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diff --git a/39235.txt b/39235.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cec270d --- /dev/null +++ b/39235.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4142 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Manual of Toy Dogs, by Mrs. Leslie Williams + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Manual of Toy Dogs + How to breed, rear, and feed them + +Author: Mrs. Leslie Williams + +Release Date: March 24, 2012 [EBook #39235] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF TOY DOGS *** + + + + +Produced by Hazel Batey and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + +Illustration: MISS MURRAY'S BLACK PUGS. _Frontispiece_ + + + + + A MANUAL OF TOY DOGS HOW TO BREED, REAR, AND FEED THEM + + BY MRS. LESLIE WILLIAMS + + THIRD EDITION THIRD IMPRESSION + + LONDON EDWARD ARNOLD 41 & 48, MADDOX STREET, BOND STREET, W. 1919 + + + + + _Copyright 1904 All rights reserved_ + + + + +PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION + + +This little book, in its earlier editions, met with so uniformly kind +and gracious a reception, that I am encouraged to hope it may still make +new friends on this, its third appearance. It has given me the greatest +pleasure to hear from correspondents in many countries that they have +found it as helpful as I hoped a manual drawn entirely from actual +personal experience might prove to be. + +In the years which have elapsed since I first wrote upon dogs, there has +been a wonderful advance in veterinary science and practice. Operative +surgery under anaesthetics has become nearly as confident in relieving +our pets as in abating our own miseries. Much disease, however, is still +present among dogs for which there is no warrant in Nature, and which +might be entirely conquered in the course of a few generations, could +the prejudice against natural and rational diet be completely abandoned. +To persuade dog-owners to give meat-feeding a trial--one honest +experiment has never in my experience failed to convince the most +sceptical--has been my constant endeavour, and I cannot let the "Toy Dog +Manual" go forth on another journey without once more laying emphasis on +the fact that the really successful dog-owner's secret is a very simple +one, spelt in the four letters--MEAT. I have to thank numerous kind +friends for help in providing the illustrations, nearly all pictures of +actual present-day winning dogs, and examples not only of beauty and +show points, but of perfect health. I am also greatly indebted to _The +Illustrated Kennel News_ for the loan of blocks and for other kind +courtesies, as also to _The Ladies' Field_, a paper devoted in its +kennel columns to the best interest of dogs. + + M. L. WILLIAMS. + + SWANSWICK, BATH, + _May 5th, 1910._ + + + + +CONTENTS + + + PAGE + + TOY DOGS FOR PROFIT 1 + + ON BREEDING 5 + + THE TOY BITCH WHEN PUPPING 9 + + ON REARING PUPS 14 + + ON FEEDING TOYS 19 + + EXHIBITING AND PREPARING FOR EXHIBITION 23 + + THE CHOICE OF BREEDS 30 + + AILMENTS AND ILLNESSES 42 + + CLUB STANDARDS, DESCRIPTIONS AND POINTS OF VARIOUS TOY BREEDS 80 + + INDEX 105 + + + + +MANUAL OF TOY DOGS + + + + +CHAPTER 1 + +TOY DOGS FOR PROFIT + + +Perhaps the question which is most frequently asked anent toy dogs is +whether the keeping them as a pleasure and hobby can be combined with +profit by means of breeding them and selling the puppies. To such a +query it is very hard to give a definite reply, for this reason--whether +or not toy dog breeding can be made profitable depends, firstly, on the +character of the enterpriser, and, secondly, on that inscrutable +factor--Fate. Some of us devote ourselves to our dogs, take endless +trouble for them, and spend money on them freely, with the poorest +possible return; others, while not making nearly so much fuss about +their pets, manage to turn out healthy litters at regular intervals, and +sell them at remunerative prices. All that can be done is to put before +the novice "how _not_ to do it," and leave to each individually the +chances called luck, for which their star is answerable. Taking one year +with another, and presupposing patience, perseverance, affection for the +dogs, and some business-like qualities in the aspirant, I am of opinion +that toy dogs can be made to pay their expenses, and leave a margin of +profit; this in the case of non-exhibitors. Where exhibiting is +contemplated, the luck element is still more to the front, and a degree +of experience, both local and general, is essential to success. If +success, however, in winning prizes is once attained, the sales of +puppies become much more assured, and higher prices are naturally +obtainable. + +As a means of eking out a small income, dog breeding is occasionally +successful, supposing the breeder to possess advantages in the way of +proper quarters, and plenty of time to spare, natural aptitude not being +wanted; but I should greatly hesitate to suggest to a poor lady, without +experience in dogs, that she should embark capital in such a venture. +Many people seem possessed with the idea that they have only to buy a +female dog, or dogs (generally the latter, since the novice is always +inclined to split upon the rock of overcrowding and overstocking at +first), and get it mated with some well-known sire, to ensure a fine, +healthy litter of pups, which can be immediately sold at high prices, +having in the meantime been fed on dog biscuit and attended to, more or +less, by any one who happens to be at home. No greater mistake! If you +want to succeed with toy dogs, you must, at any rate until you have +considerable experience and, in addition, the ability to direct others +and make them understand, which is never an easy task, look after the +pets yourself, not spasmodically, but regularly; see that they have +exercise and proper food in proper quantity and variety, and at fixed +and regular hours; you must have an eye always open to notice the +smallest beginnings of illness--a watchfulness servants, for example, +never can comprehend, still less practise; and lastly, you must set an +aim before you and keep to it with perseverance, even though you may, +and probably will, often feel impatient and despairing. Then, too, you +must be prepared to nurse the dogs properly if, or when, they are ill. +Nobody can expect to be exempt from illness, dog or man, and good +nursing is as needful in the one case as in the other. A sick toy dog +must be kept clean, petted, sat with, talked to, and tempted with nice +things, like a sick baby, for the little spirit has much to do with the +tender frame, and pain and weakness need sympathy, and respond to it +eagerly. A little toy bitch, accustomed to fly to her owner at every +impulse, cannot be left to have puppies all alone--though her fussy +preparations, which may last all night, are rather wearisome. Some one +must stay with her and comfort her until her troubles are over; +otherwise, she will fret and worry until, when the pups do appear, she +has no milk for them. + +All these little requirements and necessities may seem absurd to those +who think a dog is a dog and nothing more; but we have bred generation +after generation of toys to be in our constant company, and made them +almost humanly intelligent, while, naturally, their small brains have no +human balance; and that a nervous toy dog _does_ need such consideration +will be granted, I am sure, by all successful breeders. At the same +time, I am by no means advocating the silly system of over-petting and +over-feeding, whereby dogs can be made a nuisance to themselves and +every one else. Because a child must be taken care of, it does not +follow that it need be spoiled: we ought to put a hat on its head when +it goes out in the sun, but we need not walk beside it, holding an +umbrella over it; and so with our small dogs--they must be watched and +cared for, but they need not, and should not, be coddled and made silly. + +I have no opinion of a dog which will not go out because it is raining, +preferring to make itself objectionable in the house; or of one which +leaves the small proportion of biscuit in its dinner and comes round +scratching your arm for more meat; or of one which rushes back to the +fire when a walk is suggested on a chilly day. Dogs like this have not +been properly cared for; it is not affection for them, seeking their +well-being, but downright silliness, which is responsible for their +self-indulgent ways. Thanks be that toy dogs of this kind are becoming +much less common, and indeed, in the case of any person desiring to keep +them with an idea of profit, such ways would be discouraged by +self-interest, for pampered dogs are not those which breed freely and do +their puppies justice. + +Where it is necessary that the dogs shall pay their way, it is of the +first necessity that the inevitable expenses of starting and gaining +experience shall be carefully considered. It is not a bad plan to get a +little cheap dog, and see it through a litter before embarking in a +"paying" breed, as where these are concerned it is useless to expect +return unless a really good price has been paid for valuable stock to +begin with. One does occasionally see such toys as Japs and Poms +advertised very cheaply; and I have known people who studied these +advertisements with rosy visions of "picking up" a bitch from an +excellent strain, at a guinea or two--with some slight fault, like a few +white hairs, to cheapen her--of breeding show stock from her and making +a little fortune. Chances like this seldom come in the way of the +novice. The best start a would-be breeder who is without any experience +can have, is by placing herself in the hands of some one who has been +successful, buying a young bitch which comes of a winning strain, though +it may possess some fault, at a fair price--which will not be a small +one--and taking the breeder's advice as to mating, etc. Or it is by no +means a bad plan to buy a brace of unrelated young puppies and rear +them. Of this, more in the chapter on breeding. + +To buy imported or pedigreeless small toys for breeding is a complete +lottery. Foreign breeders are extremely careless with regard to their +strains, and purity of blood can never be depended on. Another point +which must be insisted upon in relation to profitable toy breeding is +the necessity for health in the kennel. I say kennel because it is a +useful word, but am far from suggesting that toys of any kind should be +kept in the way understood by "having a kennel" among larger dogs. The +breeder who succeeds best is invariably the one who keeps one or two, or +even four or five, _pet_ bitches, running about the house enjoying full +liberty and all the happiness of personal favourites, with, it may be, a +dog also of the party. The breeder who is most troubled with skin +complaints, distemper, lengthy vet's bills, and all the expenses, such +as sick diet, which eat up profits, is the one who has built or fitted +"kennels," no matter at what expense, and filled them with dogs. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +ON BREEDING + + +Very small bitches, and especially those belonging to certain breeds +which are known to be "shy," are not only often reluctant to breed at +all, but are not infrequently very indifferent mothers, while there are +great risks to the bitch in pupping where the sire is larger than +herself, or where larger dogs occur in the immediate ancestry on either +side. For these reasons, brood bitches are always wisely chosen of +medium size, and mated to very tiny dogs. In all the breeds which come +under the head of toys, smallness is a desideratum, but the practice of +inbreeding which has been extensively resorted to cannot be too highly +condemned; while the equally mistaken idea of attaining this end by +under-feeding puppies has also contributed to the weakliness of +constitution which is an immense drawback to some breeds. Reckoning size +by weight is another faulty practice much against the true interests of +toys, which we want to be small and healthy at the same time; for a very +tiny dog, if compact and sturdy, may weigh much more than a leggy +specimen which, to the eye, seems half as large again. + +A bitch from 5 lbs. to 7 lbs., if, as I said before, of a small strain, +may be safely used for breeding, and the smaller the dog the better, +provided he is healthy. The plan of sending away bitches to a stud dog +saves the expense of buying a dog of one's own; the sire's wins help to +sell the puppies very materially, and the good offices of his owner may +generally be reckoned upon to assist the novice; but there are other +facets to the question. + +These tiny dogs, which are frequently exhibited, are often very +unreliable sires; they work too hard, and their owners are sometimes +very indifferent as to whether the visiting bitches are satisfactorily +attended to. True, the terms always do, or certainly always should, +include a second visit free if the first proves fruitless, but there is +the loss of time, the disappointment to the owner, and sometimes to the +little bitch herself, who may have been quite anxious to breed and not +have had a fair chance, and the trouble and expense of travelling for +her. On the whole, I am much inclined to advise the novice to, at any +rate, _begin_ by rearing up a male puppy of such breeds as Pekingese and +Griffons, or the scarcer toy Bulldogs, and using it for the home stud; +for the other plan is less likely to result in disappointment when a +little knowledge has been gained of the kennel world in general. This, +of course, unless the whole thing is gone into under the aegis of some +experienced owner, as before suggested. Some little bitches are +exceedingly capricious, and will not take the least notice of a strange +dog, where they would willingly mate with one they knew and liked; +others are so upset by a journey and a strange place as to be useless +_pro tem._; others, again, instead of being ready to breed twice a year, +as is the usual habit of female dogs, may only come in season once in +twelve months, and then but fugitively. In such cases it is a positive +necessity to have a dog on the spot. Where a sire must be chosen from +among strangers, his points should correct any in which the bitch is +deficient; your toy pug may have too small a head, with little +wrinkle--you must look for a dog with good head properties as her mate; +your Pom may be long in back, and you must seek a male with the opposite +quality, and a plume well over and touching his frill. + +The first puppies of two young dogs are generally larger than the +parents, but I do not believe the theory often advanced that the first +litter is always the best. Puppies by a very old sire are usually small. + +A toy bitch, if sent away, should be carefully packed in a roomy, warm +basket; the provision of draughty, tumble-to-pieces baskets is false +economy, both for show and breeding purposes. If possible, a toy dog of +either sex should have a cosy little basket kennel, with a door, which +it can use at home as a sleeping-place, and in which it can travel; the +basket can be fitted with an outer case of wood for greater security, +but the dog will stand the journey much better if it is in a familiar +basket. Something with a peaked or rounded top should be chosen; the +ventilation being safer in this, as flat-sided and flat-topped packages +may be so crowded upon with others in a guard's van as to suffocate the +inmate. + +Illustration: GRIFFON BRUXELLOIS. _"Sparklets," the property of Miss +Johnson._ + +The usual period of willingness to breed in a toy bitch is, more or +less, one week. This is preceded by about a fortnight's preparation, a +week or so of gradual enlargement of the parts concerned, and a week of +a coloured discharge from the uterus and vagina. Either or all of the +stages may last a longer or shorter time; but three weeks is generally +accepted as the period. No attempt at mating the bitch should be made +during the first two stages; it is when the discharge begins to cease +that she is ready, and the correct judging of this time is what chiefly +puzzles amateurs, though after they have once been through it they will +not find any difficulty. As a rule, bitches are sent away too soon, and +as the conveniences for keeping them at the stud dog's house are often +few, they are cooped up for day after day, and may become quite "stale" +and dull before the real mating time comes--a poor prospect. If the two +dogs are in the house together, the male should be kept entirely away +from the female from the very beginning of her attraction for him, until +she is ready, otherwise he will worry her incessantly and become himself +ultimately indifferent and useless in the matter. Toy dogs should never +be left to themselves in breeding matters; it is highly dangerous to do +so, especially if they are young and inexperienced, and I strongly +advise the beginner either to get some experienced breeder to overlook +matters and give advice, or failing this, when the female is ready, to +send the two dogs for a few hours to some kind and sensible veterinary +surgeon. They should be allowed to be together twice, either on +consecutive days, or with a day between. + +Once mated, the little toy bitch must be petted and taken good care of: +not over-fed, but given plenty of good, nourishing food, and +systematically exercised. If she is in pup it will become evident about +the fifth to the seventh week. Some dogs show it much more than others; +whether she has puppies or not, she will have the natural provision of +milk for them. If she does not pup, she may very likely come in season +again in half the usual time. A failure to prove in pup is generally +evidenced by a time of great heaviness and dullness, the bitch sleeping +a great deal, getting very fat, and decidedly stupid; under these +circumstances give her extra exercise and one or two small doses of +sulphate of magnesia in food, to ward off skin irritation, a not +uncommon correlative. People are far too apt to decide that "missing" is +the bitch's fault; certainly she is apt to miss if she is too fat at the +time of mating, and Nature often, and very sensibly, arranges that she +shall do so when she has been regularly bred from at her seasons for a +number of times; but outside these occasions it is quite as often the +dog's fault as not. + +A question which is frequently asked is as to the desirability or +otherwise of giving a toy bitch worm medicine, or an aperient, while she +is in pup or just before her babies arrive. It is as well to give one +mild dose of worm medicine about the end of the third week, if the bitch +is known to be troubled with these parasites to any great extent; but it +would be much better to have dosed her before her breeding time came on. +As to the aperient before pupping which we often see advised, it is a +totally unnecessary interference with Nature, and when castor oil, a +violent irritant to dogs, is employed, it is a sheer piece of cruelty, +likely to have very bad effects. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +THE TOY BITCH WHEN PUPPING + + +Too much interference is generally alternated in the case of dogs with a +disregard of their natural feelings where the arrival of puppies is +concerned. It is quite natural that the little bitch, feeling distressed +and uneasy, should claim a great deal of notice and attention, and if +she has been made a pet of she will expect, and deserve, to be allowed +to have her puppies in her mistress's dressing-room or some similar +luxury; in which she should be indulged. But once she has got over the +preliminaries, which I will presently describe, she should, if possible, +be left to herself as far as manual assistance goes. Nature will bring +the puppies into the world far better than our clumsy hands, and the +merest little tyro of a year-old bitch generally possesses the +marvellous instinct teaching her to put her babies comfortably afloat +on the sea of life. The disregard of a pet dog's feelings at which I +have hinted may take the form of sending a tiny bitch out to the stable +to pup under the care of a coachman or groom, and this may or may not be +cruel according to whether she has any affection for the man or any +knowledge of her temporary quarters; personally, I should consider it an +unkind thing to do under any circumstances. + +The beginning of the toy bitch's trouble is apparent to her owner almost +as soon as to herself. She pants, and runs about excitedly, scratching +here and there, making wildly impossible and absurd nests for her +puppies in all kinds of unsuitable places. This may last for days, but +is generally only done for a few hours before the puppies arrive, which, +by the way, will be nine weeks after mating. Some bitches shriek in a +very distressing way before they pup, and, as a rule, food is refused, +and the little mother that is to be is often sick. No anxiety, however, +need be felt. As soon as she really means business she will quiet down +and settle in the place prepared for her, which by choice should be a +big, deep arm-chair, with a white blanket--any old thing will do that is +clean--folded in the seat of it, and over this an old cotton sheet, +likewise folded, and so secured that the bitch cannot scrabble it up in +the foolish endeavour to improve human bed-making which always possesses +dogs, and, if indulged, lands them in desperate discomfort on the top of +a kind of volcano of rags! + +In nine cases out of ten a bitch chooses to pup in the night, and the +hours often seem very long, while she may lie and sleep in evident +uneasiness, getting up every now and then to make her bed, and panting +as if exhausted. It is quite safe to leave her in this condition for +twelve hours, but if by that time she seems to be getting weaker and no +puppies have come, the vet's services should be requisitioned. Probably +she will not eat, but she may be offered a little cold milk. On no +account give her anything hot, externally or internally, and do not be +tempted to do anything whatever to her; the only interference which is +ever excusable is the application of a very little sweet oil or vaseline +externally, which she will lick off, and which does no harm and no good, +in my experience. + +If help is called for at all, it must be the skilled aid of a surgeon; +any other is worse than useless. + +Illustration: FRENCH TOY BULLDOG. _"La Reine des Roses," owned by Mrs. +Townsend Green._ + +The puppies are born singly, and if a bitch has a large litter they +generally come in twos and threes, with a very short interval between +the items of each brace or trio, and a long rest between the batches. +The first services the mother has to render her babies are to free them +from the bag of membranes in which they are born, and to bite the cord +which joins each puppy to the afterbirth--a fleshy substance which comes +away with or shortly after it. All animals intensely dislike being +watched while they perform these operations; but every bitch who is +anything at all of a mother will manage them perfectly. Next comes the +licking of the puppies, which have been enclosed each in its membranous +bag full of liquid (the _liquor amniae_), and are consequently dripping +wet. Here is the crucial test: a good mother licks her babies until they +are warm and dry, then feeds them, and snuggles down with them into a +contented heap of intense happiness. A bad mother, on the contrary, +leaves her poor infants to dry as best they can, a process which +invariably ends in their developing a kind of infantile skin complaint, +which appears like a scab of cheesy substance attached to the roots of +the hair. It grows away with the hair by degrees, and gets well without +treatment, but is ugly and disfiguring for the time being, and a sad +evidence of incompetence on the part of the mother. + +When the family have settled down, and the puppies are dry and +comfortable, it is time to give them a little attention. Have a saucer +full of nice, warm milk-gruel, made with patent groats as daintily as +for an invalid, and let the mother drink it, which she will be sure to +do with gratitude; she may have more at intervals during the first day. +Then roll away the soiled folds of sheet from under her and the litter, +which can now be done without disturbing them, and leave them cosily +ensconced on the clean, warm blanket, which has been all the time +underneath. + +A little later the mother may be put out into the garden for a few +minutes, not more than two or three; but she must not be allowed to get +chilled. After the first day she should go out for a little walk morning +and afternoon, the time of her absence to be gradually lengthened as the +puppies grow older. + +Until they begin to crawl, valuable toy puppies are much safer and +better upstairs in a big chair as described, or in a flat basket with a +folded blanket at the bottom set upon the chair, than they can possibly +be in any stable or in the kitchen premises, for, no matter how warm, +such places are draughty too. There is absolutely nothing about a +litter of little toys, if healthy, to be in the least offensive +anywhere, and a good mother will keep them in the very pink of +perfection for nearly a month under such circumstances. + +Where a poor or weakly mother is concerned, and where the puppies are +restless, squall, and seem damp and comfortless, it is another matter. +By constant attention as to the changing of the bed, partial +hand-feeding from a small old silver spoon with cream and hot water, and +Plasmon or Lactol, half and half (better than milk, though _warm_ milk +will do), and a great deal of patience, the mother may be helped out and +the puppies saved; but where they are not valuable it is better to +destroy all but one or two; and where they are so, a good foster-mother +offers them by far the best chance of life and health. There are people +who make it their business to supply fosters, and one of these should be +applied to as soon as possible; taking pains to ensure, by careful +examination on arrival, that the stranger has no skin disease and is +free from objectionable insects. + +Small toy bitches sometimes have but little milk at first, but by giving +warm food only for the first few days, and plenty of milk to drink, it +generally comes all right, and so long as the pups seem fairly content, +all is well; the flow is sure to increase. Both before and after pupping +there is generally a little diarrhoea, which is of no consequence; but +if it goes on beyond the second day after pupping, get the bitch on to +her usual diet, with a little cold milk to drink, and stop all sloppy +foods. Oatmeal, as gruel or otherwise, should never be given after the +second day. A discharge, of mucus mixed with blood, is usual after +pupping, and may continue for several weeks in gradually lessening +amount. