whittaker, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel (Rev.), <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Whitworth, Miles, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilbore, Joshua, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wildridge, James, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilkes, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilkinson, Gen., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Willard, Abel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abijah, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">President, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel (Rev.), <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +William III., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Williams (Indian Sachem), <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elijah, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry H., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Israel, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Job, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seth, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seth, Jr., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Williamson, Capt., <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Willis, David, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilmot, George, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilson, Archibald, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Winch, Sarah, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Winchelsea, Lord, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Winnet, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Winslow, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, Jr., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, Rev., <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frances, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac (Dr.), <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, Jr., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jane Isabella, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Gen., <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Jr., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joshua, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kenelm, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucy Waldo, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pelham, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Winthrop, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adam, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alice Still, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ann, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Temple, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis Bayard, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jane Burton, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Still, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucy, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Brown, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, Admiral, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert C., <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas L., <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wait Still, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wiswell, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Rogers, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inchabod, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John (Rev.), <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mercy Minot, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Noah, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peleg, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wittington, William, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wolf, General, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucy Margaret Russell, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Cope (Rev.), <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Woods, Ruth, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Woodbridge, Timothy, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Woolen, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wormley, Admiral, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Worrall, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Grooby, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Worthington, John, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wright, Daniel, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James (Sir), <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wyer, David, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David (Jr.), <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eleanor James, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth Johnson, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joanna Pote, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary Hunt, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca Russell, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Francis, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah Tompkins, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas (Jr.), <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Young, Thomas (Dr.), <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">[503]</a></span></p> +<p>Space in this volume would not permit of the giving of the biographies of +all of the Loyalists of Massachusetts, while the names of all the Loyalists obtainable +are given, yet there is material enough to fill another volume with +their biographies which it is the intention of the author to publish if he receives +sufficient encouragement in the sale of this volume.</p> + + + +<h4>List of Loyalists of Massachusetts whose names or Biographies +are not found in this work.</h4> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Loyalists"> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Acre, Thomas</td><td align="left">Haskins, John</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Allen, Jeremiah</td><td align="left">Hewes, Shubal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Allen, Jolley</td><td align="left">Hodgson, John</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Auchard, Benjamin</td><td align="left">Hodson, Thomas</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Barclay, Andrew</td><td align="left">Homans, John</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Barrell, Colburn</td><td align="left">Jeffrey, Patrick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Beath, Mary</td><td align="left">Jennex, Thomas</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Black, William</td><td align="left">Kerland, Patrick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Borland, John Lindall</td><td align="left">Knutton, William</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Bowman, Archibald</td><td align="left">Laughton, Joseph</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Bowles, William</td><td align="left">Lawler, Ellis</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Boylston, John</td><td align="left">Lear, Christopher</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Boylston, Thomas</td><td align="left">Leslie, James</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Bradstreet, Samuel</td><td align="left">Linning, Andrew</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Brown, David</td><td align="left">Lovell, Benjamin</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Bryant, John</td><td align="left">Lush, George</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Bulfinch, Samuel</td><td align="left">Lynch, Peter</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Burroughs, John</td><td align="left">McKean, Andrew</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Butler, James</td><td align="left">McNeil, William</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Butter, James</td><td align="left">Madden, Richard</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Calef, Robert</td><td align="left">Magner, John</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Capen, Hopestill</td><td align="left">Massingham, Isaac</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Carr, Mrs.</td><td align="left">Mein, John</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Case, James</td><td align="left">Mewse, Thomas</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Caste, Dennis</td><td align="left">Moore, Augustus</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Thomas (Dr.)</td><td align="left">Morrow, Col.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Cazneau, Edward</td><td align="left">Mossman, William</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Ceely, John</td><td align="left">Norwood, Ebenezer</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Cheever, William Down</td><td align="left">Orcutt, Joseph</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Clark, Joseph</td><td align="left">Pashley, George</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Clemmens, Thomas</td><td align="left">Pecker, Dr. James</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Clement, Joseph, Capt.</td><td align="left">Phillips, Benjamin</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Clementson, Samuel</td><td align="left">Pitcher, Moses</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Colepepper, James</td><td align="left">Powell, William D.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Courtney, James</td><td align="left">Prout, Timothy</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Richard</td><td align="left">Ramage, John</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Cox, Lemuel</td><td align="left">Rand, Dr. Isaac</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Crane, Timothy</td><td align="left">Randall, Robert</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Crowe, Charles</td><td align="left">Reeve, Richard</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Davies, William</td><td align="left">Rice, John</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Davis, Edward</td><td align="left">Roberts, Frederic</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Demsey, Roger</td><td align="left">Rogers, Nathan</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Dickinson, Francis</td><td align="left">Simpson, Jeremiah</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Elton, Peter</td><td align="left">Spillard, Timothy</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Emerson, John</td><td align="left">Stevens, John</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Fall, Thomas</td><td align="left">Stewart, Adam</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Fillis, John</td><td align="left">Story, William</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Fisher, Turner</td><td align="left">Taylor, Charles</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Wilfred</td><td align="left">Thomas, Jonathan</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Fullerton, Stephen</td><td align="left">Thompson, George</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Gamage, James</td><td align="left">Townsend, Shippy</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Gemmill, Matthews</td><td align="left">Tull, Thomas</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Goddard, Lemuel</td><td align="left">Turill, Thomas</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Goldthwait, M. B.</td><td align="left">Vincent, Ambrose</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Gookin, Edmund</td><td align="left">Wendell, Jacob</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Gorman, Edward</td><td align="left">Wentworth, Edward</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Gray, Samuel</td><td align="left">Wheaton, Obediah</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Green, Hammond</td><td align="left">Wheelwright, Job</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Greenwood, Isaac</td><td align="left">Whitworth, Nathaniel</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Harper, Isaac</td><td align="left">Wilson, Joseph</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[504]</a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</h2> + +<div> +Absentees Act, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Acadia, operations against, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Acadians, removal of, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Acton, centennial of, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Adams, John, on restoration, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on mobs, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on the loyalists, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">quotes tory opinion of disunionists, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on jealousies in Congress, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on his conduct during the revolution, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josiah, Centennial address at Acton, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, defaulting tax collector of Boston, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his character and career, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Aeronaut, Dr. John Jeffries, an early, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +American Military Academy, proposed, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Amnesty for Loyalists, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Amory, Thomas, biog., <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mobbed, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Andros, Edmund, Sir, administration of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Annapolis, N. S., <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Apthorp, East, biog., <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Antigua, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Family, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Aroostook War, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ashburton Treaty, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">American duplicity in, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ashted, Warwickshire, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Association of Loyalists in London, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed American, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Attuks monument, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Aurora," The, <a href="#Page_76">76</a> (see also Bache, Benj. F.).