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diff --git a/39226.txt b/39226.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1521f79 --- /dev/null +++ b/39226.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2846 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, May +1865 + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, May 1865 + + + +Release Date: March 21, 2012 [Ebook #39226] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, MAY 1865*** + + + + + + Irish Ecclesiastical Record + + Volume 1 + + May 1865 + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +The See Of Derry. +Dr. Colenso And The Old Testament. No. II. +Blessed Thaddeus M'Carthy. +Liturgical Questions. +Correspondence. +Documents. +Notices Of Books. +Footnotes + + + + + + +THE SEE OF DERRY. + + +The territory of Cineal-Eoghain, from a very early period, formed a +distinct diocese, which took its name from the church of Arderath, now +Ardstraw, situated on the River Derg, and founded by St. Eugene, first +bishop of this see. In the synod of Rathbreasail, an. 1110, it is called +"Dioecesis Ardsrathensis" though probably in that very year the city of +Derry was chosen for the episcopal residence. "Sedes Episcopalis", writes +Dr. O'Cherballen, bishop of the see in 1247, "a tempore limitationis +Episcopatuum Hyberniae in villa Darensi utpote uberiori et magis idoneo +loco qui in sua Dioecesi habeatur, extitit constituta". For some years +this arrangement continued undisturbed, till the appointment of Dr. +O'Coffy, who about the year 1150 transferred his see to Rathlure, a church +dedicated to St. Luroch; and subsequently, for one hundred years, we find +the see designated "Dioecesis Rathlurensis", or "de Rathlurig", under +which name it appears in the lists of Centius Camerarius. + +Dr. Muredach O'Coffy was a canon regular of the order of St. Augustine, +and "was held in great repute for his learning, humility, and charity to +the poor"--(Ware). The old Irish annalists style him "the sun of science; +the precious stone and resplendent gem of knowledge; the bright star and +rich treasury of learning; and as in charity, so too was he powerful in +pilgrimage and prayer". He assisted at the Synod of Kells, which was +convened by Cardinal Paparo in 1152, and in the catalogue of its bishops +he is styled from the territory occupied by his see, _the Bishop of +Cineal-Eoghain_. His death is marked in our annals on the 10th of +February, 1173/4. + +Amlaf O'Coffy succeeded the same year, and is also eulogized by our +annalists as "a shining light, illuminating both clergy and people". He +was translated to Armagh in 1184, but died the following year. Our ancient +records add that "his remains were brought with great solemnity to Derry +and interred at the feet of his predecessor". + +Florence O'Cherballen next governed the see, from 1185 to 1230; whilst the +episcopate of his successor, Friar German O'Cherballen, embraced well nigh +half a century, extending from 1230 to his death in 1279. It was during +the administration of this last-named bishop that the episcopal see was +once more definitively fixed in Derry. The Holy See, by letter of 31st +May, 1247, commissioned the Bishop of Raphoe, the Abbot of the monastery +of SS. Peter and Paul in Armagh, and the Prior of Louth, to investigate +the reasons set forth by Dr. Germanus for abandoning the church of +Rathlure. The following extract from the Papal letter preserves to us the +chief motive thus alleged by Bishop Germanus: + + + "Cum villa Rathlurensis pene sit inaccessibilis propter montana, + nemora et paludes, quibus est undique circumcincta, aliasque + propter sterilitatem ipsius et necessariorum defectum nequeat ibi + dictus Episcopus vel aliquis de suis canonicis residere, nec + clerus ejusdem dioecesis illuc convenire ad synodum et ad alia + quae saepius expedirent praefatus episcopus nobis humiliter + supplicavit ut utilitatibus Rathlurensis Ecclesiae, ac cleri + ejusdem misericorditer providentes sedem ipsam reduci ad locum + pristinum Darensem villam videlicet de benignitate Sedis + Apostolicae faceremus"--(_Mon. Vatic._ pag. 48). + + +It was also added by Dr. O'Cherballen, that his predecessor, O'Coffy, had +himself been born in Rathlure, and that it was through love for his native +district he had, by his own authority, transferred the episcopal seat from +Derry to Rathlure (illectus natalis soli dulcedine transtulit motu +propriae voluntatis). + +The appointed deputies approved of the resolution taken by Bishop +Germanus, and a few years later (1254), in reply to the Chapter of Derry, +the same Pope Innocent IV. thus confirmed this translation of the see: + + + "Cum, sicuti ex tenore vestrae petitionis accepimus, sedes + Anichlucensis(1) Ecclesiae de speciali mandato nostro et assensu + etiam venerabilis fratris nostri Archiepiscopi Armachani loci + metropolitani ad Darensem Ecclesiam sit translata, nos vestris + supplicationibus inclinati translationem hujusmodi, sicut provide + facta est, et in alicujus praejudicium non redundat, ratam et + firmam habentes, eam auctoritate Apostolica confirmamus. Datum + Neapoli, secundo Nonas Novembris, Pontificatus nostri anno + duodecimo"--(_Ibid._, 64). + + +By a previous letter he had, as early as the first of July in the fourth +year of his pontificate, in anticipation of this translation of the see, +granted to the chapter of the