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A. Guerber + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: Myths of Greece and Rome + Narrated with Special Reference to Literature and Art + +Author: H. A. Guerber + +Release Date: March 25, 2012 [EBook #39250] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME *** + + + + +Produced by David Edwards, Sam W. and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 391px;"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="391" height="600" +alt="Title page of the book" /> +</div> + + + +<h1>MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME<br /> +<br /> +<span class="tinyfont">NARRATED WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO<br /> +LITERATURE AND ART</span></h1> + +<p class="center padtop smlfont">BY</p> + +<p class="center padbase"><span class="lrgfont">H. A. GUERBER</span><br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">LECTURER ON MYTHOLOGY</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 90px;"> +<img src="images/mgr01.jpg" width="90" height="100" +alt="Publisher's logo" /> +</div> + +<p class="center padtop padbase"><span class="lrgfont">AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY</span><br /> +<span class="smlfont">NEW YORK <span class="space"> </span> CINCINNATI <span class="space"> </span> CHICAGO</span></p> + + +<p class="center padtop vsmlfont">Copyright, 1893, by<br /> +<span class="smcap">American Book Company</span>.</p> + +<p class="center vsmlfont">Copyright. 1921, by<br /> +<span class="smcap">H. A. Guerber</span>.</p> + +<p class="center vsmlfont padbase">—<br /> +Guerber’s Myths.<br /> +<br /> +E.P. 44</p> + + + + +<p class="center padtop padbase">DEDICATED<br /> +<br /> +TO MY KIND FRIENDS<br /> +<br /> +MISS MACKIE AND MISS MASTERS<br /> +<br /> +IN WHOSE SCHOOLS MY LECTURES WERE FIRST GIVEN</p> + + +<p class="center padtop padbase smlfont">MADE IN U. S. A.</p> + + + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 458px;"> +<a name="homer" id="homer"></a> +<img src="images/mgr02.jpg" width="458" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">HOMER.—François Gérard.</p> +</div> + + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>5]</a></span></p> + +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>HE aim of this book is to present a complete and entertaining +account of Grecian and Roman mythology in such a +manner that the student will appreciate its great influence upon +literature and art.</p> + +<p>These myths, an inexhaustible fund of inspiration for the poets +and artists of the past, have also inspired many noted modern +works. To impress this fact forcibly upon the student, appropriate +quotations from the poetical writings of all ages, from Hesiod’s +“Works and Days,” to Tennyson’s “Œnone,” have been inserted +in the text, while reproductions of ancient masterpieces and +noted examples of modern painting and sculpture are plentifully +used as illustrations.</p> + +<p>The myths are told as graphically and accurately as possible, +great care being taken, however, to avoid the more repulsive +features of heathen mythology; and when two or more versions +of the same myth occur, the preference has invariably been given +to the most popular, that is to say, to the one which has inspired +the greatest works.</p> + +<p>Both the Latin and the Greek forms of proper names are given, +but the Latin names are usually retained throughout the narrative, +because more frequently used in poetry and art.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>6]</a></span> +The closing chapter includes an analysis of myths by the light +of philology and comparative mythology, and the philological +explanation of the stories related in the preceding chapters.</p> + +<p>A map, genealogical table, and complete glossary and index +adapt this little volume for constant use in the library and art +gallery, at home and abroad.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>7]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of contents"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdr"><small>PAGE</small></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF MYTHS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">CHAP. I.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">The Beginning of All Things</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">II.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Jupiter</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">III.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Juno</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">IV.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Minerva</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">V.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Apollo</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">VI.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Diana</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">VII.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Venus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">VIII.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Mercury</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">IX.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Mars</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">X.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Vulcan</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XI.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Neptune</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XII.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Pluto</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XIII.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Bacchus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XIV.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Ceres and Proserpina</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XV.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Vesta</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XVI.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Janus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XVII.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Somnus and Mors</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XVIII.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Æolus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XIX.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Hercules</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XX.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Perseus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXI.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Theseus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXII.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Jason</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXIII.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">The Calydonian Hunt</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXIV.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Œdipus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXV.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Bellerophon</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXVI.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Minor Divinities</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXVII.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">The Trojan War</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXVIII.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Adventures of Ulysses</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXIX.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Adventures of Æneas</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_360">360</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXX.</td> + <td class="tdlsc">Analysis of Myths</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_378">378</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">GENEALOGICAL TABLE</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_402">402</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">INDEX TO POETICAL QUOTATIONS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_405">405</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">GLOSSARY AND INDEX</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_407">407</a></td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>8]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/mgr03t.jpg" width="600" height="435" +alt="Maps of Greece, the Mediterranean area, and Rome" /> +</div> + +<p class="link"><a href="images/mgr03.jpg">See larger image</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"><!-- continuation of maps --></a></span></p> + + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>10]</a></span></p> + +<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> + + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="List of illustrations"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdr"><small>PAGE</small></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Homer</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#homer">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Amor</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#amor">14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Fountain of Cybele (Rhea)</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#cybele">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Minerva and Prometheus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#minerva">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Pandora</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#pandora">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Hope</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#hope">34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Olympian Zeus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#zeus">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Ganymede and the Eagle</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ganymede">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Abduction of Europa</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#europa">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Juno</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#juno">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Iris</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#iris">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Minerva</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#minerva1">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Apollo Belvedere</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#apollo">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Apollo and Daphne</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#apollo1">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Orpheus and Eurydice</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#orpheus">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Farnese Bull</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#farnese">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Aurora</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#aurora">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Apollo and the Muses</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#apollo2">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Diana of Versailles</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#diana">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Niobe</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#niobe">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Venus de Milo</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#venus">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Fourth Hour of the Night</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#hour">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Sleeping Love</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#love">109</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Hero and Leander</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#hero">115</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Cupid awakening Psyche</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#cupid">125</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Charon and Psyche</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#charon">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Flying Mercury</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#mercury">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Venus de Milo and Mars</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#venus1">141</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Forge of Vulcan</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#vulcan">146</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Fountain of Neptune</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#neptune">150</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Father Nile</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#nile">157</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Furies</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#furies">162</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Three Fates</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#fates">164</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Bacchus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#bacchus">175</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Marriage of Bacchus and Ariadne</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#bacchus1">180</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Abduction of Proserpina</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#proserpina">185</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Ceres</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ceres">189</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">A Nymph</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#nymph">191</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">School of the Vestal Virgins</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#vestal">199</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Vestal Tuccia</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#tuccia">201</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Genius of Death</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#death">209</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Hercules an Infant</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#hercules">217</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Hercules and Centaur</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#hercules1">222</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Mounted Amazon going to the Chase</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#amazon">225</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Hercules at the Feet of Omphale</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#hercules2">231</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Fortuna</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#fortuna">233</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Farnese Hercules</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#hercules3">237</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Perseus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#perseus">245</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Perseus and Andromeda</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#perseus1">247</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Dædalus and Icarus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#daedalus">254</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Ariadne</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ariadne">258</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Theseus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#theseus">261</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Jason and the Dragon</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#jason">270</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Medea</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#medea">272</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Atalanta’s Race</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#atalanta">277</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Œdipus and the Sphinx</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#oedipus">284</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Antigone and Ismene</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#antigone">289</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Chimæra</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#chimaera">293</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Vertumnus and Pomona</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#vertumnus">302</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Paris</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#paris">309</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Abduction of Helen</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#helen">313</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Parting of Hector and Andromache</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#hector">322</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Thetis bearing the Armor of Achilles</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#thetis">327</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Laocoon</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#laocoon">334</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Triumph of Galatea</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#galatea">340</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Acis and Galatea (Evening)</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#acis">342</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Circe and the Friends of Ulysses</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#circe">348</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Siren</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#siren">351</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Penelope</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#penelope">356</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Æneas at the Court of Dido</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#aeneas">368</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Cumæan Sibyl</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#sibyl">371</a></td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>11]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center padtop vlrgfont">MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME.</p> + + + +<h2 class="padtop">CHAPTER I.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">THE BEGINNING OF ALL THINGS.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">M</span>YTHOLOGY is the science which treats of the early traditions, +or myths, relating to the religion of the ancients, and +includes, besides a full account of the origin of their gods, their +theory concerning the beginning of all things.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Myths of +creation.</div> + +<p>Among all the nations scattered over the face of the earth, the +Hebrews alone were instructed by God, who gave them not only +a full account of the creation of the world and of +all living creatures, but also a code of laws to regulate +their conduct. All the questions they fain would ask were +fully answered, and no room remained for conjecture.</p> + +<p>It was not so, however, with the other nations. The Greeks +and Romans, for instance, lacking the definite knowledge which +we obtain from the Scriptures, and still anxious to know everything, +were forced to construct, in part, their own theory. As they +looked about them for some clue to serve as guide, they could +not help but observe and admire the wonders of nature. The succession +of day and night, summer and winter, rain and sunshine; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>12]</a></span> +the fact that the tallest trees sprang from tiny seeds, the greatest +rivers from diminutive streams, and the most beautiful flowers +and delicious fruits from small green buds,—all seemed to tell +them of a superior Being, who had fashioned them to serve a +definite purpose.</p> + +<p>They soon came to the conclusion that a hand mighty enough +to call all these wonders into life, could also have created the +beautiful Earth whereon they dwelt. These thoughts gave rise +to others; suppositions became certainties; and soon the following +myth or fable was evolved, to be handed down from +generation to generation.</p> + +<p>At first, when all things lay in a great confused mass,—</p> + +<div class="cpoem28"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Ere earth, and sea, and covering heavens, were known,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The face of nature, o’er the world, was one;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And men have call’d it Chaos; formless, rude,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The mass; dead matter’s weight, inert, and crude;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where, in mix’d heap of ill-compounded mold,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The jarring seeds of things confusedly roll’d.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The Earth did not exist. Land, sea, and air were mixed up +together; so that the earth was not solid, the sea was not fluid, +nor the air transparent.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“No sun yet beam’d from yon cerulean height;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">No orbing moon repair’d her horns of light;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">No earth, self-poised, on liquid ether hung;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">No sea its world-enclasping waters flung;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Earth was half air, half sea, an embryo heap;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor earth was fix’d, nor fluid was the deep;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dark was the void of air; no form was traced;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Obstructing atoms struggled through the waste;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where cold, and hot, and moist, and dry rebell’d;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Heavy the light, and hard the soft repell’d.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Chaos and +Nyx.</div> + +<p>Over this shapeless mass reigned a careless deity called Chaos, +whose personal appearance could not be described, as there was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>13]</a></span> +no light by which he could be seen. He shared his throne +with his wife, the dark goddess of Night, named +Nyx or Nox, whose black robes, and still blacker +countenance, did not tend to enliven the surrounding gloom.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Erebus, Æther, +and Hemera.</div> + +<p>These two divinities wearied of their power in the course of +time, and called their son Erebus (Darkness) to their assistance. +His first act was to dethrone and supplant Chaos; +and then, thinking he would be happier with a +helpmeet, he married his own mother, Nyx. Of course, with +our present views, this marriage was a heinous sin; but the ancients, +who at first had no fixed laws, did not consider this union +unsuitable, and recounted how Erebus and Nyx ruled over the +chaotic world together, until their two beautiful children, Æther +(Light) and Hemera (Day), acting in concert, dethroned them, +and seized the supreme power.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Creation of Gæa +and Uranus.</div> + +<p>Space, illumined for the first time by their radiance, revealed +itself in all its uncouthness. Æther and Hemera carefully examined +the confusion, saw its innumerable possibilities, +and decided to evolve from it a “thing of +beauty;” but quite conscious of the magnitude of such an undertaking, +and feeling that some assistance would be desirable, they +summoned Eros (Amor or Love), their own child, to their aid. +By their combined efforts, Pontus (the Sea) and Gæa (Ge, Tellus, +Terra), as the Earth was first called, were created.</p> + +<p>In the beginning the Earth did not present the beautiful appearance +that it does now. No trees waved their leafy branches +on the hillsides; no flowers bloomed in the valleys; no grass +grew on the plains; no birds flew through the air. All was silent, +bare, and motionless. Eros, the first to perceive these deficiencies, +seized his life-giving arrows and pierced the cold bosom +of the Earth. Immediately the brown surface was covered with +luxuriant verdure; birds of many colors flitted through the foliage +of the new-born forest trees; animals of all kinds gamboled +over the grassy plains; and swift-darting fishes swam in the limpid +streams. All was now life, joy, and motion.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>14]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="amor" id="amor"></a> +<img src="images/mgr04.jpg" width="400" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">AMOR.—Martin.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>15]</a></span> +Gæa, roused from her apathy, admired all that had already +been done for her embellishment, and, resolving to crown and +complete the work so well begun, created Uranus (Heaven).</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i5">“Her first-born Earth produc’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of like immensity, the starry Heaven:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That he might sheltering compass her around<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On every side.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Hesiod</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The egg myth.</div> + +<p>This version of the creation of the world, although but one +of the many current with the Greeks and Romans, was the one +most generally adopted; but another, also very +popular, stated that the first divinities, Erebus and +Nyx, produced a gigantic egg, from which Eros, the god of love, +emerged to create the Earth.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“In the dreary chaotical closet<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Erebus old, was a privy deposit,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By Night the primæval in secrecy laid;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A Mystical Egg, that in silence and shade<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Was brooded and hatched; till time came about:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Love, the delightful, in glory flew out.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Aristophanes</span> (Frere’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Mount Olympus +and the river +Oceanus.</div> + +<p>The Earth thus created was supposed by the ancients to be +a disk, instead of a sphere as science has proved. The Greeks +fancied that their country occupied a central position, +and that Mount Olympus, a very high mountain, +the mythological abode of their gods, was +placed in the exact center. Their Earth was divided into two +equal parts by Pontus (the Sea,—equivalent to our Mediterranean +and Black Seas); and all around it flowed the great +river Oceanus in a “steady, equable current,” undisturbed by +storm, from which the Sea and all the rivers were supposed to +derive their waters.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Hyperboreans.</div> + +<p>The Greeks also imagined that the portion of the Earth directly +north of their country was inhabited by a fortunate race of men, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>16]</a></span> +the Hyperboreans, who dwelt in continual bliss, and enjoyed a +never-ending springtide. Their homes were said to be “inaccessible +by land or by sea.” They were “exempt +from disease, old age, and death,” and were so +virtuous that the gods frequently visited them, and even condescended +to share their feasts and games. A people thus favored +could not fail to be happy, and many were the songs in praise of +their sunny land.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“I come from a land in the sun-bright deep,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Where golden gardens grow;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where the winds of the north, becalm’d in sleep,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Their conch shells never blow.<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“So near the track of the stars are we,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That oft, on night’s pale beams,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The distant sounds of their harmony<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Come to our ears, like dreams.<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“The Moon, too, brings her world so nigh,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That when the night-seer looks<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To that shadowless orb, in a vernal sky,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">He can number its hills and brooks.<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“To the Sun god all our hearts and lyres<br /></span> +<span class="i2">By day, by night, belong;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the breath we draw from his living fires<br /></span> +<span class="i2">We give him back in song.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Moore.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Ethiopians +and the Isles +of the Blest.</div> + +<p>South of Greece, also near the great river Oceanus, dwelt another +nation, just as happy and virtuous as the Hyperboreans,—the +Ethiopians. They, too, often enjoyed the +company of the gods, who shared their innocent +pleasures with great delight.</p> + +<p>And far away, on the shore of this same marvelous river, according +to some mythologists, were the beautiful Isles of the +Blest, where mortals who had led virtuous lives, and had thus +found favor in the sight of the gods, were transported without +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>17]</a></span> +tasting of death, and where they enjoyed an eternity of bliss. +These islands had sun, moon, and stars of their own, and were +never visited by the cold wintry winds that swept down from the +north.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“The Isles of the Blest, they say,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">The Isles of the Blest,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Are peaceful and happy, by night and by day,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Far away in the glorious west.<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“They need not the moon in that land of delight,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">They need not the pale, pale star;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The sun is bright, by day and night,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Where the souls of the blessed are.<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“They till not the ground, they plow not the wave,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">They labor not, never! oh, never!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Not a tear do they shed, not a sigh do they heave,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">They are happy, for ever and ever!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Pindar.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Uranus and +Gæa.</div> + +<p>Chaos, Erebus, and Nyx were deprived of their power by +Æther and Hemera, who did not long enjoy the possession of +the scepter; for Uranus and Gæa, more powerful +than their progenitors, soon forced them to depart, +and began to reign in their stead. They had not dwelt long on +the summit of Mount Olympus, before they found themselves the +parents of twelve gigantic children, the Titans, whose strength +was such that their father, Uranus, greatly feared them. To prevent +their ever making use of it against him, he seized them immediately +after their birth, hurled them down into a dark abyss +called Tartarus, and there chained them fast.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Titans, Cyclopes, +and Centimani.</div> + +<p>This chasm was situated far under the earth; and Uranus +knew that his six sons (Oceanus, Cœus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, +and Cronus), as well as his six daughters, +the Titanides (Ilia, Rhea, Themis, Thetis, Mnemosyne, +and Phœbe), could not easily escape from its +cavernous depths. The Titans did not long remain sole occupants +of Tartarus, for one day the brazen doors were again +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>18]</a></span> +thrown wide open to admit the Cyclopes,—Brontes (Thunder), +Steropes (Lightning), and Arges (Sheet-lightning),—three later-born +children of Uranus and Gæa, who helped the Titans to +make the darkness hideous with their incessant clamor for freedom. +In due time their number was increased by the three terrible +Centimani (Hundred-handed), Cottus, Briareus, and Gyes, +who were sent thither by Uranus to share their fate.</p> + +<p>Greatly dissatisfied with the treatment her children had received +at their father’s hands, Gæa remonstrated, but all in vain. +Uranus would not grant her request to set the giants free, and, +whenever their muffled cries reached his ear, he trembled for his +own safety. Angry beyond all expression, Gæa swore revenge, +and descended into Tartarus, where she urged the Titans to conspire +against their father, and attempt to wrest the scepter from +his grasp.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Titans +revolt.</div> + +<p>All listened attentively to the words of sedition; but none were +courageous enough to carry out her plans, except Cronus, the +youngest of the Titans, more familiarly known as +Saturn or Time, who found confinement and chains +peculiarly galling, and who hated his father for his cruelty. Gæa +finally induced him to lay violent hands upon his sire, and, after +releasing him from his bonds, gave him a scythe, and bade him +be of good cheer and return victorious.</p> + +<p>Thus armed and admonished, Cronus set forth, came upon his +father unawares, defeated him, thanks to his extraordinary weapon, +and, after binding him fast, took possession of the vacant +throne, intending to rule the universe forever. Enraged at this +insult, Uranus cursed his son, and prophesied that a day would +come when he, too, would be supplanted by his children, and +would suffer just punishment for his rebellion.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="cybele" id="cybele"></a> +<img src="images/mgr05.jpg" width="600" height="394" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">FOUNTAIN OF CYBELE (RHEA). (Madrid.)</p> +</div> + + +<div class="sidenote">Cronus and +Rhea.</div> + +<p>Cronus paid no heed to his father’s imprecations, but calmly +proceeded to release the Titans, his brothers and sisters, who, in +their joy and gratitude to escape the dismal realm of Tartarus, +expressed their willingness to be ruled by him. Their satisfaction +was complete, however, when he chose his own sister Rhea +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"><!-- original location of Fountain of Cybele illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>20]</a></span> +(Cybele, Ops) for his consort, and assigned to each of the others +some portion of the world to govern at will. To Oceanus and +Thetis, for example, he gave charge over the ocean +and all the rivers upon earth; while to Hyperion +and Phœbe he intrusted the direction of the sun and moon, which +the ancients supposed were daily driven across the sky in brilliant +golden chariots.</p> + +<p>Peace and security now reigned on and around Mount Olympus; +and Cronus, with great satisfaction, congratulated himself +on the result of his enterprise. One fine morning, however, his +equanimity was disturbed by the announcement that a son was +born to him. The memory of his father’s curse then suddenly returned +to his mind. Anxious to avert so great a calamity as the +loss of his power, he hastened to his wife, determined to devour +the child, and thus prevent him from causing further annoyance. +Wholly unsuspicious, Rhea heard him inquire for his son. Gladly +she placed him in his extended arms; but imagine her surprise +and horror when she beheld her husband swallow the babe!</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Birth +of Jupiter.</div> + +<p>Time passed, and another child was born, but only to meet +with the same cruel fate. One infant after another disappeared +down the capacious throat of the voracious Cronus,—a +personification of Time, who creates only +to destroy. In vain the bereaved mother besought the life of +one little one: the selfish, hard-hearted father would not relent. +As her prayers seemed unavailing, Rhea finally resolved to obtain +by stratagem the boon her husband denied; and as soon as her +youngest son, Jupiter (Jove, Zeus), was born, she concealed him.</p> + +<p>Cronus, aware of his birth, soon made his appearance, determined +to dispose of him in the usual summary manner. For +some time Rhea pleaded with him, but at last pretended to yield +to his commands. Hastily wrapping a large stone in swaddling +clothes, she handed it to Cronus, simulating intense grief. Cronus +was evidently not of a very inquiring turn of mind, for he +swallowed the whole without investigating the real contents of +the shapeless bundle.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>21]</a></span> +<span class="i6">“To th’ imperial son of Heaven,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whilom the king of gods, a stone she gave<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Inwrapt in infant swathes; and this with grasp<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Eager he snatch’d, and in his ravening breast<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Convey’d away: unhappy! nor once thought<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That for the stone his child behind remain’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Invincible, secure; who soon, with hands<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of strength o’ercoming him, should cast him forth<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From glory, and himself th’ immortals rule.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Hesiod</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Ignorant of the deception practiced upon him, Cronus then +took leave, and the overjoyed mother clasped her rescued treasure +to her breast. It was not sufficient, however, to have saved +young Jupiter from imminent death: it was also necessary that +his father should remain unconscious of his existence.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Jupiter’s +infancy.</div> + +<p>To insure this, Rhea intrusted her babe to the tender care of +the Melian nymphs, who bore him off to a cave on Mount Ida. +There a goat, Amalthea, was procured to act as +nurse, and fulfilled her office so acceptably that +she was eventually placed in the heavens as a constellation, a +brilliant reward for her kind ministrations. To prevent Jupiter’s +cries being heard in Olympus, the Curetes (Corybantes), Rhea’s +priests, uttered piercing screams, clashed their weapons, executed +fierce dances, and chanted rude war songs.</p> + +<p>The real significance of all this unwonted noise and commotion +was not at all understood by Cronus, who, in the intervals +of his numerous affairs, congratulated himself upon the cunning +he had shown to prevent the accomplishment of his father’s curse. +But all his anxiety and fears were aroused when he suddenly +became aware of the fraud practiced upon him, and of young +Jupiter’s continued existence. He immediately tried to devise +some plan to get rid of him; but, before he could put it into +execution, he found himself attacked, and, after a short but +terrible encounter, signally defeated.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Jupiter’s +supremacy.</div> + +<p>Jupiter, delighted to have triumphed so quickly, took possession +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>22]</a></span> +of the supreme power, and aided by Rhea’s counsels, and by +a nauseous potion prepared by Metis, a daughter of Oceanus, +compelled Cronus to produce the unfortunate children +he had swallowed; i.e., Neptune, Pluto, Vesta, +Ceres, and Juno.</p> + +<p>Following the example of his predecessor, Jupiter gave his +brothers and sisters a fair share of his new kingdom. The wisest +among the Titans—Mnemosyne, Themis, Oceanus, and Hyperion—submitted +to the new sovereign without murmur, but +the others refused their allegiance; which refusal, of course, occasioned +a deadly conflict.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“When gods began with wrath,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And war rose up between their starry brows,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Some choosing to cast Cronus from his throne<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That Zeus might king it there, and some in haste<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With opposite oaths that they would have no Zeus<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To rule the gods forever.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">E. B. Browning.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The giants’ +war.</div> + +<p>Jupiter, from the top of Mount Olympus, discerned the superior +number of his foes, and, quite aware of their might, concluded +that reënforcements to his party would not be superfluous. +In haste, therefore, he released the Cyclopes +from Tartarus, where they had languished so long, stipulating +that in exchange for their freedom they should supply him +with thunderbolts,—weapons which only they knew how to +forge. This new engine caused great terror and dismay in the +ranks of the enemy, who, nevertheless, soon rallied, and struggled +valiantly to overthrow the usurper and win back the sovereignty +of the world.</p> + +<p>During ten long years the war raged incessantly, neither party +wishing to submit to the dominion of the other, but at the end +of that time the rebellious Titans were obliged to yield. Some +of them were hurled into Tartarus once more, where they were +carefully secured by Neptune, Jupiter’s brother, while the young +conqueror joyfully proclaimed his victory.</p> + +<div class="cpoem28"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>23]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“League all your forces then, ye powers above,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Join all, and try th’ omnipotence of Jove:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Let down our golden everlasting chain,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whose strong embrace holds heaven and earth and main:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Strive all, of mortal and immortal birth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To drag, by this, the Thunderer down to earth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ye strive in vain! if I but stretch this hand,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I heave the gods, the ocean, and the land;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I fix the chain to great Olympus’ height,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the vast world hangs trembling in my sight!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For such I reign, unbounded and above;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And such are men and gods, compar’d to Jove.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The scene of this mighty conflict was supposed to have been +in Thessaly, where the country bears the imprint of some great +natural convulsion; for the ancients imagined that the gods, +making the most of their gigantic strength and stature, hurled +huge rocks at each other, and piled mountain upon mountain to +reach the abode of Jupiter, the Thunderer.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Mountain on mountain, as the Titans erst,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My brethren, scaling the high seat of Jove,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Heaved Pelion upon Ossa’s shoulders broad<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In vain emprise.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lowell.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Saturn, or Cronus, the leader and instigator of the revolt, +weary at last of bloodshed and strife, withdrew to Italy, or Hesperia, +where he founded a prosperous kingdom, and reigned in +peace for many long years.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death +of Typhœus.</div> + +<p>Jupiter, having disposed of all the Titans, now fancied he +would enjoy the power so unlawfully obtained; but Gæa, to punish +him for depriving her children of their birthright, +created a terrible monster, called Typhœus, +or Typhon, which she sent to attack him. This Typhœus was a +giant, from whose trunk one hundred dragon heads arose; flames +shot from his eyes, nostrils, and mouths; while he incessantly +uttered such blood-curdling screams, that the gods, in terror, fled +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>24]</a></span> +from Mount Olympus and sought refuge in Egypt. In mortal +fear lest this terror-inspiring monster would pursue them, the +gods there assumed the forms of different animals; and Jupiter +became a ram, while Juno, his sister and queen, changed herself +into a cow.</p> + +<p>The king of the gods, however, soon became ashamed of his +cowardly flight, and resolved to return to Mount Olympus to slay +Typhœus with his terrible thunderbolts. A long and fierce struggle +ensued, at the end of which, Jupiter, again victorious, viewed +his fallen foe with boundless pride; but his triumph was very +short-lived.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Defeat of +Enceladus.</div> + +<p>Enceladus, another redoubtable giant, also created by Gæa, +now appeared to avenge Typhœus. He too was signally defeated, +and bound with adamantine chains in a +burning cave under Mount Ætna. In early times, +before he had become accustomed to his prison, he gave vent to +his rage by outcries, imprecations, and groans: sometimes he +even breathed forth fire and flames, in hopes of injuring his conqueror. +But time, it is said, somewhat cooled his resentment; +and now he is content with an occasional change of position, +which, owing to his huge size, causes the earth to tremble over a +space of many miles, producing what is called an earthquake.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“’Tis said, that thunder-struck Enceladus,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Groveling beneath the incumbent mountain’s weight,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lies stretched supine, eternal prey of flames;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And, when he heaves against the burning load,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Reluctant, to invert his broiling limbs,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A sudden earthquake shoots through all the isle,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Ætna thunders dreadful under ground,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then pours out smoke in wreathing curls convolved,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And shades the sun’s bright orb, and blots out day.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Addison.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Jupiter divides +his realm.</div> + +<p>Jupiter had now conquered all his foes, asserted his right to +the throne, and could at last reign over the world undisturbed; +but he knew that it would be no small undertaking to rule well +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>25]</a></span> +heaven, earth, and sea, and resolved to divide the power with +his brothers. To avoid quarrels and recriminations, +he portioned the world out into lots, allowing +each of his brothers the privilege of drawing his own share.</p> + +<p>Neptune thus obtained control over the sea and all the rivers, +and immediately expressed his resolve to wear a symbolic crown, +composed exclusively of marine shells and aquatic plants, and to +abide within the bounds of his watery realm.</p> + +<p>Pluto, the most taciturn of the brothers, received for his portion +the scepter of Tartarus and all the Lower World, where no +beam of sunlight was ever allowed to find its way; while Jupiter +reserved for himself the general supervision of his brothers’ estates, +and the direct management of Heaven and Earth.</p> + +<p>Peace now reigned throughout all the world. Not a murmur +was heard, except from the Titans, who at length, seeing that +further opposition would be useless, grew reconciled to their fate.</p> + +<p>In the days of their prosperity, the Titans had intermarried. +Cronus had taken Rhea “for better or for worse;” and Iapetus +had seen, loved, and wedded the fair Clymene, one of the ocean +nymphs, or Oceanides, daughters of Oceanus. The latter pair became +the proud parents of four gigantic sons,—Atlas, Menetius, +Prometheus (Forethought), and Epimetheus (Afterthought),—who +were destined to play prominent parts in Grecian mythology.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Prometheus.</div> + +<p>At the time of the creation, after covering the new-born Earth +with luxuriant vegetation, and peopling it with living creatures of +all kinds, Eros perceived that it would be necessary +to endow them with instincts which would +enable them to preserve and enjoy the life they had received. +He therefore called the youngest two sons of Iapetus to his aid, +and bade them make a judicious distribution of gifts to all living +creatures, and create and endow a superior being, called Man, +to rule over all the others.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 408px;"> +<a name="minerva" id="minerva"></a> +<img src="images/mgr06.jpg" width="408" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">MINERVA AND PROMETHEUS.—Thorwaldsen. (Copenhagen.)</p> +</div> + +<p>Prometheus’ and Epimetheus’ first care was, very naturally, to +provide for the beings already created. These they endowed with +such reckless generosity, that all their favors were soon dispensed, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"><!-- Original location of Minerva and Prometheus illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>27]</a></span> +and none remained for the endowment of man. Although they +had not the remotest idea how to overcome this difficulty, they +proceeded to fashion man from clay.</p> + +<div class="cpoem16"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Prometheus first transmuted<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Atoms culled for human clay.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Horace.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>They first molded an image similar in form to the gods; bade +Eros breathe into its nostrils the spirit of life, and Minerva (Pallas) +endow it with a soul; whereupon man lived, and moved, and +viewed his new domain.</p> + +<p>Justly proud of his handiwork, Prometheus observed man, and +longed to bestow upon him some great power, unshared by any +other creature of mortal birth, which would raise him far above +all other living beings, and bring him nearer to the perfection of +the immortal gods. Fire alone, in his estimation, could effect +this; but fire was the special possession and prerogative of the +gods, and Prometheus knew they would never willingly share it +with man, and that, should any one obtain it by stealth, they +would never forgive the thief. Long he pondered the matter, and +finally determined to obtain fire, or die in the attempt.</p> + +<p>One dark night, therefore, he set out for Olympus, entered +unperceived into the gods’ abode, seized a lighted brand, hid it +in his bosom, and departed unseen, exulting in the success of his +enterprise. Arrived upon earth once more, he consigned the +stolen treasure to the care of man, who immediately adapted it to +various purposes, and eloquently expressed his gratitude to the +benevolent deity who had risked his own life to obtain it for him.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Of Prometheus, how undaunted<br /></span> +<span class="i1">On Olympus’ shining bastions<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His audacious foot he planted,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Myths are told and songs are chanted,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Full of promptings and suggestions.<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Beautiful is the tradition<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Of that flight through heavenly portals,<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>28]</a></span> +<span class="i0">The old classic superstition<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of the theft and the transmission<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Of the fire of the Immortals.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Longfellow.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>From his lofty throne on the topmost peak of Mount Olympus +Jupiter beheld an unusual light down upon earth. Anxious to +ascertain its exact nature, he watched it closely, and before long +discovered the larceny. His anger then burst forth, terrible to +behold; and the gods all quailed when they heard him solemnly +vow he would punish the unhappy Prometheus without mercy. +To seize the offender in his mighty grasp, bear him off to the +Caucasian Mountains, and bind him fast to a great rock, was but +a moment’s work. There a voracious vulture was summoned to +feast upon his liver, the tearing of which from his side by the +bird’s cruel beak and talons caused the sufferer intense anguish. +All day long the vulture gorged himself; but during the cool +night, while the bird slept, Prometheus’ suffering abated, and the +liver grew again, thus prolonging the torture, which bade fair to +have no end.</p> + +<p>Disheartened by the prospect of long years of unremitting +pain, Prometheus at times could not refrain from pitiful complaints; +but generation after generation of men lived on earth, +and died, blessing him for the gift he had obtained for them at +such a terrible cost. After many centuries of woe, Hercules, son +of Jupiter and Alcmene, found Prometheus, killed the vulture, +broke the adamantine chains, and liberated the long-suffering +god.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Epimetheus +and Pandora.</div> + +<p>The first mortals lived on earth in a state of perfect innocence +and bliss. The air was pure and balmy; the sun shone brightly +all the year; the earth brought forth delicious +fruit in abundance; and beautiful, fragrant flowers +bloomed everywhere. Man was content. Extreme +cold, hunger, sickness, and death were unknown. Jupiter, who +justly ascribed a good part of this beatific condition to the gift +conferred by Prometheus, was greatly displeased, and tried to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>29]</a></span> +devise some means to punish mankind for the acceptance of the +heavenly fire.</p> + +<p>With this purpose in view, he assembled the gods on Mount +Olympus, where, in solemn council, they decided to create +woman; and, as soon as she had been artfully fashioned, each +one endowed her with some special charm, to make her more +attractive.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">“The crippled artist-god,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Illustrious, molded from the yielding clay<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A bashful virgin’s image, as advis’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Saturnian Jove.<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="space"> </span> * <span class="space"> </span> * <span class="space"> </span> *<br /></span> +<span class="i1">“But now when the fair mischief, seeming-good,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His hand had perfected, he led her forth<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Exulting in her grac’d attire, the gift<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Pallas, in the midst of gods and men.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On men and gods in that same moment seiz’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The ravishment of wonder, when they saw<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The deep deceit, th’ inextricable snare.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Hesiod</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Their united efforts were crowned with the utmost success. +Nothing was lacking, except a name for the peerless creature; +and the gods, after due consideration, decreed she should be +called Pandora. They then bade Mercury take her to Prometheus +as a gift from heaven; but he, knowing only too well that +nothing good would come to him from the gods, refused to accept +her, and cautioned his brother Epimetheus to follow his +example. Unfortunately Epimetheus was of a confiding disposition, +and when he beheld the maiden he exclaimed, “Surely +so beautiful and gentle a being can bring no evil!” and accepted +her most joyfully.</p> + +<p>The first days of their union were spent in blissful wanderings, +hand in hand, under the cool forest shade; in weaving garlands +of fragrant flowers; and in refreshing themselves with the luscious +fruit, which hung so temptingly within reach.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 351px;"> +<a name="pandora" id="pandora"></a> +<img src="images/mgr07.jpg" width="351" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">PANDORA.—Sichel.</p> +</div> + +<p>One lovely evening, while dancing on the green, they saw +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"><!-- original location of Pandora illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>31]</a></span> +Mercury, Jupiter’s messenger, coming towards them. His step +was slow and weary, his garments dusty and travel-stained, and +he seemed almost to stagger beneath the weight of a huge box +which rested upon his shoulders. Pandora immediately ceased +dancing, to speculate with feminine curiosity upon the contents +of the chest. She nudged Epimetheus, and in a whisper begged +him to ask Mercury what brought him thither. Epimetheus +complied with her request; but Mercury evaded the question, +asked permission to deposit his burden in their dwelling for safekeeping, +professing himself too weary to convey it to its destination +that day, and promised to call for it shortly. The permission +was promptly granted. Mercury, with a sigh of relief, placed +the box in one corner, and then departed, refusing all hospitable +offers of rest and refreshment.</p> + +<p>He had scarcely crossed the threshold, when Pandora expressed +a strong desire to have a peep at the contents of the mysterious +box; but Epimetheus, surprised and shocked, told her that her +curiosity was unseemly, and then, to dispel the frown and pout +seen for the first time on the fair face of his beloved, he entreated +her to come out into the fresh air and join in the merry games of +their companions. For the first time, also, Pandora refused to +comply with his request. Dismayed, and very much discouraged, +Epimetheus sauntered out alone, thinking she would soon join +him, and perhaps by some caress atone for her present willfulness.</p> + +<p>Left alone with the mysterious casket, Pandora became more +and more inquisitive. Stealthily she drew near, and examined it +with great interest, for it was curiously wrought of dark wood, +and surmounted by a delicately carved head, of such fine workmanship +that it seemed to smile and encourage her. Around +the box a glittering golden cord was wound, and fastened on top +in an intricate knot. Pandora, who prided herself specially on +her deft fingers, felt sure she could unfasten it, and, reasoning +that it would not be indiscreet to untie it if she did not raise the +lid, she set to work. Long she strove, but all in vain. Ever +and anon the laughing voices of Epimetheus and his companions, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>32]</a></span> +playing in the luxuriant shade, were wafted in on the summer +breeze. Repeatedly she heard them call, and beseech her to join +them; yet she persisted in her attempt. She was just on the +point of giving it up in despair, when suddenly the refractory +knot yielded to her fumbling fingers, and the cord, unrolling, +dropped on the floor.</p> + +<p>Pandora had repeatedly fancied that sounds like whispers issued +from the box. The noise now seemed to increase, and she breathlessly +applied her ear to the lid to ascertain whether it really +proceeded from within. Imagine, therefore, her surprise when +she distinctly heard these words, uttered in the most pitiful +accents: “Pandora, dear Pandora, have pity upon us! Free us +from this gloomy prison! Open, open, we beseech you!”</p> + +<p>Pandora’s heart beat so fast and loud, that it seemed for a +moment to drown all other sounds. Should she open the box? +Just then a familiar step outside made her start guiltily. Epimetheus +was coming, and she knew he would urge her again to +come out, and would prevent the gratification of her curiosity. +Precipitately, therefore, she raised the lid to have one little peep +before he came in.</p> + +<p>Now, Jupiter had malignantly crammed into this box all the +diseases, sorrows, vices, and crimes that afflict poor humanity; +and the box was no sooner opened, than all these ills flew out, +in the guise of horrid little brown-winged creatures, closely +resembling moths. These little insects fluttered about, alighting, +some upon Epimetheus, who had just entered, and some +upon Pandora, pricking and stinging them most unmercifully. +Then they flew out through the open door and windows, and +fastened upon the merrymakers without, whose shouts of joy were +soon changed into wails of pain and anguish.</p> + +<p>Epimetheus and Pandora had never before experienced the +faintest sensation of pain or anger; but, as soon as these winged +evil spirits had stung them, they began to weep, and, alas! quarreled +for the first time in their lives. Epimetheus reproached his +wife in bitterest terms for her thoughtless action; but in the very +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>33]</a></span> +midst of his vituperation he suddenly heard a sweet little voice +entreat for freedom. The sound proceeded from the unfortunate +box, whose cover Pandora had dropped again, in the first +moment of her surprise and pain. “Open, open, and I will heal +your wounds! Please let me out!” it pleaded.</p> + +<p>The tearful couple viewed each other inquiringly, and listened +again. Once more they heard the same pitiful accents; and +Epimetheus bade his wife open the box and set the speaker free, +adding very amiably, that she had already done so much harm +by her ill-fated curiosity, that it would be difficult to add +materially to its evil consequences, and that, perchance, the box +contained some good spirit, whose ministrations might prove +beneficial.</p> + +<p>It was well for Pandora that she opened the box a second time, +for the gods, with a sudden impulse of compassion, had concealed +among the evil spirits one kindly creature, Hope, whose mission +was to heal the wounds inflicted by her fellow-prisoners.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Hope sole remain’d within, nor took her flight,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Beneath the vessel’s verge conceal’d from light.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Hesiod</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Lightly fluttering hither and thither on her snowy pinions, +Hope touched the punctured places on Pandora’s and Epimetheus’ +creamy skin, and relieved their suffering, then quickly flew +out of the open window, to perform the same gentle office for the +other victims, and cheer their downcast spirits.</p> + +<p>Thus, according to the ancients, evil entered into the world, +bringing untold misery; but Hope followed closely in its footsteps, +to aid struggling humanity, and point to a happier future.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Hope rules a land forever green:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">All powers that serve the bright-eyed Queen<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Are confident and gay;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Clouds at her bidding disappear;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Points she to aught?—the bliss draws near,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And Fancy smooths the way.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>34]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 399px;"> +<a name="hope" id="hope"></a> +<img src="images/mgr08.jpg" width="399" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">HOPE.—Thorwaldsen.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>35]</a></span> +During many centuries, therefore, Hope continued to be revered, +although the other divinities had ceased to be worshiped.</p> + +<p>According to another version, Pandora was sent down to man, +bearing a vase in which the evil spirits were imprisoned, and on +the way, seized by a fit of curiosity, raised the cover, and allowed +them all to escape.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Four Ages.</div> + +<p>Little by little the world was peopled; and the first years of +man’s existence upon earth were, as we have seen, years of +unalloyed happiness. There was no occasion for +labor, for the earth brought forth spontaneously +all that was necessary for man’s subsistence. “Innocence, virtue, +and truth prevailed; neither were there any laws to restrict +men, nor judges to punish.” This time of bliss has justly borne +the title of Golden Age, and the people in Italy then throve +under the wise rule of good old Saturn, or Cronus.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately, nothing in this world is lasting; and the Golden +Age was followed by another, not quite so prosperous, hence +called the Silver Age, when the year was first divided into seasons, +and men were obliged to toil for their daily bread.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Succeeding times a silver age behold,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Excelling brass, but more excell’d by gold.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then summer, autumn, winter, did appear,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And spring was but a season of the year;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The sun his annual course obliquely made,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Good days contracted, and enlarg’d the bad.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The air with sultry heats began to glow,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The wings of winds were clogg’d with ice and snow;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And shivering mortals into houses driven,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sought shelter from the inclemency of heaven.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Those houses, then, were caves or homely sheds,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With twining osiers fenc’d, and moss their beds.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then plows, for seed, the fruitful furrows broke,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And oxen labor’d first beneath the yoke.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Dryden’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Yet, in spite of these few hardships, the people were happy, +far happier than their descendants during the Age of Brass, which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>36]</a></span> +speedily followed, when strife became customary, and differences +were settled by blows.</p> + +<p>But by far the worst of all was the Iron Age, when men’s passions +knew no bounds, and they even dared refuse all homage +to the immortal gods. War was waged incessantly; the earth +was saturated with blood; the rights of hospitality were openly +violated; and murder, rape, and theft were committed on all sides.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Deluge.</div> + +<p>Jupiter had kept a close watch over men’s actions during +all these years; and this evil conduct aroused his wrath to such +a point, that he vowed he would annihilate the +human race. But the modes of destruction were +manifold, and, as he could not decide which would eventually +prove most efficacious, he summoned the gods to deliberate and +aid him by their counsels. The first suggestion offered, was to +destroy the world by fire, kindled by Jupiter’s much-dreaded +thunderbolts; and the king of gods was about to put it into +instant execution, when his arm was stayed by the objection that +the rising flames might set fire to his own abode, and reduce its +magnificence to unsightly ashes. He therefore rejected the plan +as impracticable, and bade the gods devise other means of destruction.</p> + +<p>After much delay and discussion, the immortals agreed to wash +mankind off the face of the earth by a mighty deluge. The +winds were instructed to gather together the rain clouds over the +earth. Neptune let loose the waves of the sea, bidding them +rise, overflow, and deluge the land. No sooner had the gods +spoken, than the elements obeyed: the winds blew; the rain fell +in torrents; lakes, seas, rivers, and oceans broke their bonds; and +terrified mortals, forgetting their petty quarrels in a common impulse +to flee from the death which threatened them, climbed +the highest mountains, clung to uprooted trees, and even took +refuge in the light skiffs they had constructed in happier days. +Their efforts were all in vain, however; for the waters rose higher +and higher, overtook them one after another in their ineffectual +efforts to escape, closed over the homes where they might have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>37]</a></span> +been so happy, and drowned their last despairing cries in their +seething depths.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Now hills and vales no more distinction know,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And level’d nature lies oppress’d below;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The most of mortals perish in the flood.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Dryden’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Deucalion +and Pyrrha.</div> + +<p>The rain continued to fall, until, after many days, the waves +covered all the surface of the earth except the summit of Mount +Parnassus, the highest peak in Greece. On this +mountain, surrounded by the ever-rising flood, +stood the son of Prometheus, Deucalion, with his +faithful wife Pyrrha, a daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. +From thence they, the sole survivors, viewed the universal desolation +with tear-dimmed eyes.</p> + +<p>In spite of the general depravity, the lives of this couple had +always been pure and virtuous; and when Jupiter saw them there +alone, and remembered their piety, he decided not to include them +in the general destruction, but to save their lives. He therefore +bade the winds return to their cave, and the rain to cease. Neptune, +in accordance with his decree, blew a resounding blast upon +his conch shell to recall the wandering waves, which immediately +returned within their usual bounds.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“At length the world was all restor’d to view,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But desolate, and of a sickly hue;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nature beheld herself, and stood aghast,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A dismal desert and a silent waste.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Dryden’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Deucalion and Pyrrha followed the receding waves step by +step down the steep mountain side, wondering how they should +repeople the desolate earth. As they talked, they came to the +shrine of Delphi, which alone had been able to resist the force of +the waves. There they entered to consult the wishes of the gods. +Their surprise and horror were unbounded, however, when a +voice exclaimed, “Depart from hence with veiled heads, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>38]</a></span> +cast your mother’s bones behind you!” To obey such a command +seemed sacrilegious in the extreme; for the dead had +always been held in deep veneration by the Greeks, and the desecration +of a grave was considered a heinous crime, and punished +accordingly. But, they reasoned, the gods’ oracles can seldom be +accepted in a literal sense; and Deucalion, after due thought, +explained to Pyrrha what he conceived to be the meaning of this +mysterious command.</p> + +<p>“The Earth,” said he, “is the mother of all, and the stones +may be considered her bones.” Husband and wife speedily +decided to act upon this premise, and continued their descent, +casting stones behind them. All those thrown by Deucalion +were immediately changed into men, while those cast by Pyrrha +became women.</p> + +<p>Thus the earth was peopled for the second time with a blameless +race of men, sent to replace the wicked beings slain by +Jupiter. Deucalion and Pyrrha shortly after became the happy +parents of a son named Hellen, who gave his name to all the +Hellenic or Greek race; while his sons Æolus and Dorus, and +grandsons Ion and Achæus, became the ancestors of the Æolian, +Dorian, Ionian, and Achaian nations.</p> + +<p>Other mythologists, in treating of the deluvian myths, state +that Deucalion and Pyrrha took refuge in an ark, which, after +sailing about for many days, was stranded on the top of Mount +Parnassus. This version was far less popular with the Greeks, +although it betrays still more plainly the common source whence +all these myths are derived.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Who does not see in drown Deucalion’s name,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When Earth her men and Sea had lost her shore,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Old Noah!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Fletcher.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>39]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER II.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">JUPITER.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Jupiter’s titles.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jupiter</span>, Jove, or Zeus, king of the gods, supreme ruler of the +universe, the special deity of mankind, the personification of the +sky and of all the phenomena of the air, and the +guardian of political order and peace, was the most +prominent of all the Olympian divinities: the others were obliged +to submit to his will, and trembled at his all-powerful nod.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“He, whose all-conscious eyes the world behold,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The eternal Thunderer sat, enthroned in gold.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">High heaven the footstool of his feet he makes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And wide beneath him all Olympus shakes.”<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“He spoke, and awful bends his sable brows,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shakes his ambrosial curls, and gives the nod,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The stamp of fate and sanction of the god:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">High heaven with trembling the dread signal took,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And all Olympus to the center shook.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The Fates and Destiny alone dared oppose Jupiter’s sovereign +will, and they continued to issue their irrevocable decrees, even +after he supplanted his father and began to rule over all.</p> + +<p>In common with all other Greek and Roman divinities, Jupiter, +though immortal, was subject to pleasure, pain, grief, and anger, +and a prey to all the passions which rule the hearts of men.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"> +<a name="zeus" id="zeus"></a> +<img src="images/mgr09.jpg" width="402" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">OLYMPIAN ZEUS.—Flaxman.</p> +</div> + +<p>It was he who presided at the councils held on the top of +“many-peaked Olympus,” and summoned the gods whenever he +wished to discuss with them any matter of importance, or to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"><!-- original location of Olympian Zeus illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>41]</a></span> +indulge in a sumptuous repast, when they ate the celestial ambrosia +and quaffed the fragrant nectar.</p> + +<p>He is generally represented as a fine majestic figure, with long +curling hair and beard, clad in flowing drapery, his redoubtable +thunderbolts or scepter in one hand, and a statue of Victory +in the other. The world is his footstool; and the eagle, +emblem of strength and power, is generally seen close beside him.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Jupiter’s +attendants.</div> + +<p>Jupiter had his own special attendants, such as Victoria, or +Nice, the goddess of victory, who was ever ready +to obey his slightest behest, and it is said her master +loved her so dearly, that he generally held an image of her in +his hand.</p> + +<p>The hundred-tongued goddess of fame, Fama, trumpet in hand, +proclaimed, at his bidding, anything he wished, never questioning +whether it were true or false.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Fame than who never plague that runs<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Its way more swiftly wins:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her very motion lends her power:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">She flies and waxes every hour.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">At first she shrinks, and cowers for dread:<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Ere long she soars on high:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Upon the ground she plants her tread,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Her forehead in the sky.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Close by Jupiter’s side was sometimes seen Fortuna, goddess +of fortune, poised on a constantly revolving wheel, whereon she +journeyed throughout the world, scattering with careless hands +her numerous gifts, and lavishing with indifference her choicest +smiles; while Hebe, or Juventas, the goddess of youth, was ever +ready at his wish to pour out the nectar, in which the gods were +wont to pledge each other.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“Hebe, honored of them all,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ministered nectar, and from cups of gold<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They pledged each other.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>42]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="ganymede" id="ganymede"></a> +<img src="images/mgr10.jpg" width="400" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">GANYMEDE AND THE EAGLE. (National Museum, Naples.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>43]</a></span> +But this fair goddess awkwardly tripped and fell on a solemn occasion, +and was forced to resign her office. To replace her, the +father of the gods was obliged to go in quest of another cup-bearer.</p> + +<p>To facilitate his search, he assumed the form of an eagle, and +winged his flight over the earth. He had not flown far, before +he beheld a youth of marvelous beauty, alone on a neighboring +hill. To swoop down, catch him up in his mighty talons, and +bear him safely off to Olympus, was but a moment’s work; and +there the kidnapped youth Ganymede, the son of a king of Troy, +was carefully instructed in the duties he was called upon to perform +in the future.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“And godlike Ganymede, most beautiful<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of men; the gods beheld and caught him up<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To heaven, so beautiful was he, to pour<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The wine to Jove, and ever dwell with them.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Philemon +and Baucis.</div> + +<p>Solicitous for the welfare of mankind, Jupiter often visited the +earth, taking great care to assume some disguise which would +enable him to ascertain all he wished without any +risk of detection. One day he and Mercury, his +special messenger and favorite among the gods, +took the forms of needy, belated travelers, and entered the lowly +hut of a worthy old couple, Philemon and Baucis.</p> + +<p>Eager to offer their best to the strangers, these poor people +decided to kill their sole remaining goose; but their efforts to +secure it were vain, and finally the persecuted fowl took refuge +between Jupiter’s knees. Touched with their zeal, yet anxious to +prevent the death of the confiding goose, Jupiter revealed himself +to his faithful worshipers, and in gratitude for their intended +sacrifice bade them ask any boon, promising by the great river +Styx—the most binding and solemn oath a god could utter—to +grant their request.</p> + +<p>Contrary to the custom current in similar cases, Philemon +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>44]</a></span> +and Baucis made a modest and judicious choice, and proffered +a timid request that they might serve the gods as long as life +and strength endured, and finally die together. This most reasonable +wish was immediately granted; and Jupiter, moreover, +changed their humble abode into a superb temple, where they +could offer daily sacrifices on his altars.</p> + +<div class="cpoem31"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Their little shed, scarce large enough for two,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Seems, from the ground increased, in height and bulk to grow.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A stately temple shoots within the skies,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The crotches of their cot in columns rise;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The pavement polish’d marble they behold,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The gates with sculpture grac’d, the spires and tiles of gold.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Dryden’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>After many years of faithful service, when age had made +them long for death, Philemon and Baucis were transformed into +majestic oaks, which stood for many a century in front of the +temple, monuments of the love and faith which had bound the +pair through life.</p> + +<p>Although married to Juno, Jupiter often indulged in love affairs +with other goddesses, and even with mortal maidens. The ancients +themselves did not practice polygamy, but their gods were supposed +to be able to indulge all their passions with impunity. As +the personification of the sky, Jupiter, therefore, consorted at +times with Juno (the Atmosphere), with Dione (Moisture), with +Themis (Justice), etc., without incurring any reproach; for these +marriages, in their estimation, were all symbolical.</p> + +<p>But Juno being of a jealous disposition, Jupiter was forced to +conduct his courtships with great secrecy and circumspection, and +therefore generally adopted the precaution of a disguise. To win +Europa, the fair daughter of Agenor, for instance, he became a bull.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“The gods themselves,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Humbling their deities to love, have taken<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The shapes of beasts upon them. Jupiter<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Became a bull, and bellow’d.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Shakespeare.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Jupiter kidnaps +Europa.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>45]</a></span> +One day Europa was playing in her father’s meadows with her +three brothers, Cadmus, Phœnix, and Cilix, when she suddenly +saw a white bull coming towards her; not with +fiery eyes and lowered horns, but gently, as if to +express a mute request to be petted. The maiden, delighted, +stroked the beast, and decked him with bright garlands of meadow-blossoms. +Then, seeing him kneel, as if to invite her to mount, +she lightly sprang upon his broad back, calling to her companions +to follow her example; but, before they could do as she wished, +the bull had risen to his feet, and galloped off towards the sea +with his fair burden on his back.</p> + +<p>Instead of turning when he saw the foam-crested waves, he +plunged into the midst of them, and in a few minutes disappeared +from view, so rapidly did he swim away. To reassure +the frightened girl, the bull now spoke in gentle accents, bidding +her dismiss all fear, for he was the great Jupiter in disguise.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Take courage, gentle maid! nor fear the tide:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I, though near-seen a bull, am heavenly Jove:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I change my shape at will.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Moschus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Pleased with the novelty of her situation, and flattered by the +god’s evident admiration, Europa ceased to struggle, wound her +arms more closely around the bull’s neck to prevent the waves +from washing her off her perilous seat, and allowed herself to be +carried away.</p> + +<p>Jupiter finally deposited his fair burden upon the shores of a +new land, to which he gallantly gave her name, Europe. He +then resumed his wonted form, explained at length his reasons for +so unceremoniously kidnapping her, and finally won her consent +to their union. Their three sons were Minos, Rhadamanthus, +and Sarpedon. The two former were subsequently appointed +judges in the Infernal Regions, while the third found an early +but glorious death during the Trojan war.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="europa" id="europa"></a> +<img src="images/mgr11.jpg" width="600" height="410" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">THE ABDUCTION OF EUROPA.—Albani. (Uffizi Palace, Florence.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Search +for Europa.</div> + +<p>All unconscious of their sister’s fate, the young princes had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"><!-- original location of Abduction of Europa illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>47]</a></span> +returned in haste to their father’s palace to announce her sudden +involuntary departure. Agenor, whose favorite she had always +been, rent his garments for grief, and bade his sons +go forth and seek her, and not to return till they +had found her. Accompanied by their mother, Telephassa, they +immediately set out on their journey, inquiring of all they met if +they had seen their sister. Search and inquiry proved equally +fruitless.</p> + +<p>At last, weary of this hopeless quest, Phœnix refused his further +aid, and allowed his sorrowing relatives to continue without +him, remaining in a land which from him was called Phœnicia. +Cilix, too, soon followed his example, and settled in a fertile +country which they had reached, hence called Cilicia; and +finally Telephassa, worn out with grief and fatigue, lay down to +die, charging her oldest son to go on alone.</p> + +<p>Cadmus wandered on till he came to Delphi, where he consulted +the oracle; but, to his great dismay, the only reply he received +was, “Follow the cow, and settle where she rests.”</p> + +<p>In deep perplexity he left the temple, and, from force of habit, +journeyed on, patiently questioning all he met. Soon he perceived +a cow leisurely walking in front of him, and, mindful of +the oracle, he ceased his search and followed her. Urged by +curiosity, many adventurers joined him on the way, and, when +the cow at last lay down in the land since called Bœotia, they +all promised to aid Cadmus, their chosen leader, to found their +future capital, which was to be called Thebes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Founding +of Thebes.</div> + +<p>Parched with thirst after their long walk, the men then hastened +to a neighboring spring, but, to Cadmus’ surprise, time +passed and still they did not return. Armed with +his trusty sword, he finally went down to the spring +to discover the cause of their delay, and found that they had +all been devoured by a huge dragon, which lived in the hollow. +The prince raised his sword to avenge their death, and dealt +the dragon such a deadly blow upon the head, that he put an +immediate end to its existence.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>48]</a></span> +While Cadmus stood there contemplating his lifeless foe, a +voice bade him extract the dragon’s teeth, and sow them in the +ground already broken for his future city. No human being was +within sight: so Cadmus knew the order proceeded from the +immortal gods, and immediately prepared to obey it. The dragon’s +teeth were no sooner planted, than a crop of giants +sprang from the soil, full grown, and armed to the teeth. They +were about to fall upon Cadmus, when the same voice bade him +cast a stone in the midst of their close-drawn phalanx. Cadmus, +seeing the giants were almost upon him, and that no time was to be +lost, quickly threw a stone. The effect produced was almost instantaneous; +for the giants, each fancying it had been thrown by +his neighbor, began fighting among themselves. In a few minutes +the number of giants was reduced to five, who sheathed their +bloodstained weapons, and humbly tendered their services to +Cadmus. With their aid, the foundations of the city were laid; +but their labor was not very arduous, as the gods caused some +of the public buildings to rise up out of the ground, all complete, +and ready for use.</p> + +<p>To reward Cadmus for his loving and painstaking search for +Europa, Jupiter gave him the hand of the fair princess Harmonia, +a daughter of Mars and Venus, in marriage. Cadmus, the +founder of Thebes, is supposed to have invented the alphabet, +and introduced its use into Greece. Although his career was very +prosperous at first, he finally incurred the wrath of the gods by +forgetting, on a solemn occasion, to offer them a suitable sacrifice; +and, in anger at his dereliction, they changed him and Harmonia +into huge serpents.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Worship +of Jupiter.</div> + +<p>Jupiter was, of course, very widely and generally worshiped +by the ancients; and his principal temples—the Capitol at Rome, +and the shrine of Jupiter Ammon in Libya—have +been world-renowned. He also had a noted temple +at Dodona, where an oak tree gave forth mysterious prophecies, +which were supposed to have been inspired by the king of +gods; this long lost shrine has recently been discovered.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>49]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“Oh, where, Dodona! is thine aged grove,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Prophetic fount, and oracle divine?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">What valley echoed the response of Jove?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">What trace remaineth of the Thunderer’s shrine?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">All, all forgotten!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Byron.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>A magnificent temple at Olympia, on the Peloponnesus, was +also dedicated to Jupiter; and here every fifth year the people of +Greece were wont to assemble to celebrate games, in honor of +Jupiter’s great victory over the Titans. These festivals were +known as the Olympian Games; and the Greeks generally reckoned +time by olympiads, that is to say, by the space of time between +the celebrations. Within the temple at Olympia stood a +wonderful statue of gold and ivory, the work of Phidias. Its proportions +and beauty were such, that it was counted one of the +Seven Wonders of the ancient world. It is said, too, that the +artist, having completed this masterpiece, longed for some sign +of approval from heaven, and fervently prayed for a token that +the god accepted his labor. Jupiter, in answer to this prayer, +sent a vivid flash of lightning, which played about the colossal +image, illuminating it, but leaving it quite unharmed.</p> + +<p>The Greeks were indebted to Phidias for many of their most +exquisite statues of the gods; but none of the others equaled +this figure of Jupiter in size, dignity of attitude, or elaborate +finish.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Wise Phidias, thus his skill to prove,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Through many a god advanc’d to Jove,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And taught the polish’d rocks to shine<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With airs and lineaments divine;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till Greece, amaz’d, and half afraid,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Th’ assembled deities survey’d.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Addison.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>50]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 415px;"> +<a name="juno" id="juno"></a> +<img src="images/mgr12.jpg" width="415" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">JUNO. (Vatican, Rome.)</p> +</div> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>51]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER III.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">JUNO.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Juno’s +marriage.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Juno</span> (Hera, Here), queen of heaven, and goddess of the +atmosphere and of marriage, was the daughter of Cronus and +Rhea, and consequently the sister of Jupiter; but, +as soon as the latter had dethroned his parents and +seized the scepter, he began to look about him for a suitable helpmate. +Juno won his affections by her great beauty; and he immediately +began his courtship, which he carried on in the guise +of a cuckoo, to infuse a little romance into it. He evidently +found favor in her sight, and won her consent to share his throne; +for shortly afterward their wedding was celebrated with great +pomp on Mount Olympus. It was on this solemn occasion that +the immortal conclave of the gods declared that Juno should be +henceforth honored as goddess of marriage.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">“Juno, who presides<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Supreme o’er bridegrooms and o’er brides.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>But although in the beginning this union seemed very happy, +there soon arose subjects for contention; for unfortunately Jupiter +was inclined to be faithless, and Juno jealous, and, like the element +she personified, exceedingly variable in her moods. On such +occasions she gave way to her violent temper, and bitterly reproached +her husband, who, impatient of her censure, punished +her severely, and, instead of reforming, merely continued his numerous +intrigues with renewed zest.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of Callisto +and Arcas.</div> + +<p>On one occasion he fell deeply in love with a maiden named +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>52]</a></span> +Callisto, gentle, fair, and slender; but, in spite of all the precautions +which he took when visiting her, Juno discovered the object +of his affections. Night and day she thought +and planned, until she devised a species of revenge +which seemed adequate. The graceful girl was suddenly +bereft of speech, changed into a rough, ungainly bear, and driven +out into the solitudes of the great forests, which were from that +time forth to be her home. Jupiter vainly sought his missing +ladylove, and it was only long afterward that he discovered her +and her little bear son Arcas. In pity for all they had suffered, +he transferred them both to the sky, where they are still known +as the constellations of the Great and Little Bear.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Juno’s +attendant.</div> + +<p>Juno, like her husband, had also her special attendant, Iris +(the Rainbow), whom she frequently employed as messenger,—a +task which this deity accomplished with as much +celerity as Mercury. Her flight through the air +was so rapid, that she was seldom seen; and no one would have +known she had passed, had it not been for the brilliant trail her +many-colored robe left behind her in the sky.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Like fiery clouds, that flush with ruddy glare,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or Iris, gliding through the purple air;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When loosely girt her dazzling mantle flows,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And ’gainst the sun in arching colors glows.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Flaccus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Juno is the mother of Mars, Hebe, and Vulcan, and is always +described and represented as a beautiful, majestic woman, clad +in flowing robes, with a diadem and scepter. The peacock and +cuckoo were both sacred to her, and are therefore often seen at +her side.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 459px;"> +<a name="iris" id="iris"></a> +<img src="images/mgr13.jpg" width="459" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">IRIS.—Tito Conti.</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Worship +of Juno.</div> + +<p>Her principal places of worship were at Mycenæ, Sparta, Argos, +Rome, and Heræum. She had also numerous other sanctuaries +scattered throughout the ancient world, and was +worshiped in the same temples as Jupiter. Many +fine statues of this goddess were found in Greece and Italy, some +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"><!-- original location of Iris illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>54]</a></span> +of which are still extant, and serve to show the ancients’ exalted +conception of the Queen of Heaven.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of Cleobis +and Biton.</div> + +<p>Juno’s festivals, the Matronalia, in Rome, were always celebrated +with great pomp. Less important feasts were held in +each city where a temple was dedicated to her. +On one of these occasions an old priestess was very +anxious to go to the temple at Argos, where she had ministered to +the goddess for many years, and which she had left only to be +married. The way was long and dusty: so the aged woman, who +could no longer walk such a distance, bade her sons, Cleobis and +Biton, harness her white heifers to her car. The youths hastened +to do her bidding; but, although they searched diligently, the +heifers could not be found. Rather than disappoint their aged +mother, who had set her heart upon attending the services, these +kind-hearted sons harnessed themselves to the cart, and drew +her through the city to the temple gates, amid the acclamations +of all the people, who admired this trait of filial devotion.</p> + +<p>The mother was so touched by her sons’ affection, that, as she +knelt before the altar, she fervently prayed Juno to bestow upon +them the greatest boon in her power. At the conclusion of the +services the ex-priestess went into the portico, where her sons +had thrown themselves to rest after their unwonted exertions; +but instead of finding them merely asleep, as she expected, she +found them dead. The Queen of Heaven had transported +them while asleep to the Elysian Fields, the place of endless +bliss, where such as they enjoyed eternal life.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>55]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER IV.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">MINERVA.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Birth of +Minerva.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Although</span> immortal, the gods were not exempt from physical +pain. One day Jupiter suffered intensely from a sudden headache, +and, in hopes that some mode of alleviation +would be devised, he summoned all the gods to +Olympus. Their united efforts were vain, however; and even +the remedies suggested by Apollo, god of medicine, proved inefficacious. +Unwilling, or perchance unable, to endure the racking +pain any longer, Jupiter bade one of his sons, Vulcan, cleave +his head open with an ax. With cheerful alacrity the dutiful +god obeyed; and no sooner was the operation performed, than +Minerva (Pallas, Athene) sprang out of her father’s head, full-grown, +clad in glittering armor, with poised spear, and chanting +a triumphant song of victory.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">“From his awful head<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whom Jove brought forth, in warlike armor drest,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Golden, all radiant.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Shelley.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The assembled gods recoiled in fear before this unexpected +apparition, while at the same time a mighty commotion over +land and sea proclaimed the advent of a great divinity.</p> + +<p>The goddess, who had thus joined the inhabitants of Olympus, +was destined to preside over peace, defensive war, and needlework, +to be the incarnation of wisdom, and to put to flight the +obscure deity called Dullness, who until then had ruled the world.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>56]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"> +<a name="minerva1" id="minerva1"></a> +<img src="images/mgr14.jpg" width="402" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">MINERVA. (National Museum, Naples.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>57]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“Ere Pallas issu’d from the Thund’rer’s head,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dullness o’er all possess’d her ancient right,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Daughter of Chaos and eternal Night.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Pope.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Minerva, having forced her unattractive predecessor to beat an +ignominious retreat, quickly seized the scepter, and immediately +began to rule in her stead.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Naming +of Athens.</div> + +<p>Not long after her birth, Cecrops, a Phœnician, came to +Greece, where he founded a beautiful city in the province since +called Attica. All the gods watched his undertaking +with great interest; and finally, seeing the town +promised to become a thriving place, each wished the privilege +of naming it. A general council was held, and after some deliberation +most of the gods withdrew their claims. Soon none +but Minerva and Neptune were left to contend for the coveted +honor.</p> + +<p>To settle the quarrel without evincing any partiality, Jupiter +announced that the city would be intrusted to the protection of +the deity who would create the most useful object for the use of +man. Raising his trident, Neptune struck the ground, from which +a noble horse sprang forth, amid the exclamations of wonder and +admiration of all the spectators. His qualities were duly explained +by his proud creator, and all thought it quite impossible +for Minerva to surpass him. Loudly they laughed, and scornfully +too, when she, in her turn, produced an olive tree; but +when she had told them the manifold uses to which wood, fruit, +foliage, twigs, etc., could be applied, and explained that the +olive was a sign of peace and prosperity, and therefore far more +desirable than the horse, the emblem of war and wretchedness, +they could but acknowledge her gift the most serviceable, and +award her the prize.</p> + +<p>To commemorate this victory over her rival, Minerva gave +her own name of Athene to the city, whose inhabitants, from +that time forth, were taught to honor her as their tutelary +goddess.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>58]</a></span> +Ever at Jupiter’s side, Minerva often aided him by her wise +counsels, and in times of war borrowed his terrible shield, the +Ægis, which she flung over her shoulder when she sallied forth +to give her support to those whose cause was just.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“Her shoulder bore<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The dreadful Ægis with its shaggy brim<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Bordered with Terror. There was Strife, and there<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Was Fortitude, and there was fierce Pursuit,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And there the Gorgon’s head, a ghastly sight,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Deformed and dreadful, and a sign of woe.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The din of battle had no terrors for this doughty goddess, +and on every occasion she was wont to plunge into the thickest +of the fray with the utmost valor.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Arachne.</div> + +<p>These virile tastes were, however, fully counterbalanced by +some exclusively feminine, for Minerva was as deft with her +needle as with her sword. In Greece there lived +in those olden times a maiden by the name of +Arachne. Pretty, young, and winsome, she would have been +loved by all had it not been for her inordinate pride, not in her +personal advantages, but in her skill as a needlewoman.</p> + +<p>Arachne, in her conceit, fancied that no one could equal the +work done by her deft fingers, so she boasted far and wide that +she would have no fear to match her skill with Minerva’s. She +made this remark so loudly and so frequently, that the goddess was +finally annoyed, and left her seat in high Olympus to come down +upon earth and punish the maiden. In the guise of an old +crone, she entered Arachne’s house, seated herself, and began +a conversation. In a few minutes the maiden had resumed +her usual strain, and renewed her rash boast. Minerva gently +advised her to be more modest, lest she should incur the wrath +of the gods by her presumptuous words; but Arachne was so +blinded by her conceit, that she scorned the well-meant warning, +saucily tossed her head, and declared she wished the goddess +would hear her, and propose a contest, in which she would +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>59]</a></span> +surely be able to prove the truth of her assertions. This insolent +speech so incensed Minerva, that she cast aside her disguise and +accepted the challenge.</p> + +<p>Both set up their looms, and began to weave exquisite designs +in tapestry: Minerva choosing as her subject her contest with +Neptune; and Arachne, the kidnapping of Europa. In silence +the fair weavers worked, and their webs grew apace under their +practiced fingers. The assembled gods, the horse, the olive tree, +seemed to live and move under Minerva’s flashing shuttle.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Emongst these leaves she made a Butterflie,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With excellent device and wondrous slight,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fluttring among the Olives wantonly,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That seem’d to live, so like it was in sight:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The velvet nap which on his wings doth lie,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The silken downe with which his backe is dight,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His broad outstretched hornes, his hayrie thies,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His glorious colours, and his glistering eies.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Spenser.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Arachne, in the mean while, was intent upon her swimming +bull, against whose broad breast the waves splashed, and upon a +half-laughing, half-frightened girl, who clung to the bull’s horns, +while the wind played with her flowing tresses and garments.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">“Sweet Europa’s mantle blew unclasp’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">From off her shoulder backward borne:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From one hand droop’d a crocus: one hand grasp’d<br /></span> +<span class="i1">The mild bull’s golden horn.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The finishing touches all given, each turned to view her +rival’s work, and at the very first glance Arachne was forced to +acknowledge her failure. To be thus outstripped, after all her +proud boasts, was humiliating indeed. Bitterly did Arachne now +repent of her folly; and in her despair she bound a rope about +her neck, and hung herself. Minerva saw her discomfited rival +was about to escape: so she quickly changed her dangling body +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>60]</a></span> +into a spider, and condemned her to weave and spin without +ceasing,—a warning to all conceited mortals.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Worship of +Minerva.</div> + +<p>Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, was widely worshiped. Temples +and altars without number were dedicated to her service, +the most celebrated of all being the Parthenon +at Athens. Naught but the ruins of this mighty +pile now exist; but they suffice to testify to the beauty of the +edifice, which served, in turn, as temple, church, mosque, and +finally as powder magazine.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Fair Parthenon! yet still must Fancy weep<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For thee, thou work of nobler spirits flown.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Bright, as of old, the sunbeams o’er thee sleep<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In all their beauty still—and thine is gone!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Empires have sunk since thou wert first revered.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And varying rites have sanctified thy shrine.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The dust is round thee of the race that rear’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy walls; and thou—their fate must soon be thine!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Hemans.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Statues of Minerva—a beautiful, majestic woman, fully clothed +and armed—were very numerous. The most celebrated of all, by +the renowned Greek sculptor Phidias, measured full forty feet in +height. Festivals were celebrated in honor of Minerva wherever +her worship was held,—some, the Greek Panathenæa, for instance, +only every four years; others, such as the Minervalia +and Quinquatria, every year. At these festivals the Palladium, a +statue of the goddess, said to have fallen from heaven, was carried +in procession through the city, where the people hailed its +appearance with joyful cries and songs of praise.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>61]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER V.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">APOLLO.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> most glorious and beautiful among all the gods was Apollo +(Phœbus, Sol, Helios, Cynthius, Pytheus), god of the sun, of medicine, +music, poetry, and all fine arts.</p> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Bright-hair’d Apollo!—thou who ever art<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A blessing to the world—whose mighty heart<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Forever pours out love, and light, and life;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thou, at whose glance, all things of earth are rife<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With happiness; to whom, in early spring,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Bright flowers raise up their heads, where’er they cling<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On the steep mountain side, or in the vale<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Are nestled calmly. Thou at whom the pale<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And weary earth looks up, when winter flees,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With patient gaze: thou for whom wind-stripped trees<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Put on fresh leaves, and drink deep of the light<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That glitters in thine eye: thou in whose bright<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And hottest rays the eagle fills his eye<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With quenchless fire, and far, far up on high<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Screams out his joy to thee, by all the names<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That thou dost bear—whether thy godhead claims<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Phœbus or Sol, or golden-hair’d Apollo,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Cynthian or Pythian, if thou dost follow<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The fleeing night, oh, hear<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Our hymn to thee, and willingly draw near!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Pike.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Apollo was the son of Jupiter and Latona, or Leto, the goddess +of dark nights. Juno’s jealousy had been aroused by +Jupiter’s preference for her rival. To avenge herself, she banished +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>62]</a></span> +Latona to earth, and declared that if any one, mortal or immortal, +showed her any pity or gave her any assistance, he would +incur her lasting resentment.</p> + +<p>After long, painful wanderings on earth, poor Latona, weary +and parched with thirst, drew near a small pool by the wayside +to refresh herself; but, urged by Juno, some reapers bade her +pass on, and then, seeing she paid no heed to their commands, +they sprang into the shallow waters, and stirred up the mud at +the bottom until it was quite unpalatable. With tear-dimmed +eyes, Latona prayed these cruel men might never leave the spot +whereon they now stood; and Jupiter, in answer to her prayer, +immediately transformed them into huge green frogs, which creatures +have since then showed great preference for muddy pools.</p> + +<p>Driven on once more by Juno’s unrelenting hatred, Latona +finally came to the seashore, where she stretched out imploring +hands to Neptune, who sent a dolphin to bear her in safety to +the floating island of Delos, raised in her behalf from the depths +of the sea. The rocking motion, however, proving disagreeable +to the goddess, Neptune chained the island fast in the Ægean +Sea; and there in that delightful climate, justly praised by poets, +were born to Jupiter and Latona twin children, Apollo and Diana, +the divinities of the sun and moon.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Coronis.</div> + +<p>Apollo, having attained manhood, could not avoid the usual +lot of the gods, as well as of mortal men,—the pangs of love. +They were first inspired by Coronis, a fair maiden, +who kindled within his breast an ardent flame. +The sun god wooed the girl warmly and persistently, and at length +had the deep satisfaction of seeing his affections returned. His +bliss, however, proved but fleeting; for Coronis, reasoning, that, +if one lover were so delightful, two would be doubly so, secretly +encouraged another suitor.</p> + +<div class="cpoem18"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Flirted with another lover<br /></span> +<span class="i1">(So at least the story goes)<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And was wont to meet him slyly,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Underneath the blushing rose.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>63]</a></span> +Although so cleverly managed, these trysts could not escape +the bright eyes of Apollo’s favorite bird, the snowy raven,—for +such was his hue in those early times,—so <em>he</em> flew off in +haste to his master to report the discovery he had made. Desperate +with love and jealousy, Apollo did not hesitate, but, seizing +his bow and deadly arrows, shot Coronis through the heart.</p> + +<p>The deed was no sooner accomplished, than all his love returned +with tenfold power; and, hastening to Coronis’ side, he +vainly tried all his remedies (he was god of medicine) to recall +her to life.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">“The god of Physic<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Had no antidote; alack!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He who took her off so deftly<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Couldn’t bring the maiden back!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Bending over the lifeless body of his beloved one, he bewailed +his fatal haste, and cursed the bird which had brought him the +unwelcome tidings of her faithlessness.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Then he turned upon the Raven,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">‘Wanton babbler! see thy fate!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Messenger of mine no longer,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Go to Hades with thy prate!<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Weary Pluto with thy tattle!<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Hither, monster, come not back;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And—to match thy disposition—<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Henceforth be thy plumage black!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Æsculapius.</div> + +<p>The only reminder of this unfortunate episode was a young +son of Apollo and Coronis, Æsculapius (Asklepios), who was +carefully instructed by Apollo in the healing art. +The disciple’s talent was so great, that he soon +rivaled his master, and even, it is said, recalled the dead to life. +Of course, these miracles did not long remain concealed from +Jupiter’s all-seeing eye; and he, fearing lest the people would +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>64]</a></span> +forget him and worship their physician, seized one of his thunderbolts, +hurled it at the clever youth, and thus brought to an +untimely end his brilliant medical career.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Then Jove, incensed that man should rise<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From darkness to the upper skies,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The leech that wrought such healing hurled<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With lightning down to Pluto’s world.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Æsculapius’ race was not entirely extinct, however, for he left +two sons—Machaon and Podalirius, who inherited his medical +skill—and a daughter, Hygeia, who watched over the health of +man.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Admetus and +Alcestis.</div> + +<p>Maddened with grief at the unexpected loss of his son, Apollo +would fain have wreaked his vengeance upon the Cyclopes, the +authors of the fatal thunderbolt; but ere he could +execute his purpose, Jupiter interfered, and, to punish +him, banished him to earth, where he entered the service of +Admetus, King of Thessaly. One consolation alone now remained +to the exiled god,—his music. His dulcet tones soon won the +admiration of his companions, and even that of the king, who +listened to his songs with pleasure, and to reward him gave him +the position of head shepherd.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Then King Admetus, one who had<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Pure taste by right divine,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Decreed his singing not too bad<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To hear between the cups of wine:<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“And so, well pleased with being soothed<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Into a sweet half sleep<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Three times his kingly beard he smoothed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And made him viceroy o’er his sheep.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lowell.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Time passed. Apollo, touched by his master’s kindness, wished +to bestow some favor in his turn, and asked the gods to grant +Admetus eternal life. His request was complied with, but only on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>65]</a></span> +condition, that, when the time came which had previously been +appointed for the good king’s death, some one should be found +willing to die in his stead. This divine decree was reported to +Alcestis, Admetus’ beautiful young wife, who in a passion of self-sacrifice +offered herself as substitute, and cheerfully gave her +life for her husband. But immortality was too dearly bought at +such a price; and Admetus mourned until Hercules, pitying his +grief, descended into Hades, and brought her back from the +tomb.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“Did not Hercules by force<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wrest from the guardian Monster of the tomb<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Alcestis, a reanimated Corse,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Given back to dwell on earth in vernal bloom?”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The walls of +Troy.</div> + +<p>Apollo, after endowing Admetus with immortality, left his service, +and went to assist Neptune, who had also been banished +to earth, to build the walls of Troy. Scorning to +perform any menial tasks, the God of Music seated +himself near by, and played such inspiring tunes that the stones +waltzed into place of their own accord.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Apollo slays +Python.</div> + +<p>Then, his term of exile being ended, he returned to heaven, +and there resumed his wonted duties. From his exalted position +he often cast loving glances down upon men, +whose life he had shared for a short time, whose +every privation he had endured; and, in answer to their prayers, +he graciously extended his protection over them, and delivered +them from misfortunes too numerous to mention. Among other +deeds done for men was the slaying of the monster serpent +Python, born from the slime and stagnant waters which remained +upon the surface of the earth after the Deluge. None had dared +approach the monster; but Apollo fearlessly drew near, and +slew him with his golden shafts. The victory over the terrible +Python won for Apollo the surname of Pytheus (the Slayer), by +which appellation he was frequently invoked.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 406px;"> +<a name="apollo" id="apollo"></a> +<img src="images/mgr15.jpg" width="406" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">APOLLO BELVEDERE. (Vatican, Rome.)</p> +</div> + +<p>This annihilation of Python is, of course, nothing but an +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"><!-- original location of Apollo Belvedere illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>67]</a></span> +allegory, illustrating the sun’s power to dry up marshes and stagnant +pools, thus preventing the lurking fiend malaria from making +further inroads.</p> + +<p>Apollo has always been a favorite subject for painters and +sculptors. The most beautiful statue of him is the Apollo Belvedere, +which represents him at the moment of his conquest of the +Python.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Apollo and +Hyacinthus.</div> + +<p>Although successful in war, Apollo was very unfortunate indeed +in friendship. One day he came down to earth to enjoy the +society of a youth of mortal birth, named Hyacinthus. +To pass the time agreeably, the friends +began a game of quoits, but had not played long, before Zephyrus, +god of the south wind, passing by, saw them thus occupied. +Jealous of Apollo, for he too loved Hyacinthus, Zephyrus +blew Apollo’s quoit aside so violently that it struck his +playmate, and felled him to the ground. Vainly Apollo strove +to check the stream of blood which flowed from the ghastly +wound. Hyacinthus was already beyond aid, and in a few seconds +breathed his last in his friend’s arms. To keep some reminder +of the departed, Apollo changed the fallen blood drops +into clusters of flowers, ever since called, from the youth’s name, +hyacinths; while Zephyrus, perceiving too late the fatal effect +of his jealousy, hovered inconsolable over the sad spot, and +tenderly caressed the dainty flowers which had sprung from his +friend’s lifeblood.