<br /> +<br /> +Aylesbury, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bache, Benjamin F., attacks Washington in the "Aurora," <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Bahamas, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Banishment Act of Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barbadoes, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barnes, Henry, biography, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barristers and Attorneys address to Gov. Hutchinson, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Barre, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bastra, Siege of, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bath, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bavaria, Benjamin Thompson, in the service of, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beaumarchais, furnishes arms and powder, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Berkley, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bernard, Francis (Sir), biog., <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Berwick, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Blackstone's title to early Boston, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Black List of Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Blanchard, with Dr. Jeffries, crosses the English channel in a balloon, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Blurton, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boston, Founding of, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boston Massacre, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Captain Preston and his men tried for, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Revere's engraving of, stolen from Pelham, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mobs:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Attack on Hutchinson, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hutchinson's account of, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">destruction of guard house at the Neck, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attack on Andrew Oliver and destruction of his house, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attack on Amory, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on Col. Erving, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on Hallowell, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on Theophilus Lillie, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stamp Act Mob, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sloop "Liberty" affair, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">the "Tea Party" Mob, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Boston Latin School, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boston News Letter, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boston, Pelham's Map of, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boston People who went to Halifax at the Evacuation, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boston Port Bill, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boston, Streets and places in:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auchmuty Lane, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beacon Hill, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bunch of Grapes Tavern, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Copp's Hill, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elm Street, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Essex Street, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fleet Street, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort Hill, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Freeman Place, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Griffin's Wharf, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hancock's Wharf, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hanover Street, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harrison Avenue, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hollis Street, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hutchinson Street, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kilby Street, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King Street, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Long Wharf, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mackeral Lane, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marlboro Street, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Middle Street, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murray's Barracks, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North Square, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Old Corner Book Store, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Olivers Dock, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pearl Street, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pemberton Hill, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen Street, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rainsford Lane, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Short Street, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith's Barracks, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">State Street, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Summer Street, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[505]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swing Bridge, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Union Street, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bounties paid to Continental Soldiers, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bowes. William, biog., <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boylston, Nicholas Ward, biog., <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Braddock's Defeat, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brattle House, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, Gen., biog., <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Breynton, Rev. Dr., possession of King's Chapel Plate, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bridgewater, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bright, John, opposed to Southern Confederacy, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Congress refuses to pass resolutions on his death, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Brightwell, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brinley, Thomas, biog., <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bristol, England, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br /> +<br /> +British graves at Concord, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">skulls taken from, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Prof. Fowler exhibits them, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Soldier, murdered at Concord, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +British troops, removed to the Castle, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrival of in Boston, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quartered by James Murray, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Brookfield, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown, Capt. and Ensign D'Berniere make a reconnaissance of Suffolk, Middlesex and Worcester County, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lieut. murdered at Cambridge, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mather, Artist, biog., and account of his work, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Browne, William. Col., biog., <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brush Hill, Milton, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bulfinch, Charles, Architect, his work, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bungay, England, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bunker Hill, battle of, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gay's description of, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Coffin at, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Burgoyne Convention at Saratoga, violation of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Byles, Mather, Rev., biog., <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anecdotes of, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Calker's Club, (see Caucus Club), <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Callender, James Thompson, professional lampooner, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cambridge, Gage captures powder at, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mob threaten Danforth, Lee and Oliver, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Canada, Rev. John Carroll sent to by Congress, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">failure of his mission, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loyalist settlement of, <a href="#Page_93">93</a> to <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempted invasion of in 1812, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jefferson on the acquisition of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen. McArthur invades, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boundary line, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ashburton treaty, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Canadian Confederation regarded as a menace to the United States, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Caner, Henry, Rev., biog., <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Caner's Pond, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cape Breton (see Louisbourg). Auchmuty advocates expedition against, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cape Fear. N. C., <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cape St. Vincent, Battle of, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carlisle, execution of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carlton, N. B., <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carr, Patrick, Account of Boston Massacre, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carroll, Rev. John, sent to Canada by Congress to induce Canadians to join the Americans, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cartagena, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Castle William, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Caucus Club, origin of, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Caughnawaga Indians confer with Col. Mifflin about joining revolutionists, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Censor," The Newspaper, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chamberlain, Mellen, Estimate of Col. Thos. Goldthwaite, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chandler, John, biog., <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charles II. Accession of observed with sorrow in Boston, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charlestown, Destruction of Convent at, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charleston, S. C., Investment of, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charter,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The first, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">limitations of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">arrival of Royal Commissioners under, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">annulment of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The second, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chippewa, devastated, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Christ Church, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Church of England, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Puritan belief in, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>. (See Established church)</span><br /> +<br /> +Citizenship, restored to Loyalists, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Civil War, Great Britain's attitude during, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clark, Richard (biog.), <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Confiscation Act, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of doubtful legality, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">legal aspect of, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Congress to recommend repeal of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Confiscation, Commissioners of, Judge Curwen on, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coffin Family, The, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, Admiral Sir (biog.), <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, General, biog., <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Aston, Sir, biog., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Coinage in Massachusetts Bay, Illegal, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Colonization of New England, Character of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Committees of Correspondence organized, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Concord, skirmish at, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no Concord men killed or wounded, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ammi White kills wounded British soldier at, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">town of gives permission to Prof. Fowler to open graves of soldiers and remove skulls, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">skulls returned, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence concerning same, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Constitutional Aspect of the relations between Colonies and Great Britain, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Continental Army, Desertions, mutiny in, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">complaints against officers, violations of parole, rascally surgeons, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams on quarrels of officers, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">stealing of stores, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington on the character and inefficiency of officers, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plundering and incendiarism, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Continental Congress, second, Adams on jealousies in, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jay and Morris on rascality in, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. Jacob Duche, chaplain, of letter to Washington on the personnel of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Conway, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Copley, John Singleton, biog., <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">litigation over estate of, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">paintings by at Harvard and Public Boston Library, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Crime of adhering to Great Britain made capital, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crown Point Expedition, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Croydon, England, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Culloden, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cumberland, N. S., <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Currency, Continental, Resolve relating to, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New England, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mass., <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams on Hutchinson's knowledge of, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Curwin, Samuel, biog., <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Custom House, Mob, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Danvers, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dartmouth, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">[506]</a></span>Davis, Jefferson, Complains of English Government favoring northern cause, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br /> +<br /> +D'Berniere, Ensign, reconnaissance of Suffolk, Middlesex and Worcester Counties, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Deblois Family, Account of, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br /> +<br /> +D'Estaing, Admiral, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Demerara, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Democracy, John Winthrop, on, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Democratic Party, fosters feeling against England, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Derbyshire, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Detroit, Fort, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dominica, Engagement at, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dorchester, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Draper, Richard, Founds Massachusetts Gazette, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Draper, Margaret, biog., publishes Massachusetts Gazette, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Duane, William, assists Bache in the "Aurora" attacks on Washington, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Duche, Jacob, Rev. Chaplain of Congress, letters to Washington on Second Continental Congress, <a href="#Page_78">78</a> to <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dudleian lecture, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +East Granby, Conn., Loyalists confined in prison at, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. See "Newgate."