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +ON REARING PUPS + + +An indispensable adjunct in the rearing of valuable toy puppies, which, +as a general rule, do far better in the house than in any stable or +out-of-door premises, is one of Spratt's or Boulton and Paul's little +houses and runs. As personal and vicarious experiences are all that any +writer can adduce to support theory, I may be allowed to describe the +procedure which has been found successful with my own puppies--born, +bred, and reared in house and garden as they are. + +Directly they leave the basket of their infancy (in which, _par +parenthese_, I must say, I think them more delightful, helpless little +soft morsels, than even when they begin to run about, show intelligence, +and need feeding) they are introduced to one of these useful abodes, +comprising a sleeping house, provided with a cosy blanket, freely +washable and often changed, and a little wired-in run about 4 ft. by 2 +ft. The bigger this the better, of course; and if it has a floor, as +some have, pierced with small holes and draining into a removable tray +to be kept full of earth, or sawdust, it will be well. Mine is a humbler +affair, floorless, and stands on a piece of oilcloth, covered with a +large sheet of brown paper, which can be daily renewed; yet it answers +its purpose very well. In this, with outings two or three times a day, +for variety, the puppies live until they are seven weeks old; the +mother, loose about the house, visiting them at her inclination and +sleeping with them. At between three and four weeks old they must be +taught to lap, which is easy enough with some pups and difficult with +others. Warm, boiled milk should be the only addition to what the mother +gives them until they are over a month old: it is a mistake to hurry +puppies on to patent foods, bread and milk, and the like. Do not let +them have a saucer and upset it, tumbling into it and getting +themselves in a mess, to dry all sour and disagreeable, but hold their +little heads one by one as they lap, for they _will_ nod into the saucer +and send the milk flying. + +As soon as the puppies are strong on their legs, they need more exercise +and fun than the run can allow them, and now is the time to take them +off the carpets, which they will never respect in after life if they +have been allowed to treat them evilly as elderly babies. It is not a +bad plan to let them live in the kitchen from this time forth, various +things being provisional. One is, that the presiding genius will see to +their little meals under your supervision; that is, you feed them four +times a day, and she or he undertakes to see that no one else does so. +Another, that the kitchen opens into the, or a, garden, and that the +puppies can run there in the sunshine, in warm weather, and so +insensibly learn manners; yet another, that it is a warm, draughtless +place, with a nice corner for their sleeping basket. Some folks, whose +lower regions do not answer this description, or whose servants are not +amenable, may have an occupied stable at command, where the puppies can +have a loose box or stall. This plan I do _not_ recommend, for toy pups +do far better in constant human companionship; but it, or the +alternative one of keeping them in a room with an oilcloth floor, are +all that offer themselves, failing the desirable kitchen. I have known +toy pups do splendidly in a sunny little room, floored with cork carpet, +provided with cosy sleeping boxes, and opening into a terrace-walk, +where on all fine and sunny days they were allowed to play; but they +were not too much left to themselves, and their apartment was carefully +looked after, and brush and sawdust-pan kept going, just as, in my +kitchen, the servants hasten to remove any unbecoming traces of their +presence. This period, while toy pups are too young to be trained, too +old for their mother to clean them up, and also so young as to require +warmth and constant watching, is the troublesome one in their lives and +the one in which so many of them die. Neglect, or dirty surroundings, +are fatal to these little delicate atoms, which really call for the same +attention we should give a baby; monotony--being kept shut up in one +small room for hours or days--and lack of fresh air, carry off many; +while sour milk, meals left about in odds and ends, irregular feeding, +and lying to sleep in draughts, are all elements of danger. We want to +give them warmth and dryness, without stuffiness and overheating; we +want to give them sweet, tempting, _clean_ little meals, regularly, four +times a day, just as much as they can eat eagerly and no more; we want +to give them a cosy day-bed to go to sleep whenever they feel +inclined--which will be often--and, lastly, to let them have all the +fresh air and out-of-door sunshine they can get without fear of chill. +Thus it is that summer puppies, born in the spring, with all the best +weather before them, do so much better than those which have the +critical teething period to pass through in winter time. + +A toy puppy grows more quickly than, for instance, a terrier, and, of +course, is adult far sooner than a big dog; the short-haired varieties, +again, coming to maturity sooner than the long-coated ones. A Yorkshire +terrier is adult at a year, but does not get his full beauty of coat +until he is two years old, or thereabouts. A toy Schipperke is, so to +speak, grown-up at ten or eleven months, but goes on thickening and +improving in shape, and probably increasing and hardening in coat for +another year at least. A Pom's jacket gets grander at each moult until +he is three years old. As a general rule it may be laid down that the +dog is a puppy no longer at ten months, when his teething is almost +always entirely completed. This same teething is a tiresome process, +comprising the change of the first set of wee ivories for the permanent +forty-two which are to carry the owner through life. Nearly every puppy +suffers more or less in the process, some from fits, some from skin +irritation, some from colds in the head and eyes, some from general +feverishness; but the troubles are ephemeral, and generally subside +between whiles, returning as each big tooth is cut. What makes the worst +trouble is when the first teeth are severally not shed, but remain _in +situ_, a second tooth forcing itself up at one side of the lingering +intruder. This condition is pretty sure to mean teething fits, of which +more anon. Dentition begins about the fourth month, and once safely +over, the dog may be considered well reared. + +Illustration: POMERANIAN PUPPY. _At the ugly age._ + +Distemper, that is, the two diseases usually so described, are a +bugbear, but it is enough to say that no puppy ought to have them. If he +does, it is because some one has allowed him to get the contagion, by +accident or carelessness; left to himself, he could not indulge in it, +for it is not, cannot be, spontaneous. + +Small skin troubles, such as puppy pox, in which the skin in the under +parts of the body is red, and small pustules form and suppurate, after +the manner of chicken pox--though puppy pox is not catching--often +affect the strongest puppies; and a pup which "teethes with a rash" is +generally thought by breeders to be one which, if in the way of +contagion, will not take "distemper" very badly, if at all, though +whether there is any foundation for this opinion I cannot undertake to +say. Personally, my puppies never have distemper, simply because they +never have a chance; but where other dogs from the house are going to +and fro to shows they are almost certain, sooner or later, to bring it +home to the babies. Some day we shall have a crusade for stamping these +horrible diseases out, or discover prophylactics, no doubt; at present +they must be looked upon as ill-luck which _may_ never come our way. The +training of puppies to the house is a task which is most easily +accomplished by bringing them in from the kitchens, or wherever they +live in a general way, to some sitting-room for a short time daily, and +by degrees teaching them that each offence is instantly followed by +dismissal to the garden, or out of doors. Beating little dogs is useless +and unkind, but a mild scolding may be given and the infant be carried +out by the scruff of its neck. The great thing is to make this sequel +invariable, as dogs have a great sense of justice, and soon learn that +they have done wrong in this case; whereas, if they are allowed to do a +thing three times and beaten for it on the fourth occasion they quite +fail to understand the reason of the rebuke. + +Some breeds of toys are much easier to teach than others; personally, I +have found Poms comparatively difficult dogs to train to the house, and +black-and-tan terriers are seldom altogether reliable; while fawn pugs +are generally averse to going out of doors in wet or very cold weather; +but patience and perseverance will do it in almost all cases. On the +other hand, some little dogs take to the house at once, and give no +trouble at all from the very first. A dog just off a journey, or strange +to a place, is not generally well-behaved just at first, so that the +buyer of a puppy, warranted trained, ought to give it a little law +before deciding that its education is not properly complete. I am +sometimes asked if there is not some magical preparation which cures +dogs of untidy habits, but am compelled to own that, in the present +state of our knowledge, such a thing not only does not exist, but does +not seem likely to be discovered! Small puppies, under three or five +months, are physically incapable of resisting any impulse, therefore it +is quite useless to attempt to train them too soon. Comparison between +the sexes in this matter is sometimes made; some preferring males as +house dogs, and others females. I fancy there is not the least +difference, and certainly, given a promising and intelligent individual, +a little boy pup is as easy to teach manners to as a little girl, and +_per contra_. Much depends upon character; here and there we find some +toy dogs which have mean, cringing spirits, and these are generally the +ones which won't go out in rain. They may be vulgarly described as +"sneaks," and I would not keep a dog of this description. Mere timidity +is a different thing altogether, and can be eradicated by kindness and +judicious petting. The "sneak" is no companion, and should not be bred +from. It will not follow well out of doors, is seldom a good mother, and +is apt to transmit its faults of disposition to its offspring. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +ON FEEDING TOYS + + +In feeding toys, variety is essential, and it is also desirable to give +them food which will nourish and support the constitution without +fattening them unduly, or heating the blood. It is far better to give a +toy a very small dinner, as far as bulk is concerned, of roast meat cut +up; or a little boiled mutton and rice; or a bit of cutlet minced, than +to give a much larger dinner of rice and biscuit flooded with milk or +soup. Big, sloppy meals are most undesirable, and the last meal at +night, above all, should be dry. Half a penny sponge cake makes an +excellent supper for a toy dog, or a couple of Osborne biscuits. Toy +dogs should never be given any biscuit containing oatmeal or Indian corn +meal, or peameal. These two are much used in dog-biscuit making, on +account of their cheapness, and they are both too heating for toy dogs, +and, in quantity, indigestible, although oatmeal is occasionally +valuable, as in the form of groats, to be made into milk gruel and given +to bitches after confinement. Rice, well boiled, is used as a staple, to +give bulk to meals, by all breeders of Yorkshire terriers, and it is a +valuable food, for this purpose, for it does not fatten, and is as +easily digested as any cereal can be. Although I advocate small, dry +meals as against large, sloppy ones, I do not mean to say that a certain +amount of bulk is not desirable--it is, for without it there would not +be the natural stimulus of distension to the intestinal canal. But +although the dog has a very large gullet and can swallow, and wishes to +swallow, very large quantities as compared to its size, its stomach is +not so very large in proportion, and the _juste milieu_--enough and not +too much--is easy to ascertain. Eating between meals is quite as bad for +dogs as for babies. They should be fed regularly, and restrained from +picking up bits out of doors--which may be poisoned, and are sure to be +unwholesome. Many dogs have a shocking habit of scavenging, which often +means that they are anaemic and harbour worms; if a tonic and worm dose +does not mend matters, a muzzle will. + +A toy dog of 5 lbs. or 6 lbs., which has a biscuit at breakfast time, a +varied and tempting meal of meat or fish at lunch, and a piece of stale +sponge cake in the evening, is being reasonably fed, and should have a +healthy appetite. It is a mistake to feed only once a day, as such +treatment is only suitable for dogs so far in a state of nature that +they can gorge themselves to their fullest and sleep for hours +afterwards; and then take hard exercise. + +It is quite a modern theory that the sins formerly laid to the charge of +meat are all unproven, but it is a perfectly just one. Not only do skin +complaints arise from malnutrition, or from improper feeding, or a too +large amount of starchy food, but a cure for them is frequently found in +changing the diet to one of raw or underdone _meat only_. This is modern +veterinary practice, as set forth by the cleverest man of the day--Mr. +Sewell--and others whose ability is unquestioned; in the olden times the +vet's invariable dictum, whether he understood the case or not--and +generally he was in dense ignorance as to whether mange, eczema, or +erythema was the trouble--was "No meat!" This idea, like others +primarily due to ignorance, dies hard, and these are still to be found +people who, ignoring the way a dog's teeth are formed, pronounce his +proper diet to be farinaceous, notwithstanding the fact that he was +created among the carnivora. Of course, we cannot keep a house pet, +altered by centuries of evolution, just as Nature kept him, on raw +flesh--for one thing, because he is not living the same sort of life; +but the conditions are not so different as to have turned a flesh-eating +animal into a graminivorous one. + +I write, as I feel, strongly on this subject; for many a time have I +been vexed to see how obstinacy in compelling a dog to live on utterly +unnatural food, has made a miserable creature of one that would have +been happy, properly fed; and the same applies to many a litter of +puppies. + +It has long been a common habit to feed puppies on sloppy, farinaceous +food, even up to the time when they are well on in getting their +permanent teeth; if this is a mistake with larger dogs, it is a grievous +folly with toys. People feed their pups four or five times a day on +watery bread and milk, Indian corn meal and oatmeal, and powdered +biscuit, all slopped with milk; they may even leave it about all day. +Some of the puppies, the greedy ones to wit, nearly burst themselves, +whereupon Nature rebels and relieves the pressure by means of diarrhoea; +others, dainty feeders, are sickened after one or two doses, and can +hardly be got to feed at all. They loathe their food, and getting them +on is a constant worry; presently they begin to be often sick (this is +the stomach's protest against being constantly distended with liquid +food) and if they have, as most puppies have, the ova of worms inside +them, these are immensely encouraged to develop, and lose no time in +doing so. A nice preparation for the critical period of teething! + +If those who find toy puppies difficult to rear thus, would forsake +slops and feed them rationally, they would, I think, share the success +of a number of breeders, whose toys are noted for their health and +beauty, and whose methods I rely upon to back up my contention. Up to +the time the puppy can use its first teeth, give it nothing but milk, +pure, sweet, fresh, and _warm_ mixed with plasmon or any other good +dried milk powder; cold milk will give the baby colic. Teach it to lap +from a saucer of warm milk; either good cow's milk, if you can rely on +getting it free from boracic acid; pure cream and hot water to the +thickness of milk; goat's milk, best of all; or, in the last resource, +condensed milk, thinned with hot water. + +The latter must be the kind which is not over-sweetened, and _not_ the +kind which has had the cream separated. Up to six weeks I find my +puppies do best on milk only; when their little teeth are through, and +their mother forsakes them, get them on to solids. A puppy loves to gnaw +a lump of stalish sponge cake, or suck a rusk; it comforts him to use +his sharp little needlepoints--feeds and amuses him at once. Let him +then have milk for breakfast and tea; an Osborne biscuit broken up, a +rusk of the kind known as "tops and bottoms," just softened with a +little drop of milk, not made into a slop, or a bit of sponge cake, for +his dinner and supper. At four weeks he may have a little minced chicken +or boiled fish for dinner, or shredded boiled mutton; at two months he +may be fed like his elders, but with no big lumps of meat. All meat +given to puppies should be cut up finely, until they are six months old. +As to bones, a big bone is good for a puppy to suck and gnaw; but he +must not have any kind of bone which he can swallow in whole or part. +For grown-up toys any bones, but those of chicken, game, and fish, are a +permissible treat, one at a time, and that time at least a week from the +next or the last. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +EXHIBITING AND PREPARING FOR EXHIBITION. + + +Although the profits to be obtained from exhibiting are of a secondary +nature, and relative simply to the influence exercised on sales and the +way in which showing them brings dogs into public notice, it is well +worth the while of the dog owner who has a really good little toy to +exhibit it sometimes for the fun of the thing. At a show one can learn +more about breeds and points, and all the little details which interest +doggy folk, than is possible otherwise; compare notes with other owners, +and obtain many useful hints. I am sorry to say that we can also see a +good deal going on which would be well suppressed, and get glimpses of +the less attractive side of human nature which keen competition and +rivalry are apt to call forth, and which the socialistic mixture of all +classes composing "the dog fancy" encourages. "Faking "--dyeing pale tan +bright, pulling out coat, or tweaking white hairs, dusting disguising +powder into the stained jackets of white dogs, training ears to fall or +stand erect (temporarily) in the desired way, with other little +improvements, such as clipping the hair from the edges of Poms' ears and +from their paws and legs, are all practices nobody would own to, but +which nevertheless exist; while even perfectly honest owners are able to +bring their dogs to the front by legitimate methods which are unknown +to the novice, and which she can learn from the initiated. As to the +"cruelty" of showing, which Ouida so strongly deprecates, a word may be +said. It is certainly not kind to send a little petted toy, accustomed +to regular ways and the constant society of its owners to a show "on its +own," unattended, and with no care but such as the show officials may +feel disposed to bestow upon it--often of a perfunctory character. On +the other hand, if its owner takes it to the show, establishes it in its +pen, visits it from time to time, feeds it, and takes it out of the show +at evening time to spend the night with her, as can always be arranged, +I fail to see the slightest cruelty in the matter--in fact, many dogs +enjoy being exhibited, and it is quite the exception to see a melancholy +face in the rows of pens devoted to the well-cared-for toy section. + +The first thing to be thought of where exhibiting is contemplated is +getting the dog, or dogs, up to their very best form. A toy which is +properly looked after at home ought to be always, more or less, in show +condition, that is, as far as Nature's arrangements for the shedding of +coat, etc., permit; but a little extra care for a few weeks before a +show is desirable. Short-coated dogs, which, _par parenthese_, should +never be washed at all if it can be helped, must certainly not be washed +for at least a fortnight beforehand, but the least possible trace of +vaseline or cocoa-nut oil may be applied to their jackets and polished +off with a clean handkerchief; while brushing and hand-rubbing the right +way of the hair get up a beautiful gloss and sheen upon their coat, and +a little milk to drink daily helps this effect. Eyes should be washed, +and if noses are, as some, unfortunately, are too prone to be, dry, a +little vaseline well rubbed in with the finger twice a day will remedy +the defect. + +Long-coated dogs, of course, need much more attention. They must have +extra combing and brushing, and, if dirty or flat in coat, but not +otherwise, should receive a tub about forty-eight hours before +appearing in the ring. For this, use _soft_, warm water, with, in the +case of Poms, whose jackets ought to stand out well, a teaspoonful of +powdered borax and a quarter of an ounce of dissolved gelatine to each +two quarts of water. The soap used should be carefully chosen, and of +the best--Vinolia or E. Cook & Son's Toilet Soap for choice; common +soaps are most unsuitable. Many people also use and much like this +firm's Improved Dog Soap. These stiff, stand-out coats are encouraged by +habitually brushing the wrong way of the hair, and this is advisable, +too, for the manes of Schipperkes. Flat-coated dogs, like Yorkshires and +toy spaniels, often spend their lives, the former especially, in the +intervals of shows, like summer fire-irons, "in grease"--that is, their +coats saturated with oil. To such an extent as this, the preparation may +be left to the professional exhibitor (with whom, it is as well to +remark, few inexperienced amateurs have much chance, as far as the +Yorkshire terrier is concerned); but a little cocoa-nut oil, with the +merest trace of cantharides, well rubbed into the roots of the hair for +some weeks beforehand, encourages the coat to look its best. Great care +is needful in washing white dogs, and only the best of soap should be +used; also soft water, with a little borax in it, and a squeeze of a +blue-bag in the rinsing-water, to prevent the hair from showing a yellow +tinge. Yorkshire terriers must not be rubbed up and about anyhow in +their bath; neither must Maltese nor toy spaniels; the hair so carefully +kept parted down the middle of the back in the two former breeds must be +sponged downwards from the parting, while hot towels and warmed, soft +brushes should be used for drying, in such a way as to preserve the +habit of growth, which is such a point in these dogs. Rubbing "all over" +also encourages curliness--a fatal fault in the breeds mentioned--and +this is an additional reason for care. In washing dogs great pains +should be taken to dry the insides of the ears thoroughly, and the bath, +which most dogs so detest, will be robbed of half its terrors if the +head is not soaped or soused; it can be effectually washed with a +sponge, thus avoiding the miseries of soap in nose and eyes. Washing, +however, as an habitual thing, is most injurious to coat and skin, ruins +the colour of black dogs, and should never be made a practice. Daily +grooming with brush and comb will keep any properly-fed dog perfectly +sweet and clean. + +Illustration: BLACK PUG. _"Fiji," owned by Miss Hyde._ + +Poodles are, perhaps, as troublesome to prepare for show as any dogs. +There are, as yet, no corded toy poodles to speak of, but the curly toys +are very delightful little dogs, deserving much more than their present +popularity. Their shaving or clipping is, of course, an ever-recurring +task, which must at no time be neglected, and is necessary once a month; +but, after the first time or two, it is not at all difficult to manage. +The shaved parts should be gone over, the dog having been washed the +day before, with one of Spratt's Patent Poodle Clippers, a little +machine exactly like a small horse-clipper, always working against the +trend of the hair from the tail along the back to the middle of the +body, and from the feet upwards. A pair of scissors, with curved-up +points, will be needed for the face and toes, which are the most +troublesome parts to do; but actual shaving with a razor is only done as +a finishing touch just before a show. It makes the skin rather tender +and is the one part of the toilet, not needful for everyday attire, +which calls for expert aid. After clipping, the skin should be well +rubbed with a very little white vaseline oil, which brings up a nice +gloss and prevents the dog from taking cold. There are various +professional poodle clippers in London, among them a lady, who will +visit dogs at their own homes for the modest charge of five shillings; +but country exhibitors are generally obliged to resort to home talent +for the operation. + +The long hair is now fashionably arranged in a fluff, teased out with a +comb, and well brushed until it stands out; the forelock is tied up on +the top of the head with a big satin bow, and _voila, la toilette de +monsieur est fini_!