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“Zephyr penitent,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who now, ere Phœbus mounts the firmament,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fondles the flower.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Apollo and +Cyparissus.</div> + +<p>To divert his mind from the mournful fate of Hyacinthus, +Apollo sought the company of Cyparissus, a clever young hunter; +but this friendship was also doomed to a sad end, +for Cyparissus, having accidentally killed Apollo’s +pet stag, grieved so sorely over this mischance, that he pined away, +and finally died. Apollo then changed his lifeless clay into a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>68]</a></span> +cypress tree, which he declared should henceforth be used +to shade the graves of those who had been greatly beloved +through life.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Apollo and +Daphne.</div> + +<p>Some time after this episode, Apollo encountered in the forest +a beautiful nymph by the name of Daphne, the daughter of +the river god Peneus. Love at first sight was the +immediate consequence on Apollo’s part, and he +longed to speak to the maid and win her affections. He first +tried to approach her gently, so as not to frighten her; but, before +he could reach her side, she fled, and he, forgetful of all else, +pursued her flying footsteps. As he ran, he called aloud to +Daphne, entreating her to pause were it only for a moment, and +promising to do her no harm.</p> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Abate, fair fugitive, abate thy speed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dismiss thy fears, and turn thy beauteous head;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With kind regard a panting lover view;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Less swiftly fly, less swiftly I’ll pursue:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pathless, alas! and rugged is the ground,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Some stone may hurt thee, or some thorn may wound.<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“You fly, alas! not knowing whom you fly;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">No ill-bred swain, nor rustic clown, am I.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Prior.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The terrified girl paid no heed to promises or entreaties, but +sped on until her strength began to fail, and she perceived, that, +notwithstanding her utmost efforts, her pursuer was gaining upon +her. Panting and trembling, she swerved aside, and rushed down +to the edge of her father’s stream, calling out loudly for his protection. +No sooner had she reached the water’s edge, than her +feet seemed rooted to the ground. A rough bark rapidly inclosed +her quivering limbs, while her trembling hands were filled with +leaves. Her father had granted her prayer by changing her into +a laurel tree.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 403px;"> +<a name="apollo1" id="apollo1"></a> +<img src="images/mgr16.jpg" width="403" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">APOLLO AND DAPHNE.—Bernini. (Villa Borghese, Rome.)</p> +</div> + +<p>Apollo, coming up just then with outstretched arms, clasped +nothing but a rugged tree trunk. At first he could not realize +that the fair maiden had vanished from his sight forever; but, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"><!-- original location of Apollo and Daphne illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>70]</a></span> +when the truth dawned upon him, he declared that from henceforth +the laurel would be considered his favorite tree, and that +prizes awarded to poets, musicians, etc., should consist of a +wreath of its glossy foliage.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i5">“I espouse thee for my tree:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Be thou the prize of honor and renown;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The deathless poet, and the poem, crown;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thou shalt the Roman festivals adorn,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And, after poets, be by victors worn.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Dryden’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This story of Apollo and Daphne was an illustration of the +effect produced by the sun (Apollo) upon the dew (Daphne). +The sun is captivated by its beauty, and longs to view it more +closely; the dew, afraid of its ardent lover, flies, and, when its +fiery breath touches it, vanishes, leaving nothing but verdure in +the selfsame spot where but a moment before it sparkled in all +its purity.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Cephalus and +Procris.</div> + +<p>The ancients had many analogous stories, allegories of the sun +and dew, amongst others the oft-quoted tale of Cephalus and +Procris. Cephalus was a hunter, who fell in love +with and married one of Diana’s nymphs, Procris. +She brought him as dowry a hunting dog, Lelaps, and a javelin +warranted never to miss its mark. The newly married pair were +perfectly happy; but their content was viewed with great displeasure +by Eos (Aurora), goddess of dawn, who had previously +tried, but without success, to win Cephalus’ affections, and who +now resolved to put an end to the bliss she envied.</p> + +<p>All day long Cephalus hunted in the forest, and, when the +evening shadows began to fall, joined his loving wife in their +cozy dwelling. Her marriage gifts proved invaluable, as Lelaps +was swift of foot, and tireless in the chase. One day, to test his +powers, the gods from Olympus watched him course a fox, a +special creation of theirs; and so well were both animals matched +in speed and endurance, that the chase bade fair to end only +with the death of one or both of the participants. The gods, in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>71]</a></span> +their admiration for the fine run, declared the animals deserved +to be remembered forever, and changed them into statues, which +retained all the spirited action of the living creatures.</p> + +<p>In the warm season, when the sun became oppressive, Cephalus +was wont to rest during the noon hour in some shady spot, +and as he flung himself down upon the short grass he often called +for a breeze, bidding it cool his heated brow.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“A hunter once in that grove reclin’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">To shun the noon’s bright eye,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And oft he woo’d the wandering wind,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">To cool his brow with its sigh.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">While mute lay ev’n the wild bee’s hum,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Nor breath could stir the aspen’s hair,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His song was still, ‘Sweet air, oh come!’<br /></span> +<span class="i1">While Echo answer’d, ‘Come, sweet air!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Moore.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Eos heard of this habit, and was fully aware that he merely +addressed the passing wind; nevertheless she sought Procris, and +informed her that her husband was faithless, and paid court to a +fair maid, who daily met him at noonday in the forest solitudes. +Procris, blinded by sudden jealousy, gave credit to the false +story, and immediately resolved to follow her husband.</p> + +<p>The morning had well-nigh passed, and the sun was darting +its perpendicular rays upon the earth, when Cephalus came to +his usual resort, near which Procris was concealed.</p> + +<p>“Sweet air, oh come!” the hunter cried; and Procris, cut to +the heart by what she considered an infallible proof of his infidelity, +sank fainting to the ground. The rustle caused by her +swoon attracted Cephalus’ attention. Under the mistaken impression +that some wild beast was lurking there, ready to pounce +upon him, he cast his unerring javelin into the very midst of +the thicket, and pierced the faithful bosom of his wife. Her dying +moan brought him with one bound to her side; ere she breathed +her last, an explanation was given and received; and Procris +died with the blissful conviction that her husband had not +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>72]</a></span> +deserved her unjust suspicions, and that his heart was all her +own.</p> + +<p>There are, of course, many other versions of these selfsame +myths; but one and all are intended to illustrate the same natural +phenomena, and are subject to the same interpretation.</p> + +<p>Apollo’s principal duty was to drive the sun chariot. Day after +day he rode across the azure sky, nor paused on his way till +he reached the golden boat awaiting him at the end of his long +day’s journey, to bear him in safety back to his eastern palace.</p> + +<div class="cpoem31"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Helios all day long his allotted labor pursues;<br /></span> +<span class="i1">No rest to his passionate heart and his panting horses given,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From the moment when roseate-fingered Eos kindles the dews<br /></span> +<span class="i1">And spurns the salt sea-floors, ascending silvery the heaven,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Until from the hand of Eos Hesperos, trembling, receives<br /></span> +<span class="i1">His fragrant lamp, and faint in the twilight hangs it up.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Owen Meredith.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Clytie.</div> + +<p>A fair young maiden, named Clytie, watched Apollo’s daily +journey with strange persistency; and from the moment when he +left his palace in the morning until he came to the +far western sea in the evening, she followed his +course with loving eyes, thought of the golden-haired god, and +longed for his love. But, in spite of all this fervor, she never won +favor in Apollo’s eyes, and languished until the gods, in pity, +changed her into a sunflower.</p> + +<p>Even in this altered guise, Clytie could not forget the object +of her love; and now, a fit emblem of constancy, she still follows +with upturned face the glowing orb in its daily journey across +the sky.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“No, the heart that has truly lov’d never forgets,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">But as truly loves on to the close;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As the sunflower turns on her god when he sets<br /></span> +<span class="i1">The same look which she turn’d when he rose.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Moore.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Apollo and +Marsyas.</div> + +<p>A young shepherd, lying in the cool grass one summer afternoon, +became aware of a distant sound of music, so sweet, so +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>73]</a></span> +thrilling, that he fairly held his breath to listen. These weird, +delightful tones were produced by Minerva, who, seated by the +banks of a small stream, was trying her skill on +the flute. As she bent over the limpid waters, she +suddenly beheld her puffed cheeks and distorted features, and +impetuously threw the instrument into the water, vowing never +to touch it again.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Hence, ye banes of beauty, hence!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">What? shall I my charms disgrace<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By making such an odious face?”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Melanippides.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The sudden break in the entrancing music caused the youth, +Marsyas, to start from his abstraction and look about him. +He then perceived the rejected flute sailing gently down the +stream past his feet. To seize the instrument and convey it to +his lips was the work of an instant; and no sooner had he +breathed into it, than the magic strain was renewed. No recollection +of his pastoral duties could avail to tear Marsyas away +from his new-found treasure; and so rapidly did his skill increase, +that he became insufferably conceited, and boasted he +could rival Apollo, whom he actually challenged to a musical +contest.</p> + +<p>Intending to punish him for his presumption, Apollo accepted +the challenge, and selected the nine Muses—patronesses of +poetry and music—as umpires. Marsyas was first called upon +to exhibit his proficiency, and charmed all by his melodious +strains.</p> + +<div class="cpoem29"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“So sweet that alone the south wind knew,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By summer hid in green reeds’ jointed cells<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To wait imprisoned for the south wind’s spells,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From out his reedy flute the player drew,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And as the music clearer, louder grew,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wild creatures from their winter nooks and dells,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sweet furry things with eyes like starry wells,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Crept wanderingly out; they thought the south wind blew.<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>74]</a></span> +<span class="i0">With instant joyous trust, they flocked around<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His feet who such a sudden summer made,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His eyes, more kind than men’s, enthralled and bound<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Them there.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">H. H.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The Muses bestowed much deserved praise, and then bade +Apollo surpass his rival if he could. No second command was +necessary. The god seized his golden lyre, and poured forth impassioned +strains. Before pronouncing their decision, the Muses +resolved to give both musicians a second hearing, and again both +strove; but on this occasion Apollo joined the harmonious accents +of his godlike voice to the tones of his instrument, causing +all present, and the very Muses too, to hail him as conqueror.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“And, when now the westering sun<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Touch’d the hills, the strife was done,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the attentive Muses said:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">‘Marsyas, thou art vanquished!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Matthew Arnold.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>According to a previous arrangement,—that the victor should +have the privilege of flaying his opponent alive,—Apollo bound +Marsyas to a tree, and slew him cruelly. As soon as the mountain +nymphs heard of their favorite’s sad death, they began to +weep, and shed such torrents of tears, that they formed a new +river, called Marsyas, in memory of the sweet musician.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Apollo +and Pan.</div> + +<p>The mournful termination of this affair should have served as +a warning to all rash mortals. Such was not the case, however; +and shortly after, Apollo found himself engaged in +another musical contest with Pan, King Midas’ +favorite flute player. Upon this occasion Midas himself retained +the privilege of awarding the prize, and, blinded by partiality, +gave it to Pan, in spite of the marked inferiority of his playing. +Apollo was so incensed by this injustice, that he determined to +show his opinion of the dishonest judge by causing generous-sized +ass’s ears to grow on either side of his head.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>75]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“The god of wit, to show his grudge,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Clapt asses’ ears upon the judge;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A goodly pair, erect and wide,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which he could neither gild nor hide.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Swift.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Greatly dismayed by these new ornaments, Midas retreated +into the privacy of his own apartment, and sent in hot haste for +a barber, who, after having been sworn to secrecy, was admitted, +and bidden to fashion a huge wig, which would hide the deformity +from the eyes of the king’s subjects. The barber acquitted +himself deftly, and, before he was allowed to leave the palace, was +again charged not to reveal the secret, under penalty of immediate +death.</p> + +<p>But a secret is difficult to keep; and this one, of the king’s +long ears, preyed upon the poor barber’s spirits, so that, incapable +of enduring silence longer, he sallied out into a field, +dug a deep hole, and shouted down into the bosom of the +earth,—</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">“‘King Midas wears<br /></span> +<span class="i0">(These eyes beheld them, these) such ass’s ears!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Horace.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Unspeakably relieved by this performance, the barber returned +home. Time passed. Reeds grew over the hole, and, as they +bent before the wind which rustled through their leaves, they +were heard to murmur, “Midas, King Midas, has ass’s ears!” +and all who passed by caught the whisper, and noised it abroad, +so that the secret became the general topic of all conversations.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Orpheus and +Eurydice.</div> + +<p>As Apollo had frequent opportunities of meeting the Muses, +it is not to be wondered at that he fell a victim to the charms of +the fair Calliope, who, in her turn, loved him passionately, +and even wrote verses in his honor. +This being the state of her feelings, she readily consented to their +union, and became the proud mother of Orpheus, who inherited +his parents’ musical and poetical gifts.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>76]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“Orpheus with his lute made trees,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the mountain-tops, that freeze,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Bow themselves when he did sing:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To his music plants and flowers<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ever sprung; as sun and showers<br /></span> +<span class="i1">There had made a lasting spring.<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Everything that heard him play,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Even the billows of the sea,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Hung their heads, and then lay by.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Shakespeare.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This talent waxed greater as the years passed by, and became +so remarkable, that the youth’s fame was very widespread; and +when he fell in love with Eurydice, he brought all his skill into +play to serenade her, and wooed her with voice and glance and +with tender, passionate music. Eurydice was touched by his +courtship, and ere long requited the love lavished upon her by +conferring her hand upon Orpheus.</p> + +<p>Shortly after their union, while walking alone in the fields, the +bride encountered a youth named Aristæus, whose bold admiration +proved so distasteful, that she fled from him as quickly as +possible. In her haste she accidentally trod upon a venomous +serpent lurking in the long grass, which immediately turned upon +her, and bit her heel. A short period of agonized suffering +ensued; then Eurydice died, and her spirit was conducted down +into the gloomy realms of Pluto, leaving Orpheus broken-hearted.</p> + +<p>Plaintive, heartrending laments now replaced the joyous wedding +strains; but even the charms of music failed to make life +endurable, and Orpheus wandered off to Olympus, where he so +piteously implored Jupiter to restore his wife to his longing arms, +that the great god’s heart was moved to compassion. He gave +him permission, therefore, to go down into the Infernal Regions +to seek his wife, but warned him at the same time that the undertaking +was perilous in the extreme.</p> + +<p>Nothing daunted, Orpheus hastened to the entrance of Hades, +and there saw the fierce three-headed dog, named Cerberus, who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>77]</a></span> +guarded the gate, and would allow no living being to enter, nor +any spirit to pass out of Hades. As soon as this monster saw +Orpheus, he began to growl and bark savagely, to frighten him +away; but Orpheus merely paused, and began to play such melting +chords, that Cerberus’ rage was appeased, and he finally +allowed him to pass into Pluto’s dark kingdom.</p> + +<p>The magic sounds penetrated even into the remote depths +of Tartarus, where the condemned suspended their toil for a +moment, and hushed their sighs and groans to listen.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“E’en Tantalus ceased from trying to sip<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The cup that flies from his arid lip;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ixion, too, the magic could feel,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And, for a moment, blocked his wheel;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Poor Sisyphus, doomed to tumble and toss<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The notable stone that gathers no moss,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Let go his burden, and turned to hear<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The charming sounds that ravished his ear.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>No living being had ever before penetrated thus into the Infernal +Regions, and Orpheus wandered on until he came to the throne of +Pluto, king of these realms, whereon the stern ruler sat in silence, +his wife Proserpina beside him, and the relentless Fates at his feet.</p> + +<p>Orpheus made known his errand in operatic guise, and succeeded +in moving the royal pair to tears, whereupon they graciously +consented to restore Eurydice to life and to her fond +husband’s care.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i5">“Hell consented<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To hear the Poet’s prayer:<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Stern Proserpine relented,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And gave him back the fair.<br /></span> +<span class="i3">Thus song could prevail<br /></span> +<span class="i3">O’er death, and o’er hell,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A conquest how hard and how glorious!<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Tho’ fate had fast bound her<br /></span> +<span class="i1">With Styx nine times round her,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Yet music and love were victorious.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Pope.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>78]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 344px;"> +<a name="orpheus" id="orpheus"></a> +<img src="images/mgr17.jpg" width="344" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE.—Beyschlag.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>79]</a></span> +But one condition was imposed before he was allowed to depart; +i.e., that he should leave the Infernal Regions without +turning once to look into his beloved wife’s face.</p> + +<p>Orpheus accepted the condition joyfully, and wended his way +out of Hades, looking neither to the right nor to the left, but +straight before him; and as he walked he wondered whether +Eurydice were changed by her sojourn in these rayless depths. +His longing to feast his eyes once more upon her loved features +made him forget the condition imposed by Pluto, and turn just +before he reached the earth; but he only beheld the vanishing +form of the wife he had so nearly snatched from the grave.</p> + +<p>All was now over. He had tried and failed. No hope remained. +In despair, the lonely musician retreated to the forest +solitudes, and there played his mournful laments,—</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Such strains as would have won the ear<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Pluto, to have quite set free<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His half-regained Eurydice.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Milton.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>But there were none to hear except the trees, winds, and wild +beasts in the forest, who strove in their dumb way to comfort +him as he moved restlessly about, seeking a solace for his bursting +heart. At times it seemed to his half-delirious fancy that +he could discern Eurydice wandering about in the dim distance, +with the selfsame mournful expression of which he had caught +a mere glimpse as she drifted reluctantly back into the dark +shadows of Hades.</p> + +<div class="cpoem18"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“At that elm-vista’s end I trace<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dimly thy sad leave-taking face,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Eurydice! Eurydice!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The tremulous leaves repeat to me<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Eurydice! Eurydice!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lowell.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>At last there dawned a day when some Bacchantes overtook +him in the forest, and bade him play some gay music, so they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>80]</a></span> +might indulge in a dance. But poor Orpheus, dazed with grief, +could not comply with their demands; and the sad notes which +alone he now could draw from his instrument so enraged the +merrymakers, that they tore him limb from limb, and cast his +mangled remains into the Hebrus River.</p> + +<p>As the poet-musician’s head floated down the stream, the +pallid lips still murmured, “Eurydice!” for even in death he +could not forget his wife; and, as his spirit drifted on to join her, +he incessantly called upon her name, until the brooks, trees, and +fountains he had loved so well caught up the longing cry, and +repeated it again and again.</p> + +<p>Nothing was now left to remind mortals of the sweet singer +who had thus perished, except his lute, which the gods placed +in the heavens as a bright constellation, Lyra, also called by +Orpheus’ name.</p> + +<p>Another musician celebrated in mythological annals is Amphion, +whose skill was reported to be but little inferior to +Orpheus’.</p> + +<div class="cpoem18"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Tis said he had a tuneful tongue,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Such happy intonation,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wherever he sat down and sung<br /></span> +<span class="i1">He left a small plantation;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wherever in a lonely grove<br /></span> +<span class="i1">He set up his forlorn pipes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The gouty oak began to move,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">And flounder into hornpipes.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Amphion.</div> + +<p>This musician, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, had a twin +brother Zethus, who, however, shared none of his artistic tastes. +Hearing that their mother Antiope had been +repudiated by her second husband, Lycus, so that +he might marry another wife by the name of Dirce, these youths +hastened off to Thebes, where they found the state of affairs +even worse than represented; for poor Antiope was now imprisoned, +and subject to her rival’s daily cruel treatment.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>81]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"> +<a name="farnese" id="farnese"></a> +<img src="images/mgr18.jpg" width="402" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">FARNESE BULL. (National Museum, Naples.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>82]</a></span> +Zethus and Amphion, after besieging and taking the city, put +Lycus to death, and, binding Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, let +him loose to drag her over briers and stones until she perished. +This punishment inflicted upon Dirce is the subject of the +famous group once belonging to the Farnese family, and now +called by their name.</p> + +<p>Amphion’s musical talent was of great use to him when he +subsequently became King of Thebes, and wished to fortify his +capital by building a huge rampart all around it; for the stones +moved in rhythmic time, and, of their own volition, marched into +their places.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Arion.</div> + +<p>Second to him only, in musical fame, was Arion, the musician +who won untold wealth by his talent. On one occasion, having +gone to Sicily to take part in a musical contest +which had attracted thither the most famous +musicians from all points of the compass, he resolved to return +home by sea.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately for him, the vessel upon which he had embarked +was manned by an avaricious, piratical crew, who, having heard +of his treasures, resolved to murder him to obtain possession +of them. He was allowed but scant time to prepare for death; +but, just as they were about to toss him overboard, he craved +permission to play for the last time. The pirates consented. +His clear notes floated over the sea, and allured a school of +dolphins, which came and played about the ship. The pirates, +terrified by the power of his music, and in dread lest their hearts +should be moved, quickly laid hands upon him, and hurled him +into the water, where he fell upon the broad back of a dolphin, +who bore him in safety to the nearest shore.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Then was there heard a most celestiall sound<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of dainty musicke, which did next ensew<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Before the spouse: that was Arion crownd;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who, playing on his harpe, unto him drew<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The eares and hearts of all that goodly crew,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That even yet the Dolphin, which him bore<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>83]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Through the Agean seas from Pirates vew,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Stood still by him astonisht at his lore,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And all the raging seas for joy forgot to rore.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Spenser.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>To commemorate this miracle, the gods placed Arion’s harp, +together with the dolphin, in the heavens, where they form a +constellation.</p> + +<p>In the sunny plains of Greece there once dwelt Clymene, a +fair nymph. She was not alone, however, for her golden-haired +little son Phaeton was there to gladden her heart with all his +childish graces.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Phaeton.</div> + +<p>Early in the morning, when the sun’s bright orb first appeared +above the horizon, Clymene would point it out to her boy, and +tell him that his father, Apollo, was setting out for +his daily drive. Clymene so often entertained her +child with stories of his father’s beauty and power, that at last +Phaeton became conceited, and acquired a habit of boasting +rather loudly of his divine parentage. His playmates, after a +time, wearied of his arrogance, and, to avoid the constant repetition +of his vain speeches, bade him show some proof of his divine +origin, or keep his peace.</p> + +<p>Stung to the quick by some insolent taunts which they added, +Phaeton hastened to his mother, and begged her to direct him to +his father, that he might obtain the desired proof. Clymene immediately +gave him all necessary information, and bade him +make haste if he would reach his father’s palace in the far east +before the sun chariot passed out of its portals to accomplish its +daily round. Directly eastward Phaeton journeyed, nor paused +to rest until he came in view of the golden and jeweled pinnacles +and turrets of his father’s abode.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“The sun’s bright palace, on high columns rais’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With burnish’d gold and flaming jewels blaz’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The folding gates diffus’d a silver light,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And with a milder gleam refresh’d the sight.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Addison.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>84]</a></span> +Quite undazzled by this splendor, the youth still pressed on, +straining his eyes to catch the first glimpse of the godly father, +whose stately bearing and radiant air his mother had so enthusiastically +described.</p> + +<p>Apollo, from his golden throne, had watched the boy’s approach, +and, as he drew nearer, recognized him as his own offspring. +Timidly now Phaeton advanced to the steps of his father’s throne, +and humbly waited for permission to make his errand known. +Apollo addressed him graciously, called him his son, and bade +him speak without fear. In a few minutes the youth impetuously +poured out the whole story, and watched with pleasure +the frown which gathered on Apollo’s brow when he repeated +his companions’ taunts. As soon as he had finished his tale, +Apollo exclaimed that he would grant him any proof he wished, +and confirmed these words by a solemn oath.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘By the terrible Styx!’ said the angry sire,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">While his eyes flashed volumes of fury and fire,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">‘To prove your reviler an infamous liar,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I swear I will grant you whate’er you desire!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This oath was the most solemn any god could utter, and in +case of perjury he was obliged to drink the waters of this river, +which would lull him into senseless stupidity for one whole year. +During nine years following he was deprived of his office, +banished from Olympus, and not allowed to taste of the life-giving +nectar and ambrosia.</p> + +<p>With a flash of triumph in his dark eyes, Phaeton, hearing this +oath, begged permission to drive the sun chariot that very day, +stating that all the world would be sure to notice his exalted +position, and that none would ever dare doubt his veracity after +such a signal mark of Apollo’s favor.</p> + +<p>When the god heard this presumptuous request, he started +back in dismay, for he alone could control the four fiery steeds +which drew the golden-wheeled sun car. Patiently he then +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>85]</a></span> +explained to Phaeton the great danger of such an undertaking, +earnestly begging him to select some other, less fatal boon.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Choose out a gift from seas, or earth, or skies,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For open to your wish all nature lies;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Only decline this one unequal task,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For ’tis a mischief, not a gift, you ask.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Addison.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>But Phaeton, who, like many another conceited youth, fancied +he knew better than his sire, would not give heed to the kindly +warning, and persisted in his request, until Apollo, who had sworn +the irrevocable oath, was obliged to fulfill his promise.</p> + +<p>The hour had already come when the Sun usually began his +daily journey. The pawing, champing steeds were ready; rosy-fingered +Aurora only awaited her master’s signal to fling wide the +gates of morn; and the Hours were ready to escort him as usual.</p> + +<p>Apollo, yielding to pressure, quickly anointed his son with a +cooling essence to preserve him from the burning sunbeams, +gave him the necessary directions for his journey, and repeatedly +and anxiously cautioned him to watch his steeds with the utmost +care, and to use the whip but sparingly, as they were inclined to +be very restive.</p> + +<p>The youth, who had listened impatiently to cautions and directions, +then sprang into the seat, gathered up the reins, signaled +to Aurora to fling the gates wide, and dashed out of the eastern +palace with a flourish.</p> + +<p>For an hour or two Phaeton bore in mind his father’s principal +injunctions, and all went well; but later, elated by his exalted +position, he became very reckless, drove faster and faster, and +soon lost his way. In finding it again he drove so close to +the earth, that all the plants shriveled up, the fountains and +rivers were dried in their mossy beds, the smoke began to rise +from the parched and blackened earth, and even the people of the +land over which he was passing were burned black,—a hue retained +by their descendants to this day.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>86]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="aurora" id="aurora"></a> +<img src="images/mgr19.jpg" width="600" height="295" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">AURORA.—Guido Reni. (Rospigliosi Palace, Rome.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>87]</a></span> +Terrified at what he had done, Phaeton whipped up his steeds, +and drove so far away, that all the vegetation which had survived +the intense heat came to an untimely end on account of +the sudden cold.</p> + +<p>The cries of mortals rose in chorus, and their clamors became +so loud and importunate, that they roused Jupiter from a profound +sleep, and caused him to look around to discover their +origin. One glance of his all-seeing eye sufficed to reveal the +damaged earth and the youthful charioteer. How had a beardless +youth dared to mount the sun chariot? Jupiter could +scarcely credit what he saw. In his anger he vowed he would +make the rash mortal expiate his presumption by immediate +death. He therefore selected the deadliest thunderbolt in his +arsenal, aimed it with special care, and hurled it at Phaeton, +whose burned and blackened corpse fell from his lofty seat down +into the limpid waves of the Eridanus River.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“And Phaethon, caught in mid career,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And hurled from the Sun to utter sunlessness,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like a flame-bearded comet, with ghastliest hiss,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fell headlong in the amazed Eridanus,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Monarch of streams, who on the Italian fields<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Let loose, and far beyond his flowery lips<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Foam-white, ran ruinous to the Adrian deep.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Worsley.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Heliades.</div> + +<p>The tidings of his death soon reached poor Clymene, who +mourned her only son, and refused to be comforted; while the +Heliades, Phaeton’s sisters, three in number,—Phaetusa, +Lampetia, and Ægle,—spent their days +by the riverside, shedding tears, wringing their white hands, and +bewailing their loss, until the gods, in pity, transformed them +into poplar trees, and their tears into amber, which substance +was supposed by the ancients to flow from the poplar trees +like teardrops. Phaeton’s intimate friend, Cycnus, piously +collected his charred remains, and gave them an honorable +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>88]</a></span> +burial. In his grief he continually haunted the scene of his +friend’s death, and repeatedly plunged into the river, in the hope +of finding some more scattered fragments, until the gods +changed him into a swan; which bird is ever sailing mournfully +about, and frequently plunging, his head into the water to continue +his sad search.</p> + +<p>Apollo, as the dearly loved leader of the nine Muses,—daughters +of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, goddess of memory,—was surnamed +Musagetes.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Whom all the Muses loved, not one alone;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Into his hands they put the lyre of gold,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">And, crowned with sacred laurel at their fount,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Placed him as Musagetes on their throne.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Longfellow.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Although the Muses united at times in one grand song, they +had each separate duties assigned them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The nine +Muses.</div> + +<p>Clio, the Muse of history, recorded all great deeds and heroic +actions, with the names of their authors, and was therefore generally +represented with a laurel wreath and a book +and stylus, to indicate her readiness to note all +that happened to mortal men or immortal gods.</p> + +<p>Euterpe, the graceful “Mistress of Song,” was represented +with a flute, and garlands of fragrant flowers.</p> + +<p>Thalia, Muse of pastoral poetry, held a shepherd’s crook and +mask, and wore a crown of wild flowers.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i5">“Mild pastoral Muse!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That, to the sparkling crown Urania wears,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And to her sister Clio’s laurel wreath,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Preferr’st a garland culled from purple heath!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Her graver sister, Melpomene, who presided over tragedy, +wore a crown of gold, and wielded a dagger and a scepter; while +Terpsichore, the light-footed Muse of dancing, was represented +treading an airy measure.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>89]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="apollo2" id="apollo2"></a> +<img src="images/mgr20.jpg" width="600" height="372" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">APOLLO AND THE MUSES.—Mengs.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>90]</a></span> +Erato, who preferred lyric poetry to all other styles of composition, +was pictured with a lyre; and Polyhymnia, Muse of rhetoric, +held a scepter to show that eloquence rules with resistless sway.</p> + +<p>Calliope, Muse of heroic poetry, also wore a laurel crown; and +Urania, Muse of astronomy, held mathematical instruments, indicative +of her love of the exact sciences.</p> + +<p>This glorious sisterhood was wont to assemble on Mount Parnassus +or on Mount Helicon, to hold their learned debates on +poetry, science, and music.</p> + +<p>Apollo’s favorite attendant was Eos (Aurora), the fair goddess +of dawn, whose rose-tipped fingers opened wide the eastern +gates of pearl, and who then flashed across the sky to announce +her master’s coming.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Hail, gentle Dawn! mild blushing goddess, hail!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Rejoiced I see thy purple mantle spread<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O’er half the skies; gems pave thy radiant way,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And orient pearls from every shrub depend.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Somerville.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Aurora and +Tithonus.</div> + +<p>This dainty goddess loved and married Tithonus, Prince of +Troy, and won from the gods the boon of everlasting life to +confer upon him. Alas! however, she forgot to +ask at the same time for continued youth; and +her husband grew older and older, and finally became +so decrepit, that he was a burden to her. Knowing he +would never die, and wishing to rid herself of his burdensome +presence, she changed him into a grasshopper.</p> + +<p>At this time the goddess fell in love with Cephalus, the young +hunter, and frequently visited him on Mount Hymettus.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Come,’ Phœbus cries, ‘Aurora, come—too late<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thou linger’st slumbering with thy wither’d mate!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Leave him, and to Hymettus’ top repair!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy darling Cephalus expects thee there!’<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The goddess, with a blush, her love betrays,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But mounts, and, driving rapidly, obeys.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Worship +of Apollo.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>91]</a></span> +The principal temples dedicated to the worship of Apollo were +at Delos, his birthplace, and at Delphi, where a priestess called +Pythia gave out mysterious oracles purporting to +have come from the god. The ancients everywhere +could not fail to recognize the sun’s kindly influence and +beneficent power, and were therefore ever ready to worship Apollo.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“I marvel not, O sun! that unto thee<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In adoration man should bow the knee,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">And pour his prayers of mingled awe and love;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For like a God thou art, and on thy way<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of glory sheddest with benignant ray,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Beauty, and life, and joyance from above.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Southey.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The most renowned among the numerous festivals held in +honor of Apollo were, without exception, the Pythian Games, +celebrated at Delphi every three years.</p> + +<p>A manly, beardless youth of great beauty, Apollo is generally +crowned with laurels, and bears either a bow or a lyre.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“The Lord of the unerring bow,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The God of life, and poesy, and light—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The Sun in human limbs array’d, and brow<br /></span> +<span class="i0">All radiant from his triumph in the fight;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The shaft hath just been shot—the arrow bright<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With an immortal’s vengeance; in his eye<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And nostril beautiful disdain, and might<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And majesty, flash their full lightnings by,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Developing in that one glance the Deity.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Byron.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>One of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world, the famous +Colossus of Rhodes, was a statue of Apollo, his head encircled +with a halo of bright sunbeams, and his legs spread wide apart +to allow vessels, with all their sails spread, to pass in and out of +the harbor, whose entrance he guarded for many a year.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>92]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 392px;"> +<a name="diana" id="diana"></a> +<img src="images/mgr21.jpg" width="392" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">DIANA OF VERSAILLES. (Louvre, Paris.)</p> +</div> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>93]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER VI.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">DIANA.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Diana</span> (Cynthia, Phœbe, Selene, Artemis), the fair twin sister +of Apollo, was not only goddess of the moon, but also of +the chase.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Goddess serene, transcending every star!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Queen of the sky, whose beams are seen afar!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By night heaven owns thy sway, by day the grove,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When, as chaste Dian, here thou deign’st to rove.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Byron.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>In works of art this goddess is generally represented as a beautiful +maiden, clad in a short hunting dress, armed with a bow, a +quiver full of arrows at her side, and a crescent on her well-poised +head.</p> + +<p>Proud of her two children, Apollo and Diana, Latona boasted +far and wide that such as hers had never been, for they excelled +all others in beauty, intelligence, and power.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Niobe.</div> + +<p>The daughter of Tantalus, Niobe, heard this boast, and +laughed in scorn; for she was the mother of fourteen +children,—seven manly sons and seven beautiful +daughters. In her pride she called aloud to Latona, and +taunted her because her offspring numbered but two.</p> + +<p>Shortly after, Niobe even went so far as to forbid her people +to worship Apollo and Diana, and gave orders that all the statues +representing them in her kingdom should be torn down from +their pedestals, and destroyed. Enraged at this insult, Latona +called her children to her side, and bade them go forth and slay +all her luckless rival’s offspring.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>94]</a></span> +Provided with well-stocked quivers, the twins set out to do her +bidding; and Apollo, meeting the seven lads out hunting, cut +their existence short with his unfailing arrows.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“Phœbus slew the sons<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With arrows from his silver bow, incensed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">At Niobe.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>With all proverbial speed the tidings reached Niobe, whose +heart failed when she heard that her seven sons, her pride and +delight, had fallen under Apollo’s shafts, and that they now lay +cold and stiff in the forest, where they had eagerly hastened a +few hours before, to follow the deer to its cover.</p> + +<p>As she mourned their untimely death, she thought her cup +of sorrow was full; but long ere her first passion of grief was +over, Diana began to slay her daughters.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“But what is this? What means this oozing flood?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her daughters, too, are weltering in their blood:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One clasps her mother’s knees, one clings around<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her neck, and one lies prostrate on the ground;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One seeks her breast; one eyes the coming woe<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And shudders; one in terror crouches low.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Meleager.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>In vain the poor girls sought to escape the flying arrows. In +vain Niobe sought to protect them, and called upon all the gods +of Olympus. Her daughters fell one by one, never to rise again. +The last clung convulsively to her mother’s breast; but, even in +that fond mother’s passionate embrace, death found and claimed +her. Then the gods, touched by the sight of woe so intense, +changed Niobe into stone, just as she stood, with upturned face, +streaming eyes, and quivering lips.</p> + +<p>This statue was placed on Mount Sipylus, close to a stream of +running water; and it was said that tears continually flowed +down the marble cheeks, for, though changed, Niobe still felt, and +wept for her great loss.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>95]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"> +<a name="niobe" id="niobe"></a> +<img src="images/mgr22.jpg" width="402" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">NIOBE. (Uffizi Palace, Florence.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>96]</a></span> +This story is an allegory, in which Niobe, the mother, represents +winter, hard, cold, and proud; until Apollo’s deadly arrows, +the sunbeams, slay her children, the winter months. Her tears +are emblems of the natural thaw which comes in spring, when +winter’s pride has melted.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Diana’s +avocations.</div> + +<p>As soon as the young Goddess of the Moon had been introduced +in Olympus, all the gods expressed a wish to marry her; +but she refused to listen to their entreaties, begged +her father’s permission to remain single all her life, +and pleaded her cause so ably, that Jupiter was forced to grant +her request.</p> + +<p>Every evening, as soon as the Sun had finished his course, +Diana mounted her moon car, and drove her milk-white steeds +across the heavens, watched over and loved by the countless +stars, which shone their brightest to cheer her on her way; and +as she drove she often bent down to view the sleeping earth, so +shadowy and dreamlike, and to breathe the intoxicating perfume +of the distant flowers. It always seemed to her then as if +Nature, so beautiful during the day, borrowed additional charms +from the witching hours of the night.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“’Twas now the time when Phœbus yields to night,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And rising Cynthia sheds her silver light,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wide o’er the world in solemn pomp she drew<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her airy chariot hung with pearly dew.”<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Endymion.</div> + +<p>One evening, as she was driving noiselessly along, she suddenly +checked her steeds; for there on the hillside she saw a handsome +young shepherd, fast asleep, his upturned +face illumined by the moon’s soft light. Diana +wonderingly gazed upon his beauty, and before long felt her +heart beat with more than admiration. Gliding gently from +her chariot, she floated to his side, bent slowly, and dropped an +airy kiss upon his slightly parted lips.</p> + +<p>The youth Endymion, only partially awakened by this demonstration, +half raised his fringed lids, and for a moment his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>97]</a></span> +sleep-dimmed eyes rested wonderingly upon the beautiful vision. +That one glance, although it drove Diana away in great haste, +kindled in his heart an inextinguishable passion. He rose +with a start, and rubbed his sleepy eyes; but when he saw the +moon, which he fancied close beside him, sailing away across the +deep-blue sky, he felt sure the whole occurrence had been but a +dream, but so sweet a dream that he cast himself down upon the +sward, hoping to woo it to visit him once more.</p> + +<p>It did not come again that night, however; but the next +night, as he lay on the selfsame spot, it recurred in all its sweetness; +and night after night it was repeated when the pale moonbeams +fell athwart his sleeping face.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Then, as the full orb poised upon the peak,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There came a lovely vision of a maid,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who seemed to step as from a golden car<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Out of the low-hung moon.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Diana, fully as enamored as he, could not bear to pass him +by without a caress, and invariably left her car for a moment, as +it touched the mountain peak, to run to him and snatch a hasty +kiss.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Chaste Artemis, who guides the lunar car,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The pale nocturnal vigils ever keeping,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sped through the silent space from star to star,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And, blushing, stooped to kiss Endymion sleeping.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Boyesen.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>But, even when asleep, Endymion watched for her coming, +and enjoyed the bliss of her presence; yet a spell seemed to prevent +his giving any sign of consciousness.</p> + +<p>Time passed thus. Diana, who could not bear to think of the +youth’s beauty being marred by want, toil, and exposure, finally +caused an eternal sleep to fall upon him, and bore him off to +Mount Latmus, where she concealed him in a cave held sacred +to her, and never profaned by human gaze. There each night +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>98]</a></span> +the goddess paused to gaze enraptured upon his beloved countenance, +and to press a soft kiss upon his unconscious lips. Such +is the tale of Diana and her lowly sweetheart, which has inspired +poets of all ages.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Queen of the wide air; thou most lovely queen<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of all the brightness that mine eyes have seen!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As thou exceedest all things in thy shrine,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So every tale, does this sweet tale of thine.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Orion.</div> + +<p>Endymion was not, however, the only mortal loved by Diana, +for mythologists report that her affections were also bestowed +upon a young hunter by the name of Orion. All +day long this youth scoured the forest, his faithful +dog Sirius at his heels.</p> + +<p>One day, in the dense shade of the forest, he met a group of +Diana’s nymphs, the seven Pleiades, daughters of Atlas. These +fair maidens needed but to be seen to be passionately loved, and +Orion’s heart burned as he sought to approach them; but they +were very coy, and, as he drew near and addressed them, turned +and fled.</p> + +<p>Afraid lest he should never see them again were he now to +lose sight of them, he pursued them hotly; but the nymphs sped +on, until, their strength failing, they called upon their patroness’s +aid. Their prayer was no sooner heard than answered, and +Orion, panting and weary, came up just in time to see seven +snow-white pigeons wing their way up into the azure sky.</p> + +<p>There a second transformation overtook the Pleiades, who +were changed into a constellation, composed of seven bright +stars, and there they shone undimmed for ages; but when Troy +fell into the enemy’s hands, all grew pale with grief, and one, +more timid and impressionable than the rest, withdrew from +sight to hide her anguish from the curious eyes of men.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“And is there glory from the heavens departed?—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">O void unmark’d!—thy sisters of the sky<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Still hold their place on high,<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>99]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Though from its rank thine orb so long hath started<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Thou, that no more art seen of mortal eye!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Hemans.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Orion, like a fickle youth, was soon consoled for their disappearance, +and loved Merope, daughter of Œnopion, King of +Chios, who consented to their union on condition that his future +son-in-law should win his bride by some heroic deed. Now, as +Orion was anything but a patient man, the delay was very unwelcome +indeed, and he made up his mind to abduct his bride +instead of marrying her openly; but the plan was frustrated by +Œnopion’s watchfulness, and Orion was punished by the loss +not only of his bride, but also of his eyesight.</p> + +<p>Blind, helpless, and alone, he now wandered from place to +place, hoping to find some one capable of restoring his sight. At +last he reached the Cyclopes’ cave, and one of them took pity +on him, and led him to the Sun, from whose radiance he borrowed +a store of light,—</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“When, blinded by Œnopion,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He sought the blacksmith at his forge,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And, climbing up the mountain gorge,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fixed his blank eyes upon the sun.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Longfellow.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Happy once more, he resumed his favorite sport, and hunted +from morn till eve. Diana met him in the forest, and, sharing +his tastes, soon learned to love him; but this affection was +viewed with great displeasure by Apollo, from whose piercing +glance nothing that occurred by day could be hidden, and he +resolved to put an end to his sister’s infatuation. He therefore +summoned her to his side. To divert her suspicions, he began +to talk of archery, and, under the pretext of testing her skill as a +markswoman, bade her shoot at a dark speck rising and falling +far out at sea.</p> + +<p>Diana seized her bow, feathered her arrow, and sent it with +such force and accurate aim, that she touched the point, and +saw it vanish beneath the waves, little suspecting that the dark +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>100]</a></span> +head of Orion, who was refreshing himself by a sea bath, +was given her as a target. When she discovered her error, she +mourned his loss with many tears, vowed never to forget him, +and placed him and his faithful dog Sirius as constellations in +the sky.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Actæon.</div> + +<p>When Diana had finished her nightly journey in her moon +car, she seized her bow and arrows, and, attended +by her nymphs, was wont to sally forth to hunt +the wild beasts in the forest.</p> + +<p>One summer afternoon, after an unusually long and exciting +pursuit, Diana and her followers came to one of the still mountain +pools where they had often resorted to enjoy a plunge. +The cool waters rippled so invitingly, that the goddess and her +attendants hastened to divest themselves of their short hunting +garments, and lave their heated limbs.</p> + +<p>But unfortunately the goddess and her attendant nymphs had +not been the only ones out hunting that day. Actæon, the +huntsman, had risen at dawn to stalk the deer; and now, weary +and parched with thirst, he too sought the well-known mountain +spring,</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Deep in the cool recesses of the wood,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where the cold crystal of a mossy pool<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Rose to the flowery marge, and gave again<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The soft green lawn where ofttimes, overspent,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I lay upon the grass and eager bathed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My limbs in the clear lymph.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>As he drew near the accustomed spot, Actæon fancied he +heard bursts of silvery laughter: so he crept on very cautiously, +and soon, gently parting the thick branches of the underbrush, +beheld the sporting group.</p> + +<p>At the selfsame moment Diana turned to ascertain the cause +of the rustle which had caught her practiced ear, and met the +admiring gaze of the astonished young hunter. Speechless with +indignation that a mortal had beheld her thus, she caught some +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>101]</a></span> +water in her hollow palm, flung it in his face, and bade him go +and declare, if he could, that he had seen Diana disrobed.</p> + +<p>The glittering drops had no sooner touched the young man’s +face, than he turned to obey her command, and found himself +transformed into a stag, with slender, sinewy limbs, furry skin, +and wide-branching antlers. Nothing remained of his former +self except the woeful consciousness of his transformation; and as +he stood there, motionless and dismayed, the distant baying of +his hounds coming to join him fell upon his ear.</p> + +<p>An electric thrill of fear shot through every vein, as, mindful +of his new form, he bounded away through the forest. Alas! +too late; for the pack had caught one glimpse of his sleek sides, +and were after him in full cry.</p> + +<p>In vain poor Actæon strained every muscle. His limbs refused +their support, and, as he sank exhausted to the ground, the +hounds sprang at his quivering throat.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Nearer they came and nearer, baying loud,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With bloodshot eyes and red jaws dripping foam;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And when I strove to check their savagery,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Speaking with words, no voice articulate came,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Only a dumb, low bleat. Then all the throng<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Leapt swift on me, and tore me as I lay!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Diana was widely worshiped, and temples without number +were dedicated to her service; among others, the world-renowned +sanctuary of Ephesus. The ancients also celebrated +many festivals in honor of this fair goddess of the moon, who +was ever ready to extend her protection over all deserving +mortals.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>102]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 398px;"> +<a name="venus" id="venus"></a> +<img src="images/mgr23.jpg" width="398" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">VENUS DE MILO. (Louvre, Paris.)</p> +</div> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>103]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER VII.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">VENUS.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Venus’ +birth.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Venus</span> (Dione, Aphrodite, Cytherea), the goddess of beauty, +love, laughter, and marriage, is said by some +mythologists to be the daughter of Jupiter and +Dione, goddess of moisture: others report that she sprang from +the foam of the sea.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">“Look, look, why shine<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Those floating bubbles with such light divine?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They break, and from their mist a lily form<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Rises from out the wave, in beauty warm.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The wave is by the blue-veined feet scarce press’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her silky ringlets float about her breast,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Veiling its fairy loveliness; while her eye<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Is soft and deep as the blue heaven is high.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The Beautiful is born; and sea and earth<br /></span> +<span class="i0">May well revere the hour of that mysterious birth.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Shelley.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The ocean nymphs were the first to discover her, cradled on a +great blue wave; and they carried her down into their coral +caves, where they tenderly nursed her, and taught her with the +utmost care. Then, her education being completed, the sea +nymphs judged it time to introduce her to the other gods, and, +with that purpose in view, carried her up to the surface of the +sea,—where Tritons, Oceanides, and Nereides all crowded around +her, loudly expressing their ardent admiration,—and offered her +pearls and choice bits of coral from the deep, as a tribute to her +charms.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>104]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 408px;"> +<a name="hour" id="hour"></a> +<img src="images/mgr24.jpg" width="408" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">FOURTH HOUR OF THE NIGHT.—Raphael.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>105]</a></span> +Then they pillowed her softly on a great wave, and intrusted +her to the care of Zephyrus, the soft south wind, who blew a +gentle breath, and wafted her to the Island of Cyprus.</p> + +<p>The four beautiful Horæ (the Seasons), daughters of Jupiter +and Themis, goddess of justice, stood there on the shore to welcome +her.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i5">“An ethereal band<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Are visible above: the Seasons four,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Green-kirtled Spring, flush Summer, golden store<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In Autumn’s sickle, Winter frosty hoar.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>And they were not alone to watch for her coming, for the +three Charites (Graces, or Gratiæ) were also present.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘These three on men all gracious gifts bestow,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which decke the body or adorne the mynde,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To make them lovely or well-favoured show;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As comely carriage, entertainement kynde,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sweete semblaunt, friendly offices that bynde,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And all the complements of curtesie:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They teach us how to each degree and kynde<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We should our selves demeane, to low, to hie,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To friends, to foes; which skill men call Civility.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Spenser.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome, these maidens, who bore +the respective names of Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, longed +to show their love for their new mistress. When the wave upon +which she reclined came nearer still, the “rosy-bosomed Hours, +fair Venus’ train,” appeared. The wind finally brought the fair +goddess in safety to the shore; and, as soon as her foot touched +the white sand, all bent in homage to her surpassing beauty, and +reverentially watched her dry her hair.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Idalian Aphrodite beautiful,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fresh as the foam, new-bathed in Paphian wells,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With rosy slender fingers backward drew<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From her warm brows and bosom her deep hair<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>106]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Ambrosial, golden round her lucid throat<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And shoulder: from the violets her light foot<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shone rosy-white, and o’er her rounded form<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Between the shadows of the vine bunches<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Floated the glowing sunlights, as she moved.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This hasty and somewhat primitive toilet completed, Venus +and her followers set out for Mount Olympus, and on their way +thither were joined by Himerus, god of the desire of love; +Pothos, god of the amities of love; Suadela, god of the soft +speech of love; and Hymen, god of marriage.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Venus and +Vulcan.</div> + +<p>A throne had been prepared for the expected goddess, and, +when she suddenly appeared to take possession of it, the assembled +gods could not restrain a rapturous murmur +of admiration. Her beauty took them by storm, +and her grace won their hearts; but, although they one and all +expressed a desire to marry her, Venus scornfully rejected their +proposals. Even the king of gods was slighted, and, to punish +her for her pride, he decreed she should marry Vulcan, god of +the forge, the most ill-favored of all the heavenly council.</p> + +<p>This compulsory union was anything but a happy one; for +Venus never showed any affection for her deformed consort, +and, instead of being a faithful wife, soon deserted him, and +openly declared she would please herself.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Alectryon.</div> + +<p>Her first fancy was for Mars, the handsome god of war, who +was not slow in reciprocating the fair goddess’s affections, and +many and sweet were the secret interviews they +enjoyed. Yet, fearful lest some of the gods passing +by should discover them together, Mars always placed his +attendant Alectryon on guard, bidding him give due warning of +any one’s approach, and especially to call him before the sun +rose, as the lovers were particularly anxious that Apollo should +not witness their parting caresses.</p> + +<p>All prospered according to their desires, until one night the +unfortunate Alectryon fell asleep; and so profound were his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>107]</a></span> +slumbers, that he did not even stir when Aurora flung open the +gates of the east, and Apollo flashed forth to receive the melodious +greetings of the feathered denizens of the forest.</p> + +<p>The sun god drove rapidly on, glancing right and left, and +taking note of all he saw. Nothing escaped his bright and piercing +eye, as it flashed its beams hither and thither, and he was +soon aware of the sleeping watchman and of the guilty lovers. +As fast as his fleet-footed steeds could carry him, Apollo hastened +to Vulcan, to whom he vividly described the sight which +had greeted his eyes.</p> + +<p>The irate husband lost no time, but, seizing a net of linked +steel, went in search of his runaway wife. Stealthily he approached +the lovers’ bower, and deftly flung the net over both +sleepers, who were caught in its fine meshes, and could not +escape; and there he kept them imprisoned, in spite of their entreaties, +until all the gods had seen their humiliating plight, and +turned them into ridicule. But when he at last set them free, +Mars darted away, vowing vengeance upon the negligent sentinel, +who was still blissfully sleeping. Pouncing upon him, Mars +awakened him roughly, administered a sharp reproof, changed +him into a cock, banished him into the barnyard, and condemned +him to give daily warning of the sun’s approach.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“And, from out a neighboring farmyard,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Loud the cock Alectryon crowed.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Longfellow.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Venus’ +children.</div> + +<p>Several beautiful children were born to Mars and Venus. +Hermione, or Harmonia, their daughter, married Cadmus, King of +Thebes; and Cupid (Cupido, Eros, Amor), their +little son, was appointed god of love. Although +nursed with tender solicitude, this second-born child did not grow +as other children do, but remained a small, rosy, chubby child, +with gauzy wings and roguish, dimpled face. Alarmed for his +health, Venus consulted Themis, who oracularly replied, “Love +cannot grow without Passion.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>108]</a></span> +In vain the goddess strove to catch the concealed meaning of +this answer. It was only revealed to her when Anteros, god of +passion, was born. When with his brother, Cupid grew and +flourished, until he became a handsome, slender youth; but when +separated from him, he invariably resumed his childish form and +mischievous habits.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Venus and +Adonis.</div> + +<p>Venus, however, did not lavish all her love upon Mars, for she +is said to have felt a tender passion for a young man named +Adonis, a bold young hunter, whose rash pursuit +of dangerous game caused Venus many anxious +alarms. In vain she besought him to forego the pleasures of +the chase and remain with her. He laughingly escaped, and continued +to join the other hunters in his favorite sport. But, alas! +one day, after an exciting pursuit, he boldly attacked a wild boar, +which, goaded to madness, turned upon him, buried his strong +tusk in the youth’s unprotected side, and trampled him to death.</p> + +<div class="cpoem29"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“The white tusk of a boar has transpierced his white thigh.<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="space"> </span> * <span class="space"> </span> * <span class="space"> </span> *<br /></span> +<span class="i1">“The youth lieth dead while his dogs howl around,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the nymphs weep aloud from the mists of the hill.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Bion</span> (Mrs. Browning’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Venus ran straight to the scene of his tragic death, rushing +through underbrush and briers, tearing her delicate skin, and her +blood tingeing all the white roses along her way to a faint pink. +When she arrived, she found her beloved Adonis cold in death, +and her passionate caresses met with no response. Then she +burst into such a passion of tears, that the wood and water +nymphs, the gods, men, and all nature in fact, joined with her +to mourn the beloved youth.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“Her loss the Loves deplore:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Woe, Venus, woe! Adonis is no more.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Bion</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="love" id="love"></a> +<img src="images/mgr25.jpg" width="600" height="416" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">SLEEPING LOVE.—Perrault.</p> +</div> + +<p>Very reluctantly Mercury at last appeared to lead the soul of +the departed down into the Infernal Regions, where it was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"><!-- original location of Sleeping Love illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>110]</a></span> +welcomed by Proserpina, queen of the realm, and led to the place +where pure and virtuous mortals enjoyed an eternity of bliss. +Venus, still inconsolable, shed countless tears, which, as they +dropped upon the ground, were changed to anemones, while the +red drops which had fallen from Adonis’ side were transformed +into red roses.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“As many drops as from Adonis bled,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So many tears the sorrowing Venus shed:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For every drop on earth a flower there grows:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Anemones for tears; for blood the rose.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Bion</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>As time did not soften Venus’ grief, but, on the contrary, +made it more and more unendurable, she went to Olympus, +where she fell at Jupiter’s feet, imploring him to release Adonis +from death’s embrace, or allow her to share his lot in Hades.</p> + +<p>To allow Beauty to desert the earth was not possible, nor +could he resist her pleading: so he finally decreed that Adonis +should be restored to her longing arms. But Pluto, whose subject +he had now become, refused to yield up Adonis; and after +much dispute a compromise was agreed upon, by virtue of which +Adonis was allowed to spend one half of the year on earth, +providing he spent the remaining six months in the Elysian +Fields.</p> + +<p>In early spring, therefore, Adonis left the Lower World, and +came with bounding tread to join his beloved. On his path +the flowers bloomed and the birds sang, to show their joy at his +coming. An emblem of vegetation, which rises from the ground +in early spring to deck the earth with beautiful foliage and flowers, +and cause the birds to sing for gladness, Adonis reluctantly +returned to Hades, when Winter, the cruel boar, slew him again +with his white tusk, and made nature again droop, and mourn +his departure.</p> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“But even in death, so strong is Love,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I could not wholly die; and year by year,<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>111]</a></span> +<span class="i0">When the bright springtime comes, and the earth lives,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Love opens these dread gates, and calls me forth<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Across the gulf.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Venus and +Anchises.</div> + +<p>The Goddess of Beauty also loved Anchises, Prince of Troy, +but, ashamed of lavishing favors upon a mere mortal, extorted +from him a promise that he would never reveal +their secret marriage. Unfortunately, however, +Anchises was of a boastful disposition, and ere long yielded to +temptation and revealed the secret, incurring her wrath to such +an extent, that some mythologists accuse her of borrowing one +of Jupiter’s thunderbolts and slaying him. Others, however, +report that Anchises lived to a ripe old age, and escaped from +burning Troy on his son Æneas’ back. Venus’ love was, however, +all transferred to her son Æneas, whom she signally protected +throughout his checkered career.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of Hero +and Leander.</div> + +<p>Venus’ most ardent admirers and faithful worshipers were the +young people, for she delighted in their youthful +sentiments, and was ever ready to lend a helping +hand to all true lovers when apparently insurmountable obstacles +appeared on their path.</p> + +<p>This was the case with a lovely maiden by the name of Hero, +who was dedicated by her parents to Venus’ service, and, as soon +as old enough, spent all her time in the temple, ministering to the +goddess, or in a lonely tower by the sea, where she dwelt alone +with her aged nurse.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Honey-sweet Hero, of a princely race,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Was priestess to Queen Venus in that place;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And at her father’s tower, by the sea set—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Herself a Queen of Love, though maiden yet—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dwelt.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Edwin Arnold.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The maiden’s beauty increased with her years, until the fame +of her loveliness spread throughout her native city Sestus, and +even passed over the Hellespont and reached Abydus, where +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>112]</a></span> +Leander, the bravest and handsomest youth of the town, was +fired with a desire to view the charming young priestess.</p> + +<p>Just at that time a solemn festival in honor of Venus was to +be celebrated at Sestus, to which all the youths and maidens +were cordially invited. Under pretext of paying homage to the +goddess, Leander entered her temple, and saw the young priestess, +whose charms far surpassed all descriptions.</p> + +<p>Venus, as has already been stated, was always deeply interested +in young lovers; and when she saw these two, so well +matched in beauty and grace, she bade Cupid pierce them with +his love darts, which behest the mischief-loving god immediately +obeyed.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“God Eros, setting notch to string,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wounded two bosoms with one shaft-shooting,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A maiden’s and a youth’s—Leander he,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And lovely Hero, Sestos’ sweetest, she;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">She of her town, and he of his, the boast;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A noble pair!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Edwin Arnold.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>An undying passion was thus simultaneously kindled in both +young hearts; and, thanks to Venus’ assistance, Leander managed +to exchange a few words with Hero, declared his love, implored +her to view his suit kindly, and, above all, to grant him a +private interview, or he would surely die.</p> + +<p>The maiden listened to his pleading with mingled joy and +terror, for she knew her parents would never consent to their +union. Then, afraid lest some one should notice that she was +talking to a stranger, she bade him depart; but he refused to go +until he had learned where she lived, and proposed to swim +across the Hellespont when the shades of night had fallen, and +none could see his goal, and pay her a visit in her lonely tower.</p> + +<div class="cpoem28"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“‘Sweet! for thy love,’ he cried, ‘the sea I’d cleave,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Though foam were fire, and waves with flame did heave,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I fear not billows if they bear to thee;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor tremble at the hissing of the sea!<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>113]</a></span> +<span class="i0">And I will come—oh! let me come—each night,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Swimming the swift flood to my dear delight:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For white Abydos, where I live, doth front<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy city here, across our Hellespont.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Edwin Arnold.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>At last his prayers overcame the maiden’s scruples, and she +arranged to receive him in her sea-girt tower, promising at a +given hour to light a torch and hold it aloft to guide him safely +across the sea. Then only he departed.</p> + +<p>Night came on; darkness stole over the earth; and Leander +impatiently paced the sandy shore, and watched for the promised +signal, which no sooner appeared, than he exultantly plunged into +the dark waves, and parted them with lusty strokes, as he hastened +across the deep to join his beloved. At times the huge billows +towered above his head; but when he had escaped their threatening +depths, and rose up on their foamy crests, he could catch a +glimpse of the torch burning brightly, and pictured to himself +the shy, sweet blushes which would dye Hero’s cheek as he +clasped her to his passionate heart.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Leander had no fear—he cleft the wave—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">What is the peril fond hearts will not brave!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Landon.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Venus, from the top of “many-peaked Olympus,” smilingly +viewed the success of her scheme, and nerved Leander’s arm to +cleave the rapid current. At last he reached the tower steps, and +was lovingly greeted by Hero, whose heart had throbbed with +anxiety at the thought of the perils her lover was braving for the +sake of seeing her once more.</p> + +<p>It was only when the dawn began to whiten the east, that the +lovers finished their interview and parted, he to return to Abydus, +and she to prepare for the daily duties which would soon claim +her attention. But separation by day was all these fond lovers +could endure, and night after night, as soon as the first stars appeared, +Hero lighted her torch, and Leander hastened to her, to +linger by her side till dawn.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>114]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“Thus pass’d the summer shadows in delight:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Leander came as surely as the night,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And when the morning woke upon the sea,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">It saw him not, for back at home was he.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Hunt.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>No one suspected their meetings; and all went well until the +first fierce storms of winter swept down over the Hellespont. +Hero, in the gray dawn of a winter’s morning, besought her lover +not to leave her to battle against the waves, which beat so violently +against the stone tower; but he gently laughed at her fears, +and departed, promising to return at night as usual.</p> + +<p>The storm, which had raged so fiercely already in the early +morning, increased in violence as the day wore on, until the +waves were lashed into foam, while the wind howled more and +more ominously as the darkness came on again; but none of +these signs could deter Leander from visiting Hero.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“There came one night, the wildest of the year,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When the wind smote like edge of hissing spear,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the pale breakers thundered on the beach.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Edwin Arnold.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>All day long Hero had hoped that her lover would renounce +his nightly journey; but still, when evening came, she lighted +her torch to serve as beacon, should he risk all to keep his word. +The wind blew so fiercely, that the torch wavered and flickered, +and nearly went out, although Hero protected its feeble flame +by standing over it with outstretched robes.</p> + +<p>At sight of the wonted signal, Leander, who had already once +been beaten back by the waves, made a second attempt to cross +the strait, calling upon the gods to lend him their aid. But +this time his prayers were unheard, drowned in the fury of the +storm; yet he struggled on a while longer, with Hero’s name on +his lips.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 433px;"> +<a name="hero" id="hero"></a> +<img src="images/mgr26.jpg" width="433" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">HERO AND LEANDER.—Bodenhausen.</p> +</div> + +<p>At last, exhausted and ready to sink, he lifted his eyes once +more to view the cheering light. It was gone, extinguished by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"><!-- original location of Hero and Leander illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>116]</a></span> +a passing gust of wind. Like a stone Leander sank, once, twice, +thrice, and the billows closed forever over his head.</p> + +<p>Hero in the mean while had relighted her torch, and, quite unconscious +of the tragedy which had taken place, stood on the +tower, straining her eyes to pierce the darkness. All night long +she waited and watched for the lover who did not come; and, +when the first sunbeams shone over the tossing sea, she cast an +anxious glance over the waters to Abydus. No one was in +sight as far as she could see. She was about to descend to +pursue her daily tasks, when, glancing at the foot of the tower, +she saw her lover’s corpse heaving up and down on the waves.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“As shaken on his restless pillow,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His head heaves with the heaving billow;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That hand, whose motion is not life,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Yet feebly seems to menace strife,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Flung by the tossing tide on high,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Then level’d with the wave.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Byron.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Hero’s heart broke at this sad sight, and she longed to die, +too, that she might not be parted from Leander. To hasten +their meeting, she threw herself into the sea, and perished in the +waves, close by his side. Thus lived and died the faithful lovers, +whose attachment has passed into a proverb.</p> + +<p>Byron, the celebrated English bard, attempted Leander’s feat +of swimming across the Hellespont, and, on his return from +that dangerous venture, wrote the following lines, which are so +familiar to all English-speaking people:—</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“The winds are high on Helle’s wave,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">As on that night of stormy water<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When Love, who sent, forgot to save<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The young, the beautiful, the brave,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The lonely hope of Sestos’ daughter.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Oh! when alone along the sky<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her turret torch was blazing high,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Though rising gale, and breaking foam,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And shrieking sea-birds warn’d him home;<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>117]</a></span> +<span class="i0">And clouds aloft and tides below,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With signs and sounds, forbade to go,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He could not see, he would not hear,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or sound or sign foreboding fear;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His eye but saw that light of love,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The only star it hail’d above;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His ear but rang with Hero’s song,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">‘Ye waves, divide not lovers long!’<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That tale is old, but love anew<br /></span> +<span class="i0">May nerve young hearts to prove as true.”<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Pyramus +and Thisbe.</div> + +<p>An equally loving and unfortunate pair were Pyramus and +Thisbe. Although no waves divided them, and they had the +good fortune to occupy adjoining houses in Babylon, +their parents having quarreled, they were forbidden +to see or speak to each other. This decree wrung +their tender hearts; and their continuous sighs finally touched +Venus, who prepared to give them her aid. Thanks to this +goddess’s kind offices, a crack was discovered in the party wall, +through which the lovers could peep at each other, converse, +and even, it is said, exchange a kiss or two.</p> + +<p>Sundry stolen interviews through this crack made them long +for uninterrupted and unrestrained meetings: so they made an +appointment to meet on a certain day and hour, under a white +mulberry tree, just without the city gates.</p> + +<p>Thisbe, anxious to see her lover, was the first to reach the +trysting place, and, as she slowly paced back and forth to while +away the time of waiting, she wondered what had happened to +delay Pyramus. Her meditation was suddenly broken by a rustling +sound in some neighboring bushes; and, thinking Pyramus +was concealed there, she was about to call to him that he was +discovered, when, instead of her lover, she saw a lion emerge from +the thicket and come towards her, slowly lashing his sides with +his tail, and licking his bloody jaws. With one terrified shriek +the girl ran away, dropping her veil, which the lion caught in his +bloody mouth and tore to shreds, before beating a retreat into +the forest.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>118]</a></span> +Shortly after, Pyramus came rushing up, out of breath, and +full of loving excuses for Thisbe, who was not there, however, +to receive them. Wondering at her absence, Pyramus looked +around, and after a short investigation discerned the lion’s footprints +and the mangled veil. These signs sufficed to convince +him that Thisbe had perished, and in a fit of despair he drew +his dagger from its sheath and thrust it into his heart.</p> + +<p>A few minutes later, Thisbe cautiously drew near, peering +anxiously about to discover whether the lion were still lurking +near. Her first glance showed her Pyramus stretched dead beneath +the mulberry tree, with her bloody veil pressed convulsively +to his lips. With a cry of terror she flew to his side, and tried +to revive him; but, when assured that all her efforts were in vain, +she drew the dagger from his breast, and, plunging it into her +own bosom, fell beside him quite lifeless.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i5">“In her bosom plunged the sword,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">All warm and reeking from its slaughtered lord.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Eusden’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Since that ominous day the fruit of the mulberry tree, which +had been white, assumed a blood-like hue, dyed by the blood +which flowed from the death wounds of Pyramus and Thisbe.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Echo and +Narcissus.</div> + +<p>The lovely and talkative nymph Echo lived free from care +and whole of heart until she met Narcissus, hunting in the forest. +This frivolous young lady no sooner beheld +the youth, than she fell deeply in love with him, +and was proportionately grieved when she saw that he did not +return her affections.</p> + +<p>All her blandishments were unavailing, and, in her despair at +his hard-heartedness, she implored Venus to punish him by making +him suffer the pangs of unrequited love; then, melancholy +and longing to die, she wandered off into the mountains, far +from the haunts of her former companions, and there, brooding +continually over her sorrow, pined away until there remained +naught of her but her melodious voice.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>119]</a></span> +The gods, displeased at her lack of proper pride, condemned +her to haunt rocks and solitary places, and, as a warning to +other impulsive maidens, to repeat the last sounds which fell +upon her ear.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“But her voice is still living immortal,—<br /></span> +<span class="i1">The same you have frequently heard<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In your rambles in valleys and forests,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Repeating your ultimate word.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Venus alone had not forgotten poor Echo’s last passionate +prayer, and was biding her time to punish the disdainful Narcissus. +One day, after a prolonged chase, he hurried to a lonely +pool to slake his thirst.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“In some delicious ramble, he had found<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A little space, with boughs all woven round;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And in the midst of all, a clearer pool<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Than e’er reflected in its pleasant cool<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The blue sky here, and there, serenely peeping<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Through tendril wreaths fantastically creeping.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Quickly he knelt upon the grass, and bent over the pellucid +waters to take a draught; but he suddenly paused, surprised. +Down near the pebbly bottom he saw a face so passing fair, that +he immediately lost his heart, for he thought it belonged to some +water nymph gazing up at him through the transparent flood.</p> + +<p>With sudden passion he caught at the beautiful apparition; +but, the moment his arms touched the water, the nymph vanished. +Astonished and dismayed, he slowly withdrew to a short distance, +and breathlessly awaited the nymph’s return.</p> + +<p>The agitated waters soon resumed their mirrorlike smoothness; +and Narcissus, approaching noiselessly on tiptoe, and +cautiously peeping into the pool, became aware first of curly, +tumbled locks, and then of a pair of beautiful, watchful, anxious +eyes. Evidently the nymph had just concluded to emerge from +her hiding place to reconnoiter.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>120]</a></span> +More prudent this time, the youth gradually bent further over +the pool; and, reassured by his kindly glances, the nymph’s +whole head appeared. In gentle tones the youth now addressed +her; and her ruby lips parted and moved as if she were answering, +though not a sound came to his ear. In his excitement he +began to gesticulate, whereupon two snowy arms repeated his +every gesture; but when, encouraged by her loving glances and +actions, he tried once more to clasp her in his arms, she vanished +as rapidly as the first time.</p> + +<p>Time and again the same pantomime was enacted, and time +and again the nymph eluded his touch; but the enamored youth +could not tear himself away from the spot haunted by this sweet +image, whose sensitive face reflected his every emotion, and who +grew as pale and wan as he,—evidently, like him, a victim to +love and despair.</p> + +<p>Even the shades of night could not drive Narcissus away +from his post, and, when the pale moonbeams illumined his retreat, +he bent over the pool to ascertain whether she too were +anxious and sleepless, and saw her gazing longingly up at him.</p> + +<p>There Narcissus lingered day and night, without eating or +drinking, until he died, little suspecting that the fancied nymph +was but his own image reflected in the clear waters. Echo was +avenged; but the gods of Olympus gazed compassionately down +upon the beautiful corpse, and changed it into a flower bearing +the youth’s name, which has ever since flourished beside quiet +pools, wherein its pale image is clearly reflected.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">“A lonely flower he spied,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A meek and forlorn flower, with naught of pride,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Drooping its beauty o’er the watery clearness,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To woo its own sad image into nearness:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Deaf to light Zephyrus it would not move;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But still would seem to droop, to pine, to love.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Pygmalion +and +Galatea.</div> + +<p>Pygmalion, King of Cyprus, was a very celebrated sculptor. +All his leisure moments were spent in the faithful portrayal of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>121]</a></span> +gods and goddesses. One day his practiced hand fashioned an +image of Galatea. It was so beautiful that even before it was +entirely finished its author loved it. When completed, +Pygmalion admired it still more, deemed +it too beautiful to remain inanimate, and besought +Venus to give it life, stating that he wished a wife just like it.</p> + +<p>As Pygmalion had always been an obdurate bachelor, and +had frequently declared he would never marry, Venus was delighted +to see him at last a victim of the tender passion, and resolved +to grant his request. Pygmalion clasped the exquisite +image to his breast to infuse some of his own warmth into the +icy bosom, and pressed kiss after kiss upon the chiseled lips, +until at last they grew soft and warm at his touch, and a faint +color flushed the pale cheeks, as a breath dilated her lungs, and +sent her blood coursing along her veins,—</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“As once with prayers in passion flowing,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pygmalion embraced the stone,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till, from the frozen marble glowing,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The light of feeling o’er him shone.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Schiller.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Pygmalion’s delight at seeing his fair image a living and +breathing maiden was unbounded, and after a short but passionate +wooing the object of his affections became his happy wife.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Cupid and +Psyche.</div> + +<p>In those same remote ages of “sweet mythology” there lived +a king whose three daughters were world-renowned on account +of their matchless beauty. Psyche, the youngest +of the sisters, was so lovely, that her father’s subjects +declared her worthy to be called the Goddess of Beauty, and +offered to pay homage to her instead of to Venus. Offended by +this proposal, which Psyche had good sense enough to refuse, +Venus resolved to demonstrate forcibly to that benighted race +that the maiden was mortal. She therefore bade her son Cupid +slay her.</p> + +<p>Armed with his bow and arrows, and provided with a deadly +poison, Cupid set out to do her bidding, and at nightfall reached +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>122]</a></span> +the palace, crept noiselessly past the sleeping guards, along the +deserted halls, and came to Psyche’s apartment, into which he +glided unseen. Stealthily he approached the couch upon which +the fair maiden was sleeping, and bent over her to administer the +poisoned dose.</p> + +<p>A moonbeam falling athwart her face revealed her unequaled +loveliness, and made Cupid start back in surprise; but, as he did +so, one of his own love arrows came into contact with his rosy +flesh, and inflicted a wound, from which he was to suffer for +many a weary day.</p> + +<p>All unconscious of the gravity of his hurt, he hung enraptured +over the sleeping maiden, and let her fair image sink into his +heart; then, noiselessly as he had entered, he stole out again, +vowing he would never harm such innocence and beauty.</p> + +<p>Morning dawned. Venus, who had expected to see the sun +illumine her rival’s corpse, saw her sporting as usual in the palace +gardens, and bitterly realized that her first plan had completely +failed. She therefore began to devise various torments +of a petty kind, and persecuted the poor girl so remorselessly, +that she fled from home with the firm intention of putting an +end to the life she could no longer enjoy in peace.</p> + +<p>To achieve this purpose, Psyche painfully toiled up a rugged +mountain, and, creeping to the very edge of a great precipice, +cast herself down, expecting to be dashed to pieces on the +jagged rocks below; but Cupid, who had indignantly though +helplessly seen all his mother’s persecutions, had followed Psyche +unseen, and, when he perceived her intention to commit suicide, +he called to Zephyrus (the South Wind), and entreated him to +catch the maiden in his strong yet gentle arms, and bear her +off to a distant isle.</p> + +<p>Consequently, instead of a swift, sharp fall and painful death, +Psyche felt herself gently wafted over hill and dale, across sparkling +waters; and, long before she wearied of this new mode of +travel, she was gently laid on a flowery bank, in the midst of an +exquisite garden.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>123]</a></span> +Bewildered, she slowly rose to her feet, rubbed her pretty eyes +to make sure she was not dreaming, and wonderingly strolled +about the beautiful grounds. Ere long she came to an enchanted +palace, whose portals opened wide to receive her, while +gentle voices bade her enter, and invisible hands drew her over +the threshold and waited upon her.</p> + +<p>When night came, and darkness again covered the earth, +Cupid appeared in search of his beloved Psyche. In the perfumed +dusk he confessed his love, and tenderly begged for some +return.</p> + +<p>Now, although the fading light would not permit her to discern +the form or features of her unknown lover, Psyche listened +to his soft tones with unconcealed pleasure, and soon consented +to their union. Cupid then entreated her to make no +attempt to discover his name, or to catch a glimpse of his face, +warning her that if she did so he would be forced to leave her, +never to return.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Dear, I am with thee only while I keep<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My visage hidden; and if thou once shouldst see<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My face, I must forsake thee: the high gods<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Link Love with Faith, and he withdraws himself<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From the full gaze of Knowledge.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Psyche solemnly promised to respect her mysterious lover’s +wishes, and gave herself up entirely to the enjoyment of his company. +All night long they talked; and when the first faint streak +of light appeared above the horizon, Cupid bade Psyche farewell, +promising to return with the welcome shades of night. All +day long Psyche thought of him, longed for him, and, as soon as +the sun had set, sped to the bower where the birds were sleepily +trilling forth their evening song, and breathlessly waited until he +came to join her.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“Now on broad pinions from the realms above<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Descending Cupid seeks the Cyprian grove;<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>124]</a></span> +<span class="i0">To his wide arms enamor’d Psyche springs,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And clasps her lover with aurelian wings.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A purple sash across His shoulder bends,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And fringed with gold the quiver’d shafts suspends.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Darwin.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Although the hours of day seemed interminable, spent as they +were in complete solitude, Psyche found the hours of night all +too short in the sweet society of Love. Her every wish was +gratified almost as soon as expressed; and at last, encouraged +by her lover’s evident anxiety to please her, she gave utterance +to her longing to see and converse with her sisters once more. +The ardent lover could not refuse to grant this request, yet +Psyche noticed that his consent seemed somewhat hesitating and +reluctant.</p> + +<p>The next morning, while enjoying a solitary stroll, Psyche suddenly +encountered her two sisters. After rapturous embraces +and an incoherent volley of questions and answers, they settled +down to enjoy a long talk. Psyche related her desperate attempt +at suicide, her miraculous preservation from certain death, +her aërial journey, her entrance into the enchanted palace, her +love for her mysterious nightly visitor,—all, in short, that had +happened since she had left her father’s home.</p> + +<p>Now, the elder sisters had always been jealous of Psyche’s +superior beauty; and when they saw her luxurious surroundings, +and heard her raptures about her lover, they were envious, and +resolved to mar the happiness which they could not enjoy. +They therefore did all in their power to convince poor Psyche +that her lover must be some monster, so hideous that he dare not +brave the broad light of day, lest he should make her loathe him, +and further added, that, if she were not very careful, he would +probably end by devouring her.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 427px;"> +<a name="cupid" id="cupid"></a> +<img src="images/mgr27.jpg" width="427" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">CUPID AWAKENING PSYCHE.—Thumann.</p> +</div> + +<p>They thereupon advised poor troubled Psyche to conceal a +lamp and dagger in her lover’s apartment, and to gaze upon him +in secret, when his eyes were closed in sleep. If the light of the +lamp revealed, as they felt sure it would, the hideous +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"><!-- original location of Cupid Awakening Psyche illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>126]</a></span> +countenance and distorted form of a monster, they bade her use the +dagger to kill him. Then, satisfied with their work, the sisters +departed, leaving Psyche alone to carry out their evil suggestions.</p> + +<p>When safe at home once more, the sisters constantly brooded +over the tale Psyche had poured into their ears, and, hoping to +secure as luxurious a home and as fascinating a lover, they each +hurried off in secret to the mountain gorge, cast themselves over +the precipice, and—perished.</p> + +<p>Night having come, bringing the usually so welcome Cupid, +Psyche, tortured with doubt, could with difficulty conceal her +agitation. After repeated efforts to charm her from her silent +mood, Cupid fell asleep; and, as soon as his regular breathing proclaimed +him lost in slumber, Psyche noiselessly lighted her lamp, +seized her dagger, and, approaching the couch with great caution, +bent over her sleeping lover. The lamp, which she held high +above her head, cast its light full upon the face and form of a +handsome youth.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Now trembling, now distracted; bold,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And now irresolute she seems;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The blue lamp glimmers in her hold,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And in her hand the dagger gleams.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Prepared to strike, she verges near,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then, the blue light glimmering from above,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The hideous sight expects with fear—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And gazes on the god of Love.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Apollonius.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Psyche’s heart beat loudly with joy and pride as she beheld, +instead of the monster, this graceful youth; and as she hung over +him, enraptured, she forgot all caution. An inadvertent motion +tipped her lamp, and one drop of burning oil, running over the +narrow brim, fell upon Cupid’s naked shoulder.</p> + +<p>The sudden pain made him open his eyes with a start. The +lighted lamp, the glittering dagger, the trembling Psyche, told +the whole story. Cupid sprang from the couch, seized his bow +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>127]</a></span> +and arrows, and, with a last sorrowful, reproachful glance at +Psyche, flew away through the open window, exclaiming,—</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Farewell! There is no Love except with Faith,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And thine is dead! Farewell! I come no more!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Psyche +forsaken.</div> + +<p>When he had vanished into the dusky air without, the balmy +night winds ceased to blow; and suddenly a tempest began to +rage with such fury, that poor frightened Psyche +dared not remain alone in the palace, but hastened +out into the gardens, where she soon lost consciousness of her +misery in a deep swoon. When she opened her eyes once more, +the storm had ceased, the sun was high in the heavens, and +palace and gardens had vanished.</p> + +<p>Poor Psyche lingered there the following and many succeeding +nights, vainly hoping for Cupid’s return, and shedding many bitter +tears of repentance. Finally she resolved to commit suicide, +and, with that purpose in view, plunged into a neighboring river; +but the god of the stream caught and carried her ashore, where +his daughters, the water nymphs, restored her to life. Thus +forced to live, Psyche wandered about disconsolate, seeking +Cupid, and questioning all she met, the nymphs, Pan, and Ceres, +who compassionately listened to her confession of love for her +husband.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Not as the earthly loves which throb and flush<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Round earthly shrines was mine, but a pure spirit,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lovelier than all embodied love, more pure<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And wonderful; but never on his eyes<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I looked, which still were hidden, and I knew not<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The fashion of his nature; for by night,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When visual eyes are blind, but the soul sees,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Came he, and bade me seek not to inquire<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or whence he came or wherefore. Nor knew I<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His name. And always ere the coming day,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As if he were the Sun god, lingering<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With some too well loved maiden, he would rise<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And vanish until eve.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>128]</a></span> +Ceres had often seen Cupid, and had heard that very morning +that he was having a wound in his shoulder dressed by +Venus: so she advised Psyche to go to the Goddess of Beauty, to +enter her service, and to perform every task with cheerful alacrity, +knowing that such a course would ultimately bring about a +meeting and reconciliation between the lovers.</p> + +<p>Psyche gratefully accepted and followed Ceres’ advice, and +labored early and late to satisfy her exacting mistress, who appointed +such difficult tasks, that the poor girl would never have +been able to accomplish them had she not been aided by all the +beasts and insects, who loved her dearly.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Psyche’s +journey to +Hades.</div> + +<p>Venus repeatedly tested her fidelity and endurance, and finally +resolved, as a crucial experiment, to send her to Hades to fetch +a box of beauty ointment, for which Proserpina +alone had the recipe. Directed by Zephyrus, her +old friend, Psyche encountered the terrors of Hades +in safety, delivered her message, and in return received a small +box. The gates of Hades were closed behind her, and she had +nearly finished her last task, when she suddenly fancied that it +would be wise to appropriate a little of the magic preparation to +efface the traces of sleepless nights and many tears.</p> + +<p>The box, however, contained naught but the spirit of Sleep, +who, pouncing upon Psyche, laid her low by the roadside. +Cupid, passing by, saw her there, marked the ravages of grief, +remembered his love and her suffering, and, wrestling with the +spirit, forced him to reënter the narrow bounds of his prison, +and woke Psyche with a loving kiss.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“‘Dear, unclose thine eyes.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thou mayst look on me now. I go no more,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But am thine own forever.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="charon" id="charon"></a> +<img src="images/mgr28.jpg" width="600" height="395" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">CHARON AND PSYCHE.—Neide.</p> +</div> + +<p>Then, hand in hand, they winged their flight to Olympus, +entered the council hall; and there Cupid presented Psyche, his +chosen bride, to the assembled deities, who all promised to be +present at the nuptial ceremony. Venus even, forgetting all her +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129"><!-- original location of Charon and Psyche illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>130]</a></span> +former envy, welcomed the blushing bride, who was happy ever +after.</p> + +<p>The ancients, for whom Cupid was an emblem of the heart, +considered Psyche the personification of the soul, and represented +her with butterfly wings; that little insect being another +symbol of the soul, which cannot die.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Berenice’s +Hair.</div> + +<p>One of the latest myths concerning Venus is that of Berenice, +who, fearing for her beloved husband’s life, implored the goddess +to protect him in battle, vowing to sacrifice her +luxuriant hair if he returned home in safety. The +prayer was granted, and Berenice’s beautiful locks laid upon +Venus’ shrine, whence they, however, very mysteriously disappeared. +An astrologer, consulted concerning the supposed theft, +solemnly pointed to a comet rapidly coming into view, and declared +that the gods had placed Berenice’s hair among the stars, +there to shine forever in memory of her wifely sacrifice.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Worship of +Venus.</div> + +<p>Venus, goddess of beauty, is represented either entirely naked, +or with some scanty drapery called a “cestus.” Seated in her +chariot, formed of a single pearl shell, and drawn +by snow-white doves, her favorite birds, she journeyed +from shrine to shrine, complacently admiring the lavish +decorations of jewels and flowers her worshipers provided. The +offerings of young lovers were ever those which found most favor +in her sight.</p> + +<div class="cpoem17"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Venus loves the whispers<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Of plighted youth and maid,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In April’s ivory moonlight<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Beneath the chestnut shade.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Macaulay.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Numerous ancient and some modern statues of this goddess +grace the various art galleries, but among them all the most +perfect is the world-renowned Venus de Milo.</p> + +<p>Venus’ festivals were always scenes of graceful amusements; +and her votaries wore wreaths of fresh, fragrant flowers, the +emblem of all natural beauty.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>131]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER VIII.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">MERCURY.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Birth of +Mercury.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">As</span> already repeatedly stated in the course of this work, Jupiter +was never a strictly faithful spouse, and, in spite of his wife’s +remonstrances, could not refrain from indulging +his caprice for every pretty face he met along +his way. It is thus, therefore, that he yielded to the charms +of Maia, goddess of the plains, and spent some blissful hours in +her society. This divine couple’s happiness culminated when +they first beheld their little son, Mercury (Hermes, Psychopompus, +Oneicopompus), who was born in a grotto on Mount +Cyllene, in Arcadia,—</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i5">“Mercury, whom Maia bore,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sweet Maia, on Cyllene’s hoary top.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Cowper’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This infant god was quite unlike mortal children, as will +readily be perceived by the numerous pranks he played immediately +after his birth. First he sprang from his mother’s knee, +grasped a tortoise shell lying on the ground, bored holes in its +sides, stretched strings across its concavity, and, sweeping his +hands over them, produced strains of sweetest music, thus inventing +the first lyre.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“So there it lay, through wet and dry,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As empty as the last new sonnet,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till by and by came Mercury,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And, having mused upon it,<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>132]</a></span> +<span class="i0">‘Why here,’ cried he, ‘the thing of things<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In shape, material, and dimension!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Give it but strings, and, lo, it sings,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A wonderful invention.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lowell.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Mercury’s +theft.