<br /> +<br /> +East Hoosuck, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eastport, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +East Tergnmouth, Eng., <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Elective franchise, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Episcopal Church, Puritan alleged belief in, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Endicott's view of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">reference to, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">clergy of Support the Government, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Eighteen of the clergy leave Boston at the Evacuation and go to Halifax, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Services conducted in Boston after evacuation by Rev. Samuel Parker, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Fairfax County Resolves, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fairfield, Conn., <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Falmouth (Now Portland), <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>; burned by Capt. Mowatt, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Faneuil Family, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Hall, gift of, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">dedication of, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Federalists, on the results of the war of 1812, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fenian Raid of 1866, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fisheries, Loss of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Flucker, Thomas, Sec'y of Mass. Bay, biog., <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fontenoy, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Forbes of Milton, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Pownal, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort William Henry, Surrender of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort William and Mary (Newcastle, N. H.), attack on, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +France, Maj. Caleb Stark on Aid from, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frankland, Lady Agnes, biog., <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Franklin Treaty, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Franklin, Benj., his false scalp story, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">denounced for his part in the theft of the Hutchinson letters, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Franklin, William, Gov., biog., <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frenau, Philip, in the National Gazette attacks Washington and his cabinet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> +<br /> +French Spoliation Claims, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Freetown, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Gage, Addresses and Addressors, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gardiner, Sylvester, Dr., biog., <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">his medicines seized for use of revolutionists, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Maine, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gaspee, Destruction of, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">inquiry into the destruction of, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gay, Martin, biog., <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">letters of, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Geyer, Frederick, William, biog., <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gladstone, William E., favors Southern Confederacy, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Goldthwaite Family, Account of, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Thomas, Col., biog., <a href="#Page_356">356</a>. (See also Chamberlain, Mellen.)</span><br /> +<br /> +Gore, John, biog., <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Granby, Conn., Escape of Loyalist prisoners at, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grand Manan, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grattan, Thomas Colley, on the Ashburton Treaty, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gray, Harrison, Treas. of Mass. Bay, biog. of, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">John Hancock heavily indebted to, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Great Barrington, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Green Dragon Tavern, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Green Field, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grenada, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grenville's Scheme of American taxation, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Guadaloupe, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gunpowder Plot, anniversary of observed in Boston, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Halifax, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Halifax Journal, original publication of, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hallowell, Maine, named, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hallowell, Benjamin, mobbed at Cambridge, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Family, account of, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Robert, mobbed, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hamilton, Alexander, biog. of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hampstead, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hampton, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hancock, John, Suits against, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">engaged in smuggling, owner of the sloop "Liberty," <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">leader in Tea Party mob, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">his sloop Liberty s#Page_3eized, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">as treasurer of Harvard college, defaulter, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">inclined to Toryism, papers suppressed, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">heavily indebted to Harrison Gray, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hardwick, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harper's Ferry Raid, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harvard College, John Hancock as treasurer of defaults in his accounts, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Many graduates of among those who departed with Gage, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reference to, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harvard Hall burn#Page_3ed, Gov. Bernard assists in rebuilding, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">buildings of converted into barracks, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a nest of Tories, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Harwich, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hatfield, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Haverhill, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Mob at, Attacks Saltonstall, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Henry, Patrick, character and training, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Jefferson on, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hiers Islands, Naval Engagement off, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hooper, King, biog., <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Howe, John, biog., <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Joseph, speech at Boston, July 4, 1858, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Howe, Lord, Mass. erects a monument to at Westminster Abbey, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hubbard, History of Mass., reason for its want of completeness, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hubbardston, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hull, John, Colonial Mint Master, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Huntington, Long Island, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hutchinson, Eliakim, biog., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Elisha, biog., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Foster, biog., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hutchinson Letters, Franklin complicity in theft of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Thomas, biog., <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[507]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">his home destroyed by mob, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">addresses to, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Indians, in the Revolution, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">troubles with in 1763, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lovewell's fight at Pigwacket, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Inhabitants of Boston who removed Halifax at the evacuation, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Intolerance of Puritans, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ipswich, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Irish volunteers (Loyal) formed at Boston, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Isle of Shoals, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Jamaica, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pond, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jay, John, opinion of second Continental Congress, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">burned in effigy, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jefferson, Thomas, suggests burning of London, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jeffries, John, biog., <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crosses English Channel in balloon, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Journalism, Scurrilous American, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Judith, Point, named in honor of Judith Quincy, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Kalm, on the dependency of the Colonists, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br /> +<br /> +King's American Dragoons, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">American Regiment, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +King, Richard, biog., <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br /> +<br /> +King's Chapel, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">change in liturgy of, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">erection and rebuilding of, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">worship suspended in, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">church plate taken to Halifax, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">final disposition of plate and records, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Apthorp contributor to, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +King's College, N. Y., saved by British troops, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kirk, Ireton, Derbyshire, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kittery, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Lafayette, raises troop of Indians, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lancaster, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Land Bank, The, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lanesborough, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lecky, W. E. H., on the Revolutionary movement, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leominster, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leonard, Daniel, biog., <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">home fired on by mob, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">author of "Massachusettenses Letters," <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Leonard, Geo., Col., biog., <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lexington, engagement at, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, (see Concord).