--the indispensable bracelet and smart collar being +alone wanting. + +Entering dogs for a show is a simple enough matter. Having ascertained +what show you intend to patronise, send a card to the secretary, whose +address will be found with the advertisements of the show in the doggy +papers, asking for a schedule. On receiving it, read the rules +carefully, and also the matter relating to specials, and enter the dog +according to the form enclosed; if the show is held under Kennel Club +rules, exhibits must first be registered with that body. If merely under +Kennel Club licence, this is unnecessary. Occasionally, the reply to, or +acknowledgement of, such registration, which is made on a form always +sent with schedules and stud entry forms, and accompanied by an +indispensable half-crown, is so much delayed that the novice-exhibitor +trembles with fear lest her exhibit should be disqualified; but such +terrors are groundless--so long as the entry has been sent in before the +date of the show, all will be well. + +The next question is the burning one of escort. Personally I should not +like to send little toy dogs to a show without some trusted attendant, +and I cannot, therefore, advise anyone else to do otherwise. + +Taking them oneself, with maid or man in reserve to leave in charge, is +the most pleasant way, for all parties, of arranging matters, and the +paraphernalia accompanying is somewhat as follows:-- + + A warm and comfortable travelling basket for each dog--preferably a + little house in which it can sleep at night. + + A campstool for the attendant. Standing about at shows is killing + work, and chairs are not always obtainable. + + Coats for the dogs if the weather is at all cold, for exhibition + buildings are almost invariably draughty. The Petanelle coats (sold + by Spratt's), of French pattern, with storm collars, are specially + warm and smart, and are also aseptic, and the Petanelle cushions are + charming in every way. + + Some suitable food. Toy dogs will seldom eat what the show + authorities provide, and are often too excited to take anything but + what is specially dainty. A lunch-basket tin of small pieces of + chicken or meat, ready cut up, with the dog's own little plate, will + be found useful. Milk at shows is not always reliable, and if any is + wanted it should be taken in a bottle, especially for litters. + + A brush and comb. A warm, large shawl. I say nothing about the + millinery with which people often hang their pens, the satin + cushions, etc., with which I can but say the dogs are often made to + look extremely silly, but unless there is any rule in the schedule + to the contrary, exhibitors are at liberty to provide anything which + appeals to their taste in this line. The shawl, or blanket, is often + useful for draping round wire pens to keep away draughts, and as + such things cannot be got without much trouble once the show has + begun, it is as well to be provided beforehand. + +Taking dogs out of the show at night can always be managed, usually on +payment of a deposit; and the trouble is quite worth while, for fatal +colds are apt to be the result of leaving delicate toys to shift for +themselves in the colder hours of dark and dawn. + +Leading into the ring is, of course, the crux of the exhibitor's +anxiety, for now comes the critical moment--will the dog show or not? +Some dogs are born showers--brisk up, look smart and knowing, accept the +judge's overtures graciously, and generally exhibit themselves to the +best advantage. Others are variable, and cannot be depended upon; will +sometimes show well, and at other times--if they are a little out of +sorts, for instance, or do not like the look of their rivals in the +ring--will not do themselves justice. Others, again, obstinately, lower +tail and ears, crouch and cringe, or, worst of all, roll over on their +backs. If a dog, after several attempts at showing him, persists in such +conduct, it is generally best to give him up as far as exhibition is +concerned. But a good deal may be done beforehand to teach little dogs +how to show themselves. They may be made accustomed to being led about +in a chain, and encouraged to strain from the collar after a ball, etc. +Also, they should be taught to receive attention from strangers affably. + +Just one word as to the exhibitor's own conduct in the ring may not be +amiss. Sometimes old hands at showing are by no means polite to +new-comers, sad to say, and will very probably endeavour to screen the +novice, if good enough to be a rival, from the judge's eye, by thrusting +themselves and their exhibits forward; while, terrible to relate, such +incidents as a sly poke with the foot, administered to a rival's shy +dog, or the intentional treading on a toe, are not altogether unheard +of. The novice should keep her dog well to the fore, disregard what +other exhibitors are saying or doing, so far as strict politeness and +good feeling allow, and, while not obtruding her exhibit on the judge's +eye, try to get him to notice it in all legitimate ways. + +Speaking to a judge in the ring, and while acting, is a great breach of +etiquette, unless some question is asked by him, which should be replied +to audibly; but most judges are quite willing to give reasons for their +decision, or a candid opinion, if asked to do so when the judging is +over. It is, of course, needless to warn gentlewomen against any show of +feeling at being overlooked, etc.; but the fact that lamentable +exhibitions of disappointment do occasionally take place is one not to +be denied, while, of course, strict justice is occasionally lacking. +Still, taking things for all in all, a very little experience will +enable the novice to take her proper place in the show world, where she +will be sure to meet with much kindness and unselfish help--such, at +least, is my experience; while exhibiting adds a zest to dog owning +unobtainable by any other means. + +The principal shows where toy dogs are catered for are the Kennel Club +Show, in October; the Toy Dog Shows and Cruft's, generally held in +February, at the Agricultural Hall; with the shows arranged by the +Ladies' Kennel Association, the best of which, from a toy owner's point +of view, usually takes place in the summer, and with the provincial +fixtures, such as Birmingham, Manchester, and Bristol, and numerous +licence shows in all parts of the country, at all of which there is +generally a fair classification for toys. All shows may be found +advertised in the _Illustrated Kennel News_ and other dog papers. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +THE CHOICE OF BREEDS + + +The choice of a breed to take up is generally dictated by personal +preference, and fashion has a large spoke in the wheel. Just at present, +the fashionable breeds among toys are certainly Pomeranians, or Spitz +toys--commonly known as "Poms," Japanese spaniels, Pekingese or Chinese +spaniels--sometimes called Chinese pugs, toy bulldogs, and Griffons +Bruxellois. Of the choice of a breed for profit I have spoken before, +and will now consider the question from the point of view of a lonely +dame seeking a pet, or pets, and having no preconceived prejudices. + +The Pom, then, is a little dog, hard to get good, but really valuable +when so secured. A good toy Pom means one as small as possible, +certainly under 8 lbs., and preferably under 6 lbs., not long-legged and +weedy, but short-backed and compact; with tiny erect ears, a +fine-pointed muzzle, small dark eyes, tail--or plume, as it should be +called--well over the exact median line of the back; small, fine, and +delicate legs and feet, covered with short hair; and last, but far from +least, a profuse coat standing out well all over the body, and amplified +about the neck with the characteristic frill, and at the backs of the +hind legs with the criniere. Bright brown and chocolate are very much +more common than they were a year or two ago, when either was scarce and +much desired, but blacks are always favourites. Black-pointed sables +(wolf-coloured Poms) seldom have good stiff coats, and, like the +beautiful orange sables, are apt to be flat-coated, thus are not so +popular; while parti-coloured dogs depend for attraction upon their +quality otherwise. Blues, which, unless large, generally have hairless +ears, are very charming, and carry excellent coats, but are +comparatively seldom seen. The usual faults of toy Poms are +"apple-headedness"--a term which explains itself--scarcity of coat, +coarseness in head or leg, tails badly carried, big ears, or protuberant +eyes, legginess and weediness, or curliness. A wave in the coat spoils +some from a show point of view, and though washing with borax and water, +and combing out with a comb dipped in a weak solution of gelatine, will +temporarily remedy the defect, it spoils the desirable bushy look of a +Pom to a great extent. + +Poms are capital little companions, faithful, exceedingly sharp and +intelligent, and generally devoted to one person; they are good with +children if brought up with them; but they are fussy and excitable +little things, bark a great deal, and have nerves. I do not consider the +character some people give them of snappishness at all justified by +facts; but here and there a sharp-tempered Pom may be found. Their +quality of disdain towards strangers is one which ought to be considered +a virtue in all pet dogs. They are not of the easiest dogs to train to +the house, especially when kept in numbers, and are not always reliable +in this way, mainly on account of their quick, nervous disposition; but +for cleverness, affection, and beauty, they have few, if any, equals +among toy dogs, and they are never likely to lose their popularity; a +really good toy Pom is always immensely admired and courted wherever it +is taken. Puppies are not now so easily saleable at high prices as was +formerly the case, as so many people took them up that they have become +plentiful: and it is not worth while to breed second-raters; but a good +Pom will still sell. + +Illustration: SCHIPPERKE. _"Fandango," owned by Dr. Freeman._ + +Next to toy Poms I will mention toy Schipperkes, because, though they +are not as yet so fashionable, and probably never will be, they resemble +Poms in many ways. As house dogs they are eminently desirable, +wonderfully clean and well-mannered, and like the Pom in cleverness and +fidelity to one person, while they are much hardier and easier to rear +and keep in good condition. They are not at all nervous dogs; but wildly +full of life and greedy for exercise; their incessant activity vying +with that of the merry little Spitz. They are decidedly "barky" and +exceedingly inquisitive, good travellers, and dogs which settle +themselves down anywhere, and are content so long as they are with the +favourite "human" they specially possess. Schipperkes are extremely +heavy dogs for their size, and quite a wee one will weigh four times as +much as a Pom which hardly looks smaller. Both breeds require a meat +diet and plenty of good food, which they work off by their active ways; +but the bulk of the Schip's meals should be larger. As a rule, Schips +are very good-tempered dogs, and, like Poms, sharp followers at heel. +They are, however, pugnacious little things, and have only the grand +forbearance of bigger dogs to thank for the prevention of many a +tragedy due to uppish self-assertion. Black is their colour, and +taillessness their most intimate quality; some, we are told, are born +tailless, most--are not! Brown and fawn Schips are common enough in +Belgium, the home of the race; and we have now not infrequently classes +for them over here; while whites, which are really fawns, exist, +occurring in litters now and then from a throwing back to some distant +ancestor, and are really pretty dogs, though I confess the piquancy and +charm of the blacks, with their sharply-pricked, thin ears, their +rounded-off flank, hard, shiny coats, and dense masses of mane and +_culotte_, the Schip's distinctive points, are to me lost in an +"off-coloured" dog. Their faults, as toys, are soft, silky coats, toyish +or apple or badly-shaped heads (that universal stumbling block), +"Pommy," quality of coat (there is no blemish on a Schip's escutcheon +greater than a putative cross with a Pom), white hairs or markings, ears +which are rounded at the tip instead of pointed, too big, or badly +carried, short faces, unlevel jaws, spread feet, crooked or distorted +legs, and long backs. The whole appearance of the dog should be very +smart and cobby, intensely alert, and altogether clean and well put +together, qualities difficult to describe, but which "_sautent aux +yeux_." + +Toy bulldogs are yearly becoming more popular. They are absolutely ideal +dogs as to temper and all the other qualities necessary for a pet and +companion, and almost uncannily intelligent, but alas! they are delicate +beyond denying. They are hard to breed, and hard to rear; few of the +bitches are good mothers, while their babies have little stamina; they +are shy breeders moreover, and altogether need incessant care and +watchfulness. If they can have this, well and good, and their puppies +will sell immediately; so that, as a source of profit, they may be +recommended, always provided luck and a capacity for taking much +well-directed pains are on the owner's side. The prices obtained for +these dogs, if really small and of good strain, are somewhat high for +the ordinary amateur, while a small bulldog bred from bigger ones, such +as can be most cheaply obtained, in the way of a toy, is but a poor +speculation, since her first litter will probably kill her. The limit of +weight at which a toy bulldog ends and the bulldog proper begins, has +been matter of controversy, and the original limit of some 20 lbs. was +found to present so many difficulties that many breeders desired to have +it altered. An equal, or even greater, amount of discussion raged round +the question of drop, rose, or bat ears--that is, of upright or falling +ones. Finally the sensible decision of having two clubs, one for toys in +all respects like the large English bulldogs, and one for dogs of French +origin, though now of English breeding, with upright or "bat" ears, to +be called French toy bulldogs, was arrived at. The English type is now +known as the Miniature Bulldog. + +Illustration: PEKINGESE. _"Foo-Kwai of Newnham," owned by Mrs. W. H. +Herbert._ + +Japanese spaniels are quite one of the _derniers cris_ of fashion.[1] +With them I include Pekingese, as although the latter are hardier dogs +altogether, and easier to manage, they are also Eastern, so making +things even. Japs are pretty little dogs, of average intelligence and +affection, if not quite equal in these respects to the first two breeds +discussed. Up to the present "distemper" has been their chief scourge, +and keeping them in numbers seems to be an invariable invitation for a +visit from some pest, to the contagion of all which they seem peculiarly +susceptible. Griffon breeders say that if a Griffon feels ill it dies, +and this is in some measure applicable to Japs also. There is no reason +why it should be so, for in their native country they are hardy enough, +and the cause is traceable to inbreeding, occasioned by the difficulties +put in the way of their importation both by the Japanese authorities and +our own, and resorted to with the idea of keeping them small; the +delicacy caused by the hardships of the voyage, which they stood very +badly; to the pioneers of the race over here, and the rush for small +sires, often too much used, and over shown. If breeders would buy young, +unrelated puppies, feed them on meat, bring them up healthily, and so +found fresh strains, this delicacy could surely be overcome with +comparative ease. In appearance, Japs are extremely fascinating. Their +colours are black and white, red and white, and yellow or lemon and +white--the latter two combinations being the rarest; their coloured +ears, like butterfly wings, the short-faced head between forming the +body, their heavily fringed feet, and their plumed tail making up a +charming and piquant _tout ensemble_. They are frequently confounded +with Pekingese, which are whole coloured, red or yellow, with black +markings, and whose ears are not set on at the same angle. A Pekingese +pup is perhaps the _very_ prettiest puppy going, before it reaches the +lanky stage, which breeders of all toys, except perhaps pugs and Schips, +know means the utter indifference, even scorn, of the uninitiated +public. The prices of Japs rule fairly high, and a good puppy cannot be +obtained, unless by special luck, for less than L10 10s.; a larger +female pup for a trifle less perhaps--but such, if good in points, are +quickly snapped up for brood bitches. Japs have the same toy weight +limit as Poms--8 lbs.--and the over toy weight dogs are far hardier and +easier to breed than the midgets. + + Footnote 1: _Japanese Spaniels._--The five rules of Japanese spaniel + beauty, according to the _Delhi Morning Post_, are these: (1) The + butterfly head; (2) the sacred V; (3) the bump of knowledge; (4) + vulture feet; (5) the chrysanthemum tail. To attain the "butterfly + head" and the "sacred V," a Jap must own a broad skull with a white + V-shape up it (the body of the butterfly), the small, black, + V-shaped ears forming the butterfly's wings. The "bump of knowledge" + is a small, round, black spot between the ears. The hair on the + "vulture feet" feathers to a point in front, but must not widen the + slender foot, and to the eye of faith the beautiful, silky, plumed + tail, tightly curled over the back, presents the semblance of the + national flower, the chrysanthemum. + +Griffons Bruxellois are quaintness personified, and their funny little +characters, full of dignity and self-sufficiency, are indicated by their +no less funny little exteriors. The characteristics of a good Griffon +are smallness, hardness of coat, deep, rich red colour, huge black eyes, +_a fleur de tete_, the shortest possible black-ended nose, as flat as +may be with the face (this appearance generally aided by the breeder, +who presses the baby cartilage upwards at every opportunity), and fine +and sound legs and feet. The tail is docked, but the ears may not now be +interfered with--a righteous rule. An undershot "monkey face" is the +desideratum, and though sometimes shy breeders, these little dogs are +well worth having, and make the best of house pets. + +Of black-and-tan toy terriers there is not much to be said, for the +simple reason that they are at present quite out of fashion. A vague +idea still, I believe, prevails that the bare and leathery, not to say +mangy, appearance some of the former little creatures present about +their appleheads and big ears, is a sign of good breeding; indeed, I +have often been seriously invited to consider the high claims of a +spidery, ill-shaped atom so affected to distinction on the score of +aristocratic descent. + +In the show-ring things like this are not tolerated, and the really +well-bred black-and-tan is not like the little abortions sold--but +seldom now, though frequently of old--by itinerant vendors whose +characters were far from being above suspicion, and by dog-dealers, as +the _creme de la creme_ of pet dogdom. The show black-and-tan toy is +like a miniature Manchester terrier--glossy of skin, long and neat in +head, with small, dark eyes, oval, not round and goggling; fine, +well-made limbs, with the correct pencilling of deep, rich tan on the +toes. There must be no tan down the backs of the hind legs, and the ears +must be neat and well carried; the tail a whip. + +Illustration: YORKSHIRE TERRIER. _"Trixie," owned by Miss O'Donnell._ + +Yorkshire terriers, if small and well coated, always find a sale, and +will never be without friends. I like them much as single pet dogs, but +a kennel of Yorkshires is a life's work, and only the enthusiast can +give them all the care they need. A Yorkie _must_ be brushed (lengthily) +every day: it _must_ be rubbed with oils and washes, especially when its +hair is breaking, the process which turns the short-coated black-and-tan +puppy into the full-blown blue-and-tan beauty of mature age. If the coat +is to be done justice to, the puppy must, when necessary, be most +carefully washed (though washed as little as possible), restrained from +scratching by having little wash-leather socks kept upon its hind feet, +and dieted with every attention directed towards the prevention of any +skin disorder. No dog can carry a heavy coat unless well nourished, and +the old idea that farinaceous foods sufficed for this is exploded. To +avoid anaemia, keep the blood pure and rich, and give strength, a Yorkie +must have the nourishment of meat. Withal, it is a merry little soul, +and if its coat can be to some extent sacrificed, a good companion, fond +of outdoor life, very barky and lively, and tolerably affectionate; but +a really lovely show Yorkie is not a being for every day. The breed does +not suffer much from "distemper," and, strange to say, in spite of +generations of coddling and fussing, and breeding for smallness and +coat, is a decidedly healthy one. The white Yorkshires, a new variety +some folk have tried to push, is, I think, in no way especially +desirable--the Maltese can do all that is necessary in that line; while +the attempt to make "silver" Yorkshires popular, too, simply means that +bad-coloured dogs without any tan (paleness of tan is the +stumbling-block in many a Yorkshire's career), are classed by themselves +and offered prizes. + +Toy pugs are, I think, invariably fascinating to those who have a liking +for pug kind; they are big pugs in little, and everyone knows the points +of a pug. My own toy fawn pugs loved their comforts too much to be +perfect dogs for companioning a person of active outdoor habits, but +they were sweet-tempered, gentle things, and, as such, to be commended. +Pugs as a race seem strangely apt to skin trouble, and the toys are no +exception. I have not seen many really good and very small fawn toys, +but there are some, and where a pug is to be bought, a toy is really +most desirable. They make good house dogs, and are seldom or never +noisy, while those of a comparatively active strain, bred to plenty of +outdoor fun, and not indulged in the greediness which, alas! is +generally a feature in their character, need by no means acquire the +stout, snoring wheeziness which some folk think an elderly pug cannot +escape. All the same, I can but say that I prefer the black variety on +the whole, for they unite the sweet temper, faithfulness, and gentleness +of the fawns with an untiring energy, to my mind one of the best +qualities a dog can possess. They are also hardier, less subject to +"distemper" and kindred ills, and very alert and intelligent. One merit, +if such it be, they do not share with the fawns--the latter are not +expensive dogs, for they are almost always good mothers and prolific +breeders. Not that the blacks fail in these respects, but as yet they +are comparatively dear--that is, the really good ones. Head properties +make much of their value just now, for a good-headed black pug, with a +broad skull, large eyes, and plenty of skin and wrinkle, is not in every +litter, and narrow skulls are much disliked, though Nature, with +characteristic contrariety, seems to rejoice in producing them. + +Pugs cannot stand heating foods any more than Yorkshires, which agree +with them in doing better upon boiled rice as an addition to meat to +make needful bulk, than upon any other farinaceous food. Next to it in +value comes wheat meal; oatmeal and Indian corn meal will surely bring +skin disaster. Lean meat, underdone for choice, fish, and chicken, may +be varied to make the meals, with a small amount of the needful staple +as bulk. + +Toy spaniels in general are not difficult dogs to deal with. They are +faithful and extremely affectionate dogs, and the Blenheims make good +country pets, having often a considerable amount of sporting instinct, +even when they come of stock which has been kept for show only for many +years. The Marlborough Blenheims are, of course, examples of the +sporting Blenheim, though they are not correct in show points; and there +is no reason why one of these dogs, toys though they be, and fit to win, +should not be a good little country companion. For towns, white +long-haired dogs are not to be recommended, because of the occasional +washing, which is a vexation alike to dog and owner. The colouring of +the Blenheims is very taking, and one with all the show points, spot on +the head included, is sure to be admired; but toy spaniels, as a race, +the Jap and Pekingese excepted, are very much in the hands of +professional exhibitors, and but seldom now seen as pets. The +black-and-tan King Charles is inclined to be rather a silly dog, +pretty enough, but not "brainy"; a loving little thing, but +unintellectual--such, at least, is my experience of him. The faults of +both breeds are generally too much leg, long heads and noses, instead of +the big round skulls desired; small eyes, and curliness--the latter a +direful mistake. The Prince Charles, or Tricolour, is the King Charles +over again in three colours--black, tan, and white; and the Ruby is, as +its name implies, all red; rather scarce, this is, to my mind, the +prettiest of the toy spaniels. All are very susceptible to damp and +cold, and should be carefully dried, especially as to the feet, after +being out in rain or mud. They are sweet dogs in skin, and seldom smell +"doggy"--a great virtue. + +Maltese have a good many friends. These are the oldest of all lap dogs, +and a good specimen, with perfectly straight hair--which is, however, +but seldom found--is really a thing of beauty. They should be treated +like Yorkshire terriers, except that some of the ever-recurring tubs may +be avoided by dusting flour or violet powder (pure starch) into the coat +and well brushing it out again. They are often spoiled by brown noses, +which are a great handicap, and also by the brown marks caused by +running of the eyes, which are a great disfigurement in a white dog. +Here I may break off to remark that these marks would also spoil white +toy Poms, but for the fact that white toys of that breed are scarce. +Breeders have done their best to get them, and a good many small +ones--under 6 lbs.