</div> + +<p>Being very hungry toward evening, young Mercury escaped +from his sleeping mother, and sallied out in search of food. He +had not gone very far, before he came to a wide +meadow, where Apollo’s herds were at pasture. +The oxen were fat and sleek; and the mischievous little god, after +satisfying himself that they were young, and therefore promised +to be tender and juicy, drove fifty of them off to a secluded spot, +taking good care to envelop their feet in leafy branches, so they +would leave no traces. Then, his hiding place being reached +in safety, Mercury coolly killed two of the oxen, which he proceeded +to eat.</p> + +<p>Apollo soon missed his cattle, and began to search for some +clew to their hiding place or to the thief. He could, however, +discover nothing but some broken twigs and scattered leaves. +Suddenly he remembered that the babe whose birth had been +announced early that morning in high Olympus had been appointed +god of thieves. He therefore lost no more time in useless +search and conjecture, but strode off to Mount Cyllene, +where he found Mercury peacefully sleeping in his cradle. With +a rude shake, the sun god roused him from his slumbers, and +bade him restore the stolen cattle. Mercury pretended innocence, +until Apollo, exasperated, dragged him off to Olympus, +where he was convicted of the theft, and condemned to restore +the stolen property. Mercury yielded to the decree, produced +the remaining oxen, and, in exchange for the two missing, gave +Apollo the lyre he had just fashioned.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 367px;"> +<a name="mercury" id="mercury"></a> +<img src="images/mgr29.jpg" width="367" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">FLYING MERCURY.—Bologna. (National Museum, Florence.)</p> +</div> + +<p>This, like most other myths, admits of a natural explanation. +Apollo (the Sun) was supposed by the ancients to possess great +herds of cattle and sheep,—the clouds; and Mercury, the personification +of the wind, born in the night, after a few hours’ +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"><!-- original location of Flying Mercury illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>134]</a></span> +existence waxes sufficiently strong to drive away the clouds and +conceal them, leaving no trace of his passage except a few +broken branches and scattered leaves.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Mercury’s +wand, cap, +and shoes.</div> + +<p>The gift of the lyre pleased Apollo so well, that he in return +wished to make a present to Mercury, and gave him a magic +wand, called Caduceus, which had the power of +reconciling all conflicting elements. Mercury, anxious +to test it, thrust it between two quarreling +snakes, who immediately wound themselves in amity around it. +This so pleased him, that he bade them remain there forever, and +used the wand on all occasions.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“A snake-encircl’d wand;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By classic authors term’d Caduceus<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And highly fam’d for several uses.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Goldsmith.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Mercury was in due time appointed messenger of the gods, +who, to make him fleet of foot, presented him with winged sandals, +the Talaria, which endowed him with marvelous rapidity of +motion. As these sandals did not seem quite sufficient, however, +the gods added the winged cap, Petasus, to the winged shoes.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Foot-feather’d Mercury appear’d sublime<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Beyond the tall tree tops; and in less time<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Than shoots the slanted hail-storm, down he dropt<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Towards the ground; but rested not, nor stopt<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One moment from his home; only the sward<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He with his wand light touch’d, and heavenward<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Swifter than sight was gone.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Mercury was not only the messenger of the gods, but was also +appointed god of eloquence, commerce, rain, wind, and the special +patron of travelers, shepherds, cheats, and thieves.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of Io.</div> + +<p>Jupiter often intrusted to Mercury messages of a delicate +nature, and always found him an invaluable ally; +but the faithful messenger was never so much +needed or so deeply appreciated as during Jupiter’s courtship +of Io, the peerless daughter of the river god Inachus.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>135]</a></span> +To avoid Juno’s recriminations, Jupiter had carried on this +affair with even more than his usual secrecy, visiting his beloved +only when quite certain that his wife was asleep, and taking the +further precaution of spreading a cloud over the spot where he +generally met her, to shield her from all chance of being seen +from Olympus.</p> + +<p>One fine afternoon, all conditions being favorable, Jupiter hastened +down to earth to see Io, and began to stroll with her up +and down the river edge. They heeded not the noonday heat, +for the cloud over their heads screened them from the sun’s too +ardent rays.</p> + +<p>From some cause Juno’s slumbers were less protracted than +usual, and she soon arose from her couch to look about her +realm, the atmosphere, and convince herself that all was well. +Her attention was soon attracted by an opaque, immovable +cloud near the earth,—a cloud which had no business there, +for had she not bidden them all lie still on the blue until she +awoke? Her suspicions being aroused by the presence of this +cloud, she sought her husband in Olympus, and, not finding him, +flew down to earth, brushing the cloud aside in her haste.</p> + +<p>Jupiter, thus warned of her coming, had but time to change +the maiden beside him into a heifer, ere his wife alighted and +inquired what he was doing there. Carelessly the god pointed +to the heifer, and declared he had been whiling away the time +by creating it; but the explanation failed to satisfy Juno, who, +seeing no other living creature near, suspected that her spouse +had been engaged in a clandestine flirtation, and had screened +its fair object from her wrath only by a sudden transformation.</p> + +<p>Dissimulating these suspicions with care, Juno begged her husband +to give her his new creation, which request he could not refuse, +but granted most reluctantly, thus adding further confirmation +to her jealous fears. The Queen of Heaven then departed, +taking Io with her, and placed her under the surveillance of Argus, +one of her servants, who possessed myriad eyes, but one half of +which he closed at a time.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>136]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“The eyes of Argus, sentinel of Heaven:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Those thousand eyes that watch alternate kept,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor all o’er all his body waked or slept.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Statius</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Argus’ watch.</div> + +<p>She bade him watch the heifer closely, and report anything +unusual in its actions. One day, therefore, as he was watching +his charge pasture by the river, Argus heard her +relate to her father, Inachus, the story of her transformation, +and immediately imparted his discovery to Juno, who, +advising still closer watchfulness, sent him back to his post.</p> + +<p>Jupiter, in the mean while, was in despair; for days had passed +without his being able to exchange a word with Io, or deliver +her from her imprisonment. Finally he called Mercury to his +aid, and bade him devise some plan to rescue her. Armed with +a handful of poppies, Mercury approached Argus, and offered +to while away the time by telling him tales.</p> + +<p>As Mercury was the prince of story-tellers, this offer was not +to be despised, and Argus joyfully accepted; but instead of +exerting himself to be entertaining, Mercury droned out such +lengthy, uninteresting stories, that Argus soon closed half his eyes +in profound sleep. Still talking in the same monotonous way, +Mercury softly shook the poppies over the giant’s head, until one +by one the remaining eyelids closed, and Argus was wrapped in +complete slumber.</p> + +<p>Then Mercury seized the giant’s sword, and with one well-directed +blow severed his head from the huge trunk. Only one +half of the task was successfully accomplished; and while Mercury +was driving the heifer away, Juno discovered his attempt, +and promptly sent an enormous gadfly to torment the poor +beast, who, goaded to madness by its cruel stings, fled wildly +from one country to another, forded streams, and finally plunged +into the sea, since called Ionian. After swimming across it, +she took refuge in Egypt, where Jupiter restored her to all her +girlish loveliness, and where her son Epaphus was born, to be +the first king and the founder of Memphis.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>137]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“In coming time that hollow of the sea<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shall bear the name Ionian, and present<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A monument of Io’s passage through,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Unto all mortals.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">E. B. Browning.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Juno mourned the loss of her faithful Argus most bitterly, and, +gathering up his myriad eyes, scattered them over the tail of +her favorite bird, the peacock, to have some memento of her +faithful servant ever near her.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“From Argus slain a painted peacock grew,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fluttering his feathers stain’d with various hue.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Moschus.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This story also is an allegory. Io personifies the moon, restlessly +wandering from place to place; Argus, the heavens, whose +starry eyes keep ceaseless watch over the moon’s every movement; +Mercury is the rain, whose advent blots out the stars one +by one, thus killing Argus, who else was never known to close +all his eyes at once.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Mercury’s +offices and +worship.</div> + +<p>To Mercury was intrusted the charge of conducting the +souls of the departed to Hades, and when occupied +in this way he bore the name of Psychopompus, +while, when addressed as conductor of Dreams, he was +Oneicopompus.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Gently as a kiss came Death to sever<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From spirit flesh, and to the realm of gloom<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The pallid shades with fearless brow descended<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To Hades, by the winged god attended.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Boyesen.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>He was one of the twelve principal gods of Olympus, and +was widely worshiped. Temples, altars, and shrines were dedicated +to his service throughout the ancient countries. His statues +were considered sacred boundary marks, and their removal punished +by death. Solemn annual festivals were held in Rome in +Mercury’s honor in the month of May, and from him received +their name of Mercuralia.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>138]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER IX.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">MARS.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Mars’ +character.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mars</span> (Ares), son of Jupiter and Juno, was the god of war, the +personification of the angry clouded sky, and, although but little +worshiped in Greece, was one of the principal +Roman divinities. He is said to have first seen +the light in Thrace, a country noted for its fierce storms and +war-loving people.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Infant Mars, where Thracia’s mountains rose,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Press’d with his hardy limbs th’ incrusted snows.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Statius</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Never sated with strife and bloodshed, this god preferred the +din of battle to all other music, and found no occupation so +congenial as the toils and dangers of war. No gentle deeds of +kindness were ever expected from him; no loving prayers were +ever addressed to him; and the ancients felt no love for him, +but, on the contrary, shuddered with terror when his name was +mentioned.</p> + +<p>Mars was generally represented in a brilliant suit of armor, a +plumed helmet on his proud young head, a poised spear in one +muscular hand, and a finely wrought shield in the other, showing +him ever ready to cope with a foe.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Mars’ +attendants.</div> + +<p>His attendants, or some say his children, sympathized heartily +with his quarrelsome tastes, and delighted in following +his lead. They were Eris (Discord), Phobos +(Alarm), Metus (Fear), Demios (Dread), and Pallor (Terror).</p> + +<p>Bellona, or Enyo, goddess of war, also accompanied him, drove +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>139]</a></span> +his chariot, parried dangerous thrusts, and watched over his +general safety. Mars and Bellona were therefore worshiped +together in the selfsame temple, and their altars were the only +ones ever polluted by human sacrifices.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“And to the fire-ey’d maid of smoky war,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">All hot and bleeding, will we offer them:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The mailed Mars shall on his altar sit,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Up to the ears in blood.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Shakespeare.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of Otus +and Ephialtes.</div> + +<p>As strife was his favorite element, Mars was very active indeed +during the war between the gods and giants, but in his martial +ardor he frequently forgot all caution. On one +occasion he was obliged to surrender to Otus and +Ephialtes,—two giants, who, though but nine years of age, were +already of immense stature, since they increased in height at the +rate of nine inches each month.</p> + +<p>Proud of their victory over the God of War, these giants bore +him off in triumph, and bound him fast with iron chains slipped +through iron rings. Day and night they kept watch over him; +and even when they slept, the rattle of the chains, whenever any +one of the gods attempted to set him free, woke them up, and +frustrated all efforts to deliver him. During fifteen weary +months poor Mars lingered there in durance vile, until Mercury, +the prince of thieves, noiselessly and deftly slipped the chains out +of the rings, and restored him to freedom.</p> + +<p>In revenge for the cruel treatment inflicted by Otus and Ephialtes, +Mars prevailed upon Apollo and Diana to use their poisoned +arrows, and thus rid the world of these two ugly and useless giants.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Areopagus.</div> + +<p>Of a fiery disposition, Mars was never inclined to forgive an +injury; and when Halirrhothius, Neptune’s son, dared to carry off +his daughter Alcippe, Mars hotly pursued the abductor, +and promptly slew him. Neptune, angry at +this act of summary justice, cited the God of War to appear +before a tribunal held in the open air, on a hill near the newly +founded city of Athens.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>140]</a></span> +It was then customary for such cases to be tried at night, in +utter darkness, so that the judges might not be influenced by the +personal appearance of either plaintiff or defendant; and no +rhetoric of any kind was allowed, that their minds might remain +quite unbiased. Mars appeared before the judges, simply stated +his case, and was acquitted. Since then the hill upon which his +trial took place has been called the Areopagus (Ares’ Hill) or +Mars’ Hill, and the judges of the principal court of justice at +Athens received the name of Areopagitæ.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Mars’ +children.</div> + +<p>Although such a partisan of strife, Mars was not impervious +to softer emotions, and passionately returned the devotion of Venus, +who bore him three beautiful children,—Harmonia, +Cupid, and Anteros. Mars also fell in love +with a beautiful young Vestal named Ilia, a descendant of Æneas, +who, in spite of the solemn pledge not to listen to a lover’s pleadings +until her time of service at the goddess Vesta’s altar was +accomplished, yielded to Mars’ impetuous wooing, and consented +to a clandestine union.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Romulus and +Remus.</div> + +<p>Although secretly married, Ilia continued to dwell in the +temple until the birth of her twin sons Romulus and Remus. +Her parents, hearing she had broken her vows, commanded +that she should suffer the prescribed punishment +of being buried alive, and that the children should be exposed +to the teeth and claws of the wild beasts of the forest. +The double sentence was ruthlessly carried out, and the young +mother perished; but, contrary to all previsions, the babes survived, +and, after having been suckled for a time by a she-wolf, +were found and adopted by a shepherd.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 430px;"> +<a name="venus1" id="venus1"></a> +<img src="images/mgr30.jpg" width="430" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">VENUS DE MILO AND MARS.</p> +</div> + +<p>Romulus and Remus throve under this man’s kind care, and +grew up strong and fearless. When they reached manhood, they +longed for a wider sphere for their youthful activity, and, leaving +the mountain where they had grown up, journeyed out into the +world to seek their fortunes. After some time they came to a +beautiful hilly country, where they decided to found a great city, +the capital of their future realm. Accordingly the brothers began +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"><!-- original location of Venus de Milo and Mars illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>142]</a></span> +to trace the outline of their city limits, and, in doing so, quarreled +over the name of the prospective town.</p> + +<p>Blinded by anger, Romulus suddenly raised the tool he held, +and struck Remus such a savage blow that he fell to the ground, +slain by his brother in a fit of passion. Alone now, Romulus at +first vainly tried to pursue his undertaking, but, being soon joined +by a number of adventurers as wicked and unscrupulous as +he, they combined their forces, and built the celebrated city of +Rome.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Then, with his nurse’s wolf-skin girt,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shall Romulus the line assert,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Invite them to his new raised home,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And call the martial city Rome.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>As founder of this city, Romulus was its first king, and ruled +the people with such an iron hand that his tyranny eventually +became unbearable. The senators, weary of his exactions and +arbitrary measures, finally resolved to free themselves of his +presence. Taking advantage of an eclipse, which plunged the +city in sudden darkness at noonday, and which occurred while +all were assembled on the Forum, the magistrates slew Romulus, +cut his body into pieces, and hid them under their wide togas.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Quirinus.</div> + +<p>When the light returned, and the terrified and awestruck +people, somewhat reassured, looked about them for their king, +they were told he had gone, never to return, carried +off by the immortal gods, who wished him to share +their abode and dignity. The senators further informed the +credulous population that Romulus was to be henceforth worshiped +as a god under the name of Quirinus, and gave orders +for the erection of a temple on one of the seven hills, which +since then has been known as Mount Quirinal. Yearly festivals +in Romulus’ honor were ever after held in Rome, under the name +of Quirinalia.</p> + +<p>Well pleased with the new city of Rome and its turbulent, lawless +citizens, Mars took it under his special protection; and once, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>143]</a></span> +when a plague was raging which threatened to destroy all the +people, the Romans rushed in a body to his temple, and clamored +for a sign of his favor and protection.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Ancile.</div> + +<p>Even while they prayed, it is said, a shield, Ancile, fell from +heaven, and a voice was distinctly heard to declare that Rome +would endure as long as this token of the god’s +good will was preserved. The very same day the +plague ceased its frightful ravages, and the Romans, delighted +with the result of their petitions, placed the heavenly shield in +one of their principal temples.</p> + +<p>Then, in constant dread lest some of their enemies should succeed +in stealing it, they caused eleven other shields to be made, +so exactly like the heaven-sent Ancile, that none but the guardian +priests, the Salii, who kept continual watch over them, could +detect the original from the facsimiles. During the month of +March, which, owing to its blustery weather, was dedicated to +Mars and bore his name, the ancilæ were carried in a procession +all through the city, the Salii chanting their rude war songs, +and executing intricate war dances.</p> + +<p>A Roman general, ere setting out on any warlike expedition, +always entered the sanctuary of Mars, touched the sacred shield +with the point of his lance, shook the spear in the hand of the +god’s effigy, and called aloud, “Mars, watch over us!”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Worship +of Mars.</div> + +<p>A common superstition among the Roman soldiery was, +that Mars, under the name of Gradivus, marched +in person at the head of their army, and led them +on to victory. Mars’ principal votaries were therefore the Roman +soldiers and youths, whose exercising ground was called, in his +honor, the Campus Martius, or Field of Mars. All the laurel +crowns bestowed upon victorious generals were deposited at the +foot of his statues, and a bull was the customary thank offering +after a successful campaign.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“The soldier, from successful camps returning<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With laurel wreath’d, and rich with hostile spoil,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Severs the bull to Mars.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Prior.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>144]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER X.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">VULCAN.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Vulcan’s fall.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vulcan</span>, or Hephæstus, son of Jupiter and Juno, god of fire +and the forge, seldom joined the general council of the gods. +His aversion to Olympus was of old standing. He +had once been tenderly attached to his mother, +had lavished upon her every proof of his affection, and had +even tried to console her when she mourned Jupiter’s neglect. +On one occasion, intending to punish Juno for one of her usual +fits of jealousy, Jupiter hung her out of heaven, fast bound by a +golden chain; and Vulcan, perceiving her in this plight, tugged +at the chain with all his might, drew her up, and was about to +set her free, when Jupiter returned, and, in anger at his son’s +interference in his matrimonial concerns, kicked him out of +heaven.</p> + +<p>The intervening space between heaven and earth was so great, +that Vulcan’s fall lasted during one whole day and night, ere he +finally touched the summit of Mount Mosychlus, in the Island of +Lemnos.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">“From morn<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A summer’s day; and with the setting sun<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dropt from the zenith like a falling star,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On Lemnos th’ Ægean isle.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Milton.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Of course, to any one but a god such a terrible fall would have +proved fatal; and even Vulcan did not escape entirely unharmed, +for he injured one of his legs, which accident left him lame and +somewhat deformed for the remainder of his life.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"> +Vulcan’s +forge.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>145]</a></span> +Now, although Vulcan had risked so much and suffered so +greatly in taking his mother’s part, she never even made the +slightest attempt to ascertain whether he had +reached the earth in safety. Hurt by her indifference +and ingratitude, Vulcan vowed never again to return to +Olympus, and withdrew to the solitudes of Mount Ætna, where +he established a great forge in the heart of the mountain, in +partnership with the Cyclopes, who helped him manufacture +many cunning and useful objects from the metals found in great +profusion in the bosom of the earth.</p> + +<p>Among these ingenious contrivances were two golden handmaidens +gifted with motion, who attended the god wherever he +went, and supported his halting footsteps.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Two golden statues, like in form and look<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To living maidens, aided with firm gait<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The monarch’s steps.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The golden +throne.</div> + +<p>Vulcan also devised a golden throne with countless hidden +springs, which, when unoccupied, did not present an extraordinary +appearance; but as soon as any one ventured +to make use of it, the springs moved, and, the chair +closing around the person seated upon it, frustrated all attempts +to rise and escape from its treacherous embrace.</p> + +<p>Vulcan dispatched this throne, when completed, to his mother, +who, delighted with its beauty and delicate workmanship, +proudly seated herself upon it, and found herself a prisoner. In +vain she strove to escape, in vain the gods all gallantly rushed +to her assistance. Their united strength and skill proved useless +against the cunning springs.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="vulcan" id="vulcan"></a> +<img src="images/mgr31.jpg" width="600" height="447" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">FORGE OF VULCAN.—Velasquez. (Museum, Madrid.)</p> +</div> + +<p>Finally Mercury was sent to Vulcan, primed with a most diplomatic +request to honor high Olympus with his presence; but +all Mercury’s eloquence and persuasions failed to induce the god +of the forge to leave his sooty abode, and the messenger god +was forced to return alone and report the failure of his attempt. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146"><!-- original location of Forge of Vulcan illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>147]</a></span> +Then the gods deliberated anew, and decided to send Bacchus, +god of wine, hoping his powers of persuasion would prove more +effective.</p> + +<p>Armed with a flask of his choicest vintage, Bacchus presented +himself before Vulcan, and offered him a refreshing draught. +Vulcan, predisposed to thirst, and incited to drink by the very +nature of his labor, accepted the offered cup, and allowed himself +to be beguiled into renewing his potations, until he was quite +intoxicated. In this condition, Bacchus led him passive to +Olympus, made him release the Queen of Heaven, and urged +him to embrace his father and crave forgiveness.</p> + +<p>Although restored to favor, Vulcan would not remain permanently +in Olympus, but preferred to return to his forge and +continue his labors. He undertook, however, the construction +of magnificent golden palaces for each of the gods upon the +Olympian heights, fashioned their sumptuous furniture from precious +metals, and further embellished his work by a rich ornamentation +of precious stones.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Then to their starry domes the gods depart,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The shining monuments of Vulcan’s art:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Jove on his couch reclin’d his awful head,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Juno slumber’d on the golden bed.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Aided by the Cyclopes, Vulcan manufactured Jupiter’s weapons, +the dread thunderbolts, whose frightful power none could +withstand, and Cupid’s love-inspiring darts.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Vulcan’s +loves.</div> + +<p>Vulcan, in spite of his deformity, extreme ugliness, and well-known +aversion to any home but his sooty forge, was none the +less prone to fall in love with the various goddesses. +He first wooed Minerva, who, having +sworn never to marry, contemptuously dismissed his suit. To +console Vulcan for this rebuff, and at the same time punish the +Goddess of Beauty, who, according to some mythologists, had +refused even his addresses, Jupiter bestowed upon him the fair +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>148]</a></span> +hand of Venus, and sent her and her mischievous train of Loves +and Graces to reside in the dark caves of Mount Ætna.</p> + +<p>Amused by all the strange sights and sounds, the goddess at +first seemed quite contented; but after a time Vulcan’s gloomy +abode lost all its attractions: so she forsook her ill-favored husband, +and went in search of another, more congenial mate.</p> + +<p>Some time after, Vulcan married one of the Graces, who, however, +seems to have also soon wearied of his society, for she deserted +him.</p> + +<p>Vulcan’s children were mostly monsters, such as Cacus, Periphetes, +Cercyon, etc., all of whom play an important part in +heroic mythology. He is also the reputed father of Servius +Tullius, sixth king of Rome, by a slave Ocrisia, whom he was +wont to visit in the guise of a bright flame, which played harmlessly +about her.</p> + +<p>Vulcan was worshiped by all blacksmiths and artisans, who +recognized him as their special patron, and venerated him accordingly.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“Those who labor<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The sweaty forge, who edge the crooked scythe,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Bend stubborn steel, and harden gleaming armor,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Acknowledge Vulcan’s aid.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Prior.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Great festivals, the Vulcanalia and the Hephæstia, were celebrated +in honor of this god, who is generally represented as a +short, muscular man, with one leg shorter than the other, a workman’s +cap on his curly locks, a short upper garment, and a smith’s +tools in his hand.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>149]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XI.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">NEPTUNE.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">When</span> Jupiter assigned to each of his brothers a separate portion +of the universe, he decreed that Neptune, or Poseidon, +should govern all the waters upon the face of the earth, and be +sole monarch of the ocean.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Neptune, the mighty marine god, I sing;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Earth’s mover, and the fruitless ocean’s king.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That Helicon and th’ Ægean deeps dost hold.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O thou earth-shaker; thy command, twofold<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The gods have sorted; making thee of horses<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The awful tamer, and of naval forces<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The sure preserver. Hail, O Saturn’s birth!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whose graceful green hair circles all the earth.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Bear a benign mind; and thy helpful hand<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lend all, submitted to thy dread command.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Chapman’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Before this new ruler made his appearance, the Titan +Oceanus had wielded the scepter of the sea; and regretfully he +now resigned it to his youthful supplanter, whom he nevertheless +admired sincerely, and described in glowing colors to his brothers.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Have ye beheld the young God of the Seas,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My dispossessor? Have ye seen his face?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Have ye beheld his chariot, foam’d along<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By noble winged creatures he hath made?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I saw him on the calmed waters scud,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With such a glow of beauty in his eyes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That it enforc’d me to bid sad farewell<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To all my empire.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>150]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 446px;"> +<a name="neptune" id="neptune"></a> +<img src="images/mgr32.jpg" width="446" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">FOUNTAIN OF NEPTUNE.—Bologna. (Bologna.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Neptune’s +exile.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>151]</a></span> +Neptune, the personification as well as the god of the sea, was +of an exceedingly encroaching disposition. Dissatisfied with the +portion allotted him, he once conspired to dethrone +Jupiter; but, unfortunately for the success of his +undertaking, his plot was discovered before he could put it into +execution, and Jupiter, in punishment for his temerity, exiled him +to earth. There he was condemned to build the walls of Troy +for Laomedon, king of that city, who, in return, promised a +handsome compensation.</p> + +<p>Apollo, also banished from heaven at that time, volunteered +to aid Neptune by playing on his lyre, and moving the stones by +the power of sweet sounds (p. <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>). The task satisfactorily ended, +Laomedon, an avaricious and dishonest king, refused the promised +guerdon, whereupon Neptune created a terrible monster, +which came upon the shore, devoured the inhabitants, devastated +everything within his reach, and inspired all with great terror.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“A great serpent from the deep,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lifting his horrible head above their homes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Devoured the children.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>To save themselves from the awful death which threatened +them all, the Trojans consulted an oracle, who advised the sacrifice +of a beautiful virgin, and promised the monster would disappear +as soon as he had devoured the appointed victim.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Hesione.</div> + +<p>A young girl was therefore chosen by lot, led down to the +seashore, and chained by the priest’s own hands to a slimy rock. +As soon as her mourning friends had forsaken her, +the hideous serpent came out of his lair in the +waves, and devoured her; then he vanished, and nothing more +was heard of him for a whole year, at the end of which time he +reappeared, and resumed his former depredations, which were +only checked by the sacrifice of a second virgin.</p> + +<p>Year after year, however, he returned, and year after year a +fair girl was doomed to perish, until finally the lot fell upon +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>152]</a></span> +Hesione, the king’s only daughter. He could not bear the +thought of the terrible fate awaiting her, and tried every means +in his power to save her. As a last resort he sent heralds to +publish far and wide that the king would give a great reward +to any man who would dare attack and succeed in slaying the +monster.</p> + +<p>Hercules, on his return from the scene of one of his stupendous +labors, heard the proclamation, and, with no other weapon +than the oaken club he generally carried, slew the monster just +as he was about to drag poor Hesione down into his slimy cave. +Laomedon was, of course, overjoyed at the monster’s death, but, +true to his nature, again refused the promised reward, and by +his dishonesty incurred the hatred and contempt of this hero +also. Some time after, having finished his time of servitude +with Eurystheus, Hercules, aided by a chosen band of adventurers, +came to Troy to punish him for his perfidy. The city +was stormed and taken, the king slain, and his wife and children +carried to Greece as captives. There Hesione became the bride +of Telamon; while her brother Podarces, later known as Priam, +was redeemed by his people and made King of Troy.</p> + +<p>Laomedon’s failure to pay his just debts was the primary +cause of the enmity which Apollo and Neptune displayed towards +the Trojans during their famous war with the Greeks (p. <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>).</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Neptune’s +contests.</div> + +<p>Their term of exile ended, the gods were reinstated in their +exalted positions, and hastened to resume their former occupations; +but, in spite of the severe lesson just received, +Neptune was not yet cured of his grasping +tendencies. Not long after his return from Troy, he quarreled +with Minerva for the possession of the then recently founded +city of Athens, then nameless, and entered into the memorable +contest in which he was signally defeated (p. <a href="#Page_57"><b>57</b></a>). He also +disputed the sovereignty of Trœzene with Minerva, and that of +Corinth with Apollo. In the latter instance, the disputants +having chosen Briareus as umpire, the prize was awarded to him +as the most powerful of all the gods except Jupiter.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Neptune’s +power.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>153]</a></span> +As god of the sea, Neptune did not generally remain in +Olympus, but dwelt way down in the coral caves of his kingdom, +over which he ruled with resistless sway. By +one word he could stir up or calm the wildest +storm, and cause the billows to roar with fury or subside into +peaceful ripples.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“He spake, and round about him called the clouds<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And roused the ocean,—wielding in his hand<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The trident,—summoned all the hurricanes<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of all the winds, and covered earth and sky<br /></span> +<span class="i0">At once with mists, while from above the night<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fell suddenly.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The rivers, fountains, lakes, and seas were not only subject to +his rule, but he could also cause terrible earthquakes at will, and, +when he pleased, raise islands from the deep, as he did when Latona +entreated him to shelter her from Juno’s persecutions (p. <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>).</p> + +<p>Neptune is said to have loved the goddess Ceres, and to have +followed her during her prolonged search for her daughter, Proserpina. +Annoyed by his persistent wooing, the goddess, to escape +him, assumed the form of a mare; but the God of the Sea, not at +all deceived by this stratagem, straightway assumed the form of +a horse, in which guise he contentedly trotted after her and renewed +his attentions.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Neptune’s +wives.</div> + +<p>The offspring of this equine pair was Arion, a wonderful +winged steed, gifted with the power of speech, whose early education +was intrusted to the Nereides. They trained +him to draw his father’s chariot over the waves with +incredible rapidity, and parted with him regretfully when he was +given to Copreus, Pelops’ son. This marvelous horse passed +successively into Hercules’ and Adrastus’ hands; and the latter +won all the chariot races, thanks to his fleetness.</p> + +<p>On another occasion, Neptune, having fallen deeply in love +with a maiden named Theophane, and fearful lest some one of +her numerous suitors should find favor in her eyes before he had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>154]</a></span> +time to urge his wooing, suddenly changed her into a sheep, and +conveyed her to the Island of Crumissa, where he assumed the +guise of a ram, and, in this metamorphosed condition, carried +on his courtship, which eventually proved successful. The offspring +of this union was the golden-fleeced ram which bore +Phryxus in safety to the Colchian shores, and whose pelt was the +goal of the Argonautic expedition (p. <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>).</p> + +<p>Neptune also loved and married Medusa in the days of her +youth and beauty, and when some drops of blood fell from her +severed head into the salt sea foam, he produced from them the +graceful winged steed Pegasus (p. <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>).</p> + +<p>Neptune is also said to be the father of the giants Otus and +Ephialtes, of Neleus, Pelias, and Polyphemus.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Amphitrite.</div> + +<p>The Queen of the Ocean, Neptune’s own true and lawful wife, +was a Nereid, one of the fifty daughters of Doris and Nereus,—the +personification of the calm and sunlit aspect of +the sea. Her name was Amphitrite, or Salacia. +At first she was in great awe of her distinguished suitor, and +in her fear fled at his approach, leaving him no chance to admire +any of her charms, except the grace and celerity with which +she managed to flit, or rather glide, out of his sight.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i5">“Along the deep<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With beauteous ankles, Amphitrite glides.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Hesiod</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This conduct grieved Neptune so sorely, that he sent a dolphin +to plead his cause, and persuade the fair nymph to share +his throne. The messenger, carefully instructed beforehand, +carried out the directions with such skill, that Amphitrite formally +consented to become Neptune’s wife.</p> + +<p>The King of the Deep was so overjoyed at these good tidings, +that he transferred the dolphin to the sky, where he forms a +well-known constellation. Neptune and Amphitrite in due time +became the happy parents of several children, among whom the +most celebrated is Triton, whose body was half man and half +fish, and who gave his name to all his male descendants.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of Idas +and Marpessa.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>155]</a></span> +Like all other gods, Neptune took a lively interest in men’s +affairs, and sometimes interfered in their behalf. On one occasion, +for instance, he even lent his beautiful chariot to a +youth by the name of Idas, who, loving a maiden +dearly, and unable to win her father’s consent to their union, had +resolved to kidnap her. Marpessa, for such was the lady’s name, +allowed herself to be carried off without protest; and the lovers +were blissfully speeding along in Neptune’s chariot, when her +father, Evenus, perceiving their escape, started in pursuit of them. +In spite of the most strenuous efforts, he could not overtake the +fleeing pair, and in his anger plunged into a river, where he was +drowned, and which from him received the name of Evenus.</p> + +<p>Idas and Marpessa were just congratulating themselves upon +their narrow escape, when suddenly Apollo appeared before +them, and, checking their steeds, declared he loved the maiden +too, and would not tamely yield her up to a rival.</p> + +<p>This was quite equivalent to a challenge; and Idas, stepping +down from the chariot, was about to engage in the fight, when +suddenly out of a clear sky a thunderbolt came crashing down +to earth, and an imperious voice was heard to declare that the +quarrel could be settled by Marpessa only, and that she should +freely choose the suitor she preferred as husband.</p> + +<p>The maiden glanced at both her lovers, and quickly reviewed +their respective attractions. Remembering that Apollo, being +immortal, would retain all his youthful bloom when her more +ephemeral beauty had vanished, and that he would then probably +cease to love her, she held out her hand to Idas, declaring she +preferred to link her fate to that of a mortal, who would grow +old when she did, and love her as long as they both lived. This +choice was approved by Jupiter; and the lovers, after reaching +a place of safety, returned the wondrous chariot to Neptune, +with many grateful thanks for his timely aid.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Neptune’s +attendants.</div> + +<p>All the Nereides, Tritons, and lesser sea divinities +formed a part of Neptune and Amphitrite’s train, and followed +closely when they rode forth to survey their kingdom.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>156]</a></span> +Neptune had, besides this, many subordinates, whose duty it +was to look after various seas, lakes, rivers, fountains, etc., confided +to their special care. In harmony with their occupations, +these divinities were either hoary river gods (such as Father +Nile), slender youths, beautiful maidens, or little babbling children. +They seldom left the cool waves of their appointed dwellings, +and strove to win Neptune’s approbation mostly by the +zeal they showed in the discharge of their various duties.</p> + +<p>Proteus, too, another inferior deity, had the care of the flocks +of the deep, and he always attended Neptune when it was safe to +leave his great herds of sea calves to bask on the sunny shores.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“In ages past old Proteus, with his droves<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of sea calves, sought the mountains and the groves.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Cowper.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Proteus.</div> + +<p>In common with all the other gods, Proteus enjoyed the gift +of prophecy, and had the power to assume any shape he pleased. +The former gift he was wont to exercise very reluctantly; +and when mortals wished to consult him, +he would change his form with bewildering rapidity, and, unless +they clung to him through all his changes, they could obtain no +answer to their questions.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Shouting [we] seize the god: our force t’ evade,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His various arts he soon resumes in aid:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A lion now, he curls a surgy mane;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sudden, our hands a spotted pard restrain;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then, arm’d with tusks, and lightning in his eyes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A boar’s obscener shape the god belies:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On spiry volumes, there, a dragon rides;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Here, from our strict embrace a stream he glides;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And last, sublime, his stately growth he rears,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A tree, and well-dissembled foliage wears.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>But if these manifestations proved unavailing to drive his +would-be hearers away, the god answered every question circumstantially.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>157]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="nile" id="nile"></a> +<img src="images/mgr33.jpg" width="600" height="433" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">FATHER NILE. (Vatican, Rome.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>158]</a></span> +Amphitrite, Neptune’s wife,—generally represented as a beautiful +nude nymph, crowned with seaweed, and reclining in a +pearl-shell chariot drawn by dolphins, or sea-horses,—was worshiped +with her husband.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Worship of +Neptune.</div> + +<p>Neptune, majestic and middle-aged, with long, flowing hair +and beard, wearing a seaweed crown, and brandishing a trident, or +three-pronged fork, was widely worshiped throughout +Greece and Italy, and had countless shrines. +His principal votaries were the seamen and horse trainers, who +often bespoke his aid.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Hail, Neptune, greatest of the gods!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thou ruler of the salt sea floods;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thou with the deep and dark-green hair,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That dost the golden trident bear;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thou that, with either arm outspread,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Embosomest the earth we tread:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thine are the beasts with fin and scales,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That round thy chariot, as it sails,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Plunging and tumbling, fast and free,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">All reckless follow o’er the sea.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Arion.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Many large temples were dedicated exclusively to the worship +of Neptune, and games were frequently celebrated in his honor. +The most noted of all were undoubtedly the Isthmian Games,—a +national festival, held every four years at Corinth, on the isthmus +of the same name. Hither people came from all points of +the compass, and all parts of the then known world, either to witness +or to take part in the noted wrestling, boxing, and racing +matches, or in the musical and poetical contests.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>159]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XII.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">PLUTO.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Pluto</span><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (Dis, Hades, Orcus, Aïdoneus), son of Cronus and +Rhea, received as his share of the world the supervision of the +Infernal Regions, situated beneath the earth, and was also appointed +god of the dead and of riches, for all precious metals +are buried deep in the bosom of the earth.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> +Besides this Pluto, god of the Infernal Regions, the Greeks also worshiped +Plutus, a son of Ceres and Jason, who was known exclusively as the god of +wealth. Abandoned in infancy, he was brought up by Pax, the goddess of +peace, who is often represented holding him in her lap. Because Plutus insisted +upon bestowing his favors upon good and noble mortals only, Jupiter +soon deprived him of his sight. Since then the blind god’s gifts have been +distributed indiscriminately.</p> +</div> + +<p>This god inspired all men with a great fear. They never spoke +of him without trembling, and fervently prayed that they might +never see his face; for, when he appeared on the surface of the +earth, it was only in search of some victim to drag down into his +dismal abode, or to make sure there was no crevice through +which a sunbeam might glide to brighten its gloom and dispel its +shadows. Whenever the stern god set out on one of these expeditions, +he rode in a chariot drawn by four coal-black steeds; +and, if any obstacle presented itself to impede his progress, he +struck it with his two-pronged fork, the emblem of his power, +and the obstacle was immediately removed. It was on one of +these occasions that Pluto kidnapped Proserpina, the fair goddess +of vegetation, daughter of Ceres, whom he set on his throne in +Hades, and crowned his queen (p. <a href="#Page_183"><b>183</b></a>).</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Worship of +Pluto.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>160]</a></span> +Pluto is always represented as a stern, dark, bearded man, with +tightly closed lips, a crown on his head, a scepter and a key in +hand, to show how carefully he guards those who +enter his domains, and how vain are their hopes to +effect their escape. No temples were dedicated to him, and +statues of this god are very rare. Human sacrifices were sometimes +offered on his altars; and at his festivals, held every hundred +years, and thence called Secular Games, none but black +animals were slain.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hades.</div> + +<p>His kingdom, generally called Hades, was very difficult of +access. According to Roman traditions, it could only be entered +at Avernus, but the Greeks asserted that there was +another entrance near the Promontory of Tænarum. +Both nations agreed, however, in saying that it was an +almost impossible feat to get out again if one were rash enough +to venture in.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“To the shades you go a down-hill, easy way;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But to return and re-enjoy the day,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">This is a work, a labor!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Virgil.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>To prevent all mortals from entering, and all spirits from +escaping, Pluto placed a huge three-headed dog, called Cerberus, +to guard the gate.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“There in state old Cerberus sate,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A three-headed dog, as cruel as Fate,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Guarding the entrance early and late.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>From thence a long subterranean passage, through which +shadowy spirits glided incessantly, led to the throne room, where +Pluto and Proserpina sat in state, clad in their sable robes. +From the foot of this throne flowed the rivers which channeled +the Lower World. One, the Cocytus, rolled salt waves, composed +of naught but the tears flowing continually from the eyes of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>161]</a></span> +criminals condemned to hard labor in Tartarus, the portion of +Hades reserved for the exclusive use of the wicked.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Cocytus, named of lamentation loud<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Heard on the rueful stream.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Homer.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Rivers of +Hades.</div> + +<p>To separate this section from the remainder of his realm, Pluto +surrounded it with the Phlegethon, a river of fire; while the +Acheron, a black and deep stream, was to be passed +by all souls ere they reached Pluto’s throne and +heard his decree. The current of this river was so swift, that +even the boldest swimmer could not pass over; and, as there +was no bridge, all the spirits were obliged to rely upon the aid of +Charon, an aged boatman, who plied the only available skiff—a +leaky, worm-eaten punt—from shore to shore. Neither would +he allow any soul to enter his bark, unless he was first given a +small coin, called the obolus, the ferryman’s fare, which the ancients +carefully laid under the tongue of the dead, that they +might pass on to Pluto without delay. Charon’s leaky boat no +sooner touched the shore than a host of eager spirits pressed forward +to claim a place. The cruel boatman repulsed them roughly, +and brandished his oars, while he leisurely selected those he +would next ferry across the stream.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">“The shiv’ring army stands,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And press for passage with extended hands.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Now these, now those, the surly boatman bore;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The rest he drove to distance from the shore.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Dryden’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>All those who could not produce the required obolus were +obliged to wait one hundred years, at the end of which time +Charon reluctantly ferried them over free of charge.</p> + +<p>There was also in Hades the sacred river Styx, by whose +waters the gods swore their most irrevocable oaths; and the +blessed Lethe, whose waters had the power to make one forget all +unpleasant things, thus preparing the good for a state of endless +bliss in the Elysian Fields.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>162]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="furies" id="furies"></a> +<img src="images/mgr34.jpg" width="600" height="318" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">THE FURIES.—A Study for the Masque of Cupid.—Burne-Jones.</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>163]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her wat’ry labrinth, whereof who drinks,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Forthwith his former state and being forgets,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Milton.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The judges.</div> + +<p>Near Pluto’s throne were seated the three judges of Hades, +Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Æacus, whose duty it was to question +all newly arrived souls, to sort out the confused +mass of good and bad thoughts and actions, and +place them in the scales of Themis, the blindfolded, impartial goddess +of justice, who bore a trenchant sword to indicate that her +decrees would be mercilessly enforced. If the good outweighed +the evil, the spirit was led to the Elysian Fields; but if, on the +contrary, the evil prevailed, the spirit was condemned to suffer in +the fires of Tartarus.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">“Where his decrees<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The guilty soul within the burning gates<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Tartarus compel, or send the good<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To inhabit, with eternal health and peace,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The valley of Elysium.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Akenside.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Furies.</div> + +<p>The guilty souls were always intrusted to the three snake-locked +Furies (Erinnyes, or Eumenides), who drove them with their stinging +lashes to the gates of Tartarus. These deities, +who were sisters, and children of Acheron and +Nyx, were distinguished by the individual names of Alecto, Tisiphone, +and Megæra, and with Nemesis, goddess of revenge, were +noted for their hard hearts and the merciless manner in which +they hurried the ghosts intrusted to their care over the fiery +flood of the Phlegethon, and through the brazen gates of their +future place of incessant torment.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 414px;"> +<a name="fates" id="fates"></a> +<img src="images/mgr35.jpg" width="414" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">THE THREE FATES.—Thumann.</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“There rolls swift Phlegethon, with thund’ring sound,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His broken rocks, and whirls his surges round.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On mighty columns rais’d sublime are hung<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The massy gates, impenetrably strong.<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164"><!-- original location of The Three Fates illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>165]</a></span> +<span class="i0">In vain would men, in vain would gods essay,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To hew the beams of adamant away.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Here rose an iron tow’r: before the gate,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By night and day, a wakeful Fury sate,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The pale Tisiphone; a robe she wore,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With all the pomp of horror, dy’d in gore.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (C. Pitt’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Fates.</div> + +<p>The three Fates (Mœræ, Parcæ), sisters, also sat near Pluto’s +throne. Clotho, the youngest, spun the thread of +life, in which the bright and dark lines were intermingled. +Lachesis, the second, twisted it; and under her fingers +it was now strong, now weak.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Twist ye, twine ye! even so,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Mingle shades of joy and woe,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hope, and fear, and peace, and strife,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In the thread of human life.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Scott.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Atropos, the third sister, armed with a huge pair of shears, remorselessly +cut short the thread of life,—an intimation that another +soul would ere long find its way down into the dark kingdom +of Hades.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tartarus.</div> + +<p>When the gates of Tartarus turned on their hinges to receive +the newcomer, a chorus of cries, groans, and imprecations +from within fell upon his ear, mingled with +the whistling of the whips incessantly plied by retributive deities.</p> + +<div class="cpoem16"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“What sounds were heard,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">What scenes appeared,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O’er all the dreary coasts!<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dreadful gleams,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dismal screams,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Fires that glow,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Shrieks of woe,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Sullen moans,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Hollow groans,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And cries of tortured ghosts.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Pope.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Danaides.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>166]</a></span> +Many victims renowned while on earth for their cruelty +found here the just punishment of their sins. Attention was first +attracted by a group of beautiful maidens, who +carried water to fill a bottomless cask. Down to +the stream they hastened, a long procession, filled their urns with +water, painfully clambered up the steep and slippery bank, and +poured their water into the cask; but when, exhausted and ready +to faint from fatigue, they paused to rest for a moment, the cutting +lash fell upon their bare shoulders, and spurred them on to +renewed efforts to complete a task so hopeless that it has become +proverbial.</p> + +<p>These fair maidens were the Danaides, daughters of Danaus, +who had pledged his fifty daughters to the fifty sons of his +brother Ægyptus. The marriage preparations were all completed, +when Danaus suddenly remembered an ancient prophecy which +had quite escaped his memory, and which foretold that he would +perish by the hand of his son-in-law.</p> + +<p>It was now too late to prevent the marriages, so, calling his +daughters aside, he told them what the oracle had said, and, giving +them each a sharp dagger, bade them slay their husbands on +their wedding night. The marriages were celebrated, as was customary, +with mirth, dance, and song; and the revelry continued +until late at night, when, the guests having departed, the newly +married couples retired. But as soon as Danaus’ daughters were +quite certain their husbands were fast asleep, they produced their +daggers and slew their mates.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Danaus arm’d each daughter’s hand<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To stain with blood the bridal bed.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Euripides</span> (Potter’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>One of the brides only, Hypermnestra, loved her husband too +dearly to obey her father’s command, and, when morning broke, +only forty-nine of Ægyptus’ sons were found lifeless. The sole +survivor, Lynceus, to avenge his brothers’ death, slew Danaus, +thus fulfilling the ominous prophecy; while the gods, incensed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>167]</a></span> +by the Danaides’ heartlessness, sent them to Hades, where they +were compelled to fill the bottomless cask.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tantalus.</div> + +<p>Tartarus also detained within its brazen portals a cruel king +named Tantalus (the father of Niobe), who, while on earth, had +starved and ill-treated his subjects, insulted the +immortal gods, and on one occasion had even +dared to cook and serve up to them his own son Pelops. Most +of the gods were immediately aware of the deception practiced +upon them, and refused the new dish; but Ceres, who was very +melancholy on account of the recent loss of her daughter, paid +no heed to what was offered her, and in a fit of absent-mindedness +ate part of the lad’s shoulder.</p> + +<p>The gods in pity restored the youth to life, and Ceres replaced +the missing shoulder with one of ivory or of gold. Driven +away from his kingdom, which was seized by the King of Troy, +Pelops took refuge in Greece, where he ruled the extensive +peninsula, the Peloponnesus, which still bears his name.</p> + +<p>To punish the inhuman Tantalus, the gods then sent him to +Tartarus, where he stood up to his chin in a stream of pure +water, tormented with thirst; for, whenever he stooped to drink, +the waters fled from his parched lips. Over his head hung a +branch of luscious fruit. His hunger was as intolerable as his +thirst; but, whenever he clutched at the fruit, the branch swung +upward, and eluded his eager grasp.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Above, beneath, around his hapless head,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Trees of all kinds delicious fruitage spread.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The fruit he strives to seize; but blasts arise,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Toss it on high, and whirl it to the skies.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This singular punishment inflicted upon Tantalus gave rise to +the expression “to tantalize.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Sisyphus.</div> + +<p>Another criminal was Sisyphus, who, while king of Corinth, +had misused his power, had robbed and killed travelers, +and even deceived the gods. His reprehensible +conduct was punished in Tartarus, where he was condemned +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>168]</a></span> +to roll a huge stone to the top of a very steep hill; and just as +he reached the summit, and fancied his task done, the rock would +slip from his grasp and roll to the foot of the hill, thus obliging +him to renew all his exertions.</p> + +<div class="cpoem29"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“With many a weary step, and many a groan,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The huge round stone, resulting with a bound,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Again the restless orb his toil renews,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dust mounts in clouds, and sweat descends in dews.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Salmoneus.</div> + +<p>Salmoneus, another king, had vainly tried to make his subjects +believe he was Jupiter. To that effect, he had once driven over +a brazen bridge to imitate the roll of thunder, and, +to simulate the thunderbolts, had thrown lighted +torches down upon the multitude, purposely assembled below.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Th’ audacious wretch four fiery coursers drew:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He wav’d a torch aloft, and, madly vain,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sought godlike worship from a servile train.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ambitious fool, with horny hoofs to pass<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O’er hollow arches of resounding brass,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To rival thunder in its rapid course,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And imitate inimitable force!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Dryden’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This insolent parody so incensed Jupiter, that he grasped one +of his deadliest thunderbolts, brandished it aloft for a moment, +and then hurled it with vindictive force at the arrogant king. In +Tartarus, Salmoneus was placed beneath an overhanging rock, +which momentarily threatened to fall, and crush him under its +mass.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“He was doomed to sit under a huge stone,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which the father of the gods<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Kept over his head suspended.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thus he sat<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In continual dread of its downfall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And lost to every comfort.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Pindar.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Tityus.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>169]</a></span> +Still farther on was the recumbent form of Tityus, a giant whose +body covered nine acres of ground. He had +dared offer an insult to Juno, and in punishment +was chained like Prometheus, while a vulture feasted on his liver.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“There Tityus was to see, who took his birth<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From heav’n, his nursing from the foodful earth:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Here his gigantic limbs, with large embrace,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Infold nine acres of infernal space.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A rav’nous vulture in his open side<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her crooked beak and cruel talons try’d:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Still for the growing liver digg’d his breast,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The growing liver still supply’d the feast.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Dryden’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Ixion.</div> + +<p>Here in Tartarus, too, was Ixion, king of the Lapithæ, who +had been given the hand of Dia in marriage on condition that he +would give her father a stipulated sum of money +in exchange, but who, as soon as the maiden was +his, refused to keep his promise. The father-in-law was an avaricious +man, and clamored so loudly for his money, that Ixion, to +be rid of his importunities, slew him. Such an act of violence +could not be overlooked by the gods: so Jupiter summoned Ixion +to appear before him and state his case.</p> + +<p>Ixion pleaded so skillfully, that Jupiter was about to declare +him acquitted, when he suddenly caught him making love to +Juno, which offense seemed so unpardonable, that he sent him +to Tartarus, where he was bound to a constantly revolving wheel +of fire.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“Proud Ixion (doom’d to feel<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The tortures of the eternal wheel,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Bound by the hand of angry Jove)<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Received the due rewards of impious love.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Elysian Fields.</div> + +<p>Far out of sight and hearing of the pitiful sounds which so +constantly rose out of Tartarus, were the Elysian Fields, lighted +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>170]</a></span> +by a sun and moon of their own, decked with the most fragrant +and beautiful of flowers, and provided with every charm that +nature or art could supply. No storms or wintry +winds ever came to rob these fields of their springlike +beauty; and here the blessed spent eternity, in pleasant communion +with the friends they had loved on earth.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Patriots who perished for their country’s rights,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or nobly triumphed in the fields of fight:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There holy priests and sacred poets stood,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who sang with all the raptures of a god:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Worthies whose lives by useful arts refined;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With those who leave a deathless name behind,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Friends of the world, and fathers of mankind.”<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>171]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XIII.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">BACCHUS.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Among</span> all the mortal maidens honored by the love of Jupiter, +king of the gods, none was more attractive than Semele, daughter +of Cadmus and Harmonia.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“For Semele was molded in the form<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of elegance; the beauty of her race<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shone in her forehead.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Nonnus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Semele.</div> + +<p>Although conscious of these superior attractions, Semele was +excessively coy, and it was only with the greatest difficulty that +Jupiter, disguised as a mortal, could urge his love +suit. When he had at last obtained a hearing, he +told her who he was, calculating upon the effect which such a +revelation must necessarily produce.</p> + +<p>He was not mistaken in his previsions, for Semele, proud of having +attracted the greatest among the gods, no longer offered any +resistance, and consented to their union. Their love grew and +prospered, and Jupiter came down from Olympus as often as possible +to enjoy the society of his beloved. His frequent absences +finally aroused Juno’s suspicions, and, as usual, she spared no +pains to discover what powerful charm could draw him from her +side. After a few days she knew all, and straightway determined +to have her revenge, and punish her fickle spouse. To accomplish +this successfully, she assumed the face and form of Beroe, Semele’s +old nurse, and thus entered the young princess’s apartment quite +unsuspected.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>172]</a></span> +<span class="i1">“Old Beroe’s decrepit shape she wears,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her wrinkled visage, and her hoary hairs;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whilst in her trembling gait she totters on,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And learns to tattle in the nurse’s tone.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Addison’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>There she immediately entered into conversation with her supposed +nursling, artfully extracted a complete confession, heard +with suppressed rage how long Jupiter had wooed ere he had +finally won the maiden’s consent, and received a rapturous and +minute catalogue of all his personal charms and a synopsis of all +they had both said.</p> + +<p>The false nurse listened with apparent sympathy; but in reality +she was furious, and, to put an end to it all, asked Semele if +she were quite sure he was king of the gods, as he asserted, and +whether he visited her in all the pomp of his regal apparel. +The maiden shamefacedly replied that he was wont to visit her +in the guise of a mortal only; whereupon Beroe, with feigned +indignation, told her nursling he must either be a vile impostor, +or else that he did not love her as dearly as he loved Juno, in +whose presence he seldom appeared except in godlike array.</p> + +<p>With artful words she so worked upon the guileless nature of her +rival, that, when Jupiter next came, the maiden used all her blandishments +to extort from him a solemn oath to grant any request +she chose to make. A lover is not very likely to weigh his +words under such circumstances, and Jupiter took the most +solemn of all the oaths to gratify her whim.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Bear me witness, Earth, and ye, broad Heavens<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Above us, and ye, waters of the Styx,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That flow beneath us, mightiest oath of all,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And most revered by the blessed gods!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The promise won, the delighted Semele bade her lover speedily +return to Olympus, don his own majestic form and apparel, +and hasten back to her side, surrounded by all his heavenly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>173]</a></span> +pomp, and armed with his dreaded thunderbolts. Jupiter, horrified +at this imprudent request, implored her to ask something else, +and release him from a promise fraught with such danger to her; +but all in vain. Semele, like many another fair lady, enjoyed +having her own way, and fairly forced him to obey.</p> + +<p>Jupiter returned to Olympus, modified his costume as much +as possible, dimmed his glory wherever he could, and chose the +feeblest of all his bolts, for well he knew no mere mortal could +endure the shock of his full glory. Then, mounted on a pale +flash of lightning, he darted back to Semele.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“To keep his promise he ascends, and shrouds<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His awful brow in whirlwinds and in clouds;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whilst all around, in terrible array,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His thunders rattle, and his lightnings play.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And yet, the dazzling luster to abate,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He set not out in all his pomp and state,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Clad in the mildest lightning of the skies,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And arm’d with thunder of the smallest size:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Not those huge bolts, by which the giants slain,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lay overthrown on the Phlegrean plain.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">’Twas of a lesser mold, and lighter weight;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They call it thunder of a second-rate.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For the rough Cyclops, who by Jove’s command<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Temper’d the bolt and turn’d it to his hand,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Work’d up less flame and fury in its make,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And quench’d it sooner in the standing lake.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thus dreadfully adorn’d, with horror bright,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Th’ illustrious god, descending from his height,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Came rushing on her in a storm of light.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Addison’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>But, although so much milder than usual, this apparition was +more than poor Semele’s human nerves could bear, and she +dropped to the floor in a swoon at the first glimpse of her lover. +Oblivious of all but her alarming condition, Jupiter sprang to her +side; but the lightning which played about his head set fire to +the whole palace, which was reduced to ashes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Birth of +Bacchus.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>174]</a></span> +Semele herself perished, burned to death; and the only person +in all the building who escaped uninjured was Bacchus (Liber, +Dionysus), the infant son of Jupiter and Semele, +who was saved by his father’s powerful hand. +Jupiter was at first inconsolable at the death of Semele; and, to +testify to all mortals how fondly he had loved her, he brought her +spirit up to heaven, where he raised her to the rank of a deity.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Semele of the flowing hair,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who died in Thunder’s crashing flame,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To deified existence came.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Prior.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The infant Bacchus was first intrusted to the care of his aunt +Ino, the second wife of Athamas, King of Thebes, who nursed +him as tenderly as if he had been her own child. But all her +love could not avail to screen him from the effects of Juno’s +persistent hatred: so Jupiter, fearing lest some harm might befall +his precious son, bade Mercury convey him to the distant home +of the Nysiades,—nymphs who guarded him most faithfully.</p> + +<p>Juno, not daring to continue her persecutions, wreaked all her +anger upon poor Ino and her unhappy household by sending the +Fury Tisiphone to goad Athamas to madness. In a fit of deluded +frenzy, he pursued his wife and children as if they were wild +beasts. One of his sons, Learchus, fell beneath his arrows; and, +to escape his murderous fury, Ino plunged headlong into the sea +with her second child in her arms. The gods, in pity for her +sufferings, changed her into the goddess Leucothea, and her son +into a sea deity by the name of Palæmon.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bacchus’ +attendants.</div> + +<p>When still but a youth, Bacchus was appointed god of wine +and revelry, and intrusted to the guidance of Silenus, a satyr, +half man and half goat, who educated him, and +accompanied him on all his travels; for he delighted +in roaming all over the world, borne by his followers, or +riding in his chariot drawn by wild beasts, while his tutor followed +him, mounted on an ass, supported on either side by an +attendant.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>175]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 440px;"> +<a name="bacchus" id="bacchus"></a> +<img src="images/mgr36.jpg" width="440" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">BACCHUS. (Vatican, Rome.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>176]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“And near him rode Silenus on his ass,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pelted with flowers as he on did pass.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Bacchus’ train was very large indeed, and composed of men +and women, nymphs, fauns, and satyrs, all crowned with ivy +leaves, who drank wine,—a drink compounded for their express +use out of water and sunshine,—ate grapes, danced and sang, +and loudly proclaimed him their chosen leader.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘We follow Bacchus! Bacchus on the wing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">A conquering!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Bacchus, young Bacchus! good or ill betide,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We dance before him thorough kingdoms wide.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The most unruly among his female followers were the Bacchantes, +who delighted in revelry, and were in a perpetual state +of intoxication as they went with him from land to land, where +he taught the people the cultivation of the vine and the art of +making wine. He traveled thus, it is said, throughout Greece +and Asia Minor, and even ventured as far as India and Ethiopia.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bacchus and +the pirates.</div> + +<p>During these long journeys, Bacchus, as was inevitable, met +with many adventures, which have been fertile themes for poetry +and art. On one occasion, having strayed away +from his followers and lost his way, Bacchus laid +himself down upon the sand on the seashore to rest. Some +pirates, sailing by, saw the handsome young sleeper, and noiselessly +bore him off to their vessel, intending to sell him as a slave +in Egypt.</p> + +<p>They were already quite far out at sea when the god awoke, +and gazed around him in mute wonder at his surroundings. +When fully roused, he bade the seamen take him back to land, +but they merely replied by laughter and mockery. Their amusement +was cut short, however, for the ship came to a sudden +standstill; and, when they leaned over the sides to ascertain why +their oars could no longer propel it onward, they saw a vine +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>177]</a></span> +grow out of the sea, and twine its branches and tendrils with lightning-like +velocity around oars, mast, and rigging, thus transforming +the vessel into a floating arbor. Then a sound of music and +revelry greeted their astonished ears, and Bacchus’ followers +came thronging over the ship’s sides, riding on wild beasts, and +chanting the praises of their god and of his favorite beverage.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“In chorus we sing of wine, sweet wine,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Its power benign, and its flavor divine.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Martinez de la Rosa.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>These extraordinary sights and sounds so bewildered the poor +sailors, that they lost all presence of mind, and jumped overboard +into the sea, where they were drowned and changed into dolphins.</p> + +<p>On another occasion, Silenus, after a great carousal, lost his +way in the forest, and helplessly wandered from place to place +in search of his companions, until he finally came to the court +of Midas, King of Lydia, of ass’s ears fame (p. <a href="#Page_75"><b>75</b></a>).</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The curse of +gold.</div> + +<p>Midas no sooner beheld the red nose and bloated appearance +of the wanderer, than he recognized him as Bacchus’ tutor, and +volunteered to lead him back to his divine pupil. +Delighted to see Silenus again, Bacchus promised +Midas any reward he wished; whereupon Midas, who was an +avaricious old king, fell upon his knees, and humbly besought +the god to grant that all he touched might be changed into gold.</p> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Give me,’ says he (nor thought he ask’d too much),<br /></span> +<span class="i0">‘That with my body whatsoe’er I touch,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Changed from the nature which it held of old,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">May be converted into yellow gold.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Croxall’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Bacchus immediately signified that his prayer was granted; +and Midas, overjoyed at the success of his bold venture, wandered +back to his palace, testing his new-won power, which +changed all to gold at a mere touch of one of his fingers.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Down from a lowly branch a twig he drew,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The twig straight glitter’d with a golden hue.<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>178]</a></span> +<span class="i0">He takes a stone, the stone was turn’d to gold:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A clod he touches, and the crumbling mold<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Acknowledged soon the great transforming power,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In weight and substance like a mass of ore.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He pluck’d the corn, and straight his grasp appears<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fill’d with a bending tuft of golden ears.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">An apple next he takes, and seems to hold<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The bright Hesperian vegetable gold:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His hand he careless on a pillar lays,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With shining gold the fluted pillars blaze.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Croxall’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The sight of these and many other wonders, wrought by a +mere touch, filled his heart with joy; and in his elation he bade +his servants prepare a sumptuous feast, and invite all his courtiers +to share his merriment. His commands were obeyed with +the utmost celerity, and Midas beamed with satisfaction as he +took his place at the head of the board, and viewed the choice +dishes and wines prepared for his delectation.</p> + +<p>Here, too, however, a new revelation awaited him; for cloth, +plate, and cup turned to gold, as did the food and drink as soon +as they met his eager lips.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Whose powerful hands the bread no sooner hold,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But all its substance is transform’d to gold:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Up to his mouth he lifts the savory meat,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which turns to gold as he attempts to eat:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His patron’s noble juice of purple hue,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Touch’d by his lips, a gilded cordial grew,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Unfit for drink; and, wondrous to behold,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">It trickles from his jaws a fluid gold.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The rich poor fool, confounded with surprise,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Starving in all his various plenty lies.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Croxall’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>In the midst of plenty, the gnawing pangs of hunger now +made themselves felt; and the precious gift, which prevented his +allaying them, soon lost all its attractions. With weary feet, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>179]</a></span> +Midas now retraced the road he had traveled in his pride a few +hours before, again cast himself at Bacchus’ feet, and this time +implored him to take back the inconvenient gift, which prevented +him from satisfying his natural appetites.</p> + +<p>His distress seemed so real, that Bacchus bade him go and +wash in the Pactolus River, if he would be rid of the power +which had so soon turned into a curse. Midas hastened off to +the river and plunged in its tide, noting that even its sands all +turned to gold beneath his tread; since when,</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Pactolus singeth over golden sands.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Gray.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Naxos.</div> + +<p>Bacchus’ favorite place of resort was the Island of Naxos, +which he visited after every journey. During one of his sojourns +there, he discovered a fair maiden lying alone on +the sandy shore. Ariadne, for such was the girl’s +name, had been forsaken there by her lover, Theseus, who had +sailed away while she slept (p. <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a>). As soon as she awoke, she +called her faithless lover; but no answering sound fell upon her +ear except the mocking tones of Echo. Her tears flowed freely +as she beat her breast in despair; but suddenly her lamentations +ceased, as she caught the faint sound of music floating toward +her on the summer breeze. Eagerly turning toward the pleasant +music, she caught sight of a merry procession, headed by the God +of Wine.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘And as I sat, over the light blue hills<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There came a noise of revelers: the rills<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Into the wide stream came of purple hue—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">’Twas Bacchus and his crew!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The earnest trumpet spake, and silver thrills<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From kissing cymbals made a merry din—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">’Twas Bacchus and his kin!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like to a moving vintage down they came,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Crown’d with green leaves, and faces all on flame;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">All madly dancing through the pleasant valley.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>180]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="bacchus1" id="bacchus1"></a> +<img src="images/mgr37.jpg" width="600" height="514" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">MARRIAGE OF BACCHUS AND ARIADNE.—Tintoretto. (Ducal Palace, Venice.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Bacchus and +Ariadne.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>181]</a></span> +Bacchus, the first to perceive the fair mourner, hastened to her +side, and brought all his powers of persuasion into +play to console her. His devotion at last induced +her to forget her recreant lover, and, after a short courtship, Bacchus +won her as a bride.</p> + +<p>Their wedding was the gayest ever seen, and the feasting +lasted for several days. The bridegroom presented the bride +with a crown adorned with seven glittering stars,—an ornament +which fitly enhanced her peerless beauty. Shortly after her marriage, +however, poor Ariadne sickened and died, leaving a disconsolate +widower, who took the crown she had so often worn +and flung it up into the air. It rose higher and higher, until +the gods fixed it in the sky, where it still forms a brilliant constellation, +known as Ariadne’s Crown, or Corona.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“And still her sign is seen in heaven,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And, ’midst the glittering symbols of the sky,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The starry crown of Ariadne glides.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Apollonius Rhodius.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Bacchus’ lightheartedness had all vanished, and he no longer +took any pleasure in music, dance, or revelry, until Jupiter, in pity +for his bereavement, restored Ariadne to his longing arms, and, +to prevent her being again claimed by Death, gave her immortal +life.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Pentheus.</div> + +<p>When but a short distance from Thebes, Bacchus once sent a +herald to Pentheus, the king, to announce his approach, and +bespeak a suitable reception and sumptuous entertainment. +Rumors of the noise and disorder, +which seemed to have been the invariable accompaniment of the +god’s presence, had already reached Pentheus, who therefore dismissed +the herald with an insolent message, purporting that Bacchus +had better remain outside of the city gates.</p> + +<p>To avenge this insult, Bacchus inspired the Theban women +with a species of dementia, which made them rush simultaneously +out of the city and join his followers. Then they all clamored +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>182]</a></span> +for permission to witness the religious rites in his honor, +generally called Mysteries, which permission was graciously +granted.</p> + +<p>The king’s spies reported all that had occurred, and their +accounts made Pentheus long to view the ceremonies in secret. +He therefore disguised himself, and hid in a bush near the consecrated +place, hoping to see all without being seen; but an +inadvertent movement attracted the attention of the already excited +Bacchantes, who, led by Agave, the king’s own mother, +dragged him from his hiding place and tore him limb from limb.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Worship of +Bacchus.</div> + +<p>Bacchus, god of wine, was worshiped throughout the ancient +world, and festivals without number were held in his honor. +The most noted were the Greater and Lesser Dionysia, +the Liberalia, and the Bacchanalia, where +the wildest merrymaking and license were freely indulged in by +all participants.</p> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Bacchus, on thee they call, in hymns divine,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And hang thy statues on the lofty pine:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hence plenty every laughing vineyard fills,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thro’ the deep valleys and the sloping hills;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where’er the god inclines his lovely face,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">More luscious fruits the rich plantations grace.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then let us Bacchus’ praises duly sing,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And consecrated cakes, and chargers bring,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dragg’d by their horns let victim goats expire,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And roast on hazel spits before the sacred fire.”<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Come, sacred sire, with luscious clusters crown’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Here all the riches of thy reign abound;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Each field replete with blushing autumn glows,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And in deep tides for thee the foaming vintage flows.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Warton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Bacchus is generally represented as a handsome youth, crowned +with ivy or grape leaves and clusters, bearing the thyrsus, an ivy-circled +wand, as scepter, and riding in a chariot drawn by panthers +or leopards.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>183]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XIV.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">CERES AND PROSERPINA.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Ceres and +Proserpina.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ceres</span> (Demeter), daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and one of +Jupiter’s numerous consorts, was goddess of agriculture and civilization. +Her manifold cares were shared by her +daughter, Proserpina (Cora, Pherephatta, Persephone), +the goddess of vegetation. Whenever her duties permitted, +this fair young goddess hastened off to the Island of +Sicily, her favorite place of resort, where she wandered about all +day long, attended by a merry girlish train, gathering flowers, +on the green slopes of Mount Ætna, and danced with the +nymphs in the beautiful plain of Enna.</p> + +<p>One day, weary of labor, Proserpina called these fair playmates +to join her and spend a merry day gathering flowers.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“And one fair morn—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Not all the ages blot it—on the side<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Ætna we were straying. There was then<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Summer nor winter, springtide nor the time<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of harvest, but the soft unfailing sun<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shone always, and the sowing time was one<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With reaping.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Pluto kidnaps +Proserpina.</div> + +<p>The maidens sang merry lays as they wound their long garlands; +and their joyous voices and ripples of silvery laughter +attracted the attention of Pluto, just then driving +past in his dark chariot drawn by four fiery coal-black +steeds. To ascertain whence these sounds proceeded, the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>184]</a></span> +god stepped out of his car, and cautiously peeped through the +thick foliage.</p> + +<p>He saw Proserpina sitting on a mossy bank, almost buried in +many-hued blossoms, her laughing companions picturesquely +grouped around her. One glance sufficed to convince Pluto of +her loveliness and grace, and to make him feel that his happiness +depended on the possession of this bright young creature.</p> + +<p>Long ere this, he had tried to persuade one after another of the +goddesses to share his gloomy throne; but one and all had refused +the honor, and declined to accompany him to a land where the sun +never shone, the birds never sang, and the flowers never bloomed. +Hurt and disappointed by these rebuffs, Pluto had finally registered +a solemn vow never to go wooing again; and so, instead +of gently inviting Proserpina to become his queen, he resolved +to kidnap her.</p> + +<p>Straight through the bushes he strode, direct to the spot where +she was seated. The noise of crackling branches and hasty footsteps +made the assembled maidens swiftly turn. One glance +sufficed to identify the intruder, for none but he could boast of +such a dark, lowering countenance; and all exclaimed in mingled +wonder and terror at his unwonted presence in those sunlit +regions.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 466px;"> +<a name="proserpina" id="proserpina"></a> +<img src="images/mgr38.jpg" width="466" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">ABDUCTION OF PROSERPINA.—Schobelt.</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem18"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“’Tis he, ’tis he: he comes to us<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From the depths of Tartarus.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For what of evil doth he roam<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From his red and gloomy home,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In the center of the world,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where the sinful dead are hurled?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Mark him as he moves along,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Drawn by horses black and strong,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Such as may belong to Night<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ere she takes her morning flight.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Now the chariot stops: the god<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On our grassy world hath trod:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like a Titan steppeth he,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Yet full of his divinity.<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185"><!-- original location of Abduction of Proserpina illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>186]</a></span> +<span class="i0">On his mighty shoulders lie<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Raven locks, and in his eye<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A cruel beauty, such as none<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of us may wisely look upon.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Barry Cornwall.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Frightened by his impetuous approach, the trembling nymphs +first crowded around Proserpina, who, in her astonishment and +trepidation, dropped all her pretty flowers and stood motionless +among them. Her uncertainty as to his purpose was only momentary, +for, catching her in his brawny arms ere she could make +an attempt to escape, he bore her off to his chariot, in spite of +prayers and struggles, and drove away as fast as his fleet steeds +could carry him.</p> + +<p>He was soon out of hearing of the wild cries and lamentations +of the nymphs, who vainly pursued him, and tried to overtake their +beloved mistress. Afraid lest Ceres should come and force him to +relinquish his new-won treasure, Pluto drove faster and faster, +nor paused for an instant until he reached the banks of the +Cyane River, whose waters, at his approach, began to seethe and +roar in a menacing fashion, and spread themselves as much as +possible, to check him in his flight.</p> + +<p>Pluto quickly perceived that to attempt to cross the river in +his chariot would be madness, while by retracing his footsteps +he ran the risk of meeting Ceres, and being forced to relinquish +his prize. He therefore decided to have recourse to other means, +and, seizing his terrible two-pronged fork, struck the earth such a +mighty blow, that a great crevice opened under his feet, through +which horses and chariot plunged down into the darkness of the +Lower World.</p> + +<p>Proserpina turned her weeping eyes to catch a parting glimpse +of the fair earth she was leaving, and then, with a fond thought +of her anxious mother, who, when evening came, would vainly +seek her child in all her favorite haunts, she quickly flung her +girdle into the Cyane, and called to the water nymph to carry it +to Ceres.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>187]</a></span> +Elated by the complete success of his bold venture, and no +longer fearful of immediate pursuit, the happy god strained his +fair captive to his breast, pressed kisses on her fresh young cheeks, +and tried to calm her terrors, as the black steeds rushed faster +and faster along the dark passage, nor paused until they reached +the foot of their master’s throne.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Pleased as he grasps her in his iron arms,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Frights with soft sighs, with tender words alarms.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Darwin.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Ceres’ search.</div> + +<p>In the mean while the sun had sunk below the Sicilian horizon; +and Ceres, returning from the fields of fast-ripening grain to her +own dwelling, sought for the missing Proserpina, +of whom no trace could be found except the scattered +flowers. Hither and thither the mother wandered, calling +her daughter, and wondering where she could be, and why she did +not come bounding to meet her. As time passed, and still Proserpina +did not appear, Ceres’ heart beat fast with apprehension, +and the tears coursed down her cheeks as she rushed about from +place to place, calling her daughter.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“What ails her that she comes not home?<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Demeter seeks her far and wide,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And gloomy-browed doth ceaseless roam<br /></span> +<span class="i1">From many a morn till eventide.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">‘My life, immortal though it be,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Is naught!’ she cries, ‘for want of thee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Persephone—Persephone!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Ingelow.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Night came, and Ceres, kindling a torch at the volcanic fires of +Mount Ætna, continued her search. Day dawned, and still the +mother called, awakening the morning echoes with her longing +cries for her child. Her daily duties were all neglected. The +rain no longer refreshed the drooping flowers, the grain was +parched by the ardent rays of the sun, and the grass all perished, +while Ceres roamed over hill and dale in search of Proserpina.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>188]</a></span> +Weary at last of her hopeless quest, the goddess seated herself +by the wayside, near the city of Eleusis, and gave way to her +overwhelming grief.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Long was thine anxious search<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For lovely Proserpine, nor didst thou break<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy mournful fast, till the far-fam’d Eleusis<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Received thee wandering.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Orphic Hymn.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Ceres and +Triptolemus.</div> + +<p>To avoid recognition, she had assumed the appearance of an +aged crone; and as she sat there by the wayside, in tears, she +attracted the compassionate inquiries of the daughters +of Celeus, king of the country. Having heard +her bewail the loss of her child, they entreated her to come to +the palace, and, knowing nothing could so well soothe a breaking +heart, offered her the charge of their infant brother Triptolemus.</p> + +<p>Ceres, touched by their ready sympathy, accepted the offer; +and when she arrived at the palace, the royal heir was intrusted +to her care. Tenderly the goddess kissed the puny child’s little +pinched face; and at her touch the child became rosy and well, +to the unbounded astonishment of the royal family and all the +court.</p> + +<p>In the night, while Ceres sat alone with her charge, it occurred +to her that she might confer a still greater blessing upon him, +that of immortality: so she anointed his limbs with nectar, murmured +a powerful charm, and placed him upon the red-hot coals, +to consume all the perishable elements left in his body.</p> + +<p>The queen, Metaneira, who had thought it somewhat imprudent +to leave the child thus alone with a stranger, now stole +noiselessly into the apartment, and with a wild shriek rushed to +the fire and snatched her child out of the flames, pressed him +anxiously to her breast, and, after ascertaining that he was quite +unharmed, turned to vent her indignation upon the careless +nurse; but the aged beggar woman had vanished, and in her +stead she confronted the radiant Goddess of Agriculture.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>189]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 443px;"> +<a name="ceres" id="ceres"></a> +<img src="images/mgr39.jpg" width="443" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">CERES. (Vatican, Rome.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>190]</a></span> +<span class="i3">“From her fragrant robes<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A lovely scent was scattered, and afar<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shone light emitted from her skin divine,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And yellow locks upon her shoulders waved;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">White as from lightning, all the house was filled<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With splendor.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Homeric Hymn.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>With a gentle reproof to the queen for her untimely interference, +Ceres explained what she fain would have done, and vanished, +to continue her wanderings in other lands. She finally returned +to Italy; and, while wandering along the river banks one day, +the waters suddenly cast a glittering object at her feet. Stooping +hastily to ascertain what it might be, she recognized the girdle +her daughter had worn when she had parted from her in Sicily.</p> + +<p>Joyfully she embraced the token, and, thinking she must now +be upon Proserpina’s track, hastened on until she came to a crystal +fountain, by whose side she sat down to rest. Her eyes +were heavy with the combined effect of tears, fatigue, and oppressive +heat, and she was about to lose all consciousness of her +trouble in sleep, when the murmur of the fountain increased, until +she fancied it was talking; not as mortals do, but in its own silvery +accents.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Arethusa and +Alpheus.</div> + +<p>The goddess was not mistaken; for a few minutes later she could +distinguish words, and heard the fountain entreat her to listen, +if she would hear what had befallen her child. +The fountain then went on to tell how she had not +always been a mere stream, but was once a nymph, called Arethusa, +in Diana’s train, and how, overcome by the heat, she had +once sought a cool stream wherein she might bathe her heated +limbs.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<a name="nymph" id="nymph"></a> +<img src="images/mgr40.jpg" width="450" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">A NYMPH.—Kray.</p> +</div> + +<p>She soon found one, the Alpheus River, and selected a spot +where the trees hung over the limpid waters, where the sand on +the bottom was fine and even, and where no mortal eyes could +see her as she threw aside her sandals and outer garments. She +was enjoying the refreshing sensation of the water rippling +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191"><!-- original location of A Nymph illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>192]</a></span> +around her hot limbs, and was reveling in the complete solitude, +when suddenly the river, until now as smooth as a mirror, was +ruffled by waves, which crept nearer and nearer to the startled +nymph, until in affright she sprang out of the water.</p> + +<p>Then a voice—the voice of the river god Alpheus—was heard, +calling to her in pleading accents to stay her flight and lend +an ear to his wooing; but when the impetuous god, instead of +waiting for an answer to his suit, rose up out of the water and +rushed to clasp her in his arms, she turned and fled in great +terror. She fled, but he pursued. Over hill and dale, through +forest and field, Arethusa ran, still closely followed by her too +ardent lover, until, exhausted, she paused for breath, crying aloud +to Diana to come to her rescue.</p> + +<p>Her prayer was answered. A moment later she was enveloped +in a thick mist and transformed into a fountain. Alpheus could +no longer see her, but wandered about, bewailing her disappearance, +and calling her in passionate accents.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“‘O Arethusa, peerless nymph! why fear<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Such tenderness as mine? Great Dian, why,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Why didst thou hear her prayer? Oh that I<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Were rippling round her dainty fairness now,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Circling about her waist, and striving how<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To entice her to a dive! then stealing in<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Between her luscious lips and eyelids thin.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The misty cloud in which Arethusa had been enveloped by +Diana’s protecting care was soon blown away by a mischievous +breath from Zephyrus; and Alpheus, who was still hovering +near there, suddenly beholding a fountain where none had ever +existed before, surmised what had happened. Changing himself +into an impetuous torrent, he rushed to join his beloved, who +sprang out of her mossy bed, and hurried on over sticks and +stones, until Diana, seeing her new plight, opened a crevice, +through which she glided away from the bright sunlight she +loved so well into the depths of Pluto’s realm.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>193]</a></span> +While gliding there in the gloom, Arethusa had caught a +glimpse of Proserpina on her sable throne, beside the stern-browed +Pluto. She could not, however, pause to inquire how she came +there, but hurried on breathlessly, until another crevice offered +her the means of returning to the upper world, and seeing once +more the blue sky and sun on the Sicilian plains.</p> + +<p>The monotonous murmur of the fountain now subsided again +into its usual undertone; and Ceres, knowing where to seek her +daughter, was about to depart, when she heard the sudden rush +and roar of a large body of water. She immediately turned, and +beheld the torrent Alpheus, who, after a disconsolate search underground +for the lost Arethusa, had found a crevice, through which +he passed to join his beloved on the Sicilian plains.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Alpheus, Elis’ stream, they say,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Beneath the seas here found his way,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And now his waters interfuse<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With thine, O fountain Arethuse,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Beneath Sicilian skies.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>In spite of her previous efforts to escape him, Arethusa must +still have been very glad to see him once more, for Ceres heard +her murmur contentedly as she sank into his arms and listened +to his louder tones of rapturous love.</p> + +<p>Maidens in Greece were wont to throw fresh garlands into the +Alpheus River; and it was said the selfsame flowers, carried +away by his current, soon reappeared in the Sicilian fountain, +carried there as love offerings by the enamored river.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“O my beloved, how divinely sweet<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Is the pure joy when kindred spirits meet!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like him, the river god, whose waters flow,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With love their only light, through caves below,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wafting in triumph all the flowery braids<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And festal rings, with which Olympic maids<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Have decked his current, an offering meet<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To lay at Arethusa’s shining feet.<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>194]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Think when at last he meets his fountain bride<br /></span> +<span class="i0">What perfect love must thrill the blended tide!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And lost in each, till mingling into one,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Their lot the same for shadow or for sun,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A type of true love, to the deep they run.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Moore.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Ceres’ +mourning.</div> + +<p>Now, although poor Ceres had ascertained where to find her +missing daughter, her grief was not at all diminished, for she felt +convinced that Pluto would never willingly relinquish +her. She therefore withdrew into a dark +cave to mourn unseen, and still further neglected her wonted +duties.</p> + +<p>Famine threatened to visit the people, and they prayed and clamored +for her aid; but, absorbed in grief, she paid no heed to their +distress, and vowed that nothing on earth should grow, with her +permission, as long as her daughter was detained in Hades. In +despair at this frightful state of affairs, the people then besought +Jupiter to pity the sufferings they endured, and to allow Proserpina +to revisit the upper world once more.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Arise, and set the maiden free;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Why should the world such sorrow dree<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By reason of Persephone?”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Ingelow.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>As soon as she became aware of this petition, Ceres hastened +to Olympus, to join her supplications to the cries which rose from +all parts of the earth; until Jupiter, wearied by these importunities, +consented to Proserpina’s return, upon condition, however, that +she had not touched any food during the whole time of her +sojourn in the Infernal Regions.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“Last, Zeus himself,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pitying the evil that was done, sent forth<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His messenger beyond the western rim<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To fetch me back to earth.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The pomegranate +seeds.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>195]</a></span> +Ceres in person hastened to her daughter’s new abode, and was +about to lead her away in spite of Pluto, when a spirit, Ascalaphus, +suddenly declared that the queen had partaken of +some pomegranate seeds that very day. Proserpina +could not refute the charge, and Jupiter decreed that for +every seed she had eaten she should spend one month of every +year in her husband’s gloomy kingdom.</p> + +<p>Thus it came about that Proserpina was condemned to spend +one half the year in Hades, and could linger on the bright earth +only for six months at a time.</p> + +<p>Mercury was chosen to lead her to and from Hades; and, +whenever he brought her out of her gloomy prison, the skies became +blue and sunny, the grass sprang fresh and green beneath +her elastic tread, the flowers bloomed along her way, the birds +trilled forth their merry lays, and all was joy and brightness.</p> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“And when, in springtime, with sweet-smelling flowers<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of various kinds the earth doth bloom, thou’lt come<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From gloomy darkness back—a mighty joy<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To gods and mortal men.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Homeric Hymn.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Proserpina’s +return.</div> + +<p>Ceres, happy once more in the possession of her beloved +daughter, cheerfully and diligently attended to all her duties, and +blessed the earth with plenty; but when the six +months were over, and the skies wept and all +nature mourned Proserpina’s departure, she again returned to +her cave, whence no entreaties could draw her.</p> + +<p>As for the merry, happy-natured Proserpina, the moment +Hades’ portals closed behind her, she became pale and melancholy; +and none would have dreamed the playful, flower-crowned +Goddess of Vegetation was identical with the sad-faced, sable-vested +Queen of Hades (now called Hecate), who held a pomegranate +in one hand, and a torch in the other. Proserpina, like +Adonis, was the personification of vegetation, visibly prosperous +during the six favorable months of the year, and lurking hidden +under the cold ground during the remainder of the time.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Worship of +Ceres.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>196]</a></span> +Many beautiful temples were dedicated to Ceres and Proserpina +in Greece and Italy, where yearly festivals, +the Thesmophoria and the Cerealia, were celebrated +with great pomp.</p> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“To Ceres chief her annual rites be paid,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On the green turf, beneath a fragrant shade,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When winter ends, and spring serenely shines,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then fat the lambs, then mellow are the wines,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then sweet are slumbers on the flowery ground,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then with thick shades are lofty mountains crown’d.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Let all the hinds bend low at Ceres’ shrine;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Mix honey sweet, for her, with milk and mellow wine;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thrice lead the victim the new fruits around,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Ceres call, and choral hymns resound:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Presume not, swains, the ripen’d grain to reap,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till crown’d with oak in antic dance ye leap,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Invoking Ceres, and in solemn lays,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Exalt your rural queen’s immortal praise.