<br /> +<br /> +"Liberty" Sloop, a smuggler, (see also John Hancock), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">account of seizure, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +"Liberty Tree," Site of, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lillie, Theophilus, biog., <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Limerick Academy, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lincoln, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Litchfield, Eng., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Littleton, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Liverpool, N. S., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Logan, Indian Chief, family murdered by Greathouse, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +London (Eng.), Jefferson suggests burning of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Loring, Joshua, Commodore, biog., <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Louisbourg, Cape Breton, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cost of expedition to reimbursed, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrender of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lovewell's Fight at Pigwacket, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Loyal American Regiment, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Loyal American Association formed in Boston, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Loyalists of Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">denied legal rights, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expulsion of, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Associations formed in London, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Club, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lyndeborough, N. H., <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lyndhurst, Lord, biog., <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Machias, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Magdalen Islands, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mandamus Councillors, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marblehead, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">address of inhabitants of to Hutchinson, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Marshfield, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Martinique, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maryatt, Captain, Sea writer, mother of a native of Boston, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Massachusetts Gazette, founded by Richard Draper, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">continued publication by Margaret Draper, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Massachusetts General Hospital, endowment of, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Medford, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Medicines of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner seized for the use of Continental Army, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Merry Meeting Bay, Vassal holdings near, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Middleborough, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Middleton, N. S., <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mifflin, Col., confers with Caughnawaga Indians, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Militia, John Adams on the cowardice of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Milton, Inhabitants of Address to Hutchinson, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Minorca, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mobs, see Boston, Cambridge, Haverhill, Salem, N. H., Scarborough.<br /> +<br /> +Molasses Act, Gov. Bernard request reduction of duties under, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Monroe Doctrine, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moose Island, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moravian Indians, Massacre of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mount Desert, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mowatt, Capt., at Fort Pownall, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">burns Falmouth, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mowhawk Indians, Congress addresses, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Murray, James, biog., <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, Col., <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Nantucket Settlement, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"National Gazette," The, see Frenan Philip.<br /> +<br /> +Naval Officers, British of American birth usually remained loyal, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nazing, Eng., <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nepaulese War, Gen. Ochterlony's services in, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Neutrality of England in Civil War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New Castle, New Hampshire, Attack on and powder from, used at Bunker Hill, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New England Coffee House, London, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New Englanders in London and Bristol, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Newgate Prison," at East Granby, Conn., desc. of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New Hampshire, boundary line dispute settled by Hutchinson, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New Plymouth Company, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Newport, Evacuation of, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Gazette," <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Mercury," <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +New York, burning of attributed to New England troops, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">saved from destruction by British troops, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Nile, Battle of, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Non-importation agreement, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Norridgewock, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Norton, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">[508]</a></span>Norwalk, Conn., <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nottinghamshire, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Novanglus," letters by John Adams, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Oakham, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Octherlony, David, Maj. Gen., Sir, biog., <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Old Colony Club at Plymouth, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Oliver, mob, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Oliver, Andrew, biog., <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mob destroys his house, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Oliver, Thomas, biog., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mobbed at Cambridge, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Orange, Rangers, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Oregon Boundary, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ossawatomie Engagement, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Otis, James, on taxation of the Colonies, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hutchinson's opinion of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assault on, by Robinson, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Oxford, Mass, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Paddock, Adino, Col., biog., <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paddock building named for, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paddock Elms, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Paine, Thomas, attacks Washington, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Timothy, Judge, biog., <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Parker, Rev. Samuel, conducts services for Episcopalians in Boston after Evacuation, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Parr, Town, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Patriot, recipe for making one, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Paxton, Charles, biog., <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pennsylvania Line, Mutiny in, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Penobscot Expedition, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pepperrell, William Sir, biog., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Petersham, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Phips, Sir William, career of, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pickering, Timothy, of Salem, an early secessionist, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pigwacket, Lovewell's Indian fight at, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pine Tree Shillings, The tradition of, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pittsfield, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pleasant Point, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Plymouth, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Purchase, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Point Judith, named for Judith Quincy, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pontiac Conspiracy, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Poole, Eng., <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Port Mahon, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Port Talbot, devastated, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Portsmouth, Eng., <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Portsmouth, N. H., <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Athenaeum, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pownalborough, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Preston, Capt., Trial of, in connection with Boston Massacre, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defence of, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Princeton, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Prisoners of War, Northern and Southern, comparative losses, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Providence, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Provincial Congress, address Mowhawk Indians, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Province House, description of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Puritans, Intolerance of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Putnam, James, Judge, biog., <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters of, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Quakers, Puritan maltreatment of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Quebec Act., <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">effect of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">denounced by Colonists as a "Popish Measure," <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Address to the Inhabitants of, by Congress, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">see Carroll, Rev. John.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capture of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Montgomery's Attack on, and the Defence of, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Queenstown Heights, battle of, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Quincy, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josiah, defends Capt. Preston et al, "Boston Massacre," 366, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josiah, on the War of 1812, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josiah, on John Hancock as defaulting Treasurer of Harvard College, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judith, her name given to Point Judith, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, biog., Solicitor General of Mass., biog., <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letters of, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Ramillies, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Randolph, Edward, arrival at Boston, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reception and treatment of, by Colonial authorities, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Recanters, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Repudiation, Congress makes, of financial obligations, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Restoration, Desires for, by Adams Jefferson, Jay, Washington, Madison, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Revere, Paul, Scout of the Revolution; his ride, financial dealings with state authorities, Penobscot Expedition, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Masonic record, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Revolution, Causes of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a> to <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Revolutionists, A Tory opinion of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Richardson, Ebenezer, biog., <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mobbed, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treatment of, by historians, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trial of with Wilmot, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Riots, see Boston Mobs.<br /> +<br /> +Rivingston's Gazette, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roberts, Execution of, at Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rochester, Mass., <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roman Catholicism, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see Quebec Act, and Carroll.</span><br /> +<br /> +Roxbury, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First church at, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Royal Arms of the Old State House, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Royal Society, Benjamin Thompson, a member of, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Royall, Isaac, Gen., biog., <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mansion, description of, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Professorship of Law at Harvard, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ruggles, Timothy, biog., <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rumford, Count, see Thompson, Benj., <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rutland, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Russian friendship for United States, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Sabine, on the rascality of the Whigs, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Saco, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salaries to Supreme Court Judges, Royal Grant of, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salem, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salem Village, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>. See also Danvers.<br /> +<br /> +Saltonstall, Col Richard, biog., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sandemanianism, founder of in Boston, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of their services at Halifax, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sandwich, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Saratoga Convention, Violation of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Savannah, D'Estaing repulsed at, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scarborough, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mob at destroys property of Richard King, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Scituate, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scott, General, captured by Gen. Sheaffe, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Search Warrants, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see also "Writs of Assistance."