--have been bred, but the tiny whites shown are +generally deficient in some point. Of toy whites, over 6 lbs. and under +8 lbs., there are now many, and good; especially in a certain +west-country kennel; but some of the best are dangerously near the limit +of weights. + +The "tear-channels" which led to this digression can be helped _not_ to +exist by using a boracic acid lotion to the eye; but the stains are +often ineffaceable. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +AILMENTS AND ILLNESSES + + +=Anaemia=--a condition of general depression in health, with +impoverishment of the blood--is of all serious diseases the most common +among dogs. It is this condition that causes dogs to have worms; it is +this deficiency in the blood supply, both in quantity and quality, which +brings about ninety out of every hundred cases of skin disease. The +original cause of the disease in toy dogs was the way in which they +were, and unfortunately often still are, kept, fed, and housed. A number +of dogs kept together in some artificially-heated building, confined in +small pens, obliged to breathe impure air, and fed on Indian meal, +biscuits, oatmeal, and other cereals, with little or no meat--this is +kennel life, and a splendid foundation for anaemia. We all know how worms +and eczema and other skin troubles beset toys kept "in kennels," but not +until the knowledge has caused people to give up keeping them thus, and +handing on hereditary eczema and hereditarily vitiated blood to their +puppies, shall we get rid of the inherited tendency to poverty of blood +which makes so many toy dogs possessions of anxiety rather than sources +of satisfaction to their owners. + +If a law could be passed obliging all dogs to receive a suitable daily +allowance of good, fresh, underdone meat, and abolishing farinaceous +feeding altogether, even for five years, it is not too much to say that +at the end of this time eczma in its more common forms would have died +out, worms be the infrequent exception rather than the rule, and +"distemper" would have ceased to be a thing of terror. + +It is extraordinary how ignorant educated people, otherwise well +informed, can show themselves on this subject. I have repeatedly +received letters in which, after detailing a diet of milk puddings, +oatmeal porridge, vegetables, bread and gravy, and so on, the writer +gravely adds the assurance--"But I have never given a farinaceous diet!" +Green vegetables and such starchy vegetables as potatoes are absolutely +useless to dogs, and so indigestible as only to rank second to absolute +poisons, like carrots and turnips. No dog can get the mineral salts +necessary to healthy blood out of oatmeal, Indian corn meal, or any +other meal, nor out of a little iron-hard, dried gristle or some similar +substance, such as appears in some so-called "meat" foods. It can only +get these substances out of its natural and proper food--meat. Puppies +fed on meat from the time their teeth can bite it do not have anaemia, +and are consequently free from skin trouble: their blood is rich and +pure, and they do not harbour worms. I only ask any reader who doubts +these statements to try the very simple experiment of separating a +litter at seven weeks, and feeding half the pups on meat, of course +varied, cut up small, and given in moderate quantity three times, and +subsequently twice, a day, with a very small proportion of wheaten +flour-stuff given merely as a treat and variety, in the form of small +sweet biscuits or sponge cake, to afford the needful bulk to the meals. +No gravy, milk, vegetables, nor any liquid but water to be given. The +other pups in the litter can be fed on the old, artificial, unnatural +plan of constant, large, sloppy meals of milk food. If the conditions +are otherwise equal--plenty of fun, sunshine, and exercise being +given--the difference between the two sets of pups will probably be +quite sufficiently marked to uphold my argument, with the further +addition that the meat-fed puppies will be found a good deal less +objectionable in the house before their education begins, and infinitely +easier to train, than their brethren on farinaceous diet. + +In cases of anaemia, as shown by skin trouble, bareness round the eyes, +poor or capricious appetite, languor, unpleasant breath, thinness, and a +general look of unthriftiness, a liberal meat diet is the first +essential, and plenty of fresh air--not necessarily hard exercise, for +which the patient is generally unfit--the next. A tonic is always +desirable, and iron the most suitable. There are several forms of this +useful drug. Reduced iron can be given in very small dosage; sulphate of +iron is cheap and useful in pill form: both of these have a tendency to +constipate. The saccharated carbonate of iron is a beautiful preparation +that does not constipate--is, indeed, a little laxative in action. It is +a powder, tasteless except for sweetness, and will be taken readily +enough if sprinkled on meat, or it can be made into pills with the +addition of a tonic bitter, as in the form of the Kanofelin tonic pills. +It is the most expensive of the forms of iron, but that is not saying +much, as all are absurdly low in price. The dose for a toy is from two +to four grains twice a day, in, or immediately after, food. Cod liver +oil is a useful medicine in bad cases of anaemia, especially where, by +reason of having or having inherited, this habit of body, a long-haired +toy is always poor in coat. Some dogs never grow coats, merely because +they have not the strength to do so, and others inherit sparseness of +hair. But if there is any hair in reserve, a course of cod liver oil +will help it on, and better far than plain cod liver oil is its +preparation with malt. Cheap cod liver oil, however, is horrid, and +should never be given. It will only act as a purgative, and be worse +than useless. Nor should a dog ever be forced to take this substance if +he has a dislike to it. But if the anaemic, scantily-coated patient will +take it readily, a teaspoonful of some good brand of cod liver oil and +malt extract, besides three grains of saccharated carbonate of iron +twice a day, with meat diet, will make a most marvellously different dog +of him in six weeks' or two months' time. + +It is quite useless to give any tonic for a week or ten days, or +irregularly. It must be given for a long time and with perfect +regularity, or it does no good whatever: it must have time to be +absorbed into the system, to permeate it, and be taken up by the blood. + + +=Bad Teeth.=--The existence of canker in dogs' teeth is generally +another consequence of bad rearing and farinaceous feeding. Meat-fed +pups, from meat-fed parents, have conspicuously good sound teeth, +whereas among kennelled dogs it is not at all uncommon to find specimens +of mouths cankered throughout, and this condition is certainly sometimes +transmitted to the offspring. The teeth look deep yellow, or brown, the +dental enamel is soft, and in bad cases they drop out. The gums are soft +and spongy and pale. The disease being constitutional, little or nothing +can be done to arrest the decay of the teeth, which luckily seems +painless. The dog should be carefully fed on the most nutritious +underdone meat, and the mouth may be washed out daily with a very weak +solution of permanganate of potash: just enough of the crystals to tinge +warm water pink being used. The best way to perform this little +operation--one to which most dogs object very strongly--is to get +someone to hold the head, with the nose pointing downwards, over a +basin, and to introduce the nozzle of a gutta-percha ball syringe +between the lips at the back of one side, letting it enter that spot in +the jaw where there is a hiatus between the lower teeth. Two or three +squeezes of the ball will then wash out the mouth pretty effectually. + +This cankered condition of dogs' teeth may be brought about by the +absorption of mercury into the system. A dog which had been troubled +with very obstinate recurrent eczema, known to be inherited from +ill-reared parents, was apparently cured as by magic when sent to a +veterinary surgeon, who dressed him all over with mercurial ointment. +The improvement in his condition continued for about three months, when +it was discovered that he ate with difficulty. His mouth being examined, +the teeth, previously sound, were found to be like so much dark, +yellow-brown leather, and the gums sore. The next development was in the +form of a cancerous growth in the posterior nares, and so the poor +animal died, a victim to a cruel "fate," for which the surgeon had +obtained the credit of a cure. Such cases are not at all uncommon. + + +=Dental Caries=, such as affects our own teeth when they decay and have +to be stopped, occasionally, though luckily not often, distresses dogs. +They may bruise the dental pulp inside a tooth by biting very hard on a +bone, or by playing too roughly, and more especially by carrying stones, +a very bad practice. The only thing to be done is generally to extract +the tooth under chloroform, since it is difficult to find dog-dentists +who will stop a decayed tooth. A dog with toothache, rubbing his face on +the ground and crying, is a pitiable sight. + + +=Abscesses between or on the Toes= are a form of eczema, and should be +treated constitutionally, as suggested under the heading of Anaemia, +eczema's usual cause. Dogs will worry these sores, and must be prevented +from doing so by having the foot encased in a sock made of strong washed +calico, tied round the leg with tape. Before putting on the sock, dress +the sore with iodoform powder or zinc ointment. + + +=Docking Puppies.=--Being docked is not an ailment nor an illness, but +as a very sad conclusion may be put to a valuable pup's life by the +operation carelessly performed, it is as well to say a word about it. +Docking should never be left until the eyes open and the nervous system +is fully organized. At such an age it is a piece of gross cruelty and +the risk of haemorrhage is enormously increased. Unless puppies are very +weakly, they should be docked at five days old at latest. Happy is the +owner whose Poms or Pugs require no such improvement! The Schipperke +owner has been especially commiserated or vituperated, as the case might +be, but as a matter of fact there is, in the hands of a competent +surgeon, used to operate on these and other dogs, not one iota more risk +or more pain or more difficulty than in dealing with a terrier. Docking +should be done by a skilled veterinary surgeon, with proper antiseptic +precautions. His hands and the strong scissors used are first made +thoroughly antiseptic by washing in carbolic or some other antiseptic +solution, and the operation can be done without the pup's losing any +blood at all to speak of. The wounds are dressed with iodoform powder +and tannic acid powder, mixed, and in one hour the mother, who should be +sent out for a walk while the surgeon is in the house, will be admitted +to them, and they will be sucking as if nothing had happened. +Occasionally, owing to some idiosyncrasy of the individual, a puppy may +bleed after docking, and therefore a careful watch must always be kept. +If there is any haemorrhage, bathe with very cold water in which alum has +been dissolved, and apply a styptic, as tannic acid or perchloride of +iron. But it is always well to ask the operator to remain for an hour or +so, until all risk is over. The blood vessels very quickly seal up at +their ends (to use untechnical language), and the tongue of the mother, +when re-admitted after the necessary interval, will do no harm. Though +docking is neither dangerous nor cruel when properly done on puppies so +young that they have little or no sensation in their undeveloped nerves, +it is a barbarism to let any ignorant person, as a groom or coachman, do +it; and the dog owner who will not sacrifice her own possible repugnance +sufficiently to co-operate with the skilled surgeon in seeing it +properly done, at least owes it as a duty to her dumb dependents to pay +him to take all reasonable care, and bring an assistant to hold them, +and stay until they are quite safe and comfortable. + + +=Bilious Attacks.=--A slight chill, in east-windy times of year, or from +any undue exposure to cold, will sometimes bring on a liver attack in +dogs, while some are habitually subject to sick-headache after the +manner of their owners. A bilious dog shivers, looks miserable, brings +up a little yellow liquid or some froth, after a good deal of retching, +and refuses to eat. Such an attack is always easy to diagnose, because +the nose remains, as a rule, cold and moist, while there is no rise in +temperature. The same symptoms, with feverishness, would probably mean +commencing serious illness, necessitating skilled advice; but without +rise of temperature are not important, unless they resist treatment and +continue for longer than about twelve hours. The patient should be kept +warm, covered up before the fire if the weather is severe, and given a +soft pill of three grains of carbonate of bismuth and one grain of +bicarbonate of soda, every four hours, until appetite returns. + + +=Loss of appetite= is a symptom which should never be disregarded. It +may be quite right for the owners of sporting dogs to use the phrase so +frequently heard: "Oh, if he won't eat, he's better without it," but +want of appetite in a toy dog should never be a matter of indifference +to the owner. It may, of course, arise only from previous over-eating, +and over-fed dogs are certainly subject to bilious attacks which do not +call for much sympathy; but it is always desirable to assure oneself +that nothing more serious is the matter before dismissing the subject. +In cases where loss of appetite is the precursor and accompaniment of +illness, as in distemper, it would be most unwise to leave the dog to +itself, and by allowing it to go without food, pull down the vitality +and give the disease a firmer hold. As a general rule, a dog may be +allowed to miss one meal without much anxiety; but, if a second is +refused, inquisition should be made, and the temperature be taken, +without loss of time. A clinical thermometer is a most useful adjunct in +the dog-room, and any temperature over 100 degs. or 101 degs.--the +former the dog's normal one--is suspicious. The easiest way of taking it +is by inserting the instrument between the thigh and the body, and, as +it were, holding these together, over it. Puppies will often refuse food +simply because their gums are sore from teething, and here, again, it +would be extremely foolish to let them go on in a state of +semi-starvation. When a puppy is seen to pick up his food with his front +teeth, shake each piece, and turn it over indifferently, it is a pretty +sure sign that he cannot eat comfortably; if the natural process of +cutting the teeth is in fault, all that need be done is to give minced +meat and soft though dry food--a sponge cake will nearly always be +willingly negotiated--and keep a watch to see that he gets enough to +maintain him in good condition and pull him through the critical time; +if, as is sometimes the case with an older dog, a too-lingering first +tooth is setting up irritation and needs extracting, the vet's services +must be requisitioned, as it is not advisable for any amateur to try his +hand at canine dentistry. The main characteristic of the "new" or +Stuttgart disease, or of gastritis, by the way, is inability to take +food, the mouth being ulcerated, in addition to stomach complications; +and here, again, commencing loss of appetite must be regarded with +suspicion. Simple biliousness is not common among properly-fed dogs, but +is sometimes brought on in individuals by what I may be so technically +medical as to call idiosyncrasy--to wit, inability to digest certain +foods. Many toy dogs cannot eat vegetables, which of course are to all +unnatural and very indigestible, and others are invariably sick if they +are given milk, and the dog can no more help these peculiarities than +human beings similarly afflicted. Biliousness, brought on either by +over-eating, a chill on the liver, or some unsuitable food, is easily +recognized, and here abstinence for a while _is_ advisable. The patient +will be chilly, probably having cold paws, and may be sick several +times, producing only a little yellow froth; most dogs eat grass and +soon feel better, requiring no medicine; but if appetite does not return +quickly, give a bismuth-and-soda pill every four hours, the proportion +being three grains of bicarbonate of soda to one grain of carbonate of +bismuth. + + +=Indigestion= is by no means uncommon among toy dogs, and frequently +leads to the odious habit of eating horrible things in the street, about +which dog owners sometimes complain, and with reason. The presence of +worms leads up to this habit, too, and where it exists they may be first +suspected; and then, if their existence is disproved, indigestion comes +in as the likely factor. Its treatment is not difficult, but the owner +must make up her mind to persevere, and to feed her dog herself--no +servant, no matter how careful, possesses judgment enough to deal with a +case of this kind. Absolute regularity in feeding is necessary; the +meals must be small, yet very nourishing, and the dog should not be +allowed to drink immediately after eating. A digestive tonic containing +nux vomica is almost invariably useful, but it is not a medicine which +can be prescribed at large, for nux vomica is in itself a dangerous +drug, and acts much more freely upon some dogs than upon others, making +it most unwise to prescribe "so much" for all dogs alike. With this +proviso, I will give a prescription intended for a Yorkshire terrier +weighing about 6 lbs., which may be safely tried upon toys between 5 +lbs. and 8 lbs. weight, the quantity of this particular ingredient being +reduced by one-half for dogs between 4 lbs. and 5 lbs. and by two-thirds +for toy puppies, upon whom its administration must be watched with extra +vigilance: Rx pulv. nucis vom., 1/2 gr.; pulv. radix gentianae, 1 gr.; +carb. bismuthi, 4 grs.; bicarb, sodii, 1-1/2 grs.; ferri carb. sacch., 3 +grs. M. H. D. Exhib. cum cib. bis vel ter die. A pill somewhat similar, +but in some respects superior to this, is sold as one of the Kanofelin +remedies. + +The symptom of too great susceptibility to the action of strychnine (nux +vomica) will be, in bold language, twitching and nervousness, and where +these are observed to follow a dose it must be diminished or stopped +altogether, and in this latter case the powder without the first +ingredient may be tried. + + +=Disagreeable Breath and Eructation.=--Beta-naphthol, given in pills +containing 1/2 gr. each, is a valuable drug in cases of indigestion +where eructation and disagreeable breath are noticeable. For toys under +5 lbs. 1/4 gr. pills must be given; one pill in either case to be given +about ten minutes after each meal. The effect of the drug is simply to +check the fermentation of the food and the consequent formation of foul +gases in the stomach. Where this form of indigestion is accompanied by +diarrhoea, salol may be given instead of naphthol, in the same doses; +but it and naphthol do not suit all dogs alike, though neither can do +any harm, and if the patient is sick after a dose, the sign has been +given that marks the treatment as unsuitable to his individuality. As in +the case of human patients, the dog doctor may have to try several +methods of treatment before he hits upon the cure. Pills are often +troublesome to give, which fault cannot be found with powdered vegetable +charcoal, to which few dogs make any objection when it is sprinkled upon +their food and lightly covered with a few tiny bits of something very +dainty; but where the owner prefers to give medicine apart from the +food, enclosure of powder in a capsule is always practicable. A simple +and tasteless powder is included among the Kanofelin Remedies, and may +always have a trial, given with the food, in cases of indigestion. + + +=The Bad Doer.=--Want of appetite for no particular reason, except +general debility of the stomach, is the annoying characteristic of the +kennel-man's horror--the "bad doer," who is characterised by thinness +and bad coat. Here and there we find a thin little dog that nothing +will fatten; hardly ever hungry, and dainty to the distraction of his +owner; a dog who will not eat in a strange place or from an unusual +plate, and who only grows the thinner and more miserable for what he +_does_ eat. He is an unenviable possession, but we must make the best of +him, coax him with small and frequent meals, for he will often accept a +teaspoonful of raw meat minced, or a tablespoonful of cream, where he +would not even look at an ordinary dog's meal, and get him up as well as +we can for show with a daily new-laid egg, beaten up in a very little +milk, and that useful and valuable dog-owner's aid, cod liver oil and +malt. Most dogs will take this with a little tempting meat to help it +down. Of course it must not be pushed at first, but given, to begin +with, in very small doses, and gradually increased until our usefully +typical 6 lb. dog is taking a full teaspoonful twice a day. It is a +wonderful hair producer. Cod liver oil alone, without the malt, is of +much less use, and cheap preparations of either or both are to be +sternly avoided; in the nature of things, such a medicine cannot be +cheap, if it is to be thoroughly good. And here, I may remark, that +because we are _only_ dealing with a dog is no reason why we should put +cheap drugs of any kind into him. His system is just as beautiful and +delicate in its balance as that of a human being, though his teeth and +his digestion may be stronger--such is not invariably the case by any +means--and the administration of impure or adulterated medicine is just +as great a cruelty to it as to the human machinery. To give a toy dog +crude cod liver oil, imperfectly purified, because it is cheap, is like +expecting to do fine carving upon oak with a hatchet, because it _is_ +oak and not satin-wood. + + +=Internal Parasites.