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (C. Pitt’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>To commemorate her long search for her daughter, Ceres returned +to Eleusis, taught her former nursling, Triptolemus, the +various secrets of agriculture, and gave him her chariot, bidding +him travel everywhere, and teach the people how to plow, sow, +and reap; and then she instituted the Eleusinia, festivals held in +honor of her daughter and herself at Eleusis.</p> + +<p>Triptolemus did not fail to carry out the goddess’s instructions, +and journeyed far and wide, until he finally reached the court of +Lyncus, King of Scythia, where the false monarch would have +treacherously slain him had not Ceres by timely interference prevented +the execution of his base purpose by changing the traitor +into a lynx, the emblem of perfidy.</p> + +<p>Ceres was generally represented as a fair, matronly woman, clad +in flowing draperies, sometimes crowned with wheat ears, and +bearing a sheaf of grain and a sickle, or with a plow and a +horn of plenty disgorging its wealth of fruit and flowers at her +feet. Groves were frequently dedicated to her; and any mortal +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>197]</a></span> +rash enough to lay the ax on one of these sacred trees was sure +to incur the goddess’s wrath, as is proved by the story of Erisichthon.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Erisichthon.</div> + +<p>This man was evidently a freethinker, and, to show his contempt +for the superstitious veneration paid to Ceres’ trees, took +his ax and cut down one of her sacred oaks. At +his first blow, blood began to flow from the tree; +but, undeterred by the phenomenon or the entreaties of the bystanders, +Erisichthon continued. Finally, annoyed by the importunities +of the spectators, he turned and slew one or two, and then +completed his sacrilege.</p> + +<p>Ceres, incensed by his insolence and cruelty, devised a terrible +chastisement for the unfortunate man, and sent Famine to gnaw +his vitals, and torment him night and day. The wretch, tortured +by a hunger which no amount of food could allay, disposed of +all his property to obtain the means of procuring nourishment; +but his monstrous appetite continued, and, as he had but one +daughter left, he sold her as a slave to obtain food.</p> + +<p>The girl’s master left her alone for a moment upon the seashore, +and, in answer to her prayer, Neptune delivered her from +servitude by changing her into a fisherman. When the master +returned and found his slave gone, he questioned the fisherman, +and, not obtaining any satisfactory information, departed. Neptune +then restored the maiden to her own form, and let her return +home; but, as her father sold her again, the god was obliged +to interfere once more in her behalf, until at last Erisichthon, +deprived of means to procure food, devoured himself.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ceres and +Stellio.</div> + +<p>Another anecdote illustrating Ceres’ power is told about a lad, +Stellio, who made fun of the goddess when she was journeying, +on account of the haste with which she disposed +of a bowl of gruel offered by some charitable +person. To punish the boy for his rudeness, Ceres flung the +remainder of her gruel into his face, and changed him into a +lizard.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>198]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XV.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">VESTA.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Worship of +Vesta.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vesta</span>, or Hestia, daughter of Cronus and Rhea, goddess of +fire and of the family hearth, and guardian angel of mankind, was +worshiped principally throughout Italy, although +she also had shrines in Greece and Asia Minor.</p> + +<p>The family hearth in ancient times possessed a far different +signification from what it does now, and was considered the +family altar, for there the father of the family was wont to offer +up his daily prayers and sacrifices. “As, according to the old +heathen custom, all men were regarded as enemies unless by a +special compact they had been made friends, so Vesta presided +especially over true and faithful dealing;” and she was therefore +generally represented as pure and undefiled.</p> + +<p>A beautiful circular temple in Rome was dedicated to Vesta’s +service; and here the Palladium of Troy was supposed to be preserved, +together with the goddess’s sacred fire, originally kindled +by the rays of the sun.</p> + +<p>This fire—an emblem of the flame of life, which the ancients +fancied was kept burning within each human breast by Vesta, +the life-giver—was kept constantly burning, and never allowed +to go out for want of fuel or timely care. Its flames were also +intended to represent the purity of the goddess, who, although +wooed by many lovers,—among whom Apollo and Neptune can +justly claim the precedence,—remained always a virgin.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="vestal" id="vestal"></a> +<img src="images/mgr41.jpg" width="600" height="340" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">SCHOOL OF THE VESTAL VIRGINS.—Le Roux.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Romans fancied that her worship had been introduced in +Italy by Æneas, their famous ancestor, who brought thither his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199"><!-- original location of School of the Vestal Virgins illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>200]</a></span> +home gods, and who, according to tradition, selected the first +Vestal Virgins.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Vestal +Virgins.</div> + +<p>The second king of Rome, Numa Pompilius, built a beautiful +temple, and instituted various religious ceremonies, in honor of +Vesta. The loveliest and noblest among the Roman +maidens were chosen to serve this goddess, +and were known as Vestals, or Vestal Virgins. Admitted into +the temple at the early age of six, they were compelled to +serve ten years in fitting themselves to fulfill the duties they +would be called upon to perform during the next decade as +priestesses and guardians of the sacred fire. The last ten years +were spent in instructing the novices; and, when their thirty-years’ +service was ended, they were at liberty either to continue in +the temple, where they were treated with the greatest respect, +or to leave it, and even marry, if such were their pleasure.</p> + +<p>During their time of servitude, they were expected to keep their +vows of chastity and fidelity to their patroness, and to maintain +her sacred fire, under penalty of being buried alive in a vaulted +chamber, fashioned for this express purpose by Numa Pompilius’s +order. In turn, each of the priestesses watched the fire, renewed +the fuel, and fanned the flame, nor lost sight of it night or day; +for the Romans considered the extinction of this sacred flame +the precursor of some great public calamity.</p> + +<p>The Vestals were, however, so pure and vigilant, that during +one thousand years only eighteen failed to keep their vows +satisfactorily, and suffered punishment. The Vestal Tuccia was +accused of breach of faith, but, as proof of her purity, was +given power to carry water in a sieve from the Tiber to the +temple.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 253px;"> +<a name="tuccia" id="tuccia"></a> +<img src="images/mgr42.jpg" width="253" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">THE VESTAL TUCCIA.—Le Roux.</p> +</div> + +<p>In return for the signal services the Vestals rendered to the +state by maintaining this sacred fire, they enjoyed many privileges: +among others, that of being preceded by a lictor with fasces when +they walked abroad; of occupying the seats of honor in public +ceremonies and festivities; of being buried within the city limits +(a privilege granted to but very few); and of obtaining the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201"><!-- original location of The Vestal Tuccia illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>202]</a></span> +pardon of criminals whom they met by accident on their way +to the place of execution. Loved and greatly honored by all, +the Vestals have become types of all things pure and lovely in +woman.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“By these her trembling fires,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like Vesta’s, ever burning; and, like hers,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sacred to thoughts immaculate and pure.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Young.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The Vestal Virgins were further distinguished by a vesture of +pure white linen, with a purple border and a wide purple mantle. +In time of war or danger they were answerable for the preservation +of the sacred fire, which they were allowed to remove to any +place of safety; and on several occasions they therefore carried +it out of Rome and down the Tiber, lest it should fall into the +enemy’s hands.</p> + +<p>The Vestals continued their office until the reign of Theodosius +the Great, who, being converted to Christianity A.D. 380, +abolished the worship of Vesta, dispersed the Vestals, and extinguished +the sacred fire.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Festivals.</div> + +<p>Vesta’s services were held with great pomp; and her festivals, +the Vestalia, were among the most beautiful and popular in +Rome. Statues of this goddess—generally representing +a woman of majestic beauty, clad in long +robes, holding a lighted torch or lamp in one hand and a votive +bowl in the other—were carried through the main streets of the +city on all solemn occasions.</p> + +<p>In public processions the Vestals had the privilege of carrying +their sacred fire; while the Roman matrons, glad to swell their +ranks, followed them, barefooted, chanting the praises of the +good goddess Vesta.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“And from the temple brings<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dread Vesta, with her holy things,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her awful fillets, and the fire<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whose sacred embers ne’er expire.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>203]</a></span> +On these occasions great banquets were prepared before each +house, all daily toil was suspended, the millstones were decked +with flowers, and the very asses wont to turn them were covered +with garlands and led in the processions.</p> + +<p>Among the Romans, Vesta was not the only goddess invoked +on the family hearth, for she shared that place of honor with the +Lares, Manes, and Penates, who all enjoyed special veneration +and sacrifices.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Lares, Manes, +and Penates.</div> + +<p>The Lares, quite unknown to the Greeks, were two in number, +the children of Mercury and Lara, a naiad famous for her +beauty as well as for her extreme loquacity, which +no one could check. Tradition relates that this +fair maiden talked from morning till night, and told all she knew. +Upon one occasion she incurred Jupiter’s wrath by relating to +Juno a conversation she had overheard between him and one of +his numerous ladyloves.</p> + +<p>To punish her, and at the same time prevent further tale-bearing, +the king of the gods cut off Lara’s tongue, and, summoning +Mercury, bade him lead her down to Hades to linger there +forever. But on the way to the dismal abode of the dead, the +messenger god fell in love with his fair charge, who, being now +effectually cured of her sole fault, was irresistibly charming; +and, instead of obeying Jupiter, he made love to her, and by +pantomime obtained her consent to their union. She bore him +two children, who from her were called Lares, and to whom +the Romans always paid divine honors, reserving special places +for them on the family hearth, for they were supposed to preside +over houses and families. Their statues resembled monkeys +covered with the skins of dogs; while at their feet a barking +dog, the symbol of their care and vigilance, was always represented.</p> + +<p>The Manes—a name generally applied to souls when separated +from the body—were also reckoned among the Roman +divinities, and the illustrious ancestors of different families were +often worshiped under this name.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>204]</a></span> +As for the Penates, they presided over the houses and domestic +affairs. Each head of a household was wont to choose his +own Penates, whom he then invoked as his special patrons. The +statues of the Penates were of clay, wax, ivory, silver, or gold, +according to the wealth of the family whose hearth they graced, +and the offerings generally made to them were a small part of +each meal.</p> + +<p>Upon removing from one house to another or from one place +to another, it was customary for the head of the family to remove +his household gods also, and establish them suitably before +he thought of his own or his family’s comfort, and in return for +this kindly care the Penates blessed him with peace and prosperity.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>205]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XVI.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">JANUS.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Janus</span>, god of the past, present, and future, of gates, entrances, +war, and peace, and patron of all beginnings, although one of +the most important of all the Roman divinities, was entirely unknown +to the Greeks.</p> + +<p>According to some mythologists, he was the son of Apollo; +and, although born in Thessaly, he early in life came to Italy, +where he founded a city on the Tiber, to which he gave the name +Janiculum. Here he was joined by the exiled Saturn, with +whom he generously shared his throne. Together they civilized +the wild inhabitants of Italy, and blessed them with such prosperity +that their reign has often been called the Age of Gold.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">“Saturn fled before victorious Jove,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Driven down and banish’d from the realms above.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He, by just laws, embodied all the train,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who roam’d the hills, and drew them to the plain;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There fixed, and Latium called the new abode,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whose friendly shores concealed the latent god.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">These realms, in peace, the monarch long controlled,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And blessed the nations with an age of gold.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (C. Pitt’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Janus’ +two faces.</div> + +<p>Janus is generally represented with two faces, turned in opposite +directions, because he was acquainted with +the past and future as well as with the present, +and because he is considered an emblem of the sun, which +opens the day at its rising, and closes the day at its setting.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>206]</a></span> +In some statues he is represented with one white-haired and +bearded face, and the other quite youthful in appearance, while +others represent him with three and even four heads.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Janus am I; oldest of potentates;<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Forward I look, and backward, and below<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I count, as god of avenues and gates,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">The years that through my portals come and go.<br /></span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“I block the roads and drift the fields with snow;<br /></span> +<span class="i1">I chase the wild-fowl from the frozen fen;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My frosts congeal the rivers in their flow;<br /></span> +<span class="i1">My fires light up the hearths and hearts of men.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Longfellow.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The commencement of every new year, month, and day was +held sacred to Janus, and at that time special sacrifices and +prayers were offered up at his shrines. He also presided over +all gates and avenues, and through him alone prayers were supposed +to reach the immortal gods: therefore in all religious +ceremonies his name was always the first invoked. From this +circumstance he often appears with a key in his right hand, and a +rod in his left; or, when he presides over the year, he holds the +number 300 in one hand, and 65 in the other.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Worship of +Janus.</div> + +<p>He was also supposed to watch over peace and war, and had +numerous temples throughout all Italy. One very celebrated +temple was called Janus Quadrifons, because it +was perfectly square. On each side of the building +there was one door and three windows. These apertures +were all symbolical,—the doors of the four seasons, and the +windows of the twelve months, of the year.</p> + +<p>In times of war the temple gates were opened wide, for the +people, being in need of aid and comfort, were all anxious to +enter and present their offerings; but when peace reigned, the +doors were immediately closed, for the god’s intercession was no +longer necessary. The Romans, however, were such a belligerent +people, that the temple gates were closed but thrice in more than +seven centuries, and then only for a very short period.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>207]</a></span> +Festivals in honor of Janus were celebrated on the first day +of the new year; and one month bore the god’s name, and +was considered sacred to him. It was customary for friends and +relatives to exchange calls, good wishes, and gifts on the first +day of this month,—a Roman custom in force to this day.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ancient divisions +of time.</div> + +<p>Janus is not the only one among the Greek and Latin divinities +whose name has been given to a part of the year or week; +for in Latin the names of the days are <i>dies Solis</i> +(Sun day), <i>dies Lunæ</i> (Moon day), <i>dies Martis</i> +(Mars’ day), <i>dies Mercurii</i> (Mercury’s day), <i>dies Jovis</i> (Jove’s day), +<i>dies Veneris</i> (Venus’ day), <i>dies Saturni</i> (Saturn’s day); Latin names +which are still in use in legislative and judiciary acts, while in +English the common nomenclature is derived from the names of +the corresponding Saxon divinities.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>208]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XVII.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">SOMNUS AND MORS.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Cave of sleep.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">After</span> leaving the joyless regions of Pluto’s realm, and following +the even course of the Lethe River, the ancients fancied +one reached a large cave in a remote and quiet +valley. This cave was the dwelling of Somnus (or +Hupnos), god of sleep, and of his twin brother Mors (or Thanatos), +god of death; and both were sons of the Goddess of Night, who +had once ruled the whole universe. Near the entrance of the +cave, shadowy forms kept constant watch, gently shaking great +bunches of poppies, and, with finger to lips, enjoining silence on +all who ventured near. These forms were the genii of sleep and +death, represented in art as crowned with poppies or amaranths, +and sometimes holding a funeral urn or a reversed torch.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Somnus and +Morpheus.</div> + +<p>The cave was divided into chambers, each one darker and +more silent than the one which preceded it. In one of the inner +rooms, which was all draped with sable curtains, +stood a downy couch, upon which reclined the +monarch of sleep. His garments were also black, but all strewn +with golden stars. He wore a crown of poppies on his head, and +held a goblet full of poppy juice in his languid hand. His +drowsy head was supported by Morpheus, his prime minister, who +watched incessantly over his prolonged slumbers, and hindered +any one from troubling his repose.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 445px;"> +<a name="death" id="death"></a> +<img src="images/mgr43.jpg" width="445" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">GENIUS OF DEATH.—Canova. (Tomb of Clement XIII.; St. Peter’s, Rome.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Deep in a cavern dwells the drowsy god:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whose gloomy mansion nor the rising sun,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor setting, visits, nor the lightsome noon:<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209"><!-- original location of Genius of Death illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>210]</a></span> +<span class="i0">But lazy vapors round the region fly,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Perpetual twilight, and a doubtful sky;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">No crowing cock does there his wings display,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor with his horny bill provoke the day:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor watchful dogs, nor the more wakeful geese,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Disturb with nightly noise the sacred peace:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor beast of nature, nor the tame, are nigh,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor trees with tempest rock’d, nor human cry;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But safe repose, without an air of breath,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dwells here, and a dumb quiet next to death.<br /></span> +<span class="i1">An arm of Lethe, with a gentle flow,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Arising upwards from the rock below,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The palace moats, and o’er the pebbles creeps,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And with soft murmurs calls the coming sleeps;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Around its entry nodding poppies grow,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And all cool simples that sweet rest bestow;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Night from the plants their sleepy virtue drains,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And passing, sheds it on the silent plains:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">No door there was the unguarded house to keep,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On creaking hinges turn’d to break his sleep.<br /></span> +<span class="i1">But in the gloomy court was rais’d a bed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Stuff’d with black plumes, and on an ebon sted:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Black was the covering too, where lay the god,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And slept supine, his limbs display’d abroad.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">About his head fantastic visions fly,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which various images of things supply,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And mock their forms; the leaves on trees not more,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor bearded ears in fields, nor sands upon the shore.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Dryden’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Dreams and +Nightmares.</div> + +<p>All around the bed and over it hovered throngs of exquisite +spirits, the Dreams, who stooped to whisper their pleasant messages +in his ear; while in the distant corners of +the apartment lurked the hideous Nightmares. +The Dreams were often dispatched to earth under Mercury’s +charge, to visit mortals.</p> + +<p>Two gates led out of the valley of sleep,—one of ivory, and +the other of horn. The Dreams which passed through the glittering +gates of ivory were delusive, while those which passed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>211]</a></span> +through the homely gate of horn were destined to come true in +the course of time.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Of dreams, O stranger, some are meaningless<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And idle, and can never be fulfilled.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Two portals are there for their shadowy shapes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of ivory one, and one of horn. The dreams<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That come through the carved ivory deceive<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With promises that never are made good;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But those which pass the doors of polished horn,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And are beheld of men, are ever true.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Dreams were also frequently sent through the gates of horn +to prepare mortals for misfortunes, as in the case of Halcyone.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of Ceyx +and Halcyone.</div> + +<p>Ceyx, King of Thessaly, was once forced to part from his beloved +wife, Halcyone, to travel off to Delphi to consult the oracle. +With many tears this loving couple parted, and +Halcyone watched the lessening sail until it had +quite vanished from sight; then she returned to her palace to +pray for her husband’s safe return. But, alas! the gods had +decreed they should never meet again on earth; and, even while +Halcyone prayed, a tempest arose which wrecked Ceyx’s vessel, +and caused him and all his crew to perish in the seething waves.</p> + +<p>Day after day the queen hastened down to the seashore, followed +by her attendants, to watch for the returning sails of her +husband’s vessel; and night after night she lay on her couch, +anxiously expecting the morrow, which she ever fancied would +prove auspicious. The gods, seeing her anxiety, and wishing to +prepare her to receive the news of his death, and especially to +view with some composure his corpse, which they had decided +should be washed ashore, sent a Dream to visit her.</p> + +<p>After assuming the face and form of Ceyx, the Dream glided +away through the gate of horn, hastened to Halcyone’s bedside, +and whispered that her husband was dead, and that his body was +even now being cast up on the smooth, sandy beach by the salt +sea waves. With a wild cry of terror and grief, Halcyone awoke, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>212]</a></span> +and hastened to the seashore to convince herself that the dream +had been false; but she had no sooner reached the beach, than +the waves washed her husband’s corpse to her feet.</p> + +<p>To endure life without him seemed too great a task for poor +Halcyone, who immediately cast herself into the sea, to perish +beside him. Touched by grief so real and intense, the gods +changed both bodies into birds, since known as Halcyon birds, +and decreed they should ever live on the waters. These birds +were said to build their nests and hatch their young on the heaving +billows, and to utter shrill cries of warning to the seamen +whenever a storm threatened, bidding them prepare for the blast, +and hasten to shelter in port, if they would not encounter the +mournful fate of poor Ceyx.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Mors.</div> + +<p>Mors, god of death, occupied one of the corners of Somnus’ +cave. He was a hideous, cadaverous-looking deity, clad in a +winding sheet, and held an hourglass and a scythe +in his hand. His hollow eyes were fixed upon +the sands of time; and when they had run out, he knew some +life was about to end, and sallied forth, scythe in hand, to mow +down his prey with relentless joy.</p> + +<p>Needless to say, this cruel deity was viewed by the ancients +with fear and dislike, and no homage was offered him.</p> + +<p>These two divinities were, however, but of slight importance +in the general scheme of ancient mythology, in which Proserpina +was generally regarded as the emblem of death, and they were +therefore more like local divinities. The Lacedæmonians paid +the most heed to them, and invariably placed their statues side +by side.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Morpheus.</div> + +<p>As for Morpheus, the son as well as the prime minister of +Somnus, he was also called the god of sleep, and mortals were +wont to intercede for his good offices. He is generally +represented as a sleeping child of great corpulence, +and with wings. Morpheus held a vase in one hand, +and poppies in the other, which he gently shook to induce a +state of drowsiness,—according to him, the acme of bliss.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>213]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XVIII.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">ÆOLUS.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Not</span> very far away from the quiet realm of Somnus and Mors, +but on the surface of the earth, were the Æolian Islands, now +known as the Lipari Islands, where Æolus, god of the storm and +winds, governed a very unruly and turbulent population.</p> + +<p>He is said to have received his royal dignity from the fair +hands of Juno, and he was therefore specially eager to obey all +her behests. He is commonly reputed to have +married Aurora, or Eos, who gave him six sons +i.e., Boreas, the north wind; Corus, the northwest wind; Aquilo, +the west wind; Notus, the southwest wind; Eurus, the east +wind; and lastly, Zephyrus, the gentle and lovable south wind, +whose mission it was to announce to mortals the return of ever-welcome +spring.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Æolus’ children.</div> + +<p>Æolus’ five elder sons were of a noisy, roving, mischievous, +turbulent disposition, and peace and quiet were utterly impossible +to them. To prevent their causing serious disasters, he therefore +ruled them with a very strict hand, kept them very closely confined +in a great cave, and let them loose only one at a time, to +stretch their limbs and take a little exercise.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“Æolus in a cavern vast<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With bolt and barrier fetters fast<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Rebellious storm and howling blast.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They with the rock’s reverberant roar<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Chafe blustering round their prison door<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He, throned on high, the scepter sways,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Controls their moods, their wrath allays.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>214]</a></span> +Although very unruly indeed, the winds always obeyed their +father’s voice, and at his command, however reluctant, returned +to their gloomy prison, where they expended their impotent rage +in trying to shake its strong walls.</p> + +<p>According to his own mood, or in conformity with the gods’ +request, Æolus either sent the gentler winds to play among the +flowers, or, recalling them, let the fiercest of all his children free, +with orders to pile up the waves mountain-high, lash them to +foam, tear the sails of all the vessels at sea, break their masts, +uproot the trees, tear the roofs off the houses, etc.,—in short, to +do all the harm they possibly could.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Now rising all at once, and unconfin’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From every quarter roars the rushing wind:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">First, from the wide Atlantic Ocean’s bed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Tempestuous Corus rears his dreadful head,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Th’ obedient deep his potent breath controls,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And, mountain-high, the foamy flood he rolls;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Him the Northeast encountering fierce, defied,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And back rebuffeted the yielding tide.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The curling surges loud conflicting meet,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dash their proud heads, and bellow as they beat;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">While piercing Boreas, from the Scythian strand,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Plows up the waves and scoops the lowest sand.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor Eurus then, I ween, was left to dwell,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor showery Notus in th’ Æolian cell,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But each from every side, his power to boast,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ranged his proud forces to defend the coast.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lucan.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Æolus, king of the winds, shared with Dædalus the honor of +inventing the sails which propel the ships so swiftly over the tide. +It was he, too, who, according to Homer, bound all his children +but one in a leather bag, which he gave to Ulysses when the latter +visited Æolia. Thanks to this gift, Ulysses reached the shores +of Ithaca, and would have landed in safety, had not his men, in +view of port, untied the sack to investigate its contents, and thus +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>215]</a></span> +set free the angry winds, who stirred up the most frightful tempest +in mythic annals.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Temple of Æolus.</div> + +<p>The ancients, and especially the Athenians, paid particular attention +to the winds, to whom they dedicated a temple, which is +still extant, and generally known as the Tower of +the Winds, or the Temple of Æolus. This temple +is hexagonal, and on each side a flying figure of one of the +winds is represented.</p> + +<p>Eurus, the east wind, was generally depicted “as a young man +flying with great impetuosity, and often appearing in a playful +and wanton humor.” Notus, or Auster, the southwest wind, +“appeared generally as an old man, with gray hair, a gloomy +countenance, a head covered with clouds, a sable vesture, and +dusky wings,” for he was considered the dispenser of rain and +of all sudden and heavy showers. Zephyrus, mild and gentle, +had a lapful of flowers, and, according to the Athenian belief, +was wedded to Flora, with whom he was perfectly happy, and +visited every land in turn. Corus, the northwest wind, drove +clouds of snow before him; while Aquilo, dreadful in appearance, +caused cold shivers to run down one’s back at his mere sight. +Boreas, rough and shivering too, was the father of rain, snow, +hail, and tempests, and was therefore generally represented as +veiled in impenetrable clouds. His favorite place of abode was +in the Hyperborean Mountains, from whence he sallied forth +on wild raids. During one of these excursions he carried off +Orithyia, who always fled at his approach. But all her fleetness +could not save her: she was overtaken, and borne away to the +inaccessible regions of snow and ice, where he detained her, and +made her his wife. She became the mother of Zetes and Calais,—who +took part in the Argonautic expedition, and drove away the +Harpies (p. <a href="#Page_267"><b>267</b></a>),—and of two daughters, Cleopatra and Chione.</p> + +<p>On another occasion, Boreas, having changed himself into a +horse and united himself to the mares of Dardanus, King of Troy, +became the father of twelve steeds so swift that none could +overtake them.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>216]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XIX.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">HERCULES.</span></h2> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Unto this thy son it shall be given,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With his broad heart to win his way to heaven;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Twelve labors shall he work; and all accurst<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And brutal things o’erthrow, brute men the worst;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And in Trachinia shall the funeral pyre<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Purge his mortalities away with fire;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And he shall mount amid the stars, and be<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Acknowledg’d kin to those who envied thee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And sent these den-born shapes to crush his destiny.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Theocritus</span> (Hunt’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> ancients were not content to worship the gods only, but +also offered up sacrifices to a few mortals, who, by their heroic +deeds and virtuous lives, had won both admiration and respect. +Foremost among these heroes—generally designated by the title +of demigods—is Hercules (Heracles, Alcides), son of Jupiter +and Alcmene, a mortal princess.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Juno persecutes +Hercules.</div> + +<p>As soon as the tidings of Hercules’ birth reached Olympus, +Juno began to plot how to destroy her rival’s child. Two colossal +serpents with poisonous fangs were therefore dispatched +by her orders to attack the babe in its cradle. +The monsters crept along noiselessly, entered the palace unseen, +twined themselves around the cradle, and were about to crush +the child to death in their folds, when, to the utter astonishment +of the helpless attendants, little Hercules caught them fast by the +neck in each tiny hand and strangled them, thus giving the first +proof of the marvelous strength which was to make him famous.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>217]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 441px;"> +<a name="hercules" id="hercules"></a> +<img src="images/mgr44.jpg" width="441" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">HERCULES AN INFANT. (Louvre, Paris.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>218]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“First two dread Snakes at Juno’s vengeful nod<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Climb’d round the cradle of the sleeping God;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Waked by the shrilling hiss, and rustling sound,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And shrieks of fair attendants trembling round,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Their gasping throats with clenching hands he holds;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Death untwists their convoluted folds.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Darwin.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>When Juno perceived how easily Hercules had escaped from +the danger which threatened him, she deemed it useless to make +another attempt to take his life, but decided to vex his proud +spirit by inflicting many petty annoyances, and to prevent his +enjoying any lasting peace or happiness.</p> + +<p>To achieve this purpose, she first extorted from Jupiter a decree +that condemned Hercules to serve his cousin Eurystheus—a +mean and cowardly prince who ruled over the kingdom of +Argos—for a certain number of years.</p> + +<p>Hercules’ education was carefully attended to by Chiron, a +learned Centaur, who taught him how to use all the different +weapons, and trained him in all kinds of athletic sports. The +years passed by happily and swiftly, until at last the time came +when Hercules’ education was completed, and the whole world +lay before him, full of pleasant possibilities, and rich with many +attractions.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hercules’ +choice.</div> + +<p>The youthful hero, dismissed by his instructor, now set out to +seek his fortunes. He had not gone very far, however, before he +met two beautiful women, who immediately entered +into conversation with him, and drew from him a +confession that he was in search of adventures. The women, +Arete (Virtue) and Kakia (Vice), each offered to be his guide, +but bade him choose which he preferred to follow.</p> + +<p>Kakia, to induce him to follow her guidance, promised riches, +ease, consideration, and love; while Arete, a modest maiden, +warned him that in her wake he would be obliged to wage incessant +war against evil, to endure hardships without number, +and spend his days in toil and poverty.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>219]</a></span> +Silently Hercules pondered for a while over these two so dissimilar +offers, and then, mindful of his tutor’s oft-repeated instructions, +rose from his seat by the wayside, and, turning to +Arete, declared himself ready to obey any command she might +choose to give him.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“Young Hercules with firm disdain<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Braved the soft smiles of Pleasure’s harlot train;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To valiant toils his forceful limbs assign’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And gave to Virtue all his mighty mind.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Darwin.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Courageously he then trod along the rough and thorny path +she pointed out, and patiently performed the various tasks she +assigned him, delivering the oppressed, defending the weak, and +redressing all wrongs.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hercules’ +madness.</div> + +<p>In reward for these good actions he received the hand of +Megara, daughter of Creon, King of Thebes, in marriage, and +by her had three children, whom he tenderly loved. +But Juno was not at all satisfied to see him leading +such a peaceful and prosperous life, and to interrupt its even +course drove the hero mad.</p> + +<p>In a fit of delirium he threw his offspring into the fire, and, +we are told, slew his dearly beloved wife. Then only he recovered +his senses, and suffered agonies of sorrow and remorse +for the terrible crimes he had unwittingly committed. In his +grief he withdrew to the mountain solitudes, where he would probably +have lingered all the remainder of his life, had not Mercury +come to get him, and announced that he was to serve Eurystheus, +King of Argos, for a twelvemonth.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hercules in +servitude.</div> + +<p>The messenger god then offered to lead him to his appointed +taskmaster. But when Hercules learned he was doomed to +be a slave, he fell into such a passion, that he +nearly lost his reason again; and instead of killing +noxious beasts, and winning the people’s blessings by his deeds +of kindness, he wandered about stupidly and aimlessly, until he +finally perceived how vain was his attempt to struggle against +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>220]</a></span> +fate, and urged by his chosen adviser, Arete, voluntarily offered +his services to Eurystheus, who informed him that he must accomplish +twelve great labors ere he could again be free.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Nemean lion.</div> + +<p>Eager to begin the appointed tasks, Hercules set out first to +find and destroy a monstrous lion, whose den was in the Nemean +Forest. Far and wide, throughout the whole neighborhood, +this monster committed his depredations, +carrying off cattle and sheep, men, women, and children, to devour +at his ease. All warned Hercules of the danger and difficulty +of the undertaking, described the failure of countless previous +attempts to slay the monster, and prophesied that he would never +return alive. The hero would not be dissuaded, but entered the +forest, tracked the lion to his den, grasped him by the throat, and +strangled him as he had strangled the snakes in his infancy. +He then skinned the monster, whose shaggy pelt became his +favorite covering.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“So from Nemea’s den Alcides strode,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The lion’s yellow spoil around his shoulders flow’d.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Flaccus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Hydra of +Lerna.</div> + +<p>On his return to Argos to report the successful termination of +his first task, Hercules was told to repair to the marshes of +Lerna, where lurked a seven-headed serpent, the +Hydra, and put an end to its career of rapacity, +for this snake devoured man and beast. Armed with a great +sword, Hercules succeeded in cutting off one of the seven heads; +but he had no sooner done so, than, to his dismay, he saw +seven other heads suddenly spring from the bleeding stump. +To prevent a repetition of this unpleasant miracle, Hercules +bade his friend Iolaus, who had accompanied him thither to +view his prowess, take a lighted brand and sear the wounds as +soon as inflicted. Thanks to this wise plan, the monster was +finally slain, although a friendly crab sent by Juno to defend +Hydra continually pinched Hercules’ feet. The hero, angry at +this intervention, crushed the crab, which, however, received its +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>221]</a></span> +reward, for the Queen of Heaven placed it in the sky as the +constellation of Cancer (the Crab). The country was thus freed +from its long state of thraldom; but, before leaving the scene +of his second labor, Hercules dipped his arrows in the Hydra’s +venomous blood, knowing well that any wound they inflicted, +however slight, would be sure to prove fatal.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Stag of +Cerynea.</div> + +<p>The third task appointed by Eurystheus was the capture of +the golden-horned, brazen-footed stag of Cerynea, whose fleetness +was such that he seemed scarcely to touch +the ground. Hercules was obliged to pursue this +animal for many a weary mile before he could overtake him; and +he only managed the capture by driving him into a deep snowdrift, +in a distant northern land, from which he extricated him, +and carried him home in triumph.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Erymanthian +boar.</div> + +<p>The same success crowned his fourth labor, the capture of the +wild boar of Erymanthus in Arcadia. Attacked by the Centaurs +during the performance of this labor, Hercules +turned his deadly arrows upon them, and accidentally +wounded his beloved tutor Chiron, who was coming to +settle the dispute. Vainly the hero applied every healing herb. +The wound was mortal, and Chiron died; but in reward for his +good offices the gods transferred him to the sky, where he is +known as the constellation Sagittarius.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Augean +stables.</div> + +<p>Hercules was next sent to Augeas, King of Elis, who had immense +droves of cattle. The stables usually occupied by these +animals were in an incredibly filthy state, as they +had not been cleaned in years; and now Hercules +was given the task to remove the accumulated filth, and make a +complete purification of the premises.</p> + +<p>Close by these stables rushed a torrent, or rather a river, the +Alpheus. Hercules, with one glance, saw the use he could make +of this rushing stream, which he dammed and turned aside from +its course, so that the waters passed directly through the stables, +carrying away all impurities, and finally washing them perfectly +clean.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>222]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 403px;"> +<a name="hercules1" id="hercules1"></a> +<img src="images/mgr45.jpg" width="403" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">HERCULES AND CENTAUR.—Bologna. (Florence.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem17"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>223]</a></span> +<span class="i6">“Nothing else<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Could clean the Augean stables.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>When Hercules saw that the work of purification was thoroughly +accomplished, he guided the stream back to its original +bed, and returned home to announce that the fifth labor was +accomplished. The fabulous filth of the Augean stables, and the +radical methods employed for their cleansing, have given rise to +proverbial expressions still in current use.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Cretan bull.</div> + +<p>Hercules next journeyed off to Crete to accomplish his sixth +task, the capture of a mad bull given by Neptune to Minos, +king of the island. The god had sent the animal +with directions that he should be offered up +in sacrifice; but Minos, charmed with his unusual size and +beauty, resolved to keep him, and substituted a bull from his own +herds for the religious ceremony.</p> + +<p>Angry at seeing his express command so wantonly disobeyed, +Neptune maddened the bull, which rushed wildly all over the +island, causing great damage. This was the animal that Hercules, +with his usual strength and skill, caught and bound fast, +thus finishing the sixth task.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Diomedes’ +steeds.</div> + +<p>He then hastened on to Thrace, where Diomedes, the king, +kept some fine coursers, which were fed on human flesh. In order +to obtain a sufficient supply of fresh meat for his +horses, Diomedes had decreed that all strangers +who ventured into his kingdom should be seized, and, when +sufficiently fat, executed, and served up in his horses’ mangers. +To punish Diomedes for this long-continued barbarity, Hercules +fed him to his own horses, which were then led off to Eurystheus, +as a token that the seventh labor was done.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hippolyte’s +girdle.</div> + +<p>Now, at the court of Eurystheus was his beautiful daughter, +Admete, a vain princess, who delighted in dress and jewels, and +who was never happier than when she obtained +some new ornament or article of apparel. One day +Admete heard a traveler describe a girdle worn by Hippolyte, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>224]</a></span> +queen of the Amazons, and was immediately seized by the desire +to possess the ornament.</p> + +<p>She imparted this wish to Eurystheus, who, delighted to gratify +her as long as he could do so without taking any personal risk +or trouble, sent Hercules in quest of the coveted jewel. The +journey to the land of the Amazons—a fierce, warlike nation +of women—was long and dangerous; but Hercules traveled on +undaunted, nor paused, except when his services were needed in +furthering some good work for mortals, until he reached their +land, presented himself before their queen, and boldly explained +the cause of his presence. Hippolyte listened to his explanation +and request with queenly condescension, promised to consider +the matter, and in the mean while bade him feast and rest in her +palace.</p> + +<p>Hercules would have succeeded in this undertaking without +any trouble, had not Juno suddenly remembered his existence, +and resolved to continue her never entirely forgotten persecutions. +In the guise of an Amazon, she mingled among the women, +and artfully spread the report that Hercules had really come to +kidnap their queen, and that the pretended quest of the girdle +was a mere excuse, and only intended to distract their attention +from his real purpose. The Amazons yielded implicit belief to +these rumors, flew to arms, and surrounded their queen.</p> + +<div class="cpoem17"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“The Amazons array their ranks,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In painted arms of radiant sheen<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Around Hippolyte the queen.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The assembled force then attacked Hercules, who met their +onslaught single-handed, defeated them, and finally bore away +the prize he had risked so much to obtain. It was on his homeward +journey from this expedition that he saved Hesione, Laomedon’s +daughter, from the jaws of the sea monster who was about +to devour her, as he had devoured many a fair Trojan maid +before her (p. <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>225]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="amazon" id="amazon"></a> +<img src="images/mgr46.jpg" width="600" height="402" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">MOUNTED AMAZON GOING TO THE CHASE.—Thorwaldsen. (Copenhagen.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Stymphalian +birds.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>226]</a></span> +Eurystheus, well pleased with the manner in which Hercules +had accomplished eight out of the twelve tasks, bade him now go +forth and slay the dangerous, brazen-clawed birds +which hovered over the stagnant waters of Lake +Stymphalus. The poisoned arrows now served him in good +stead, and enabled him to put a speedy end to the whole flock.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">“His arrows slew<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The monsters hov’ring fell Stymphalus round.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Catullus.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Cattle of +Geryones.</div> + +<p>Hercules was next told to capture the divine cattle of Geryones, +a giant of Erythea. On his way home with this marvelous +herd, Hercules paused on Mount Aventine, where, +during the night, the loathsome giant Cacus stole +some of his cows. To punish him for this theft, Hercules forced +his way into his cave, attacked him, and, after a memorable encounter, +slew him. The animals were soon after delivered into +the hands of Eurystheus, who then sent Hercules in search of +the Golden Apples of the Hesperides.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hesperian +apples.</div> + +<p>This commission sadly perplexed Hercules, for he did not know +in what portion of the world he would find these apples, which had +been given to Juno as a wedding present, and which +she had intrusted to the care of the Hesperides, +daughters of Hesperus, god of the West. After numerous journeys +and many inquiries, Hercules discovered that these maidens had +carried these apples off to Africa, hung them on a tree in their +garden, and placed the dragon Ladon at its foot to guard their +treasures night and day. Unfortunately, no one could tell Hercules +in what part of Africa the garden of the Hesperides might +be situated: so he set out at a venture, determined to travel +about until he gained some information. On his way he met +with many adventures, and saw many strange sights. For instance, +he first met the nymphs of the Eridanus River, and, +questioning them about the golden apples, was told to consult +old Nereus, god of the sea, who would probably be able to give +him some information on the subject.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>227]</a></span> +Hercules, having surprised this aged divinity while asleep on +the seashore, held him fast, in spite of the multitudinous transformations +he underwent in the vain hope of frightening his +would-be interlocutor away. In answer to Hercules’ question, he +finally very reluctantly bade him seek Prometheus, who alone +would be able to direct him aright.</p> + +<p>In obedience to this advice, Hercules went to the Caucasian +Mountains, where, on the brink of a mighty precipice, he found +Prometheus, still bound with adamantine chains, and still a prey +to the ravenous vulture (p. <a href="#Page_28"><b>28</b></a>). To spring up the mountain side, +kill the cruel bird, snap the adamantine chains, and set free the +benefactor of all mankind, was the work of but a few minutes for +such a hero as Hercules; and, in gratitude for the deliverance he +had so long sought in vain, Prometheus directed Hercules to +his brother Atlas, telling him he would be sure to know where +the apples could be found.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Pygmies.</div> + +<p>Hercules wended his way to Africa, where Atlas dwelt, and +on his way passed through the land of a diminutive race of men, +called Pygmies, who were so small that they lived +in constant dread of their neighbors, so much +larger and stronger than they, and of the cranes, which passed +over their country in great flocks, and sometimes alighted to devour +their harvests.</p> + +<p>To guard against these constant inroads, the Pygmies finally +accepted the services of Antæus, a giant son of Gæa, who generously +offered to defend them against all their enemies. When +these little people, therefore, saw Hercules’ mighty form looming +up in the dim distance, they called aloud for fear, and bade +Antæus go forth and kill the new invader, who, they wrongly +fancied, had evil designs against them.</p> + +<p>Proud of his strength, Antæus went to meet Hercules, and defied +him. A fierce struggle was the immediate result of this challenge, +and, as the combatants were of equal size and strength, +the victory seemed very uncertain. At last Hercules felt his +great strength begin to fail, and noticed that every time his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>228]</a></span> +adversary touched the ground he seemed to renew his vigor. He +therefore resolved to try and win by strategy, and, watching his +opportunity, seized Antæus round the waist, raised him from the +ground, and held him aloft in his powerful embrace.</p> + +<p>The giant struggled with all his might to get free; but Hercules +held him fast, and felt him grow weaker and weaker, now that +he was no longer sustained by his mother Earth, from whom he +derived all his strength, until at last his struggles ceased, and he +hung limp and lifeless in Hercules’ crushing embrace.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Lifts proud Antæus from his mother-plains,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And with strong grasp the struggling giant strains;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Back falls his fainting head and clammy hair,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Writhe his weak limbs, and flits his life in air.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Darwin.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Atlas.</div> + +<p>Now that the gigantic defender of the Pygmies no longer +blocked his way, Hercules traveled onward in search of Atlas, +whom he finally found supporting the heavens on +his broad shoulders. Atlas listened attentively to +all Hercules had to say, declared he knew where the apples +could be found, and promised to get them if the hero would +only relieve him of his burden for a little while. Glad to accomplish +his purpose so easily, Hercules allowed the burden of the +heavens to be transferred to his shoulders, and Atlas hastened off +to fulfill his part of the agreement.</p> + +<p>From afar the giant saw the golden fruit glittering in the +sunshine. Stealthily he drew near, entered the gardens, slew the +dragon in his sleep, plucked the apples, and returned unmolested +to the place where he had left Hercules. But his steps became +slower and slower; and as he neared the hero, he could not help +thinking with horror of the burden he must so soon resume, and +bear for centuries, perhaps, without relief.</p> + +<p>This thought oppressed him. Freedom was so sweet, that he +resolved to keep it, and, coolly stepping up to Hercules, announced +that he would carry the golden apples to Eurystheus, +and leave him to support the heavens in his stead. Feigning +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>229]</a></span> +a satisfaction which he was very far from feeling, Hercules +acquiesced, but detained Atlas for a moment, asking him to +hold the heavens until he could place a cushion on his shoulders. +Good-natured, as giants proverbially are, Atlas threw the apples +on the grass beside him, and assumed the incumbent weight; +but Hercules, instead of preparing to resume it, picked up the +apples, leaving Atlas alone, in the same plight as he had found +him, there to remain until some more compassionate hero should +come and set him free.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“There Atlas, son of great Iapetus,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With head inclined and ever-during arms,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sustains the spacious heavens.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Hesiod.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>It was during the course of one of his mighty labors, that +Hercules, with one wrench of his powerful arm, tore a cleft in +the mountains, and allowed the waters of the Sea to flow into +Oceanus; and ever since, the rocks on either side of the Strait +of Gibraltar have borne the name of Hercules’ Pillars.</p> + +<p>The twelfth and last task appointed by Eurystheus was the most +difficult of all to perform. Hercules was commanded to descend +into Hades and bring up the dog Cerberus, securely bound.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“But for the last, to Pluto’s drear abode<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Through the dark jaws of Tænarus he went,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To drag the triple-headed dog to light.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Euripides</span> (Potter’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This command, like all the others, was speedily obeyed; but +Eurystheus was so terrified at the aspect of the triple-headed +dog, from the foam of whose dripping jaws the nightshade +sprang, that he took refuge in a huge jar, and refused to come +out until Hercules had carried the monster back to his cave.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Olympian +Games.</div> + +<p>The twelve appointed labors were finished; the time of bondage +was ended; and Hercules, a free man, could wander at his +own sweet will, and enjoy the happiness of freedom. A roaming +existence had, from force of habit, become a necessity: so +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>230]</a></span> +the hero first journeyed to Olympia, where he instituted games +to be celebrated every fifth year in honor of Jupiter, his father. +Thence he wandered from place to place, doing +good, and came to the house of Admetus, where +he was surprised to find all the court in mourning.</p> + +<p>His sympathetic inquiries soon brought forth a full account +of Alcestis’ sacrifice of her own life to insure the immortality of +her husband (p. <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>). The hero’s heart was touched by the king’s +loneliness; and he again braved the terrors of Hades, and brought +Alcestis back from the grave, and restored her to her husband’s +arms.</p> + +<p>Hercules took a prominent part in many heroic enterprises. +Among others, he joined in the Argonautic expedition (p. <a href="#Page_266"><b>266</b></a>), in +the battle between the Centaurs and Lapithæ (p. <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>), in the war +of the gods and giants, and in the first siege of Troy (p. <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>), +which proved successful.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hercules and +Omphale.</div> + +<p>But the hero, although so lately escaped from servitude, was +soon obliged to return into bondage; for in a fit +of anger he slew a man, and was condemned by +the assembled gods to serve Omphale, Queen of Lydia, for a +certain lapse of time.</p> + +<p>No great deeds were now required of Hercules, whose strength +was derided by his new mistress, and who, governing him easily +by his admiration for her, made him submit to occupations unworthy +of a man, and, while he was busy spinning, decked herself +in his lion’s skin, and brandished his renowned club.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“His lion spoils the laughing Fair demands,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And gives the distaff to his awkward hands.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Darwin.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 431px;"> +<a name="hercules2" id="hercules2"></a> +<img src="images/mgr47.jpg" width="431" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">HERCULES AT THE FEET OF OMPHALE.—Gleyre.</p> +</div> + +<p>However unworthy these effeminate tasks may seem for such a +hero, they proved very agreeable indeed to Hercules, who, having +fallen in love with his new mistress, seemed to wish nothing better +than to remain her slave forever, and end his days in idleness +and pleasure. Great labors were awaiting his mighty arm, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231"><!-- original location of Hercules at the Feet of Omphale illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>232]</a></span> +however; and the gods, at the appointed time, freed him from his +bondage to the Lydian queen, and bade him go forth and do all +the good in his power.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hercules and +Deianeira</div> + +<p>In the course of his wanderings, Hercules next met Deianeira, +daughter of Œneus, and, having fallen in love with +her, expressed a desire to marry her. But unfortunately +another suitor, the river god Achelous, had already won +the father’s consent.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“Achelous came,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The river god, to ask a father’s voice,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And snatched me to his arms.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>So sure was this suitor of his attractions, that he did not even +deem it necessary to secure the maiden’s good graces; and when +Hercules made known his love, she immediately promised to +marry him, if he would only free her from the lover her father +would fain force upon her. Delighted to be able to win his +bride and punish his rival at the same time, Hercules challenged +Achelous; and now began a wrestling match, the fame of which +has come down to us through all the intervening centuries.</p> + +<p>Achelous was an opponent worthy of Hercules, and, besides, +took advantage of his power to change his form at will, further +to perplex and harass the sturdy hero. At last he assumed the +shape of a bull, and with lowered horns rushed toward Hercules, +intending to toss him aside. The hero, skillfully avoiding his +first onset, seized him by one of his great thickset horns, and +held it so firmly that all the bull’s efforts to free himself from his +powerful grasp were vain, until the horn broke.</p> + +<p>The Goddess of Plenty, the Attican Fortuna, a witness of this +strange combat, appropriated the broken horn, stuffed her treasures +in its hollow, and was so well pleased with the effect, that +she decreed it should henceforth be one of her attributes. The +fight, only temporarily suspended, was now resumed with redoubled +ardor, for each of the lovers was intent upon winning +the hand of the fair Deianeira.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>233]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;"> +<a name="fortuna" id="fortuna"></a> +<img src="images/mgr48.jpg" width="436" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">FORTUNA. (Vatican, Rome.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>234]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“Warm, and more warm the conflict grows:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dire was the noise of rattling bows,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of front to front opposed, and hand to hand:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Deep was the animated strife<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For love, for conquest, and for life.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The victory, though long uncertain, finally rested with Hercules, +who triumphantly departed with his hard-won bride, for +his destiny would not permit him to tarry long in any place. +Instead of wandering alone now, with none to cheer or sympathize, +Hercules had Deianeira ever at his side; and after many +days they came to the river Evenus, whose usually shallow and +peaceful waters were swollen and turbid, for violent rainstorms +had recently swept over that portion of the country.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Nessus.</div> + +<p>Hercules paused for a moment to contemplate the stream, +and glanced about for some safe mode to transport Deianeira +across. While he was thus considering, a Centaur +by the name of Nessus came to his assistance, and +proposed to carry the fair young bride to the other shore in complete +safety, if she would but consent to mount upon his broad +back.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“The hoary centaur, who was wont for hire<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To bear the traveler o’er the rapid flood<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of deep Evenus: not with oars or sail<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He stemm’d the torrent, but with nervous arm<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Opposed and pass’d it; me, when first a bride,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I left my father’s hospitable roof<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With my Alcides, in his arms he bore<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Athwart the current.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Hercules, only too glad to avail himself of the Centaur’s kind +offer of assistance, quickly helped Deianeira to mount, saw them +descend into the water, and prepared to follow, holding his bow +and arrows aloft in one hand, and breasting the waves with the +other.</p> + +<p>Now, the Centaur Nessus did not often have the good fortune +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>235]</a></span> +to carry such a pretty passenger as Deianeira over the river, and +as he swam he made up his mind to gallop off with her as soon +as he reached the opposite shore. All his strength and energy, +therefore, were called into requisition; and when he reached the +shore, instead of pausing to allow his fair burden to dismount, +he set off as fast as he could run.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Nessus’ robe.</div> + +<p>A loud shriek from Deianeira attracted Hercules’ attention, +and a second later one of his poisoned arrows had brought the +would-be ravisher to the ground, pierced through +the heart. With dying accents the Centaur Nessus +professed repentance, and bade Deianeira take his robe,—but +slightly stained with the blood which gushed from the wound +inflicted by the poisoned arrow,—and keep it carefully, for it +had magic power; and if she ever found her husband’s love waning, +he assured her, that, could she but induce him to put it on, +all his early affection would revive, as pure and fervent as during +their honeymoon.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i12">“‘Take<br /></span> +<span class="i0">This white robe. It is costly. See, my blood<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Has stained it but a little. I did wrong:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I know it, and repent me. If there come<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A time when he grows cold—for all the race<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of heroes wander, nor can any love<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fix theirs for long—take it and wrap him in it,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And he shall love again.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Deianeira gratefully accepted the proffered gift, and promised +to treasure it up carefully, although she sincerely hoped she +would never be called upon to make use of it. Years passed by. +Hercules often left Deianeira to deliver the oppressed and relieve +the suffering, for people came from great distances to ask for his +aid; and although his absences were sometimes prolonged, he +always returned to her side, as loving as ever, and she had no +cause for complaint. Finally duty took him back to the court of +Eurytus, where he beheld Iole, whom he had seen and loved in +the beginning of his career, but whom he had been obliged to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>236]</a></span> +leave to fulfill his arduous tasks. She was still young and charming, +and his first glance into her sweet face rekindled all his +former passion. Day after day he lingered by her side, forgetful +of duty, Deianeira, and all but his first dream of love and happiness. +When absent, Deianeira was wont to hear rumors of his +heroic achievements; but on this occasion the only report which +reached her ear was that he had returned to his allegiance to his +first love, and this roused her jealousy, so long dormant.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Deianeira’s +jealousy.</div> + +<p>Finally she heard that Hercules was wending his way homeward +again, and her heart bounded with joy, but only to sink +more heavily when told that he was accompanied +by Iole and a numerous train. Then she remembered +the long-forgotten gift of the Centaur. With trembling +hands she sought the glittering robe, gave it to a messenger, and +bade him hasten to meet Hercules, and prevail upon him to +wear it for his triumphant return. The messenger, Lichas, hastened +to do her bidding, and Deianeira waited with fast-beating +heart for the success of her venture.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“I only wish the charm may be of power<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To win Alcides from this virgin’s love,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And bring him back to Deianeira’s arms.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Lichas acquitted himself faithfully of his errand; and Hercules, +viewing the costly garment, and anxious to appear to his best +advantage before the bright eyes of Iole, immediately donned +the richly embroidered robe.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hercules’ +death.</div> + +<p>He had no sooner put it on, than the Centaur’s poisoned +blood began its deadly work. First he experienced a burning, +stinging sensation, which ran like fire through every +vein. Vainly he tried to tear off the fatal garment. +It clung to his limbs, and the poison ate its way into his flesh, +until the pain was greater than he could bear.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 443px;"> +<a name="hercules3" id="hercules3"></a> +<img src="images/mgr49.jpg" width="443" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">FARNESE HERCULES. (National Museum, Naples.)</p> +</div> + +<p>In his rage at the trick which had been played upon him, he +seized Lichas—the unfortunate bearer of the poisoned robe—by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237"><!-- original location of Farnese Hercules illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>238]</a></span> +the foot, and flung him from the heights of Mount Œta down +into the sea, where he perished.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“And Lichas from the top of Œta threw<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Into th’ Euboic Sea.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Milton.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Then, resolved to end these unendurable torments by a death +worthy of his whole life, Hercules called his servants, and bade +them build his funeral pyre on the mountain peak; but they, in +tears, refused to obey, for they could not bear the thought of +parting with their beloved master. Commands and entreaties +alike failed to move them: so Hercules climbed up the mountain +side alone, tore up the huge oaks by their roots, flung them one +upon the other until he had raised a mighty pile, upon which he +stretched his colossal, pain-racked limbs, and bade his friend +Philoctetes set fire to the stupendous mass.</p> + +<p>At first Philoctetes also refused to do his bidding; but, bribed +by the promise of the world-renowned poisoned arrows, he finally +consented to do as Hercules wished, and the red flames rose +higher and higher, the wood crackled and burned, and the hero +was soon enveloped in sheets of flame, which purged him from +all mortality.</p> + +<p>Then Jupiter came down from his glorious abode, caught the +noble soul in his mighty arms, and bore it off to Olympus, there +to dwell in happiness forever with Hebe, the fair goddess of +youth, whose hand was given him in marriage.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Till the god, the earthly part forsaken,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From the man in flames asunder taken,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Drank the heavenly ethers’ purer breath.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Joyous in the new, unwonted lightness,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Earth’s dark, heavy burden lost in death.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">High Olympus gives harmonious greeting<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To the hall where reigns his sire adored;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Youth’s bright goddess, with a blush at meeting,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Gives the nectar to her lord.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Schiller</span> (S. G. B.’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Worship of +Hercules.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>239]</a></span> +Hercules, the special divinity of athletic sports and of strength, +was principally worshiped by young men. He is +generally represented in art as a tall, powerfully +built man, with a small, bearded head, a lion’s skin carelessly +thrown over his shoulder, and leaning upon a massive club.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Great Alcides, stooping with his toil,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Rests on his club.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Pope.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>It is said that some of the games celebrated at Olympia were +held in his honor, although originally instituted by him in honor +of Jupiter, his father. The Nemean Games, celebrated in the +forest of Nemea, the scene of his first great labor, were the +principal games held in Greece in commemoration of his noble +deeds and early death.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>240]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XX.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">PERSEUS.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Acrisius and +Danae.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> life of Acrisius, King of Argos, had been a burden to +him ever since the unfortunate day when an oracle had predicted +that he would be killed by his grandson. Until +then the king had been very fond of his only child, +Danae, and until then, too, had thought with pride of the time +when he would bestow her hand in marriage upon the noblest of +all who came to woo.</p> + +<p>Now his plans were all changed, and his only wish was to +keep her unmated,—a somewhat difficult task, for the maiden +was very fair, and Acrisius knew that the wily God of Love +would endeavor to find some way to outwit him and bring his +plans to naught. After much thought, Acrisius decided to lock +Danae up in a brazen tower, around which he stationed guards +to prevent any one from even approaching the captive princess.</p> + +<p>But, although safely concealed from the eyes of men, Danae +was plainly seen by the everlasting gods; and Jupiter, looking +down from Olympus, beheld her in all her loveliness and in all +her loneliness. She was seated on top of her brazen tower, her +eyes wistfully turned toward the city, where girls of her age enjoyed +freedom, and were allowed to marry when they pleased.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The shower +of gold.</div> + +<p>Jupiter, pitying her isolation and admiring her beauty, resolved +to go down and converse with her for a little while. To +avoid being seen, he changed himself into a golden +shower, and gently dropped down on the turret +beside her, where his presence and spirited conversation soon won +the maiden’s heart.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>241]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“Danae, in a brazen tower<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where no love was, loved a shower.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Shelley.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This first successful visit was frequently repeated, and Danae +no longer felt lonely and deserted, for Jupiter spent most of his +time with her, pursuing his courtship most diligently, and finally +winning her to a secret marriage, to which no one offered the +slightest objection, as no one suspected his visits, which he continued +quite unmolested.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Birth of +Perseus.</div> + +<p>But one morning the guards rushed in terror to Acrisius’ palace +to announce that Danae, his daughter, had given birth to a +son, who, on account of his beauty, was called Perseus. +The king no sooner learned this astonishing +news, than he flew into a great rage, vowed that mother and +child should perish, and dispatched the guards to fetch the unfortunate +victims.</p> + +<p>Acrisius, however, was not cruel enough to stain his own +hands with his child’s blood, or to witness her execution: so he +ordered that she should be placed in an empty cask with her +helpless infant, and exposed to the fury of the waves. These +orders were speedily executed; and Danae’s heart sank with terror +when she felt the cask buffeted about by the great waves far out +of sight of land, and out of all reach of help. Clasping her babe +close to her bosom, she fervently prayed the gods to watch over +them both, and bring them in safety to some hospitable shore.</p> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“When round the well-fram’d ark the blowing blast<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Roar’d, and the heaving whirlpools of the deep<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With rough’ning surge seem’d threatening to o’erturn<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The wide-tost vessel, not with tearless cheeks<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The mother round her infant gently twined<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her tender arm, and cried, ‘Ah me! my child!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">What sufferings I endure! thou sleep’st the while,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Inhaling in thy milky-breathing breast<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The balm of slumber.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Simonides</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Danae at +Seriphus.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>242]</a></span> +Her piteous prayer was evidently heard, for, after much tossing, +the cask was finally washed ashore on the Island of Seriphus, +where Polydectes, the king, kindly received mother +and child. Here Perseus, the golden-haired, grew +to manhood, and here made his first appearance in games and +combats.</p> + +<p>In the mean while, Polydectes had fallen in love with Danae, +and expressed his desire to marry her; but Danae did not return +his affections, and would not consent. Angry at her persistent +refusal of his proposals, Polydectes wished to compel her to obey, +and thereby incurred the wrath of young Perseus, who loudly declared +that none should dare force his mother as long as he were +there to defend her. This boast did not at all allay the monarch’s +wrath; and, hoping to get rid of the young boaster, he bade +him go forth and slay Medusa, if he wished to convince people +that his bravery was real.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Gorgons.</div> + +<p>This Medusa was one of the three Gorgons. Her sisters, Euryale +and Stheno, although immortal, had never had any claims +to beauty; but Medusa, when only a girl, had been +considered very handsome indeed. Her home, in +a land where the sun never shone, was very distasteful to her, so +she entreated Minerva to let her go and visit the beautiful sunny +south.</p> + +<p>But when Minerva refused to grant her wish, she reviled the +goddess, and declared that nothing but a conviction that mortals +would no longer consider her beautiful if they but once beheld +Medusa, could have prompted this denial. This presumptuous +remark so incensed Minerva, that, to punish her for her vanity, +she changed her beautiful curling locks into hissing, writhing serpents, +and decreed that one glance into her still beautiful face +would suffice to change the beholder into stone.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Fatal Beauty! thou didst seem<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The phantom of some fearful dream.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Extremes of horror and of love<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Alternate o’er our senses move,<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>243]</a></span> +<span class="i0">As, rapt and spellbound, we survey<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The horrid coils which round thee play,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And mark thy wild, enduring smile,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lit by no mortal fire the while,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Formed to attract all eyes to thee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And yet their withering blight to be;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy power mysterious to congeal<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And from life’s blood its warmth to steal,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To petrify the mortal clay<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In its first gleam of wild dismay,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Is a dread gift to one like thee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Cursed with a hateful destiny.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Mrs. St. John.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Perseus’ +quest.</div> + +<p>The gods, who had carefully watched over Perseus through his +childhood and youth, now decided to lend him their aid, so that +he might successfully accomplish the great task of +slaying Medusa. Pluto lent him a magic helmet, +which made the wearer invisible at will; Mercury attached his +own winged sandals to the youth’s heels, to endow him with +great rapidity of flight; while Minerva armed him with her own +mirrorlike shield, the dreadful Ægis.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Minerva thus to Perseus lent her shield;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Secure of conquest, sent him to the field:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The hero acted what the queen ordain’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So was his fame complete.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Prior.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Grææ.</div> + +<p>Thus equipped, Perseus flew northward until he came to the +land of perpetual darkness, the home of the Grææ, three horrible +sisters, who possessed but one eye and one tooth, +which they handed about and used in turn, and +who were the only living beings cognizant of the place where +Medusa dwelt.</p> + +<p>Invisible by virtue of his magic helmet, Perseus drew near the +cave without fear of detection, and intercepted the eye while on +its way from one sister to another. As soon as it was safe in his +possession, he spoke to them, promising to restore it if they would +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>244]</a></span> +only give him accurate directions for finding Medusa. The sisters, +eager to recover the treasured eye, immediately gave the +desired information; and Perseus, having honorably fulfilled his +share of the contract, departed in search of Medusa.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Medusa.</div> + +<p>Perseus at last perceived the Gorgon’s home in the dim distance; +and, as he was fully aware of Medusa’s petrifying proclivities, +he advanced very cautiously, holding his shield +before him at such an angle that all surrounding +objects were clearly reflected on its smooth, mirrorlike surface.</p> + +<p>He thus discovered Medusa asleep, raised his sword, and, +without looking at anything but her mirrored form, severed her +head from her body, seized it in one hand, and, holding it persistently +behind his back, flew away in great haste, lest the two +remaining Gorgons should fall upon him and attempt to avenge +their sister’s death.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Birth of +snakes.</div> + +<p>Perseus then swiftly winged his way over land and sea, carefully +holding his ghastly trophy behind him; and as he flew, +Medusa’s blood trickled down on the hot African +sand, where it gave birth to a race of poisonous +reptiles destined to infest the region in future ages, and cause +the death of many an adventurous explorer. The drops which +fell into the sea were utilized by Neptune, who created from them +the famous winged steed called Pegasus (p. <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>).</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“And the life drops from thy head<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On Libyan sands, by Perseus shed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sprang a scourging race from thee—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fell types of artful mystery.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Mrs. St. John.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The return journey was long and wearisome, and on his way +the hero had many adventures. Once, when flying high above a +mountainous country, he caught a glimpse of Atlas, his pale face +turned up to the heavens, whose weight he had patiently borne +for many a long year,—a burden which seemed all the more +grievous after the short taste of freedom he had enjoyed while +Hercules stood in his place (pp. <a href="#Page_228"><b>228-9</b></a>),—</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>245]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 408px;"> +<a name="perseus" id="perseus"></a> +<img src="images/mgr50.jpg" width="408" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">PERSEUS.—Cellini. (Loggia de’ Lanzi, Florence.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>246]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“Supporting on his shoulders the vast pillar<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Heaven and Earth, a weight of cumbrous grasp.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Æschylus</span> (Potter’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Atlas +petrified.</div> + +<p>When Atlas saw Perseus flying toward him, hope revived, for +he remembered that Fate had decreed that it was this hero who +was to slay the Gorgon; and he thought, that, if he +could but once gaze upon her stony face, he would +be free from pain and weariness forever. As soon as the hero was +within hearing, Atlas therefore addressed him as follows:—</p> + +<p>“‘Hasten now, Perseus, and let me look upon the Gorgon’s +face, for the agony of my labor is well-nigh greater than I can +bear.’ So Perseus hearkened unto the word of Atlas, and he unveiled +before him the dead face of Medusa. Eagerly he gazed +for a moment on the changeless countenance, as though beneath +the blackness of great horror he yet saw the wreck of her ancient +beauty and pitied her for her hopeless woe. But in an instant +the straining eyes were stiff and cold; and it seemed to Perseus, +as he rose again into the pale yellow air, that the gray hairs +which streamed from the giant’s head were like the snow which +rests on the peak of a great mountain, and that in place of the +trembling limbs he saw only the rents and clefts on a rough hillside.”</p> + +<p>Thus the mere sight of Medusa changed Atlas into the rugged +mountains which have since borne his name; and, as their summits +are lost in the clouds, the ancients supposed they sustained +the full weight of the heavenly vault.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Andromeda.</div> + +<p>Thence Perseus flew on until he reached the seashore, where a +strange sight greeted him. Away down on the “rock-bound +coast,” so near the foaming billows that their spray +continually dashed over her fair limbs, a lovely +maiden was chained fast to an overhanging rock. This maiden +was the Princess Andromeda. To atone for the vanity of her +mother, Cassiopeia, who claimed she was fairer than any of the +sea nymphs, she had been exposed there as prey for a terrible +sea monster sent to devastate the homes along the coast.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>247]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="perseus1" id="perseus1"></a> +<img src="images/mgr51.jpg" width="600" height="404" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA.—Coypel.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>248]</a></span> +An oracle, when consulted, declared that the monster would +not depart until Andromeda was sacrificed to his fury; and +Perseus could even now perceive the receding procession which +had solemnly accompanied her to the appointed place of sacrifice, +and chained her fast.</p> + +<p>At the same time, too, he saw the waters below the maiden +lashed to foam by the monster’s tail, and the scales of his hideous +body slowly rising up out of the water. Fascinated by this horrible +sight, the maiden’s eyes were fixed on the monster. She did +not see the rapid approach of her deliverer, who, dauntless, drew +his sword from its scabbard, and, swooping down, attacked the +monster, cheered by the shouts of the people, who had seen him, +and now rushed back to witness the slaying of their foe.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i7">“On the hills a shout<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of joy, and on the rocks the ring of mail;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And while the hungry serpent’s gloating eyes<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Were fixed on me, a knight in casque of gold<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And blazing shield, who with his flashing blade<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fell on the monster. Long the conflict raged,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till all the rocks were red with blood and slime,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And yet my champion from those horrible jaws<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And dreadful coils was scathless.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Of course, this fierce struggle could have but one conclusion; +and when Perseus had slain the monster, freed Andromeda from +her chains, and restored her to the arms of her overjoyed parents, +they immediately offered any reward he might be pleased to +claim. When he, therefore, expressed a desire to marry the +maiden he had so bravely rescued, they gladly gave him her +hand, although in early youth the princess had been promised +to her uncle Phineus.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Phineus +petrified.</div> + +<p>Preparations for the marriage were immediately begun; and +the former suitor, who had been too cowardly to venture a single +blow to deliver her from the monster, prepared to fight the rival +who was about to carry off his promised bride. Unbidden he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>249]</a></span> +came to the marriage feast with a number of armed followers, +and was about to carry off Andromeda, when Perseus suddenly +bade his adherents stand behind him, unveiled +the Medusa head, and, turning its baleful face +toward Phineus and his followers, changed them all into stone.</p> + +<p>The interrupted marriage feast was now resumed; and when +it was over, Perseus took his bride to Seriphus. There, hearing +that Polydectes had dared to ill treat his mother because she still +refused to accede to his wishes and become his wife, he changed +the importunate king into a rock by showing him his Medusa +trophy, gave the kingdom to the king’s brother, and, accompanied +by wife and mother, returned to his native land. The +borrowed helmet, sandals, and shield were all duly restored to +their respective owners, and the Medusa head was given to +Minerva in token of gratitude for her help. Greatly pleased +with this gift, the goddess set it in the center of her terrible Ægis, +where it retained all its petrifying power, and served her in many +a fight.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Return to +Argos.</div> + +<p>Arrived at Argos, Perseus discovered that a usurper had +claimed his grandfather’s throne. To hurl the unlawful claimant +from his exalted seat, and compel him to make full +restitution and atonement, was but a trifle for the +hero who had conquered Medusa; and Acrisius, now old and +weak, was taken from the prison where he languished, and restored +to his wonted honors, by the very youth he had been taught +to fear.</p> + +<p>But the gods’ decree was always sure to be fulfilled sooner or +later; and one day, when Perseus was playing quoits, he accidentally +killed his grandfather. To remain at Argos, haunted +by the memory of this involuntary crime, was too painful for +him: so he exchanged his kingdom for another, that of Mycenæ, +which he ruled wisely and well. When Perseus died, after +a long and glorious reign, the gods, who had always loved him, +placed him among the stars, where he can still be seen, with his +wife Andromeda, and mother-in-law Cassiopeia.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>250]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXI.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">THESEUS.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">When</span> yet but a very young man, Ægeus, King of Athens, +journeyed off to Trœzene, where he fell in love with and married +a pretty young princess by the name of Æthra. For some reason, +which mythologists do not make known, the king was forced +to return alone to Athens; but ere he departed he concealed his +sword and sandals beneath a stone, bidding his wife remember, +that, as soon as the strength of their son Theseus permitted, he +must raise the rock, appropriate sword and sandals, and come and +join him in Athens, where he should be introduced to the people +as his son and heir. These instructions given, Ægeus bade a +fond farewell to his wife and infant son, and returned home.</p> + +<p>As the years passed by, they brought strength, beauty, and +wisdom to Theseus, whose fame began to be published abroad. +At last Æthra deemed him strong enough to raise the rock beneath +which his father’s trusty weapon lay; and, conducting him +to the spot where it was, she told him the whole story, and bade +him try his strength.</p> + +<p>Theseus immediately obeyed. With a mighty effort he raised +the rock, and, to his great satisfaction, found the sword and sandals +in a perfect state of preservation. Sword in hand, he then +set out for Athens,—a long and dangerous journey. He proceeded +slowly and cautiously, for he knew that many dangers +lurked along his pathway, and that ere he reached his father’s +city he would have to encounter both giants and monsters, who +would strive to bar his way.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Periphetes.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>251]</a></span> +He was not at all mistaken in his previsions; for Trœzene was +scarcely lost to sight ere he came across the giant Periphetes, +son of Vulcan, who stood in the road and attacked +with a huge club, whose blows were generally fatal, +all who strove to pass. Adroitly evading the giant’s first onslaught, +Theseus plunged his sword deep into his huge side ere +he could renew the attack, and brought him lifeless to the ground.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Sinis.</div> + +<p>Theseus then disarmed his fallen foe, and, retaining the club +for future use, continued his journey in peace, until he came to +the Isthmus of Corinth, where two adventures +awaited him. The first was with a cruel giant +named Sinis, nicknamed The Pine-bender, whose usual practice +was to bend some huge pine until its top touched the ground, +and call to any unsuspecting passer-by to seize it and lend him a +helping hand for a moment. Then, as soon as the innocent +stranger had complied with his request, he would suddenly let go +the pine, which, freed from his gigantic grasp, sprang back to its +upright position, and hurled the unfortunate traveler way up +in the air, to be dashed to pieces against the rocky mountain +side.</p> + +<p>Theseus, who had already heard of the giant’s stratagem, skillfully +eluded the danger, and finally caused Sinis to perish by the +same cruel death which he had dealt out to so many others.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Sciron.</div> + +<p>In one place the Isthmus of Corinth was exceedingly narrow, +and the only practicable pathway led along a rocky ledge, +guarded by a robber named Sciron, who forced +all who tried to pass him to wash his feet. While +the traveler was thus engaged, and knelt in the narrow pathway +to do his bidding, he would suddenly raise his foot, kick him +over the side, and hurl him down into the sea below, where a +huge tortoise was ever waiting with gaping jaws to devour the +victims.</p> + +<p>Instead of yielding to Sciron’s exactions, Theseus drew his +sword, and by his determined bearing so terrified the robber, +that he offered him a free passage. This offer, however, did not +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>252]</a></span> +satisfy Theseus, who said he would sheathe his sword only on +condition that Sciron performed for him the menial office he had +imposed upon so many others. Sciron dared not refuse, and +obeyed in fear and trembling; but he was doomed never to +molest any one again, for Theseus kicked him over the precipice, +into the breakers, where the tortoise feasted upon his remains +with as keen a relish as upon former victims.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Cercyon and +Procrustes.</div> + +<p>After disposing of another world-renowned robber, Cercyon +(The Wrestler), Theseus encountered Procrustes (The Stretcher), a +cruel giant, who, under pretext of entertainment, +deluded travelers into entering his home, where +he had two beds of very different dimensions,—one unusually +short, the other unusually long. If the unfortunate traveler were +a short man, he was put to bed in the long bedstead, and his +limbs were pulled out of joint to make him fit it; but if, on the +contrary, he were tall, he was assigned the short bed, and the +superfluous length of limb was lopped off under the selfsame +pretext. Taking Procrustes quite unawares, Theseus gave him +a faint idea of the sufferings he had inflicted upon others by +making him try each bed in turn, and then, to avoid his continuing +these evil practices, put an end to his wretched existence.</p> + +<p>Theseus successfully accomplished a few more exploits of a +similar character, and finally reached Athens, where he found +that his fame had preceded him.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“In days of old, there liv’d of mighty fame,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A valiant prince, and Theseus was his name:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A chief, who more in feats of arms excell’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The rising nor the setting sun beheld.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Medea’s +draught.</div> + +<p>The first tidings that there reached his ear were that Ægeus had +just married Medea, the enchantress; but, although these tidings +were very unwelcome, he hastened on to his +father’s court, to make himself known, and receive +the welcome promised so many years before. Medea, +seated by Ægeus’ side, no sooner saw the young stranger draw +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>253]</a></span> +near, than she knew him, and foresaw that he had come to +demand his rights. To prevent his making known claims which +might interfere with the prospects of her future offspring, she +hastily mixed a deadly poison in a cup, which she filled with +fragrant wine, and bade Ægeus offer it to the stranger.</p> + +<p>The monarch was about to execute her apparently hospitable +purpose, when his eye suddenly rested upon the sword at Theseus’ +side, which he immediately recognized. One swift glance into +the youth’s open face convinced him that Æthra’s son stood before +him, and he eagerly stretched out his arms to clasp him to his +heart. This sudden movement upset the goblet, and the poisonous +contents, falling upon a dog lying at the king’s feet, caused +his almost instantaneous death. Seeing her crime discovered +and Theseus recognized, Medea quickly mounted her magic +dragon car, and fled to Media, whence she never returned.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tribute to the +Minotaur.</div> + +<p>One day, some time after his arrival at Athens, Theseus heard +a sound of weeping and great lamentation throughout all the +city, and in reply to his wondering inquiries was +told, that ever since an unfortunate war between +the Cretans and Athenians, the latter, who had been vanquished, +were obliged to pay a yearly tribute of seven youths and as +many maidens, destined to serve as food for the Minotaur. +Further questions evolved the fact that the Minotaur was a +hideous monster, the property of Minos, King of Crete, who +kept it in an intricate labyrinth, constructed for that express +purpose by Dædalus, the far-famed architect.</p> + +<div class="cpoem31"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“There lived and flourished long ago, in famous Athens town,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One Dædalus, a carpenter of genius and renown;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">(’Twas he who with an augur taught mechanics how to bore,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">An art which the philosophers monopolized before.)”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 422px;"> +<a name="daedalus" id="daedalus"></a> +<img src="images/mgr52.jpg" width="422" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">DÆDALUS AND ICARUS.—Vien.</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Dædalus and +Icarus.</div> + +<p>This labyrinth was so very intricate, that those who entered +could not find their way out; and even Dædalus +and his son Icarus, after many days’ attempt, found +they could not leave it. Rather than remain imprisoned +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254"><!-- original location of Daedalus and Icarus illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>255]</a></span> +forever, Dædalus then manufactured wings for himself and for his +son, and determined to make use of them to effect his escape.</p> + +<div class="cpoem30"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Now Dædalus, the carpenter, had made a pair of wings,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Contrived of wood and feathers and a cunning set of springs,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By means of which the wearer could ascend to any height,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And sail about among the clouds as easy as a kite.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>After repeated cautions to his son not to venture too high, +lest the sun’s heat should melt the wax fixing the feathers to the +frame, Dædalus bade Icarus don his plumage and fly to a country +where they would be free, promising to follow him thither +very shortly.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘My Icarus!’ he says; ‘I warn thee fly<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Along the middle track: nor low, nor high;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">If low, thy plumes may flag with ocean’s spray;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">If high, the sun may dart his fiery ray.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Delighted with this new mode of travel, Icarus flew swiftly +along. Little by little he forgot the danger and his father’s caution, +and rose up higher and higher, until he could bask in the +direct rays of the ardent sun. The heat, which seemed so grateful +after his chilly flight, soon softened and melted the wax on +his wings; and Icarus, no longer supported by the light feathers, +sank down faster and faster, until he fell into the sea, where he +was drowned, and which, in memory of him, bears the name of +Icarian to this day.</p> + +<p>These varied details kindled Theseus’ love of adventure, and +still further strengthened him in his sudden resolve to join the +mournful convoy, try his strength against the awful Minotaur, +and, if possible, save his country from further similar exactions.</p> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“While Attica thus groan’d, with ills opprest;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His country’s wrongs inflam’d brave Theseus’ breast;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Instant his gen’rous soul resolv’d to save<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Cecrops’ great offspring from a timeless grave.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Catullus.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>256]</a></span> +Even his father’s tears and entreaties were powerless to move +him from his purpose, and, the hour having come, he embarked +upon the black-sailed vessel which was to bear the yearly tribute +to Crete, promising to change the black sails for snowy white +ones if he were fortunate enough to return victorious.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Talus.</div> + +<p>Favorable winds soon wafted the galley to distant Crete, and +as they sailed along the coast, searching for the harbor, they were +challenged by the brazen giant Talus, who walked +daily thrice around the whole island, killing, by contact +with his red-hot body, all who had no business to land on that +coast. Knowing, however, that the black-sailed galley brought +a fresh supply of youths and maidens for the terrible Minotaur, +Talus let it pass unharmed; and the victims were brought into +the presence of Minos, who personally inspected each new freight-load, +to make sure he was not being cheated by the Athenians.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ariadne’s +clew.</div> + +<p>At the monarch’s side stood his fair daughter Ariadne, whose +tender heart was filled with compassion when she beheld the frail +maidens and gallant youths about to perish by such +a loathsome death. Theseus, by right of his birth, +claimed the precedence, and proffered a request to be the first +victim,—a request which the king granted with a sardonic smile, +ere he returned unmoved to his interrupted feast.</p> + +<p>Unnoticed by all, Ariadne slipped out of the palace, and, under +cover of the darkness, entered the prison where Theseus was +confined. There she tremblingly offered him a ball of twine and +a sharp sword, bidding him tie one end of the twine to the entrance +of the labyrinth, and keep the other in his hand as a clew +to find the way out again should the sword enable him to kill the +dreaded Minotaur. In token of gratitude for this timely assistance, +Theseus solemnly promised Ariadne to take her with him +to Athens as his bride, were he only successful in his undertaking.</p> + +<p>At dawn the next day Theseus was conducted to the entrance +of the labyrinth, and there left to await the tender mercies of the +Minotaur. Like all heroes, he preferred to meet any danger +rather than remain inactive: so, mindful of Ariadne’s instructions, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>257]</a></span> +he fastened his twine to the entrance, and then boldly penetrated +into the intricate ways of the labyrinth, where many +whitening bones plainly revealed the fate of all who had preceded +him.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Theseus and +the Minotaur.</div> + +<p>He had not gone very far before he encountered the Minotaur,—a +creature more hideous than fancy can +paint,—and he was obliged to use all his skill and +ingenuity to avoid falling a prey to the monster’s appetite, and +all his strength to lay him low at last.</p> + +<p>The Minotaur slain, Theseus hastily retraced his footsteps.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“And the slender clew,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Prepar’d in secret by th’ enamor’d maid,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thro’ the curv’d labyrinth his steps convey’d.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Catullus.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Theseus’ +escape.</div> + +<p>Arrived at the place where his ship rode at anchor, he found +his companions and Ariadne awaiting him, and, springing on +board, bade the sailors weigh anchor as quickly +as possible. They were almost out of reach of +the Cretan shores, when Talus came into view, and, perceiving +that his master’s prisoners were about to escape, leaned forward +to catch the vessel by its rigging. Theseus, seeing this, sprang +forward, and dealt the giant such a blow, that he lost his balance +and fell into the deep sea, where he was drowned, and +where thermal springs still bear witness to the heat of his brazen +body.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ariadne +forsaken.</div> + +<p>The returning vessel, favored by wind and tide, made but one +port, Naxos; and here youths and maidens landed to view the +beautiful island. Ariadne strayed apart, and threw +herself down upon the ground to rest, where, before +she was aware of it, sleep overtook her. Now, although very +brave, Theseus was not very constant. He had already grown +weary of Ariadne’s love; and, when he saw her thus asleep, he +basely summoned his companions, embarked with them, and set +sail, leaving her alone upon the island, where Bacchus soon +came to console her for the loss of her faithless lover (p. <a href="#Page_181"><b>181</b></a>).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>258]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 405px;"> +<a name="ariadne" id="ariadne"></a> +<img src="images/mgr53.jpg" width="405" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">ARIADNE.—Rae.</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Theseus’ +punishment.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>259]</a></span> +Theseus, having committed a deed heinous in the eyes of gods +and men, was doomed to suffer just punishment. In his preoccupation +he entirely forgot his promise to change +the black sails for white; and Ægeus, from Attica’s +rocky shore, seeing the sable sails when the vessel was yet +far from land, immediately concluded that his son was dead, and +in his grief cast himself into the sea since known as the Ægean, +where he perished.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“As from a mountain’s snowy top are driv’n<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The rolling clouds, by the rude blasts of heav’n;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So from the mem’ry of lost Theseus fled<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Those dictates, which before his reason sway’d:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But now his father from the ramparts’ height,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">All bath’d in tears, directs his eager sight;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O’er the wide sea, distended by the gale,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He spies, with dread amaze, the lurid sail.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Catullus.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Theseus’ reign +and marriage.</div> + +<p>Theseus, on entering the city, heard of his father’s death; and +when he realized that it had been caused by his carelessness, he +was overwhelmed with grief and remorse. All the +cares of royalty and the wise measures he introduced +for the happiness of his people could not divert his mind +from this terrible catastrophe: so he finally resolved to resign his +authority and set out again in search of adventures, which might +help him forget his woes. He therefore made an excursion into +the land of the Amazons, where Hercules had preceded him, +and whence he brought back Hippolyte, whom he married. +Theseus was now very happy indeed, and soon all his hopes were +crowned by the birth of a son, whom he called Hippolytus. +Shortly after this joyful event, the Amazons invaded his country +under pretext of rescuing their kidnapped queen, and in the battle +which ensued Hippolyte was accidentally wounded by an arrow, +and breathed her last in Theseus’ arms.</p> + +<p>Theseus next set out with an Athenian army to fight Pirithous, +king of the Lapithæ, who had dared to declare war; but when +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>260]</a></span> +the armies were face to face, the two chiefs, seized with a sudden +liking for each other, simultaneously cast down their weapons, +and, falling on each other’s necks, embraced, and swore an eternal +friendship.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Centaurs and +Lapithæ</div> + +<p>To show his devotion to this newly won friend, Theseus consented +to accompany him to the court of Adrastus, King of +Argos, and witness his marriage to Hippodamia, +daughter of the king. Many guests were, of course, +present to witness the marriage ceremony, among others Hercules +and a number of the Centaurs. The latter, struck with admiration +for the bride’s unusual beauty, made an attempt to kidnap +her, which was frustrated by the Lapithæ, seconded by Theseus +and Hercules. The terrible struggle which ensued between the +conflicting parties has ever been a favorite subject in art, and +is popularly known as the “Battle between the Centaurs and +Lapithæ.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Theseus in +Hades.</div> + +<p>The hotly contested bride did not, however, enjoy a very long +life, and Pirithous soon found himself, like Theseus, a disconsolate +widower. To avoid similar bereavement in +future, they both resolved to secure goddesses, +who, being immortal, would share their thrones forever. Aided +by Pirithous, Theseus carried off Helen, the daughter of Jupiter +(p. <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>), and, as she was still but a child, intrusted her to the care +of his mother, Æthra, until she attained a suitable age for matrimony. +Then, in return for Pirithous’ kind offices, he accompanied +him to Hades, where they intended to carry off Proserpina.</p> + +<p>While they were thus engaged, Helen’s twin brothers, Castor +and Pollux, came to Athens, delivered her from captivity, and +carried her home in triumph. As for Theseus and Pirithous, +their treacherous intention was soon discovered by Pluto, who set +the first on an enchanted rock, from which he could not descend +unassisted, and bound the second to the constantly revolving +wheel of his father, Ixion.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 404px;"> +<a name="theseus" id="theseus"></a> +<img src="images/mgr54.jpg" width="404" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">THESEUS.—Canova. (Volksgarten, Vienna.)</p> +</div> + +<p>When Hercules was in Hades in search of Cerberus (p. <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>), +he delivered Theseus from his unpleasant position, and thus +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261"><!-- original location of Theseus illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>262]</a></span> +enabled him to return to his own home, where he now expected +to spend the remainder of his life in peace.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Phædra and +Hippolytus.</div> + +<p>Although somewhat aged by this time, Theseus was still anxious +to marry, and looked about him for a wife to cheer his loneliness. +Suddenly he remembered that Ariadne’s +younger sister, Phædra, must be a charming young +princess, and sent an embassy to obtain her hand in marriage. +The embassy proved successful, and Phædra came to Athens; +but, young and extremely beautiful, she was not at all delighted +with her aged husband, and, instead of falling in love with him, +bestowed all her affections upon his son, Hippolytus, a virtuous +youth, who utterly refused to listen to her proposals to elope. In +her anger at finding her advances scorned, Phædra went to +Theseus and accused Hippolytus of attempting to kidnap her. +Theseus, greatly incensed at what he deemed his son’s dishonorable +behavior, implored Neptune to punish the youth, who +was even then riding in his chariot close by the shore. In +answer to this prayer, a great wave suddenly arose, dashed over +the chariot, and drowned the young charioteer, whose lifeless +corpse was finally flung ashore at Phædra’s feet. When the unfortunate +queen saw the result of her false accusations, she confessed +her crime, and, in her remorse and despair, hung herself.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Theseus.</div> + +<p>As for Theseus, soured by these repeated misfortunes, he grew +so stern and tyrannical, that he gradually alienated his people’s +affections, until at last they hated him, and banished +him to the Island of Scyros, where, in obedience +to a secret order, Lycomedes, the king, treacherously slew +him by hurling him from the top of a steep cliff into the sea. +As usual, when too late, the Athenians repented of their ingratitude, +and in a fit of tardy remorse deified this hero, and +built a magnificent temple on the Acropolis in his honor. This +building, now used as a museum, contains many relics of Greek +art. Theseus’ bones were piously brought back, and inhumed in +Athens, where he was long worshiped as a demigod.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>263]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXII.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">JASON.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">At</span> Iolcus, in Thessaly, there once reigned a virtuous king, +Æson, with his good wife, Alcimede. Their happiness, however, +was soon disturbed by Pelias, the king’s brother, who, aided by +an armed host, took forcible possession of the throne. Æson +and Alcimede, in fear of their lives, were forced to resort to a +hasty and secret flight, taking with them their only son, Jason.</p> + +<p>The king and queen soon found a place of refuge, but, afraid +lest their hiding place should be discovered and they should all +be slain by the cruel Pelias, they intrusted their son to the Centaur +Chiron, revealing to him alone the secret of the child’s birth, +and bidding him train him up to avenge their wrongs.</p> + +<p>Chiron discharged his duties most faithfully, trained the young +prince with great care, and soon made him the wisest and most +skillful of his pupils. The years spent by Jason in the diligent +acquisition of knowledge, strength, and skill, passed very quickly; +and at last the time came when Chiron made known to him +the secret of his birth, and the story of the wrongs inflicted by +Pelias, the usurper, upon his unfortunate parents.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Jason’s +vow.</div> + +<p>This tale aroused the young prince’s anger, and made him +solemnly vow to punish his uncle, or perish in the attempt. +Chiron encouraged him to start, and in parting +bade him remember that Pelias alone had injured +him, but that all the rest of the human race were entitled to any +aid he could bestow. Jason listened respectfully to his tutor’s +last instructions; then, girding his sword and putting on his sandals, +he set out on his journey to Iolcus.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>264]</a></span> +It was early in the spring, and the young man had not gone +very far before he came to a stream, which, owing to the usual +freshets of the season, was almost impassable. Jason, however, +quite undaunted by the rushing, foaming waters, was about to +attempt the crossing, when he saw an aged woman not far from +him, gazing in helpless despair at the waters she could not cross.</p> + +<p>Naturally kind-hearted and helpful, and, besides that, mindful +of Chiron’s last recommendation, Jason offered the old woman +his assistance, proposing to carry her across on his back if she +would but lend him her staff to lean upon. The old woman +gladly accepted this offer; and a few moments later, Jason, bending +beneath his strange load, was battling with the rapid current.