</span><br /> +<br /> +Secession in early period, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sewall, Jonathan, Atty. Gen., biog., <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shay's Rebellion, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale, biog., <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shelburne, N. S., <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509">[509]</a></span>Shepton, Mallet, (Eng.), <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ships,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arbella, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aston Hall, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barfleur, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bellerophon, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Culloden, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Diligent, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duquesne, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fowey, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaspee, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glorieux, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kingfisher, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King George, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liberty, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Le Pincon, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">London Packet, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary and John, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Melampus, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minerva, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Neptune, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pocahontas, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince George, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rose, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royal Oak, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scarborough, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shrewsbury, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swiftsure, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sybil, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thisbe, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Undaunted, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ville de Paris, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Shirley Hall, Roxbury, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shrewsbury, Eng., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mass., <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sidmouth, Eng., <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Simcoe's Queen's Rangers, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Simsbury, Conn., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, Adam, On taxation of the Colonies, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, biog., <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Smuggling, Extent of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gov. Bernard orders seizure of vessels for, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hancock's sloop "Liberty" seized, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see Hancock.</span><br /> +<br /> +Snider, Christopher, killing and burial of, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sons of Despotism, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liberty, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +South Kingston, R. I., <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spanish War, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Springfield, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spring, Garden Coffee House, London, meeting place of Loyalists, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Croix, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David, village of, burned, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eustacia, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John's Island, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John. N. B., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kitts, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucia, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>; reduction of, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul's Parish, Portland, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vincent, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Stamp Act, Passed, its enforcement, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">repeal of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">incidents of, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bernard advocated its repeal, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">congress, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Stockbridge, Indians, Company of enlisted in Revolutionary army, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Strachan, Dr. John, on the burning of York, Can., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to Jefferson on American atrocities in Canada, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sumner, Prof. (W. G.) on Colonial distinctions in taxation, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sunderland, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Supreme Court Judges, Royal Grant of Salaries to, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Surriage, Agnes, see Lady Frankland.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Taunton, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tavistock, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Taxation, colonial notions of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see Stamp Act, Tea Tax, Molasses Act, Grenville.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tea Mob alias Tea Party, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">account of, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tea Tax, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Benj. Sir, Count Rumford, biog., <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, biog., <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, Countess Rumford, biog., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Townsend, Mass., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Transcript, Boston Evening, founded, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Trinity Church, Boston, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">N. Y., Invaded by Lord Stirling; closed by Dr. Auchnuty, destroyed by fire, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Troops, British, Arrival and treatment of at Boston, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +United Empire Loyalists, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Unthank (Scot), <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Vassal Family, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Venezuelian, Episode, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Walter, Lynde Minshall, founds Boston Evening Transcript, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nehemiah, Rev., biog., <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, Rev., biog., <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +War of 1812, Sketch of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Warren, Joseph, Dr., death of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washington, Burning of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washington, Geo. Gen., on the inefficiency and want of patriotism in the Continental Army, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on people supplying British in Philadelphia with provisions, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">places guard over grave of foreign officer to preventing robbing of body, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Waterloo, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wedderburn, Sol., Gen., denounces Franklin for theft of Hutchinson letters, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br /> +<br /> +West, Benj., Picture, reception of the Loyalists, desc. of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.<br /> +<br /> +West, Church, plate of preserved by Martin Gay, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.<br /> +<br /> +White, Ammi, kills wounded British Soldier at Concord. See Concord.<br /> +<br /> +Whiskey Insurrection, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilkes Riots, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilmington, N. C., <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilmot, N. S., <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Winslow, John, biog., <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Winthrop, John, on Puritan loyalty to Church of England, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his children, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on democracy, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, biog., <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wiswell, John, Rev., biog., <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Witchcraft delusion, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Woburn, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wolfe, Gen., captures Quebec, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wollaston, Mount, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wooden Figure, affair at Lillie's Mob, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Worcester, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Worcester Resolutions against Absentees and Refugees, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wrentham, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Writs of Assistance, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +York, Canada, burning of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Yorktown, Surrender of, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>STARK'S ANTIQUE VIEWS</h2> +<p class="center"><b>OF THE</b></p> +<h2><b>TOWN OF BOSTON</b></h2> + +<p>Every Bostonian should own this book, it contains the largest and +rarest collection of ancient views of Boston ever published.</p> + +<blockquote><p>"I am familiar with many of the old prints copied in your book. +Some of them are now exceedingly rare, and all have historical +value."—<i>Samuel A. Green, Librarian of the Massachusetts Historical +Society and Ex-Mayor of Boston.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p>Upward of 150 reproductions, with descriptive text. Arranged in +chronological order, they form a history of the town and city.</p> + +<p>Quarto, cloth, $5.00 net. If by mail, $5.32.</p> + + +<h3>JAMES H. STARK</h3> +<h4>17 MILK ST., BOSTON MASS.</h4> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<p class="center"><big>W. B. CLARKE CO. REVOLUTIONARY SERIES</big></p> + +<p class="center"><b>Myths and Facts of the American Revolution</b><br /> + +A Commentary on United States History as it is Written.<br /> + +<b>By ARTHUR JOHNSTON</b></p> + +<p>Waldo H. Dunn, in Wooster Quarterly</p> + +<blockquote><p>"The object of the volume is 'to refute the American Revolutionary +Myth.' This Mr. Johnston proceeds to do by declaring and, no doubt, +from his point of view, proving that all histories of the American +Revolution, those written by Americans as well as many written +by Englishmen, are for the most part unreliable, misleading, unfaithful +to the facts, in many cases, even mythical."</p></blockquote> + +<p>Cloth, 8vo. 303 pages. Price, $1.50 net. Postage 12c extra.</p> + +<p><b>Rowe. Letters and Diary of John Rowe, Boston Merchant, 1764-1779.</b></p> + +<p>"Brief jottings by a busy man. A welcome addition to our knowledge +of the Revolutionary era."—<i>The Nation.</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>The book is of interest to all old Massachusetts families, over one hundred +of which are mentioned.</p></blockquote> + +<p>8vo. cloth, with illustrations, $3.00 net. If by mail, $3.25.</p> + +<p><b>Murray. Letters of James Murray, Loyalist, 1713-1781.</b></p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">Books containing the raw material of the early history of our country +are of much interest at the present time, and those on the Tory or +Loyalist side are perhaps the more interesting because more rare.—<i>The +Dial.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging">The Appendix gives genealogical information regarding the families of +Murray, Forbes, Inman, Innes, Hutchinson, Robbins, Revere and +Howe.</p></blockquote> + +<p>8vo. cloth, with illustrations. $2.50 net. If by mail, $2.67.</p> + +<h2> +W. B. CLARKE CO.</h2> +<h3>26-28 TREMONT ST., BOSTON, MASS.</h3> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + + +<h2><span class="smcap">Stark's Guides to the West Indies.</span></h2> + +<h4>Stark's History and Guide to Trinidad</h4> + +<p class="center"><b>Two hundred pages and profusely illustrated.</b><br /> + +<b>From the London "Spectator."</b></p> + +<p>Mr. James H. Stark in his series of histories of, and guides to, the West Indies +has assumed the rôle of a modern Hakluyt to intending voyagers to the islands. +He gives a clear account of their present state, their climate, season, and "natural +commodities," and useful information as to steamers and hotels. But to this is +added a well edited and illustrated history of each island, or group of islands, which +brings the present into vivid relation with the past. Each of the books is interesting +and suggestive and complete in itself, the present political and commercial +prospects of the different colonies, being especially well set out. After following Mr. +Stark, who writes both with knowledge and enthusiasm, from island to island +our personal choice would fall on Trinidad as the centre and headquarters of a visit +to the West Indies. It is accessible, not expensive, and makes an admirable centre +for further voyages.—<i>London Spectator.</i></p> + + +<h4>Stark's History and Guide to Jamaica</h4> + +<p class="center"><b>Two hundred pages, and over fifty full-page illustrations.</b><br /> + +<b>From the Jamaica "News."</b></p> + +<p>Jamaica has not been without literature descriptive of her charms, but there is +no book which pays her so eloquent a tribute as Stark's "History and Guide to +Jamaica." It is a handsome volume and one which cannot be absent from any +well equipped West Indian bookshelf. Mr. Stark hails from Boston, but the works +which he will leave behind will associate him more closely with the jewels of the +Caribbean Sea. Few better than he have appreciated to the full the dazzling +beauties of the West Indies, and few have pictured them with such graphic force. +Mr. Stark has not been content with skilled word-pictures in his portrayal of Jamaica. +The volume is made beautiful by fifty-six exquisite full-page photographic reproductions. +These must have added very materially to the expense of production, +but they serve to render the book by far the best-illustrated work the island has +ever possessed. There are also a map of the West Indies, a detailed map of Jamaica +and a street plan of Kingston, all specially engraved for the "Guide."</p> + +<p>The work which Mr. Stark has completed is one that the government of Jamaica +might have undertaken in an earnest effort to benefit the island, but it could not +have done it so well, nor would its labors have been free from the suspicion of prejudice. +Mr. Stark is a stranger, an American, whose unqualified praise is not +biased by consideration of patriotism; and his work is likely to prove so potent a +factor in the working out of the island's salvation that the government could do no +more beneficent act than to make a present of a copy of the work to every public +library throughout the English-speaking world.