=--In no case has modern progress in knowledge +disclosed more fallacies, held formerly as firm beliefs, than where the +internal parasites--which for our present purpose, this being only a +popular manual, may be classed as tape-worms and round worms--of the +dog are concerned. Only a few years ago, if a dog suffered from skin +disease in any one of its several forms, "worms" were at once cited as +the cause. Now we know--or rather, those among us know, who either have +some understanding of canine anatomy and physiology or will take the +word of the scientist for it--that worms cause nothing: they are not a +cause, but an effect. They are a symptom of anaemia; and as skin trouble +almost invariably accompanies any severe degree of anaemia in dogs, skin +trouble and worms are usually found together. We cannot, therefore, cure +dogs of harbouring worms by giving expellent doses, no matter how +glowingly advertised and boomed, of the various irritant drugs which act +as vermifuges. We can only by this means temporarily drive out the +enemy, which is certain to return, because the conditions prevailing in +an anaemic intestine suit it perfectly, and encourage its increase, +whereas in the healthy intestine it more or less shares the fate of food +on being digested, and is incapable of rapid or sustained increase. The +effect of an anaemic or vitiated condition of the blood-supply to the +villi, or, in non-scientific language, digesting pores which exist all +over the mucoid lining of the intestinal tract, is to prevent their +throwing out those strong juices or digestive fluids which they normally +produce. Their secretions are altered and weakened, and have no +injurious effect on the parasites, which then increase rapidly. When, +therefore, it becomes evident, by the appearance of short +yellowish-white segments, generally about an inch long, and varying in +breadth from a mere line to about a quarter of an inch, dropped about by +a dog, that tape-worm exists; or it is seen by his vomiting them up or +otherwise, that he has round worms, which somewhat resemble earth-worms, +what we have to do is to alter that condition of the general health +which allows these pests to exist. In brief, we have to treat the dog +for anaemia, which subject has been already discussed. It is, of course, +occasionally possible for a healthy, meat-fed dog to become +accidentally infected by swallowing tape-worm ova, and in such a case a +few of the parasites may be harboured for a considerable time, not +increasing, but now and then making their presence manifest. Infection +is possible by the swallowing of fleas, which are intermediate hosts of +tape-worm, or by eating the insides of rabbits, which usually swarm with +these creatures, or, in the opinion of some authorities, by sniffing the +ova up through the nasal passages and subsequently swallowing them. As, +however, one cannot always be certain that the apparently healthy dog is +not a trifle below par, it is always well to treat him with a course of +iron, giving the powders or tonic pills advised for anaemia for a month, +and at the expiration of that period, when the system is toned up so +that the worms' position is almost untenable, and their expulsion will +be final, one or two vermifuge doses may be given. All sorts of quack +remedies have been praised and boomed as infallible, but many are +exceedingly drastic, and some positively dangerous. Areca nut, so +frequently advised, is a most violent irritant, actually poisonous in +its effects on young puppies, and a very cruel remedy in all cases. +Wormseed oil, an American preparation, possibly from one of the inulas, +a family of plants known in English gardens, is sometimes an ingredient; +also such highly unsuitable, inert, useless, or dangerous substances as +sulphate of magnesia, salt, or cowhage, with strong doses of santonine, +a drug that should never be given in unknown quantity. A violent +purgative action often accompanies these secret remedies, adding to +their danger. The intelligent dog owner should know what he is giving, +and to some extent understand its action; but in a country where quack, +much-advertised medicines are largely given to children, I suppose it +will be difficult to prevent their being also administered to dogs. In +any case, no worm medicine whatever, of any sort or kind, other than an +iron tonic, should be given to young puppies, no known drug possessing a +stronger action than iron upon the parasites being safe for toy pups +under three months old. After that age it is safe to give very small +doses of oil of male-fern and absolutely minute ones of santonine. These +are best combined in a capsule, in which form they can be given without +distressing the patient, and a perfectly safe capsule after this formula +is, among the Kanofelin remedies--which are not secret, but are +compounded after recognised formulae, and equally suitable for dogs or +children in the purity of their drugs and safety of their action. If any +of the popular advertised remedies are used for adults, experiment +should be made at first with much smaller doses than are cited, and +safety thus assured, for a microscopic dose will often act quite +severely enough for the toy dog owner's purpose, and dogs are as +variously sensitive to drug action as we ourselves. + +In very young puppies the bringing up by the mouth of round worms is not +at all unusual, especially when they are pups born of "kennel" parents, +dogs crowded together in numbers, insufficiently fed (although possibly +upon an excessive quantity of oatmeal and Indian corn meal), denied +meat, and leading a completely unnatural life in every respect. It is +rather a shock to an amateur when this occurs, but as a rule little +anxiety need be felt, for if the puppy is properly fed upon small dry +meals of a very digestible and nourishing nature, say two tablespoonfuls +of good underdone rump-steak, or the same quantity of roast mutton, +three times a day for a dog the size of a pug, and given a one-grain +dose of iron with two of these meals, he will be pretty sure to grow out +of his troubles. In any such case great attention must be paid to +keeping up the strength of the patient, in order to tide him over the +time when by reason of youth and his very tender little stomach, it is +impossible to give him any stronger medicine with safety. + +Extreme thinness and loss of coat are sometimes attributed to that +wonderful power worms, in old-fashioned eyes, possessed. Both of these +symptoms are those of an anaemic condition, as is foetor of the breath. +Finally, the treatment of that over-rated bugbear in the way of +diseases, "Worms," is easily summarised thus--Meat feeding; an iron +tonic; a vermifuge after the tonic course, and not before. + +After male-fern capsules it is quite unnecessary to give any aperient. +Most inventors of "worm pills" and the like order castor oil to be given +after their boluses, a terrible aggravation both to operator and +patient. + + +=Aperients.=--Some people have an idea that it is desirable to dose dogs +periodically, on the quaint old "spring-medicine" principle, extended +over all the year. No greater mistake can be made. A dog should never be +given drugs of any kind unless really ill, and this it will never be in +the direction indicated, if it is properly fed and regularly exercised. +A dog's natural and proper food is meat; but the stimulus of distension +must be given to the intestine by adding some bulk of innutritious food +to the meat. We cannot give quite enough meat to afford this stimulus +constantly, because by doing so we should overload the system. In a +state of nature dogs ate the fur and skins of their prey, like other +carnivora: now we must give them a certain proportion, but only a small +one, of biscuits made of wheat (not of oatmeal or Indian corn meal, +which are too indigestible) or of brown bread, to provide bulk without +nourishment. They may, if any aperient be absolutely necessary, have a +meal of boiled liver, a teaspoonful or two of pure olive oil poured over +a little meat, or given from a spoon, or some cod liver oil, which may +be voluntarily taken, and is equally efficacious. Milk is very laxative, +and sometimes, where there is no biliousness, a small saucerful makes a +good aperient. Always take a dog for his run at the same time of day, +wet or fine, and never lose sight of the fact that a well-behaved clean +little house-pet may bring upon itself a dangerous attack of +constipation by its good manners if its appeal for a walk is ignored. + +Illustration: TYPICAL JAPANESE SPANIEL. + +=Distemper.=--As a matter of actual fact, there is no such disease as +distemper. There are two diseases, or two groups of diseases, both more +or less contagious, which, for want of skilled diagnosis, are +indifferently so named, but their popular designation is so firmly +rooted that "distemper" will be with us to the end of the chapter, and +so long as the disease is properly treated it matters little whether we +call it bronchial catarrh, gastro-enteritis, typhoid, or distemper. +Perhaps, in a manual not intended for the learned, it will be most +useful, as it is certainly most simple, and, I think, practical, to +speak of "two forms of distemper," since the chest and lung diseases of +the dog all call for one sort of home treatment, and the more ordinary +diseases of the intestinal tract can with safety be lumped together as +needing another fairly uniform style of treatment. Further than this the +non-medical dog owner is not wise to venture, since it is quite as +necessary that a canine patient should have skilled advice as that it +should be called in for his master--that is, if his recovery is desired. + +Roughly speaking, then, there are two kinds of distemper--that which +affects the nose, throat, and chest, and in slight cases may pass as +being only a very bad cold, and that which affects the intestinal canal, +involving the whole alimentary system. This latter is certainly the more +troublesome for an amateur to treat, and decidedly the more fatal; but, +fortunately, the former is the more common. It is very easy to tell when +a dog is the subject of distemper in the catarrhal form, and when in +this state he is, I think, much more likely to do well if carefully +nursed at home; but in the typhoid form it requires skilled nursing to +do the case justice, and the physical conditions are such that if--it is +a big "if"--the right sort of vet can be found, the dog has a better +chance with him. + +The symptoms of catarrhal distemper are shivering, +feverishness--temperature generally not very high at first, but a degree +or two over the normal--profuse discharge from the eyes and nose, and, +in short, all those of a bad, feverish cold; and the treatment may be +exactly that which we should give a child under the same circumstances. +The great thing, in both forms, is to keep up the strength from the very +beginning; this is far more important than giving medicine of any kind, +and if the patient will not eat, he should be given food forcibly. I do +not by this mean that a large quantity of food should be forced upon the +unwilling animal; he should have about two teaspoonfuls of some invalid +nourishment every two hours, and this should be as varied as possible, +and kept as sweet and dainty as if for a human patient. A raw egg beaten +up with the smallest possible quantity of milk; a little good beef-tea, +made by cutting lean, raw beef into small cubes, and slowly drawing all +the goodness out of it in an earthenware jar, tightly covered, in the +oven, only two tablespoonfuls of water to the pound of meat being +added; veal broth similarly made; arrowroot, with a few drops of the +juice of raw meat added; strong chicken tea, with a little rice boiled +in it and strained out--all these may be rung upon for change. Some dogs +will eat solid food all through the disease, and this simplifies matters +immensely. Where there is no appetite, liquids or semi-liquids must be +given. Concentrated foods and other invalid preparations, though useful +on occasion, very soon pall and sicken the patient, and while it saves +trouble to use things like this, they have not the same effect in +keeping up the strength as good, honest home-cookery. The necessity for +thus dieting and feeding is the same in either form of distemper, and +the dog must not be left all night without attention, but fed at +intervals then also. Warmth and evenness of temperature come next in +importance. A little flannel jacket or cross-over, made of thick, new +flannel, is as good as poultices, and should be put, and kept, on well +into convalescence, when, of course, it must not be left off too +suddenly. I do not say anything about medicine, actual poulticing, etc., +because a distemper patient, in view of the complications which are +always apt to arise in this disease, should be nursed under skilled +veterinary direction. I only insist on the need for feeding up and +warmth. + +Distemper patients cannot go out of doors, in cold weather, unless there +is to be no regard to the great risk they run in such a change of +temperature; therefore, as soon as the disease declares itself, it is +well to settle the patient somewhere where a tray of earth can be +provided, absolute quiet maintained, and an even warmth kept up, and +here let the disease run its course. + +Relapses from distemper are even more serious than the first attack, and +they are very apt to occur where the patient is allowed to go out, or +move about too soon or too much. Stimulants--brandy and port wine--are +very useful where the weakness is great, and champagne will often be +kept down where water or broth would be rejected. + +The "new" disease, commonly called the Stuttgart disease, which has +created so much excitement among dog owners during the last year or two, +and is of the nature of gastritis, or inflammation of the lining +membrane of the stomach, spreading upwards and downwards, calls in some +ways for quite a different treatment to that of the typhoid form of +distemper. They are alike in this: that a teaspoonful or so of iced +champagne or iced soda and milk, will sometimes be retained where +nothing else will, but in gastric catarrh, or gastritis, the patient +must not be allowed to drink water, or to make the slightest exertion. + +It may, perhaps, be as well to state what, I suppose, is not yet known +to all dog owners--namely, the fact that it is by no means a necessity +for a toy, or any other dog for that matter, to have distemper. Like +scarlet fever in the human subject, distemper may occur in a dog's life, +or may not. The child takes scarlet fever if it has been in the way of +infection, and the dog distemper if the contagion has been conveyed to +it either by some person who has been near an affected dog, by that dog +itself, or by some article on which infected discharges of any kind have +been deposited. + +The one quarrel we all have with shows is that they certainly offer +opportunities of spreading distemper to people who do not consider its +existence in their kennels a sufficient reason for withholding entries, +and carry the contagion with them, although the dogs they exhibit may be +in themselves unaffected. An old-fashioned piece of advice in distemper, +and one always given, was that at the outset of the disease a dose of +castor oil, or some other aperient, should be administered. I have no +hesitation at all in saying that whereas castor oil--to the dog a +violent irritant purgative--has carried off many and many a puppy and +delicate adult that, if not so weakened just when all the reserve forces +of strength were most needed, might have pulled through, this practice +is a most mistaken one, to say the least of it. If there is any +probability of there being any collection in the intestine which needs +clearing away, pure olive oil will do all, and more than castor oil, and +will neither cause the pain at the time nor the subsequent constipation, +which will be the inevitable results, if there are no worse ones, of the +stronger, and, I must call it, vile, drug. Another fallacy is the +supposed desirability of constantly washing the eyes and nose with warm +water. This is often not properly dried off, and chill results, while +all the fuss and worry is quite needless and does no good. A little bit +of old linen rag may be torn up and the fragments used to clean off the +discharges and at once burnt. Once, or even twice, a day a sponge damped +with boracic lotion can be used, but very sparingly. + +The watchword in distemper, as I said before, is nursing--good nursing +alone will pull most dogs through--and I deliberately refrain from +giving any prescriptions, because, as each case varies according to +circumstances and the patient's constitution, each should be prescribed +for on its merits. + +For far too long we have gone on in a rough-and-ready rule-of-thumb +method of dosing dogs all in the same way, without regard to +idiosyncrasy, which all the time has been as marked in them as in human +kind--and the sooner we change all this and study each dog after its +kind, the better for them and for us. + + +=Skin Troubles.=--The most annoying thing about the skin complaints +which occasionally beset toy dogs is the difficulty to the amateur of +diagnosing them correctly. Even veterinary surgeons are sometimes hazy +in this respect, and it is therefore well when a skin trouble refuses to +yield to simple remedies, incapable of doing harm, to consult a man +really experienced in toys, and not some uninterested, and even rather +contemptuous, practitioner, who may even commit such a cruel barbarity +as I have heard of, in the advising of _sheep dip_! + +The most common form of skin disease in adult dogs is eczema, which for +purposes of rough, or popular, classification, may be divided into two +forms, wet and dry. Weeping eczema is decidedly uncommon, but is the +only form of skin disease offering open sores and raw surfaces likely to +affect comparatively well-cared-for toy dogs. In this, as in the dry, +severer forms of eczema, it is useless to attempt cure by mere outward +applications. The mischief is in the blood, and until the blood is put +right the external symptoms will continue, unless, indeed, strong +mercurial lotion or ointment be used, which may fatally drive the +disease in, and by clearing up the skin and so depriving the body of the +safety-valve of outward lesions, eventually kill the animal. Such a +proceeding is occasionally resorted to by unscrupulous persons whose +only desire is to sell their mangy or eczematous dogs, for the immediate +effect of dressing with mercurial ointment is often almost miraculously +good to the eye. Therefore, my advice to the amateur is, under no +circumstances to purchase a dog which is known to have suffered from any +severe form of skin disease. Even if the complaint has not been doctored +in the way described, and has been cured by honest methods, it may +always break out again, for it is in the constitution. I must, of +course, except cases in which contagious eczema has been given to the +victim by some other dog, but in dealing with strangers, shops, or +professional dealers, it is wisest to avoid a purchase where skin +disease has existed. + +Some breeds are very much more subject to skin trouble than others, and +all long-haired dogs are apt to suffer from simple eczema and erythema, +the latter especially when young; while distemper of a severe kind is +often followed by a disease of the skin, closely resembling mange, for +which it is often unfortunately mistaken. It should be simply treated +with a mild antiseptic ointment, while the constitutional weakness is +the focus for attention. + +Puppies often teeth with a rash, called puppy-pox, which shows as +general redness of the skin, generally on the bare parts of the body, +under the forelegs, etc., and here and there groups of pustules, each of +which contains a drop of thin pus. This is a complaint allied to +chicken-pox in children, and by no means dangerous--in fact, a puppy +which teethes with such a rash has generally the making of a strong and +healthy dog. At the same time, whenever either this trouble, or bare +patches about the legs and face, are seen on puppies, the teeth should +be looked to, for it is probable they are in some way irritating the +system. + +The existence of too many worms in puppies generally accompanies skin +trouble in the form of bare patches, which may be well rubbed daily with +a sponge dipped in an extremely simple, safe, and useful lotion, which I +can recommend to be given a trial in all forms of skin disease, as in no +case can it do harm, while in many cases it will effect a cure so far as +any outward application is capable of doing. It is known as the +Kanofelin lotion, a preparation of phenyl, which is not irritating, or +in any way poisonous or disagreeable to the nose, but has a taste which +prevents dogs from licking it off; should they do so, however, it will +not harm them. The lotion, after being applied and well rubbed in with +the sponge to smooth, bare places, where the skin is not broken, should +be wiped off with a towel or handkerchief, as it is not wise to leave +the dog wet. It should be used twice a day, and where the skin is +broken, very gently with a soft sponge, and, of course, no rubbing in. + +Some dry and scaly skin eruptions, of which pityriasis is the most +common, need different treatment. Where-ever bare places appearing on +the toy dog look scurfy, and scales fall off, do not use any lotion, nor +rub, but lightly dab on a little zinc ointment if the dog is not given +to licking the parts; if he is, use a plain, rather thin, sulphur +ointment: Sublimated sulphur, 1 oz.; vaseline, 4 ozs. This latter may +also be used in cases where the Kanofelin lotion is useful, and then be +well rubbed in; but the rule is no rubbing when scales or scurf are +present. The Kanofelin ointment is harmless and useful in all cases. +Applications can be much varied to suit cases, and where violent +irritation is present, it is sometimes necessary to use a more complex +preparation than those mentioned. The poisonous nature of some of the +ingredients, included in the most efficacious of them, however, makes it +very undesirable to use them otherwise than under the advice of a +skilled surgeon. The following cream is a most useful application for +use in cases where the skin is not broken, where great irritation and +redness of the skin are present, and where the affected parts either +cannot be reached by the patient, or the latter can be muzzled during +treatment. It is, however, poisonous, on account of the carbolic acid +and lead it contains: Liquor plumbi diacet., 4 drs.; liquor carbonis +detergens, 40 mns.; boracic acid powder, 1 oz.; new milk, to 4 ozs. +Shake well before use, and apply frequently with a bit of sponge. Label: +_Poison_. + +In the treatment of medicated baths, usually composed of that most +evil-smelling compound liver of sulphur and water--in professional +language, "a sulphuretted potash solution"--I own I have little or no +faith. A plain sulphur ointment is twice as efficacious, far easier to +apply, and has no disagreeable smell; while, if well rubbed into the +skin, as it and other skin ointments should be, and not left in the +hair, it is not in any way unpleasant. + +In all cases where skin trouble is accompanied by a strong and most +unpleasant smell, mange (either follicular, or, more commonly, +sarcoptic), may be suspected. The latter is easier to cure than many +forms of eczema, but it is absolutely needful to keep the patient +smothered in a dressing of sweet oil and sulphur, than which there is +nothing better, for several days, then to wash and dress again; and such +cases are not suitable for home treatment, although no veterinary +surgeon should be permitted to apply strong dressings like paraffin, +mercurial ointment, or tar (otherwise creosote) to delicate toys. +Mercurial dressings, in all cases, are rank poison, the absorption of +the drug into the system having fatal effects for the future. + +Follicular mange, in which the insect causing the trouble burrows deep, +is a horrible disease, about the worst a dog can have, and here skilled +veterinary assistance cannot be dispensed with. But it is safe for the +amateur, in all cases of commencing skin trouble, where there is no +smell and the bare patches do not spread rapidly, to use the phenyl +lotion or sulphur or Kanofelin ointment, according to the state of the +skin, and to begin the more important internal treatment by a complete +change of diet. + +A very dry or confined diet, certain meals, as oatmeal or Indian corn +meals, either in biscuits or otherwise; too little food; more rarely too +much; absence of meat from the dietary, or too little of it; as before, +but very rarely too much--these are all incentives to skin trouble, +while heredity has much to say to a tendency thereto. + +A dog which has not been having much meat, but has been chiefly fed on +dog biscuit, may, on the appearance of skin irritation, be given plenty +of good, underdone meat--roast mutton, sheep's head, and bullock's +heart, all being very suitable. In no case of skin disease should either +oatmeal or Indian corn be given; and sea air should be avoided, as it is +always aggravating to skin troubles. Tripe is nourishing and very +digestible, and fresh fish suits most of the invalids very well. +Together with the entire change of diet--the hours for meals need not, +of course, be altered--a course of iron and cod liver oil is always well +worth trying. Personally, I pin my faith to the following method, which +I have known most successful in difficult cases, and which, as I can say +of the other remedies advised in this little book, can do no harm. +Powerful drugs are often a source of danger in inexperienced hands, and +a good many of the medicines one sees advised are, so to speak, +extremely speculative. + +Get, then, a bottle of cod liver oil and malt, and 1 oz.