</p> + +<p>After many an effort, breathless and almost exhausted, Jason +reached the opposite bank, and, after depositing his burden there, +scrambled up beside her, casting a rueful glance at the torrent, +which had wrenched off one of his golden sandals. He was about +to part from the old dame with a kindly farewell, when she was +suddenly transformed into a large, handsome, imperious-looking +woman, whom, owing to the peacock by her side, he immediately +recognized as Juno, queen of heaven. He bent low before her, +and claimed her aid and protection, which she graciously promised +ere she vanished from his sight.</p> + +<p>With eager steps Jason now pressed onward, nor paused until +he came in view of his native city. As he drew near, he noticed +an unusual concourse of people, and upon inquiry discovered +that Pelias was celebrating a festival in honor of the immortal +gods. Up the steep ascent leading to the temple Jason hastened, +and pressed on to the innermost circle of spectators, until he +stood in full view of his enemy Pelias, who, unconscious of coming +evil, continued offering the sacrifice.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The one +sandal.</div> + +<p>At last the ceremony was completed, and the king cast an arrogant +glance over the assembled people. His eyes suddenly fell +upon Jason’s naked foot, and he grew pale with +horror as there flashed into his memory the recollection +of an ancient oracle, warning him to beware of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>265]</a></span> +man who appeared before him wearing but one sandal. Pelias +tremblingly bade the guards bring forth the uninvited stranger. +His orders were obeyed; and Jason, confronting his uncle boldly, +summoned him to make a full restitution of the power he had so +unjustly seized.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Phryxus and +Helle.</div> + +<p>To surrender power and wealth and return to obscurity was not +to be thought of; but Pelias artfully concealed his displeasure, and +told his nephew that they would discuss the matter +and come to an amicable understanding after the +banquet, which was already spread and awaiting their presence. +During the festive meal, bards sang of all the heroic deeds accomplished +by great men; and Pelias, by judicious flattery, stimulated +Jason to attempt similar feats. At last the musicians recited +the story of Phryxus and Helle, the son and daughter of +Athamas and Nephele, who, to escape the cruel treatment of +their stepmother, Ino (p. <a href="#Page_174"><b>174</b></a>), mounted a winged, golden-fleeced +ram sent by Neptune to transport them to Colchis.</p> + +<p>The ram flew over land and sea; but Helle, frightened at the +sight of the waves tossing far beneath her, suddenly lost her hold +on the golden fleece, and tumbled off the ram’s back into a portion +of the sea since known as the Hellespont,</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Where beauteous Helle found a watery grave.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Meleager.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Phryxus, more fortunate than his sister, reached Colchis in +safety, and in gratitude to the gods sacrificed the ram they had +sent to deliver him, and hung its golden fleece on a tree, near +which he stationed a dragon to guard it night and day. The +bards then went on to relate that the glittering trophy still hung +there, awaiting a hand bold enough to slay the dragon and bear +it off.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The golden +fleece.</div> + +<p>This tale and his liberal potations greatly excited the youth +Jason; and Pelias, perceiving it, hypocritically regretted his inability +to win the golden fleece, and softly insinuated that young +men of the present generation were not brave enough to risk +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>266]</a></span> +their lives in such a glorious cause. The usurper’s crafty remarks +had the desired effect; for Jason suddenly sprang from his seat, +and vowed he would go in quest of the golden +fleece. Pelias, quite certain that the rash youth +would lose his life in the attempt, and thus cause no more +trouble, with much difficulty restrained all expressions of joy, and +dared him to make the attempt.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“With terror struck, lest by young Jason’s hand<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His crown should be rent from him, Pelias sought<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By machinations dark to slay his foe.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From Colchis’ realm to bring the golden fleece<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He charged the youth.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Orphic Argonautics.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Speaking +Oak.</div> + +<p>When Jason, sobered and refreshed by a long night’s rest, +perceived how foolish had been his vow, he would fain have +recalled it; but, mindful of Chiron’s teachings +ever to be true to his word, he resolved to depart +for Colchis. To secure Juno’s assistance, he began by visiting +her shrine at Dodona, where the oracle, a Speaking Oak, assured +him of the goddess’s good will and efficacious protection. Next +the Speaking Oak bade him cut off one of its own mighty limbs, +and carve from it a figurehead for the swift-sailing vessel which +Minerva, at Juno’s request, would build for his use from pine +trees grown on Mount Pelion.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Argo and +crew.</div> + +<p>Jason, having finished his figurehead, found that it too had +the gift of speech, and that it would occasionally vouchsafe +sage counsel in the direction of his affairs. When +quite completed, Jason called his vessel the Argo +(swift-sailing), and speedily collected a crew of heroes as brave +as himself, among whom were Hercules, Castor, Pollux, Peleus, +Admetus, Theseus, and Orpheus, who were all glad to undertake +the perilous journey to lands unknown. To speed them on their +way, Juno then bargained with Æolus for favorable winds, and +forbade any tempest which might work them harm.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>267]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“Then with a whistling breeze did Juno fill the sail,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Argo, self-impell’d, shot swift before the gale.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Onomacritus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Hylas.</div> + +<p>On several occasions the heroes landed, either to renew their +stock of provisions or to recruit their strength, but in general +every delay brought them some misfortune. Once +Hercules, having landed with a youth named +Hylas to cut wood for new oars, bade the youth go to a neighboring +spring and draw a pitcher of water to quench the thirst +produced by his exertions. The youth promptly departed; but +as he bent over the fountain, the nymphs, enamored with his +beauty, drew him down into their moist abode to keep them company. +Hercules, after vainly waiting for Hylas’ return, went in +search of him, but could find no trace of him, and, in his grief +and disappointment at the death of his young friend, refused to +continue the expedition, and, deserting the Argonauts, made his +way home alone and on foot.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Phineus and the +Harpies.</div> + +<p>On another occasion, when Jason visited Phineus, the blind +king of Thrace, he heard that this monarch’s life was imbittered +by the Harpies, vile monsters, part woman, +part bird, who ate or befouled all the food placed +before him, and never let him eat a mouthful in peace. Having +repeated this tale to his companions, the two sons of Boreas, +who were also in the Argo, begged permission to drive +them away. Jason could not refuse their request; and the two +youths, with drawn swords, pursued the Harpies to the Strophades +Islands, where the birds promised to remain.</p> + +<p>Jason, sailing on in the mean while, was attacked by a flock +of brazen-feathered birds, which rained their sharp plumage down +upon the Argonauts, wounding many of them sorely. The captain +of the expedition, seeing weapons were of no avail against +these foes, consulted the figurehead, and, in obedience to its +directions, clashed his arms against his shield, until, terrified by +the din, the brazen-feathered birds flew rapidly away, uttering discordant +cries of terror.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The +Symplegades.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>268]</a></span> +Some time during the course of their journey the Argonauts +came to the Symplegades,—floating rocks which continually +crashed together, and ground to powder all objects +caught between them. Jason knew he was +obliged to pass between these rocks or give up the expedition: +so, calculating that the speed of his vessel was equal to that of a +dove on the wing, he sent one out before him. The dove flew +safely between the rocks, losing only one of its tail feathers as +they again clashed together. Watching his opportunity, therefore, +Jason bade his men row swiftly. The Argo darted through +the opening, and, when the rocks again came into contact, they +merely grazed the rudder. As a vessel had passed between them +unharmed, their power for evil left them, and they were chained +fast to the bottom of the sea, near the mouth of the Bosporus, +where they remained immovable like any other rocks.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Arrival at +Colchis.</div> + +<p>The Argonauts, after other adventures far too numerous to +recount in detail, reached the Colchian shores, and presented +themselves before Æetes, the king, to whom they +made known their errand. Loath to part with +his golden treasure, Æetes declared, that, before Jason could obtain +the fleece, he must catch and harness two wild, fire-breathing +bulls dedicated to Vulcan, and make use of them to plow a stony +piece of ground sacred to Mars. This done, he must sow the +field with some dragon’s teeth, as Cadmus had done (p. <a href="#Page_48"><b>48</b></a>), conquer +the giants which would spring up, and, last of all, slay the +guardian dragon, or the fleece would never be his.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Medea’s +aid.</div> + +<p>One of these tasks would have sufficed to dismay many a brave +youth; but Jason was of the dauntless kind, and merely hastened +down to his vessel to ask the figurehead +how he had better proceed. On his way to the +seashore he met the king’s daughter, Medea, a beautiful young +sorceress, who had been charmed by his modest but firm bearing, +and who was quite ready to bring her magic to his aid if he would +but promise to marry her. Jason, susceptible to her attractions, +and free from any conflicting ties, readily agreed to her proposal, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>269]</a></span> +and, carrying out her directions, caught and harnessed the fiery +bulls, plowed the field, and sowed it with the dragon’s teeth.</p> + +<div class="cpoem30"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“And how he yoked the bulls, whose breathings fiery glow’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And with the dragons’ teeth the furrow’d acres sow’d.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Onomacritus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>But when he saw glittering spears and helmets grow out of +the ground, and beheld the close ranks of giants in full armor, +he was filled with dismay, and would have fled had it been possible. +However, aware that such a performance would insure his +ruin, he stood his ground, and, when the phalanx was quite near +him, threw a handful of dust full in the giants’ faces. Blinded +with the sand, the giants attacked one another, and in a short +time were exterminated.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“They, like swift dogs,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ranging in fierceness, on each other turn’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Tumultuous battle. On their mother earth<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By their own spears they sank; like pines, or oaks,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Strew’d by a whirlwind in the mountain dale.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Apollonius Rhodius</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The fleece +captured.</div> + +<p>Accompanied by Medea, Jason next hastened to the tree +where the dragon kept guard over his treasure. An opiate prepared +by Medea’s magic skill soon made the dragon +forget his charge in a profound sleep, and enabled +Jason to draw near enough to sever his frightful head from +his hideous trunk. Jason then tore the coveted fleece from the +branch where it had hung for many a year, and bore it in triumph +to the Argo.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Exulting Jason grasped the shining hide,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His last of labors, and his envied pride.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Slow from the groaning branch the fleece was rent.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Flaccus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>His companions, who had made ready for a hasty departure, +were already seated at their oars; and, as soon as he had embarked +with Medea and her attendants, the Argo shot out of the +Colchian harbor.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>270]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 399px;"> +<a name="jason" id="jason"></a> +<img src="images/mgr55.jpg" width="399" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">JASON AND THE DRAGON.—Salvator Rosa.</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem29"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>271]</a></span> +<span class="i1">“How softly stole from home the luckless-wedded maid,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Through darkness of the night, in linen robe array’d;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By Fate to Argo led, and urged by soft desire,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor yet regarding aught her father’s furious ire.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Onomacritus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>When morning dawned and Æetes awoke, he heard that the +dragon was slain, the fleece stolen, his daughter gone, and the Grecian +ship far out of sight. No time was lost in useless wailing, +but a vessel was hurriedly launched and manned, and the king +in person set out in pursuit of the fugitives, who had, moreover, +taken his most precious treasure, his only son and heir, Absyrtus. +Although the Colchian men were good sailors and skillful rowers, +they did not catch sight of the Argo until they came near the +mouth of the Danube, and Æetes wildly called to his daughter +to return to her home and to her father.</p> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“‘Stay thy rash flight! and, from the distant main,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For oh! thou canst, my daughter,—turn again.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whither depart? the vessel backward steer;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy friends, thy still fond father, wait thee here.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Flaccus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Absyrtus.</div> + +<p>But Medea had no wish to be torn away from Jason’s arms, +and, instead of listening to her father’s entreaties, urged the +Argonauts to redoubled efforts. Little by little +the distance between the two vessels grew less; +the Colchian rowers were gaining upon the Greek; and Medea +saw, that, unless she found means to delay her father, he would +overtake her and compel her to return. With her own hands she +therefore slew her little brother, Absyrtus, and cut his body into +pieces, which she dropped over the side of the vessel one by one. +Æetes, a helpless witness of this cruel, awful deed, piously collected +his son’s remains, and, in pausing to do so, lost sight of +the Argo, and all hope of recovering his unnatural daughter: so +he returned sadly to Colchis, where he buried his son’s remains +with due solemnity.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>272]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 369px;"> +<a name="medea" id="medea"></a> +<img src="images/mgr56.jpg" width="369" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">MEDEA.—Sichel.</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Pelias +dethroned.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>273]</a></span> +In the mean while, Pelias had reigned contentedly over Thessaly, +confident that Jason would never return. Imagine his dismay, +therefore, when he heard that the Argo had +arrived, bearing Jason, now the proud possessor of +the renowned golden fleece. Ere he could take measures to +maintain his usurped authority, Jason appeared, and compelled +him to resign the throne in favor of the rightful king, Æson.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately, Æson was now so old and decrepit, that power +had no charms for him: so Jason begged Medea to use her +magic in his behalf, and restore him to the vigor and beauty +of his early manhood. To gratify Jason, Medea called all her +magic into play, and by some mysterious process restored Æson +to all his former youth, strength, activity, and grace.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Medea’s spells dispersed the weight of years,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Æson stood a youth ’mid youthful peers.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The magic +recipe.</div> + +<p>As soon as Pelias’ daughters heard of this miraculous transformation, +they hastened to Medea and implored her to give +them the recipe, that they might rejuvenate their +father also. The sorceress maliciously bade them +cut their father’s body into small pieces, and boil them in a caldron +with certain herbs, declaring that, if the directions were carefully +carried out, the result would be satisfactory; but, when the +too credulous maidens carried out these instructions, they only +slew the father whom they had so dearly loved.</p> + +<p>Days and years now passed happily and uneventfully for Jason +and Medea; but at last their affection for each other cooled, and +Jason fell in love with Glauce, or Creusa. Frantic with jealousy, +Medea prepared and sent the maiden a magic robe, which she +no sooner donned than she was seized with terrible convulsions, +in which she died. Medea, still full of resentment against Jason, +then slew her own children, and, mounting her dragon car, departed, +leaving a message for Jason, purporting that the Argo +would yet cause his death.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Jason.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>274]</a></span> +Jason, a victim of remorse and despair, now led a weary and +sorrowful life, and every day he wandered down to the shore, where +he sat under the shade of the Argo’s hulk, which was +slowly rotting away. One day, while he was sitting +there musing over his youthful adventures and Medea’s +strange prophecy, a sudden gale detached a beam, which, falling +on his head, fractured his skull and caused instantaneous death.</p> + +<p>The Argonautic expedition is emblematic of the first long maritime +voyage undertaken by the Greeks for commercial purposes; +while the golden fleece which Jason brought back from Colchis +is but a symbol of the untold riches they found in the East, and +brought back to their own native land.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>275]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXIII.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">THE CALYDONIAN HUNT.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Birth of +Meleager.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Œneus</span> and Althæa, King and Queen of Calydon, in Ætolia, +were very happy in the possession of a little son, Meleager, only a +few days old, until they heard that the Fates had decreed +the child should live only as long as the brand +then smoking and crackling on the hearth. The parents were motionless +with grief, until Althæa, with true mother’s wit, snatched +the brand from the fire, plunged it into an earthen jar filled with +water, quenched the flames which were consuming it, and, carefully +laying it aside, announced her intention to keep it forever.</p> + +<p>Meleager, thus saved from an untimely death by his mother’s +presence of mind, grew up a brave and handsome youth, and +joined the Argonautic expedition. While he was absent, his +father omitted the yearly sacrifice to Diana, who, enraged at his +neglect, sent a monstrous boar to devour his subjects and devastate +his realm. Meleager, on his return, gathered together all +the brave men of the country, and instituted a great hunt, whose +main object was the capture or death of the obnoxious boar.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The hunters.</div> + +<p>Jason, Nestor, Peleus, Admetus, Theseus, Pirithous, and many +other noted heroes, came at his call; but the attention of all the +spectators was specially attracted by Castor and +Pollux, and by the fair Atalanta, daughter of Iasius, +King of Arcadia. This princess had led a very adventurous +life; for when but a babe, her father, disappointed to see a +daughter instead of the longed-for son, had exposed her on +Mount Parthenium to the fury of the wild beasts. Some hunters, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>276]</a></span> +passing there shortly after this, found the babe fearlessly nursing +from a she-bear, and in compassion carried her home, where they +trained her to love the chase.</p> + +<p>The grand Calydonian Hunt was headed by Meleager and +Atalanta, who were very fond of each other, and who boldly led +the rest in pursuit of the boar. From one end of the Calydonian +forest to the other the boar fled, closely pursued by the hunt, and +was at last brought to bay by Atalanta, who succeeded in dealing +him a mortal wound. But even in his dying struggles the boar +would have killed her, had not Meleager come to her rescue and +given him his deathblow.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Meleager slays +his uncles.</div> + +<p>All the hunt now gathered around the boar’s corpse, and +watched Meleager take its spoil, which he gallantly bestowed +upon Atalanta. Althæa’s two brothers were present +at the hunt; and, as they wished to possess the +skin, they bitterly reproved their nephew on their way home for +giving it to a stranger. They added taunts to this reproof, which +so angered Meleager, that, in a sudden fit of passion, he slew +them both. When Althæa saw her brothers’ corpses, and heard +that they had been slain by her son, she vowed to avenge their +death, drew the carefully cherished brand from its hiding place, +and threw it upon the fire burning brightly on her hearth. When +the last bit of the precious wood crumbled away into ashes, +Meleager died. All Althæa’s affection for her son returned when +his lifeless corpse was brought to her, and in her despair she committed +suicide.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="atalanta" id="atalanta"></a> +<img src="images/mgr57.jpg" width="600" height="208" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">ATALANTA’S RACE.—Poynter.</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Atalanta’s +race.</div> + +<p>In the mean while, Atalanta, proud of her skill and of her +spoil, had returned to her father’s court, where, no other heir +having appeared, she was joyfully received, and +entreated to marry. Many suitors came to woo +the fair princess, but most of them refrained from pressing their +suit when they heard what conditions were imposed upon all who +would obtain her hand; for Atalanta disapproved of marriage, +and, anxious to keep her freedom, decreed that she should marry +only on condition that her suitor would beat her in a foot race. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277"><!-- original location of Atalanta's Race illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>278]</a></span> +If he were beaten, however, he must pay for his defeat by forfeiting +his life.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The golden +apples.</div> + +<p>In spite of these barbarous terms, a few youths had tried to +outrun her; but they failed, and their lifeless heads were exposed +on the racing ground to deter all other suitors. Undaunted +by these ghastly trophies, Hippomenes, or +Milanion, once came to Atalanta and expressed a desire to race +with her. This youth had previously obtained Venus’ protection, +and concealed under his garment her gift of three golden apples. +Atalanta prepared for her race as usual, and, as usual, passed her +rival; but just as she did so, one of the golden apples rolled at +her feet. For a moment she paused, then stooped and picked it +up ere she resumed the race. Her adversary had passed her and +won some advance; but she soon overtook him, when a second +golden apple caused a second delay. She was about to reach +the goal first, as usual, when a third golden treasure tempted her +to pause, and enabled Hippomenes to win the race.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">“Hippomenes turns her astray<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By the golden illusions he flings on her way.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Moore.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Atalanta could now no longer refuse to marry, and her nuptials +were soon celebrated. In his happiness at having won such +a peerless bride, Hippomenes forgot to pay the promised thanks +to Venus, for which offense he and his wife were severely punished +by being transformed into a pair of lions, and doomed to +drag Cybele’s car (p. <a href="#Page_19"><b>19</b></a>).</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Castor and +Pollux.</div> + +<p>The twin brothers Castor and Pollux, the Dioscuri, or Gemini, +who had greatly distinguished themselves by their +daring in the Calydonian Hunt, were made the +deities of boxing, wrestling, and all equestrian exercises.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“Leda’s sons I’ll sound,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Illustrious twins, that are<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For wrestling this, and for the race renown’d.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Horace.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>279]</a></span> +One of these twins, Castor, was a mortal, and in a combat +with the sons of Aphareus was slain. Pollux, who was immortal, +then implored Jupiter to allow him to die also, that he might not +be parted from his brother,—a proof of brotherly affection which +so touched the father of the gods, that he permitted Castor +to return to life on condition that Pollux would spend half his +time in Hades.</p> + +<p>Later on, satisfied that even this sacrifice was none too great for +their fraternal love, he translated them both to the skies, where +they form a bright constellation, one of the signs of the zodiac. +Castor and Pollux are generally represented as handsome youths, +mounted on snowy chargers.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“So like they were, no mortal<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Might one from other know:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">White as snow their armor was:<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Their steeds were white as snow.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Macaulay.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Their appearance under certain circumstances foretold success +in war, and the Romans believed that they fought at the head +of their legions at the celebrated battle of Lake Regillus. Their +name was also given to meteors, sometimes seen at sea, which attach +themselves like balls of fire to the masts of ships,—a sure +sign, according to the sailors, of fine weather and an auspicious +journey.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Safe comes the ship to haven,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Through billows and through gales,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">If once the Great Twin Brethren<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Sit shining on the sails.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Macaulay.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Festivals celebrated in honor of these twin brethren, and +called the Dioscuria, were held in many places, but specially in +Sparta, their birthplace, where they had world-renowned wrestling +matches.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>280]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXIV.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">ŒDIPUS.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Laius</span> and Jocasta, King and Queen of Thebes, in Bœotia, were +greatly delighted at the birth of a little son. In their joy they sent +for the priests of Apollo, and bade them foretell the glorious deeds +their heir would perform; but all their joy was turned to grief +when told that the child was destined to kill his father, marry his +mother, and bring great misfortunes upon his native city.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">“Laius once,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Not from Apollo, but his priests, receiv’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">An oracle, which said, it was decreed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He should be slain by his own son.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>To prevent the fulfillment of this dreadful prophecy, Laius +bade a servant carry the new-born child out of the city, and end +its feeble little life. The king’s mandate was obeyed only in +part; for the servant, instead of killing the child, hung it up by its +ankles to a tree in a remote place, and left it there to perish from +hunger and exposure if it were spared by the wild beasts.</p> + +<p>When he returned, none questioned how he had performed the +appointed task, but all sighed with relief to think that the prophecy +could never be accomplished. The child, however, was not +dead, as all supposed. A shepherd in quest of a stray lamb had +heard his cries, delivered him from his painful position, and carried +him to Polybus, King of Corinth, who, lacking an heir of +his own, gladly adopted the little stranger. The Queen of +Corinth and her handmaidens hastened with tender concern to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>281]</a></span> +bathe the swollen ankles, and called the babe Œdipus (swollen-footed).</p> + +<p>Years passed by. The young prince grew up in total ignorance +of the unfortunate circumstances under which he had made his +first appearance at court, until one day at a banquet one of his +companions, heated by drink, began to quarrel with him, and +taunted him about his origin, declaring that those whom he had +been accustomed to call parents were in no way related to him.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“A drunken rev’ler at a feast proclaim’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That I was only the supposed son<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Corinth’s king.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Œdipus +consults the +oracle.</div> + +<p>These words, coupled with a few meaning glances hastily exchanged +by the guests, excited Œdipus’ suspicions, and made +him question the queen, who, afraid lest he might +do himself an injury in the first moment of his despair +if the truth were revealed to him, had recourse +to prevarication, and quieted him by the assurance that he was +her beloved son.</p> + +<p>Something in her manner, however, left a lingering doubt in +Œdipus’ mind, and made him resolve to consult the oracle of +Delphi, whose words he knew would reveal the exact truth. He +therefore went to this shrine; but, as usual, the oracle answered +somewhat ambiguously, and merely warned him that fate had decreed +he should kill his father, marry his mother, and cause great +woes to his native city.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i13">“I felt<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A secret anguish, and unknown to them<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sought out the Pythian oracle; in vain;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Touching my parents, nothing could I learn;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But dreadful were the mis’ries it denounc’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Against me; ’twas my fate, Apollo said,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To wed my mother, to produce a race<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Accursed and abhorr’d; and last, to slay<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My father.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Œdipus leaves +Corinth.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>282]</a></span> +What! kill Polybus, who had ever been such an indulgent +father, and marry the queen, whom he revered as his mother! +Never! Rather than perpetrate these awful crimes, +and bring destruction upon the people of Corinth, +whom he loved, he would wander away over the face of the +earth, and never see city or parents again.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Lest I should e’er fulfill the dire prediction,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Instant I fled from Corinth, by the stars<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Guiding my hapless journey.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>But his heart was filled with intense bitterness, and as he journeyed +he did not cease to curse the fate which drove him away +from home. After some time, he came to three crossroads; and +while he stood there, deliberating which direction to take, a +chariot, wherein an aged man was seated, came rapidly toward +him.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Laius.</div> + +<p>The herald who preceded it haughtily called to the youth to +stand aside and make way for his master; but Œdipus, who, as +Polybus’ heir, was accustomed to be treated with +deference, resented the commanding tone, and refused +to obey. Incensed at what seemed unparalleled impudence, +the herald struck the youth, who, retaliating, stretched +his assailant lifeless at his feet.</p> + +<p>This affray attracted the attention of the master and other servants. +They immediately attacked the murderer, who slew them +all, thus unconsciously accomplishing the first part of the prophecy; +for the aged man was Laius, his father, journeying <i>incognito</i> +from Thebes to Delphi, where he wished to consult the +oracle.</p> + +<p>Œdipus then leisurely pursued his way until he came to the +gates of Thebes, where he found the whole city in an uproar, +“because the king had been found lifeless by the roadside, with +all his attendants slain beside him, presumably the work of a band +of highway robbers or assassins.”</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>283]</a></span> +<span class="i12">“He fell<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By strangers, murdered, for so fame reports,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By robbers in the place where three ways meet.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Of course, Œdipus did not connect the murder of such a great +personage as the King of Thebes by an unknown band of robbers, +with the death he had dealt to an arrogant old man, and +he therefore composedly inquired what the second calamity alluded +to might be.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The +Sphinx.</div> + +<p>With lowered voices, as if afraid of being overheard, the Thebans +described the woman’s head, bird’s wings and claws, and +lion’s body, which were the outward presentment +of a terrible monster called the Sphinx, which had +taken up its station without the city gates beside the highway, +and would allow none to pass in or out without propounding +a difficult riddle. Then, if any hesitated to give the required +answer, or failed to give it correctly, they were mercilessly devoured +by the terrible Sphinx, which no one dared attack or +could drive away.</p> + +<p>While listening to these tidings, Œdipus saw a herald pass +along the street, proclaiming that the throne and the queen’s +hand would be the reward of any man who dared encounter the +Sphinx, and was fortunate enough to free the country of its terrible +presence.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The +riddle.</div> + +<p>As Œdipus attached no special value to the life made desolate +by the oracle’s predictions, he resolved to slay the dreaded +monster, and, with that purpose in view, advanced +slowly, sword in hand, along the road where lurked +the Sphinx. He soon found the monster, which from afar propounded +the following enigma, warning him, at the same time, that +he forfeited his life if he failed to give the right answer:—</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Tell me, what animal is that<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which has four feet at morning bright,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Has two at noon, and three at night?”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Prior.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>284]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 473px;"> +<a name="oedipus" id="oedipus"></a> +<img src="images/mgr58.jpg" width="473" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">ŒDIPUS AND THE SPHINX.—Ingres. (Louvre, Paris.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>285]</a></span> +Œdipus was not devoid of intelligence, by any manner of +means, and soon concluded that the animal could only be man, +who in infancy, when too weak to stand, creeps along on hands +and knees, in manhood walks erect, and in old age supports his +tottering steps with a staff.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Œdipus marries +his mother.</div> + +<p>This reply, evidently as correct as unexpected, was received +by the Sphinx with a hoarse cry of disappointment and rage as it +turned to fly; but ere it could effect its purpose, +it was stayed by Œdipus, who drove it at his +sword’s point over the edge of a neighboring precipice, where +it was killed. On his return to the city, Œdipus was received +with cries of joy, placed on a chariot, crowned King of Thebes, +and married to his own mother, Jocasta, unwittingly fulfilling the +second fearful clause of the prophecy.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The +plague.</div> + +<p>A number of happy and moderately uneventful years now +passed by, and Œdipus became the father of two manly sons, +Eteocles and Polynices, and two beautiful daughters, Ismene and +Antigone; but prosperity was not doomed to favor him long.</p> + +<p>Just when he fancied himself most happy, and looked forward +to a peaceful old age, a terrible scourge visited Thebes, causing +the death of many faithful subjects, and filling the +hearts of all with great terror. The people now +turned to him, beseeching him to aid them, as he had done once +before when threatened by the Sphinx; and Œdipus sent messengers +to consult the Delphic oracle, who declared the plague +would cease only when the former king’s murderers had been +found and punished.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">“The plague, he said, should cease,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When those who murder’d Laius were discover’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And paid the forfeit of their crime by death,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or banishment.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Messengers were sent in every direction to collect all possible +information about the murder committed so long ago, and after +a short time they brought unmistakable proofs which convicted +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>286]</a></span> +Œdipus of the crime. At the same time the guilty servant confessed +that he had not killed the child, but had exposed it on a +mountain, whence it was carried to Corinth’s king.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Jocasta.</div> + +<p>The chain of evidence was complete, and now Œdipus discovered +that he had involuntarily been guilty of the three crimes to +avoid which he had fled from Corinth. The rumor +of these dreadful discoveries soon reached Jocasta, +who, in her despair at finding herself an accomplice, committed +suicide.</p> + +<p>Œdipus, apprised of her intention, rushed into her apartment +too late to prevent its being carried out, and found her lifeless. +This sight was more than the poor monarch could bear, and in +his despair he blinded himself with one of her ornaments.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“He pluck’d from off the robe she wore<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A golden buckle that adorn’d her side,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And buried in his eyes the sharpen’d point,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Crying, he ne’er again would look on her,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Never would see his crimes or mis’ries more,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or those whom guiltless he could ne’er behold,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or those to whom he now must sue for aid.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Œdipus.</div> + +<p>Penniless, blind, and on foot, he then left the scene of his +awful crimes, accompanied by his daughter Antigone, the only +one who loved him still, and who was ready to +guide his uncertain footsteps wherever he wished +to go. After many days of weary wandering, father and daughter +reached Colonus, where grew a mighty forest sacred to the +avenging deities, the Furies, or Eumenides.</p> + +<p>Here Œdipus expressed his desire to remain, and, after bidding +his faithful daughter an affectionate farewell, he groped his way +into the dark forest alone. The wind rose, the lightning flashed, +the thunder pealed; but although, as soon as the storm was over, +a search was made for Œdipus, no trace of him was ever found, +and the ancients fancied that the Furies had dragged him down +to Hades to receive the punishment of all his crimes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Eteocles and +Polynices.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>287]</a></span> +Antigone, no longer needed by her unhappy father, slowly +wended her way back to Thebes, where she found that the plague +had ceased, but that her brothers had quarreled +about the succession to the throne. A compromise +was finally decided upon, whereby it was decreed that Eteocles, +the elder son, should reign one year, and at the end of that +period resign the throne to Polynices for an equal space of time, +both brothers thus exercising the royal authority in turn. This +arrangement seemed satisfactory to Eteocles; but when, at the +end of the first year, Polynices returned from his travels in foreign +lands to claim the scepter, Eteocles refused to relinquish +it, and, making use of his power, drove the claimant away.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Thou seest me banish’d from my native land,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Unjustly banish’d, for no other crime<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But that I strove to keep the throne of Thebes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By birthright mine, from him who drove me thence,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The young Eteocles: not his the claim<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By justice, nor to me his fame in arms<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Superior; but by soft, persuasive arts<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He won the rebel city to his love.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The seven chiefs +before Thebes.</div> + +<p>Polynices’ nature was not one to endure such a slight patiently; +and he hastened off to Argos, where he persuaded Adrastus, the +king, to give him his daughter in marriage, and aid +him to recover his inheritance. True to his promise, +Adrastus soon equipped a large army, which was led by +seven determined and renowned chiefs, ready to risk all in the +attempt, and either win or perish.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i5">“Seven valiant leaders march<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To Thebes, resolved to conquer or to die.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Their bravery was of no avail, however, for Thebes was well +fortified and defended; and after a seven-years’ siege they found +themselves no nearer their goal than at the beginning of the war. +Weary of the monotony of this quarrel, the conflicting armies +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>288]</a></span> +finally decreed that the difference should be settled by a duel +between the inimical brothers, who no sooner found themselves +face to face, than they rushed upon each other with such animosity +that both fell.</p> + +<p>By order of Jocasta’s father, Creon, the corpse of Eteocles received +all the honors of a Greek burial, while that of Polynices +was left on the plain, a prey to the birds and wild beasts.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Polynices’ wretched carcass lies<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Unburied, unlamented, left expos’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A feast for hungry vultures on the plain.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Antigone’s +devotion.</div> + +<p>Then a proclamation was issued, that, if any dared bury the +body of the fallen prince, he would incur the penalty of being +buried alive. Heedless of this injunction and +Ismene’s prayers to refrain from endangering her +own life, Antigone dug a grave for her brother’s remains, and, +unaided, fulfilled the various customary funeral rites. Her task +was almost completed, when the guards discovered her, and +dragged her into the presence of Creon, who, although she was a +relative and the promised wife of his son Hæmon, condemned +her to death.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Let her be carried instant to the cave,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And leave her there alone, to live, or die;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her blood rests not on us: but she no longer<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shall breathe on earth.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Antigone and +Hæmon.</div> + +<p>Hæmon pleaded passionately for her life; but, when he saw +his prayers were vain, he ran to the place where Antigone was +confined, sprang into her narrow cell, wound his +arms closely around her, and refused to leave her. +There they were walled in; Antigone’s sufferings were cut mercifully +short by asphyxiation; and, when Hæmon saw she was +no more, he, in utter despair, thrust his dagger into his side, and +perished too.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>289]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 433px;"> +<a name="antigone" id="antigone"></a> +<img src="images/mgr59.jpg" width="433" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">ANTIGONE AND ISMENE.—Teschendorf.</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>290]</a></span> +<span class="i3">“On himself bent all his wrath,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Full in his side the weapon fix’d, but still,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whilst life remain’d, on the soft bosom hung<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of the dear maid, and his last spirit breath’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O’er her pale cheek, discolor’d with his blood.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thus lay the wretched pair in death united,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And celebrate their nuptials in the tomb.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Ismene, the last of Œdipus’ unfortunate race, died of grief, +and thus the prophecy was fully accomplished. The Theban +war was not, however, entirely ended, for, when both brothers fell, +the two armies flew to attack each other; and such was their +courage, that many fell, and only one of the seven chiefs returned +to Argos. There he patiently waited until the children of these +brave captains were old enough to bear arms, and then proposed +to them to attack Thebes and avenge their fathers’ death.</p> + +<p>The Epigoni (or those who come after), as these youths are +collectively designated, received this proposal with rapture; and +Thebes, again besieged, fell into their hands, and was duly sacked, +burned, and destroyed, as the Delphic oracle had foretold so +many years before.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>291]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXV.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">BELLEROPHON.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Bellerophon</span>, a brave young prince, the grandson of Sisyphus, +King of Corinth, had the great misfortune to kill his own brother +while hunting in the forest. His grief was, of course, intense; +and the horror he felt for the place where the catastrophe had +occurred, added to his fear lest he should incur judicial punishment +for his involuntary crime, made him flee to the court of +Argos, where he took refuge with Prœtus, the king, who was +also his kinsman.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Anteia’s +treachery.</div> + +<p>He had not sojourned there very long, before Anteia, the +queen, fell in love with him; and although her husband, Prœtus, +treated her with the utmost kindness, she made +up her mind to desert him, and tried to induce +Bellerophon to elope with her. Too honest to betray a man who +had treated him as a friend, the young prince refused to listen to +the queen’s proposals. His refusal was to cost him dear, however; +for, when Anteia saw that the youth would never yield to +her wishes, she became very angry indeed, sought her husband, +and accused the young stranger of crimes he had never even +dreamed of committing.</p> + +<p>Prœtus, indignant at what he deemed deep treachery on the +part of an honored guest, yet reluctant to punish him with his +own hand as he deserved, sent Bellerophon to Iobates, King of +Lycia, with a sealed message bidding him put the bearer to +death.</p> + +<p>Quite unconscious of the purport of this letter, Bellerophon +traveled gayly onward, and presented himself before Iobates, who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>292]</a></span> +received him very hospitably, and, without inquiring his name or +errand, entertained him royally for many days. After some time, +Bellerophon suddenly remembered the sealed message intrusted +to his care, and hastened to deliver it to Iobates, with many +apologies for his forgetfulness.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The +Chimæra.</div> + +<p>With blanched cheeks and every outward sign of horror, the +king read the missive, and then fell into a deep reverie. He did +not like to take a stranger’s life, and still could +not refuse to comply with Prœtus’ urgent request: +so, after much thought, he decided to send Bellerophon to attack +the Chimæra, a terrible monster with a lion’s head, a goat’s body, +and a dragon’s tail.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“Dire Chimæra’s conquest was enjoin’d;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A mingled monster, of no mortal kind;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Behind, a dragon’s fiery tail was spread;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A goat’s rough body bore a lion’s head;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her pitchy nostrils flaky flames expire;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her gaping throat emits infernal fire.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>His principal motive in choosing this difficult task was, that, +although many brave men had set forth to slay the monster, none +had ever returned, for one and all had perished in the attempt.</p> + +<p>Although very courageous, Bellerophon’s heart beat fast with +fear when told what great deed he must accomplish; and he left +Iobates’ palace very sorrowfully, for he dearly loved the king’s +fair daughter, Philonoe, and was afraid he would never see her +again.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Minerva’s +advice.</div> + +<p>While thus inwardly bewailing the ill luck which had so persistently +dogged his footsteps, Bellerophon suddenly saw Minerva +appear before him in all her splendor, and +heard her inquire in gentle tones the cause of his +too evident dejection. He had no sooner apprised her of the +difficult task appointed him, than she promised him her aid, and +before she vanished gave him a beautiful golden bridle, which +she bade him use to control Pegasus.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>293]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="chimaera" id="chimaera"></a> +<img src="images/mgr60.jpg" width="600" height="439" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">CHIMÆRA. (Egyptian Museum, Florence.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>294]</a></span> +Bridle in hand, Bellerophon stood pondering her words, and +gradually remembered that Pegasus was a wonderful winged +steed, born from the blood which fell into the foam of the sea +from Medusa’s severed head (p. <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>). This horse, as white as snow, +and gifted with immortal life as well as incredible speed, was the +favorite mount of Apollo and the Muses, who delighted in taking +aërial flights on his broad back; and Bellerophon knew that from +time to time he came down to earth to drink of the cool waters +of the Hippocrene (a fountain which had bubbled forth where +his hoofs first touched the earth), or to visit the equally limpid +spring of Pirene, near Corinth.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Pegasus +bridled.</div> + +<p>Bellerophon now proceeded to the latter fountain, where, after +lingering many days in the vain hope of catching even a glimpse +of the winged steed, he finally beheld him sailing +downward in wide curves, like a bird of prey. +From his place of concealment in a neighboring thicket, Bellerophon +watched his opportunity, and, while the winged steed was +grazing, he boldly vaulted upon his back.</p> + +<p>Pegasus, who had never before been ridden by a mortal, reared +and pranced, and flew up to dizzy heights; but all his efforts +failed to unseat the brave rider, who, biding his time, finally +thrust Minerva’s golden bit between his teeth, and immediately +he became gentle and tractable. Mounted upon this incomparable +steed, Bellerophon now went in search of the winged +monster Chimæra, who had given birth to the Nemean lion and +to the riddle-loving Sphinx.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Chimæra +slain.</div> + +<p>From an unclouded sky Bellerophon and Pegasus swooped +suddenly and unexpectedly down upon the terrible Chimæra, +whose fiery breath and great strength were of no +avail; for after a protracted struggle Bellerophon +and Pegasus were victorious, and the monster lay lifeless upon +the blood-soaked ground.</p> + +<p>This mighty deed of valor accomplished, Bellerophon returned +to Iobates, to report the success of his undertaking; and, although +the king was heartily glad to know the Chimæra was no more, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>295]</a></span> +he was very sorry to see Bellerophon safe and sound, and tried +to devise some other plan to get rid of him.</p> + +<p>He therefore sent him to fight the Amazons; but the hero, +aided by the gods, defeated these warlike women also, and returned +to Lycia, where, after escaping from an ambush posted +by the king for his destruction, he again appeared victorious at +court.</p> + +<p>These repeated and narrow escapes from certain death convinced +Iobates that the youth was under the special protection +of the gods; and this induced the king not only to forego further +attempts to slay him, but also to bestow upon the young hero his +daughter’s hand in marriage.</p> + +<p>Bellerophon, having now attained his dearest wishes, might +have settled down in peace; but his head had been utterly turned +by the many lofty flights he had taken upon Pegasus’ +back, and, encouraged by the fulsome flattery +of his courtiers, he finally fancied himself the equal of the +immortal gods, and wished to join them in their celestial abode.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bellerophon’s +fall.</div> + +<p>Summoning his faithful Pegasus once more, he rose higher +and higher, and would probably have reached Olympus’ heights, +had not Jupiter sent a gadfly, which stung poor Pegasus so cruelly, +that he shied viciously, and flung his too confident rider far down +to the earth below.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“Bold Bellerophon (so Jove decreed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In wrath) fell headlong from the fields of air.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This fall, which would doubtless have killed any one but a +mythological hero, merely deprived Bellerophon of his eyesight; +and ever after he groped his way disconsolately, thinking of the +happy days when he rode along the paths of air, and gazed upon +the beautiful earth at his feet.</p> + +<p>Bellerophon, mounted upon Pegasus, winging his flight through +the air or fighting the Chimæra, is a favorite subject in sculpture +and painting, which has frequently been treated by ancient artists, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>296]</a></span> +a few of whose most noted works are still extant in various +museums.</p> + +<p>This story, like many others, is merely a sun myth, in which +Bellerophon, the orb of day, rides across the sky on Pegasus, +the fleecy white clouds, and slays Chimæra, the dread monster +of darkness, which he alone can overcome. Driven from home +early in life, Bellerophon wanders throughout the world like his +brilliant prototype, and, like it, ends his career in total darkness.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>297]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXVI.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">MINOR DIVINITIES.</span></h2> + + +<div class="sidenote">Naiades and +Oreades.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">According</span> to the ancients’ belief, every mountain, valley, +plain, lake, river, grove, and sea was provided with some lesser +deity, whose special duty was assigned by the powerful +gods of Olympus. These were, for instance, +the Naiades, beautiful water nymphs, who dwelt in the limpid +depths of the fountains, and were considered local patrons of +poetry and song.</p> + +<p>The Oreades, or mountain nymphs, were supposed to linger in +the mountain solitudes, and guide weary travelers safely through +their rocky mazes.</p> + +<div class="cpoem17"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Mark how the climbing Oreads<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Beckon thee to their Arcades!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Emerson.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Napææ and +Dryades.</div> + +<p>As for the Napææ, they preferred to linger in the valleys, which +were kept green and fruitful by their watchful +care, in which task they were ably seconded by +the Dryades, the nymphs of vegetation.</p> + +<p>The very trees in the forest and along the roadside were supposed +to be each under the protection of a special divinity called +Hamadryad, said to live and die with the tree intrusted to her +care.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“When the Fate of Death is drawing near,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">First wither on the earth the beauteous trees,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The bark around them wastes, the branches fall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the nymph’s soul, at the same moment, leaves<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The sun’s fair light.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Homer.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Dryope.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>298]</a></span> +A sweet and touching story was told by the ancients of a +mortal who was changed into a Hamadryad. This young girl, +whose name was Dryope, was a beautiful young +princess, the daughter of Baucis, so bright and +clever, that all who knew her loved her dearly. Of course, as +soon as she was old enough to think of marriage, a host of suitors +asked her hand, each eager to win for his bride one so beautiful +and gifted.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“No nymph of all Œchalia could compare,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For beauteous form, with Dryope the fair.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Pope’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Fully aware of the importance of making a wise choice, Dryope +took her time, and finally decided to marry Andræmon, a worthy +young prince, who possessed every charm calculated to win a +fair girl’s heart. The young people were duly married, and daily +rejoiced in their happiness, which seemed almost too great for +earth, when they became the parents of a charming little son.</p> + +<p>Every day Dryope carried the child along the banks of a +little lake close by the palace, where bloomed a profusion of gay-colored +flowers.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“A lake there was, with shelving banks around,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whose verdant summit fragrant myrtles crown’d.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Those shades, unknowing of the Fates, she sought,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And to the Naiads flowery garlands brought;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her smiling babe (a pleasing charge) she press’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Between her arms.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Pope’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>One day, while wandering there as usual, accompanied by her +sister, she saw a lotus blossom, and pointed it out to her little +son. He no sooner saw the brilliant flower, than he stretched +out his little hands. To please him, the fond mother plucked it +and gave it to him.</p> + +<p>She had scarcely done so, when she noticed drops of blood +trickling from the broken stem; and while she stood there, speechless +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>299]</a></span> +with wonder, a voice was heard accusing her of having slain +Lotis, a nymph, who, to escape the pursuit of Priapus, god of +the shade, had assumed the guise of a flower.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Lotis the nymph (if rural tales be true),<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As from Priapus’ lawless love she flew,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Forsook her form; and fixing here became<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A flowery plant, which still preserves her name.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Pope’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Recovering from her first speechless terror, Dryope turned to +flee, with a pitiful cry of compassion on her pale lips, but, to her +astonishment, she could not leave the spot: her feet seemed rooted +to the ground. She cast a rapid glance downward to ascertain +what could so impede her progress, and noticed the rough bark +of a tree growing with fearful rapidity all around her.</p> + +<p>Higher and higher it rose, from her knees to her waist, and +still it crept upward, in spite of her frantic attempts to tear it +away from her shapely limbs. In despair she raised her trembling +hands and arms to heaven to implore aid; but, ere the words +were spoken, her arms were transformed into twisted branches, +and her hands were filled with leaves.</p> + +<p>Nothing human now remained of poor Dryope except her sweet, +tear-stained face; but this too would soon vanish under the all-involving +bark. She therefore took hasty leave of her father, +sister, husband, and son, who, attracted by her first cry, had rushed +to give her all the assistance in their power. The last words +were quickly spoken, but none too soon, for the bark closed over +the soft lips and hid the lovely features from view.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“She ceased at once to speak, and ceased to be,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And all the nymph was lost within the tree:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Yet latent life through her new branches reign’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And long the plant a human heat retain’d.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Pope’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>One of Dryope’s last requests had been that her child might +often play beneath her shady branches; and when the passing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>300]</a></span> +winds rustled through her leaves, the ancients said it was +“Dryope’s lone lulling of her child.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Satyrs and Pan.</div> + +<p>The male divinities of the woods, which were also very numerous, +were mostly Satyrs,—curious beings with a man’s body +and a goat’s legs, hair, and horns. They were +all passionately fond of music and revelry, and +were wont to indulge in dancing at all times and in all places. +The most famous among all the Satyrs was Silenus, Bacchus’ +tutor; and Pan, or Consentes, god of the shepherds, and the personification +of nature. The latter was the reputed son of Mercury +and a charming young nymph named Penelope; and we are +told, that, when his mother first beheld him, she was aghast, for +he was the most homely as well as the most extraordinary little +creature she had ever seen. His body was all covered with +goat’s hair, and his feet and ears were also those of a goat.</p> + +<p>Amused at the sight of this grotesque little divinity, Mercury +carried him off to Olympus, where all the gods turned him into +ridicule. Pan was widely worshiped in olden times, however; +and the ancients not only decked his altars with flowers, but sang +his praises, and celebrated festivals in his honor.</p> + +<div class="cpoem16"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“He is great and he is just,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He is ever good, and must<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Be honored. Daffodillies,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Roses, pinks, and loved lilies,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Let us fling, while we sing,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ever Holy! Ever Holy!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ever honored! Ever young!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The great Pan is ever sung!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Beaumont</span> and <span class="smcap">Fletcher</span>.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Story +of Syrinx.</div> + +<p>Pan was equally devoted to music, the dance, and pretty nymphs. +He saw one of the nymphs, Syrinx, whom he immediately +loved; but unfortunately for him, she, frightened +at his appearance, fled. Exasperated by her persistent +avoidance of him, Pan once pursued and was about to +overtake her, when she paused, and implored Gæa to protect her. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>301]</a></span> +The prayer was scarcely ended, when she found herself changed +into a clump of reeds, which the panting lover embraced, thinking +he had caught the maiden, who had stood in that very spot +a few moments before.</p> + +<p>His deception and disappointment were so severe, that they +wrung from him a prolonged sigh, which, passing through the +rustling reeds, produced plaintive tones. Pan, seeing Syrinx had +gone forever, took seven pieces of the reed, of unequal lengths, +bound them together, and fashioned from them a musical instrument, +which was called by the name of the fair nymph.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“Fair, trembling Syrinx fled<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Arcadian Pan, with such a fearful dread.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Poor nymph!—poor Pan!—how he did weep to find<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Naught but a lovely sighing of the wind<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Along the reedy stream; a half-heard strain<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Full of sweet desolation—balmy pain.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Pan was supposed to delight in slyly overtaking belated travelers +and inspiring them with sudden and unfounded fears,—from +him called “panic.” He is generally represented with a syrinx and +shepherd’s crook, and a pine garland around his misshapen head.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Silvan deities.</div> + +<p>The Romans also worshiped three other divinities of nature +entirely unknown to the Greeks; i.e., Silvanus, Faunus, and +Fauna, the latter’s wife, who had charge over the +woods and plants. Priapus, god of the shade, +was also a rural deity, but his worship was only known along +the shores of the Hellespont.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Flora and +Zephyrus.</div> + +<p>The fairest among all the lesser gods was doubtless Flora, +goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus, the gentle god of the +south wind, and wandered happily with him from +place to place, scattering her favors with lavish +generosity. She was principally worshiped by young girls, and +the only offerings ever seen on her altars were fruits and garlands +of beautiful flowers. Her festivals, generally celebrated in the +month of May, were called the Floralia.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>302]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 439px;"> +<a name="vertumnus" id="vertumnus"></a> +<img src="images/mgr61.jpg" width="439" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">“A FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITY.”—Thumann. (Vertumnus and Pomona.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>303]</a></span> +<span class="i4">“Crowds of nymphs,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Soft voiced, and young, and gay,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In woven baskets bringing ears of corn,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Roses and pinks and violets to adorn<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The shrine of Flora in her early May.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Vertumnus and +Pomona.</div> + +<p>Vertumnus and Pomona were the special divinities of the garden +and orchard. They are represented with pruning knives and +shears, gardening implements, and fruits and flowers. +Pomona was very coy indeed, and had no +desire to marry. Vertumnus, enamored of her charms, did his +best to make her change her mind, but she would not even listen +to his pleadings.</p> + +<p>At last the lover had recourse to stratagem, disguised himself +as an aged crone, entered Pomona’s garden, and inquired how +it happened that such a very charming young woman should +remain so long unmarried. Then, having received a mocking answer, +he began to argue with her, and finally extracted an avowal, +that, among all the suitors, one alone was worthy of her love, +Vertumnus. Vertumnus seized the favorable opportunity, revealed +himself, and clasped her to his breast. Pomona, perceiving +that she had hopelessly betrayed herself, no longer refused +to wed, but allowed him to share her labors, and help her turn +the luscious fruit to ripen in the autumn sunshine.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Sea deities.</div> + +<p>The lesser divinities of the sea were almost as numerous as +those of the land, and included the lovely Oceanides +and Nereides, together with their male companions +the Tritons, who generally formed Neptune’s regal train.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Glaucus.</div> + +<p>One of the lesser sea gods, Glaucus, was once a poor fisherman, +who earned his daily bread by selling the fish he caught in +his nets. On one occasion he made an extra fine +haul, and threw his net full of fish down upon a +certain kind of grass, which the flapping fish immediately nibbled, +and, as if endowed with extraordinary powers, bounded back +into the waves and swam away.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>304]</a></span> +Greatly surprised at this occurrence, Glaucus began chewing +a few blades of this peculiar grass, and immediately felt an insane +desire to plunge into the sea,—a desire which soon became so +intense, that he could no longer resist it, but dived down into +the water. The mere contact with the salt waves sufficed to +change his nature; and swimming about comfortably in the element, +where he now found himself perfectly at home, he began +to explore the depths of the sea.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘I plung’d for life or death. To interknit<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One’s senses with so dense a breathing stuff<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Might seem a work of pain; so not enough<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Can I admire how crystal-smooth it felt,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And buoyant round my limbs. At first I dwelt<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whole days and days in sheer astonishment;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Forgetful utterly of self-intent;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Moving but with the mighty ebb and flow.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then, like a new fledg’d bird that first doth show<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His spreaded feathers to the morrow chill,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I try’d in fear the pinions of my will.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">’Twas freedom! and at once I visited<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The ceaseless wonders of this ocean-bed.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Glaucus was worshiped most particularly by the fishermen and +boatmen, whose vessels he was supposed to guard from evil, and +whose nets were often filled to overflow through his intervention.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>305]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXVII.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">THE TROJAN WAR.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Jupiter</span>, father of the gods, once fell deeply in love with a +beautiful sea nymph named Thetis, the daughter of Nereus and +Doris,—</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Thetis of the silver feet, and child<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of the gray Ancient of the Deep.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Jupiter and +Thetis.</div> + +<p>He was very anxious indeed to marry her, but, before taking +such an important step, deemed it prudent to consult the Fates, +who alone could inform him whether this union +would be for his happiness or not. It was very +fortunate for him that he did so, for the three sisters told him +that Thetis was destined to be the mother of a son who would +far outshine his father.</p> + +<p>Jupiter carefully pondered this reply, and concluded to renounce +the marriage rather than run any risk of being forced +to surrender his power to one greater than he. Thetis’ hand he +then decreed should be given in marriage to Peleus, King of +Phthia, who had loved her faithfully, and had long sued in vain.</p> + +<p>Thetis, however, was not at all anxious to accept the hand of +a mere mortal after having enjoyed the attention of the gods (for +Neptune also had wooed her), and demurred, until Jupiter promised +his own and the gods’ attendance at the marriage feast. +The prospect of this signal honor reconciled the maiden, and +the wedding preparations were made in the coral caves of her +father, Nereus, beneath the foam-crested waves.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>306]</a></span> +Thither, mindful of his promise, came Jupiter, with all the +gods of Olympus.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Then, with his Queen, the Father of the gods<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Came down from high Olympus’ bright abodes;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Came down, with all th’ attending deities.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Catullus.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The guests took their seats, and pledged the bride and groom +in brimming cups of wine,—Bacchus’ wedding gift to Thetis. +All was joy and merriment, when an uninvited guest suddenly +appeared in the banquet-hall. All present immediately recognized +Eris, or Discordia, goddess of discord, whose snaky locks, +sour looks, and violent temper had caused her to be omitted from +the wedding list,—</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“The Abominable, that uninvited came<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Into the fair Peleian banquet-hall.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The apple of +discord.</div> + +<p>This omission angered her, and made her determine to have +her revenge by troubling the harmony which evidently reigned +among all the guests. For a moment she stood +beside the bountiful board, then threw upon it a +golden apple, and, exhaling over the assembly her poisoned breath, +she vanished. The general attention was, of course, turned upon +the golden fruit, whereon the inscription “To the fairest” was +clearly traced.</p> + +<p>All the ladies were at first inclined to contend for the prize; +but little by little all the claimants withdrew except Juno, +Minerva, and Venus, who hotly disputed for its possession. Juno +declared that the queen of the gods, in her majesty and power, +surely had the best right; Minerva, that the beauty of wisdom +and knowledge far surpassed external charms; and Venus smiled, +and archly requested to be informed who might assert greater +claims than the goddess of beauty.</p> + +<p>The dispute grew more and more bitter, and the irate goddesses +called upon the guests to award the prize to the most deserving; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>307]</a></span> +but the guests, one and all, refused to act as umpires, for the +apple could be given to but one, and the two others would be sure +to vent their anger and disappointment upon the judge who passed +over their charms in favor of a third. The final decision was +therefore referred to Paris, who, although performing the lowly +duties of a shepherd, was the son of Priam and Hecuba, King +and Queen of Troy.</p> + +<p>When but a babe, Paris had been exposed on a mountain to +perish, because an oracle had predicted that he would cause the +death of his family and the downfall of his native city. Although +thus cruelly treated, he had not perished, but had been adopted +by a shepherd, who made him follow his own calling.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Paris and +Œnone.</div> + +<p>When Paris reached manhood, he was a very handsome and +attractive young man, and won the love of Œnone, a beautiful +nymph to whom he was secretly united. Their +happiness, however, was but fleeting, for the Fates +had decreed that Paris’ love for the fair Œnone would soon die.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">“The Fate,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That rules the will of Jove, had spun the days<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Paris and Œnone.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Quintus Smyrnæus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Judgment of +Paris.</div> + +<p>Instead of lingering by the fair nymph’s side, Paris wandered +off to a lonely mountain top, where the three goddesses sought +him to judge their quarrel. Minerva, in glittering +armor, first appeared before his dazzled eyes, +and proffered the bribe of extensive wisdom if he would but give +her the preference.</p> + +<p>Juno, queen of heaven, next appeared in royal robes and +insignia, and whispered that he should have great wealth and +unlimited power were he only to award the prize to her.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i9">“She to Paris made<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Proffer of royal power, ample rule<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Unquestion’d, overflowing revenue<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wherewith to embellish state, ‘from many a vale<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>308]</a></span> +<span class="i0">And river-sunder’d champaign clothed with corn,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or labor’d mine undrainable of ore.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Honor,’ she said, ‘and homage, tax and toll,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From many an inland town and haven large,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Mast-throng’d beneath her shadowing citadel<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In glassy bays among her tallest towers.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>But all Minerva’s and Juno’s charms and bribes were forgotten +when Venus, in her magic cestus, appeared before the judge. +This artful simplicity was the result of much thought, for we +are told that</p> + +<div class="cpoem16"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Venus oft with anxious care<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Adjusted twice a single hair.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Cowper.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Then, trembling lest her efforts should prove vain, she gently +drew near the youth, and softly promised him a bride as fair as +herself, in return for the coveted golden apple.</p> + +<p>Won either by her superior attractions or by her alluring bribe, +Paris no longer hesitated, but placed the prize in her extended +palm.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“Ere yet her speech was finished, he consign’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To her soft hand the fruit of burnished rind;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And foam-born Venus grasp’d the graceful meed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of war, of evil war, the quickening seed.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Coluthus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This act of partiality, of course, called down upon him the wrath +and hatred of Juno and Minerva, who, biding their time, watched +for a suitable opportunity to avenge themselves; while Venus, +triumphant, and anxious to redeem her promise, directed Paris +to return to Troy, make himself known to his parents,—who, the +goddess promised, would welcome him warmly,—and obtain +from them a fleet in which he might sail to Greece.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 429px;"> +<a name="paris" id="paris"></a> +<img src="images/mgr62.jpg" width="429" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">PARIS. (Vatican, Rome.)</p> +</div> + +<p>In obedience to these instructions, Paris ruthlessly abandoned +the fair and faithful Œnone, and, joining a band of youthful +shepherds, went to Troy, under pretext of witnessing a solemn +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309"><!-- original location of Paris illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>310]</a></span> +festival. There he took part in the athletic games, distinguished +himself, and attracted the attention of his sister Cassandra.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Paris’ return +to Troy.</div> + +<p>This princess was noted for her beauty, and it is +said had even been wooed by Apollo, who, hoping +to win her favor, bestowed upon her the gift of prophecy. +For some reason the god’s suit had not prospered; and, as he +could not take back the power conferred, he annulled it by making +her hearers refuse to credit her words.</p> + +<p>Cassandra immediately called her parents’ attention to the extraordinary +likeness Paris bore to her other brothers; and then, +breaking out into a prophetic strain, she foretold that he would +bring destruction upon his native city. Priam and Hecuba, +scorning her prophecy, joyfully received their long-lost son, lovingly +compelled him to take up his abode in their palace, and +promised to atone for their past neglect by granting his every +wish.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Paris sails for +Greece.</div> + +<p>Still advised by Venus, Paris soon expressed a desire to sail +for Greece, under the pretext of rescuing Hesione, his father’s +sister, whom Hercules had carried off, after besieging +Troy. He was promptly provided with +several well-manned galleys, and soon after appeared at the court +of Menelaus, King of Sparta, whose young wife, Helen, was the +most beautiful woman of her time, if we are to believe the testimony +of her contemporaries.</p> + +<div class="cpoem28"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Full threescore girls, in sportive flight we stray’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like youths anointing, where along the glade<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The baths of cool Eurotas limpid play’d.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But none, of all, with Helen might compare,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor one seem’d faultless of the fairest fair.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As morn, with vermeil visage, looks from high,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When solemn night has vanish’d suddenly;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When winter melts, and frees the frozen hours,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And spring’s green bough is gemm’d with silvery flowers:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So bloom’d the virgin Helen in our eyes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With full voluptuous limbs, and towering size:<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>311]</a></span> +<span class="i0">In shape, in height, in stately presence fair,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Straight as a furrow gliding from the share;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A cypress of the gardens, spiring high,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A courser in the cars of Thessaly.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So rose-complexion’d Helen charm’d the sight;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Our Sparta’s grace, our glory, and delight.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Theocritus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Helen’s +suitors.</div> + +<p>A daughter of Jupiter and Leda (whom Jove had courted in +the guise of a snow-white swan), Helen had many suitors who +ardently strove to win her favor. The noblest, +bravest, and best came to woo and hoped to win; +but all were left in suspense, as the maiden did not show any +preference, and refused to make known her choice.</p> + +<p>Tyndareus, Helen’s stepfather, thinking the rejected suitors +might attempt to steal her away from any husband she selected, +proposed that all the candidates for her hand should take a +solemn oath, binding themselves to respect the marital rights of +the favored suitor, and help him regain possession of his wife +should any one venture to kidnap her.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“This was cause<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To Tyndarus her father of much doubt,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To give, or not to give her, and how best<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To make good fortune his: at length this thought<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Occurr’d, that each to each the wooers give<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Their oath, and plight their hands, and on the flames<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pour the libations, and with solemn vows<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Bind their firm faith that him, who should obtain<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The virgin for his bride, they all would aid;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">If any dar’d to seize and bear her off,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And drive by force her husband from her bed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">All would unite in arms, and lay his town,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Greek or Barbaric, level with the ground.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Euripides</span> (Potter’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>All agreed to this proposal, the oath was taken, and Helen, +whose deliberations had come to an end, bestowed her hand +upon Menelaus, King of Sparta.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Abduction of +Helen.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>312]</a></span> +On his arrival at Sparta, in Lacedæmonia, Paris was received +with graceful hospitality by Menelaus and Helen. He had not +sojourned there many days, however, before the +king was called away from home, and departed, +confiding to his wife the care of entertaining his princely guest. +During his absence, Paris, urged by Venus, courted Helen so +successfully, that she finally consented to elope with him, and +allowed herself to be borne away in triumph to Troy.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Then from her husband’s stranger-sheltering home<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He tempted Helen o’er the ocean foam.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Coluthus</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Preparations +for war.</div> + +<p>Menelaus, on his return from Crete, discovered his guest’s +treachery, and swore never to rest satisfied until he had recovered +his truant wife, and punished her seducer. Messengers +were sent in haste in every direction, to summon +Helen’s former suitors to keep their oath, and join Menelaus +at Aulis with men and weapons. All came promptly at his call +except Ulysses, King of Ithaca, who, to console himself for +Helen’s refusal of his suit, had married her cousin, Penelope, and +had now no dearer wish than to linger by her side and admire +his infant son, Telemachus.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ulysses feigns +madness.</div> + +<p>In the presence of the messenger Palamedes, Ulysses feigned +insanity, hoping thereby to elude the tedious journey to Troy; +but the messenger was not so easily duped, and +cleverly determined to ascertain the truth by stratagem. +One day, therefore, when the king was plowing the seashore +with an ox and horse harnessed together, and sowing this +strange field with salt, Palamedes placed the babe Telemachus +in the furrow, directly in front of the plow, and marked how +skillfully Ulysses turned his ill-assorted team aside to avoid harming +his heir. This action sufficed to prove to Palamedes that +the king had not lost all control of his senses, and enabled him +to force Ulysses to obey Menelaus’ summons.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;"> +<a name="helen" id="helen"></a> +<img src="images/mgr63.jpg" width="436" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">ABDUCTION OF HELEN.—Deutsch.</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Agamemnon +made chief.</div> + +<p>At Aulis the assembled army with unanimous consent elected +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313"><!-- original location of Abduction of Helen illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>314]</a></span> +Agamemnon, Menelaus’ brother, chief of the expedition, which +numbered, among many others, Nestor, noted for his wise counsel; +Ajax, gigantic in strength and courage; and Diomedes, +the renowned warrior.</p> + +<p>The troops were assembled, the vessels freighted; but before +they departed, the chiefs considered it expedient to consult an +oracle, to ascertain whether their expedition was destined to succeed. +In a somewhat veiled and ambiguous manner, they received +answer that Troy could never be taken without the aid of +the son of Peleus and Thetis, Achilles, of whom the Fates had +predicted that he would surpass his father in greatness (p. <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>).</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Achilles’ early +life.</div> + +<p>Thetis loved this only child so dearly, that when he was but a +babe, she had carried him to the banks of the Styx, whose +waters had the magic power of rendering all the +parts they touched invulnerable. Premising that +her son would be a great warrior, and thus exposed to great +danger, she plunged him wholly into the tide with the exception +of one heel, by which she held him, and then returned home.</p> + +<p>Some time after, an oracle foretold that Achilles would die beneath +the walls of Troy from a wound in his heel, the only vulnerable +part of his body. With many tears Thetis vowed that her +son should never leave her to encounter such a fate, and intrusted +the care of his education to the Centaur Chiron, who had taught +all the greatest heroes in turn.</p> + +<p>From this instructor Achilles learned the arts of war, wrestling, +poetry, music, and song,—all, in short, that an accomplished Greek +warrior was expected to know,—and, when his studies were finished, +returned to his father’s court to gladden his fond mother’s +heart by his presence.</p> + +<p>Thetis’ joy was all turned to grief, however, when rumors of +the war imminent between Greece and Troy came to her ears. +She knew her son would soon be summoned, and, to prevent his +going, sent him off to the court of Lycomedes, where, under +some pretext, he was prevailed upon to assume a disguise and +mingle with the king’s daughters and their handmaidens.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>315]</a></span> +One messenger after another was dispatched to summon +Achilles to join the fleet at Aulis, but one after another returned +without having seen him, or being able to ascertain where he was +hiding. The Greeks, however anxious to depart, dared not sail +without him. They were in despair, until Ulysses, the wily, proposed +a plan, and offered to carry it out.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Ulysses, man of many arts,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Son of Laertes, reared in Ithaca,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That rugged isle, and skilled in every form<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of shrewd device and action wisely planned.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Ulysses discovers +Achilles.</div> + +<p>Arrayed in peddler’s garb, with a pack upon his shoulders, +Ulysses entered Lycomedes’ palace, where he shrewdly suspected +Achilles was concealed, and offered his wares for +sale. The maidens selected trinkets; but one of +them, closely veiled, seized a weapon concealed among the ornaments, +and brandished it with such skill, that Ulysses saw through +the assumed disguise, explained his presence and purpose, and +by his eloquence persuaded the young Achilles to accompany +him to Aulis.</p> + +<p>The Greeks were now ready to embark; but no favorable +wind came to swell the sails, which day after day hung limp +and motionless against the tall masts of their vessels.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“The troops<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Collected and imbodied, here we sit<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Inactive, and from Aulis wish to sail<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In vain.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Euripides</span> (Potter’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Sacrifice of +Iphigenia.</div> + +<p>Calchas, the soothsayer of the expedition, was again consulted, +to discover how they might best win the favor of the gods; and +the reply given purported that no favorable wind +would blow until Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon, +was offered up in sacrifice to appease the everlasting gods.</p> + +<p>Many other propitiatory methods were tried; but as they all +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>316]</a></span> +proved ineffective, Agamemnon, urged by his companions, sent +for his daughter, feigning that he wished to celebrate her nuptials +with Achilles before his departure.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“I wrote, I seal’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A letter to my wife, that she should send<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her daughter, to Achilles as a bride<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Affianc’d.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Euripides</span> (Potter’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Iphigenia came to her father secretly delighted at being the +chosen bride of such a hero; but, instead of being led to the +hymeneal altar, she was dragged to the place of sacrifice, where +the priest, with uplifted knife, was about to end her sufferings, +when Diana suddenly appeared, snatched her up in a cloud, and +left in her stead a deer, which was duly sacrificed, while Iphigenia +was borne in safety to Tauris, where she became a priestess +in one of the goddess’s temples.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Arrival at +Troy.</div> + +<p>The gods were now propitious, and the wind slowly rose, +filled the sails of the waiting vessels, and wafted them swiftly and +steadily over the sea to the Trojan shores, where +an army stood ready to prevent the Greek troops +from disembarking. The invaders were eager to land to measure +their strength against the Trojans; yet all hesitated to leave +the ships, for an oracle had foretold that the first warrior who attempted +to land would meet with instant death.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i7">“‘The Delphic oracle foretold<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That the first Greek who touched the Trojan strand<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Should die.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Protesilaus and +Laodamia.</div> + +<p>Protesilaus, a brave chief, seeing his comrades’ irresolution, +and animated by a spirit of self-sacrifice, sprang boldly ashore, +and perished, slain by the enemy, as soon as his +foot had touched the foreign soil. When the tidings +of his death reached his beloved wife, Laodamia, whom he +had left in Thessaly, they well-nigh broke her heart; and in her +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>317]</a></span> +despair she entreated the gods to let her die, or allow her to see +her lord once more, were it but for a moment. Her appeal was +so touching, that the gods could not refuse to hear it, and bade +Mercury conduct her husband’s shade back to earth, to tarry +with her for three hours’ time.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“‘Such grace hath crowned thy prayer,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Laodamia! that at Jove’s command<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy husband walks the paths of upper air:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He comes to tarry with thee three hours’ space;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Accept the gift, behold him face to face!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>With an inarticulate cry of joy, Laodamia beheld the beloved +countenance of Protesilaus once more, and from his own lips +heard the detailed account of his early death. The three hours +passed all too quickly in delicious intercourse; and when Mercury +reappeared to lead him back to Hades, the loving wife, unable +to endure a second parting, died of grief.</p> + +<p>The same grave, it is said, was the resting place of this united +pair, and kind-hearted nymphs planted elm trees over their +remains. These trees grew “until they were high enough to +command a view of Troy, and then withered away, while fresh +branches sprang from the roots.”</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">“Upon the side<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Hellespont (such faith was entertained)<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A knot of spiry trees for ages grew<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From out the tomb of him for whom she died;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And ever, when such stature they had gained<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That Ilium’s walls were subject to their view,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The trees’ tall summits withered at the sight;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A constant interchange of growth and blight!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Hostilities had now begun, and the war between the conflicting +hosts was waged with equal courage and skill. During nine +long years of uninterrupted strife, the Greeks’ efforts to enter +Troy, or Ilium, as it was also called, were vain, as were also the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>318]</a></span> +Trojans’ attempts to force the foe to leave their shores. This +memorable struggle is the theme of many poems. The oldest and +most renowned of all, the Iliad, begins with the story of the tenth +and last year’s events.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Chryseis and +Briseis.</div> + +<p>Among a number of captives taken in a skirmish by the Hellenic +troops, were two beautiful maidens, Chryseis, daughter of +Chryses, priest of Apollo, and Briseis. The prisoners +were, as usual, allotted to various chiefs, and +Agamemnon received the priest’s daughter as reward for his +bravery, while Achilles triumphantly led to his tent the equally +fair Briseis.</p> + +<p>When Chryses heard that his child had fallen into the hands +of the enemy, he hastened to Agamemnon’s tent to offer a rich +ransom for her recovery; but the aged father’s entreaties were all +unheeded, and he was dismissed with many heartless taunts. +Exasperated by this cruel treatment, he raised his hands to +heaven, and implored Apollo to avenge the insults he had received +by sending down upon the Greeks all manner of evil. +This prayer was no sooner heard than answered, by the sun god’s +sending a terrible plague to decimate the enemy’s troops.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“The aged man indignantly withdrew;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Phœbus—for the priest was dear to him—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Granted his prayer, and sent among the Greeks<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A deadly shaft. The people of the camp<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Were perishing in heaps.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The Greeks, in terror, now consulted an oracle to know why +this calamity had come upon them, and how they might check +the progress of the deadly disease which was so rapidly reducing +their forces. They were told that the plague would never cease +until Agamemnon surrendered his captive, and thus disarmed +Apollo’s wrath, which had been kindled by his rude refusal to +comply with the aged priest’s request.</p> + +<p>All the Greek chiefs, assembled in council, decided to send +Achilles to Agamemnon to apprise him of their wish that he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>319]</a></span> +should set Chryseis free,—a wish which he immediately consented +to grant, if Briseis were given him in exchange.</p> + +<p>The plague was raging throughout the camp; the cries of the +sufferers rent the air; many had already succumbed to the +scourge, and all were threatened with an inglorious death. +Achilles, mindful of all this, and anxious to save his beloved +companions, consented to comply with this unreasonable request; +but at the same time he swore, that, if Agamemnon really took +his captive away, he would not strike another blow.</p> + +<p>Chryseis was immediately consigned to the care of a herald, +who led her back to her aged father’s arms. Ready to forgive +all, now that his child was restored to him, Chryses implored +Apollo to stay his hand, and the plague instantly ceased.</p> + +<p>As for Agamemnon, he sent his slaves to Achilles’ tent to lead +away Briseis; and the hero, true to his promise, laid aside his +armor, determined to fight no more.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“The great Achilles, swift of foot, remained<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Within his ships, indignant for the sake<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of the fair-haired Briseis.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Achilles’ +wrath.</div> + +<p>Thetis, hearing of the wanton insult offered her son, left her +coral caves, ascended to Olympus, cast herself at Jupiter’s feet, +and with many tears tremulously prayed he would +avenge Achilles and make the Greeks fail in all +their attempts as long as her son’s wrath remained unappeased.</p> + +<p>Jupiter, touched by her beauty and distress, frowned until the +very firmament shook, and swore to make the Greeks rue the +day they left their native shores,</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“To give Achilles honor and to cause<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Myriads of Greeks to perish by their fleet.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Agamemnon +misled.</div> + +<p>In consequence of a treacherous dream purposely sent by +Jupiter to delude him, Agamemnon again assembled his troops, +and proposed a new onslaught upon the Trojan forces. But +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>320]</a></span> +when the army was drawn up in battle array, Hector, the eldest +son of Priam, and therefore leader of his army, stepping forward, +proposed that the prolonged quarrel should be +definitely settled by a single combat between Paris +and Menelaus.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“Hector then stood forth and said:—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">‘Hearken, ye Trojans and ye nobly-armed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Achaians, to what Paris says by me.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He bids the Trojans and the Greeks lay down<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Their shining arms upon the teeming earth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And he and Menelaus, loved of Mars,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Will strive in single combat, on the ground<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Between the hosts, for Helen and her wealth;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And he who shall o’ercome, and prove himself<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The better warrior, to his home shall bear<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The treasure and the woman, while the rest<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shall frame a solemn covenant of peace.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Menelaus and +Paris fight.</div> + +<p>This proposal having been received favorably, Menelaus and +Paris soon engaged in a duel, which was witnessed by both +armies, by Helen and Priam from the Trojan +walls, and by the everlasting gods from the wooded +heights of Mount Ida; but in the very midst of the fight, Venus, +seeing her favorite about to succumb, suddenly snatched him +away from the battlefield, and bore him unseen to his chamber, +where he was joined by Helen, who bitterly reproached him for +his cowardly flight.</p> + +<p>Indignant at this interference on Venus’ part, the gods decreed +that the war should be renewed; and Minerva, assuming the +form of a Trojan warrior, aimed an arrow at Menelaus, who was +vainly seeking his vanished opponent. This act of treachery was +the signal for a general call to arms and a renewal of hostilities. +Countless deeds of valor were now performed by the heroes on +both sides, and also by the gods, who mingled in the ranks and +even fought against each other, until recalled by Jupiter, and forbidden +to fight any more.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hector and +Andromache.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>321]</a></span> +For a little while fortune seemed to favor the Greeks; and +Hector, hastening back to Troy, bade his mother go to the temple +with all her women, and endeavor by her prayers +and gifts to propitiate Minerva and obtain her aid. +Then he hastened off in search of his wife Andromache and +little son Astyanax, whom he wished to embrace once more +before rushing out to battle and possible death.</p> + +<p>He found his palace deserted, and, upon questioning the +women, heard that his wife had gone to the Scæan Gate, where +he now drove as fast as his noble steeds could drag him. There, +at the gate, took place the parting scene, which has deservedly +been called the most pathetic in all the Iliad, in which Andromache +vainly tried to detain her husband within the walls, while +Hector gently reproved her, and demonstrated that his duty +called him out upon the field of battle, where he must hold his +own if he would not see the city taken, the Trojans slain, and +the women, including his mother and beloved Andromache, +borne away into bitter captivity.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="hector" id="hector"></a> +<img src="images/mgr64.jpg" width="600" height="412" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">PARTING OF HECTOR AND ANDROMACHE.—Maignan.</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">“Andromache<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pressed to his side meanwhile, and, all in tears,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Clung to his hand, and, thus beginning, said:—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">‘Too brave! thy valor yet will cause thy death.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thou hast no pity on thy tender child,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor me, unhappy one, who soon must be<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy widow. All the Greeks will rush on thee<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To take thy life. A happier lot were mine,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">If I must lose thee, to go down to earth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For I shall have no hope when thou art gone,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nothing but sorrow. Father have I none,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And no dear mother.<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="space"> </span> * <span class="space"> </span> * <span class="space"> </span> *<br /></span> +<span class="i11">Hector, thou<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Art father and dear mother now to me,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And brother and my youthful spouse besides.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In pity keep within the fortress here,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor make thy child an orphan nor thy wife<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A widow.’<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322"><!-- original location of Parting of Hector and Andromache illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>323]</a></span> +<span class="i1">Then answered Hector, great in war: ‘All this<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I bear in mind, dear wife; but I should stand<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ashamed before the men and long-robed dames<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Troy, were I to keep aloof and shun<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The conflict, coward-like.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Then he stretched out his arms for his infant son, who, however, +shrank back affrighted at the sight of his brilliant helmet +and nodding plumes, and would not go to him until he had set +the gleaming headdress aside. After a passionate prayer for his +little heir’s future welfare, Hector gave the child back to Andromache, +and, with a last farewell embrace, sprang into his chariot +and drove away.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Sorrow not thus, beloved one, for me.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">No living man can send me to the shades<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Before my time; no man of woman born,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Coward or brave, can shun his destiny.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But go thou home, and tend thy labors there,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The web, the distaff,—and command thy maids<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To speed the work. The cares of war pertain<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To all men born in Troy, and most to me.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Greeks +repelled.</div> + +<p>Paris, ashamed now of his former flight, soon joined his brother +upon the battlefield, and together they performed many deeds +of valor. The time had now come when Jupiter +was about to redeem the promise given to Thetis, +for little by little the Greeks were forced to yield before the +might of the Trojans, who, stimulated by their partial success, +and fired by Hector’s example, performed miracles of valor, and +finally drove their assailants into their intrenchments.</p> + +<p>Death and defeat now dogged the very footsteps of the Greek +forces, who were driven, inch by inch, away from the walls, ever +nearer the place where their vessels rode at anchor. They now +ardently longed for the assistance of Achilles, whose mere presence, +in days gone by, had filled the Trojan hearts with terror; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>324]</a></span> +but the hero, although Briseis had been returned unmolested, +paid no heed to their entreaties for aid, and remained a sullen +and indifferent spectator of their flight, while the Trojans +began to set fire to some of the vessels of their fleet.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“The goddess-born Achilles, swift of foot,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Beside his ships still brooded o’er his wrath,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor came to counsel with the illustrious chiefs,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor to the war, but suffered idleness<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To eat his heart away; for well he loved<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Clamor and combat.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Discouraged by all these reverses, in spite of their brave resistance, +the Greeks, in despair, concluded that the gods had entirely +forsaken them, and beat a hasty and ignominious retreat +to the shore, closely followed by the enemy, who uttered loud +cries of triumph.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Patroclus dons +Achilles’ armor.</div> + +<p>Patroclus, Achilles’ intimate friend, then hastened to the hero’s +side to inform him of his comrades’ flight, and implore him once +more to rescue them from inevitable death. But +Achilles, summoning all his pride to his assistance, +did not waver in his resolve. Suddenly Patroclus remembered +that the mere sight of Achilles’ armor might suffice to arrest +the enemy’s advance and produce a diversion in favor of the +Greeks: so he asked permission to wear it and lead the Myrmidons, +Achilles’ trusty followers, into the fray.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“Send me at least into the war,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And let me lead thy Myrmidons, that thus<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The Greeks may have some gleam of hope. And give<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The armor from thy shoulders. I will wear<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy mail, and then the Trojans, at the sight,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">May think I am Achilles, and may pause<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From fighting, and the warlike sons of Greece,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Tired as they are, may breathe once more, and gain<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A respite from the conflict.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>325]</a></span> +Achilles had sworn, it is true, not to return to the scene of +strife, but was quite willing to lend men and arms, if they might +be of any use, and immediately placed them at his friend’s disposal. +Hastily Patroclus donned the glittering armor, called +aloud to the Myrmidons to follow his lead, and rushed forth to +encounter the enemy.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Patroclus.</div> + +<p>The Trojans paused in dismay, thinking Achilles had come, and +were about to take flight, when all at once they discovered the +fraud. With renewed courage, they opposed the +Greek onslaught. Many heroes bit the dust in +this encounter, among others Sarpedon, the son of Jupiter and +Europa (p. <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a>),—whose remains were borne away from the battlefield +by the twin divinities Sleep and Death,—ere Hector, son +of Priam, and chief among the Trojan warriors, challenged Patroclus +to single combat. Needless to say, the two closed in +deadly battle, and fought with equal valor, until Patroclus, already +exhausted by his previous efforts, and betrayed by the +gods, finally succumbed.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“The hero fell<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With clashing mail, and all the Greeks beheld<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His fall with grief.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>With a loud cry of victory, Hector wrenched the armor off +the mangled corpse, and quickly withdrew to array himself in the +brilliant spoils. The tidings of Patroclus’ fall spread rapidly all +through the Grecian camp, and reached Achilles, who wept aloud +when he heard that his beloved friend, who had left him but a +short time before full of life and energy, was now no more. So +noisily did the hero mourn his loss, that Thetis, in the quiet +ocean depths, heard his groans, and rushed to his side to ascertain +their cause.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Achilles’ +grief.</div> + +<p>Into his mother’s sympathetic ear Achilles poured the whole +story of his grief and loss, while she gently strove +to turn his thoughts aside from the sad event, +and arouse an interest for some pursuit less dangerous than +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>326]</a></span> +war. All her efforts were vain, however; for Achilles’ soul +thirsted for revenge, and he repeatedly swore he would go forth +and slay his friend’s murderer.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">“No wish<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Have I to live, or to concern myself<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In men’s affairs, save this: that Hector first,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pierced by my spear, shall yield his life, and pay<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The debt of vengeance for Patroclus slain.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Then, in sudden dread lest Hector should fall by another’s +hand, or withdraw from the battlefield and thus escape his +vengeance, Achilles would have rushed from his tent unarmed; +but his mother prevailed upon him to wait until the morrow, +when she promised to bring him a full suit of armor from Vulcan’s +own hand. Rapidly Thetis then traversed the wide space +which separates the coast of Asia Minor from Mount Ætna, +where Vulcan labored at his forge.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“She found him there<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sweating and toiling, and with busy hand<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Plying the bellows.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Achilles’ +armor.</div> + +<p>Arrived before him, she breathlessly made known her errand, +and the god promised that the arms should be ready within +the given time, and immediately set to work to +fashion them. By his skillful hands the marvelous +weapons were forged; and when the first streak of light appeared +above the horizon, he consigned them to Thetis, who hastened +back to her son’s tent, where she found him still bewailing the +loss of Patroclus.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 483px;"> +<a name="thetis" id="thetis"></a> +<img src="images/mgr65.jpg" width="483" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">THETIS BEARING THE ARMOR OF ACHILLES.—Gérard.</p> +</div> + +<p>During Thetis’ absence, messengers had come to Achilles’ tent +to warn him that Patroclus’ body was still in the enemy’s hands, +and to implore him to come and rescue the precious corpse. +Mindful of his promise to his mother, Achilles still refused to +fight, but, springing upon the rampart, uttered his mighty war-cry, +the sound of which filled the enemy’s hearts with terror, and made +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327"><!-- original location of Thetis Bearing the Armor of Achilles illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>328]</a></span> +them yield to the well-directed onslaught of Ajax and Diomedes, +who finally succeeded in recovering the body, which they then +reverently bore to Achilles’ tent.</p> + +<p>To console Achilles for his friend’s death, Thetis exhibited +the glorious armor she had just obtained, helped him put it on, +and then bade him go forth and conquer.</p> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“‘Leave we the dead, my son, since it hath pleased<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The gods that he should fall; and now receive<br /></span> +<span class="i0">This sumptuous armor, forged by Vulcan’s hand,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Beautiful, such as no man ever wore.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Hector.</div> + +<p>Thus armed, mounted in his chariot drawn by his favorite +steeds, and driven by his faithful charioteer Automedon, Achilles +went forth to battle, and finally seeing Hector, +whom alone he wished to meet, he rushed upon +him with a hoarse cry of rage. The Trojan hero, at the mere +sight of the deadly hatred which shone in Achilles’ eyes, turned +to flee. Achilles pursued him, and taunted him with his cowardice, +until Hector turned and fought with all the courage and +recklessness of despair.</p> + +<p>Their blows fell like hail, a cloud of dust enveloped their +struggling forms, and the anxious witnesses only heard the dull +thud of the blows and the metallic clash of the weapons. Suddenly +there came a loud cry, then all was still; and when the +dust-cloud had blown away, the Trojans from the ramparts, +where they had waited in agony for the issue of the fight, beheld +Achilles tear the armor from their champion’s body, bind the +corpse to his chariot, and drive nine times round the city walls, +Hector’s princely head dragging in the dust. Priam, Hecuba, +and Andromache, Hector’s beautiful young wife, tearfully watched +this ignominious treatment, and finally saw Achilles drive off to +the spot where Patroclus’ funeral pile was laid, and there abandon +the corpse.</p> + +<p>Achilles then returned to his tent, where for a long time he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>329]</a></span> +continued to mourn his friend’s untimely end, refusing to be +comforted.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The gods’ +decree.</div> + +<p>The gods, from their celestial abode, had also witnessed this +heartrending scene, and now Jupiter sent Iris to Thetis, and +bade her hasten down to Achilles and command +him to restore Hector’s body to his mourning family. +He also directed Mercury to lead Priam, unseen, into +Achilles’ tent, to claim and bear away his son’s desecrated corpse. +Thetis, seeking Achilles in his tent, announced the will of Jove:—</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">“I am come<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A messenger from Jove, who bids me say<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The immortals are offended, and himself<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The most, that thou shouldst in thy spite detain<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The corse of Hector at the beaked ships,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Refusing its release. Comply thou, then,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And take the ransom and restore the dead.