</p> + +<p>The book is full of interest from cover to cover. From the opening chapter to +the last there is much to instruct, and the writing is of such excellence that we +never wearied. There are in all nineteen chapters to the work, and the book has +been handsomely printed, bound, and illustrated.—<i>News, Jamaica.</i></p> + + +<h4>Stark's Guide and History of British Guiana</h4> + +<p class="center">(PALL MALL GAZETTE).</p> + +<p>"Stark's Guide and History of British Guiana, is a continuation of a series of works of the Guide +book type, dealing with our West Indian possessions. It is both instructive and pleasantly written +while the illustrations and maps afford additional information. The history and physical characteristics +of the colony are sketched out, the show sights duly detailed, and the inhabitants and products +receive adequate treatment. There are some useful hints on the gold industry and the resources of +the colony generally and should accordingly find a place as a work of reference."</p> + +<p class="center">(THE LONDON GRAPHIC)</p> + +<p>"Stark's Guide and History of British Guiana, is a complete and compendious handbook for +tourists and immigrants. At the present time the history of the gold industry and hints to gold +prospectors may be commended as opportune and up-to-date."</p> + +<p class="center">(BOOKSELLER LONDON).</p> + +<p>"Sampson Low, Marston & Co., now place upon the English market a cheap and useful guide +to British Guiana, which has been issued by an American publisher. The bulk of the material, +we are told, was prepared by Mr. James Rodway, the well known authority on British Guiana, +and may therefore be accepted as trustworthy. The volume is profusely illustrated and altogether +furnishes a very satisfactory and sufficient guide to the country with which it deals."</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>For Sale by<br /> +James H. Stark, Publisher, 17 Milk St., Boston.</b></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>Stark's Illustrated Histories</h2> +<p class="center">and</p> +<h3>Guides to the West Indies</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>SIX VOLUMES, $1.50 PER VOLUME NET</b></p> + +<p>It is now more than a century since a series of works of this description was +published on the West Indies—McKinnen's in 1804 and Bryan Edwards' in 1797. +The large number of tourists visiting the West Indies every winter, and the acquiring +of tropical possessions by this country, have caused the public to take a +greater interest in and to seek for information concerning these beautiful islands +lying so near our shores. The author has spent the past twenty winters among +these islands, and has incorporated in each book from twenty-five to fifty Photo-Prints +from negatives taken by him, printed on plate paper, besides many rare +and valuable maps. Each book contains a description of everything on or about +the islands, concerning which the public may desire information, including History +Inhabitants, Climate, Agriculture, Geology, Government and Resources. The set +consists of six volumes, each complete within itself. Jamaica, Trinidad, British +Guiana, Bahamas, Bermuda, Barbados and Caribbee Islands. Every library +should contain these volumes as works of reference and text-books.</p> + + +<h4><i>STARK'S ILLUSTRATED BERMUDA GUIDE</i></h4> + +<p class="center"><b>Two hundred pages, profusely illustrated with Maps and Photo-Prints, 12 mo. $1.60 post-paid.</b></p> + +<p>"A most exhaustive book on Bermuda. Mr. J. H. Stark spent several seasons +in Bermuda for the express purpose of collecting material for a history and guide-book, +and nothing is omitted or overlooked which the invalid or traveller for +pleasure will wish to know."—<i>Boston Transcript.</i></p> + +<p>"The 'Illustrated Bermuda Guide,' written by Mr. James H. Stark, of this city, +is the latest book on the Bermuda Islands. It contains twenty-four artistic photo-prints, +besides several handy maps of the islands, which will be of much convenience +to the tourist who seeks rest and pleasure in the miniature continent, 700 miles +from New York.</p> + +<p>"The text of the volume treats of the history, inhabitants, climate, agriculture, +geology, government and military and naval establishments of Bermuda describing +in an entertaining fashion the most noticeable features of the Island, and +furnishing a brief sketch of life in Bermuda from the original settlement until +to-day."—<i>Boston Herald.</i></p> + + +<h4><i>STARK'S HISTORY AND GUIDE TO THE BAHAMA ISLANDS</i></h4> + +<p class="center"><b>Fully illustrated with Maps, Photo-Prints and Wood-Cuts, 12 mo. $1.60, post-paid.</b></p> + +<p>"I have read your book on the Bahamas with great care and interest, and can +confidently speak of it as the most trustworthy account of the Colony that has yet +been published." <span class="smcap">Sir Ambrose Shea</span>, <i>Governor of the Bahamas</i>.</p> + +<p>"Your book has exceeded my expectations; you have filled up a gap in the history +of the English Empire, especially in the history of our colonies, that deserve the +encomiums of every Englishman, aye, and of every American who reads your book. +The colonists of the Bahamas owe you a debt that they can never fully repay." +<span class="smcap">G. C. Camplejohn</span>, <i>Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Bahamas</i>.</p> + + +<h4><i>STARK'S HISTORY AND GUIDE TO BARBADOS<br /> +AND THE CARIBEE ISLANDS</i></h4> + +<p class="center"><b>Two hundred and twenty pages profusely illustrated with Maps and Photo-Prints, 12 mo, +$1.60, post-paid.</b></p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Mr. James H. Stark</span> visited these islands and derived his information at first +hand. He has given a brief history of their discovery and settlement, and also an +account of the manners and customs of the inhabitants, which is superior to that +of any other work on the subject. The book is richly supplied with half-tone illustration, +which give a capital idea of the buildings, the localities, and the people +throughout these tropical islands.</p> + +<p>"The information is practical, and the volume will be highly prized by those +who have interests in these islands or have occasion to visit them. Mr. Stark has +done much to lift them into notoriety by his careful, accurate and instructive +work."—<i>Boston Herald.</i></p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>For Sale by<br /> +James H. Stark, Publisher, 17 Milk St., Boston.</b><br /> +</p> + + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 405px;"><br /><br /> +<img src="images/pocket_map.jpg" width="405" height="600" alt="Pocket Map" title="Pocket Map" /> + +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Speech of Senator Hoar at South Boston, March 18, 1901.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Speech of Hon. Edward B. Callender, at Dorchester, Nov. 10, 1905.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Mass. His. Soc. Vol. ix-3-5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "Persecutors Maul'd With Their Own Weapons," p. 41. See also Court Records, 1662.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Hutchinson, History Mass. Bay, Vol. III., page 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Trumbull's "His. of the U. S.," 445-467. Hildreth, Graham, Hutchinson.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Bancroft's His. of the U.S., Vol. I., 525.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> "Letters to Two Great Men on the Prospect of Peace."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Remarks on the Letter Addressed to Two Great Men. Pp. 30-31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Canada Pamphlet, Franklin's Works, IV., 41-42.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> John W. Burgess, "Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law," 67-68, also 65-69.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Horace Gray, Quincy's Mass. Reports, 1761-62, Appendix I., page 540.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> In the debates on the Canadian bill in 1779, it was stated that there were but 365 Protestants and +150,000 Catholics within the Province of Quebec.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Washington's Writings, Vol. III., page 361.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Debates, etc., page 603.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Letter of John Adams to his wife, Vol. I., page 86.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Life and Works of John Adams, Vol. IX., page 335.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Ramsey, History of the American Revolution, Vol. I, page 40; Hildreth, Vol. II., page 486; +Grahame, Vol. IV., page 94.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Wealth of Nations, Vol. IV., chapter 7; Tucker's Four Tracts, page 133.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Hildreth Vol. II., page 498; McPherson's Annals of Commerce, Vol. III., page 330; Arnold's History +of Rhode Island, Vol. II., pages 227-235.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Gordon's History of the American War, Vol. I., page 157.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> John Adams' Diary, January 16, 1776.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> John Adams' Diary, October 27, 1772; John Adams' Works, Vol. II page 26; Letters to Bernard +December 3, 1771.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> "Letters of Mrs. Adams." Memoirs, XXIX.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Hosmer, Life of Hutchinson, page 82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Hutchinson's History, Vol. III., pages 294-295.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> M. A. History, Vol. XXV., page 437.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> This letter was purchased at the E. H. Leffingwell sale of January 6, 1891, for $185, by the city of +Boston, and can be seen at the city clerk's office. In connection with this see "Life of Samuel Adams," +by his great-grandson, William V. Wells, Vol. I., pages 35-38. Here he emphatically denies that bonds +or sureties were given by collectors. Evidently he had not consulted Boston Town Records, 1767, page +9, when it was voted that Samuel Adams' bond "shall be put in Suit," and when bonds and sureties +were required of his successor, neither could he have known of the existence of this letter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> "History of Boston," Samuel T. Drake, page 778.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> "Life of Thomas Hutchinson," page 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> "Life of Hutchinson," page 195.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> His. Mass. Bay, page 207.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Letters of John Adams to his wife, Vol. I, pages 12-13.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Letters of John Adams to his wife, Vol. I., page 12.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Diary of John Adams, page 413.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Sabine. Vol. I., page 13.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> "History of Harvard University," by Josiah Quincy, Vol. II., pp. 182-209.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Letter of Governor Wentworth, New Eng. His. Gen. Reg., 1869, page 274.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> As the wounded soldier was crawling away he was met by a boy who had been chopping wood, +and who, inflamed by the spirit of the hour, killed him with his axe. The two soldiers lay buried near +the stonewall where they fell. More than a century later a young woman came here recently from Nottinghamshire, +who was a relative of one of them. She went to the graves and placed upon them a +wreath, singing as she did so, "God save the King!"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> John Adams' Letters. Vol. X, page 197.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> "Massachusettsensis."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> "Moor's Diary." Vol. I., page 359.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> "Penn Packet," Nov. 17, 1778. "Penn Archives," Vol. VIII, page 22. "Dallis," Vol. I., pp 39, +42; "Galloway's Examinations," page 77.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> "Records of North Carolina," Vol. XI., page 561.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> "Washington's Writings," Vol. VI., page 241.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Lossing, "Field Book of the Revolution," Vol. II., page 661.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> "History of Simsbury and Granby," page 125.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> "History of Simsbury and Granby," pp. 123, 124.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The Southern States furnished 59,330 men; the Middle States 54,116, and New England 118,355, +of which number Massachusetts furnished 67,907. ("General Knox's Report.")</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Sabine, "Loyalists of the Revolution," Vol. I., page 25.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Hosmer's "Life of Hutchinson." pages 321, 322.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> "Essays in American History," 180-181.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> "The American Revolution and Boer War," By Sidney Fisher, 1902.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Irving's "Life of Washington," Vol. II., chap. xli.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> "Essays in American History," 179. See also "Royalists' Archives," Mass. State House.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> "North American Review," LIX., page 280.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> The "Journal and Letters of Samuel Curwin," 147.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> The Works of Alexander Hamilton, by H. C. Lodge, 2d edition, Vol. IV., page 239.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Letters of John Adams to His Wife, Vol. I., p. 45.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Letters of John Adams to His Wife, Vol. I., p. 8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Adams' Works, Vol. II., 420.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Life of Winthrop, Vol. II., 427.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> See Adams' Works, Vol. II, pp. 350, 410.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Lecky, "American Revolution," p. 230.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Lecky's "American Revolution," p. 375.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Sabine, Vol. I, pp. 139-150.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Washington's Works, IV., 118, 119, Lecky, 257.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Letter of John Adams to His Wife, Vol. I., p. 171.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> In a letter written by Hamilton when he was but thirteen years of age, employed as a clerk, he +declared: "I condemn the grovelling condition of a clerk to which my future condition condemns me, +and would willingly risk my life, though not my character, to exalt my station."