--or more, if +you please--of saccharated carbonate of iron. In your pet's dinner mix, +at first, well covered over with cut-up meat of extra daintiness, a +scant half-teaspoonful of the solution with a dust of the iron, which is +a sweet powder. Nearly all dogs will take this without any trouble, and +soon get very fond of the oil, even if they object to it at first; but +they must not see the dose introduced into the meal. Let them think it +an accident, or at any rate, in the natural way of things, and they are +far less likely to object than if they see you making a parade of mixing +and covering. The dose, given twice a day, in meat dinner and supper, +should be gradually increased, until a dog of 6 lbs. is taking a full +teaspoonful of the solution twice a day, with 3 grs. of iron to each +dose; and patience will be needed, for, to do any good, this dosing must +go on for at least a month. It may then be left off gradually, and +resumed again if necessary. In obstinate cases of skin disease, arsenic +is a most valuable remedy, and may with most effect be combined with the +system of cod liver oil, malt extract, and saccharated carbonate of iron +just described. Fowler's solution, which is generally recommended, +should not be used, because it contains oil of lavender, which is very +offensive to dogs, and sickens them; the British Pharmacopoeia solution +should be the one used. Of this the dose is from one drop twice a day, +to be gradually increased up to four drops twice a day for toys; the +best way is to get the B.P. solution from your chemist, mixed with such +a quantity of distilled water as that there are four drops in each +teaspoonful. This may be given with iron and without the cod liver oil, +or with cod liver oil without the iron, or alone, in food--it is +tasteless--but is far better given in combination with the two. Mr. +Appleby, Argyle Street, Bath, puts up the iron and arsenic together in a +very easily used form, known as the "Kanofelin Blood Mixture," This, my +own formula, I generally advise to my readers whose dogs do not or +cannot take cod liver oil; he also, _inter alia_, puts up the worm +capsules to my prescription as mentioned for the use of toy dog owners; +and it is sometimes an advantage to get your medicines ready made. + +Arsenic is what is known as a cumulative drug; it produces no special +effect until a good deal is stored up in the system. When enough has +been given, the said system revolts, and now, when the dog's eyes begin +to look watery, and the mucous membrane lining the mouth may be a little +red, you have given enough, and must cease; for a time only if the +disease is not subdued--in permanence if it be. One last word--arsenic +is the _dernier ressort_, and should not be used until other means have +failed, whereas some people fly to it when a much simpler treatment +would have done all that was necessary. + +Another skin complaint which, is much more common than is generally +supposed, is ringworm. I have often seen this diagnosed as eczema, +whereas it really is very easy to tell its true nature, as it has very +marked characteristics. + +It begins with tiny, round, bare spots, about as large as the head of a +pin, which usually escape notice at first, but gradually spread round +the edges, not always in a circular form, but sometimes as irregular +patches, the skin appearing greyish, but not unhealthy. On looking +closely it will be seen that the hairs have been broken off short, close +to the skin, but are clearly visible, which is the chief feature of the +disease and the infallible sign. Ringworm may be caught at any time, +most frequently from a visit to some infested stable, but occasionally +from chance contagion in the streets. Horses are subject to the same +form of the complaint, and dogs generally catch it from them; it is +sporadic, and the spores may, of course, fall about anywhere from an +infected horse or another dog. It is extremely capricious in its +inception; dogs in the same house may or may not catch it from one +another, and sometimes a whole kennel will be infected, with the +exception of one or two dogs apparently immune. There is, however, no +excuse for allowing it to spread, as it is easy to cure. Some of the +strongest tincture of iodine available should be well soaked into the +spot, and round the edges thereof, using a little ball of cotton wool +tied on to the end of a tiny stick, or an aural sponge, and rubbing the +iodine somewhat in with this. Two applications will generally kill the +spores--the disease is a parasitic fungus--and should be made at an +interval of a couple of days. For some time fresh spots are likely to +appear, and should be touched up at once. The muzzle, legs, and chest +are generally most affected. If left quite alone the complaint would +disfigure the dog terribly, but would, after a time, die out of its own +accord. I have not found that human subjects were infected with this +disease from the dog. A little iodide of potassium ointment may be put +on the patches once or twice, to hasten the complete cure, or they may +be washed with the phenyl lotion, in which the proportion is 1 in 40. +The hairs are weakened, and take some little time to grow properly +again, but the disease is by no means a serious one, and it is not +necessary to use any such stronger and dangerous remedies as carbolic +acid, as sometimes suggested. + +Erythema, a general redness and rash, most often seen over the inside of +the thighs, and sometimes all over a dog's least hairy parts, is about +the only skin disease--if we except the curious and rare condition, +"hide-bound"--from which dogs very occasionally suffer, that, in a +common way, arises from over-feeding. It is best treated by change of +diet, _small_ nourishing meat meals, and the avoidance of any heating, +farinaceous substances, milk, or greasy food of any kind. A small dose +of sulphate of magnesia twice a week in food--as much as will lie, not +heaped, on sixpence for a 6-lb. dog--is often all the medicine needful. +Want of exercise is a frequent producer of skin disease. Dogs not +sufficiently exercised, or kept much shut up in hot rooms, have inactive +livers, whence all kinds of evils. + +I have never seen but one case of "hide-bound" in a house-dog, and that +not in a toy. The skin was thickened and hard. Although the complaint is +an interesting one from its rarity, that same fortunate quality renders +it unnecessary for me to enter into the question--a veterinary surgeon +must undertake such a case. + + +=The Ears.=--The ears in toy dogs are often the seat of a slight +congestion which has no particular cause, but is more common in some +individuals than others, and generally occurs at intervals in those +subjects which have once had it. If taken early, the cure of an attack +is very simple; but if neglected, the congested state may increase and +culminate in inflammation of the middle ear, otitis, and the bugbear +"canker," of which we hear so much, and which is really extremely rare. +There are many stages of the trouble, from the slightly hot and red +external ear, which causes the dog to put two claws in the passage and +try to scratch it, and sometimes succeed in making a sore place thereby, +through the phases of rubbing the side of the head on the carpet or +ground, groaning and shaking the head violently, and other +manifestations of pain, up to the existence of real canker, when there +is much soreness and redness externally, with swelling of the meatus, or +passage, a profuse and very dark brown discharge, and a very +disagreeable odour. + +There is always a slight characteristic smell about a "bad ear," which +any experienced person can recognise in an instant, often before any +other sign of trouble is seen. Some dogs--most, in fact--need watching +in this respect. The moment the toy is seen to be a little one-sided as +to head, or evinces any disposition to scratch his ear, a small lump of +boric ointment should be put in the meatus, pushed in with the little +finger, and worked about until it melts down into the passage and +convolutions. Next day the ear may be cleaned out with the tip of the +little finger covered with a very soft handkerchief, and the ointment +again used, and this, in slight cases, will effect a cure. Never +attempt to put any hard instrument, or, indeed, any instrument at all, +other than the soft suppleness of a feeling finger, into a dog's ear. + +If the trouble has gone on a good while, and there is much brown +discharge, it will be necessary to use a lotion. First of all use the +ointment, as described, and clear away as much of the softened discharge +as possible by this means, being, of course, exceedingly gentle in your +manipulation, for these, at best, are very tender parts. Then take the +following lotion: Warm water, 1/2 pt.; Goulard's extract of lead, 1 +tablespoonful; powdered boracic acid, 1/2 dr. The boracic powder to be +added to the water first, and the Goulard after, and the whole on no +account to be used otherwise than nicely warm, or it will cause pain. +The bottle can, of course, be filled at once, and a little of the +contents warmed for use as needed. Lay the patient down on the sound +side, with the bad ear uppermost, and get someone to hold him firmly. +Then gently pour about half to one teaspoonful of the warm lotion into +the ear, and work it about from outside. Keep him lying still for three +or five minutes, then let him go, and fly! For he will shake the +superfluous lotion all over you if you are not cautious. A great deal of +remonstrant ploughing about generally follows, but the application does +not really cause any pain, and will soon cure if persevered with--twice +a day for a week or so. Such frightful and almost, if not quite, +incurable cases as one sometimes meets with in sporting dogs, where the +ears have become thoroughly diseased from, in the first place, getting +wet and dirty, and being subsequently neglected, are, I rejoice to say, +unknown among well-cared-for toys. + +People are sometimes alarmed because their puppies' ears do not stand +erect when they should, or are pointing in all directions but the right +when they should drop. This is a common thing enough during teething, +and will generally come quite right later on. If it does not, no active +remedy--by operation--is permissible if the dog is to be shown, but a +good deal can be done by oiling the ears and manipulating them +constantly in the desired direction by massage, while, in the case of +youngish puppies, two or three thicknesses of horses' leg bandage +plaster, cut to fit the inside and point of the ear, will either, if +stuck in by warming it, help the ear to drop or to stand up, as is +desired. This is a legitimate "fake," I may remark. But, of course, the +process must not be used with any idea of deception, though it is +allowable to aid Nature in the way she should go. + + +=The Eyes.=--The eye of the dog is an even more delicate structure than +the ear, and only skilled surgical aid should approach it in any but the +simplest ailments. Of these are the simple catarrhal ophthalmia, the +symptoms of which are redness of the lining membrane of the lids, and a +greenish discharge, turning brown and dry later, which comes from cold +and weakness of constitution. The victim of this must be kept in an even +temperature, be not allowed to lie by the fire, or look into it, or to +go out of doors in wind, hot sunshine, or cold, and be well fed with +good nourishing meat and light, digestible food. The discharge should be +wiped away from the eyes at morning and evening with a bit of sponge +dipped in a warm boracic lotion which any chemist will supply of the +proper strength; and immediately afterwards a little bit of yellow oxide +of mercury ointment, about as large as a small split pea, should be +gently introduced under the lid of the affected eye with a camel's hair +brush. Do not, on any account, accept "golden ointment," if the chemist +happens to offer you this old-fashioned remedy (I believe) for styes! It +is made of the _red_ oxide of mercury, and is a very great deal stronger +than the yellow oxide of mercury ointment, which, by the way, should be +made in the strength of 2 grs. to the ounce. This latter ointment may +also be used where, after distemper, a bluish film lingers in the eye. +Amaurosis is not uncommon in the dog. The eyes look perfectly right, +but the dog is blind. This may be an hereditary condition, but sometimes +comes in as a result of weakness pure and simple. Iron tonics, cod liver +oil, nux vomica, etc., may be given, and sometimes prove effectual. Good +living is essential. These cases are occasionally cured rather suddenly, +but as a rule are incurable. + +Simple cold in the eyes--or more often, only in one--is a very ordinary +ailment, but distressing both to sufferer and owner. The affected eye +waters more or less profusely, and is kept partly closed. Within, there +is the same appearance as in catarrhal ophthalmia, but in a less degree, +and there may be fever and constitutional disturbance, in which case the +patient must be treated for a coryza, or "common cold." A boracic and +poppy-head lotion is the quickest cure for cold in the eyes, and is also +useful in the ophthalmic condition. It soothes the pain greatly, and is +best applied by means of a small all-indiarubber ball syringe. On no +account must a syringe with a bone or glass or vulcanite point be used: +the indiarubber nozzle is soft, and from it one or two drops can easily +be inserted between the eyelids. The amount of resistance the patient +makes will be proportionate to the severity of the inflammation, and as +this lessens he will endure the operation with serenity. To make the +lotion at home, buy a poppy-head, price about a halfpenny, from any +chemist, and boil it for an hour or longer in half a pint of water, +adding to this as it evaporates. When the water is sherry-coloured, +dissolve 10 grs. of boracic acid powder in each fluid ounce, allow to +cool, and use as frequently as convenient--once every hour, while the +congestion of the lining membrane of the eyelids is active. + + +=Sore Feet.=--Eczema, or little boils between the toes and round the +dew-claw on the front legs, is a trouble which besets some dogs. +Constitutional treatment, as laid down for eczema, is needful, and as +the dog will invariably worry the sores incessantly by licking, they +should be dusted with zinc or ichthyol powder, and then bandaged or +socked. If a dog is constantly licking its dew-claw, look at it to make +sure it is not growing in. In this case it needs to be cut rather short, +preferably by a veterinary surgeon, and the sore dressed. Dew-claws on +the hind legs should always be removed by a veterinary surgeon in +puppy-hood. + + +=Colds and Coughs.=--Colds, or coryza, beset dogs as they do humans, but +in lesser degree. A chest cold needs a flannel cross-over, sometimes a +hot linseed poultice (in treating dogs it is much better to use, if +possible, some dry poultice which will not leave the dog sopping after +it is removed), or a mustard-leaf. Rubbing with white vaseline oil and +ten drops of turpentine to each ounce, if vigorously done, is as good +for colds as for rheumatism. Everyone knows what a cold is, and the toy +dog's cold should be treated like one's own. The clinical thermometer +should be used, and if the temperature exceeds 100 deg., a pill of 5 grs. of +nitrate of potash should be given every four hours until it is normal +again, or, if it cannot be got down thus, give 1/2 gr. of sulphate of +quinine and 1 gr. of phenacetin, using the tabloids, and dividing them +as desired. The strength must be well kept up. _Coughs_--the dog's +hollow, deep-drawn brand--are a sore trial to the hearer. They sound +terrible, but are seldom of much moment. If from cold, put a little +vaseline or glycerine on the nose three or four times a day. It will be +licked off, and give relief, while some dogs will eat glycerine lozenges +if not flavoured with lemon. Vaseline, again, is an excellent thing for +bronchial wheezing, such as pugs are especially subject to, and will +always be taken if put on the nose. Cream also is soothing, and where is +the dog that does not like it? + + +=Chest Diseases.=--The worst-sounding coughs are often the least +important, and may pass off in a few days without treatment, but a +bronchial rattling in the throat calls for care. Bronchitis in toy dogs +must be treated exactly as in children, and, needless to say, the dog +must not go out until the acute stage is passed. Most clean dogs will go +to a box of earth in a cellar. A bronchitis kettle must be kept going in +the room, and the patient will need an invalidish diet and much petting +and amusement to carry him through the dull hours of discomfort. Dogs +have congestion of the lungs, pleurisy, pneumonia, just as people do, +and need the same careful nursing. Medicine in such cases is usually +unnecessary, because it worries the patient and can do little good. A +mild fever mixture may be prescribed by the vet, who should always be +called in the moment the breathing goes wrong. Dulness, lassitude, +shivering, and a high temperature--the clinical thermometer is of all +things needed here--with troubled breathing, are symptoms of the highest +importance, and skilled aid should be immediately called to them. The +amateur cannot diagnose these lung and chest troubles. + + +=Stomach Coughs.=--Very dreadful coughs are sometimes heard proceeding +entirely from the stomach. For these a little course of indigestion +treatment often does wonders. Or, again, coughing _may_ be caused by a +fish-bone or something similar in the throat, though this is the rarest +of all causes in the dog, owing to his possessing a most tremendous +gullet, quite out of proportion to his size. + + +=Shivering.=--Shivering is a bad trick some dogs acquire, and others +have by nature. It generally, if unaccompanied by a high temperature, +means nothing whatever, unless it be nerves. But, short of the Weir +Mitchell treatment, I imagine nothing benefits these latter more than a +mild scolding, with admonitions "not to be so silly." + + +=Hysteria.=--There are, most certainly, hysterical dogs, and their +temperament is that of the habitual shiverer, though very thin-skinned +toys sometimes really shiver from cold. A hysterical dog will bark +itself quite out of breath at the least disturbance, and shriek exactly +like its prototype human. Nature cannot be changed, but a tonic +sometimes does good. Excitability and nervousness are characteristic of +some breeds. Poms are, perhaps, the most excitable of small dogs, and +pugs certainly the least so. + + +=Obesity.=--Extreme fatness may be a disease in the dog as in the human +being, and in this case it is cruel to accuse the poor creature of +systematic over-eating, as it is everyone's impulse to do. The bromides +and iodides are useful, but cannot be prescribed haphazard. Thyroid +gland tabloids may also be tried, beginning with one once a day, and +gradually creeping up to three a day, according to the dog's size. Their +effect on the digestion is not always happy, so that the dog must be +watched to assure the owner of its toleration of them. + + +=Poison.=--Not an ailment, but a subject which needs a few words, is the +taking of poison by toy dogs. Unluckily, there is always risk in a town, +not only of the wilful poisoner, who apparently exists, but of the +ingestion of poisoned meat or bread and butter put for rats or beetles, +and afterwards thrown out. In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred a +poisoned dog has had strychnine, this being the favourite drug of all +those who employ poison at all. Arsenic is too slow, and of other +poisons, thank Providence! the vulgar have mostly no knowledge. The +symptoms of strychnine poisoning are, firstly, excitement--the patient +runs about, and barks with a peculiar strident shriek. According to the +quantity of the poison taken and the quantity of food in the stomach at +the time, this stage occupies a longer or shorter period. Taken shortly +after a good meal, the poison seems less rapid in action than when the +stomach is empty. Presently come convulsions, and constant shrieking; +then the limbs stick out and are perfectly stiff and rigid. Even at this +stage the dog can often be saved if means are at hand. Never be without +a bottle of syrup of chloral in the house; it will keep indefinitely. +First make the dog sick. Use sulphate of zinc in water, or weak mustard +and warm water, and give plenty of this latter. The best way is by +putting it in a phial, and running it down the throat by way of a pouch +of lower lip drawn out from the teeth at the angle of the mouth. As soon +as the patient has been sick, give a teaspoonful of the syrup of chloral +in water. This is the antidote to strychnine. If you cannot wait to make +the patient sick, give the chloral at once--but give it: and the dose +may be repeated every two hours until the convulsions cease. For a tiny +pup or dog under 5 lbs. the dose may be halved. Recovery from strychnine +is very rapid, and it leaves, as a rule, no ill effects, though there is +a widespread belief, and a mistaken one, that it subsequently affects +the kidneys. + +All the other kinds of poison dogs are likely to get or be given work as +irritants, and these need veterinary diagnosis. Salt, I may here remark, +is so violent and irritating a purgative to the dog that it is next door +to a poison, and the effects of castor oil in his intestine are not so +very far behind. Constant drugging is a thing as much to be avoided in +dogs as in their owners, and I cannot too strongly deprecate the foolish +practice--foolish or worse--of giving doses of castor oil after shows, +or as so-called prophylactics--preventives of illness. If a dog has been +much confined at a show, and is likely to be irregular in consequence, a +little pure olive oil with his dinner (not the nut oil often sold by +grocers as olive oil) will do no harm, although a dinner of oatmeal +gruel or boiled sheep's liver would be much more sensible and act +better; if he seems well and lively, leave him alone. Some people +actually go the length of dosing their puppies with castor oil at +intervals, for no reason that I can ascertain beyond a vague idea that +it "clears the system." So it does--of strength and the healthy mucoid +secretion of the intestine, without which natural functions cannot be +properly performed. Syrup of buck-thorn, or cascara sagrada, is another +medicine that should never be given to small dogs: it is far too +irritating and severe. When we have such excellent aperients as olive +oil, magnesia, and rhubarb among drugs, and boiled sheep's liver among +meats, we want no semi-poisonous irritant and violent drugs like castor +oil, which, in the end, produce the very condition they were supposed to +cure, and by pulling down the system, open the door to illness. + + +=Fits.