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Return of +Hector’s body.</div> + +<p>Mercury acquitted himself with his usual dispatch, and soon +guided Priam in safety through the Grecian camp +to Achilles’ tent, where the aged king fell at the +hero’s feet, humbly pleading for his son’s body, and proffering +a princely ransom in exchange.</p> + +<p>Achilles, no longer able to refuse this entreaty, and touched by +a father’s tears, consigned Hector’s corpse to the old man’s care, +and promised an armistice of fourteen days, that the funeral rites +in both camps might be celebrated with all due pomp and solemnity; +and with the burial of Hector the Iliad comes to a close.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Penthesilea.</div> + +<p>At the end of the truce the hostilities were renewed, and the +Trojans were reinforced by the arrival of Penthesilea, queen of +the Amazons, who, with a chosen troop of warrior +maidens, came to offer her aid. The brave queen +afforded them, however, only temporary relief, as she was slain +by Achilles in their very first encounter.</p> + +<p>He, too, however, was doomed to die “in the flower of his +youth and beauty,” and the Fates had almost finished spinning +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>330]</a></span> +his thread of life. In an early skirmish, while in close pursuit +of the Trojans, Thetis’ son had once caught sight of Polyxena, +daughter of Priam, and had been deeply smitten by her girlish +charms. He now vainly tried to make peace between the conflicting +nations, hoping that, were the war but ended, he might +obtain her hand in marriage.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Achilles.</div> + +<p>His efforts to make peace failed; but at last he prevailed upon +Priam to celebrate his betrothal with Polyxena, with the stipulation +that the marriage would take place as soon +as the war was over. The betrothal ceremony +was held without the city gates; and Achilles was just about to +part from his blushing betrothed, when Paris, ever treacherous, +stole behind him and shot a poisoned arrow into his vulnerable +heel, thus slaying the hero who had caused so many brave warriors +to bite the dust.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Thus great Achilles, who had shown his zeal<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In healing wounds, died of a wounded heel.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">O. W. Holmes.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>His armor—the glorious armor forged by Vulcan—was hotly +contested for by Ulysses and Ajax. The former finally obtained +the coveted weapons; and Ajax’ grief at their loss was so intense, +that he became insane, and killed himself in a fit of frenzy, while +Polyxena, inconsolable at her betrothed’s death, committed suicide +on the magnificent tomb erected over his remains on the +Trojan plain.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Philoctetes’ +arrows.</div> + +<p>The oracles, silent so long, now announced that Troy could +never be taken without the poisoned arrows of Hercules, then in +the keeping of Philoctetes (p. <a href="#Page_238"><b>238</b></a>). This hero +had started with the expedition, but had been put +ashore on the Island of Lemnos on account of a wound in his +foot, which had become so offensive that none of the ship’s company +could endure his presence on board.</p> + +<p>Ten long years had already elapsed since then, and, although +a party of Greeks immediately set out in search of him, they had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>331]</a></span> +but little hope of finding him alive. They nevertheless wended +their way to the cave where they had deposited him, where, to +their unbounded surprise, they still found him. The wound had +not healed, but he had managed to exist by killing such game +as came within reach of his hand.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“Exposed to the inclement skies,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Deserted and forlorn he lies;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">No friend or fellow-mourner there,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To soothe his sorrows, and divide his care;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or seek the healing plant, of power to ’suage<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His aching wound, and mitigate its rage.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Incensed by the Greeks’ former cruel desertion, no entreaty +could now induce Philoctetes to accompany the messengers to +Troy, until Hercules appeared to him in a dream, and bade him +go without delay, for there he would find Machaon (p. <a href="#Page_64"><b>64</b></a>), +Æsculapius’ son, who was to heal his wound.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of Paris +and Œnone.</div> + +<p>The dream was realized. Philoctetes, whole once more, joined +the Greek host, and caused great dismay in the enemy’s ranks +with his poisoned arrows. One of his deadly +missiles even struck Paris, and, as the poison entered +his veins, it caused him grievous suffering. Paris then remembered +that his first love, Œnone, who knew all remedies and +the best modes of applying them, had once told him to send for +her should he ever be wounded. He therefore sent for Œnone; +but she, justly offended by the base desertion and long neglect of +her lover, refused her aid, and let him die in torture. When he +was dead, Œnone repented of this decision; and when the flames +of his funeral pyre rose around him, she rushed into their midst, +and was burned to death on his corpse.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“But when she gain’d the broader vale and saw<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The ring of faces redden’d by the flames<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Infolding that dark body which had lain<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of old in her embrace, paused—and then ask’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Falteringly, ‘Who lies on yonder pyre?’<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>332]</a></span> +<span class="i0">But every man was mute for reverence.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then moving quickly forward till the heat<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Smote on her brow, she lifted up a voice<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of shrill command, ‘Who burns upon the pyre?’<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whereon their oldest and their boldest said,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">‘He, whom thou would’st not heal!’ and all at once<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The morning light of happy marriage broke,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thro’ all the clouded years of widowhood,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And muffling up her comely head, and crying<br /></span> +<span class="i0">‘Husband!’ she leapt upon the funeral pile,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And mixt herself with <em>him</em> and past in fire.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The +Palladium.</div> + +<p>Two of Priam’s sons had already expired, and yet Troy had +not fallen into the hands of the Greeks, who now heard another +prophecy, to the effect that Troy could never +be taken as long as the Palladium—a sacred statue +of Minerva, said to have fallen from heaven—remained within +its walls (p. <a href="#Page_60"><b>60</b></a>). So Ulysses and Diomedes in disguise effected +an entrance into the city one night, and after many difficulties +succeeded in escaping with the precious image.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The wooden +horse.</div> + +<p>Men and chiefs, impatient of further delay, now joyfully hailed +Ulysses’ proposal to take the city by stratagem. They therefore +secretly built a colossal wooden horse, within +whose hollow sides a number of brave warriors +might lie concealed. The main army feigned weariness of the +endless enterprise, and embarked, leaving the horse as a pretended +offering to Minerva; while Sinon, a shrewd slave, remained +to persuade the Trojans to drag the horse within their +gates and keep him there, a lasting monument of their hard-won +triumph.</p> + +<p>To the unbounded joy of the long-besieged Trojans, the Greek +fleet then sailed away, until the Island of Tenedos hid the ships +from view. All the inhabitants of Troy poured out of the city +to view the wooden horse, and question Sinon, who pretended +to have great cause of complaint against the Greeks, and strongly +advised them to secure their last offering to Minerva.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>333]</a></span> +The Trojans hailed this idea with rapture; but Laocoon, a +Trojan priest, implored them to leave the horse alone, lest they +should bring untold evil upon their heads.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“‘Wretched countrymen,’ he cries,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">‘What monstrous madness blinds your eyes?<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="space"> </span> * <span class="space"> </span> * <span class="space"> </span> *<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Perchance—who knows?—these planks of deal<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A Grecian ambuscade conceal,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or ’tis a pile to o’erlook the town,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And pour from high invaders down,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or fraud lurks somewhere to destroy:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Mistrust, mistrust it, men of Troy!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Laocoon.</div> + +<p>Deaf to all warnings and entreaties, they dragged the colossal +image into the very heart of their city, tearing down a portion +of their ramparts to allow its passage, while Laocoon +hastened down to the shore to offer sacrifice +to the gods. As he stood there by the improvised altar, with +one of his sons on either side to assist him in his office, two huge +serpents came out of the sea, coiled themselves around him and +his sons, and crushed and bit them to death.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i5">“Unswerving they<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Toward Laocoon hold their way;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">First round his two young sons they wreathe,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And grind their limbs with savage teeth:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then, as with arms he comes to aid,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The wretched father they invade<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And twine in giant folds: twice round<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His stalwart waist their spires are wound,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Twice round his neck, while over all<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Their heads and crests tower high and tall.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He strains his strength their knots to tear,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">While gore and slime his fillets smear,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And to the unregardful skies<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sends up his agonizing cries.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>334]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 451px;"> +<a name="laocoon" id="laocoon"></a> +<img src="images/mgr66.jpg" width="451" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">LAOCOON. (Vatican, Rome.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>335]</a></span> +The awestruck witnesses of this terrible scene, of course, declared +that the gods resented his interference concerning the +wooden horse, and had justly punished the sacrilegious hand +which had dared strike it with a spear, merely to demonstrate, +that, being hollow, it might contain an armed band. Ever since +then, Laocoon and his sons’ struggle with the serpents has been +a favorite subject for poets and artists.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Fall of Troy.</div> + +<p>In the mean while, the Greeks had been hiding behind Tenedos; +but when night came on, they returned to the site of their +ten-years’ encampment, and were let into the city +by Sinon, who also released their companions from +their prison within the wooden horse. Although taken by surprise, +the city guards made desperate attempts to repel the Greeks; +but it was now too late, for the enemy had already broken into +houses and palaces, and were killing, pillaging, and burning all in +their way.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“The melancholy years,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The miserable melancholy years,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Crept onward till the midnight terror came,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And by the glare of burning streets I saw<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Palace and temple reel in ruin and fall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the long-baffled legions, bursting in<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Through gate and bastion, blunted sword and spear<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With unresisted slaughter.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The royal family, even, was not exempt from the general +massacre; and the aged Priam, who lived to see his last son +perish before his eyes, finally found relief in death.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Return of the +Greeks.</div> + +<p>Their object accomplished, the Greeks immediately sailed for +home, their vessels heavily laden with plunder and slaves. But +the homeward journey was not as joyful as might +have been expected; and many, after escaping +from the enemy’s hands, perished in the waves, or found death +lying in wait for them by their own fireside.</p> + +<p>Menelaus, with his wife Helen, who, in spite of the added ten +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>336]</a></span> +years, retained all her youthful beauty, were detained in Egypt by +contrary winds, sent to punish them for omitting the usual sacrifice +to the gods. He at last consulted Proteus, who revealed +how the wrath of the gods could best be allayed, and how favorable +winds could be secured to waft him home.</p> + +<p>As for Agamemnon, leader of the Greeks, he returned to Argos +only to be murdered by his wife Clytæmnestra and her paramour +Ægisthus.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">“‘Ægisthus, bent upon my death,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Plotted against me with my guilty wife,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And bade me to his house, and slew me there,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Even at the banquet.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Then, mortally afraid lest Orestes, Agamemnon’s son, should +avenge his father’s death, Ægisthus prepared to slay him too; but +Electra, the boy’s sister, discovering this intention, helped him +to escape, and placed him under the fatherly protection of Strophius, +King of Phocis, whose son, Pylades, became his inseparable +friend. In fact, their devotion to each other was so great, +that it has become proverbial in every tongue.</p> + +<p>Electra had not forgotten her father’s base murder, although +years had elapsed since it occurred; and when Orestes had +attained manhood, she bade him come and punish those who had +committed the crime. Orestes came, slew Ægisthus and Clytæmnestra, +and then, terrified at what he had done, took flight, but +only to be pursued by the Furies and Nemesis, goddess of revenge, +sent by the gods to punish him for taking justice into his +own hands.</p> + +<p>Arrived at Delphi, Orestes consulted the oracle, and learned +that his crime would be forgiven if he brought a statue of Diana +in Tauris back to Greece. The young prince hastened thither, +accompanied by the ever-faithful Pylades, who never left his side; +and there, in a temple, he found his long-lost sister Iphigenia, +who helped him obtain the image he sought, and accompanied +him back to his native land, where Nemesis left him forever.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>337]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXVIII.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">ADVENTURES OF ULYSSES.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Greek chiefs, on their return from Troy, were, as we have +seen, all more or less visited by the wrath of the gods; but none +of them endured as many hardships as Ulysses (Odysseus), King +of Ithaca, the hero of Homer’s world-renowned epic the Odyssey. +During ten long years he roamed the seas, driven away from his +native land by adverse winds, sailing about from place to place, +losing his ships and companions, until at last the gods allowed +him to return home. His marvelous adventures and numerous +mishaps during these ten years form the theme of the Odyssey, +which is about as follows.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Siege of +Ismarus.</div> + +<p>After leaving Troy in ruins, Ulysses embarked with his men +and spoils, and, favored by a good wind, soon came within sight +of Ismarus, the home of the worthy and wealthy +Ciconians. To increase the riches he was carrying +home, he proposed to his army to land and storm the city,—a +proposal which was enthusiastically received and immediately +carried out.</p> + +<p>But when the men collected near the fleet, instead of embarking +as Ulysses urged them to do, they began to drink the rich wine, +to roast oxen whole, and to indulge in games and revelry. While +they were thus employed and entirely off their guard, the neighbors +and allies of the Ciconians came upon them unawares, and +put many to death.</p> + +<p>The Greeks, although taken by surprise, fought bravely; but +it was only when the sun was fast sinking, that they finally embarked, +and left the fatal Ciconian shores.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>338]</a></span> +<span class="i1">“Onward we sailed, lamenting bitterly<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Our comrades slain, yet happy to escape<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From death ourselves.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The +Lotus-eaters.</div> + +<p>A hurricane soon arose. The flying clouds blotted the stars +from view. The vessels, with broken masts and torn sails, were +driven far out of their course, and, after ten days, +reached the land of the Lotophagi or Lotus-eaters,—a +people whose sole food consisted of lotus fruit and +blossoms.</p> + +<p>Three of Ulysses’ best men were sent ashore to reconnoiter: +but they had not gone very far before they met the natives, seated +under their favorite trees, banqueting on their sweet food. These +received the strangers hospitably, and made them partake of the +lotus blossoms; but no sooner had the three men done so, than all +recollection of their waiting companions or distant homes passed +from their minds, while a dreamy, lethargic sensation stole over +them, and made them long to recline there and feast forever.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Whoever tasted once of that sweet food<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wished not to see his native country more,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor give his friends the knowledge of his fate.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And then my messengers desired to dwell<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Among the Lotus-eaters, and to feed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Upon the lotus, never to return.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Ulysses impatiently watched for their return; then, seeing they +did not appear, feared some evil had befallen them, and set out, +with a few well-armed men, to go in search of them. Instead of +finding them in chains, as he fully expected, he soon perceived +them feasting among the Lotus-eaters. Their eyes had lost all +animation, and rested upon him in a vague, dreamy way, which +aroused his suspicions. At the same moment some of the Lotus-eaters +advanced to invite him and his troop to join in their +feast.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>339]</a></span> +<span class="i0">“Branches they bore of that enchanted stem,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Laden with flower and fruit, whereof they gave<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To each, but whoso did receive of them,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And taste, to him the gushing of the wave<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Far, far away did seem to mourn and rave<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On alien shores; and if his fellow spake,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His voice was thin, as voices from the grave;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And deep asleep he seem’d, yet all awake,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And music in his ears his beating heart did make.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>In peremptory tones Ulysses quickly forbade his men to taste +of the magic food, directed them to seize and bind their unwilling +comrades, and forcibly take them back to their ships. There the +magic effect of the lotus food soon wore away, and the men +rowed steadily westward, until they came to the Island of Sicily, +then inhabited by the Cyclopes, a rude race of one-eyed giants.</p> + +<div class="cpoem27"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i3">“A single ball of sight was fix’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In their mid-forehead: hence the Cyclops’ name:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For that one circular eye was broad infix’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In the mid-forehead:—strength was theirs, and force,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And craft of curious toil.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Hesiod</span> (Elton’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The main part of the fleet was stationed at another island not +far distant, but Ulysses and twelve companions landed in Sicily +in search of food. The prospect was promising, for on the plains +and hillsides great flocks of sheep cropped the tender grass; and +Ulysses and his followers soon came to a great cave filled with +rich stores of milk and cheese. This was the abode of Polyphemus, +son of Neptune, the largest and fiercest among the +gigantic Cyclopean race. The Greeks’ first impulse was to help +themselves, since no one was there to say them nay; but they +finally decided to await the master’s home-coming, and courteously +ask his assistance. They had moored their vessel under +an overhanging cliff, where no one would be likely to find it, +and had therefore no fear lest their means of escape should be +cut off.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>340]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 475px;"> +<a name="galatea" id="galatea"></a> +<img src="images/mgr67.jpg" width="475" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">TRIUMPH OF GALATEA.—Raphael.</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Polyphemus +and Galatea.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>341]</a></span> +Polyphemus, the ugly giant in whose cave they were waiting, +had once seen the charming sea nymph Galatea riding in her +pearl-shell chariot drawn by bounding dolphins. +Her unsurpassed loveliness made a vivid impression +upon him, and he was soon deeply in love with her. He +neglected his flocks, shunned his companions, and spent all his +time near the seashore, watching for her, and bitterly cursing his +fate, which prevented his seeking her in her native element, for +the gods had cursed the race of Cyclops with an unconquerable +aversion to water. He</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">—“lov’d<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Not in the little present-making style,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With baskets of new fruit and pots of roses,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But with consuming passion. Many a time<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Would his flocks go home by themselves at eve,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Leaving him wasting by the dark seashore,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And sunrise would behold him wasting still.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Theocritus</span> (Hunt’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>To induce Galatea to leave the salt sea waves and linger by +his side on the white sandy beach, Polyphemus constantly made +the most extravagant promises; but the dainty nymph merely +laughed at all his professions, and strolled on the shore only +when he was sound asleep. Although she made fun of his love, +she was not so obdurate to the suit of Acis, a very fascinating +young shepherd, who had no need to call her repeatedly; for she +always yielded to his first appeal, joyfully joined him, and sat +beside him under the shade of some great rock, listening to his +tender wooing.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="acis" id="acis"></a> +<img src="images/mgr68.jpg" width="600" height="422" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">ACIS AND GALATEA (Evening).—Claude Lorraine. (St. Petersburg.)</p> +</div> + +<p>Polyphemus once accidentally came upon them thus, ere they +were aware of his proximity. For a moment he glared down +upon them; then, seizing a huge rock, he vowed his rival Acis +should not live to enjoy the love which was denied him, and +hurled it down upon the unsuspecting lovers. Galatea, the goddess, +being immortal, escaped unhurt; but poor Acis, her beloved, +was crushed to death. The stream of blood from his mangled +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342"><!-- original location of Acis and Galatea illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>343]</a></span> +remains was changed by the gods into an exhaustless stream +of limpid water, which ever hastened down to the sea to join +Galatea.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Polyphemus’ +cave.</div> + +<p>Ulysses and his companions, waiting in the cave, soon felt the +ground shake beneath their feet, and saw the sheep throng into +the cave and take their usual places; then behind +them came the horrible apparition of Polyphemus, +who picked up a huge rock and placed it before the opening of +the cave, preventing all egress. Ulysses’ companions had shrunk +with fear into the darkest corners of the cave, whence they +watched the giant milk his ewes, dispose of his cheeses, and +make his evening meal. But the firelight soon revealed the intruders; +and Polyphemus immediately demanded who they were, +whence they came, and what they were seeking.</p> + +<p>Ulysses, ever wily, replied that his name was No man, that he +and his companions were shipwrecked mariners, and that they +would fain receive his hospitality. In answer to this statement, +the Cyclops stretched forth his huge hand and grasped two of the +sailors, whom he proceeded to devour for dessert. Then, his +frightful repast being ended, he lay down on the rushes and +fell asleep, his loud snores reverberating like thunder through +the great cave.</p> + +<p>Ulysses silently crept to his side, sword in hand, and was about +to kill him, when he suddenly recollected that neither he nor +his men could move the rock at the cave’s mouth, and that they +would never be able to escape. He therefore resolved to have +recourse to a stratagem.</p> + +<p>When morning came, the giant rose, milked his flock, made his +cheese, arranged the vessels, and then, without the least warning, +again seized and devoured two of the Greeks. His brawny arm +next pushed aside the rock, and he stood beside it with watchful +eye, until all his herd had passed out; then, replacing the stone +to prevent the escape of his prisoners, he went off to the distant +pasture ground.</p> + +<p>During his absence, Ulysses and his men devised a cunning +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>344]</a></span> +plan whereby they hoped to effect their escape, and made all +their preparations to insure its complete success. A huge pine +club which they found in the cave was duly pointed, hardened +in the fire, and set aside for future use.</p> + +<p>When the darkness began to fall over the earth, Polyphemus +again rolled the stone away to admit his flocks, keeping careful +guard upon the Greeks. The sheep all in, he replaced the rock, +performed his usual evening duties, and then devoured two of +Ulysses’ crew.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ulysses blinds +Polyphemus.</div> + +<p>When this part of the evening meal was over, Ulysses drew near +and offered him a leather flask full of heady wine, which the giant +took down at a gulp, little suspecting its effect. +Very soon he sank into a deep drunken sleep; and +then the men, at a sign from Ulysses, heated the point of the huge +club and put out his sole eye, in spite of his frightful cries and +execrations, which soon attracted the attention of the other +Cyclopes.</p> + +<p>They thronged without the cave, clamoring to know who was +hurting him. “No man!” replied the Cyclops, howling with +pain, “No man!” which answer convinced his would-be helpers +that he needed no assistance, and made them disperse.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“‘If no man does thee violence, and thou<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Art quite alone, reflect that none escape<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Diseases; they are sent by Jove.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Ulysses’ +escape.</div> + +<p>Deserted by his companions, Polyphemus spent the night in +agony; and, when the anxious lowing of his herd roused him +at break of day, he fumblingly milked them, and +prepared to let them go forth, as usual, in search +of their morning meal. To avoid the Greeks escaping, he rolled +the stone only partly aside, and allowed the sheep to pass out a +few at a time, carefully running his hand over each broad back +to make sure that none of the prisoners were mounted upon them.</p> + +<p>Ulysses, in the mean while, having observed this maneuver, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>345]</a></span> +fastened his companions under the rams, reserving one for his +own use, and watched them pass out one after the other undetected. +Then, clinging to the wool of the largest ram, he too +was slowly dragged out; while Polyphemus petted the ram, and +inquired how he came to pass out last of all.</p> + +<div class="cpoem24"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘My favorite ram, how art thou now the last<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To leave the cave? It hath not been thy wont<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To let the sheep go first, but thou didst come<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Earliest to feed among the flowery grass,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Walking with stately strides, and thou wert first<br /></span> +<span class="i0">At the fresh stream, and first at eve to seek<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The stable; now thou art the last of all.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Grievest thou for thy master, who has lost<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His eye, put out by a deceitful wretch<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And his vile crew?’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Ulysses, having thus escaped, sprang to his feet, set his companions +free, rushed with them down to the seashore, taking the +choice animals on board, and then, when his men had rowed +some distance, raised his voice and taunted Polyphemus, revealing +at the same time his identity.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Ha! Cyclops! those whom in thy rocky cave<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thou, in thy brutal fury, hast devoured,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Were friends of one not unexpert in war;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Amply have thy own guilty deeds returned<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Upon thee. Cruel one! who didst not fear<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To eat the strangers sheltered by thy roof,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Jove and the other gods avenge them thus!<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="space"> </span> * <span class="space"> </span> * <span class="space"> </span> *<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Cyclops, if any man of mortal birth<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Note thine unseemly blindness, and inquire<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The occasion, tell him that Laertes’ son,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ulysses, the destroyer of walled towns,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whose home is Ithaca, put out thine eye.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>With a cry of rage, Polyphemus then ran down to the shore, +tore up some huge rocks, which he hurled in the direction whence +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>346]</a></span> +the taunting voice came, and in his rage almost destroyed the +Greeks; for one piece of rock fell very near their vessel, and +they were forced to redouble their efforts to row out of reach +and prevent disaster.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Gift of Æolus.</div> + +<p>The Greeks now sailed on until they reached the Æolian +Islands, where dwelt Æolus, king and father of the winds. He +had heard of Ulysses’ prowess, received him kindly, +and at parting gave him a leather bag containing +all the contrary winds, which Ulysses was thus at liberty to +retain imprisoned until he had safely reached home (p. <a href="#Page_214"><b>214</b></a>).</p> + +<p>Day and night Ulysses’ barks now bounded over the blue +waves. On the ninth evening the shores of Ithaca were discerned +by the eager eyes on board, and all made their preparations +for landing early the next morning. For the first time +since he had left the Æolian shores, Ulysses now indulged in +sleep; and while he was lost in oblivion his sailors opened the +leather bag, intending to rob their master of a portion of his +treasure, for they imagined that Æolus had given him much +gold.</p> + +<p>The bag was no sooner opened, than the contrary winds, weary +and cramped with their uncomfortable position, sprang out with a +rush and a roar, and in a few moments stirred up a terrible +storm, which tore the ships from their anchors, and soon drove +them far out to sea.</p> + +<p>After untold suffering, the Greeks landed again upon the +Æolian Isle, and Ulysses sought the king, to beseech his aid +once more; but this time the god received him coldly, and bade +him depart, as his cruelty to Polyphemus had awakened the +gods’ wrath.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Hence with thee! Leave our island instantly,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Vilest of living men! It may not be<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That I receive or aid as he departs<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One who is hated by the blessed gods,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And thou art hated by the gods. Away!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The +Læstrygonians.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>347]</a></span> +Sorrowfully now the Greeks embarked; but, instead of being +hurried along by favorable winds, they were obliged to row +against wind and waves, and only after many days +came to the land of the Læstrygonians, where fresh +losses awaited them. These people were cannibals, who were in +the habit of slaying all the strangers who visited their shores, to +satisfy their horrible appetites. When they saw the vessels enter +their harbor, they sunk some of them by casting huge rocks at +them from their tall cliffs, and speared and devoured the unfortunate +crews.</p> + +<p>Ulysses, ever cautious, had lingered without the harbor; and +when, from afar, he saw his companions’ horrible fate, he bade +his men strike the waves with their “sounding oars” and escape.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Circe, the +enchantress.</div> + +<p>The Greeks went on again until they came to Ææa, an island +inhabited by the golden-haired enchantress Circe, sister of Æetes, +and aunt of Medea. Here Ulysses’ crew was divided +into two parties, one of which, led by Eurylochus, +set out to explore the island, while the other, headed by +Ulysses, remained to guard the ships. Through a dense forest, +peopled with strangely gentle wild beasts, Eurylochus led his +force, until they came in sight of the beautiful palace home +of Circe. From afar they could hear her sweet voice raised in +song, as she wove a beautiful web for her own adornment: so +they pressed eagerly on, and entered the palace hall, Eurylochus +alone lingering on the porch, fearing lest some fraud might suddenly +be revealed.</p> + +<p>Circe received her self-invited guests most graciously, seated +them on tapestry-covered couches, and bade her numerous handmaidens +speedily set before them all manner of good cheer,—an +order which was immediately carried out. The men feasted greedily, +for they had fasted for many days, and Circe watched them with +ill-concealed disgust. Suddenly she started from her seat, waved +her wand over their heads, and bade them assume the form of +swine (which obscene animals their gluttony suggested), and hie +them to their sties.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>348]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="circe" id="circe"></a> +<img src="images/mgr69.jpg" width="600" height="308" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">CIRCE AND THE FRIENDS OF ULYSSES.—Rivière.</p> +</div> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>349]</a></span> +<span class="i12">“Then instantly<br /></span> +<span class="i0">She touched them with a wand, and shut them up<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In sties, transformed to swine in head and voice,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Bristles and shape, though still the human mind<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Remained to them. Thus sorrowing they were driven<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Into their cells, where Circe flung to them<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Acorns of oak and ilex, and the fruit<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of cornel, such as nourish wallowing swine.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Eurylochus, meanwhile, vainly awaited their return, and finally +resolved to go back alone to the ships and report what had happened. +Sword in hand, Ulysses then set out alone to rescue his +comrades; but he had not gone far before he met a youth,—Mercury +in disguise,—who warned him not to approach any +nearer Circe, and told him of his companions’ transformation.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ulysses and +Circe.</div> + +<p>As Ulysses would not be dissuaded from his purpose, Mercury +gave him some moly, an herb warranted to preserve +him from Circe’s magic spells, and sundry +important directions, which were all duly listened to and observed.</p> + +<p>Pressing onward, Ulysses reached the palace, entered the banquet +room, drank Circe’s mixture, which was rendered ineffective +by the moly’s power, and, when she waved her wand over his +head and bade him join his fellows, drew his sword and rushed +upon her, threatening to take her life if she did not immediately +restore his friends to their human forms, and promise to do them +no further harm.</p> + +<p>Circe, terrified at the threat, agreed to comply with all his +demands; and in a few moments Ulysses was again surrounded +by his companions, who were touchingly grateful for their rescue. +Circe now prepared a second feast, and entertained them all so +well, that Ulysses lingered there for one whole year.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i5">“And there from day to day<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We lingered a full year, and banqueted<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nobly on plenteous meats and delicate wines.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Ulysses visits +Cimmeria.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>350]</a></span> +At the end of that time, Ulysses’ companions began to long +for their own homes, and prevailed upon their chief to leave the +fair enchantress Circe. At first she was loath to let +him go; but, seeing that her efforts to detain him +longer would be of no avail, she bade him seek the Cimmerian +shores, and there consult the seer Tiresias. This land, which lay +on the confines of Pluto’s dark realm, was inhabited by shadows, +the spirits of the dead, condemned to sojourn there a while ere +they were admitted into Hades.</p> + +<p>Ulysses embarked, and, according to Circe’s directions, let his +vessel drift along until its prow grated on a pebbly beach, where +he landed. Then, walking straight before him, he came to a +spot whence he could hear the roar of the Phlegethon as it joined +the Acheron, and here he dug a trench with his sword.</p> + +<p>The trench finished, he killed two black victims, furnished by +Circe, and made their blood flow into the trench. Immediately +all the spirits crowded about him, eager to drink the fresh blood; +but Ulysses, with drawn sword, forced them back, until at last +Tiresias, the blind seer, approached.</p> + +<p>He was allowed to stoop down and drink; and, as soon as he +had done so, he recovered the power of human speech, and warned +Ulysses of the many trials still awaiting him. Then, his prophecy +concluded, he vanished; but Ulysses lingered a little longer to +allow his mother to drink some blood, and explain how she came +to be here in the spirit land.</p> + +<p>Many others came and conversed with him; but at last he was +forced to depart, and return to Ææa, where he lingered to perform +the funeral rites for Elpenor,—one of his followers, a youth +who had fallen asleep on one of the palace turrets, and by an inadvertent +movement had fallen to the ground, where he had been +found dead.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 453px;"> +<a name="siren" id="siren"></a> +<img src="images/mgr70.jpg" width="453" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">SIREN. (Acropolis Museum, Athens.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Sirens.</div> + +<p>These obsequies over, the Greeks, favored by a fresh wind, left +Circe’s isle, and sailed along until they drew near +the rocky ledge where the Sirens had their abode. +These maidens were wont to sit on the rocks and sing entrancing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351"><!-- original location of Siren illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>352]</a></span> +songs, which allured the mariners until they turned aside from +their course, and their vessels were dashed to pieces on the rocks.</p> + +<p>According to Circe’s advice, Ulysses bade his men bind him +fast to the mast, disregard his cries and gestures of command, +and keep on their course until the dangerous rocks were lost to +view; but, before he allowed them to execute these orders, he +stopped their ears with melted wax, so they could not hear a +sound, for he alone could hear the Sirens’ song and live.</p> + +<p>The men then bound him hand and foot to the mast, returned +to their oars, and rowed steadily on. Soon the Sirens’ melody +fell upon Ulysses’ charmed ears; but, although he commanded +and implored his men to set him free and alter their course, they +kept steadily on until no sound of the magic song could reach +them, when they once more set their leader free.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Charybdis +and Scylla.</div> + +<p>Now, although this danger had been safely passed, Ulysses +was troubled in spirit, for he knew he would soon be obliged +to steer his course between two dread monsters, +Charybdis and Scylla, who lay so close together, +that, while striving to avoid one, it was almost impossible not to +fall an easy prey to the other.</p> + +<p>Charybdis’ den lay under a rock crowned with a single wild +fig tree; and three times daily she ingulfed the surrounding +waters, drawing even large galleys into her capacious jaws.</p> + +<p>As for Scylla, she too dwelt in a cave, whence her six ugly +heads protruded to devour any prey that came within reach.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“No mariner can boast<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That he has passed by Scylla with a crew<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Unharmed; she snatches from the deck, and bears<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Away in each grim mouth, a living man.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This selfsame Scylla, once a lovely maiden, had won the heart +of the sea god Glaucus (p. <a href="#Page_303"><b>303</b></a>), but coquettishly tormented him +until he implored Circe to give him some love potion strong +enough to compel her love.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>353]</a></span> +Circe, who had long nursed a secret passion for Glaucus, was +angry at him, and jealous of her rival, and, instead of a love +potion, prepared a loathsome drug, which she bade him pour +into the water where Scylla was wont to bathe. Glaucus faithfully +did as she commanded; but when Scylla plunged into the water, +her body, and not her feelings, changed, and she became a loathsome +monster, a terror to gods and men.</p> + +<p>When in sight of the fig tree, Ulysses, cased in armor, stood +on the prow to attack Scylla should she attempt to seize one +of his crew. The sound of the rushing waters whirling around +Charybdis made all on board tremble with fear, and the pilot +steered nearer still to dread Scylla’s den.</p> + +<p>Suddenly a piercing cry was heard, as the monster seized six +of the men and devoured them. The rest passed on unharmed; +but since then, in speaking of conflicting dangers, it has been +customary to use the expression, “falling from Charybdis into +Scylla.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Cattle of the +sun.</div> + +<p>Only too glad to effect an escape at any price, the Greeks +again rowed on until they sighted Trinacria, the island of the sun, +where Phaetusa and Lampetia watched over the +sun god’s sacred herds. The men wished to land +here to rest; but Ulysses reminded them that Tiresias, the blind +seer, had warned them to avoid it, lest by slaying any of the +sacred animals they should incur divine wrath.</p> + +<p>The men, however, worn out with the toil of many days’ rowing, +entreated so piteously to be allowed to rest, voluntarily +pledging themselves to be content with their own provisions and +not to slay a single animal, that Ulysses reluctantly yielded to +their entreaties, and all went ashore.</p> + +<p>After they had duly rested, they were still detained by unfavorable +winds, until all their provisions were exhausted, and +the few birds and fishes they managed to secure no longer sufficed +to still the pangs of hunger.</p> + +<p>Led by Eurylochus, some of the men, during one of Ulysses’ +temporary absences, caught and slew some of the sun god’s +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>354]</a></span> +cattle. To the general amazement and terror, the meat lowed +while roasting on the spit, and the empty skins moved and crawled +as if alive. All these sounds and sights could not, however, deter +the sailors, who were bound to have a good feast, which they +kept up for seven days, ere Ulysses could make them leave the +Trinacrian shores.</p> + +<p>In the mean while, Lampetia had hastened to Apollo to apprise +him of the crime committed by Ulysses’ men. In anger he appeared +before the assembled gods and demanded amends, threatening +to withdraw the light of his countenance if he were not +properly indemnified. Jupiter, to appease his hot anger, immediately +promised that all the offenders should perish.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Still shine, O Sun! among the deathless gods<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And mortal men, upon the nourishing earth.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Soon will I cleave, with a white thunderbolt,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Their galley in the midst of the black sea!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This promise he immediately fulfilled by drowning all except +Ulysses, who alone had not partaken of the sacred flesh, and +who, after clinging to the rudder for nine long days, a plaything +for the wind and waves, was washed ashore on the Island of +Ogygia, where the fair sea nymph Calypso had taken up her +abode.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ulysses and +Calypso.</div> + +<p>There he was kindly and most hospitably entertained during +eight long years; but he could not depart, as he had no vessel or +crew to bear him away. At last Minerva, who had +always befriended him, prevailed upon Jupiter to +allow him to return to Ithaca. Mercury was sent to Ogygia to bid +Calypso furnish all things necessary for his comfort, and aid in +the construction of a huge raft, whereon our hero found himself +afloat after many years of reluctant lingering on the land.</p> + +<p>All seemed well now; but Neptune suddenly became aware +that his old enemy, the torturer of Polyphemus, was about to +escape from his clutches. With one blow of his trident he stirred +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>355]</a></span> +up one of those sudden tempests whose fury nothing can withstand, +shattered Ulysses’ raft, and buffeted him about on the +waves, until the goddess Leucothea (p. <a href="#Page_174"><b>174</b></a>), seeing his distress, +helped him to reach the Phæacian shore.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Nausicaa and +Ulysses.</div> + +<p>Too weary to think of aught but rest, Ulysses dragged himself +into a neighboring wood, where he fell asleep on a bed of dry +leaves. While he was thus resting, Minerva visited +Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinous, King of the Phæacians, +in a dream, and bade her go down to the shore and wash +her linen robes in readiness for her wedding day, which the goddess +assured her was near at hand. Nausicaa obeyed, and +drove with her maidens down to the shore, where, after their +labors were duly finished, they all indulged in a game of ball, +with the usual accompaniment of shrill cries and much laughter. +Their cries awoke Ulysses, who came on the scene just in time +to save their ball from the waves, and claimed Nausicaa’s protection +for a shipwrecked mariner.</p> + +<p>She graciously permitted him to follow her to her father’s palace, +and presented him to Alcinous and Arete, who bade him +welcome, and invited him to join in the games then taking place. +He did so, and displayed such strength and skill that his identity +was revealed. Alcinous then promised to send him safely home +in a Phæacian bark, which reached Ithaca in safety, and deposited +Ulysses, asleep, on his native shore.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The petrified +ship.</div> + +<p>When Neptune discovered that the Phæacians had outwitted +him, he was so angry that he changed the returning +vessel into a rock, which blocked the harbor +and put an end to further maritime excursions on their part.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">“He drew near<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And smote it with his open palm, and made<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The ship a rock, fast rooted in the bed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of the deep sea.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 404px;"> +<a name="penelope" id="penelope"></a> +<img src="images/mgr71.jpg" width="404" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">PENELOPE. (Vatican, Rome.)</p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Ulysses’ return +to Ithaca.</div> + +<p>Disguised as a beggar by Minerva’s kindly care, Ulysses sought +the lowly dwelling of Eumæus, his swineherd, and from him +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356"><!-- original location of Penelope illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>357]</a></span> +learned all he wished to know about his wife and son. He heard +that Penelope was fairly besieged with suitors, who were even +now feasting and reveling in his palace, whence +they refused to depart until she had made choice +of a second husband; and also that Telemachus, now a young +man, indignant and displeased with the suitors’ conduct, and +guided and accompanied by his tutor Mentor, had set out in +search of the father whom he could not believe dead.</p> + +<p>Mentor was Minerva in disguise, who guided the young man +to the courts of Nestor and Menelaus, and finally in a dream +bade him return to Ithaca, where he would find the parent he +sought. The young prince immediately obeyed, and landed near +Eumæus’ hut, escaping a clever ambuscade posted by the suitors +at the entrance of the port.</p> + +<p>Minerva now permitted the father and son to recognize each +other, in spite of their twenty years’ separation, and together they +planned how best to punish the insolent suitors. They finally +agreed that Telemachus should return to the palace and make no +mention of his father’s return; while Ulysses, still in the guise of +a beggar, should enter his home and claim the usual hospitality.</p> + +<p>All was executed as they had planned. No one recognized +the long-expected hero in the miserable old beggar—no one save +his aged nurse Euryclea, and his faithful old dog Argus, who +died for joy at his long-lost master’s feet.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“While over Argus the black night of death<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Came suddenly as soon as he had seen<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ulysses, absent now for twenty years.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Penelope’s +web.</div> + +<p>Penelope, hearing that a stranger was within her gates, sent for +him, to inquire whether he knew aught of her husband. She too +failed to pierce his disguise, and languidly continued +a piece of work which she cleverly used to +baffle her suitors; for once, when urged to marry, she had replied +that she would do so as soon as her work was finished.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>358]</a></span> +As she was a diligent worker, the suitors expected soon to hear +her decision, little knowing that she raveled at night all the web +so carefully woven during the day.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">“Three full years<br /></span> +<span class="i0">She practiced thus, and by the fraud deceived<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The Grecian youths.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Ulysses’ bow.</div> + +<p>At last the subterfuge was discovered, and the unfortunate +Penelope was forced to finish her work; but ere it was quite +done, she found another expedient to postpone +her choice of a husband. She brought Ulysses’ +bow, and announced that she would marry the man who could +bend it and send an arrow through twelve rings which she pointed +out.</p> + +<div class="cpoem28"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“‘I bring to you<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The mighty bow that great Ulysses bore.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whoe’er among you he may be whose hand<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shall bend this bow, and send through these twelve rings<br /></span> +<span class="i0">An arrow, him I follow hence, and leave<br /></span> +<span class="i0">This beautiful abode of my young years,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With all its plenty,—though its memory,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I think, will haunt me even in my dreams.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of the +suitors.</div> + +<p>The suitors all vainly strove to bend the mighty bow, which +was then seized by the disguised Ulysses, while the youths +laughed aloud in scorn, until Telemachus bade +them let the old man try his strength. To the +amazement of all, Ulysses easily performed the required feat; +and then, turning his aim toward Antinous, the handsomest and +most treacherous of all the suitors, he pierced his heart.</p> + +<p>A scene of wild commotion ensued, in which Ulysses, Telemachus, +Eumæus, and Minerva disguised as Mentor, opposed +and slew all the wooers. Penelope, unconscious of all this +bloodshed, slept in her room, until she was gently awakened by +Euryclea, who announced the return of her long-absent husband.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>359]</a></span> +<span class="i1">“‘Awake, Penelope, dear child, and see<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With thine own eyes what thou hast pined for long.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ulysses has returned; thy lord is here,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Though late, and he has slain the arrogant crew<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of suitors, who disgraced his house, and made<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His wealth a spoil, and dared insult his son.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>But Penelope had too long believed her husband dead to +credit this marvelous news; and it was only after Ulysses had +given her an infallible proof of his identity, by telling her a secret +which was shared by her alone, that she received him.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ulysses’ last +journey.</div> + +<p>Ulysses was now safe at home, after twenty years of warfare +and adventure, and at first greatly enjoyed the quiet and peace +of his home life; but after a while these tame joys +grew wearisome, and he decided to renew his +wanderings. He therefore prepared a fleet, and sailed “out into +the West,” whence he never returned. The Greeks, however, +averred that he had gone in search of the Isles of the Blest, +where he dwelt in perfect peace, and enjoyed the constant society +of heroes as brave and renowned as himself.</p> + +<div class="cpoem26"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">“‘Come, my friends,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">’Tis not too late to seek a newer world.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Push off, and sitting well in order smite<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of all the western stars, until I die.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And see the great Achilles, whom we knew.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Tho’ much is taken, much abides: and tho’<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We are not now that strength which in old days<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One equal temper of heroic hearts,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>360]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXIX.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">ADVENTURES OF ÆNEAS.</span></h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">You</span> have already heard how the Greeks entered the city of +Troy in the dead of night, massacred the inhabitants, and set fire +to the beautiful buildings which had been the king’s pride and +delight. Now you shall hear how Virgil relates the escape of +some of the Trojans from general destruction.</p> + +<p>Unconscious of coming danger, Æneas, son of Venus and +Anchises, lay fast asleep in his palace; but the gods had not +doomed him to perish, and sent the shade of Hector to warn +him in a dream to arise, leave the city, and fly to some distant +land.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Ah, goddess-born,’ he warns me, ‘fly!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Escape these flames: Greece holds the walls;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Proud Ilium from her summit falls.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Think not of king’s or country’s claims:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Country and king, alas! are names:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Could Troy be saved by hands of men,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">This hand had saved her then, e’en then.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The gods of her domestic shrines<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That country to your care consigns:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Receive them now, to share your fate:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Provide them mansions strong and great,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The city’s walls, which Heaven has willed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Beyond the seas you yet shall build.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Æneas goes to +save Priam.</div> + +<p>Awakened at last by the ever-increasing tumult without, +Æneas seized his arms and hastened forth, attended by many +of his fellow-citizens, to ascertain the cause of the great uproar. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>361]</a></span> +A few minutes later he discovered that the Greek army had +entered the town, and was even now killing, plundering, and +burning without mercy. The men were all slain, +but the fairest women were dragged away to be +sold as slaves in Greece; and among them Æneas beheld in the +hands of Agamemnon’s soldiers the unfortunate daughter of +Priam, Cassandra, whom the gods had endowed with prophetic +powers (p. <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>), but whom no one would heed.</p> + +<p>Æneas, seeing ere long that there was no hope of saving the +doomed city, quickly disguised himself in a Greek armor which +he tore from the corpse of one of his foes, and rushed on to the +palace, hoping to save the aged king, who, at the first alarm, had +seized his weapons, determined to fight to the very last.</p> + +<p>Hecuba, his wife, was clinging to him, imploring him to remain, +when suddenly Polites, their son, rushed into their presence, +closely followed by Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, +who thrust his sword into the youth, and then murdered Priam +also.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“So Priam’s fortunes closed at last:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So passed he, seeing as he passed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His Troy in flames, his royal tower<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Laid low in dust by hostile power,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who once o’er land and peoples proud<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sat, while before him Asia bowed:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Now on the shore behold him dead,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A nameless trunk, a trunkless head.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Æneas, who arrived just too late to hinder this frightful catastrophe, +now suddenly remembered that a similar fate awaited his +aged father Anchises, his wife Creusa, and little son Iulus, who +were at home without any protector near them. The hero therefore +madly cut his way through the foe, and rushed through the +once magnificent palace, which was now stripped of its rarest +treasures and desecrated by an enemy’s tread.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Venus appears +to Æneas.</div> + +<p>There, in one of the abandoned halls, he saw Helen, the fair +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>362]</a></span> +cause of all this war and bloodshed,—who, after Paris’ death, had +married Deiphobus, his brother,—and for a moment he determined +to take her life; but ere he could do so, +Venus, his mother, stayed his hand, and bade him +remember that the immortal gods had long ago decreed that the +city should fall, and that Helen was merely the pretext used to +induce the rival nations to fly to arms.</p> + +<p>Further to convince him of the truth of her assertions, she +enabled him to see what was hidden from mortal eyes: i.e., +Neptune, Minerva, Juno, and Jupiter even, fighting and leveling +the walls with mighty blows. She then vehemently implored +her son to leave this scene of carnage, and fly, with his family and +followers, to some safe place without the city, whence he could +embark, and sail away to a more fortunate land; and her entreaties +finally prevailed.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Anchises’ +escape.</div> + +<p>Æneas rushed home and bade his father prepare to leave Troy; +but Anchises obstinately refused to leave his post, until he saw +a bright flame hover for a moment above his +grandson’s head, which sign he interpreted as an +omen that his race should endure. He no longer resisted; and, +as he was too weak to walk, Æneas bade him hold the Lares +and Penates, and, taking him on his back, carried him off, while +with one hand he led his little son, and bade Creusa closely follow +him.</p> + +<div class="cpoem23"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“‘Come, mount my shoulders, dear my sire:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Such load my strength shall never tire.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Now, whether fortune smiles or lowers,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One risk, one safety shall be ours.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My son shall journey at my side,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My wife her steps by mine shall guide,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">At distance safe.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Creusa’s +ghost.</div> + +<p>A trysting place near a ruined temple had already been appointed +for his servants, and thither Æneas turned his steps. +When he arrived there, he found many awaiting him, and counted +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>363]</a></span> +them carefully to make sure none were missing. All were there +except Creusa, his beloved young wife; and he retraced his steps +with anxious haste, hoping to find her still alive. +But on the threshold of his once happy home +he met her disembodied spirit, and heard her bid him seek the +banks of the Tiber, where a beautiful young bride would comfort +him for her loss. This speech ended, Creusa’s ghost vanished, +and Æneas sadly returned to the ruined temple, where he +found many fugitives ready to follow him wherever he went, +and eager to obey his every command. Their preparations for +departure were speedily completed, the sails unfurled, and the +little exiled band soon lost sight of the shores of Troy.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Weeping I quit the port, the shore,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The plains where Ilium stood before,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And homeless launch upon the main,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Son, friends, and home gods in my train.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Arrival in +Thrace.</div> + +<p>Although they had escaped from burning Troy and the swords +of the Greeks, their trials had only just begun. After many days’ +sailing, they landed in Thrace, viewed the country, +decided to settle there, and began to trace the +foundations of a new city, which they decided to call the Æneadæ, +in honor of their leader.</p> + +<p>Their next care was to offer a sacrifice to the gods; but when +Æneas, with due ceremony, cut down a sapling, he was startled +to see blood flow from its severed stem. At the same time a +mysterious voice was heard, bidding him forbear, for his former +friend Polydorus, sent to Thrace to conceal some treasures, had +been murdered there by an avaricious king, and this grove of +trees had sprouted from the spear handles driven into his unhappy +breast.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Delos and +Crete.</div> + +<p>After paying the customary funeral rites to appease the soul +of his unfortunate friend, Æneas easily prevailed +upon his followers to leave these inhospitable shores +and seek another resting place. They rowed over the briny +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>364]</a></span> +deep until they came to Delos, where they stopped to consult +the oracle, who bade them seek the cradle of their race, and settle +there.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“‘Stout Dardan hearts, the realm of earth<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where first your nation sprang to birth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That realm shall now receive you back:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Go, seek your ancient mother’s track.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There shall Æneas’ house, renewed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For ages, rule a world subdued.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>This obscure command left them uncertain what course to +pursue, until the aged Anchises remembered that one of his ancestors, +Teucer, had once reigned in Crete. Thither they sailed, +and hoped to settle; but a terrible pestilence came upon them, +and decimated their already sparse ranks.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Æneas’ +vision.</div> + +<p>One night Æneas had a vision, in which his household gods +bade him seek the Italian or Hesperian shores; and when, on +waking, he imparted this advice to Anchises, the +latter remembered a long-forgotten prophecy of +Cassandra, purporting that they would settle there, and also that +Dardanus, their first progenitor, was reported to have come from +thence.</p> + +<div class="cpoem19"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“There is a land, by Greece of old<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Surnamed Hesperia, rich its mold,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Its children brave and free:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Œnotrians were its settlers: fame<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Now gives the race its leader’s name,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And calls it Italy.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Here Dardanus was born, our king,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And old Iasius, whence we spring:<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Here our authentic seat.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Celæno, +the Harpy.</div> + +<p>Ere many days Æneas and his trusty followers were once +more afloat, and forced to battle with fierce storms sent by Juno +to hinder their advance. Exhausted, they landed on the Strophades +Islands, where they proposed to recruit their strength by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>365]</a></span> +a hearty meal; but no sooner was their table spread, than the +meats were devoured and destroyed by the loathsome Harpies. +A terrible prophecy uttered by Celæno, one of +these monsters,—half woman and half bird,—made +them embark again in great haste, and row on until they +came to Epirus, where they again effected a landing. In this +country they met the sorrowing Andromache, Hector’s widow, +the slave of King Helenus, who entertained them royally and +sent them on their way again, with many kindly cautions to beware +of the Cyclopes and avoid Charybdis and Scylla by circumnavigating +the whole island of Sicily.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Rescue of +Achemenides.</div> + +<p>This advice was duly followed by Æneas, who, while rounding +one of the promontories of the island, saw and rescued Achemenides, +one of Ulysses’ companions, accidentally left +behind when they escaped from the rage of Polyphemus, +the Cyclops. This giant now came down to the shore, +and was regarded with unconcealed horror by the Trojans, who +rowed away in haste. Soon after, Æneas moored his ships in the +harbors of Sicania and Drepanum, and while there lost his aged +father Anchises.</p> + +<div class="cpoem15"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">“There<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I lose my stay in every care,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My sire Anchises!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Juno, in the mean while, had not been idle, and gloated over +the dangers she had forced the unhappy Trojans to encounter +during the seven years which had already elapsed since they first +sailed from Troy. She was not yet weary of persecuting them, +however; and as soon as she saw them once more afloat, she +hurried off to Æolus, and bade him let loose his fiercest children, +and scatter the fleet by a terrible storm.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘O Æolus! since the Sire of all<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Has made the wind obey thy call<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To raise or lay the foam,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A race I hate now plows the sea,<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>366]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Transporting Troy to Italy<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And home gods reft of home:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lash thou thy winds, their ships submerge,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or toss them weltering o’er the surge.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The +tempest.</div> + +<p>This request was immediately granted. The vessels, tossed +hither and thither, lost sight of each other. Some were stranded, +some sank, and still the tempest raged on with +unabated fury, and death stared the unhappy Trojans +in the face. The commotion on the deep finally aroused +Neptune, who came to the surface just in time to see all the +misfortunes which had overwhelmed Æneas. He imperiously +sent the winds away, and lent a helping hand to float the stranded +ships once more.</p> + +<div class="cpoem18"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Back to your master instant flee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And tell him, not to him but me<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The imperial trident of the sea<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Fell by the lot’s award.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The Trojans, grateful for his timely aid, and reassured by the +calm which now reigned supreme, steered for the nearest port, +where they anchored their seven vessels, all that now remained +of their once large fleet.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Arrival in +Libya.</div> + +<p>Æneas and Achates, his faithful friend, immediately set out to +view the land, and ere long encountered Venus, disguised as a +mortal, who informed them that they had landed +upon the Libyan coast, which was under the sway +of Dido, a fugitive from Tyre. Dido’s husband, Sychæus, King +of Tyre, the possessor of untold riches, had been murdered by +Pygmalion, his brother-in-law; but the queen was kept in complete +ignorance of this crime, until visited in a dream by the shade +of Sychæus, which bade her fly with his treasures, whose place of +concealment she alone knew.</p> + +<p>Dido obeyed the ghost’s commands, and, accompanied by a +number of faithful subjects, landed on the Libyan coast, where +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>367]</a></span> +she entreated the inhabitants to sell her as much land as an ox-hide +would inclose. This seemingly modest request was immediately +granted; but the Libyans regretted their compliance +when they saw the ox-hide cut up into tiny strips, which inclosed +a considerable tract of land, the site of Dido’s beautiful capital, +Carthage.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Æneas and +Dido.</div> + +<p>Thither Venus advised her son to proceed and claim the +queen’s protection. Æneas and Achates obediently hastened +onward, and entered the town unseen, for Venus +had enveloped them both in a mist. Their attention +was first attracted by the festive appearance of the people +assembled together, and by the beauty of the queen, giving audience +to some of their companions, who had miraculously escaped +from the waves.</p> + +<p>These men spoke to the queen of their renowned chief, whose +fame had already reached her ear; and she gladly promised to +send out a search party to discover him, and aid him if necessary.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i7">“‘I will send<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And search the coast from end to end,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">If haply, wandering up and down,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He bide in woodland or in town.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>At these gracious words, Æneas stepped forward, the mist vanished, +and he stood before the queen in all his manly beauty.</p> + +<p>Dido then led her guests to the banquet hall, where they recounted +their adventures by land and sea, while partaking of the +viands and wines set before them. At this feast, Cupid, at +Venus’ request, assumed the face and form of Iulus, Æneas’ +young son, and, reclining on the queen’s bosom, secretly thrust +one of his darts into her heart, and made her fall in love with +Æneas.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="aeneas" id="aeneas"></a> +<img src="images/mgr72.jpg" width="600" height="413" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">ÆNEAS AT THE COURT OF DIDO.—Guerin.</p> +</div> + +<p>Day after day now passed in revelry and pleasure, and still +Æneas lingered by Dido’s side, forgetful of the new kingdom +he was destined to found. One whole year passed thus; and the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368"><!-- original location of Aeneas at the Court of Dido illustration --></a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>369]</a></span> +gods, impatient of delay, finally sent Mercury to remind Æneas +of his duty.</p> + +<p>To avoid Dido’s tears and recriminations, the hero kept his +preparations for departure a complete secret, and finally set sail +while she was wrapt in slumber. When she awoke and looked +out of her palace window, it was only to see the last vessel sink +beneath the horizon.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Dido.</div> + +<p>Concealing her grief, and pretending an anger she did not feel, +she bade her servants make a funeral pyre, and place upon it all +the objects Æneas had used during his sojourn in +her palace; then, on top of it all, she set an effigy +of her false lover, set fire to the pyre, sprang into the midst of +the flames, and there stabbed herself.</p> + +<div class="cpoem18"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Yet let me die: thus, thus I go<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Exulting to the shades below.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Let the false Dardan feel the blaze<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That burns me pouring on his gaze,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And bear along, to cheer his way,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The funeral presage of to-day.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>From the mast of his vessel Æneas saw the rising column of +smoke, and his heart sank within him; for he suspected its fatal +import, and honestly mourned the death of the beautiful queen.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Funeral +games.</div> + +<p>The Trojans sailed onward until the threatening clouds made +them take refuge in the Sicanian port, where they celebrated the +usual games to commemorate Anchises’ death, +which had occurred there just one year previous. +While the men were engaged in the customary naval, foot, and +horse races, boxing, wrestling, and archery matches, the women +gathered together, and, instigated by Juno, began to bewail the +hard lot which compelled them to encounter again the perils of +the sea. Their discontent ultimately reached such a pitch that +they set fire to the vessels. When Æneas heard of this new +misfortune, he rushed down to the shore, tore his costly festal +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>370]</a></span> +garments, and cried to Heaven for assistance in this his time of +direst need.</p> + +<div class="cpoem22"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“‘Dread Sire, if Ilium’s lorn estate<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Deserve not yet thine utter hate,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">If still thine ancient faithfulness<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Give heed to mortals in distress,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Oh, let the fleet escape the flame!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Oh, save from death Troy’s dying name!’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Apparition of +Anchises.</div> + +<p>This prayer was instantly answered by a sudden severe shower, +which quenched the devouring flames. Soon after this miracle, +Anchises appeared to Æneas, and bade him leave +the women, children, and aged men in Sicily, and +travel on to Cumæ, where he was to consult the Sibyl, visit the +Infernal Regions, and there receive further advice from him.</p> + +<div class="cpoem18"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“First seek the halls of Dis below,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pass deep Avernus’ vale, and meet<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Your father in his own retreat.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Æneas again dutifully obeyed; but when Venus saw him afloat +once more, she hastened to Neptune, and bade him watch over +her unfortunate son. Neptune listened very graciously to her +appeal, and promised to take but one of all the many lives intrusted +to his care. That one was Æneas’ pilot, Palinurus, who, +falling asleep at the helm, fell overboard and was drowned.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Cumæan +Sibyl.</div> + +<p>As for the fleet, it reached the Cumæan shore in safety; and +Æneas hastened off to the Sibyl’s cave, made known his wish +to visit Hades, and entreated her to serve as his +guide in that perilous journey. She consented, +but at the same time informed him that he must first obtain a +golden twig, which grew in a dark forest.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">“None may reach the shades without<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The passport of that golden sprout.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>371]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 446px;"> +<a name="sibyl" id="sibyl"></a> +<img src="images/mgr73.jpg" width="446" height="600" +alt="Refer to caption" /> +<p class="caption">CUMÆAN SIBYL.—Domenichino. (Borghese Gallery, Rome.)</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>372]</a></span> +Almost despairing, Æneas now prayed for assistance; for how +could he find a tiny golden sprig in the midst of the dense forest +foliage without the gods’ aid? In answer to this appeal, Venus, +ever mindful of her son, sent two of her snowy doves to lead +the way and alight on the tree, where Æneas readily found the +object of his search.</p> + +<p>Armed with this branch as key, he and the Sibyl boldly entered +the Lower Regions, where all the ghastly sights and +sounds we have already described (p. <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>) met them on every side. +Charon quickly ferried them over the Acheron, on whose bank +they saw the wandering shade of Palinurus, who had no obolus +to pay his way across, and that of Dido, with a gaping wound +in her breast.</p> + +<p>They did not pause, however, until they reached the Elysian +Fields, where they found Anchises, gravely considering among +the unborn souls those who were destined to animate his race +and make it illustrious in the future. These he carefully pointed +out to Æneas, foretelling their future achievements, and called +by name Romulus, Brutus, Camillus, the Gracchi, Cæsar,—in +fact, all the heroes of Roman history.</p> + +<div class="cpoem25"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Anchises showed Æneas, in long line,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The illustrious shades of those who were to shine<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One day the glory of the Italian shore.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet smcap">Tomas de Iriarte.<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Arrival in +Latium.</div> + +<p>After a prolonged conversation with his father, Æneas returned +to his companions, and led them to the mouth of the Tiber, whose +course they followed until they reached Latium, +where their wanderings were to cease. Latinus, +king of the country, received them hospitably, and promised the +hand of his daughter Lavinia in marriage to Æneas.</p> + +<p>Lavinia was very beautiful, and had already had many suitors, +among whom Turnus, a neighboring prince, boasted of the most +exalted rank. The queen, Amata, specially favored this youth’s +suit; and the king would gladly have received him for a son-in-law, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>373]</a></span> +had he not twice been warned by the gods to reserve his +daughter for a foreign prince, who had now appeared.</p> + +<p>In spite of all the years which had elapsed since Paris scorned +her attractions and bribes (p. <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>), Juno had not yet forgotten her +hatred of the Trojan race, and, afraid lest her enemy’s course +should now prove too smooth, she sent Alecto, the Fury, down upon +earth to stir up war, and goad Amata to madness. The Fury +executed both commands, and Amata fled to the woods, where +she concealed her daughter Lavinia, to keep her safe for Turnus, +whom she preferred to Æneas.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">War with the +Latins.</div> + +<p>As Iulus and some companions had unfortunately wounded +the pet stag of Silvia, daughter of the head shepherd, a brawl +ensued, which, fomented by Alecto, soon developed +into a bloody war. Hostilities having thus begun, +Turnus, with the various Latin chiefs, immediately besought Latinus +to open the gates of Janus’ temple. He refused; but Juno, +afraid lest even now her plans might be set at naught, came +down from Olympus, and with her own hand flung wide the +brazen doors. This unexpected apparition kindled a general +ardor; new troops enlisted; and even Camilla, the Volscian +warrior-maiden, came to proffer her aid to Turnus.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Last marches forth for Latium’s sake<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Camilla fair, the Volscian maid,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A troop of horsemen in her wake<br /></span> +<span class="i1">In pomp of gleaming steel arrayed;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Stern warrior queen!”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Story of +Camilla.</div> + +<p>When but a babe in arms, Camilla had been carried off by her +father, as he fled before the Volscian troops. When he came +to the Amasenus River, he found his pursuers close +at his heels. Tying his infant daughter to his spear, +he hurled her to the opposite bank, which, thanks to Diana’s +aid, she reached unharmed, while her father plunged into the +waves to join her. In his gratitude to find her safe, he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>374]</a></span> +dedicated her to Diana, who trained her to love the chase and all +manly pursuits.</p> + +<p>Surprised to see Latinus’ friendly offers of hospitality so suddenly +withdrawn, Æneas made rapid preparations for war, and +sailed farther up the Tiber to secure the aid of Evander, king +of the Tuscans, the hereditary foe of the Latins. This monarch, +too old to lead his troops in person, nevertheless promised his +aid, and sent his beloved son Pallas in his stead to command the +troops he supplied.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Nisus and +Euryalus.</div> + +<p>Juno, still implacable, had in the mean while sent Iris to apprise +Turnus of Æneas’ departure, and to urge him to set fire to the +remainder of the fleet,—a suggestion which Turnus +joyfully obeyed. The Trojans, headed by young +Iulus, Æneas’ son, defended themselves with their usual courage; +but, seeing the enemy would soon overpower them, they dispatched +Nisus and Euryalus, two of their number, to warn Æneas +of their danger, and entreat him to hasten up with his reënforcements. +These unfortunate youths passed through the camp unseen, +but farther on fell into the hands of a troop of Volscian +horsemen, who cruelly put them to death, and then hurried +with the Rutules to lend assistance to Turnus. Next some of +the Trojan vessels were fired by the enemy; but, instead of +being consumed by the flames, they were changed into water +nymphs by the intervention of the gods, and, sailing down the +Tiber, met Æneas, and warned him to hasten to his son’s rescue.</p> + +<div class="cpoem18"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“His vessels change their guise,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And each and all as Nereids rise.”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil.</span><br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The +armor.</div> + +<p>In the mean while, Venus, who befriended the Trojans, had +sought Vulcan’s detested abode, and had prevailed upon him to +forge a beautiful armor for Æneas. On the shield, +which is minutely described in one of the books of +Virgil’s celebrated epic poem, the Æneid, were depicted many +of the stirring scenes in the lives of the future descendants of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>375]</a></span> +Æneas, the heroes of Roman history. As soon as this armor was +completed, Venus brought it to her son, who donned it with visible +pleasure, and, encouraged by his mother’s words, prepared +to meet the Latins and hold his own.</p> + +<p>Venus and Juno were not the only deities interested in the +coming struggle; for all the gods, having watched Æneas’ career, +were anxious about his fate. Seeing this, and fearful lest their +interference should still further endanger the hero whom he +favored, Jupiter assembled the gods on high Olympus, and +sternly forbade their taking any active part in the coming strife, +under penalty of his severe displeasure.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Æneas’ +arrival.</div> + +<p>Æneas and his Tuscan allies arrived on the battle scene just +in time to give the necessary support to the almost exhausted +Trojans; and now the fight raged more fiercely +than ever, and prodigies of valor were accomplished +on both sides, until finally young Pallas fell, slain by +Turnus. When aware of the death of this promising young +prince, Æneas’ heart was filled with grief, for he could imagine +the sorrow of the aged Evander when he saw his son’s corpse +brought home for burial; and he then and there registered a +solemn vow to avenge Pallas’ death by slaying Turnus, and immediately +hastened forth to keep his word.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Juno’s +treachery.</div> + +<p>In the mean while, Juno, suspecting what his purpose would +be, and afraid to allow Turnus to encounter such a formidable +antagonist as Æneas, had determined to lure her +favorite away from the field. To compass this, +she assumed the form of Æneas, challenged Turnus, and, as soon +as he began the fight, fled toward the river, and took refuge on +one of the vessels, closely pursued by him. No sooner did she +see the Rutule chief safe on board, than she loosed the vessel +from its moorings, and allowed it to drift down the stream, bearing +Turnus away from the scene of battle. Aware now of the +delusion practiced, Turnus raved, and accused the gods, and +then eagerly watched for an opportunity to land, and make his +way, alone and on foot, back to the scene of conflict.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Æneas’ +prowess.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>376]</a></span> +During Turnus’ involuntary absence, Æneas had ranged all over +the battlefield in search of him, and had encountered and slain +many warriors, among others Lausus and his aged +father Mezentius, two allies of Latinus, who had +specially distinguished themselves by their great valor. The +dead and dying covered the field, when Latinus, weary of bloodshed, +summoned a council, and again vainly tried to make peace. +But his efforts were of no avail. The war was renewed more +fiercely than ever; and in the next encounter, Camilla, the brave +Volscian maiden, fell at last, breathing a fervent entreaty that +Turnus should hasten to the succor of his despairing people if he +would not see them all slain and the town in the hands of the +Trojans.</p> + +<div class="cpoem21"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Go: my last charge to Turnus tell,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To haste with succor, and repel<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The Trojans from the town—farewell.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Æneas’ +wound.</div> + +<p>Shortly after her death, in the very midst of the fray, Æneas +suddenly felt himself wounded by an arrow sent by some mysterious +hand. He hastened to seek the aid of the +leech Iapis; but, in spite of his ministrations, the +barb could not be removed nor the wound dressed, until Venus +brought a magic herb, which instantly healed the hero, and +enabled him to return to the fight with unabated strength and +energy.</p> + +<p>The tide was now decidedly turning in favor of the Trojans; +for Amata, the Latin queen, sorry for her ill-advised opposition +to her daughter’s marriage with Æneas, brought Lavinia home +and hung herself in a fit of remorse.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of +Turnus.</div> + +<p>Æneas, appearing once more on the battlefield, finally encountered +the long-sought Turnus, who had made his way back, +and was now driving about in his chariot, jealously +guarded by his sister Juturna, who, the better to +watch over his safety, had taken the place of his chariot driver. +The two heroes, having met, instantly closed in deadly fight; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>377]</a></span> +but, in spite of Turnus’ bravery, he was finally obliged to succumb, +and sank to the ground, frankly acknowledging himself +beaten as he exhaled his last sigh.</p> + +<div class="cpoem20"> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“‘Yours is the victory: Latian bands<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Have seen me stretch imploring hands:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The bride Lavinia is your own:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thus far let foeman’s hate be shown.’”<br /></span> +<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington’s tr.).<br /></span> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Æneas’ +progeny.</div> + +<p>With the death of Turnus the war came to an end. A lasting +peace was made with Latinus; and the brave Trojan hero, whose +woes were now over, was united in marriage with +Lavinia. In concert with Latinus, he ruled the +Latins, and founded a city, which he called Lavinia in honor +of his bride, and which became for a time the capital of Latium.</p> + +<p>Æneas, as the gods had predicted, became the father of a +son named Æneas Silvia, who founded Alba Longa, where his +descendants reigned for many a year, and where one of his race, +the Vestal Virgin Ilia, after marrying Mars, gave birth to Remus +and Romulus, the founders of Rome (p. <a href="#Page_142"><b>142</b></a>).</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>378]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXX.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="vsmlfont">ANALYSIS OF MYTHS.</span></h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>“I shall indeed interpret all that I can, but I cannot interpret all that I +should like.”—<i>Grimm.</i></p> +</div> + + +<div class="sidenote">Early +theories.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">In</span> attempting an analysis of the foregoing myths, and an explanation +of their origin, it is impossible, in a work of this kind, +to do more than give a very superficial idea of +the scientific theories of various eminent mythologists, +who, on this subject, like doctors, are sure to disagree.</p> + +<p>These myths, comprising “the entire intellectual stock of the +age to which they belonged,” existed as “floating talk among +the people” long ere they passed into the literature of the nation; +and while to us mythology is merely “an affair of historical or +antiquarian study, we must remember that the interpretation of +myths was once a thing full of vital interest to men whose moral +and religious beliefs were deeply concerned.” Received at first +with implicit faith, these myths became a stumbling block as +civilization advanced. Cultured man recoiled from much of the +grossness which had appeared quite natural to his ancestors in a +savage state, and made an attempt to find out their primitive +meaning, or an explanation which would satisfy his purer taste.</p> + +<p>With the latter object in view, the sages and writers of old interpreted +all that seemed “silly and senseless” in mythology as +physical allegories,—a system subsequently carried to extremes +by many heathen philosophers in the vain hope of evading Christian +satire.</p> + +<p>Learned men have also explained these selfsame myths as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>379]</a></span> +historical facts disguised as metaphors, or as moral allegories, +which the choice of Hercules (p. <a href="#Page_218"><b>218</b></a>) undoubtedly is. Euhemerus +(316 B.C.) was the pioneer of the former theory, and +Bacon an exponent of the latter. Euhemerus’ method was exaggerated +by his disciples, who declared Zeus was merely a king of +Crete; his war with the giants, an attempt to repress a sedition; +Danae’s shower of gold (p. <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>), the money with which her guards +were bribed; Prometheus, a maker of clay images, “whence it +was hyperbolically said he created man out of clay;” and Atlas, +an astronomer, who was therefore spoken of as supporting the +weight of the heavens. This mode of interpretation was carried +to such an extreme that it became ridiculous, and the inevitable +reaction took place. In the course of time, however, the germ +of truth it contained was again brought to light; and very few +persons now refuse to believe that some of the heroic myths have +some slight historical basis, the “silly and senseless” element being +classed as accretions similar to the fabulous tales attached to the +indubitably historical name of Charlemagne. During the seventeenth +century, some philosophers, incited by “the resemblance +between biblical narrative and ancient myths, came to the conclusion +that the Bible contained a pure and the myths a distorted +form of an original revelation.” But within the past century new +theories have gradually gained ground: for the philologists have +attempted to prove that the myths arose from a “disease of +language;” while the anthropologists, basing their theory on +comparative mythology, declare “it is man, it is human thought +and human language combined, which naturally and necessarily +produced the strange conglomerate of ancient fable.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Modern +theories.</div> + +<p>As these two last-named schools have either successfully confuted +or incorporated the theories of all their predecessors, a +brief outline of their respective beliefs will not be +out of place. While philology compares only the +“myths of races which speak languages of the same family” (as +will shortly be demonstrated), anthropology resorts to all folklore, +and seeks for the origin of myths, not in language, which it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>380]</a></span> +considers only as a subordinate cause, but in the “condition of +thought through which all races have passed.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Anthropological +theory.</div> + +<p>The anthropologists, or comparative mythologists, do not deny +that during the moderate allowance of two hundred and fifty +thousand years, which they allot to the human race +on earth, the myths may have spread from a single +center, and either by migration, or by slave or wife stealing, or +by other natural or accidental methods, may have “wandered +all around the globe;” but they principally base their arguments +on the fact that just as flint arrowheads are found in all parts of +the world, differing but slightly in form and manufacture, so the +myths of all nations “resemble each other, because they were +formed to meet the same needs, out of the same materials.”</p> + +<p>They argue that this similarity exists, “not because the people +came from the same stock” (which is the philologist’s view), “but +because they passed through the same savage intellectual condition.” +By countless examples taken from the folklore of all +parts of the earth, they prove that the savage considers himself +akin to beasts (generally to the one whose image is used as a tribal +or family badge or totem), and “regards even plants, inanimate +objects, and the most abstract phenomena, as persons with human +parts and passions.” To the savage, “sun, moon, and stars are persons, +but savage persons;” and, as he believes “many of his own +tribe fellows to have the power of assuming the form of animals,” +he concedes the same privilege and power to sun, moon, and stars, +etc. This school further prove that all pre-Christian religions have +idols representing beasts, that all mythologies represent the gods +as fond of appearing in animal forms, and declare, that, although +the Greeks were a thoroughly civilized people, we can still find +in their mythology and religion “abundant survivals of savage +manners and savage myths.” They claim, that, during the myth-making +age, the ancestors of the Greeks were about on an intellectual +level with the present Australian Bushmen, and that +“everything in civilized mythologies which we regard as irrational, +seems only part of the accepted and rational order of things +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>381]</a></span> +to the contemporary savages, and in the past seemed equally +rational and natural to savages concerning whom we have historical +information.” Of course it is difficult, not to say impossible, +for civilized man to put himself in the savage’s place, and regard +things from his point of view. The nearest approach to primitive +intelligence which comes under our immediate observation is +the working of the minds of small children, who, before they can +talk intelligibly, whip the table or chair against which they have +bumped their heads, and later on delight in weaving the most extraordinary +tales. A little four-year-old seized a book and began +to “read a story;” that is to say, to improvise a very improbable +and highly colored tale of a pony. Forced to pause from +lack of breath, she resumed the thread of her narrative with the +words, “Now, this dog;” and, when it was suggested that the +story was about a pony, she emphatically replied, “Well, this pony +was a dog,” and continued. Now, either because she perceived +that the transformation had attracted attention, or to satisfy the +childish inborn taste for the marvelous, in the course of the next +few minutes the pony underwent as many transformations as +Proteus, all of which apparently seemed perfectly natural to her. +The anthropologists explain the tales of the various transformations +of Jupiter and his animal progeny “as in many cases survivals +of the totemistic belief in descent from beasts,” while the +mythologists explain them as “allegories of the fruitful union +of heaven and earth, of rain and grain.” The former school also +declare that the myth of Cupid and Psyche, which has its parallel +in stories found in all parts of the world, was invented to explain +curious marriage customs (for in some countries it is unlawful for +the husband to see his wife’s face until after she has given birth to +her first child, and in others a wife may not speak her husband’s +name): the latter school interpret the same myth as a beautiful +allegory of the soul and the union of faith and love.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Philological +theory.</div> + +<p>The philologists’ interpretation of myths is not only the most +accredited at the present time, but also the most poetical. We +therefore give a brief synopsis of their theory, together with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>382]</a></span> +an analysis, from their point of view, of the principal myths told +at length in the course of this work. According to this school, +“myths are the result of a disease of language, as +the pearl is the result of a disease of the oyster;” +the key to all mythologies lies in language; and the original names +of the gods, “ascertained by comparative philology, will be found, +as a rule, to denote elemental or physical phenomena,” that is, +phenomena of the sunshine, the clouds, rain, winds, fire, etc.</p> + +<p>To make their process of reasoning plain, it should be explained, +that as French, Spanish, and Italian are derived from the Latin, +even so Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit have a common source in a +much older language; that, even if Latin were entirely lost, the +similarity of the word “bridge,” for instance (<i>pons</i> in Latin), in +French (<i>pont</i>), in Spanish (<i>puente</i>), and in Italian (<i>ponte</i>), would +justify the conclusion that these terms had their origin in a common +language, and that the people who spoke it were familiar +with bridges, which they evidently called by some name phonetically +the same.</p> + +<p>Further to prove their position, they demonstrate the similarity +of the most common words in all the languages of the same +family, showing (as is the case with the word “father” in the accompanying +table) that they undergo but few changes in sixteen +different languages.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Sanskrit, <i>pitri</i>.<br /> +Zend, <i>paitar</i>.<br /> +Persian, <i>pader</i>.<br /> +Erse, <i>athair</i>.<br /> +Italian, <i>padre</i>.<br /> +Spanish, <i>padre</i>.<br /> +French, <i>père</i>.<br /> +Saxon, <i>fæder</i>.<br /> +Latin, <i>pater</i>.<br /> +Greek, pronounced <i>pätair</i>.<br /> +Gothic, <i>vatar</i>.<br /> +German, <i>vater</i>.<br /> +Dutch, <i>fader</i>.<br /> +Danish, <i>fader</i>.<br /> +Swedish, <i>fader</i>.<br /> +English, <i>father</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The most learned of all these philologists argues that during +the first or Rhematic period, there existed a tribe in Central Asia +which spoke a monosyllabic language, in which lay the germs of +the Turanian, Aryan, and Semitic forms of speech. This +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>383]</a></span> +Rhematic period was followed by the Nomadic or Agglutinative age, +when, little by little, the languages “received once for all that +peculiar impress of their formative system which we still find in +all the dialects and national idioms comprised under the name of +Aryan or Semitic;” that is to say, in the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, +Roman, Celt, Slav, and Teutonic languages, and in some three +thousand kindred dialects.</p> + +<p>After the Agglutinative period, and previous to the National era +and “the appearance of the first traces of literature,” he places +“a period represented everywhere by the same characteristic +features, called the Mythological or Mythopœic age.”</p> + +<p>It was during this period that the main part of the vast fund +of mythic lore is supposed to have crystallized; for primitive man, +knowing nothing whatever of physical laws, cause and effect, +and the “necessary regularity of things,” yet seeking an explanation +of the natural phenomena, described them in the only way +possible to him, and attributed to all inanimate objects his own +sentiments and passions, fancying them influenced by the same +things, in the same way. This tendency to personify or animate +everything is universal among savages, who are nothing but men +in the primitive state; and “in early philosophy throughout the +world, the sun, moon, and stars are alive, and, as it were, human +in their nature.” “Poetry has so far kept alive in our minds the +old animative theory of nature, that it is no great effort in us to +fancy the waterspout a huge giant or a sea monster, and to depict, +in what we call appropriate metaphor, its march across the +field of ocean.”</p> + +<p>As the names of the Greek gods and heroes have in a great +measure been found to correspond with the Sanskrit names of +physical things, we have been able to read some of the first +thoughts of primitive man; and “the obvious meaning” of many +words “did much to preserve vestiges of plain sense in classic +legend, in spite of all the efforts of the commentators.”</p> + +<p>According to the philologists, therefore, these thoughts had +already assumed a definite form in the remote epoch when many +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>384]</a></span> +nations, now scattered over the face of the earth, occupied the +same country, spoke the same language, and formed but one +people. Of course, “as long as such beings as Heaven or Sun +are consciously talked of in mythic language, the meaning of their +legends is open to no question, and the action ascribed to them +will as a rule be natural and appropriate;” but with the gradual diffusion +of this one people to various parts of the earth, the original +meaning of these words was entirely lost, and they came to be +looked upon eventually simply as the names of deities or heroes—very +much in the way that the word “good-by” has long survived +its original form as a conscious prayer, “God be with you!” and +the word “ostracism” has lost all connection with an oyster shell.</p> + +<p>The primitive meaning of a myth died away with the original +meaning of a word; and it is because “the Greek had forgotten +that Zeus (Jupiter) meant ‘the bright sky,’ that he could make +him king” over a company of manlike deities on Olympus.</p> + +<p>We can best explain how the many anomalies occur, and how +the myths got so tangled up together that now it is almost +impossible to disentangle them and trace them back to their +original meanings, by comparing their descent through the ages +to the course of a snowball, which, rolling down a mountain side, +gathers to itself snow, earth, rocks, etc., until, in the vast agglomeration +of kindred and foreign substances, the original nucleus +is entirely lost to sight.</p> + +<p>The fact that there are many different myths to explain the +same phenomenon can readily be accounted for by the old saying, +“circumstances alter cases.” Thus the heat of the sun, for +example, so beneficial at certain times, may prove baleful and +injurious at others.</p> + +<p>The philologists, who believe that all myths (except the imitative +myths, of which the tale of Berenice is a fair example) +were originally nature myths, have divided them into a few large +classes, which include the myths of the sky, the sun, dawn, daylight, +night, moon, earth, sea, clouds, fire, wind, and finally those +of the underworld and of the demons of drought and darkness.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>385]</a></span></p> + +<h3>SKY MYTHS.</h3> + +<div class="sidenote">Uranus.</div> + +<p>Taking them in the order in which they are presented in this +work, we find among the myths of the sky, Uranus, whose name, +like that of the old Hindoo god Varuna, is derived +from the Sanskrit root <i>var</i> (“to veil, conceal, +or cover”). This god was therefore a personification of the heavens, +which are spread out like a veil, and cover all the earth; and +we are further told that he hurled the thunder and lightning, his Cyclop +children, down from his abode into the abyss called Tartarus.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Jupiter.</div> + +<p>Zeus (or Jupiter), whose name is the same as the Hindoo +Dyaus Pitar, the god and personification of the bright sky or the +heavens, has likewise been traced to the Sanskrit +root <i>div</i> or <i>dyu</i>, meaning “to shine;” and there is +also a noun <i>dyu</i> in that language which means either “sky” or +“day.” In early times the name was applied to the one God, +and was therefore “retained by the Greeks and all other kindred +people to express all they felt toward God;” but as the +word also meant the visible sky, with its ever-changing aspect, +some of the phrases used to describe it came, in the course of +time, to denote vile and fickle actions, and apparently inconsistent +behavior.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Juno.</div> + +<p>The name of Hera (or Juno), the heavenly light, and therefore +the complement and consort of the sky, is supposed to be derived +from the Sanskrit <i>soar</i> (“the bright sky”) and <i>surya</i> +(“the sun”); and all the manifold changes which +at first merely denoted the varying atmosphere, by being personified, +gradually gave the impression of the jealous, capricious, +vengeful person whom poets and writers have taken pleasure in +depicting ever since.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Argus.</div> + +<p>Another personification of the sky, this time under the nocturnal +and starry aspect, is Argus, whose many bright eyes never +closed all at once, but kept constant watch over +the moon (Io)—confided to his care by the heavenly +light (Juno)—until at last their beams were quenched by +the wind and rain (Mercury).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>386]</a></span></p> + +<h3>SUN AND DAWN MYTHS.</h3> + +<div class="sidenote">Europa.</div> + +<p>The myths of the sun, from which it is almost impossible to +separate those of the dawn, are probably more numerous than +any others, and have some main features of resemblance +in all cases. The first sun myth mentioned +in the course of this work is the story of Europa, in which +Europa is “the broad spreading light,” born in Phœnicia (the +“purple land of morn”), the child of Telephassa (“she who +shines from afar”), carried away from her eastern birthplace by +the sky (Jupiter), closely pursued by the sun (her brother Cadmus), +who, after passing through many lands, slays a dragon (the +usual demon of drought or darkness), and sets (dies) at last without +having ever overtaken the light of dawn (Europa).</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Apollo.</div> + +<p>Apollo, whose name of Helios is pure Greek for “the sun,” +had therefore not lost all physical significance for the Hellenic +race, who worshiped in him the radiant personification +of the orb of day. Another of his appellations, +Phœbus (“the lord of life and light”), still further +emphasizes his character; and we are informed that he was +born of the sky (Jupiter) and of the dark night (Leto), in the +“bright land” (Delos), whence he daily starts on his westward +journey.</p> + +<p>Like all other solar heroes, Apollo is beautiful and golden-haired, +radiant and genial, armed with unerring weapons, which +he wields for good or evil, as the mood sways him. He is forced +to labor, against his will at times, for the benefit of man, as, for +instance, when he serves Admetus and Laomedon; and the +cattle, by which he evidently sets such store, are the fleecy +clouds, pasturing “in the infinite meadows of heaven,” whose full +udders drop down rain and fatness upon the land, which are +stolen away either by the wind (Mercury), or the storm demon +(Cacus), or the impious companions of Ulysses, who pay for +their sacrilegious temerity with their lives.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Coronis.</div> + +<p>The sun’s affinity for the dawn is depicted by his love for +Coronis, who, however beloved, falls beneath his bright darts; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>387]</a></span> +and, as “the sun was regarded naturally as the restorer of life” +after the blighting influence of winter and disease, so their offspring +(Æsculapius) was naturally supposed to have +been endowed with marvelous curative powers.</p> + +<p>The sun, for the same reason, was supposed to wage continual +warfare against cold, sickness, and disease, and to use his bright +beams or arrows against the demon of drought, darkness, or illness +(Python), which in some form or other inevitably appears in +every solar myth.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Daphne.</div> + +<p>In the story of Daphne, a name derived from <i>Dahana</i>, the +Sanskrit <i>dawn</i>, we find another version of the same story, where +the sun, although enamored with the dawn, causes +her death. As some mythologists have interpreted +it, Daphne is a personification of the morning dew, which vanishes +beneath the sun’s hot breath, and leaves no trace of its +passage except in the luxuriant verdure.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Cephalus and +Procris.</div> + +<p>In Cephalus and Procris the sun again appears, and his unerring +spear unwittingly causes the death of his beloved Procris +“while she lingers in a thicket (a place where the +dew lingers longest).” This interpretation has been +further confirmed by philological researches, which prove that +the name “Procris” originated from a Sanskrit word meaning +“to sprinkle;” and the stories evidently arose from three simple +phrases,—“‘the sun loves the dew,’ ‘the morning loves the +sun,’ and ‘the sun kills the dew.’”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Orpheus and +Eurydice.</div> + +<p>In the tale of Orpheus and Eurydice, while some mythologists +see in him a personification of the winds, which “tear up trees +as they course along, chanting their wild music,” +others see an emblem of “the morning, with its +short-lived beauty.” Eurydice, whose name, like that of Europa, +comes from a Sanskrit word denoting “the broad spreading flush +of the dawn across the sky,” is, of course, a personification of that +light, slain by “the serpent of darkness at twilight.”</p> + +<p>Orpheus is also sometimes considered as the sun, plunging into +an abyss of darkness, in hopes of overtaking the vanishing dawn, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>388]</a></span> +Eurydice; and as the light (Eurydice) reappears opposite the +place where he disappeared, but is no more seen after the sun +himself has fairly risen, “they say that Orpheus has turned around +too soon to look at her, and so was parted from the wife he loved +so dearly.”</p> + +<p>His death in the forest, when his strength had all forsaken +him, and his severed head floated down the stream murmuring +“Eurydice,” may also, perchance, have been intended to represent +either the last faint breath of the expiring wind, or the setting +of the sun in blood-tinged clouds.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Phaeton.</div> + +<p>In the story of Phaeton, whose name means “the bright and +shining one,” a description of the golden palace and car of the +sun is given us. We are told that the venturesome +young charioteer, by usurping his father’s place, +causes incalculable mischief, and, in punishment for his mismanagement +of the solar steeds (the fleecy white clouds), is hurled +from his exalted seat by a thunderbolt launched by the hand of +Jupiter.</p> + +<p>“This story arose from phrases which spoke of drought as +caused by the chariot of Helios, when driven by some one who +knew not how to guide his horses; and the smiting of Phaeton +by the bolt of Zeus is the ending of the time of drought by a +sudden storm of thunder.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Endymion.</div> + +<p>The story of Diana and Endymion has also been interpreted +as a sun myth, in which the name “Endymion” refers specially +to the dying or setting sun, who sinks to rest on +Mount Latmus (“the land of forgetfulness,” derived +from the same root as “Leto”). Müller, the great authority +in philology, tells us, that, in the ancient poetical and proverbial +language of Elis, people said, “Selene loves and watches Endymion,” +instead of saying, “It is getting late;” “Selene embraces +Endymion,” instead of, “The sun is setting and the moon is +rising;” “Selene kisses Endymion into sleep,” instead of, “It is +night.”</p> + +<p>These expressions remained long after their real meaning had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>389]</a></span> +ceased to be understood; and, as the human mind is generally as +anxious for a reason as ready to invent one, a story arose without +any conscious effort, that Endymion must have been a young lad +loved by a young maiden, Selene.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Adonis.</div> + +<p>In the story of Adonis some mythologists find another sun +myth, in which Adonis, the short-lived sun, is slain +by the boar, the demon of darkness, and passionately +mourned by the dawn or twilight (Venus), who utterly refuses +to exist without him.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tantalus.</div> + +<p>In the story of Tantalus (the sun), who in time of drought +offers to Jupiter the flesh of his own offspring, Pelops (the withered +fruits), and in punishment for his impiety +is doomed to hunger and torturing thirst, we have +again merely a story founded upon an expression used in time +of drought, when the sun’s heat, becoming too intense, burns up +the fruit his fostering rays had produced, and men exclaimed, +“Tantalus is slaying and roasting his own child!”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Sisyphus.</div> + +<p>In the same way the stone which Sisyphus painfully forced up +a steep ascent, only to see it go rolling down and plunge into +a dark abyss enveloped in a great cloud of dust, +has been interpreted to represent the sun, which +is no “sooner pushed up to the zenith, than it rolls down to the +horizon.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ixion.</div> + +<p>The name of Ixion has been identified with the Sanskrit word +<i>Akshanah</i>, denoting one who is bound to a wheel, and has been +proved akin “to the Greek <i>axôn</i>, the Latin <i>axis</i>, +and the English <i>axle</i>.” This whirling wheel of +fire is the bright orb of day, to which he was bound by order of +Jupiter (the sky) because he dared insult Juno (the queen of the +blue air); while Dia, his wife, is the dawn, the counterpart of +Europa, Coronis, Daphne, Procris, Eurydice, and Venus, in the +foregoing illustrations.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hercules.</div> + +<p>One of the greatest of all the solar heroes is doubtless the +demigod Hercules, born at Argos (a word signifying “brightness”) +from the sky (Jupiter) and the dawn (Alcmene), who, in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>390]</a></span> +early infancy, throttles the serpents of darkness, and who, with +untiring strength and patience, plods through life, never resting, +and always on his journey performing twelve great +tasks, interpreted to represent either the twelve +signs of the Zodiac, or the twelve months of the solar year, or +the twelve hours of daylight.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Iole.</div> + +<p>Like Apollo and Cadmus, Hercules is forced to labor for +mankind against his will. We see him early in life united to +Megara, and, like Tantalus, slaying his own offspring +in a sudden fit of madness. He loves and +is soon forced to leave Iole, the violet-colored clouds. He performs +great deeds, slays innumerable demons of drought and +darkness on his way, and visits the enchanted land of the Hesperides,—a +symbol of the western sky and clouds at sunset.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Deianeira.</div> + +<p>The main part of his life is spent with Deianeira (“the destroying +spouse”), a personification of the daylight; but toward the +end of his career he again encounters Iole, now +the beautiful twilight. It is then that Deianeira +(the daylight), jealous of her rival’s charms, sends him the bloody +Nessus robe, which he has no sooner donned, than he tears it +from his bleeding limbs, ascends the burning pile, and ends his +career in one grand blaze,—the emblem of the sun setting in a +framework of flaming crimson clouds.