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Letters of John Adams to His Wife, Vol. I., p. 24.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Memoir of Gen. John Stark, by his son Caleb Stark, pp. 356-7-8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> "Travels Through the Interior Parts of America," by Thomas Aubury.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> "Letter of Major Caleb Stark in Memoir of General John Stark," p. 364.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> During Cleveland's administrations a bill was passed allowing claimants to present claims for +adjudication to the amount of their face value. If interest was added, they would exceed $100,000,000. +The owners of the 898 vessels destroyed, who were called upon to make this sacrifice as a means of relieving +the government from a great responsibility, in many cases were reduced to poverty by the +duplicity of the government, and even now with this scant justice, there are many that find it very difficult +to prove their claim, so long a time has elapsed, and many are dead without legal representation.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> American Archives, series I, p. 1350.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> American Archives. Series I, p. 1350.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Frothingham Siege of Boston, p. 212. Letters of John Adams to his Wife Vol. I., p. 79.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Windsor Nar. and Crit. His. Vol. VI., 655, 657.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Essays in American History, 178.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Essays in American History, 176, 177.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Proceedings, N. J. His. Soc. II, 31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Life of Brandt. Appendix No. 1, Vol. I.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Dr. Ramsay's His. U. S., Vol. II., Chapter XIX, pp. 330, 332.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Address to the "United Empire Loyalists," by Edward Harris, Toronto, 1897.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> "Acts of New Jersey," Oct. 8, 1778, p. 60.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> James Murray, Loyalist, p. 245, 253.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> John Adams' Works, Vol. IX., p. 516.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Stevens' "Facsimiles," 1054.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Life of Josiah Quincy, p. 119.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Life of Josiah Quincy, pp. 256, 280, 281, 282, 283, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Boston Town Records, City Document No. 115, pp. 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> "Jack-the-painter" was a miscreant employed by Silas Deane, one of the U. S. Commissioners +to France and the colleague of Dr. Franklin, to burn the docks at Bristol. He partially succeeded and +was hanged for the crime, a far less infamous one than that advocated by Jefferson, the champion of the +rights of man.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Jefferson's Works, Vol. VI., pp. 99, 193, 104.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Life of Josiah Quincy, p. 358.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Life of Josiah Quincy, pp. 360, 361.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Life of Cabot, p. 491.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, Vol. II., p. 606.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, Vol. II., p. 606.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> For full particulars see his work, "Civilized America," Vol. I, Chap. XXI, XXII, XXIII.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Short History of Anglo-Saxon Freedom.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Those whose names are in italics alone took the oath of office.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> This was Colonel Edward H. Hutchinson who was killed by the Indians during +King Philip's war. He was father of Elisha Hutchinson.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> William Hutchinson was the first grantee of East Milton, where the Governor +afterwards resided. He settled in Boston on the "Old Corner Bookstore" lot, +corner of School and Washington streets. William Hutchinson was the grandson of +John Hutchinson, Mayor of Lincoln, England.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Curwen's Journal p. 456.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> For further matter concerning the Writs of Assistance and James Otis see p. 34.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Adams' Diary, June 5th, 1762.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Rights of the British Colonies.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Yonge Const. His. of Eng. p. 66. See also Todd, Parl. Gov. in the British +Colonies 1899.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> See Quincy, Massachusetts Reports 1761-1772. Appendix 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> For further information concerning the Stamp Act, see p. 37.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> John Adams, Diary, March 17, 1766.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> See page 40 for a more full description.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Mass. His. Soc. Vol. XXVI, p. 146.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> His. of Am. Rev., Vol. I., p. 180.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> John Adams' Diary, Jan. 16, 1776.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Lecky's Am. Rev. Chapt. XI., p. 127.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Boston Mobs, page 43.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Mass. A. His. Vol. XXXI., p. 491. Witness at the trial of the soldiers said +"He stood close behind him, and one of the mob lifted up a large club over my head, +and was going to strike, but he seized him by the arm and prevented it."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Hutchinson His. Vol. III., p. 280.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> M. A. Hist. Vol. XXVI., Mar. 27 to Hillsboro.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> M. A. Hist. Vol. XVII., p. 131.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> M. A. Hist. Vol. XXVII., p. 151.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> John Adams' Works, Vol. II., p. 266.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Hosmer's Life of Thomas Hutchinson p. 213.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> The details are in Mass. Archives marked Colonial. Vol. IV. pp. 335-344.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> N. E. His. and Gen Reg., Vol. I., p. 310.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Hutchinson His. Vol. III., p. 391, 392.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> M. A. His. Vol. XXVII., p. 502, etc.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> New Eng. Hist. and Gen. Reg. I., p. 307.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Hosmer's Life of Hutchinson, p. 274</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Lecky's Am. Rev., pp. 149, 150.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Lecky's Am. Rev. pp. 150, 151, 152.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> See p. 47, for further information concerning the Stamp Act and the Tea Tax.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Francis Drake. "Tea Leaves." Introd. p. CXXVII.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Richard Frothingham.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Hosmer's Life of Hutchinson, p. 299.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Francis S. Drake. Tea Leaves. Int. LXIII.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Hancock's uncle made his large fortune by smuggling tea. See Hutchinson +His., Vol. III., p. 297.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Lecky's Am. Rev., pp. 154, 164, 165, 166.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> 14 George III., c. 19, 45.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Letters of John Adams, Vol. 1., p. 13.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Hutchinson Hist. Vol. III., p. 458.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Several wealthy citizens of Milton have recently purchased this field donated +it to the State as a public reservation to be known as the "Governor Hutchinson +Field."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Hutchinson Diary, Vol. II., pp. 164, 165.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Diary and Letters of H. Vol. II., p. 216.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Hosmer's Life of Hutchinson, p. 349.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Tea Leaves, p. 324.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> He lived on Washington Street; his lot extended north from Spring Lane, including +the head of Water Street.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> John Adams' Diary, Aug. 15, 1765.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> See page 40 for account of the riot.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> See page 162, 163 concerning Hutchinson and other letters abstracted by +Franklin.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Curwin's Journal, pp. 462, 463.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Sabine says Dorchester. Dorchester Record says Thomas Oliver, the son of +Robert Oliver, Esqr., and Ann, his wife, was born Jan. 5, 1733-4 at ye Island of +Antigua.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Curwin's Journal, p. 516.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Curwin's Journal, p. 510.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Hutchinson's Diary & Letters. Vol. 1, p. 195.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Doyle's History of America, Ch. XVIII.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> For description of House, see "The Bernards of Abington and Nether Winchendon," +by Mr. N. Higgins, Vol. I. p. 285.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> The Town of Roxbury. Francis S. Drake.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Life of Sir Francis Bernard.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> "The Bernards of Abington and Nether Winchendon," by Mr. Napier Higgins.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Samuel Adams (Hosmer) Ch. VI.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> For further information concerning the Stamp Act, see pp. 40, 41, 42.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> Hutchinson Hist. Mass., Vol. III., p. 253.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> One lot of 26½ acres was purchased of John Baker et al. in 1762. Lib. 98, +Fol. 113. Another lot adjoining same, of 3 acres of James Baker in 1764. Lib. 102, +Fol. 39. During a raid made by the "Ministerial Troops" from the Castle on +Feb. 13th, 1776, nearly all the houses on the Neck were burnt; among them was "An +House and Stable and Barn belonging to Francis Bernard burnt; valued at £100.00," +also damage done "by our Soldiers," £40.00. (See New Eng. Gen. Reg. Jan. 1897.) +This tract of land extended from Fourth street (Way leading to Castle William) +to Dorchester Bay, M street running through the center of it. The writer's father +in 1858 purchased a portion of this land, and it was here he spent his boyhood days. +After the war another house was erected on the site of the one burnt; its location +was on Fourth street between M and N streets. The writer remembers that a boyhood +companion that lived there picked up in the garden an English guinea.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Life of Sir Francis Bernard, by One of his Sons.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> This question was decided in the case of Roger Morris of New York who married +Mary, daughter of Frederick Phillips, who it is said had previously refused +George Washington, the estate which belongs in right to his wife was confiscated, +and that the whole interest should pass under the Act Mrs. Morris was included in +the attainder. Humanity is shocked that a woman was attainted of treason, for no +crime but that of clinging to the fortunes of the husband whom she had vowed on +the altar never to desert. However, in the year 1809, their son, Captain Henry Gage +Morris of the Royal Navy, in behalf of himself and his two sisters, sold their reversionary +interest to John Jacob Astor of New York for the sum of £20,000 sterling. +In 1828 Mr. Astor made a compromise with the State of New York by which +he received for the rights thus purchased by him, the large sum of five hundred +thousand dollars, having obtained a judgment of the Supreme Court of the United +States affirming the validity and perfectibility of his title.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Tea Leaves 322, 323, 327, 329.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Life of Copley, p 62.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Life of Copley, p. 141.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Gleaner Articles, p. 196.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Life of Copley. p. 140, 145.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Life of Copley, p. 126.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Hooper Genealogy. Curwen's Journal. History of Marblehead.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Diary and Letters of John Adams.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> See Boston Town Records 1742 to 1757. pp. 14, 15, 16. Printed by the City of +Boston.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Tea Leaves pp. 292-3.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Dealings with the Dead, p. 510.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> "Memoir of General John Coffin." By Captain Henry Coffin. R. N., 1880, p. 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> It is a singular fact that all persons of American birth that were in the navy +remained loyal. Washington came very near entering the navy as midshipman and +going with his brother Lawrence under Admiral Vernon to the attack on Cartagena. +His trunk was packed and he was all ready to depart when his mother prevailed upon +him to remain. Had he gone he would have remained loyal, or his case would have +been the exception.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> For description of Simsbury mines see pp. 56-57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> The native town of the author, J. H. Stark.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> It was saved from confiscation by his wife remaining in it during the war, +and her furnishing a substitute for her husband to serve in the army.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> James Murray, Loyalist; pp. 152, 154, 155.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> James Murray, Loyalist; pp. 248, 249, 251.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Memoir of the war in the Southern Department of the United States. By +Henry Lee, p. 397.