=--Of these, epileptic fits are the most dangerous and by far the +least common. A dog suffering from epilepsy which is thoroughly +established, is practically incurable, in the present state of canine +medical science. Later, perhaps, the Roentgen rays may be beneficially +applied to this disease in dogs, as in human beings. In a popular manual +it is scarcely necessary to go further into the subject than to say that +epilepsy need not be suspected unless the convulsive attacks are more or +less recurrent, and so frequent as to exhaust the animal. Not until we +have tried such treatment as an amateur can safely give, which is quite +enough to cure ordinary teething or suckling fits due merely to some +reflex irritation affecting the brain, and found it fail, need we fear +epilepsy; and when we do fear it with any reason, skilled advice and +diagnosis is absolutely needful, since the case must be watched and +treated on its merits. + +Suckling fits are exceedingly common among small, highly-organised, and +sensitive bitches. They generally begin about the end of the second week +of nursing puppies, and do not seem to be in any way caused by +overstrain; that is, a small female suckling five puppies is not more +likely to suffer from these fits than one only bringing up a brace. +Their exact cause is difficult to determine, since very healthy, +well-fed animals may have them in common with those that are weak and +miserable from under-feeding (which in this case is synonymous with +feeding on a non-meat diet) or kennel life. + +Whatever the cause, the symptoms are always easy to recognise. The bitch +first loses interest in her litter, though her milk-supply is seldom, if +ever, lessened. She twitches, and her eyes look dull and filmy, or +glassy and staring. She wanders restlessly about, and sometimes pants in +the same way as she did when expecting her confinement. Now is the time +to intervene, and give one teaspoonful of syrup of chloral with an equal +quantity of water. If this is not done, the attack will proceed to +staggering, shrieking, and more or less violent convulsions. The +administration of the chloral generally causes the symptoms to subside +gradually; but should the patient be no better in two hours, repeat the +dose, and if giving bromide of potassium in 5-gr. doses twice or three +times a day, immediately after food, does not keep her right, she must +go on taking the chloral. + +Neither chloral nor bromide affects the milk; if any of it passes +therein, the quantity is so very minute as to make no difference to the +puppies. It is not at all necessary to take the bitch away from her +litter; in fact, it is better to let her go on feeding them. Some will +wish to leave their babies, and these should be taken to them and shut +in with them, four times a day, and during the night. If she is +thoroughly well fed, it never does the bitch any harm to bring up her +family, and it would be a very great pity for the puppies to be lost +when it is not necessary. But it is exceedingly important that she +should be kept in a state of hyper-nutrition--that is, that she should +have as much good, underdone meat as she can digest. Bromides are +lowering, and besides this, the state of the nerves demands the highest +possible feeding. It may be expensive to feed a "fitty" bitch on good +beefsteak or roast mutton four times a day, giving her a sponge cake the +last thing at night and a little milk, or, what is much better and more +digestible, a raw new-laid egg or raw fresh cream, in the early morning; +but it is, on the whole, a cheap way of saving a litter of valuable +pups. If there are a large number of pups, some may be given to a +foster-mother; but as a rule these are difficult to get, and not often +satisfactory. Bromides should always be given immediately after food; on +no account when the stomach is empty. Chloral may be given at any time +when there is a necessity for it. The 5-gr. bromide tabloids obtainable +at any chemist's are very useful; it is unnecessary to dissolve them in +water for dogs, but, as before stated, they _must_ be given with or +directly after food. + +Teething fits should be treated, as far as medicine goes, exactly as +suckling fits. Just as a badly-reared, non-meat-fed bitch who, by reason +of an anaemic habit, harbours worms, is a poor subject for the latter +trouble, so is a puppy that has been brought up on milky slops and +large, wet messes of oatmeal and bread and milk, and thus has a weakened +digestion, very likely to suffer badly from fits that in a strong young +dog would pass off with small trouble. There is usually some warning of +teething fits, as staring eyes, etc.; but sometimes, and especially if a +puppy of from six to ten months has been much excited, taken out walking +on a hot day, allowed to play in the sun, or dragged unwillingly on a +lead, they come on very suddenly. While out in hot sun, the dog may +suddenly give a shriek and begin to run with all his might, taking no +notice of calls. As a general rule, he has the sense to run home, unless +some officious person on the way imagines him mad and acts as silly +people do under such circumstances. + +If it is possible to catch the runaway, he should have his head covered +to keep the light out of his eyes, and be taken home as quickly and +quietly as possible to be shut in some cool and perfectly dark place +until the fit passes off sufficiently to give him a dose of chloral. +Afterwards he should have a diet of minced, underdone meat, with bromide +of potassium to follow, for a day or two. A plunge into cold water will +often stop a fit like this, but is too heroic a remedy to be safe unless +the circumstances are very urgent. Cold sponging to the head is good, +and quiet and darkness are essential. Some times teething fits go on +increasing in frequency and severity until they merge into epilepsy, and +the dog is lost. This is occasionally caused by allowing a very young, +highly nervous, and excitable dog to be with others of the opposite sex, +when these should be in seclusion. + +Fits, very much like mild teething fits, are not uncommon in run-down +dogs suffering from anaemia and the likely corollary, worms. These are +often very transient, and a course of tonic treatment, with rest from +excitement, and good feeding, will banish them. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +CLUB STANDARDS, DESCRIPTIONS AND POINTS OF VARIOUS TOY BREEDS + + +=Pomeranians.=--These are now divided into Pomeranians (over 7 lbs.) and +Pomeranians Miniature, and the Committee of the Kennel Club have laid +down the following standard, applying from June 1, 1909: + + +THE POMERANIAN.--_Appearance._--The Pomeranian in build and appearance +should be a compact, short-coupled dog, well-knit in frame. His head and +face should be fox-like, with small erect ears that appear sensible to +every sound. He should exhibit great intelligence in his expression, +docility in his disposition, and activity and buoyancy in his +deportment. In weight and size the Pomeranian varies considerably. He +must be over 7 lbs., but preferably he should weigh about 10 to 14 lbs. +_Head._--The head should be somewhat foxy in outline or wedge-shaped, +the skull being flat, large in proportion to the muzzle, which should +finish rather fine, and be free from lippiness. The teeth should be +level, and on no account undershot. The hair on the head and face must +be smooth and short-coated. + + +THE POMERANIAN MINIATURE--_Appearance._--The Pomeranian Miniature in +build and appearance should be a compact, short-coupled dog. His head +and face should be like a miniature fox, with small, erect, and very +mobile ears, pricked and brought well together, and in no case +lop-eared. He should be full of life, intelligent in expression, and +docile in disposition. The Pomeranian Miniature should preferably weigh +about 3 to 5 lbs., but must not exceed 7 lbs. Dogs above 7 lbs. must be +registered as Pomeranians. Dogs below 7 lbs. in weight must, at twelve +months of age or after, be registered or re-registered as Pomeranians +Miniature, and being so registered or re-registered, can never compete +in classes for Pomeranians. _Head._--The head should be wedge-shaped and +rather foxy in outline, but the skull may be rounder than the +Pomeranian. + + +STANDARD AND SCALE OF POINTS AS LAID DOWN BY THE POMERANIAN +CLUB.--Secretary, G. M. Hicks, Esq., Granville House, Blackheath, +London, S.E.[2] _Appearance._--The Pomeranian in build and appearance +should be a compact, short-coupled dog, well-knit in frame. His head and +face should be fox-like, with small, erect ears, that appear sensible to +every sound; he should exhibit great intelligence in his expression, +docility in his disposition, and activity and buoyancy in his +deportments.--15 points. _Head._--Somewhat foxy in outline, or +wedge-shaped, the skull being slightly flat (although in the toy +varieties the skull may be rather rounder), large in proportion to the +muzzle, which should finish rather fine, and be free from lippiness. The +teeth should be level, and on no account undershot. The head in its +profile may exhibit a little "stop," which, however, must not be too +pronounced, and the hair on head and face must be smooth or +short-coated.--5 points. _Eyes._--Should be medium in size, rather +oblique in shape, not set too wide apart, bright and dark in colour, +showing great intelligence and docility of temper. In a white dog black +rims round the eyes are preferable.--5 points. _Ears._--Should be small, +and carried perfectly erect, or pricked like those of a fox, and, like +the head, should be covered with soft, short hair. No plucking or +trimming is allowable.--5 points. _Nose._--In black-and-tan, or white +dogs, the nose should be black; in other coloured Pomeranians it may +more often be brown or liver coloured; but in all cases the nose must be +self not parti-coloured, and never white.--5 points. _Neck and +Shoulders._--The neck, if anything, should be rather short, well set in +and lion-like, covered with a profuse mane and frill of long, straight, +glossy hair, sweeping from under the jaw, and covering the whole of the +front part of the shoulders and chest, as well as flowing on the top of +the shoulders. The shoulders must be tolerably clean and laid well +back.--5 points. _Body._--The back must be short, and the body compact, +being well ribbed up, and the barrel well rounded. The chest must be +fairly deep, and not too wide.--10 points. _Legs._--The forelegs must be +perfectly straight, of medium length--not such as would be termed either +"leggy" or "low on leg"--but in due proportion in length and strength to +a well-balanced frame, and the forelegs and thighs must be well +feathered, the feet small and compact in shape. No trimming is +allowable.--5 points. _Coat._--Properly speaking, there should be two +coats, an under and an over coat--the one a soft, fluffy under coat, the +other a long, perfectly straight and glistening coat, covering the whole +of the body, being very abundant round the neck and forepart of the +shoulders and chest, where it should form a frill of long, flowing hair, +extending over the shoulders, as previously described. The hindquarters, +like those of a collie, should be similarly clad with long hair or +feathering from the top of the rump to the hocks. The hair on the tail +must be profuse and flowing over the back.--25 points. _Tail._--The tail +is a characteristic of the breed, and should be well twisted right up +from the root tightly over the back, or lying flat on the back, slightly +on either side, and profusely covered with long hair, spreading out and +flowing over the back.--10 points. _Colour._--The following colours are +admissible: White, black, blue, brown, black-and-tan, fawn, sable, red, +and parti-colours. The white must be quite free from lemon or any +colour, and the blacks, blues, browns, black-and-tan, and reds free from +white. A few white hairs in any of the self-colours shall not absolutely +disqualify, but should carry great weight against the dog. In +parti-coloured dogs, the colours should be evenly distributed on the +body. Whole-coloured dogs with a white foot or feet, leg or legs, are +decidedly objectionable, and should be discouraged, and cannot compete +as whole-coloured specimens. In mixed classes--_i.e._, where +whole-coloured and parti-coloured Pomeranians compete together--the +preference should, if in other points they are equal, be given to the +whole-coloured specimens.--10 points. Total--100 points. + + Footnote 2: In most cases the names of the Secretaries of the + various clubs are given, but it must be remembered that + an annual re-election takes place. + +Also catered for by the North of England Pomeranian Club. Secretary, J. +Tweedale, Valley House, Oversley Ford, Wilmslow; and the Midland +Counties Pomeranian Club. Hon. Secretary, Mrs. E. Parker, Meadowland, +Uttoxeter Road, Derby. + + +=Toy Spaniels= (English).--Points as defined by the Toy Spaniel Club. +Hon. Secretary, Miss M. Hall, Chalk Hill House, Norwich. _Head._--Should +be well domed, and in good specimens is absolutely semi-globular, +sometimes even extending beyond the half-circle, and absolutely +projecting over the eyes, so as nearly to meet the upturned nose. +_Eyes._--The eyes are set wide apart, with the eyelids square to the +line of the face--not oblique or fox-like. The eyes themselves are +large, so as to be generally considered black; their enormous pupils, +which are absolutely of that colour, increasing the description. From +their large size, there is always a certain amount of weeping shown at +the inner angles; this is owing to a defect in the lachrymal duct. +_Stop._--The "stop" or hollow between the eyes, is well marked, as in +the bulldog, or even more so; some good specimens exhibiting a hollow +deep enough to bury a small marble. _Nose._--The nose must be short and +well turned up between the eyes, and without any indication of +artificial displacement afforded by a deviation to either side. The +colour of the end should be black, and it should be both deep and wide, +with open nostrils. _Jaw._--The lower jaw must be wide between its +branches, leaving plenty of space for the tongue and for the attachment +of the lower lips, which should completely conceal the teeth. It should +also be turned up or "finished," so as to allow of its meeting the end +of the upper jaw, turned up in a similar way, as above described. +_Ears._--The ears must be long, so as to approach the ground. In an +average-sized dog they measure 20 ins. from tip to tip, and some reach +22 ins., or even a trifle more. They should be set low on the head, and +be heavily feathered. In this respect the King Charles is expected to +exceed the Blenheim, and his ears occasionally extend to 24 ins. +_Size._--The most desirable size is from 7 lbs. to 10 lbs. _Shape._--In +compactness of shape these spaniels almost rival the pug, but the length +of coat adds greatly to the apparent bulk, as the body, when the coat is +wetted, looks small in comparison with that dog. Still, it ought to be +decidedly "cobby," with strong, stout legs, broad back, and wide chest. +The symmetry of the toy spaniel is of importance, but it is seldom that +there is any defect in this respect. _Coat._--The coat should be long, +silky, soft, and wavy, but not curly. In the Blenheim there should be a +profuse mane, extending well down in the front of the chest. The feather +should be well displayed on the ears and feet, where it is so long as to +give the appearance of their being webbed. It is also carried well up +the backs of the legs. In the King Charles the feather on the ears is +very long and profuse, exceeding that of the Blenheim by an inch or +more. The feather on the tail (which is cut to the length of about 3-1/2 +ins. to 4 ins.) should be silky, and from 5 ins. to 6 ins. in length, +constituting a marked "flag" of a square shape, and not carried above +the level of the back. _Colour._--The colour varies with the breed. The +King Charles is a rich, glossy black, and deep tan; tan spots over the +eyes and on cheeks, and the usual markings on the legs are also +required. The Ruby Spaniel is a rich chestnut red. The presence of a +_few_ white hairs _intermixed with the black_ on the chest of a King +Charles, or _intermixed with the red_ on the chest of a Ruby Spaniel, +shall carry _very great weight against_ a dog, but shall not in itself +absolutely disqualify; but a white patch on the chest, or white on any +other part of a King Charles or Ruby Spaniel shall be a +disqualification. The Blenheim must not on any account be +whole-coloured, but should have a ground of pure pearly white, with +bright, rich chestnut or ruby-red marking evenly distributed in large +patches. + +The ears and cheeks should be red, with a blaze of white extending from +the nose up to the forehead, and ending between the ears in a +crescentive curve. In the centre of this blaze there should be a clear +"spot" of red of the size of a sixpence. The tricolour, or Charles the +First Spaniel, should have the tan of the King Charles, with markings +like the Blenheim in black instead of red on a pearly-white ground. The +ears and under the tail should also be lined with tan. The tricolour has +no spot, that beauty being peculiarly the property of the Blenheim. + +The only name by which the tricolour, or black, white, and tan, in +future shall be recognised is "Prince Charles." + +That in future the all-red toy spaniel be known by the name of "Ruby +Spaniel." The colour of the nose to be black. The points of the "Ruby" +to be the same as those of the "King Charles," differing only in colour. + + +SCALE OF POINTS. + + _King Charles, Prince Charles, and Ruby Spaniels._ + + Symmetry, condition, + and size 20 + Head 15 + Stop 5 + Muzzle 10 + Eyes 10 + Ears 15 + Coat and feathering 15 + Colour 10 + --- + Total 100 + + _Blenheim._ + + Symmetry, condition, + and size 15 + Head 15 + Stop 5 + Muzzle 10 + Eyes 10 + Ears 10 + Coat and feathering 15 + Colour and markings 15 + Spot 5 + --- + Total 100 + + +=The Toy Trawler Spaniel.=--This little dog, having had some classes +given for it at shows, deserves notice, and its standard and scale of +points are appended, together with some remarks made upon it by a lady +who has introduced it, and whose kennel of beautiful Toy Spaniels of all +breeds is well known. _Points._--Head small and light, with very +pointed, rather short, nose, fine and tapery, with a very slight curve +upwards of tip of nose. A curve downwards (as in the Borzoi) should be +an absolute disqualification. The "stop" well marked, and the skull +rather raised, but flat on the top, not dome-shaped. Muzzle just +finished, not overshot. Long ears, set high, and carried pricked +forwards, framing the face. Large dark eyes, set wide apart, and +showing the white when turned. They must be set perfectly straight, not +obliquely, in the head. Whatever colour the dog may be, the nose and +lips must be black. Neck arched. Back broad and short. Tail set on a +level with the back, and carried gaily, though not straight up in the +air, or curled over the back like a Pomeranian. It should be docked to +about 4 or 5 inches, and well furnished with long feathering. General +carriage very smart and gay. Legs reasonably short, and perfectly +straight, bone light, though strong. Build square, sturdy, and compact, +but never heavy. The action should be smart and prancing, coat very +curly, but not woolly. It should be rather silky in texture, and very +glossy. Liberal feathering, waistcoat, and breechings. Shape is all +important; colour a secondary matter. Best colour a brilliant black, +with white waistcoat. Next, red with white waistcoat, black and white, +and red and white. Best size from 11 to 13 inches at shoulder. Any +tendency to weediness should be carefully avoided, and the height at +shoulders should just about equal the length from top of shoulders to +root of tail. The size should not be judged by weight, but by height, as +they should weigh heavily for their size. A dog about 13 inches high +should weigh about 15 lbs. Very small specimens--_i.e._, under 9 inches +high--are only desirable if the type, soundness, compactness, and +sturdiness are unimpaired. Feet close, firm, and hard. They and the +lower part of the legs should not be too heavily feathered. The +expression of face should be very alert, and very sweet. The dogs should +be very bold and courageous. Timidity is a great fault, and should tell +against them in the ring. They are excellent ratters and rabbiters. As +to proportion of head, if the total length of head be about 6 inches, +the ears should be set about 4 inches apart. The whole head, seen from a +bird's-eye point of view, should be triangle, with the tip of nose as +apex. General appearance should be that of an exquisitely pretty little +sporting dog, very strong, and exceedingly smart and compact. + +They must _not_ be confounded with Cockers, being a totally different +type. + + +SCALE OF POINTS. + + General appearance, including condition and smartness 12 + Coat 10 + Head and expression 15 + Eyes 6 + Curve and proportion of muzzle 6 + Set on of ears 5 + Legs and feet 5 + Colour 5 + Action and soundness of limb 10 + Size 5 + Compactness, levelness of back, and set of tail 10 + Boldness and alertness 8 + Soundness of teeth 3 + --- + Total 100 + +POINTS THAT SHOULD DISQUALIFY. + + 1. A flesh-coloured nose. + 2. A downward curve of muzzle. + 3. No "stop." + 4. Hanging lips. + 5. Crooked forelegs. + 6. Light-coloured eyes. + 7. Slanting eyes. + 8. A very long body. + 9. Bad action. + +POINTS THAT ARE VERY UNDESIRABLE. + + 1. Timidity. + 2. A straight coat. + 3. Low set ears. + 4. Exaggeratedly short or long legs. + 5. Sluggishness. + 6. Exaggeration of any kind. + 7. Drooping tail. + 8. Showing teeth or tongue. + 9. An "apple" head. + +MEASUREMENTS OF A PERFECT SPECIMEN. + + Inches. + Breadth of skull at eyes from each outside + corner of eyes across head 5 + Length of skull 4 + Length of nose 2-1/4 + Circumference of skull 10-1/2 + Circumference of muzzle under eyes 6-3/4 + Space between eyes 1-3/8 + Space between ears when not pricked 4-1/4 + Length of ears (leather) 4 + Height at shoulders 13 + Length from top of shoulders to root of tail 13 + Length of forelegs to elbow 7-1/2 + Breadth at shoulders 6 + Breadth at quarters 6 + Girth 19 + Feathering on tail flag 6 + Waistcoat feathering 4 + +The origin of the breed is unknown, but it is supposed to be descended +from the original curly King Charles Spaniel (see Mr. Watson's "Book of +the Dog") and the old-fashioned curly Sussex Spaniel, now extinct. There +is no certainty in this. The breed exists in Italy and Holland. + +Toy Spaniels also have the Northern Toy Spaniel Club. Secretary, Mrs. E. +A. Furnival, Eastwood, Mauldeth Road, Heaton Mersey, Manchester. + + +=Griffons Bruxellois.=--Points as defined by the Griffon Bruxellois +Club. Hon. Secretary, Miss L. Feilding, 48, Grosvenor Gardens, London, +S.W. _General Appearance._--A lady's little dog, intelligent, sprightly, +robust, of compact appearance, reminding one of a cob, and captivating +the attention by a quasi-human expression. _Head._--Rounded, and covered +with coarse, rough hairs, somewhat longer round the eyes and on the +nose, lips, and cheeks. _Ears._--Erect when clipped, semi-erect when not +clipped. _Eyes._--Very large without being watery, round, nearly black; +eyelids edged with black; eyelashes long and black, leaving the eye they +encircle perfectly uncovered. _Nose._--Always black, short, surrounded +with hair converging upwards and going to meet that which surrounds the +eyes; the break (or stop in the nose) pronounced, but not exaggerated. +_Lips._--Edged with black, furnished with moustache; a little black in +the moustache is not a fault. _Chin._--Prominent, without showing the +teeth, and edged by a small beard. _Chest._--Rather wide. _Legs._--As +straight as possible, of medium length. _Tail._--Upward, and cut to the +two-thirds. _Colour._--Red. _Texture of Coat._--Harsh and wiry, rather +long. _Weight._--Light weight 5 lbs. maximum, and heavy weight 9 lbs. +the maximum. _Faults._--Brown nose, pale-coloured eyes, silky tuft on +the head, white spot on the chest or paw. + + +SCALE OF POINTS. + + Hard coat 15 + Reddish colour 10 + Eyes 7 + Nose and muzzle 7 + Ears 3 + Legs and body 5 + Height and size 3 + General appearance 10 + --- + Total 60 + +The Brussels Griffon Club of London (Secretary, Miss A. F. Hall, 2, Park +Place Villas, Maida Hill, London, W.) offers practically the same +standard, but makes a brown nose, white hairs, and a hanging tongue +disqualify, while as faults it cites light eyes, silky hair on head, +brown nails, and teeth showing; and its description of the typical coat +is as follows:--Texture of coat harsh and wiry, irregular, rather long +and thick. + + +=Schipperkes.=--The description of the Schipperke adopted at a general +meeting of the Belgian Schipperke Club, June 19th, 1888, has been +adopted by the St. Hubert Schipperke Club, and is copyright. The +Schipperke Club, England, advances the following scale of points, and +the Secretary is G. H. Killick, Esq., Moor House, Chorley, Lancashire. + +_Head._--Foxy in type; skull should not be round, but broad, and with +little "stop." The muzzle should be moderate in length; fine, but not +weak; should be well filled out under the eyes. _Nose._--Black and +small. _Eyes._--Dark brown, small, more oval than round, and not full; +bright and full of expression. _Ears._--Shape: Of moderate length, not +too broad at the base, tapering to a point. Carriage: Stiffly erect, +and, when in that position, the inside edge to form as near as possible +a right angle with the skull, and strong enough not to be bent otherwise +than lengthways. _Teeth._--Strong and level. _Neck._--Strong and full, +rather short, set broad on the shoulders, and slightly arched. +_Shoulders._--Muscular and sloping. _Chest._--Broad and deep in brisket. +_Back._--Short, straight, and strong. _Loins._--Powerful, well drawn up +from the brisket. _Forelegs._--Perfectly straight, well under the body, +with bone in proportion to the body. _Hindlegs._--Strong, muscular; +hocks well let down. _Feet._--Small, catlike, and standing well on the +toes. _Nails._--Black. _Hindquarters._--Fine compared to the foreparts; +muscular and well-developed thighs; tailless; rump well rounded. +_Coat._--Black, abundant, dense, and harsh, smooth on the head, ears, +and legs; lying close on the back and sides, but erect and thick round +the neck, forming a mane and frill, and well feathered on back of +thighs. _Weight._--About 12 lbs. _General Appearance._--A small, cobby +animal, with sharp expression, intensely lively, presenting the +appearance of being always on the alert. _Disqualifying Points._--Drop +or semi-erect ears. _Faults._--White hairs are objected to, but are not +disqualifying. + + +RELATIVE VALUE OF POINTS. + + Head, nose, eyes, and teeth 20 + Ears 10 + Neck, shoulders, and chest 10 + Back and loins 5 + Forelegs 5 + Hindlegs 5 + Feet 5 + Hindquarters 10 + Coat and colour 20 + General appearance 10 + --- + Total 100 + +The St. Hubert Schipperke Club standard is practically identical with +that of the Schipperke Club, England, the only variation being as +regards the weight limits, which this club, however, also fixes at a +maximum of 12 lbs. for small-sized dogs, while it allots 30 points to +coat and colour, and none to general appearance. They also have the +Northern Schipperke Club. Hon. Secretary, T. W. Markland, Ingersley, +Links Gate, St. Anne's-on-the-Sea. + + +=Pugs.