</p> + +<p>Like all solar heroes, he too has unerring poisoned weapons +(“the word <i>ios</i>, ‘a spear,’ is the same in sound as the word <i>ios</i>, +‘poison’”), of which he is shorn only at death.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Perseus.</div> + +<p>Perseus also belongs to this category of myths. Danae, his +mother, either the earth (<i>dano</i> means “burnt earth”) or the dawn, +a daughter of Acrisius (darkness), is born in Argos +(brightness). Loved by Jupiter, the all-embracing +sky, she gives birth to the golden-haired Perseus, a personification +of the radiant orb of day; and he, like many another +solar hero, is cast adrift immediately after his birth, owing to an +ominous prophecy that he will slay the darkness from which he +originally sprang.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>391]</a></span> +As soon as Perseus attains manhood, he is forced to journey +against his will into the distant land of the mists (the Grææ), and +conquer the terrible Medusa, “the starlit night, solemn in its +beauty, but doomed to die when the sun rises.” He accomplishes +this by means of his irresistible sword, the piercing rays of the +sun, and then passes on to encounter the monster of drought, +and to marry Andromeda, another personification of the dawn, +the offspring of Celeus and Cassiopeia, who also represent night +and darkness.</p> + +<p>In company with Andromeda, Perseus, whose name also signifies +“the destroyer,” revisits his native land, and fulfills the +prophecy by slaying Acrisius (the darkness), whence he originally +sprang.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Theseus.</div> + +<p>In the Athenian solar myth, Theseus is the sun, born of Ægeus +(the sea, derived from <i>aisso</i>, “to move quickly like the waves”) +and Æthra (the pure air). He lingers in his birthplace, +Trœzene, until he has acquired strength +enough to wield his invincible sword, then journeys onward in +search of his father, performing countless great deeds for the benefit +of mankind. He slays the Minotaur, the terrible monster of +darkness, and carries off the dawn (Ariadne); whom he is, however, +forced to abandon shortly after on the Island of Naxos.</p> + +<p>In his subsequent career we find him the involuntary cause of +his father’s death, then warring against the Centaurs (personifications +of the clouds, through which the victorious sun is sometimes +forced to fight his way), then again plunging for a short +space of time into the depths of Tartarus, whence he emerges +once more; and finally we see him uniting his fate to Phædra +(the twilight), a sister of the beautiful dawn he loved in his youth. +He ends his eventful career by being hurled headlong from a +cliff into the sea,—an emblem of the sun, which often seems to +plunge into the waves at eventide.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Argonauts.</div> + +<p>In the story of the Argonautic expedition we have Athamas, +who marries Nephele (the mist). Their children are Phryxus +and Helle (the cold and warm air, or personifications of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>392]</a></span> +clouds), carried off to the far east by the ram—whose golden +fleece was but an emblem of the rays of the sun—to enable +them to escape from the baleful influence of their +stepmother Ino (the broad daylight), who would +fain encompass their destruction.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Medea.</div> + +<p>Helle, an emblem of the condensation of vapor, falls from +her exalted seat into the sea, where she is lost. The ship Argo +“is a symbol of the earth as a parent, which contains +in itself the germs of all living things.” Its +crew is composed mainly of solar heroes, all in quest of the +golden fleece (the rays of the sun), which Jason recovers by the +aid of Medea (the dawn), after slaying the dragon (the demon of +drought). Æetes, Medea’s father, is a personification of the +darkness, which vainly attempts to recover his children, the +dawn and light (?), after they have been borne away by the all-conquering +sun.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Glauce.</div> + +<p>Glauce (the broad daylight) next charms Jason; and the +poisoned robe which causes her death is woven by Medea, now +the evening twilight, who mounts her dragon car +and flies to the far east, forsaking her husband (the +sun) in his old age, when he is about to sink into the sleep of +death.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Meleager.</div> + +<p>Meleager is also a solar hero. After joining the Argonautic +expedition, and wandering far and wide, he returns home, slays +the boar (or drought fiend), loves, but parts from, +Atalanta (the dawn maiden), and is finally slain +by his own mother, who casts into the flames the brand upon +which his existence depends.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Œdipus.</div> + +<p>In the Theban solar myth, Laius (derived from the same root +as “Leto” and “Latmus”) is the emblem of darkness, who, after +marrying Jocasta (like Iole, a personification of +the violet-tinted clouds of dawn), becomes the +father of Œdipus, doomed by fate to be the murderer of his father. +Early in life Œdipus is exposed on the barren hillside to perish,—an +emblem of the horizontal rays of the rising sun, which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>393]</a></span> +seem to lie for a while upon the mountain slopes, ere they rise +to begin their journey.</p> + +<p>He too, like Cadmus, Apollo, Hercules, Perseus, Theseus, +and Jason, is forced to wander far from home, and, after a prolonged +journey, encounters and slays Laius (the darkness), +from whom he derived his existence, and kills the dread monster +of drought, the Sphinx, whose very name means “one who binds +fast,”—a creature who had imprisoned the rain in the clouds, +and thus caused great distress.</p> + +<p>Urged on by unrelenting fate, he marries his own mother, +Jocasta, now the violet-tinted twilight, and ends his life amid +lightning flashes and rolls of thunder, after being accompanied to +the end of his course by Antigone (“the pale light which springs +up opposite the sun at his setting”). This story—which at first +was merely intended to signify that the sun (Œdipus) must slay +the darkness (Laius) and linger for a while beside the violet-colored +clouds (Jocasta)—having lost its physical meaning, the +Thebans added the tragic sequel, for it seemed but poetic justice +that the author of such crimes should receive signal punishment.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Eumenides.</div> + +<p>As the Eumenides, or Erinnyes, were at first merely the searching +light of day, from which nothing can be hidden, they came +gradually to be considered the detectives and +avengers of crime, and were therefore said to take +possession of a criminal at the end of his course, and hurry him +down into darkness to inflict horrible torments upon him.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bellerophon.</div> + +<p>In the story of Bellerophon, although the name originally +came from <i>Bellero</i> (some “power of darkness, drought, winter, +or moral evil”) and from <i>phon</i> or <i>phontes</i> (a word +derived from the Sanskrit <i>han-tâ</i>, “the killer”), +the Greeks, having forgotten the signification of the first part of +the word, declared this hero was the murderer of Bellero, his +brother, for which involuntary crime he was driven from home, +and forced to wander about in search of shelter.</p> + +<p>We find this hero, although enticed by Anteia (the dawn), +virtuously hastening away, then sent against his will to fight +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>394]</a></span> +the Chimæra (the monster of drought), whom he overcomes, +thanks to his weapon and to Pegasus (the clouds), born from +the mist of the sea, beneath whose hoofs fresh fountains were +wont to spring.</p> + +<p>Bellerophon, after many journeys, is finally united to Philonoe, +a personification of the twilight, and ends his career by being +hurled from the zenith into utter darkness by one of Jupiter’s +deadly thunderbolts.</p> + +<p>“The fall of Bellerophon is the rapid descent of the sun +toward evening, and the Alein plain is that broad expanse of +somber light through which the sun sometimes seems to travel +sullenly and alone to his setting.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Trojan war.</div> + +<p>In the story of the Trojan war there are several sun myths; +for Paris, Menelaus, Agamemnon, and Achilles have equal +claims to be considered personifications of the sun. +They love Œnone, Helen, Clytæmnestra, Briseis, +various impersonations of the dawn, and forsake, or are forsaken +by, their ladyloves, whom they meet again at the end of their +career: for Paris sees Œnone, and expires with her on the burning +pile; Menelaus recovers Helen, with whom he vanishes in +the far west; Agamemnon rejoins Clytæmnestra, and dies by her +hand in a bloody bath; while Achilles, after a period of sullen +gloom, meets with an untimely death shortly after recovering the +beautiful Briseis.</p> + +<p>Like Perseus and Œdipus, Paris is exposed in early infancy, +and lives to fulfill his destiny, and cause, though indirectly, the +death of his parents.</p> + +<p>In this myth, Helen (the beautiful dawn or twilight), whose +name corresponds phonetically with the Sanskrit <i>Sarama</i>, born of +the sky (Jupiter) and of the night (Leda, derived from the same +root as “Leto,” “Latmus,” and “Laius”), is carried away by Paris, +whom some mythologists identify with the Hindoo <i>Panis</i> (or +“night demons”) instead of the sun. In this character he entices +away the fickle twilight (Helen) during her husband’s temporary +absence, and bears her off to the far east, where, after struggling +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>395]</a></span> +for a while to retain possession of her and her treasures, he is +finally forced to relinquish her, and she returns to her husband +and her allegiance.</p> + +<p>The siege of Troy has thus been interpreted to signify “a +repetition of the daily siege of the east by the solar powers, that +every evening are robbed of their brightest treasures in the west.”</p> + +<p>Achilles, like several of his brother heroes, “fights in no +quarrel of his own; his wrath is the sun hiding his face behind +the clouds; the Myrmidons are his attendant beams, who no +longer appear when the sun is hidden; Patroclus is the feeble +reflection of the sun’s splendor, and stands to him in precisely +the same relation as Phaeton to Helios,” and, like him, meets +with an early death.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ulysses.</div> + +<p>In the story of Ulysses we find a reproduction of the story of +Hercules and Perseus: for Ulysses, early in life, after wedding +Penelope, is forced to leave her to fight for another; +and on his return, although longing to rejoin +his morning bride, he cannot turn aside from the course +marked out for him. He is detained by Circe (the moon), +who weaves airy tissues, and by Calypso (the nymph of darkness); +but neither can keep him forever, and he returns home +enveloped in an impenetrable disguise, after having visited the +Phæacian land (the land of clouds or mists). It is only after +he has slain the suitors of Penelope (the weaver of bright evening +clouds) that he casts aside his beggar’s garb to linger for a +short time beside her ere he vanishes in the west.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Minerva.</div> + +<p>The greater part of the dawn myths have been explained +simultaneously with the sun myths, with which they are inextricably +interwoven. One personification of the +dawn, however, stands apart. It is Minerva, whose +Greek name, Athene, is derived, like Daphne, from the Sanskrit +<i>Dahana</i>, or <i>ahana</i> (meaning “the light of daybreak”), and we +are thus enabled to understand why the Greeks described her as +sprung from the forehead of Zeus (the heavens). She gradually +became the impersonation of the illuminating and knowledge-giving +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>396]</a></span> +light of the sky; for in Sanskrit the same word also means +“to wake” and “to know,” while the Latins connected her name +of Minerva with <i>mens</i>, the same as the Greek <i>ménos</i> and the +English <i>mind</i>.</p> + + +<h3>MOON MYTHS.</h3> + +<div class="sidenote">Diana, Io, and +Circe.</div> + +<p>In the moon myths the most important personification is first +Diana, the horned huntress, “for to the ancients the moon was +not a lifeless ball of stones and clods.” Diana, +like Apollo, her twin brother, was also a child of +the sky (Jupiter) and of night (Latona), and, like him, was born +in the “bright land” (Delos). She also possessed bright and unerring +arrows, and in the course of her nightly journey she looked +lovingly down upon the sleeping face of the setting sun (Endymion).</p> + +<p>Io and Circe, already mentioned, are also personifications of +the moon, and Io’s wanderings represent its journeys across +the sky.</p> + + +<h3>EARTH MYTHS.</h3> + +<div class="sidenote">Gæa and +Rhea.</div> + +<p>In the earth myths, beside those already mentioned in connection +with the sun myths, we have Gæa and +Rhea, the mothers and consorts of the Sky and of +Time, who swallows his own children, “the Days, as they come +each in order.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ceres and +Proserpina.</div> + +<p>We have also Ceres or Demeter, “the mother of all things,” +and more particularly of “the maiden” Cora (or Proserpina), +whose loss she grievously mourned; for she had +been carried away by Pluto to the underworld, +whence she could only emerge at the command of Jupiter. +During the time of Ceres’ mourning, the earth remained barren, +and it seemed as though all mortal things must die. But when +Proserpina (the spring or vegetation) returned from her sojourn +under the ground, people said “that the daughter of the earth +was returning in all her beauty; and when summer faded into +winter, they said that the beautiful child had been stolen away +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>397]</a></span> +from her mother by dark beings, who kept her imprisoned beneath +the earth.” The sorrow of Ceres was therefore merely a +poetical way of expressing “the gloom which falls on the earth +during the cheerless months of winter.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Danae and +Semele.</div> + +<p>Danae, as a personification of the earth, was quickened by the +golden shower, the light of the morning, which streamed in upon +the darkness of the night. Semele has also been +interpreted as the earth, the chosen bride of the +sky, who brings forth her offspring in the midst of the thunder +and lightning of a summer storm.</p> + + +<h3>SEA MYTHS.</h3> + +<div class="sidenote">Oceanus and +Neptune.</div> + +<p>The myths of the sea comprise, of course, Oceanus and Neptune +(the earth-shaker), whose name is connected with such words +as “potent” and “despot,” and whose “green +hair circles all the earth.” We are further informed +that he loves the earth (Ceres), whom he embraces, and that he +marries the graceful undulating Amphitrite, whose gliding charms +appeal to him. Neptune’s palace is beneath the deep waters +near Greece, and he is said to ride about his realm in a swift +chariot drawn by golden or white maned steeds.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Nereus.</div> + +<p>Nereus, another personification of the sea, whose name is derived +from <i>nao</i> (“to flow”), is quite inseparable from his native +element, even in the Greeks’ conception of him, +as are also the Tritons, Oceanides, Nereides, and +the alluring Sirens; who, however, have also been viewed as personifications +of the winds.</p> + + +<h3>CLOUD MYTHS.</h3> + +<div class="sidenote">Charon.</div> + +<p>The cloud myths, to which frequent allusion has already been +made, comprise not only the cattle of the sun, the Centaurs, +Nephele, Phryxus, Helle, and Pegasus, but as, “in +primitive Aryan lore, the sky itself was a blue +sea, and the clouds were ships sailing over it,” so Charon’s boat +was supposed to be one of these vessels, and the gilded shallop +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>398]</a></span> +in which the sun daily made his pilgrimage back to the far east, +another.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Niobe.</div> + +<p>As the ancient Aryan had the same word to denote cloud and +mountain (“for the piles of vapor on the horizon were so like +Alpine ranges”), the cloud and mountain myths +are often the same. In the story of Niobe we +have one of the cloud myths. According to some mythologists, +Niobe herself is a personification of the clouds. Her many children, +the mists, are fully as beautiful as Apollo and Diana, by +whose bright darts they are ruthlessly slain. Niobe grieves so +sorely at their untimely death, that she dissolves in a rain of tears, +which turns into hard ice on the mountain summit. According +to other authorities, she was a personification of winter, and +her tears represented the thaw occasioned by the sunbeams +(Apollo’s arrows).</p> + + +<h3>FIRE MYTHS.</h3> + +<div class="sidenote">Cyclopes.</div> + +<p>The fire myths also form quite a large class, and comprise the +Cyclopes (the thunder and lightning), children of Heaven and +Earth, whose single blazing eye has been considered +an emblem of the sun. They forge the terrible +thunderbolts, the weapons of the sky (Jupiter), by means +of which he is enabled to triumph over all his enemies, and rule +supreme.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Titans.</div> + +<p>The Titans are emblems of the subterranean fires and the volcanic +forces of nature, which, hidden deep underground, occasionally +emerge, heave up great masses of rock, +and hurl them about with an accompaniment of +deafening roars, while their ponderous tread causes the very +earth beneath them to tremble.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Prometheus.</div> + +<p>In this group we also find Prometheus, whose name has been +traced to the Sanskrit <i>pramantha</i> (or “fire drill”). Learned men +have therefore proved that the “beneficent Titan, +who stole fire from heaven and bestowed it upon +mankind as the richest of boons,” was originally nothing but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>399]</a></span> +the lightning (“the celestial drill which churns fire out of the +clouds”); but the Greeks had so entirely forgotten this etymological +meaning, that they interpreted his name as the “fore-thinker,” +and considered him endowed with extraordinary prophetic +powers.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Vulcan.</div> + +<p>Vulcan (or Hephæstus), strictly “the brightness of the flame,” +another fire hero, is represented as very puny at birth, because the +flame comes from a tiny spark. His name is derived +from the Hindoo <i>agni</i>, whence come the +Latin <i>ignis</i> and the English verb <i>to ignite</i>. Vulcan dwells by +preference in the heart of volcanoes, where the intense heat +keeps the metals in fusion, and so malleable that he can mold +them at will; and, as “the association of the heavenly fire with +the life-giving forces of nature is very common,” the Hindoo +Agni was considered the patron of marriage as well as of fire; +and the Greeks, to carry out this idea, united their fire god, +Hephæstus, to the goddess of marriage, Aphrodite.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Vesta.</div> + +<p>The Greek Hestia (or Latin Vesta) was also a personification +of fire; and, her name having retained its primitive meaning to +a great extent, “she continued to the end, as she +had been from the beginning, the household altar, +the sanctuary of peace and equity, and the source of all happiness +and wealth.” Her office was not limited merely to the +hearths of households and cities, for it was supposed “that in +the center of the earth there was a hearth which answered to the +hearth placed in the center of the universe.”</p> + + +<h3>WIND MYTHS.</h3> + +<div class="sidenote">Mercury.</div> + +<p>In the myths of the wind, Mercury (or Hermes) was one of +the principal personifications. According to the ancients, he was +born of the sky (Jupiter) and the plains (Maia), +and after a very few hours’ existence assumed gigantic +proportions, stole away the cattle of the sun (the clouds), +and, after fanning up a great fire in which he consumed some of +the herd, glided back into his cradle at dawn. With a low, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>400]</a></span> +mocking chuckle at the recollection of the pranks he had played, +he sank finally into rest. His name, derived from the Sanskrit +<i>Sarameias</i>, means “the breeze of a summer morning;” and it is +in his capacity of god of the wind that he is supposed to waft +away the souls of the dead; for “the ancients held that in the +wind were the souls of the dead.” Mercury is the “lying, tricksome +wind god who invented music,” for his music is but “the +melody of the winds, which can awaken feelings of joy and sorrow, +of regret and yearning, of fear and hope, of vehement gladness +and utter despair.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Mars.</div> + +<p>Another personification of the wind was Mars (or Ares), born +of the sky (Jupiter) and of the heavenly light (Juno) in the bleak +land of Thrace, rejoicing in din and in the noise of +warfare. His nature is further revealed by his inconstancy +and capriciousness; and whenever he is overcome, +he is noted for his great roar. His name comes from the same +root as Maruts, the Indian god, and means the “grinder” or +“crusher.” It was first applied “to the storms which throw +heaven and earth into confusion, and hence the idea of Ares is +confined to mere disorder and tumult.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Otus and +Ephialtes.</div> + +<p>Otus and Ephialtes, the gigantic sons of Neptune, were also +at first merely personifications of the wind and hurricanes. The +name of the latter indicates “one who leaps.” +Although very short-lived, these giants were supposed +to increase rapidly in size, and assume colossal proportions, +which inspired the hearts of men and gods with terror, until they +saw them finally slain by the unfailing arrows of the sun.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Pan, Æolus, and +the Harpies.</div> + +<p>Pan, Æolus, his numerous progeny, and the Harpies, were also +wind divinities who never entirely lost their original +character with the Greeks, and were therefore +worshiped merely as personifications of the elements.</p> + + +<h3>UNDERWORLD MYTHS.</h3> + +<div class="sidenote">Cerberus +and Pluto.</div> + +<p>The myths of drought, darkness, and of the underworld have +sufficiently been dwelt upon as personified by Python, the Hydra, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>401]</a></span> +Geryones, the Gorgons, Grææ, Minotaur, Sphinx, Chimæra, etc.; +but their main personifications were Cerberus (the grim three-headed +guardian of the nether world) and Pluto (or +Aïdes), whose name means “the wealth-giver,” or +“the unseen,” who greedily drew all things down into his realm, +never to relinquish his grasp upon them.</p> + +<p>Such is the physical explanation of the various poetical myths +which form the staple of classic literature, and which have been a +fount of inspiration for poets and artists of all ages.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>402]</a></span></p> + +<h2>GENEALOGICAL TABLE.</h2> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<img src="images/tree-t.png" width="800" height="557" +alt="Genealogical table showing relationships between mythological figures" /> +</div> + +<p class="link"><a href="images/tree.png">See larger image</a></p> + +<p>{Transcription:</p> + +<p>Chaos (M) married Nyx (F).<br /> +Their child was Erebus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree1">Erebus (M) married Nyx (F).<br /> +Their children were Hemera (F), Æther (M), Charon (M), Eris (F), +Somnus (M) and Mors (M).</p> + +<p class="tree2">Hemera (F) married Æther (M).<br /> +Their children were Gæa (F), Eros (M) and Pontus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree3">Gæa (F) had a child, Uranus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree4">Uranus (M) married Gæa (F).<br /> +Their children were Oceanus (M), Thetis (F), Cœus (M), Phœbe (F), Iapetus (M), +Hyperion (M), Crius (M), Themis (F), Ilia (F), Cronus (M), Rhea (F), Mnemosyne (F), +Brontes (M), Steropes (M), Arges (M), Briareus (M), Cottus (M), Gyes (M), Typhœus (M), +Enceladus (M), Antæus (M), Harpies (F), Tityus (M) and Nereus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree5">Oceanus (M) married Thetis (F).<br /> +Their children were Achelous (M), Alpheus (M), Peneus (M), Inachus (M), Proteus (M), +Doris (F), Metis (F), Clymene (F), Æthra (F), Calypso (F), Clytie (F) and Electra (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Achelous (M) married Calliope (F).<br /> +Their children were Sirens (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Alpheus (M) married Arethusa (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Peneus (M) married Gæa (F).<br /> +Their child was Daphne (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Inachus (M) had a child, Io (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Doris (F) married Nereus (M).<br /> +Their children were Amphitrite (F), Dione (F), Arethusa (F), Galatea (F), +Thetis (F) and Clymene (F).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Amphitrite (F) married Neptune (M).<br /> +Their child was Triton (M).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Dione (F) married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their child was Venus (F).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Galatea (F) married Acis (M).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Thetis (F) married Peleus (M).<br /> +Their child was Achilles (M).</p> + +<p class="tree8">Achilles (M) had a child, Pyrrhus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree9">Pyrrhus (M) married Hermione (F).<br /> +Hermione’s parents were Menelaus (M) and Helen (F).<br /> +Menelaus (M) had a sibling, Agamemnon (M).<br /> +Their parent was Atreus (M).<br /> +Atreus’ (M) parent was Pelops (M).<br /> +Pelops (M) had a sibling, Niobe (F).<br /> +Their parent was Tantalus (M).<br /> +Niobe (F) married Amphion (M).<br /> +Amphion (M) had a sibling, Zethus (M).<br /> +Their parents were Jupiter (M) and Antiope (F).<br /> +Antiope (F) also married Lycus (M), and Lycus (M) also married Dirce (F).<br /> +Agamemnon (M) married Clytæmnestra (F).<br /> +Their children were Iphigenia (F), Electra (F) and Orestes (M).<br /> +Electra (F) married Pylades (M).<br /> +Clytæmnestra (F) had three siblings, Helen (F), Castor (M) and Pollux (M)<br /> +Their parents were Tyndareus (M) and Leda (F).<br /> +Leda (F) also married Jupiter (M).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Clymene (F) married Apollo (M).<br /> +Their children were Heliades (F) and Phaeton (M).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Metis (F) married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their child was Minerva (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Clymene (F) married Iapetus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Æthra (F) married Atlas (M).<br /> +Their children were Pleiades (F) and Maia (F).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Maia (F) married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their child was Mercury (M).</p> + +<p class="tree8">Mercury (M) married Penelope (F).<br /> +Their child was Pan (M).<br /> +Penelope (F) also married Ulysses (M).<br /> +Their child was Telemachus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Calypso (F) married Ulysses (M).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Electra (F) married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their child was Dardanus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Dardanus (M) married Batea (F), whose parent was Teucer (M).<br /> +Their descendants were Laomedon (M) and Themis (F).</p> + +<p class="tree8">Laomedon (M) had three children, Priam (M), Hesione (F) and Tithonus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree9">Priam (M) married Hecuba (F).<br /> +Their children were Hector (M), Paris (M), Cassandra (F), Polites (M), +Polyxena (F) and Deiphobus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree10">Hector (M) married Andromache (F).</p> + +<p class="tree10">Paris (M) married Helen (F).</p> + +<p class="tree10">Deiphobus (M) married Helen (F).</p> + +<p class="tree9">Hesione (F) married Telamon (M).<br /> +Their child was Ajax (M).</p> + +<p class="tree9">Tithonus (M) married Aurora (F).</p> + +<p class="tree8">Themis (F) married Capys (M).<br /> +Their child was Anchises (M).</p> + +<p class="tree9">Anchises (M) married Venus (F).<br /> +Their child was Æneas (M).</p> + +<p class="tree10">Æneas (M) married Lavinia (F).<br /> +Their child was Æneas Silvia (M).<br /> +Æneas (M) also married Creusa (F).<br /> +Their child was Iulus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree11">Æneas Silvia’s (M) descendant was Numitor (M).</p> + +<p class="tree12">Numitor (M) had a child, Ilia (F).</p> + +<p class="tree13">Ilia (F) married Mars (M).<br /> +Their children were Remus (M) and Romulus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree5">Cœus (M) married Phœbe (F).<br /> +Their child was Latona (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Latona (F) married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their children were Apollo (M) and Diana (F).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Apollo (M) married Diana (F).<br /> +Apollo (M) also married Coronis (F).<br /> +Their child was Æsculapius (M).<br /> +Coronis (F) had a sibling, Ixion (M)<br /> +Their parent was Mars (M).<br /> +Ixion (M) married Dia (F).<br /> +Their children were Centaurs (M) and Pirithous (M).</p> + +<p class="tree8">Æsculapius (M) had two children, Machaon (M) and Hygeia (F).</p> + +<p class="tree8">Pirithous married Hippodamia (F).</p> + +<p class="tree5">Iapetus (M) married Clymene (F).<br /> +Their children were Menetius (M), Atlas (M), Hesperus (M), Epimetheus (M) and +Prometheus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Hesperus (M) had a child, Hesperides (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Epimetheus (M) married Pandora (F).<br /> +Their child was Pyrrha (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Prometheus (M) had a child, Deucalion (M).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Pyrrha (F) married Deucalion (M).<br /> +Their child was Hellen (M).</p> + +<p class="tree8">Hellen (M) had three children, Æolus (M), Dorus (M) and Xuthus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree9">Æolus (M) had two children, Salmoneus (M) and Sisyphus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree10">Salmoneus (M) had a child, Tyro (F).</p> + +<p class="tree11">Tyro (F) married Neptune (M).<br /> +Their children were Æson (M), Pelias (M) and Neleus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree12">Æson (M) had a child, Jason (M).</p> + +<p class="tree13">Jason (M) married Medea (F).<br /> +Medea (F) had a sibling, Absyrtus (M).<br /> +Their parent was Æetes (M).<br /> +Æetes (M) had two siblings, Pasiphæ (F) and Circe (F).<br /> +Their parent was Sol (M).</p> + +<p class="tree12">Neleus (M) had a child, Nestor (M).</p> + +<p class="tree10">Sisyphus (M) had a child, Glaucus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree11">Glaucus (M) had a child, Bellerophon (M).</p> + +<p class="tree12">Bellerophon (M) married Philonoë (F).</p> + +<p class="tree9">Xuthus (M) had two children, Ion (M) and Achæus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree5">Hyperion (M) married Gæa (F).<br /> +Their child was Aurora (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Aurora (F) married Æolus (M).<br /> +Their children were Boreas (M), Corus (M), Eurus (M), Notus (M), Aquilo (M) and +Zephyrus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Boreas (M) married Orithyia (F).<br /> +Their children were Zetus (M), Calais (M), Cleopatra (F) and Chione (F).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Zephyrus (M) married Flora (F).</p> + +<p class="tree5">Themis (F) married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their children were Parcæ (F) and Horæ (F).</p> + +<p class="tree5">Cronus (M) married Rhea (F).<br /> +Their children were Vesta (F), Juno (F), Jupiter (M), Neptune (M), Ceres (F) and Pluto (M).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Juno (F) married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their children were Mars (M), Vulcan (M) and Hebe (F).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Mars (M) married Venus (F).<br /> +Their children were Anteros (M), Cupid (M) and Harmonia (F).</p> + +<p class="tree8">Cupid (M) married Psyche (F).</p> + +<p class="tree8">Harmonia (F) married Cadmus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Vulcan (M) married Medusa (F).<br /> +Their children were Cacus (M), Periphetes (M) and Cercyon (M).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Hebe (F) married Hercules (M).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Jupiter (M) married Io (F).<br /> +Their child was Epaphus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Epaphus (M) had a child, Libya (F).</p> + +<p class="tree8">Libya (F) married Neptune (M).<br /> +Their children were Agenor (M) and Belus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree9">Agenor (M) married Telephassa (F).<br /> +Their children were Cadmus (M), Cilix (M), Phœnix (M) and Europa (F).</p> + +<p class="tree10">Cadmus (M) married Harmonia (F).<br /> +Their children were Ino (F), Autonoe (F), Agave (F), Semele (F) and Polydorus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree11">Ino (F) married Athamas (M).<br /> +Their children were Palæmon (M) and Learchus (M).<br /> +Athamas (M) also married Nephele (F).<br /> +Their children were Phryxus (M) and Helle (F).</p> + +<p class="tree11">Autonoe (F) married Aristæus (M).<br /> +Their child was Actæon (M).</p> + +<p class="tree11">Agave (F) had a child, Pentheus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree11">Semele (F) married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their child was Bacchus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree12">Bacchus (M) married Ariadne (F).</p> + +<p class="tree11">Polydorus (M) had a child, Labdacus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree12">Labdacus (M) had a child, Laius (M).</p> + +<p class="tree13">Laius (M) married Jocasta (F).<br /> +Their child was Œdipus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree14">Œdipus married Jocasta (F).<br /> +Their children were Eteocles (M), Polynices (M), Antigone (F) and +Ismene (F).</p> + +<p class="tree10">Europa (F) married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their children were Sarpedon (M), Rhadamanthus (M) and Minos (M).</p> + +<p class="tree11">Minos’ (M) descendant was Minos (M).</p> + +<p class="tree12">Minos (M) married Pasiphae (F).<br /> +Their children were Phædra (F) and Ariadne (F).</p> + +<p class="tree13">Phaedra (F) married Theseus (M), whose parents were Ægeus (M) and Æthra (F).<br /> +Theseus (M) also married Hippolyte (F).<br /> +Their child was Hippolytus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree13">Ariadne (F) married Bacchus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree9">Belus (M) had four children, Pygmalion (M), Dido (F), Danaus (M) and Ægyptus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree10">Dido (F) married Sychæus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree10">Danaus’ (M) children were the Danaides (F).</p> + +<p class="tree10">Ægyptus (M) had 50 sons.</p> + +<p class="tree11">The Danaides (F) married the 50 sons.<br /> +Their descendant was Acrisius (M).</p> + +<p class="tree12">Acrisius (M) had a child, Danae (F).</p> + +<p class="tree13">Danae (F) married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their child was Perseus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree14">Perseus (M) married Andromeda (F), whose parents were Celeus (M) and +Cassiopeia (F).<br /> +Their children were Alcæus (M), Electryon (M) and Sthenelus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree15">Alcæus (M) had a child, Amphitryon (M).</p> + +<p class="tree15">Electryon (M) had a child, Alcmene (F).</p> + +<p class="tree16">Amphitryon (M) married Alcmene (F).<br /> +Their child was Iphicles (M).</p> + +<p class="tree17">Iphicles (M) had a child, Iolaus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree16">Alcmene (F) also married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their child was Hercules (M).</p> + +<p class="tree17">Hercules (M) married Deianeira (F), whose sibling was Meleager (M), +and whose parents were Œneus (M) and Althæa (F).<br /> +Their child was Hyllus (M), who married Iole (F).</p> + +<p class="tree15">Sthenelus (M) had a child, Eurystheus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree16">Eurystheus (M) had a child, Admete (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Neptune (M) married Amphitrite (F).<br /> +Their child was Triton (M).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Ceres (F) married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their child was Proserpina (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Pluto (M) married Proserpina (F).</p> + +<p class="tree5">Mnemosyne (F) married Jupiter (M).<br /> +Their children were Clio (F), Calliope (F), Thalia (F), Euterpe (F), Urania (F), +Melpomene (F), Terpsichore (F), Polyhymnia (F) and Erato (F).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Clio (F) had a child, Hymen (M).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Calliope (F) had a child, Orpheus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree7">Orpheus (M) married Eurydice (F).</p> + +<p class="tree5">Typhœus (M) had three children, Hydra (M), Cerberus (M) and Chimæra (M).</p> + +<p class="tree6">Chimæra (M) had two children, Nemean Lion (M) and Sphinx (F).</p> + +<p class="tree3">Pontus (M) had a child, Phorcys (M).</p> + +<p class="tree4">Phorcys (M) had four children, Bellona (F), Stheno (F), Euryale (F) and Medusa (F).</p> + +<p class="tree5">Medusa (F) married Neptune (M).<br /> +Their children were Pegasus (M) and Polyphemus (M).</p> + +<p class="tree2">Somnus (M) had a child, Morpheus (M).}</p> + + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403"><!-- second page of genealogical table --></a></span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404"><!-- blank page --></a></span></p> + + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>405]</a></span></p> + +<h2>INDEX TO POETICAL QUOTATIONS.</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<a href="#A1">A</a> <a href="#B1">B</a> <a href="#C1">C</a> +<a href="#D1">D</a> <a href="#E1">E</a> <a href="#F1">F</a> +<a href="#G1">G</a> <a href="#H1">H</a> <a href="#I1">I</a> +<a href="#K1">K</a> <a href="#L1">L</a> <a href="#M1">M</a> +<a href="#N1">N</a> <a href="#O1">O</a> <a href="#P1">P</a> +<a href="#Q1">Q</a> <a href="#S1">S</a> <a href="#T1">T</a> +<a href="#V1">V</a> <a href="#W1">W</a> <a href="#Y1">Y</a> +</p> + +<p class="index"><a name="A1" id="A1"></a> +Addison, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, +<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, +<a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</p> + +<p>Æschylus, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Akenside, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</p> + +<p>Apollonius, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</p> + +<p>Apollonius Rhodius, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</p> + +<p>Arion, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</p> + +<p>Aristophanes, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p> + +<p>Arnold, Edwin, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p> + +<p>Arnold, Matthew, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="B1" id="B1"></a> +Beaumont and Fletcher, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</p> + +<p>Bion, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</p> + +<p>Boyesen, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p> + +<p>Browning, E. B., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p> + +<p>Bryant, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, +<a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, +<a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, +<a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, +<a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, +<a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, +<a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, +<a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, +<a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, +<a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, +<a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</p> + +<p>Byron, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, +<a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="C1" id="C1"></a> +Catullus, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, +<a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</p> + +<p>Chapman, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p> + +<p>Coluthus, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</p> + +<p>Conington, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, +<a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, +<a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, +<a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, +<a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, +<a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, +<a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, +<a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</p> + +<p>Cornwall, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</p> + +<p>Cowper, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</p> + +<p>Croxall, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="D1" id="D1"></a> +Darwin, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, +<a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</p> + +<p>Dryden, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, +<a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, +<a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="E1" id="E1"></a> +Elton, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, +<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, +<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, +<a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, +<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, +<a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, +<a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, +<a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</p> + +<p>Emerson, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</p> + +<p>Euripides, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, +<a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</p> + +<p>Eusden, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="F1" id="F1"></a> +Flaccus, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, +<a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</p> + +<p>Fletcher, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</p> + +<p>Francklin, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, +<a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, +<a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, +<a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, +<a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</p> + +<p>Frere, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="G1" id="G1"></a> +Goldsmith, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</p> + +<p>Gray, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="H1" id="H1"></a> +Hemans, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</p> + +<p>H. H. (Helen Hunt Jackson), <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</p> + +<p>Hesiod, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, +<a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, +<a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</p> + +<p>Holmes, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</p> + +<p>Homer, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, +<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, +<a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, +<a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, +<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, +<a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, +<a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, +<a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, +<a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, +<a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, +<a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, +<a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, +<a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, +<a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</p> + +<p>Homeric Hymn, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</p> + +<p>Horace, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</p> + +<p>Hunt, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="I1" id="I1"></a> +Ingelow, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</p> + +<p>Iriarte, Tomas de, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="K1" id="K1"></a> +Keats, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, +<a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, +<a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, +<a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, +<a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="L1" id="L1"></a> +Landon, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</p> + +<p>Longfellow, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, +<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</p> + +<p>Lowell, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, +<a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</p> + +<p>Lucan, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="M1" id="M1"></a> +Macaulay, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</p> + +<p>Martinez de la Rosa, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</p> + +<p>Melanippides, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</p> + +<p>Meleager, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p> + +<p>Meredith, Owen, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</p> + +<p>Milton, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, +<a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</p> + +<p>Moore, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, +<a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</p> + +<p>Morris, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, +<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, +<a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, +<a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, +<a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</p> + +<p>Moschus, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="N1" id="N1"></a> +Nonnus, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="O1" id="O1"></a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>406]</a></span> +Onomacritus, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</p> + +<p>Orphic Argonautics, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</p> + +<p>Orphic Hymn, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p> + +<p>Ovid, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, +<a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, +<a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, +<a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, +<a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="P1" id="P1"></a> +Pike, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p> + +<p>Pindar, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</p> + +<p>Pitt, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</p> + +<p>Pope, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, +<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, +<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, +<a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</p> + +<p>Potter, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, +<a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</p> + +<p>Prior, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, +<a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="Q1" id="Q1"></a> +Quintus Smyrnæus, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="S1" id="S1"></a> +St. John, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Saxe, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, +<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, +<a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Schiller, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</p> + +<p>Scott, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</p> + +<p>S. G. B., <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</p> + +<p>Shakespeare, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</p> + +<p>Shelley, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Simonides, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Somerville, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</p> + +<p>Sophocles, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, +<a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, +<a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, +<a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, +<a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</p> + +<p>Southey, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</p> + +<p>Spenser, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</p> + +<p>Statius, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</p> + +<p>Swift, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="T1" id="T1"></a> +Tennyson, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, +<a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, +<a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</p> + +<p>Theocritus, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</p> + +<p>Timocreon of Rhodes, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="V1" id="V1"></a> +Virgil, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, +<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, +<a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, +<a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, +<a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, +<a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, +<a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, +<a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, +<a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, +<a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, +<a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="W1" id="W1"></a> +Warton, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</p> + +<p>Wordsworth, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, +<a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, +<a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</p> + +<p>Worsley, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="Y1" id="Y1"></a> +Young, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</p> + + + +<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>407]</a></span></p> + +<h2>GLOSSARY AND INDEX.</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<a href="#A">A</a> <a href="#B">B</a> <a href="#C">C</a> +<a href="#D">D</a> <a href="#E">E</a> <a href="#F">F</a> +<a href="#G">G</a> <a href="#H">H</a> <a href="#I">I</a> +<a href="#J">J</a> <a href="#K">K</a> <a href="#L">L</a> +<a href="#M">M</a> <a href="#N">N</a> <a href="#O">O</a> +<a href="#P">P</a> <a href="#Q">Q</a> <a href="#R">R</a> +<a href="#S">S</a> <a href="#T">T</a> <a href="#U">U</a> +<a href="#V">V</a> <a href="#Z">Z</a> +</p> + + + + + +<p class="index"><a name="A" id="A"></a> +<span class="smcap">Ab-syr´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of King Æetes of Colchis;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Medea, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-by´dus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">A city of Asia Minor;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the home of Leander, <a href="#Page_111">111-116</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-chæ´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Grandson of Hellen, and ancestor of the Achaians, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-cha´i-ans.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Inhabitants of the province of Achaia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-cha´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Friend and inseparable companion of Æneas, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, +<a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ach-e-lo´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River in Greece, bearing the name of its god, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ach-e-men´i-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses’ sailor, rescued from Polyphemus by Æneas, +<a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ach´e-ron.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. River in Hades, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Ulysses visits, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Æneas crosses, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Father of Furies, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-chil´les.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Peleus and Thetis, <a href="#Page_314">314-316</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">surrenders Briseis, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the Greeks appeal to, <a href="#Page_323">323-325</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slays Hector, <a href="#Page_326">326-329</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">death, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">in Happy Isles, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Pyrrhus, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A´cis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Youth loved by Galatea, and slain by Polyphemus, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-cris´i-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Argos, and father of Danae, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, +<a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-crop´o-lis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hill in Athens, the site of the Parthenon and Theseus’ temple, +<a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ac-tæ´on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hunter changed to a stag by Diana, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, +<a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ad-me´te.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Eurystheus, covets Hippolyte’s girdle, +<a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ad-me´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Thessaly, served by Apollo, and saved from death by Alcestis, +<a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules restores Alcestis to, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">one of the Argonauts, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">in Calydonian Hunt, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-do´nis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hunter loved by Venus and slain by a boar, <a href="#Page_108">108-110</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-dras´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Argos;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">his horse Arion, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Hippodamia, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">sends expedition against Thebes, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ´a-cus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the three judges of the dead in Hades, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-æ´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island inhabited by Circe and visited by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_347">347-350</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-e´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Colchis, father of Medea and Absyrtus, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, +<a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">brother of Circe, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-ge´an Sea.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Delos chained in, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Arion borne by dolphins in, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">named after Ægeus, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-ge´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Athens;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Theseus, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, +<a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">drowns himself, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ´gis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shield or breastplate of Minerva and Jupiter, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">loaned to Perseus, <a href="#Page_243">243;</a></span><br /> +<span class="in1">bears Medusa’s head, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-gis´thus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Murderer of Agamemnon;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æg´le.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Heliades;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">changed to a poplar tree, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-gyp´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Brother of Danaus, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-ne´a-dæ.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City which Æneas proposed to found in Thrace, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-ne´as.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Venus and Anchises, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas’ descendants, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">worship introduced into Italy by, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">hero of Virgil’s Æneid, <a href="#Page_360">360-377</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>408]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Æ-ne´as Sil´vi-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Æneas;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">founder of Alba Longa, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-ne´id.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Virgil’s epic poem on the adventures of Æneas, +<a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-o´li-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Same as Æolian Islands.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. In Asia Minor, near Ægean Sea, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-o´li-an Islands.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The home of Æolus, god of the winds, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, +<a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">supposed to be Lipari Islands, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-o´li-an Race.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Descendants of Æolus, son of Hellen, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ´o-lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. God of the winds, <a href="#Page_213">213-215</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Juno’s bargain with, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">gift to Ulysses, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">destruction of Æneas’ fleet, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Son of Hellen, founder of the Æolian race, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æs-cu-la´pi-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Apollo and Coronis, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, +<a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Machaon, son of, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ´son.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Father of Jason, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">rejuvenated by Medea, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ´ther.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of light, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">dethroned, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ´thra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Princess of Trœzene, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Theseus, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Helen intrusted to, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æt´na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Volcano in Sicily, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the tomb of Enceladus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">forge of Vulcan, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, +<a href="#Page_326">326</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ceres’ visit to, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æ-to´li-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Country between Epirus and Locris, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Af´ri-ca.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules’ visit to, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, +<a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Afterthought.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Epimetheus, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ag-a-mem´non.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chief of the expedition against Troy, <a href="#Page_314">314-319</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">return of, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">troops of, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-ga´ve.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mother of Pentheus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">infuriated by Bacchus, slays her son, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-ge´nor.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Father of Europa, Cadmus, Cilix, Phœnix, <a href="#Page_44">44-47</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ag-la´ia.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Graces;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">an attendant of Venus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-ï´des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Pluto;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-ï-do´neus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Pluto, god of the Infernal Regions, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A´jax.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Greek hero in Trojan war, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Patroclus’ corpse recovered by, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">insanity of, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Al´ba Lon´ga.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City in Italy founded by Æneas Silvia, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Al-ces´tis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Admetus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">dies to save his life, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">restored by Hercules, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Al-ci´des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Hercules, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">lion skin of, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Deianeira accompanies, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Deianeira’s charm for, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">pose of, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Al-cim´e-de.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Queen of Iolcus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Jason, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Al-cin´o-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Phæacian king, enables Ulysses to reach Ithaca, +<a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Al-cip´pe.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Mars;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">carried off by Halirrhothius, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Alc-me´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Jupiter, and mother of Hercules, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, +<a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-lec´to.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Furies, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">sent by Juno to kindle war between Æneas and the Latins, +<a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-lec´try-on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Servant of Mars;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">changed to a cock, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Al-phe´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. River of Peloponnesus;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">dammed to clean Augean stable, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. The river god who pursued Arethusa, <a href="#Page_190">190-193</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Al-thæ´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mother of Meleager, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Am-al-the´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Goat which nursed Jupiter, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Am-a-se´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River over which Metabus flung Camilla, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-ma´ta.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Latinus, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">driven mad by Alecto, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">suicide of, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Am´a-zons.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nation of warlike women;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules visits, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Theseus visits, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bellerophon visits, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Queen of the, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Am-bro´si-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Celestial food used by the gods, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">gods deprived of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Am´mon.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Temple of Jupiter in Libya, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A´mor.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Eros, Cupid, etc.;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">god of love, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Venus and Mars, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Am-phi´on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Antiope;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">musician;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Thebes, <a href="#Page_80">80-82</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Am-phi-tri´te.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Salacia, queen of the sea;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Neptune, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">train of, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>409]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">An-chi´ses.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Husband of Venus, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Æneas, <a href="#Page_360">360-362</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">prophecy recalled by, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">death of, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">death anniversary of, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas’ visit to, <a href="#Page_370">370-372</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An-ci´le.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shield of Mars, guarded by the Salii in Rome, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An-dræ´mon.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Husband of Dryope;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">saw her changed to a tree, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An-drom´a-che.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Hector;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">parting of Hector and, <a href="#Page_321">321-323</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">grief of, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">captivity of, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An-drom´e-da.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Celeus and Cassiopeia;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">saved by Perseus, <a href="#Page_246">246-249</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An-tæ´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Giant son of Gæa;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">defender of the Pygmies;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Hercules, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An-te´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Prœtus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">accuses Bellerophon falsely, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An´te-ros.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of passion, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Venus and Mars, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An-tig´o-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Œdipus and Jocasta;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">buried alive, <a href="#Page_285">285-288</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An-tin´o-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of Penelope’s suitors;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An-ti´o-pe.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Jupiter;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Amphion and Zethus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">persecuted by Dirce, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-pha´re-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Father of Castor’s murderer, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aph-ro-di´te.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Venus, Dione, etc., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, +<a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-pol´lo.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Phœbus, Sol, and Helios, <a href="#Page_61">61-91</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">god of the sun, music, poetry, and medicine, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Diana’s brother, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Niobe’s sons slain by, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mars and Venus seen by, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mercury steals cattle of, <a href="#Page_132">132-134</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">giants slain by, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">walls built by, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Marpessa claimed by, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vesta loved by, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Janus, son of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">oracles of, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">steed of, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cassandra loved by, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chryses appeals to, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses incurs anger of, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, +<a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aq´ui-lo.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">West wind, son of Æolus and Aurora, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, +<a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-rach´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Minerva’s needlework contest with, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, +<a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ar-ca´di-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Province of Peloponnesus, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, +<a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mercury’s birthplace, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ar´cas.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Callisto;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">constellation of the Little Bear, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-re-o-pa-gi´tæ.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Judges of the criminal court of Athens, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-re-op´a-gus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hill near Athens;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">site of the Parthenon, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A´res.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Mars, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-re´te.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Goddess of virtue;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">takes charge of Hercules, <a href="#Page_218">218-220</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Wife of Alcinous;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">mother of Nausicaa, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ar-e-thu´sa.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nymph of Diana;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">changed to a fountain, <a href="#Page_190">190-193</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ar´ges</span> (Sheet-lightning).<br /> +<span class="in1">A Cyclop;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ar´go.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vessel in which Jason set sail in search of the golden fleece, +<a href="#Page_266">266-274</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ar-go-nau´tic Expedition</span><br /> +<span class="in1">in search of golden fleece, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Zetes and Calais in, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules in, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Meleager in, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ar´go-nauts.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Jason and crew, <a href="#Page_267">267-271</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ar´gos.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City in Argolis, dedicated to Juno, <a href="#Page_52">52-54</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Eurystheus, king of, <a href="#Page_218">218-220</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Acrisius, king of, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Adrastus, king of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prœtus, king of, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Agamemnon’s return to, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ar´gus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Name of myriad-eyed giant who watched Io, <a href="#Page_135">135-137</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Name of Ulysses’ faithful hound, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-ri-ad´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Minos;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Theseus aided by, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">deserted by Theseus, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">marries Bacchus, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-ri´on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Winged steed;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">the offspring of Neptune and Ceres, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Musician;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">thrown into the sea by pirates, saved by a dolphin, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, +<a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ar-is-tæ´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Youth who indirectly causes Eurydice’s death, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ar´te-mis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Diana, goddess of the moon and the chase, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, +<a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>410]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">As-cal´a-phus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Spirit in Hades who saw Proserpina eat pomegranate seeds, +<a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A´si-a Mi´nor.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">West of Asia;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bacchus’ visit to, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vesta’s shrine in, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Thetis’ flight from, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">As-kle´pi-os.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Æsculapius;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Apollo and Coronis, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">As-ty´a-nax.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Infant son of Hector and Andromache, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">At-a-lan´ta.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maiden who takes part in Calydonian Hunt and races with Milanion or +Hippomenes, <a href="#Page_275">275-278</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ath´a-mas.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Thebes;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Phryxus and Helle, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ino in madness slain by, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-the´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Minerva, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">tutelary goddess of Athens, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-the´ni-ans.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Inhabitants of Athens, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">tribute of, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">ingratitude of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ath´ens.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Minerva’s festivals at, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">tribunal at, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">contest for, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ægeus, king of, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Theseus’ arrival at, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ariadne elopes to, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Castor and Pollux’ visit to, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Theseus, king of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Peleus, king of, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">At´las.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Mountains.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. One of Iapetus’ sons, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">daughters of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">heavens supported by, <a href="#Page_227">227-229</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Perseus petrifies, <a href="#Page_244">244-246</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">significance, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">At´ro-pos.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Fates;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">cuts the thread of life, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">At´ti-ca.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Province of Greece;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cecrops founds city in, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">oppression of, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">shores of, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Au-ge´as.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Elis;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">his stables were cleansed by Hercules, <a href="#Page_221">221-223</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Au´lis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Port in Bœotia, the meeting-place of the Greek expedition against +Troy, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Au-ro´ra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Eos, goddess of dawn;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">attendant of Apollo, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">jealousy of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tithonus loved by, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æolus’ wife, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aus´ter.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Southwest wind, same as Notus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">a son of Æolus and Aurora, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Au-tom´e-don.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Achilles’ charioteer, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Av´en-tine.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the seven hills on which Rome is built, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A-ver´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Lake near Naples;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the entrance to Hades in Italy, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas’ visit to, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="B" id="B"></a> +<span class="smcap">Bab´y-lon.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The home of Pyramus and Thisbe, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bac-cha-na´li-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Bacchus, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bac-chan´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Female followers of Bacchus, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, +<a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Orpheus slain by, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bac´chus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Dionysus, god of wine and revelry;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Jupiter and Semele, <a href="#Page_171">171-182</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vulcan visited by, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ariadne rescued by, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">tutor of, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">gift from, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bau´cis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. The mortal who showed hospitality to Jupiter and Mercury;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">wife of Philemon, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Father of Dryope (changed to a tree), <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bel-ler´o-phon.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Demigod;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mounts Pegasus and slays the dread Chimæra, +<a href="#Page_291">291-296</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bel-lo´na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Goddess of war;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">attendant of Mars, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ber-e-ni´ce.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Queen whose hair was changed into a comet, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, +<a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ber´o-e.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nurse of Semele, whose form Juno assumes to arouse Semele’s +jealousy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bi´ton.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Brother of Cleobis;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">draws his mother to the temple, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bœ-o´ti-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Province in Greece, whose principal city was Thebes, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, +<a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bo´re-as.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">North wind;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Æolus and Aurora;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">kidnaps Orithyia, <a href="#Page_213">213-215</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">sons of, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bos´po-rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Channel connecting Black Sea and Sea of Marmora, on route of Argonauts, +<a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brass Age.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Third age of world, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bri-a´re-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Centimani;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">umpire, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bri-se´is.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Captive of Achilles during Trojan war;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">claimed by Agamemnon, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, +<a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bron´tes</span> (Thunder).<br /> +<span class="in1">A Cyclop;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bru´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, +<a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="C" id="C"></a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>411]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Ca´cus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Vulcan, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">giant slain by Hercules on Mount Aventine, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cad´mus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Brother of Europa;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">founder of Thebes, <a href="#Page_45">45-48</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">husband of Harmonia, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">daughter of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">dragon-tooth seed of, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, +<a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ca-du´ce-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wand given to Mercury by Apollo, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cæ´sar.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, +<a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cal´a-is.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Boreas and Orithyia, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cal´chas.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan war, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cal-li´o-pe.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the nine Muses, loved by Apollo, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Orpheus, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cal-lis´to.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Jupiter;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">changed into a bear by Juno;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the Great Bear, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cal´y-don.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Home of Meleager;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">site of Calydonian Hunt, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cal-y-do´ni-an Hunt.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Organized by Meleager to slay a boar, <a href="#Page_275">275-279</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ca-lyp´so.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nymph who detained Ulysses on Ogygia seven years, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ca-mil´la.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Volscian maiden;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">fights, and is slain by, Æneas, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, +<a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">dedicated to Diana, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ca-mil´lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, +<a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cam´pus mar´ti-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Roman exercising grounds sacred to Mars, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Can´cer.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Crab which attacked Hercules to defend the Hydra;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">a constellation, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cap´i-tol.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Temple dedicated to Jupiter in Rome, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Car´thage.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">A city in Africa, built by Dido, visited by Æneas, +<a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cas-san´dra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Priam;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">her prophecies, though true, were always disbelieved, +<a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">captivity of, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cas-si-o-pe´ia.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mother of Andromeda, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">a constellation, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cas´tor.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Dioscuri or Gemini, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, +<a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">rescue of Helen by, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Argonauts joined by, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Calydonian Hunt joined by, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cau-ca´si-an Mountains.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Caucasus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prometheus chained to, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ce´crops.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Founder of Athens, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">descendants of, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ce-læ´no.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Harpies;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">frightens Æneas by prophesying harm, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ce´le-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. King of Eleusis;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">father of Triptolemus, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Father of Andromeda;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cen´taurs.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Children of Ixion, half man, half horse;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chiron, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, +<a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules fights, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">battle of, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nessus, <a href="#Page_234">234-236</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cen-tim´a-ni</span> (Hundred-handed).<br /> +<span class="in1">Three sons of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, +<a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ceph´a-lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hunter loved by Procris and Aurora, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, +<a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cer´be-rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Three-headed dog which guarded the entrance of Hades, +<a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules captures, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cer´cy-on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Vulcan, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">encountered by Theseus, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ce-re-a´li-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Ceres, goddess of agriculture, +<a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ce´res.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Demeter, goddess of agriculture and civilization, +<a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183-197</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cronus disgorges, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Psyche consults, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Neptune loves, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pelops’ shoulder eaten by, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cer-y-ne´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Town of Achaia, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cer-y-ne´ian Stag.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Stag taken by Hercules;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">one of his labors, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ces´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Venus’ magic, love-inspiring girdle, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, +<a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ce´yx.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Thessaly;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">shipwrecked, and changed with his wife Halcyone into birds, +<a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cha´os.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The first of all divinities, who ruled over confusion, +<a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">ejection of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">daughter of, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Char´i-tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The three Graces;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">attendants of Venus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cha´ron.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The boatman who ferries the souls over Acheron, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas ferried by, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cha-ryb´dis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Whirlpool near the coast of Sicily, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, +<a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>412]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Chi-mæ´ra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Monster slain by Bellerophon, <a href="#Page_292">292-296</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chi´o-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chi´os.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the islands of the Archipelago, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chi´ron.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Learned Centaur, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, +<a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">death of, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chry-se´is.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Chryses;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">taken by Agamemnon, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chry´ses.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Father of Chryseis;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">priest of Apollo;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">brings a plague on the Greek camp, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, +<a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ci-co´ni-ans.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Inhabitants of Ismarus, visited by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ci-lic´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Province in Asia Minor, between Æolia and Troas, +<a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ci´lix.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Brother of Europa;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">founder of Cilicia, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cim-me´ri-an Shores.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Land visited by Ulysses to consult Tiresias, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cir´ce.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sister of Æetes;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">sorceress who changes Ulysses’ men into swine, +<a href="#Page_347">347-353</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cle´o-bis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Brother of Biton;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">a devoted son, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cle-o-pa´tra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cli´o.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the nine Muses, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Clo´tho.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Fates;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">she spins the thread of life, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Clym´e-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Wife of Iapetus;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">an ocean nymph, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Nymph loved by Apollo;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">mother of Phaeton, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Clyt-æm-nes´tra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Agamemnon;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Clyt´i-e.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maiden who loves Apollo, and is changed into a sunflower, +<a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Co-cy´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River in Hades, formed of tears of the condemned, +<a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cœ´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Titans;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Col´chi-an Land.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ram bears Phryxus to, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Argonauts arrive at, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Argonauts depart from, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">sailors of, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Col´chis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Land in Asia ruled by Æetes, where the golden fleece was kept, +<a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">return from, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Co-lo´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Forest sacred to Furies, where Œdipus vanished in a storm, +<a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Co-los´sus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Statue of Apollo in the Island of Rhodes, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Con-sen´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Pan, god of the universe and of nature, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Co´pre-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Pelops;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">owner of the marvelous horse Arion, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Co´ra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Proserpina, goddess of vegetation, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cor´inth.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City and isthmus between Greece proper and the Peloponnesus, +<a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sisyphus, king of, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sciron at, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Polybus, king of, <a href="#Page_280">280-282</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Co-ro´na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Constellation, also known as Ariadne’s Crown, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Co-ro´nis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Apollo;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Æsculapius, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Co´rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Northwest wind;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Æolus and Aurora, <a href="#Page_213">213-215</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cor-y-ban´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Curetes;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rhea’s priests, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cot´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Centimani;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cre´on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Father of Jocasta and of Megara, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Thebes, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cre´tan Bull.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules captures, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Crete.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island home of Minos, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, +<a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Menelaus’ journey to, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas’ sojourn in, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Zeus, king of, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cre-u´sa.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Wife of Æneas;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">killed in attempting to fly from Troy, <a href="#Page_361">361-363</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Same as Glauce;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">maiden loved by Jason, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cri´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Titans;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cro´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Saturn;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">a Titan who rules supreme;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_17">17-23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, +<a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">daughters of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, +<a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cru´mis-sa.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island where Neptune carried Theophane;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">birthplace of the golden-fleeced ram, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cu´mæ.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cave where the Sibyl gave her prophecies, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cu´pid</span>, or <span class="smcap">Cu-pi´do</span>.<br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Amor, god of love;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Venus and Mars, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">growth of, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">darts of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, +<a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Psyche and, <a href="#Page_121">121-130</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>413]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Cu-re´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Corybantes;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rhea’s priests, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cy´a-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River which tried to stop Pluto when he kidnapped Proserpina, +<a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cyb´e-le.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Rhea, goddess of the earth, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">chariot of, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cy-clo´pes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Three children of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, +<a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">thunderbolts forged by, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, +<a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Orion visits the, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vulcan and the, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island of the, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas warned against, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cy´clops.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Polyphemus the, <a href="#Page_339">339-345</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cyc´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Intimate friend of Phaeton, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cyl-le´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain upon which Mercury was born, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, +<a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cyn´thi-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Diana, goddess of the moon and the chase, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, +<a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cyn´thi-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Apollo, god of the sun and fine arts, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cyp-a-ris´sus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Friend of Apollo;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">turned to a cypress tree, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cy´prus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island in the Mediterranean sacred to Venus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, +<a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cyth-e-re´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Venus, goddess of beauty, love, and laughter, +<a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="D" id="D"></a> +<span class="smcap">Dæd´a-lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Architect who planned the Cretan Labyrinth, <a href="#Page_253">253-255</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">inventor of sails, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dan´a-e.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maiden visited by Jupiter as a golden shower;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Perseus, <a href="#Page_240">240-242</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, +<a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Da-na´i-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughters of Danaus, who slay their husbands, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, +<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dan´a-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Argos;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of the fifty Danaides, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dan´ube.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River of Europe;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Medea slays Absyrtus near its mouth, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Daph´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Apollo, and changed into a laurel tree, +<a href="#Page_68">68-70</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, +<a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dar´da-nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ancient king of Troy, who gives his name to his race, +<a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mares of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">De-i-a-nei´ra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Hercules, <a href="#Page_232">232-236</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">causes Hercules’ death by using the Nessus robe, +<a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">De-iph´o-bus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Priam and Hecuba;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">married Helen after the death of Paris, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">De´los.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Floating island;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">birthplace of Apollo and Diana, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">shrine of Apollo at, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, +<a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Del´phi.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shrine of Apollo, famed for its oracles, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, +<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ceyx visits, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Œdipus consults oracle at, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, +<a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Orestes at, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Del´uge.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Caused by Jupiter’s wrath, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slime from, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">De-me´ter.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Ceres;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">goddess of agriculture, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">De´mi-os</span> (Dread).<br /> +<span class="in1">Attendant or son of Mars, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Des´ti-ny.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the ancient deities not subjected to Jupiter, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Deu-ca´li-on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Only male survivor of Deluge;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Hellen, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Di´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maiden loved and deserted by Ixion, king of the Lapithæ, +<a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Di-a´na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Goddess of the moon and chase;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">daughter of Jupiter and Latona, <a href="#Page_93">93-101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">birth of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">nymphs of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">arrows of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Arethusa protected by, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Œneus neglects, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Iphigenia saved by, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">temple of, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Camilla rescued by, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, +<a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Di´do.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Queen of Tyre and Carthage;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">loved and deserted by Æneas, <a href="#Page_366">366-369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas sees, in Hades, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Di-o-me´des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Greek hero during Trojan war, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">recovers Patroclus’ body, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">helps Ulysses secure the Palladium, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. The possessor of horses taken by Hercules, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Di-o´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Name given to Venus, goddess of beauty, love, laughter, etc., +<a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Mother of Venus by Jupiter;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">goddess of moisture, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Di-o-nys´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals held in Greece in honor of Bacchus, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Di-o-nys´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Bacchus, god of wine and revelry, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Di-os-cu´ri.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Collective name given to Castor and Pollux, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Di-os-cu´ri-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Castor and Pollux, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>414]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Dir´ce.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Lycus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">bound to a bull by Amphion and Zethus, <a href="#Page_80">80-82</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Pluto, god of Infernal Regions, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, +<a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dis-cor´di-a</span>, or <span class="smcap">Eris</span>.<br /> +<span class="in1">Goddess of discord, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">she appears at Peleus’ marriage feast, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Do-do´na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Temple and grove sacred to Jupiter, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, +<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dol´phin.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Constellation, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Do´ri-an Race.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Descendants of Dorus, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Do´ris.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Nereus, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Do´rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Hellen;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">ancestor of Dorian race, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dreams.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Spirits in cave of Somnus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">passed out through gates of ivory and horn, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, +<a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mercury, leader of, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Drep´a-num.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Land visited by Æneas, where Anchises died, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dry´a-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Plant nymphs, supposed to watch over vegetation, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dry´o-pe.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Princess changed into a tree, <a href="#Page_298">298-300</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dull´ness.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Obscure deity put to flight by Minerva, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, +<a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="E" id="E"></a> +<span class="smcap">Earth.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æther and Hemera create the, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">divisions of the, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">realm of the, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the mother of all, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">oath by the, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Antæus, son of the, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E´cho.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nymph who pined for love of Narcissus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">changed to a voice, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">answers Cephalus, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mocks Ariadne, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Egg.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Earth hatched from a mythical, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E´gypt.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Gods take refuge in, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Io takes refuge in, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Menelaus and Helen detained in, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-lec´tra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Agamemnon;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">saves Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">El-eu-sin´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals at Eleusis, in honor of Ceres and Proserpina, +<a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-leu´sis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City in Greece visited by Ceres during her search for Proserpina, +<a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E´lis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Province of the Peloponnesus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Alpheus in, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Augeas, king of, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">El-pe´nor.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Follower of Ulysses;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">dies in Island of Ææa, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-lys´i-an Fields.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Abode of the blessed in Hades, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, +<a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cleobis and Biton conveyed to, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Adonis conveyed to, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">En-cel´a-dus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Giant defeated by Jupiter;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">buried under Mt. Ætna, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">En-dym´i-on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Youth loved by Diana, who carries him to a cave on Mt. Latmus, +<a href="#Page_96">96-98</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, +<a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">En´na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Plain in Sicily;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">favorite resort of Proserpina, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-ny´o.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Bellona, goddess of war, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E´os.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Aurora, goddess of dawn, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, +<a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">jealousy of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">winds, offspring of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ep´a-phus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Io;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">founder of Memphis, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eph´e-sus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City in Asia Minor sacred to Diana, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eph-i-al´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Giant son of Neptune, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">brother of Otus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">imprisons Mars, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-pig´o-ni.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sons of the seven chiefs who besieged Thebes, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ep-i-me´theus</span> (Afterthought).<br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Iapetus, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">husband of Pandora, <a href="#Page_28">28-34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-pi´rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Country visited by Æneas, who meets Andromache there, +<a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Er´a-to.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Muses;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Er´e-bus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of darkness, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">marries his mother, Night, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">progenitor of egg, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">dethroned, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-rid´a-nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River into which Phaeton fell from the sun chariot, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules consults nymphs of, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-rin´ny-es.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Collective name given to the Furies, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E´ris.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Discordia, goddess of discord and strife, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">apple cast by, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Er-i-sich´thon.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">An unbeliever;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">punished by famine, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E´ros.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Cupid, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">child of Light and Day, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">arrows of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">egg produces, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">causes man’s creation, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">man’s life given by, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Er-y-man´thus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Place where Hercules slew the wild boar, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>415]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Er-y-the´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island home of Geryones;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">visited by Hercules, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-te´o-cles.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Œdipus and Jocasta, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">reigns one year, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by his brother, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-thi-o´pi-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Country visited by Bacchus, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-thi-o´pi-ans.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Happy race of Africa, south of the river Oceanus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">visited by the gods, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-bœ´an</span> or <span class="smcap">Eu-bo´ic Sea</span>.<br /> +<span class="in1">Sea where Hercules cast Lichas, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-mæ´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Swineherd visited by Ulysses on his return to Ithaca, +<a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses aided by, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-men´i-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Collective name given to Furies, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">forest sacred to, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-phros´y-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the three Graces or Charites;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">attendant of Venus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ro´pa.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Agenor;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_44">44-48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, +<a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ro´tas.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River near Sparta, where Helen bathed, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu´rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">East wind;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Æolus and Aurora, <a href="#Page_213">213-215</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ry´a-le.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the three terrible Gorgons, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ry´a-lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Youth sent with Nisus to warn Æneas that his son was in danger, +<a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ry-cle´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nurse of Ulysses;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">recognizes him after twenty years’ absence, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Penelope awakened by, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ryd´i-ce.