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> The barbecue is still in vogue in the Southern States at all large social +gatherings.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> Memorial of James Thompson of Charlestown, Mass., and Woburn, Mass., +by Leander Thompson, A. M.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> See "Life of Count Rumford," by George Ellis.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Mass. His. Coll. 2, series Vol. IV, pp. 167, 168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> For further information about these French Protestants see the "Memoir" +by Dr. Holmes, or to Vol. XXII. p. 62. of Massachusetts Historical Collections.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> See p. 184 concerning his mansion in Dorchester.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> General John Stark's brother Colonel William Stark, was a man of great +bravery and hardihood. Before the Revolution he was a much greater man than his +brother John. He commanded New England troops in the capture of Ticonderoga, +Crown Point, Louisburg and Quebec. In West's picture, "The Death of Gen. +Wolf," he is shown as holding Wolf in his arms. William Stark remained loyal and +became a colonel in the Royal Army. He was killed from a fall from his horse at the +battle of Long Island.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> For an account of the Pepperell family see New Eng. Gen. Reg., xx. 4. Those +descended from him comprise probably a hundred families holding the highest social +positions including dignitaries in church and state, baronets, presidents of colleges, +D. D's., and bishops, and others of exalted rank, perhaps more numerous than can be +found in any one family in the British realms.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> Medford Historical Register, Vol. viii, p. 59.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> It was Sir Isaac Heard that took such pains in searching out the pedigree +of the Washington family.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Updike History of Narrangansett church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> See page 52 for description of same.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> Ibid. 45.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> See page 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Memorial Hist. of Boston, II. 8. Record Com. Report VII. 69.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> "The Lillie Family of Boston" by Edward L. Pierce.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> Drake's History of Boston, p. 777.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> See pages 43 and 44 for account of the "Massacre."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Sabine's Loyalists, Vol. I. p. 459.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> Sabine's Loyalists, Vol. I, p 460.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> "Dealings with the Dead," by a Sexton of the Old School.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> Newport Mercury. Aug. 14, 1786.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Sabine's Loyalists, Vol. I, p. 462.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> John Adams' Letters to His Wife. Note to No. 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> Ibid. 33-4, Hutchinson, Vol. III, p. 189.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Drake's History of Boston, pp. 735-6-7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> See chapter on Boston Mobs, p. 40.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> See page 85 for further account of the Saratoga Convention.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Mrs. Leonard was confined to bed with childbirth. Charles, their only son, +was born an idiot, due no doubt to this outrage. The mother of Curtis Guild, the +present governor of Massachusetts, was born in this room, she being a descendant +of the Leonard family.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Extracts from Massachusettensis. Letter addressed to the Inhabitants of +the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Dec. 12th, 1774.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Genealogical Memoir of the Leonard Family, by William R. Deane.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> This was the same as he did towards Harvard college, when treasurer of same. +History of Harvard College by Josiah Quincy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> See Chapter III. in relation to this matter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Sabine, Vol. I., Pp. 490-1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Papers relating to the church in Massachusetts, Pp. 506-7, 531-2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> The descendants of Hugh Amory, London. 1901. The Amory Family, Boston, 1856.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Sabin's Loyalists of the American Revolution.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> The Descendants of Hugh Amory. Pp. 259, 260.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> Travels through the interior parts of America by Thomas Aubury. Vol. II, +pp. 232, 234.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> Dr. Ezra Stiles, afterwards President of Yale College, and at this time a settled +minister at Newport.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Goldthwaite Genealogy compiled and published by Charlotte Goldthwaite.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> See Forces American Archives. Vol. III, pp. 312, 314, 355.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> This letter and the following ones are extracts from original papers, copies of +which were communicated by Miss Eliza S. Quincy, and published In Curwen's Journal +and Letters.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> During 1785 Shay's rebellion occurred in Massachusetts and was put down by +General Lincoln.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> A narrative of his two aerial voyages was published In London in 1786, exact +and entertaining, with a portrait of the adventurer and a view of the monument +erected by the French government, on the spot where he landed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Curwen's Journal, P. 537.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> New Eng. Hist. & General Reg., Vol. 15, P. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> New Eng. Hist. & General Reg., Vol. 15, P. 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Sabine's Loyalists, Vol. 1, P. 256.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> The horseman that met them was Col. Timothy Bigelow, of the Committee +of Safety.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Subsequently Chief of Artillery in the Revolutionary Army, and Secretary at +War under Washington.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> See Life of Henry Knox by F. G. Drake, P. 125.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> "Tea Leaves," pp. 282, 3, 4, 5, 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> See Page 48 for further particulars concerning the Tea Party Mob.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> New England Hist. and Genealogical Register. Vol. 6. P. 357.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> New England Hist. and Gen. Reg. Vol. 7. P. 142.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> Thomas Joy and His Descendants by James R. Joy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> Memorial Hist. of Boston. Vol. IV. P. 646-647.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Hist. of Hingham. Vol. 11. P. 195-7-9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Dunbar Genealogy. P. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> Richardson Memorial by Vinton. P. 34, 199, 242.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> For further particulars see pages 310, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> William R. Cutter, Librarian of the Woburn Public Library.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> Ancestral Records of the Loring family. Type Written Copy in the New England +Historic Genealogical Society. Pp. 129 to 182.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> A similar case occurred during the Civil War, there was probably no man whose +memory was more execrated, and who was regarded as a monster than Wirz, the +Commander at Andersonville, who was hanged by the U. S. Government, and yet +forty-five years afterwards the Daughters of the Confederacy have erected a beautiful +monument to his memory at Andersonville.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> For a detailed account of the career and writings of this illustrious man, see +two volumes of his "Life And Letters," by his descendant, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> A Short Account of the Winthrop family by Robert C. Winthrop.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> Town of Roxbury by F. S. Drake. P. 134, 135.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Sabine's Loyalists.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> Chipmans of America.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> See Royal Memorials by Rev. Edmund F. Shafter. Also cut of Coat of Arms +on outside cover of this work.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> The Town of Roxbury. Francis S. Drake, pp. 355-6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> There was a family of Sheaffe's in Boston much earlier than 1672, when William +Sheaffe's name first appears on the records, but I do not find any connection +between the two families, except that James Sheaffe of Portsmouth, N. H., of the +Boston family, was a loyalist. He was allowed to remain, although much persecuted. +(See Heraldic Journal, Vol. IX. p. 85, also Wyman's Genealogies and Estates of +Charlestown, and History of Portsmouth, N. H.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Most of the information contained in this article was obtained by L. Sabine, +from Miss Isabella Child, Thomas Hale Child and Miss Mary P. Hale, relatives of +Sir Roger H. Sheaffe.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> The Sayward Family, 1890.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> New Eng. His. Gen. Vol. 8, p. 247.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> Essex Inst. His. Coll. Vol. xxxii., pp. 201-238. Curwen's Journal, pp. 500-1, Sabine's +Loyalists, pp. 265-6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> Boston Gazette, Nov. 15, 1773. Boston News Letter, Jan. 27, 1774. Feb 3, 1774. +Massachusetts Spy, Jan. 27, 1774.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Wyman Genealogies and Estates in Charlestown.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Curwen Journal, pp. 463-5. 506. Sabine's Loyalists, pp, 265-8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> Memorial His., of Boston. Vol. iv. p. 492. Vol. ii. p. 549.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Diaries of Benjamin Lynde and of Benjamin Lynde, Jr.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> Bureau of Archives, Ontario, 2nd Report, Vol. I. p. 340.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Bureau of Archives, Ontario, 2nd Report, Vol. II, p. 904.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> See Cutler Genealogy for descent of Ebenezer 4.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> "Royalists" in Mass. Archives, Vol. 1, p. 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> This description of the affair at Concord Bridge, was written by Rev. E. G. +Porter, President of the New England Historic Genealogical Society for a work entitled +"Antique Views of Boston." Pp. 234-8 compiled by me in 1882. J. H. Stark.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> Centennial Address delivered at Acton, July 21, 1835, by Josiah Adams, pp. +44-5-6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> Rev. Soldiers and Sailors. Vol. 17, p. 42.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> The True Story of Paul Revere, p. 45, by Charles J. Gettemy, Chief of the +Bureau of Statistics and Labor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> See Atlantic Monthly. April 1893, "Some Pelham Copley Letters."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> Paul Revere's Bills can be seen in the Archives at the State House, Boston.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Lovell's Journal, p. 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> The Siege of the Penobscot, etc., pp. 23, 25.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> Mass. Archives, Vol. 145, pp. 230-237. (Todds report).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> See copy of report in "Rising States Lodge," in Library of Mass. Grand Lodge.</p></div> + +</div> + +<div class="tn"><h3>Transcriber's note:</h3> + +<p>Minor typographical errors and inconsistencies have been silently normalized. Archaic and variable spellings, and inconsistent hyphenation have been retained. Example: both "Curwin" and "Curwen" appear.</p> + +<p>Page vii: The Appendix contents list shows "LIST OF LOYALISTS WHOSE NAMES OR BIOGRAPHIES ARE NOT FOUND IN THIS WORK" as on page 484, whereas it is actually on page 503.</p> + +<p>Page 69: The footnote anchor is missing. The transcriber has placed it where it seems likely to have been required.</p> + +<p>Page 103: (*) denotes missing footnote.</p> + +<p>Page 111: There are two footnote markers but no foot note (*).</p> + +<p>Page 126: "Whereare we the subscribers did ..." Replaced "whereare" with "whereas".</p> + +<p>Page 151: A currency "dispute took place in 1762 as regarde the parity between gold and silver." "regarde" changed to "regards".</p> + +<p>Page 157: 'the objects of the contempt even of woman, and children.' "woman" changed to "women".</p> + +<p>Page 180: "John Williams and Swan S.;" There is a blank area on the original page; the transcriber has replaced it with —— </p> + +<p>Page 211: "May 29th, 1779, and the next at the Crown and Anchor, in the Strand on the 26th" are conflicting dates as found in the original.</p> + +<p>Page 253: "the limits of the republican government. Wishes for the welfare of my"<br /> +"which cannot possibly be but of short continuance, somewhere out of"</p> + +<p>The above two lines seem to be out of order and have been put in reverse order.</p> + +<p>Page 332: "that the father and sisters of Charles were to partici- in the enjoyment of the property." Changed "partici-" to "participate". </p> + +<p>Page 425: There was no footnote anchor for the "Loring" footnote. The transcriber has inserted it at the beginning of the COMMODORE JOSHUA LORING section.</p> + +<p>Page 477: 'Public officials were chosen by a ring in Boston in the year of our Lord 1768 before they were "chosen by the town"'.</p> + +<p>The date 1768 appears to be an error according to the previous paragraphs. The transcriber has replaced 1768 with 1763. +</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Loyalists of Massachusetts, by James H. 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