=--Standard and acknowledged points: + +THE STANDARD. + + Symmetry 10 + Size 5 + Condition 5 + Body 10 + Legs 5 + Feet 5 + Head 5 + Muzzle 5 + Ears 5 + Eyes 10 + Mask 5 + Wrinkles 5 + Tail 5 + Trace 5 + Coat 5 + Colour 5 + General carriage 5 + --- + Total 100 + + +ACKNOWLEDGED POINTS. + +Illustration: BLACK PUG. _"Larchmoor Peter Pan," owned by Mrs. Lyle._ + +_Symmetry._--Symmetry and general appearance, decidedly square and +cobby. A lean, leggy pug and a dog with short legs and a long body are +equally objectionable. _Size and Condition._--The pug should be _multum +in parvo_, but this condensation (if the word may be used) should be +shown by compactness of form, well-knit proportions, and hardness of +developed muscle. Weight from 13 lbs. to 17 lbs., dog or bitch. +_Body._--Short and cobby, wide in chest, and well ribbed up. +_Legs._--Very strong, straight, of moderate length, and well under. +_Feet._--Neither so long as the foot of the hare nor so round as that of +the cat; well split-up toes, and the nail black. _Muzzle._--Short, +blunt, square, but not up-faced. _Head._--Large, massive, round, not +apple-headed, with no indentation of the skull. _Eyes._--Dark in colour, +very large, bold, and prominent, globular in shape, soft and solicitous +in expression, very lustrous, and, when excited, full of fire. +_Ear._--Thin, small, soft, like black velvet. There are two kinds, the +"rose" and "button." Preference is given to the latter. +_Markings._--Clearly defined. The muzzle or mask, ears, moles on cheeks, +thumb-mark or diamond on forehead, back-trace, should be as black as +possible. _Mask._--The mask should be black. The more intense and +well-defined it is the better. _Wrinkles._--Large and deep. _Trace._--A +black line extending from the occiput to the tail. _Tail._--Curled +tightly as possible over the hip. The double curl is perfection. +_Coat._--Fine, smooth, soft, short, and glossy, neither hard nor woolly. +_Colour._--Silver, or apricot fawn. Each should be decided, to make the +contrast complete between the colour and the mask and trace. _N.B._--The +points of black pugs, except as to colour, are the same as those for +fawns. The London and Provincial Pug Club. Secretary, J. Fabian, 460, +Camden Road, London, N. + + +=Toy Bulldogs.=--POINTS OF TOY BULLDOGS.--The general appearance of the +toy bulldog must, as nearly as possible, resemble that of the big +bulldog. The skull should be large, forehead flat, the skin about it +well wrinkled, the "stop" broad and deep, extending up the middle of the +forehead. Eyes of moderate size, situated low down on the skull, and as +wide apart as possible. Ears to be "rose," if possible; "tulip" ears are +allowable, but not to be encouraged; "button," or terrier-like ears are +a decided fault. Face to be as short as possible, nose jet black, deeply +set back, almost between the eyes. Muzzle to be short, broad, and turned +upwards. The lower jaw should project considerably in front of the upper +and turn up. Teeth not to be shown. Neck to be short, with much loose +skin about it. "Frogginess" is objectionable. Chest to be very wide, +round, and deep. Back short and strong, narrow towards the loins, and +broad at the shoulder. A roach back is desirable. Tail to be short, and +not carried above the back. Forelegs to be short in proportion to the +hindlegs. Hindquarters much lighter in proportion than forequarters. The +most desirable weight is below 20 lbs., and dogs and bitches that exceed +22 lbs. should be disqualified. The Miniature Bulldog Club. Secretary, +Miss A. Bruce, 42, Hill Street, Berkeley Square, London, W. + + +SCALE OF POINTS. + + General appearance and character 10 + Head 15 + Ears 15 + Body 10 + Size and weight 20 + Tail 5 + Legs 15 + Chest 10 + Total 100 + +Illustration: FRENCH TOY BULLDOG. _"Barkston Billie," owned by Mrs. +Townsend Green._ + + +DESCRIPTION AND POINTS OF THE FRENCH TOY BULLDOG.--_General +Appearance._--The French bulldog ought to have the appearance of an +active, intelligent, and very muscular dog, of cobby build, and heavy in +bone for its size. _Head_ is of great importance, large and square. +Forehead nearly flat, the muscles of the cheek well developed, but not +prominent. The "stop" should be as deep as possible. The skin of the +head should not be tight, and the forehead should be well-wrinkled. The +muzzle should be short, broad, turn upwards, and be very deep. The lower +jaw should project considerably in front of upper, and should turn up, +but should not show the teeth. _The eyes_ should be of moderate size and +of dark colour. No white should be visible when the dog is looking +straight in front of him. They should be placed low down and wide apart. +_The nose_ must be black and large. _Ears._--Bat ears ought to be of a +medium size, large at the base and rounded at the tips. They should be +placed high on the head and carried straight. The orifice of the ear +looks forward, and the skin should be fine and soft to the touch. _The +neck_ should be thick, short, and well arched. _The body._--The chest +should be wide and well down between the legs, and the ribs well sprung. +The body short and muscular, and well cut up. The back should be broad +at the shoulder, tapering towards the loins, preferably well roached. +_The tail_ should be set on low, and be short, thick at the root, +tapering to a point, and should not be carried above the level of the +back. _Legs._--The forelegs should be short, straight, and muscular. The +hindquarters, though strong, should be lighter in proportion to the +forequarters. Hocks well let down. _Feet_ should be compact and strong. +_Coat_ should be of a medium density: black in colour is very +undesirable. Their Club is the Bouledogue Francais Society. Secretary, +F. Everard, 11, Milk Street, London, E.C. + + +SCALE OF POINTS. + + General appearance and character 15 + Skull 15 + Under jaw (special points for) 10 + Weight[3] 20 + Body 15 + Tail 5 + Ears (bat) 10 + Legs 5 + Chest 5 + --- + Total 100 + + Footnote 3: No dog to win the maximum of points unless under 22 lbs. + _Weights._--When three classes are provided, weights shall be as + follows: (1) Under 20 lbs.; (2) 20 lbs. and under 24 lbs.; (3) 24 + lbs. and under 28 lbs. + + When only two classes are provided, weights shall be as follows: (1) + Under 24 lbs.; (2) 24 lbs., not exceeding 28 lbs. + + These weights are subject to alteration. + + +_Yorkshire Terriers._--Points of the Yorkshire Terrier, as laid down by +the Yorkshire Terrier Club. Secretary, Mr. F. W. Randall, "The Clone," +Hampton-on-Thames. _General Appearance._--Should be that of a +long-coated pet dog, the coat hanging quite straight and evenly down +each side, a parting extending from the nose to the end of the tail. The +animal should be very compact and neat, the carriage being very upright, +and having an important air. Although the frame is hidden beneath a +mantle of hair, the general outline should be such as to suggest the +existence of a vigorous and well-proportioned body. _Head._--Should be +rather small and flat, not too prominent or round in the skull, nor too +long in the muzzle, with a perfectly black nose. The fall on the head to +be long, of a rich golden tan, deeper in colour at the sides of the head +about the ear roots, and on the muzzle, where it should be very long. +The hair on the chest a rich bright tan. On no account must the tan on +the head extend on to the neck, nor must there be any sooty or dark hair +intermingled with any of the tan. _Eyes._--Medium, dark, and sparkling, +having a sharp, intelligent expression, and placed so as to look +directly forward. They should not be prominent, and the edge of the +eyelids should be of a dark colour. _Ears._--Small V-shaped, and carried +semi-erect or erect, covered with short hair, colour to be of a very +deep rich tan. _Mouth._--Perfectly even, with teeth as sound as +possible. An animal having lost any teeth through accident not a fault, +providing the jaws are even. _Body._--Very compact, and a good loin. +Level on the top of the back. _Coat._--The hair on body as long as +possible, and perfectly straight (not wavy), glossy like silk, and of a +fine silky texture. Colour, a dark steel blue (not silver blue) +extending from the occiput (or back of skull) to the root of tail, and +on no account mingled with fawn, bronze, or dark hairs. _Legs._--Quite +straight, well covered with hair of a rich golden tan, a few shades +lighter at the ends than at the roots, not extending higher on the +forelegs than the elbow, nor on the hindlegs than the stifle. +_Feet._--As round as possible, and the toe-nails black. _Tail._--Cut to +medium length; with plenty of hair, darker blue in colour than the rest +of the body, especially at the end of the tail, and carried a little +higher than the level of the back. _Tan._--All tan hair should be darker +at the roots than in the middle, shading to a still lighter tan at the +tips. _Weight._--Three classes: 5 lbs. and under; 7 lbs. and under, but +over 5 lbs.; over 7 lbs. + + +="Silver" Yorkshire.=--Points identical with those of the Standard +Yorkshire, as described above, except colouring, which should be as +follows: _Back._--Silver. _Head._--Pale tan or straw colour. _Muzzle and +Legs._--Light tan. _Ears._--A shade darker tan. + + +VALUE OF POINTS IN JUDGING. + + Quantity and length of coat 15 + Quality and texture of coat 10 + Richness of tan on head and legs 15 + Colour of hair on body 15 + Head 10 + Eyes 5 + Ears 5 + Legs and feet 5 + Tail (carriage of) 5 + Mouth 5 + Formation and general appearance 10 + --- + Total 100 + + +=Italian Greyhounds.=--The Italian Greyhound is somewhat fuller in +proportion than the English Greyhound, and the nose is somewhat shorter. +In other respects this beautiful dog follows the lines of its prototype +as closely as possible, due allowance being made for difference in size. +The colour most prized is a golden fawn, then cream, or blue fawn, +followed by reds and whites; mixtures are not considered desirable. +Coat should be very fine, soft, and glossy. The best size is that of a +dog of about 8 lbs. weight.--From Rawdon Lee's "Modern Dogs." Hon. +Secretary of Club, Mrs. Scarlett, Went House, West Malling, Kent. + + +=Maltese.=--This is probably the oldest of the toy dogs, having been +highly prized by the ladies of ancient Greece, and doubtless of other +nations at the same time. The coat is very long, straight, and silky (in +first-rate specimens sweeping the ground), quite free from woolliness +and from the slightest curl. Colour, pure white. Nose should be black, +also roof of the mouth. Ears moderately long, the hair on them mingling +with that on the neck. Tail short and well feathered, curled tightly +over back. Size should not exceed 5 lbs. or 6 lbs., the smaller the +better, other points being correct.--Rawdon Lee's "Modern Dogs." They +have the Maltese Club of London. Hon. Secretary, Arthur Stevenson, 52, +Holloway Road, N. + + +=Poodles.=--Points of the perfect black poodle, as defined by the Poodle +Club. Secretary, Mr. L. W. Crouch, The Orchard, Swanley Village, Kent. +_General Appearance._--That of a very active, intelligent, and +elegant-looking, dog, well built, and carrying himself very proudly. +_Head._--Long, straight, and fine, the skull not broad, with a slight +peak at the back. _Muzzle._--Long (but not snipy) and strong; not full +in cheek; teeth white, strong, and level; gums black; lips black and not +showing lippiness. _Eyes._--Almond-shaped, very dark, full of fire and +intelligence. _Nose._--Black and sharp. _Ears._--The leather long and +wide, low set on, hanging close to the face. _Neck._--Well proportioned +and strong, to admit of the head being carried high and with dignity. +_Shoulders._--Strong and muscular, sloping well to the back. +_Chest._--Deep and moderately wide. _Back._--Short, strong, and slightly +hollowed, the loins broad and muscular, the ribs well sprung and braced +up. _Feet._--Rather small and of a good shape, the toes well arched, +pads thick and hard. + +Illustration: POODLES. _Photo by J. J. Gibson, Penge._ _Champion +"Orchard Admiral" and "L'Enfant Prodigue," owned by Mrs. Crouch._ + +_Legs._--Fore set straight from shoulder, with plenty of bone and +muscle; hindlegs very muscular and well bent, with the hocks well let +down. _Tail._--Set on rather high, well carried, never curled, or +carried over back. _Coat._--Very profuse, and of good, hard texture; if +corded, hanging in tight, even cords; if non-corded, very thick and +strong, of even length, the curls close and thick, without knots or +cords. _Colours._--All black, all white, all red, all blue. The white +poodle should have dark eyes, black or very dark liver nose, lips, and +toe-nails. The red poodle should have dark amber eyes, dark liver nose, +lips, and toe-nails. The blue poodle should be of even colour, and have +dark eyes, lips, and toe-nails. All the other points of white, red, and +blue poodles should be the same as in the perfect black poodle. +_N.B._--It is strongly recommended that only one-third of the body be +clipped or shaved, and that the hair on the forehead be left on. + +Also catered for by the Curly Poodle Club, Hon. Secretary, Miss F. +Brunker, Whippendell House, King's Langley, Herts. + +VALUE OF POINTS. + + General appearance and movement 15 + Head and ears 15 + Eyes and expression 10 + Neck and shoulders 10 + Shape of body, loin, back, and carriage of stern 15 + Legs and feet 10 + Coat, colour, and texture of coat 15 + Bone, muscle, and condition 10 + --- + Total 100 + + +=The Black-and-Tan Terrier.=--Points and standard, as given by the +Black-and-Tan Terrier Club. Secretary, Mr. S. J. Atkinson, 184, Adelaide +Road, London, N.W. _Head._--Long, flat, and narrow, level and +wedge-shaped, without showing cheek muscles, well filled up under the +eyes, with tapering, tightly-lipped jaws and level teeth. _Eyes._--Very +small, sparkling, and dark, set fairly close together, and oblong in +shape. _Nose._--Black. _Ears._--Small and V-shaped, hanging close to the +head above the eye. _Neck and Shoulders._--The neck should be fairly +long, and tapering from the shoulders to the head, with sloping +shoulders, the neck being free from throatiness, and slightly arched at +the occiput. _Chest._--Narrow, but deep. _Body._--Moderately short, and +curving upwards at the loin; ribs well sprung; back slightly arched at +the loin, and falling again at the joining of the tail to the same +height as the shoulders. _Legs._--Must be quite straight, set on well +under the dog, and of fair length. _Feet._--More inclined to be cat than +hare-footed. _Tail._--Moderate length, and set on where the arch of the +back ends, thick where it joins the body, tapering to a point, and not +carried higher than the back. _Coat._--Close, smooth, short, and glossy. +_Colour._--Jet black and rich mahogany tan, distributed over the body as +follows: On the head the muzzle is tanned to the nose, which, with the +nasal bone, is jet black; there is also a bright tan spot on each cheek +and above each eye; the under jaw and throat are tanned, and the hair +inside the ear is of the same colour. The forelegs tanned up to the +knee, with black lines (pencil marks) up each toe, and a black mark +(thumb mark) above the foot. Inside the hindlegs tanned, but divided +with black at the hock joint, and under the tail also tanned, and so is +the vent, but only sufficiently to be easily covered by the tail; also +slightly tanned on each side of chest. Tan outside of hindlegs, commonly +called "breeching," a serious defect. In all cases the black should not +run into the tan, or _vice versa_, but the division between the two +colours should be well defined. _General Appearance._--A terrier, +calculated to take his own part in the rat-pit, and not of the whippet +type. _Weight (for toys)._--Not exceeding 7 lbs. + + +SCALE OF POINTS. + + Head 20 + Eyes 10 + Ears 5 + Legs 10 + Feet 10 + Body 10 + Tail 5 + Colour and markings 15 + General appearance (including terrier quality) 15 + --- + Total 100 + +Illustration: PEKINGESE. _"Yen Chu of Newnham" owned by Mrs. W. H. +Herbert._ + + +=Japanese and Pekingese Spaniels.=--Points of the Japanese spaniel, as +set forth by the Japanese and Pekingese Club. This Club is now divided +into the Japanese Chin Club and the Pekingese Club, the Secretary of +both being Mr. E. T. Cox, 65 and 66, Chancery Lane, London, E.C. +_General Appearance._--That of a lively, highly-bred little dog, with +dainty appearance, smart, compact carriage, and profuse coat. These dogs +should be essentially stylish in movement, lifting the feet high when in +motion, carrying the tail (which is heavily feathered) proudly curved +or plumed over the back. In size they vary considerably, but the smaller +they are the better, provided type and quality are not sacrificed. When +divided by weight, classes should be for under and over 7 lbs. +_Coat._--The coat should be long, profuse, and straight, free from curl +or wave, and not be too flat; it should have a tendency to stand out, +more particularly at the frill, with profuse feathering on the tail and +thighs. _Colour._--The dogs should be either black-and-white or +red-and-white--_i.e._, parti-coloured. The term "red" includes all +shades of sable, brindle, lemon, and orange, but the brighter and +clearer the red the better. The white should be clear white, and the +colour, whether black or red, should be evenly distributed patches over +the body, cheek, and ears. _Head._--Should be large for size of dog, +with a broad skull, rounded in front; eyes large, dark, set far apart; +muzzle very short and wide, and well cushioned--_i.e._, the upper lips +rounded on each side of the nostrils, which should be large and black, +except in the case of red-and-white dogs, when a brown-coloured nose is +as common as a black one. _Ears._--Should be small, set wide apart, and +high on the dog's head, and carried slightly forward, V-shaped. +_Body._--Should be squarely and compactly built, wide in chest, "cobby" +in shape. The length of the dog's body should be about its height. _Legs +and Feet._--The legs should be straight and the bone fine; the feet +should be long and hare-shaped. The legs should be well feathered to the +feet on the front legs and to the thighs behind. The feet should also be +feathered. + +The points of Pekingese (as given by the same club). _General +Appearance._--That of a quaint and intelligent little dog, rather long +in body, with heavy front chest, and bow legs--_i.e._, very much out at +elbow--the body falling away lighter behind. The tail should be carried +right up in a curve over the animal's back, but not too tightly curled. +In size these dogs vary very much, but the smaller the better, provided +type and points are not sacrificed. When divided by weight, classes +should be for under 10 lbs. and over 10 lbs. _Legs._--Should be short +and rather heavy in bone, but not extravagantly so, as coarseness is to +be avoided in every point; they should be well out at elbow, and the +feet turned outwards also. Both legs and feet should be feathered. +_Head._--Should be of medium size, with broad skull, flat between ears, +but rounded on the forehead, muzzle very short (_not_ underhung), and +very wide. The face should be wrinkled and nostrils black and full. Eyes +large and lustrous; ears set high in the head, and V-shaped; they should +be moderate in size (the tips never coming below the muzzle), and should +be covered with long, silky hair, which extends much below the leather +of the ear proper. _Colour._--These dogs should either be red, fawn, +sable, or brindle, with black masks, face and ear shadings, or else all +black. White patches on feet or chest, although not a disqualification, +should not be encouraged. _Coat._--Should be long, flat, and rather +silky, except at the frill, where it should stand out, like a lion's +mane. The feathering on thighs and tail should be very profuse, and it +is preferable that it should be of a lighter colour than the rest of the +coat. + +There is also the Pekin Palace Dog Association. Secretary, Miss L. C. +Smythe, 115, Delaware Mansions, Sutherland Avenue, London, W. + + + Some other clubs are as follows (but it is in many cases usual to + change the Secretary annually, so that these addresses are not all + permanent, though letters generally find their mark): + + Halifax and District Yorkshire Terrier Club (Secretary, T. Whiteley, + 10, High Street, Halifax). + + Manchester and District Yorkshire Terrier Club (Secretary, J. + Hardman, 9, Richmond Street, Newton Heath, Manchester). + + Oldham Toy Dog Society (Hon. Secretary, A. E. Stansfield, 209, Park + Road, Oldham). + + Yorkshire Pom Club (Hon. Secretary, E. Poppleton, 1, Clarendon + Street, Wakefield). + + Toy Dog Society of Scotland (Secretary, James Cameron, 61, Lothian + Road, Edinburgh). + + North of England Toy Dog Club (Secretary, R. Weatherhead, 14, Arctic + Parade, Great Horton, Bradford). + + Toy Dog Society (Secretary, E. T. Cox, 65 and 66, Chancery Lane, + E.C.). + + + + +INDEX + + + Abscesses on toes, 46 + + Amaurosis, 71 + + Anaemia, 42 + + Aperients, 56 + + Appetite, loss of, 48 + + Areca-nut, 54 + + Arsenic, 66 + + + Bad doer, the, 51 + + Bare patches, 63 + + Bat ears, 34 + + Baths, medicated, 64 + + Biliousness, 48 + + Black-and-tan terriers, 37 + standard of, 100 + + Black pugs, 40 + standard of, 92 + + Blenheims, 40 + standard of, 86 + + Bones, 23 + + Breed, choice of, 30 + + Breeding, 5 + + Bronchitis, 74 + + Bulldogs, toy, 34 + standard of, 93 + + Buying dogs, 4 + + + Canker in ears, 69 + in teeth, 45 + + Caries, dental, 45 + + Castor oil, 76 + + Catarrhal distemper, 58 + + Chest diseases, 74 + + Chill, 48 + + Clinical thermometer, 48 + + Clubs, supplementary list, 104 + + Coat, 24, 44 + + Cod liver oil, 44 + + Cold in eyes, 72 + + Colds, 73 + + Conditioning, 72 + + Coughs, 73 + + + Dew-claws, 73 + + Digestive tonic, 50 + + Disagreeable breath, 51 + + Discharge after pupping, 13 + + Distemper, 57 + + Docking, 46 + + + Ears, 69 + to alter carriage of, 70 + + Eczema, 61, 72 + + Entering dogs for shows, 27 + + Epilepsy, 77 + + Erythema or puppy-pox, 62, 68 + + Etiquette of shows, 29 + + Exhibiting, 23 + + Eyes, 71 + + + "Faking," 23 + + Fatness or obesity, 75 + + Feeding of Toys, 19, 42, 65 + + Feet, sore, 72 + + Fits, 77 + + French toy bulldog, standard of, 94 + + + Gastritis, 60 + + Golden ointment, 71 + + Griffons Bruxellois, 37 + standard of, 89 + + + Hysteria, 75 + + + Indigestion, 50 + + Internal parasites, 52 + + Iron tonic, 44 + + Italian greyhound, standard of, 97 + + + Japanese spaniel, 35 + standard of, 101 + + + Kanofelin remedies, 63 + + + Maltese, 41 + standard of, 98 + + Mange, follicular and sarcoptic, 64 + + Mating bitches, 5 + + Meat diet, 21, 42 + + Mercury, 45, 62 + + Milk, 22 + + Missing, 8 + + + Ophthalmia, 71 + + + Pekingese spaniels, 35 + standard of, 101 + + Pityriasis, 63 + + Poison, 75 + + Pomeranians, 31 + standard of, 80 + + Poodles, 27 + standard of, 98 + + Preparing for exhibition, 23 + + Pugs, 39 + standard of, 91 + + Puppies, birth of, 10 + house for, 14 + rearing of, 14 + size of, 6 + skin troubles of, 62 + training of, 18 + + Pupping, 9 + + + Rashes, 62 + + Relapse from distemper, 59 + + Requisites for shows, 28 + + Ringworm, 67 + + Round worms, 55 + + + Salt, 76 + + Scavenging, 20 + + Schipperkes, 32 + standard of, 90 + + Season, 7 + + Shivering, 74 + + Shows, chief, 30 + + Shyness in ring, 29 + + Skin diseases, 61 + + Stomach coughs, 74 + + Strychnine, 76 + + Stuttgart disease, 49, 60 + + Suckling fits, 77 + + Sulphur ointment, 63 + + + Tape-worms, 52 + + Tear channels, 42 + + Teeth, bad, 45 + + Teething, 17 + fits, 79 + + Temperature, to take, 49 + + Toothache, 46 + + Toy spaniels, standard of, 83 + + + Washing, 26 + + Worm medicines, 54 + + + Yorkshire terriers, 38 + standard of, 96 + + + * * * * * + + BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD. + + * * * * * + + =FROM MR. EDWARD ARNOLD'S LIST.= + + BY THE SAME AUTHOR. + + DARLING DOGS. + + BY MARGARET LILITH WILLIAMS. + + WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. + + Price 5s. net. + + + TIMES.--"An attractive book of talk, light and serious, and of + experiences of many kinds, about dogs in the particular and in the + abstract by an enthusiast." + + GLOBE.--"A delightful volume, especially so to dog-lovers." + + WORLD.--"That it is written by one whose heart and soul is in her + subject is apparent in the first few pages, and for that very reason + they go straight to the heart of every dog-lover. Altogether, a + charming volume, excellently illustrated." + + DAILY EXPRESS.--"An account of the intimate life of certain dogs, + and to those who make dear friends and companions of them it may be + confidently recommended." + + EVENING STANDARD.--"Practical as well as enthusiastic." + + LADY'S FIELD.--"All women who really love dogs--and perhaps all + those who love animals of any kind--will like to have 'Darling + Dogs,' ... charmingly illustrated and written from the author's + heart." + + * * * * * + + LONDON: EDWARD ARNOLD, 41 & 43 MADDOX ST., W. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Manual of Toy Dogs, by Mrs. Leslie Williams + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF TOY DOGS *** + +***** This file should be named 39235.txt or 39235.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/2/3/39235/ + +Produced by Hazel Batey and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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