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Orpheus, who seeks her in Hades, <a href="#Page_75">75-80</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387-389</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ryl´o-chus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Leader of Ulysses’ men, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">escaped Circe’s spell, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses’ men misled by, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ryn´o-me.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Jupiter;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of the Graces, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-rys´theus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules’ taskmaster;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">appointed twelve labors, <a href="#Page_218">218-229</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu´ry-tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Iole’s father;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">visited twice by Hercules, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ter´pe.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Muses;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">presided over music, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eux´ine Sea.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Pontus Euxinus, or the Black Sea, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-van´der.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Tuscans;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">ally of Æneas;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Pallas, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E-ve´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Father of Marpessa;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">drowned himself in river of same name, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules crosses, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="F" id="F"></a> +<span class="smcap">Fa´ma.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Attendant of Jupiter, goddess of fame, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fates.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Three sisters;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">also known as Mœræ or Parcæ, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fau´na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Faunus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">a rural divinity of the Romans, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fau´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rural divinity of the Romans;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">husband of Fauna, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Flo´ra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Goddess of flowers, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Zephyrus, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Flo-ra´li-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in May in honor of Flora, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Forethought.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Prometheus, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">For-tu´na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Goddess of fortune;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">an attendant of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Goddess of plenty, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fo´rum.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chief place in Rome where public matters were discussed, +<a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fu´ries.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The Eumenides, or avenging deities, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Œdipus punished by, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Orestes pursued by, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="G" id="G"></a> +<span class="smcap">Gæ´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Tellus and Terra, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Uranus, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">reign of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">conspiracy of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Typhœus created by, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Enceladus created by, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Antæus, son of, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Syrinx protected by, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gal-a-te´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Nymph loved by Polyphemus and Acis, <a href="#Page_341">341-343</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Statue loved by Pygmalion, who prays Venus to give it life, +<a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gan´y-mede.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Trojan prince carried off by Jupiter to act as cup-bearer, +<a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ge.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Gæa, Tellus, Terra, the Earth, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gem´i-ni.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Dioscuri;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Castor and Pollux, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ge-ry´o-nes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Giant whose cattle are taken by Hercules, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Glau´ce.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Jason;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Medea, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Glau´cus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fisherman changed to a sea god, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, +<a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">lover of Scylla, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>416]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Golden Age.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">First age of the ancient world, when all was bliss, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Janus’ reign, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gor´gons.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Three sisters,—Euryale, Stheno, and Medusa, +<a href="#Page_242">242-246</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ægis decorated by head of one of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grac´chi, The.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Unborn souls of Roman heroes, seen by Anchises in Hades, +<a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gra´ces.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Gratiæ;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the three attendants of Venus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gra-di´vus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Mars when leader of armies, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Græ´æ.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Three sisters with but one eye and tooth among them, +<a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gra´ti-æ.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Graces, or Charites;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Venus’ attendants, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Great Bear.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Constellation formed by Callisto, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gre´ci-an.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mythology, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">camp, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Greece.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Highest peak in, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">alphabet introduced into, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">nations of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">art in, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cecrops comes to, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pelops takes refuge in, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Paris visits, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">war between Troy and, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Orestes’ return to, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">captives taken to, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Greek Divinities</span>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Panathenæa, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">fleet, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Greeks.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Departure of, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">plague visits, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">defeat of, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">return of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Agamemnon, chief of, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">attack Ciconians, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Polyphemus visited by, <a href="#Page_343">343-346</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Circe visited by, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">a civilized nation, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gy´es.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the three Centimani;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="H" id="H"></a> +<span class="smcap">Ha´des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The Infernal Region, kingdom of Pluto, <a href="#Page_159">159-170</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules’ visit to, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, +<a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Orpheus’ visit to, <a href="#Page_76">76-79</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Adonis’ visit to, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Psyche’s visit to, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mercury conducts souls to, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, +<a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Proserpina’s visit to, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, +<a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Lara conducted to, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Theseus’ visit to, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pollux in, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Œdipus in, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses’ visit to, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas’ visit to, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hæ´mon.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Creon;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">lover of Antigone, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hal-cy´o-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Ceyx, King of Thessaly, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, +<a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hal-irr-ho´thi-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Neptune;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Mars, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ham-a-dry´a-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nymphs who lived and died with the trees they inhabited, +<a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Har-mo´ni-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Mars and Venus, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, +<a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Cadmus, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Semele, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Har´pies.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Monsters, half woman, half bird;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">banished to Strophades Islands, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas sees, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Heav´en.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Creation of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">realm of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Atlas, supporter of, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">He´be.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Goddess of youth;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">cup-bearer of the gods, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Hercules, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">He´brus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River in which the Bacchantes cast Orpheus’ remains, +<a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hec´a-te.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Proserpina as Queen of Hades, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hec´tor.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Priam;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">leader of Trojan army, <a href="#Page_320">320-326</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Achilles, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Priam buries, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">shade of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">widow of, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hec´u-ba.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Priam;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Paris and Hector, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, +<a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hector seen by, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">captivity of, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hel´en.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Jupiter and Leda;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Menelaus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">kidnapped by Paris, <a href="#Page_310">310-312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">kidnapped by Theseus, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Paris upbraided by, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">return of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas wishes to slay, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hel´e-nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Epirus, whose slave Andromache became after the death of Hector, +<a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">He-li´a-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sisters of Phaeton;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">changed into trees, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hel´i-con.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain in Greece, sacred to Apollo and Muses, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, +<a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">He´li-os.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name of Apollo as god of the sun, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, +<a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, +<a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hel´le.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Athamas and Nephele;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">drowned in the Hellespont, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, +<a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hel´len.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Deucalion;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">ancestor of the Hellenes, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hel-le´nes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to ancient Greeks, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>417]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Hel´les-pont.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to the strait from Helle, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Leander swims across the, <a href="#Page_111">111-117</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">He-me´ra</span> (Day).<br /> +<span class="in1">One of the first divinities, who rules with Æther (Light), +<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Heph-æs-ti´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Hephæstus, or Vulcan, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">He-phæs´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Vulcan, god of the forge, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">He´ra</span>, or <span class="smcap">He´re</span>.<br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Juno, queen of heaven, and goddess of the atmosphere and of +marriage, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Her´a-cles.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Hercules;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Jupiter and Alcmene, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">He-ræ´um.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Town dedicated to the service of Juno, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Her´cu-les.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Heracles, god of all athletic games, <a href="#Page_216">216-239</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prometheus delivered by, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hades visited by, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hesione delivered by, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Centaurs defeated by, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Argonautic expedition joined by, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, +<a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">arrows of, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">apparition of, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, +<a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Her´mes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Mercury, messenger of the gods, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Her-mi´o-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Harmonia;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">daughter of Venus and Mars, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">He´ro.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Leander, who swam the Hellespont to visit her, +<a href="#Page_111">111-117</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">He-si´o-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Laomedon;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">rescued from sea monster by Hercules, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, +<a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hes-pe´ri-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ancient name of Italy, so called by Æneas, +<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hes-per´i-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughters of Hesperus, guardians of golden apples, +<a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hes´pe-rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of the West;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of the Hesperides, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hes´ti-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Vesta, goddess of the family hearth, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Him´e-rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of the desire of love;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">attendant in Venus’ numerous train, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hip-po-cre´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fountain created by Pegasus, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hip-po-da-mi´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Pirithous;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">almost carried off by the Centaurs, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hip-pol´y-te.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Queen of the Amazons, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Theseus’ wife, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hip-pol´y-tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Theseus and Hippolyte, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">loved by Phædra, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hip-pom´e-nes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Milanion;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">lover of Atalanta, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hope.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The good spirit in Pandora’s box;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">an ancient deity, <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ho´ræ.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Collective name of the seasons;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Venus’ attendants, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Horn Gate.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Gate leading from cave of Somnus to outer world, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, +<a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hours.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Attendants of Apollo, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">attendants of Venus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hundred-handed</span>, the.<br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Centimani, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hup´nos.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Somnus, god of sleep, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hy-a-cin´thus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Youth loved by Apollo and Zephyrus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">changed to a flower, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hy´dra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Monster serpent slain by Hercules in the swamp of Lerna, +<a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hy-ge´ia.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Æsculapius;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">watched over health of man, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hy´las.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Youth loved by Hercules;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">stolen by the water nymphs, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hy´men.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of marriage;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">attendant of Venus, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hy-met´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain in Attica, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hyp-er-bo´re-an Mountains.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The mountains separating the land of the Hyperboreans from Thrace, +<a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hyp-er-bo´re-ans.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">People north of Oceanus, a virtuous race, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hy-pe´ri-on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The Titan who had charge of the sun chariot, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, +<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hyp-erm-nes´tra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Danaus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">saves her husband, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="I" id="I"></a> +<span class="smcap">I-ap´e-tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Titans;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Prometheus, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, +<a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I-a´pis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Leech consulted by Æneas;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">cures Æneas with Venus’ aid, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I-a´si-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Iasion;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Atalanta, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ic´a-rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Dædalus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">fell into the Icarian Sea, <a href="#Page_253">253-255</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I´da.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain in Crete, and near Troy also, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, +<a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>418]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">I´das.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">A mortal befriended by Neptune;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">elopes with Marpessa, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Il´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. One of the Titanides;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">daughter of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Priestess of Vesta;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">wife of Mars;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">mother of Romulus and Remus, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, +<a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Il´i-ad.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Homer’s epic poem on the Trojan war, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, +<a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Il´i-um.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Troy whence comes the Iliad’s name, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, +<a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">In´a-chus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River god (father of Io), <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Infernal Regions.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Judges in the, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Orpheus visits, <a href="#Page_76">76-79</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Adonis visits, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pluto’s realm, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Proserpina’s sojourn in, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas visits, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I´no.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Leucothea;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">second wife of Athamas;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, +<a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I´o.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Jupiter;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">changed into a heifer, <a href="#Page_134">134-137</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I-ob´a-tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Lycia;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">recipient of the sealed letter carried by Bellerophon, +<a href="#Page_291">291-295</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I-o-la´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Friend of Hercules;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">helped slay the Hydra, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I-ol´cus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Kingdom of Æson and Jason;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">usurped by Pelias, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I´o-le.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Hercules, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I´on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Grandson of Hellen;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">ancestor of Ionian race, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I-o´ni-an Race.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Race descended from Ion, grandson of Hellen, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I-o´ni-an Sea.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sea west of Greece, named after Io, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, +<a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iph-i-ge-ni´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Agamemnon;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">sacrificed to Diana, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Orestes finds, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I´ris</span> (the Rainbow).<br /> +<span class="in1">Attendant of Juno, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, +<a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Iron Age.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fourth and last age previous to the Deluge, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Isles of the Blest.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Islands west of Oceanus, inhabited by the virtuous dead, +<a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses searches for, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Is´ma-rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Town in Thrace, spoiled by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Is-me´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Œdipus and Jocasta, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">dies of grief, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Isth´mi-an Games.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Games held in honor of Neptune, at Corinth, every four years, +<a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">It´a-ly.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Saturn retires to, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ceres returns to, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Janus, king of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ith´a-ca.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses’ island kingdom, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, +<a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses arrives in sight of, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses returns to, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Telemachus returns to, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">home of Penelope.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">I-u´lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas’ son;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas saves, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cupid assumes form of, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">stag wounded by, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">brave defense by, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ivory Gate.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Gate leading from cave of Somnus to outer world, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, +<a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ix-i´on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Criminal in Tartarus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">bound to wheel of fire, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, +<a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="J" id="J"></a> +<span class="smcap">Ja-nic´u-lum.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City on the Tiber, founded by Janus, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ja´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of all beginnings, of entrances, gates, etc., +<a href="#Page_205">205-207</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">opening of temple of, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ja´nus Quad´ri-fons.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">A square temple dedicated to Janus, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ja´son.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Æson;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">captured the golden fleece, <a href="#Page_263">263-274</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jo-cas´ta.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Laius, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">marries Œdipus, her son, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">commits suicide, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jove.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Jupiter, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">birth of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">day of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Leda courted by, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">decree of, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ju´no.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Birth of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">flight of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Jupiter’s wife, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">same as Hera, <a href="#Page_51">51-54</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">jealousy of, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, +<a href="#Page_135">135-137</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, +<a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mars, son of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vulcan, son of, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tityus insults, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æolus, servant of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules persecuted by, <a href="#Page_216">216-218</a>, +<a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Jason carries, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Jason aided by, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">contest of Minerva and Venus with, <a href="#Page_306">306-308</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Troy destroyed by, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas persecuted by, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, +<a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373-375</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, +<a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>419]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Ju´pi-ter.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Birth of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">supremacy of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">giants defeated by, <a href="#Page_22">22-24</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">kingdom divided by, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prometheus punished by, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mercury, messenger of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Deluge caused by, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">same as Jove, <a href="#Page_39">39-49</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Juno courted by, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Minerva borne by, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Latona courted by, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æsculapius slain by, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Amphion, son of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Phaeton slain by, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Muses, daughters of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Venus, daughter of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Graces, daughters of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Venus borrows thunderbolts of, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mercury, son of, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Io courted by, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mars, son of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vulcan, son of, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">thunderbolts of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Neptune exiled by, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Semele courted by, <a href="#Page_171">171-174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ceres, wife of, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules, son of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">games in honor of, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules saved by, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Danae courted by, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Helen, daughter of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bellerophon punished by, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Thetis loved by, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Thetis seeks, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">interference of, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, +<a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sarpedon, son of, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Apollo appeased by, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, +<a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, +<a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, +<a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398-400</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jus´tice.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Themis, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of seasons, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ju-tur´na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sister and charioteer of Turnus, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ju-ven´tas.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Hebe, goddess of youth, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="K" id="K"></a> +<span class="smcap">Ka´kia.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Goddess of vice;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">tries to mislead Hercules, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="L" id="L"></a> +<span class="smcap">Lab´y-rinth.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">A maze in Crete, constructed by Dædalus for the Minotaur, +<a href="#Page_253">253-257</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lac-e-dæ-mo´ni-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Province in Peloponnesus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">capital Sparta, also name of Sparta, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lac-e-dæ-mo´ni-ans.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Inhabitants of Lacedæmonia, or Sparta, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lach´e-sis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Fates;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">twists the thread of life, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La´don.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dragon which guarded golden apples of Hesperides, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La-er´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Father of Ulysses, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Penelope weaves his shroud, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Læs-try-go´ni-ans.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cannibals visited by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La´ius.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Father of Œdipus, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by him, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392-394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lam-pe´tia.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Heliades, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">guards the cattle of the sun, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, +<a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La-oc´o-on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Trojan priest;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">crushed to death by two serpents, <a href="#Page_333">333-335</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La-od-a-mi´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Protesilaus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">dies of grief, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La-om´e-don.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Troy;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">employs Neptune and Apollo to build walls, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, +<a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lap´i-thæ.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">People who dwelt in Thessaly and fought the Centaurs, +<a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ixion, king of, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pirithous, king of, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La´ra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Mercury;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of the two Lares, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La´res.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Two tutelary divinities of ancient Roman households, +<a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">saved by Anchises, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lat´in.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Names of days in, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lat´ins.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">People of Latinus and Æneas, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas fights, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La-ti´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Latium, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">welcomes and then wars against Æneas, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, +<a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas makes peace with, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La´ti-um.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Province of Italy, ruled by Latinus, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas comes to, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lat´mus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain in Asia Minor, where Endymion lies asleep, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, +<a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La-to´na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Leto;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Jupiter;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Apollo and Diana, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">boast of, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lau´sus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hero slain by Æneas during wars against the Rutules, +<a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La-vin´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Latinus, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas’ second wife, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, +<a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Le-an´der.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Youth of Abydus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hero’s lover, who swam the Hellespont, <a href="#Page_111">111-117</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Le-ar´chus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Athamas and Ino;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by his father, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Le´da.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mother of Castor and Pollux, Helen and Clytæmnestra, +<a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Le´laps.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The tireless hunting dog given by Procris to Cephalus, +<a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>420]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Lem´nos.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island in the Grecian Archipelago;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vulcan landed there, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Philoctetes on, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ler´na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Marsh where the Hydra lay concealed, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Le´the.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River of forgetfulness, which separated the Elysian Fields from Hades, +<a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, +<a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Le´to.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Latona;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Apollo and Diana, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, +<a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Leu-co´the-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Ino, Athamas’ wife;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">sea goddess, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses rescued by, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Li´ber.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Bacchus, god of wine and revelry, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lib-er-a´li-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Liber, or Bacchus, held in the autumn, +<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lib´y-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ancient name of Africa;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">coast upon which Æneas landed, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, +<a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Li´chas.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bearer of the Nessus robe;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Hercules, <a href="#Page_236">236-238</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Light.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Æther, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lip´a-ri Islands.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Æolian Islands, where Ulysses landed, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Little Bear.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Arcas changed into the constellation of the, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lo´tis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nymph changed into a lotus blossom, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lo-toph´a-gi.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">People whose food was the lotus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the Lotus-eaters, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Love.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Eros, Cupid, etc., <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Psyche courted by, <a href="#Page_124">124-127</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Loves.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Attendants of Venus, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lower Regions.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Visited by Æneas, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lu´nae.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Diana, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lyc´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Land ruled by Iobates, who sends Bellerophon to slay the Chimæra, +<a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lyc-o-me´des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Scyros;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">treacherously slays Theseus, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">shelters Achilles, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ly´cus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Antiope’s second husband;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Amphion and Zethus, <a href="#Page_80">80-82</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lyd´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Kingdom of Midas, in Asia Minor, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, +<a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lyn´ceus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Husband of Hypermnestra, who spared his life, +<a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lyn´cus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Scythia;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">changed into a lynx by Ceres, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ly´ra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Orpheus’ lute;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">placed in heavens as a constellation, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="M" id="M"></a> +<span class="smcap">Ma-cha´on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Celebrated leech;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Æsculapius, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Philoctetes healed by, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ma´ia.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Goddess of the plains;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Mercury, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ma´nes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tutelary divinities of Roman households, with the Lares and Penates, +<a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mar-pes´sa.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Evenus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">marries Idas, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mars.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Ares;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Jupiter and Juno, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">god of war, <a href="#Page_138">138-143</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Venus courted by, <a href="#Page_106">106-108</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">day of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">descendants of, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mar´sy-as.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Shepherd who enters into competition with Apollo, +<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Name of river, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mar´ti-us, Cam´pus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Roman exercising grounds, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mat-ro-na´li-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Juno, in Rome, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Me-de´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Æetes, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Jason, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, +<a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Ægeus, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Me´di-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Country in Asia Minor, where Medea took refuge, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Med-i-ter-ra´ne-an.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sea dividing world in two, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Me-du´sa.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Gorgon slain by Perseus, whose hair was turned into snakes, +<a href="#Page_242">242-249</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Neptune marries, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pegasus, offspring of, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Me-gæ´ra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Furies, Eumenides, or Erinnyes, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Meg´a-ra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">First wife of Hercules, whose three children he burns in his madness, +<a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Me-le-a´ger.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Œneus and Althæa;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">leader of Calydonian Hunt, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, +<a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Me´li-an Nymphs.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nymphs who nursed Jupiter in infancy, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mel-pom´e-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Muses;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">presides over tragedy, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mem´phis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Town in Egypt, founded by Epaphus, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Men-e-la´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Sparta;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">husband of Helen of Troy, <a href="#Page_310">310-314</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Paris fights, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">return of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Telemachus visits, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>421]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Men´e-ti-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the four sons of Iapetus and Clymene, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Men´tor.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name assumed by Minerva to act as a guide for Telemachus, +<a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mer-cu-ra´li-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Mercury, the messenger god, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mer´cu-ry.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Hermes;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Jupiter and Maia, <a href="#Page_131">131-137</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pandora guided by, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Jupiter’s ally, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Adonis guided by, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mars delivered by, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bacchus guarded by, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Proserpina guided by, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Lara loved by, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">day of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">leader of dreams, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Perseus helped by, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pan, son of, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Protesilaus guided by, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Priam led by, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses aided by, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas aided by, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, +<a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mer´o-pe.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Œnopion;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">promised bride of Orion, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Met-a-nei´ra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Celeus, king of Eleusis;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Triptolemus, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Me´tis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Oceanus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">gives a potion to Cronus, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Me´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Attendant of Mars;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">god of war and strife, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Me-zen´ti-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Father of Lausus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Æneas, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mi´das.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Lydia, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">changed all he touched to gold, <a href="#Page_177">177-179</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mi-la´ni-on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Hippomenes;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">husband of Atalanta, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mi´lo.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island where statue of Venus was found, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mi-ner´va.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Athene, goddess of wisdom;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">daughter of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_55">55-60</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">man given soul by, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">flute of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vulcan wooes, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">contest of Neptune and, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Medusa punished by, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Perseus aided by, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">gift to, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Argo built by, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bellerophon helped by, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Juno and Venus dispute with, <a href="#Page_306">306-308</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses aided by, <a href="#Page_354">354-358</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Min-er-va´li-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Minerva, in Rome, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mi´nos.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. King of Crete, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">father of Ariadne and Phædra, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, +<a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Son of Jupiter and Europa;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">judge in Hades, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Min´o-taur.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Monster which Minos kept in the Labyrinth, <a href="#Page_253">253-257</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mne-mos´y-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">A Titanide, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">goddess of memory;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Jupiter;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of the Muses, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mœ´ræ.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The Fates, or Parcæ, who spin, twist, and cut the thread of life, +<a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mor´pheus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prime minister of Somnus, god of sleep, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, +<a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mors.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Thanatos, god of death, <a href="#Page_208">208-212</a>, +<a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mo-sych´lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain in Lemnos, where Vulcan fell from heaven, +<a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mu-sag´e-tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Apollo’s name when he led the choir of the Muses, +<a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mu´ses, the Nine.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, <a href="#Page_73">73-75</a>, +<a href="#Page_88">88-90</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mount of the, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My-ce´næ.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Favorite city of Juno, with Sparta and Argos, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Perseus exchanges Argos for, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Myr´mi-dons.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Achilles’ followers;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">led by Patroclus, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mys´ter-ies.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Religious rites celebrated in honor of the God of Wine, +<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Myths.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fabulous tales, <a href="#Page_378">378-401</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="N" id="N"></a> +<span class="smcap">Na-i´a-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fountain nymphs subject to Neptune, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, +<a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Na-pæ´æ.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Valley nymphs, who looked after the flocks also, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nar-cis´sus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Youth loved by Echo;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">enamored with his own image, <a href="#Page_118">118-120</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nau-sic´a-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Alcinous and Arete;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">befriends Ulysses, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nax´os.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island visited by Theseus and Bacchus, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, +<a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nec´tar.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Beverage of the gods, poured out by Hebe and Ganymede, +<a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ne´leus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Neptune;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">brother of Pelias, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ne´me-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Forest in Greece, devastated by a lion slain by Hercules, +<a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ne´me-an Games.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Games in honor of Jupiter and Hercules, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>422]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Ne´me-an Lion.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Monster slain by Hercules, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nem´e-sis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Goddess of vengeance, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">pursues Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ne-op-tol´e-mus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Pyrrhus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Achilles’ son;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slays Priam, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Neph´e-le.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Athamas;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Phryxus and Helle, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nep´tune.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Poseidon, god of the sea, <a href="#Page_149">149-158</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Cronus, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">kingdom given to, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Deluge controlled by, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">horse created by, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Delos created by, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">walls built by, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mars punished by, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">girl protected by, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vesta wooed by, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Minos punished by, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pegasus created by, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hippolytus slain by, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Thetis wooed by, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Trojans punished by, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Polyphemus, son of, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses’ men slain by, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, +<a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas saved by, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ne-re´i-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Water nymphs;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">daughters of Nereus and Doris, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, +<a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ne´re-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of the sea;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the personification of its pleasant aspect, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, +<a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Thetis, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nes´sus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The Centaur who carries Deianeira across the river;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Hercules, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nes´tor.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Greek hero during Trojan war;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">noted for wise counsel, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, +<a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ni´ce.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Victory;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">attendant of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Night.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Nyx or Nox, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, +<a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nightmares.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Attendants of Somnus, crouching in his cave, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ni´o-be.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Tantalus, whose children are slain by Apollo and Diana, +<a href="#Page_93">93-96</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ni´sus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Youth who accompanies Euryalus to summon Æneas back to camp, +<a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">No´man.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name assumed by Ulysses to mislead Polyphemus, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, +<a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">No´tus</span> or <span class="smcap">Auster</span>.<br /> +<span class="in1">Southwest wind;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Æolus and Aurora, <a href="#Page_213">213-215</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nox.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Nyx, goddess of night;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">marries Chaos and Erebus, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nu´ma Pom-pil´i-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Second king of Rome;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">built Vesta’s temple, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nymphs.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to female minor divinities, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ny-si´a-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nymphs who cared for Bacchus, and form a constellation, +<a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nyx.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Nox, goddess of night;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Day and Light, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, +<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="O" id="O"></a> +<span class="smcap">O-ce-an´i-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughters of Oceanus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">nymphs of the ocean, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, +<a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O-ce´a-nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. River surrounding the earth, according to ancients, +<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. One of the Titans;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">son of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, +<a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O-cris´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">A slave;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Vulcan;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Servius Tullius, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O-dys´seus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Ulysses;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">hero of the Odyssey, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Od´ys-sey.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Epic poem of Homer on the adventures of Ulysses, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Œd´i-pus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Laius and Jocasta;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Thebes, <a href="#Page_280">280-290</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, +<a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Œ´neus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Father of Meleager and Deianeira;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">husband of Althæa, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, +<a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Œ-no´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Paris, son of Priam, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, +<a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">she dies on his funeral pyre, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Œ-no´pi-on.</span> Father of Merope;<br /> +<span class="in1">blinds Orion, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Œ´ta.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain on whose summit Hercules builds his funeral pyre, +<a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O-gyg´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island where Calypso detains Ulysses seven years, +<a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O-lym´pi-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City in Elis noted for its temple and games, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, +<a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O-lym´pi-ad.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Time between Olympian Games; i.e., four years, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O-lym´pi-an Games.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Games instituted by Hercules in honor of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, +<a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O-lym´pus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain north of Greece;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the abode of the gods, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, +<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, +<a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, +<a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, +<a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, +<a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, +<a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, +<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, +<a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>423]</a></span> +<span class="in1">gods fly from, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prometheus visits, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ganymede transported to, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vulcan expelled from, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ceres visits, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bellerophon storms, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Thetis visits, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Om´pha-le.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Queen of Lydia;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the taskmistress of Hercules, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O-ne-i-co-pom´pus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name borne by Mercury as conductor of dreams, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, +<a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ops.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Cybele;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">name given to Rhea, and also to Ceres, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O-re´a-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain nymphs who guided travelers, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O-res´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Agamemnon and Clytæmnestra;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">friend of Pylades, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O-ri´on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Youth loved by Diana, and accidentally slain by her, +<a href="#Page_98">98-100</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Or-i-thy´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Boreas;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Calais, Zetus, Cleopatra, and Chione, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Or´pheus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Musician;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Apollo and Calliope, <a href="#Page_75">75-80</a>, +<a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Os´sa.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain in Thessaly, upon which the Titans piled Pelion, +<a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">O´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Giant son of Neptune;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Diana and Apollo, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, +<a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="P" id="P"></a> +<span class="smcap">Pac-to´lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River in Asia Minor in which Midas washed, to remove his golden plague, +<a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pa-læ´mon.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Athamas and Ino;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">changed into sea god, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pal-a-me´des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Messenger sent to summon Ulysses to war against Troy, +<a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pal-i-nu´rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas’ pilot;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">lost at sea off Cape Misenum, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, +<a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pal-la´di-um.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Statue of Minerva, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">stolen from Troy by Ulysses and Diomedes, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, +<a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pal´las.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Name given to Minerva in Athens, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, +<a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Son of Evander;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">slain by Turnus while fighting for Æneas, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, +<a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pal´lor.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Special attendant of Mars;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">lover of strife, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pan.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Consentes, god of nature and the universe, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, +<a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pan-ath-e-næ´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals held in honor of Minerva, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pan-do´ra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">First woman;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">created in heaven, she brings evil into the world, +<a href="#Page_29">29-35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Par´cæ.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The Fates, or Mœræ;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">they spin the thread of destiny, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Par´is.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Priam and Hecuba, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">judgment of, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">visits Troy, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">elopes with Helen, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">duel with Menelaus, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">in battle, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Achilles slain by, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">death of, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Par-nas´sus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain in Greece, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">sacred to Apollo and the Muses, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Par-the´ni-um.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain upon which Atalanta was exposed, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Par´the-non.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Temple dedicated to Minerva at Athens, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pa-tro´clus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Friend of Achilles;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Hector, <a href="#Page_324">324-328</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Peg´a-sus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Steed born from the sea foam and the blood of Medusa, +<a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bellerophon rides, <a href="#Page_292">292-296</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pe´leus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Husband of Thetis;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Achilles, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, +<a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pe´li-as.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Uncle of Jason;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">brother of Neleus, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">usurps the throne of Æson, <a href="#Page_263">263-266</a>, +<a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pe´li-on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">A high mountain in Thessaly, piled upon Ossa by the giants to reach +Olympus, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pel-o-pon-ne´sus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The peninsula south of Greece, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, +<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pe´lops.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Tantalus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">gave his name to the Peloponnesus, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Copreus, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pe-na´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Household gods worshiped in Rome with the Lares, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, +<a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas saves the, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pe-nel´o-pe.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Wife of Ulysses, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">suitors of, <a href="#Page_357">357-359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. A nymph, the mother of Pan, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pe-ne´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. River god;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">father of Daphne;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">changes Daphne into a laurel.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Name of a river in Greece, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pen-the-si-le´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Queen of Amazons;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain during Trojan war, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pen´theus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Thebes;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">refuses to receive Bacchus, and is slain, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, +<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>424]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Per-i-phe´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Vulcan, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">encountered and slain by Theseus, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Per-seph´o-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Proserpina, goddess of vegetation, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, +<a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Per´seus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Danae;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slays Medusa, <a href="#Page_240">240-249</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, +<a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pet´a-sus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to the winged cap worn by Mercury, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phæ-a´ci-ans.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">People who dwelt in Scheria, and sent Ulysses home, +<a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phæ´dra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Minos;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Theseus, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pha´e-ton.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Apollo and Clymene;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">drives the sun car, and is slain, <a href="#Page_83">83-88</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pha-e-tu´sa.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sister of Phaeton;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">one of the Heliades, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Apollo’s flocks guarded by, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phe-re-phat´ta.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Persephone, or Proserpina, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phid´i-as.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Noted Greek sculptor;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">made statues of the gods, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phi-le´mon.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Husband of Baucis;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">changed into an oak, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phil-oc-te´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Friend of Hercules;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">receives his arrows, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, +<a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phi-lon´o-e.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Iobates;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Bellerophon, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phin´e-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The blind king of Thrace;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">annoyed by the Harpies, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, +<a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phleg´e-thon.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the rivers of Hades;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">a river of fire, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, +<a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pho´bos.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the attendants of Mars, god of war, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pho´cis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Province in Greece, bounded by Doris, Locris, and the Gulf of Corinth, +<a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phœ´be.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Titanides, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">same as Diana, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phœ´bus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Apollo, god of the sun and of medicine, +<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, +<a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phœ-nic´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Province in Asia Minor, named after Phœnix, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phœ´nix.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Brother of Europa, who gave his name to Phœnicia, +<a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phryx´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Athamas and Nephele;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">rides on golden-fleeced ram to Colchis, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, +<a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pi-re´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fountain near Corinth, where Pegasus drinks, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pi-rith´o-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of the Lapithæ;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">friend of Theseus, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, +<a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ple´ia-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Seven of Diana’s nymphs;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">pursued by Orion and changed into stars, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Plu´to.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Hades, Dis, Aïdoneus, etc., <a href="#Page_159">159-170</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">god of the Infernal Regions, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, +<a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, +<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">birth of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Proserpina kidnapped by, <a href="#Page_183">183-187</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Arethusa sees, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ceres visits, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Perseus aided by, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Theseus punished by, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Plu´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Pluto when invoked as god of wealth, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pod-a-lir´i-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Æsculapius;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">skilled in medicine, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Po-dar´ces.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Priam, King of Troy;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Pyrrhus, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Po-li´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Last of Priam’s sons;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain at his feet by Pyrrhus, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pol´lux.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Leda;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">brother of Castor, Helen, and Clytæmnestra, +<a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, +<a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pol´y-bus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Corinth;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">adopted Œdipus when forsaken by the servant, +<a href="#Page_280">280-282</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pol-y-dec´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Seriphus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">sends Perseus in quest of Medusa, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, +<a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pol-y-do´rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Trojan youth, murdered in Thrace;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">his grave discovered by Æneas, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pol-y-hym´ni-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Muse of rhetoric;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pol-y-ni´ces.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Œdipus, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Eteocles, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">buried by Antigone, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pol-y-phe´mus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Giant son of Neptune, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ulysses visits, <a href="#Page_339">339-346</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Galatea loved by, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">blinded by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Achemenides escapes from, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Po-lyx´e-na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Priam;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">affianced wife of Achilles, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>425]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Po-mo´na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Goddess of the orchards;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Vertumnus, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pon´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to the sea when first created, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, +<a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Po-sei´don.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Neptune, god of the sea and of horse trainers, +<a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Po´thos.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of the amities of love;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">one of the numerous attendants of Venus, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pri´am.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Podarces, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Troy, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Paris received by, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">duel witnessed by, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hector, son of, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hector’s death seen by, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mercury leads, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Polyxena, daughter of, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">death of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pri-a´pus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of the shade;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">pursues the nymph Lotis, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pro´cris.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Cephalus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by his unerring javelin, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, +<a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pro-crus´tes</span> (The Stretcher).<br /> +<span class="in1">Encountered and slain by Theseus, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Prœ´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Husband of Anteia, and kinsman of Bellerophon, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, +<a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pro-me´theus</span> (Forethought).<br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Iapetus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">man created by, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Olympus visited by, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">chained to Caucasian Mountains, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hercules delivers, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Deucalion, son of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pro-ser´pi-na.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Proserpine and Persephone;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">goddess of vegetation, <a href="#Page_183">183-197</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Orpheus visits, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Adonis welcomed by, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pluto kidnaps, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">emblem of death, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pro-tes-i-la´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">First Greek who landed on Trojan coast, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, +<a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pro´teus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Inferior sea divinity;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">shepherd of the deep, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Menelaus consults, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Psy´che.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fair princess loved by Cupid;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the emblem of the soul, <a href="#Page_121">121-130</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Psy-cho-pom´pus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Mercury as leader of souls to Hades, +<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pyg-ma´li-on.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Celebrated sculptor, who loves a statue, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, +<a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. Brother of Dido;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">murderer of Sychæus, Dido’s husband, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pyg´mies.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Race of small people in Africa;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">defended by Antæus, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pyl´a-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Strophius;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">intimate friend of Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pyr´a-mus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Faithful lover of Thisbe;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">commits suicide, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pyr´rha.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Deucalion;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the only woman who survives the Flood, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, +<a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pyr´rhus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Neoptolemus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Achilles, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pyth´e-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Surname given to Apollo as python slayer, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, +<a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pyth´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Apollo’s priestess at Delphi, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pyth´i-an Games.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Games celebrated at Delphi every three years, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Py´thon.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Serpent born of the Deluge slime;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Apollo, <a href="#Page_65">65-67</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="Q" id="Q"></a> +<span class="smcap">Quin-qua´tri-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of the goddess Minerva, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Quir´i-nal.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the seven hills on which Rome is built, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Quir-i-na´li-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in Rome in honor of Quirinus, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Qui-ri´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Romulus when deified, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="R" id="R"></a> +<span class="smcap">Re-gil´lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Lake in Italy where occurred the battle in which the Dioscuri were +supposed to assist, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Re´mus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Mars and Ilia;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">twin brother of Romulus, <a href="#Page_140">140-142</a>, +<a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rhad-a-man´thus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Europa;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">judge in Hades, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rhe´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Female Titan;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">daughter of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Cronus, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Jupiter saved by, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Corybantes, priests of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cronus defeated by, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Juno, daughter of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pluto, son of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ceres, daughter of, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vesta, daughter of, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rhodes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island in the Mediterranean, where the Colossus stood, +<a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rome.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City founded by Romulus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">it comprises seven hills, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rom´u-lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Mars and Ilia;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">founder of Rome, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, +<a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>426]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Ru´tu-les.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nation in Italy, governed by Turnus, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, +<a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="S" id="S"></a> +<span class="smcap">Sa-git-ta´ri-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The constellation formed by Chiron, the Centaur who taught Hercules, +<a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sa-la´ci-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Amphitrite;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Neptune, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sa´li-i.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Priests appointed to watch the sacred shields in Rome, +<a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sal-mo´neus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King who wished to emulate Jupiter, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sar-pe´don.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Europa, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain during the Trojan war, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sat´urn</span>, or <span class="smcap">Cronus</span>.<br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Italy ruled by, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">husband of Rhea, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">day of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sa´tyrs.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Male divinities of the woods, half man, half goat, +<a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Scæ´an Gate.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Gate which led from Troy to the plain, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sci´ron.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Giant encountered by Theseus on the Isthmus of Corinth, +<a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Scyl´la.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sea nymph changed to monster by Circe. She lived under rock of same name, +<a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Scy´ros.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island in the Archipelago, the home of Lycomedes, visited by Achilles and +Theseus, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Scyth´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Country north of the Euxine Sea, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Seasons.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The four daughters of Jupiter and Themis, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec´u-lar Games.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Games in honor of Pluto every hundred years, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Se-le´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to Diana as moon goddess, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sem´e-le.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Cadmus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wife of Jupiter;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Bacchus, <a href="#Page_171">171-174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Se-ri´phus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island where Danae and Perseus were cast ashore, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, +<a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ser´vi-us Tul´li-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sixth king of Rome;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Vulcan and Ocrisia, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ses´tus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City opposite Abydus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the home of Hero, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, +<a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Seven Wonders of the World</span>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, +<a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sheet-lightning.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Arges, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sib´yl.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prophetess of Cumæ, who led Æneas down to the infernal Regions, +<a href="#Page_370">370-372</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Si-ca´ni-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Land where Anchises died;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">visited twice by Æneas, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sic´i-ly.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island home of Polyphemus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">visited by Arion, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">visited by Proserpina, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">visited by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">visited by Æneas, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Si-le´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tutor of Bacchus;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">generally represented on an ass, <a href="#Page_174">174-177</a>, +<a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sil-va´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of the woods;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">one of the lesser Roman divinities, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Silver Age.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Second age of the ancient world, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sil´vi-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daughter of Latin shepherd;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">her stag was wounded by Iulus, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Si´nis</span> (The Pine-bender).<br /> +<span class="in1">Giant encountered and slain by Theseus, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Si´non.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Greek slave, who advised the Trojans to secure the wooden horse, +<a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sip´y-lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain where stood the statue of Niobe, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Si´rens.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maidens who allured mariners by their wondrous songs, +<a href="#Page_350">350-352</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir´i-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Favorite dog of Orion;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">a constellation, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sis´y-phus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King condemned to roll a rock in Tartarus to the top of a steep hill, +<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sol.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name frequently given to Apollo as god of the sun, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Som´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of sleep;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the child of Nox, and twin brother of Mors, <a href="#Page_208">208-212</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Spar´ta.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Capital of Lacedæmon;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">favorite city of Juno, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">home of Menelaus, <a href="#Page_310">310-312</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sphinx.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Riddle-giving monster;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">slain by Œdipus, <a href="#Page_283">283-285</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Stel´li-o.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Urchin changed to lizard by Ceres when searching for Proserpina, +<a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ster´o-pes</span> (Lightning).<br /> +<span class="in1">One of the Cyclopes;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>427]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Sthe´no.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the three Gorgon sisters, immortal, like Euryale, +<a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Stroph´a-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Islands where the Harpies took refuge when driven from Thrace, +<a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas visits the, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Stro´phi-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Father of Pylades;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">shelters Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Stym-pha´lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Lake upon whose banks Hercules slew the brazen-clawed birds, +<a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Styx.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River in Hades, by whose waters the gods swore their most sacred oaths, +<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, +<a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Achilles bathed in the, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Su-a-de´la.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of Venus’ train of attendants;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">god of the soft speech of love, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sy-chæ´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Tyre;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">husband of Dido;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">murdered by Pygmalion, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sym-pleg´a-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Floating rocks safely passed by the Argo, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sy´rinx.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nymph loved by Pan, and changed into reeds, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, +<a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="T" id="T"></a> +<span class="smcap">Tæn´a-rum</span>, or <span class="smcap">Tæn´a-rus</span>.<br /> +<span class="in1">The Greek entrance to Hades on Cimmerian coast, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, +<a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ta-la´ri-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mercury’s winged sandals, given by the gods, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ta´lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Brazen giant;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Vulcan;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the watchman of Minos, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tan´ta-lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Father of Pelops;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">condemned to hunger and thirst in Hades, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, +<a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tar´ta-rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Abyss under the earth, where the Titans, etc., were confined, +<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, +<a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Orpheus’ music heard in, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wicked in, <a href="#Page_161">161-169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tau´ris.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Country to which Diana brought Iphigenia, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">visited by Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tel´a-mon.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Husband of Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Te-lem´a-chus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Ulysses and Penelope, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">adventures of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tel-e-phas´sa.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wife of Agenor;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">mother of Europa, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tel´lus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Gæa;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">name given to Rhea, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ten´e-dos.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Island off the coast of Troy, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, +<a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Terp-sich´o-re.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Muse of dancing;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ter´ra.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Gæa, goddess of the earth, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Teu´cer.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ancient king of the Trojans, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tha-li´a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. One of the three Graces;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">daughter of Jupiter and Eurynome, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. One of the nine Muses;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Muse of comedy, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Than´a-tos.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Mors, god of death, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thebes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Capital of Bœotia;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">founded by Cadmus, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Amphion, king of, <a href="#Page_80">80-82</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Athamas, king of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pentheus, king of, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Œdipus, king of, <a href="#Page_280">280-290</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The´mis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the six female Titans, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, +<a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">goddess of justice, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, +<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The-oph´a-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maiden changed by Neptune into a sheep, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The´seus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Ægeus and Æthra;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">hero of Athens, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250-262</a>, +<a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thes-mo-pho´ri-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in Greece in honor of Ceres, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thes´sa-ly.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">A province of Greece, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">fight of the gods in, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Admetus, king of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ceyx, king of, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æson, king of, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Protesilaus of, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The´tis.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">1. Mother of Achilles, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">a sea nymph, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">2. One of the Titanides, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">marriage feast of, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Olympus visited by, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Achilles comforted by, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Achilles’ armor brought by, <a href="#Page_326">326-328</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Achilles instructed by, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">This´be.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Babylonian maiden loved by Pyramus, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, +<a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thrace.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Country on the Black Sea;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">the home of Mars, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, +<a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thyr´sus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The vine-encircled wand borne by the followers of Bacchus, +<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ti´ber.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">River in Italy, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, +<a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas sails up the, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, +<a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ti-re´si-as.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The blind seer visited by Ulysses on the Cimmerian shore, +<a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>428]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Ti-siph´o-ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One of the three Furies, or Eumenides, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, +<a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ti-tan´i-des.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">The six daughters of Uranus and Gæa, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ti´tans.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Name given to the six sons of Uranus and Gæa, +<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">revolt of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, +<a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ti-tho´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Trojan prince who visited Aurora, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tit´y-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Giant in Tartarus, whose prostrate body covered nine acres, +<a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tra-chin´i-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Land where Hercules died, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tri-na´cri-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Land visited by Ulysses, whose men slay the cattle of the sun, +<a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Trip-tol´e-mus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nursling and protégé of Ceres, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, +<a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tri´ton.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Neptune and Amphitrite;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of the Tritons, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Trœ-ze´ne.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ancient city in Argolis, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">birthplace of Theseus, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tro´jans.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Inhabitants of Troy, <a href="#Page_316">316-335</a>, +<a href="#Page_360">360-376</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Troy.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City of Asia Minor, ruled by Laomedon and Priam;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">war of, <a href="#Page_305">305-336</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tuc´ci-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vestal virgin who stood the test of purity, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tur´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chief of the Rutules;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">wars against Æneas, <a href="#Page_372">372-377</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tus´cans.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">People of Tuscania in Italy, governed by Evander;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">allies of Æneas, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tyn-da´re-us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Stepfather of Helen;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">binds her suitors by oath, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ty-phœ´us.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Typhon;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">monster sent to dethrone Jupiter, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, +<a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tyre.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City in Phœnicia, governed by Sychæus and Dido, +<a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="U" id="U"></a> +<span class="smcap">U-lys´ses.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Odysseus, hero of the Odyssey;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">King of Ithaca, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, +<a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">adventures of, <a href="#Page_337">337-359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">U-ra´ni-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Muse of astronomy, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, +<a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">U´ra-nus</span> (Heaven).<br /> +<span class="in1">Husband of Gæa, created by her, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, +<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="V" id="V"></a> +<span class="smcap">Ve´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Aphrodite, goddess of beauty, <a href="#Page_103">103-130</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">day of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hippomenes aided by, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Juno and Minerva dispute with, <a href="#Page_306">306-308</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Paris advised by, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Paris saved by, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Æneas, son of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, +<a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, +<a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ver-tum´nus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of the orchards;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">loved by Pomona, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ves´ta.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Hestia, goddess of fire and of the family hearth, +<a href="#Page_198">198-204</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">birth of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ves-ta´li-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Vesta, held in Rome, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ves´tals.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Virgins dedicated to the service of Vesta, <a href="#Page_200">200-202</a>, +<a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vic-to´ri-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Nice, goddess of victory, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol´scians.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tribe in Italy who join the Rutules against Æneas, +<a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vul´can.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Hephæstus, god of the forge, <a href="#Page_144">144-148</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Jupiter’s head cleft by, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Venus, wife of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">armor made by, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vul-ca-na´li-a.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festivals celebrated in honor of Vulcan, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span></p> + + +<p class="index"><a name="Z" id="Z"></a> +<span class="smcap">Zeph´y-rus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of the south wind;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Æolus and Aurora, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hyacinthus slain by, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Venus conducted by, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Psyche saved by, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Flora, wife of, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ze´tes.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son of Boreas and Orithyia;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">took part in Argonautic expedition, and drove away Harpies, +<a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ze´thus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Twin brother of Amphion;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">son of Jupiter and Antiope, <a href="#Page_80">80-82</a>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Zeus.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same as Jupiter;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">father of the gods, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, +<a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p> + + + + +<div class="bbox"> +<p><b>Transcriber's Note</b></p> + +<p>Variations in spelling of proper nouns are preserved as printed.</p> + +<p>Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Hyphenation and accent +usage has been made consistent.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_260">260</a>—capitivity amended to captivity—"... came to Athens, delivered +her from captivity, ..."</p> + +<p>The transcription of the genealogical table has been added by the +transcriber for the convenience of the reader. Please note that the +original table stated erroneously that Hemera was male and Æther was +female. This has been corrected in the transcription.</p> + +<p>Alphabetic links have been added to the indexes by the transcriber for the +convenience of the reader.</p> + +<p>The frontispiece illustration has been moved to follow the title page. Other +illustrations have been moved where necessary so that they were not in the +middle of a paragraph.</p> + +<p>Omitted page numbers were either the original location of full page illustrations +or blank in the original book.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Myths of Greece and Rome, by H. A. 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