diocese of Derry the same privileges, +indulgences, and other special favours which it had hitherto enjoyed in +Rathlure (_Ib._, pag. 48). + +The successor of Bishop Germanus was Florence O'Cherballen, who held the +see from 1279 to 1293. Five other bishops then came in rapid succession. +Henry of Ardagh, from 1294 to 1297; Geoffry Melaghlin, from 1297 to 1315; +Hugh or Odo O'Neal, from 1316 to 1319; Michael Melaghlin, from 1319 to +about 1330; and Maurice, from about 1330 to 1347. + +On the death of the last-named bishop, a Dominican, by name Symon, was +appointed by Pope Clement VI. to rule the See of Derry. He had indeed +already been nominated by brief, dated the 5th of the Ides of May, 1347, +to the diocese of Clonmacnoise, but the aged and infirm bishop of that +see, who was reported to have passed to a better life, was not yet +deceased, and hence, on the vacancy of Derry, Bishop Symon was, by brief +of 18th December, 1347, appointed successor of St. Eugene. From the first +brief, which nominated him to Clonmacnoise, we learn that Friar Symon was +Prior of the Dominican fathers of Roscommon, and was remarkable for his +zeal, his literary proficiency, and his manifold virtues. The brief of his +appointment to Derry adds the following particulars: + + + "Dudum ad audientiam apostolatus nostri relatione minus vera + perlata, quod Ecclesia Cluanensis per obitum Venerabilis fratris + nostri Henrici Episcopi Cluanensis qui in partibus illis + decessisse dicebatur, vacabat: Nos credentes relationem hujusmodi + veram esse, de te ordinis fratrum Praedicatorum professore eidem + Ecclesiae duximus providendum, praeficiendo te illi in Episcopum + et pastorem: et subsequenter per Ven. fratrem nostrum Talayrandum + Episcopum Albanensem tibi apud sedem Apostolicam fecimus munus + consecrationis impendi. Cum autem sicut postea vera relatio ad nos + perduxit praefatus Henricus tempore provisionis hujus modi ageret, + sicut agere dignoscitur, in humanis, tu nullius Ecclesiae + Episcopus remansisti. Postmodum vero Ecclesia Darensi, per obitum + bonae memoriae Mauricii Episcopi Darensis qui extra Romanam curiam + diem clausit extremum, pastoris solatio destitute, Nos ... + cupientes talem eidem Darensi Ecclesiae praeesse personam quae + sciret, vellet et posset eam in suis manutenere juribus ac etiam + adaugere, ipsamque praeservare a noxiis et adversis, post + deliberationem quam super his cum fratribus nostris habuimus + diligentem, demum ad te consideratis grandium virtutum meritis, + quibus personam tuam Dominus insignivit, convertimus oculos nostrae + mentis, etc. Datum Avinione XV. Kalend. Januarii Pontif. Nostri + anno octavo"--(_Mon. Vatic._, pag. 292). + + +Bishop Symon seems to have held the see till the close of this century, +and the next bishop that we find was John, Abbot of Moycoscain, or _de +claro fonte_, who was appointed to Derry by brief of Pope Boniface IX. on +19th August, 1401. Of his immediate successors we know little more than +the mere names. William Quaplod, a Carmelite and a distinguished patron of +literary men, died in 1421. Donald for ten years then ruled the diocese, +and resigned in 1431; his successor, John, died in 1456. A Cistercian +monk, named Bartholomew O'Flanagan, next sat in the see for five years; +and Nicholas Weston, a canon of Armagh, who was consecrated its bishop in +1466, held it till his death in 1484. + +Donald O'Fallon, an Observantine Franciscan, was advanced to this see by +Pope Innocent VIII. on the 17th of May, 1485: "he was reckoned a man of +great reputation in his time for learning, and a constant course of +preaching through all Ireland, which he continued for full thirty +years"--(_Ware_). He died in the year 1500. + +James Mac Mahon is the first bishop whose name appears in the sixteenth +century. He was Commendatory Prior of the Abbey of SS. Peter and Paul, at +Knock, in the county Louth, and died in December, 1517. + +William Hogeson, which is probably a corruption of the Irish name +_O'Gashin_, was appointed his successor by Pope Leo X. on 8th of August, +1520. He belonged to the order of St. Dominic, and seems to have +administered the see till 1529. + +Roderick or Rory O'Donnell, Dean of Raphoe, was chosen by Pope Clement +VII., on 19th September, 1529, to occupy the see of Derry. This bishop was +very much opposed to the religious innovations which Henry VIII. +endeavoured to introduce into the Irish Church. In the _State Papers_ +(vol. i. pag. 598) there is a letter dated 14th March, 1539, and addressed +by Lord Cromwell to the English king, in which the following eulogy is +passed on Dr. O'Donnell: "Also there be letters long from an arrant +traitor, Rorick, Bishop of Derry, in your grace's land of Ireland, his +hand and great seal at it, to the Bishop of Rome, declaring the calamities +of the Papists in Ireland". It was in the preceding year that Bishop +Roderick had mortally offended the agents of King Henry by his efforts to +preserve from their grasp the youthful Gerald, who, though yet in his +boyhood, was chief of the Geraldines, and destined, it was hoped, to +become one day the rallying point of a confederacy of the Irish +chieftains. In the month of May Gerald and his faithful escort passed +without molestation from the south to the north of Ireland, being +hospitably received in Thomond, Galway, and Sligo; and they were safely +entrenched within the barriers of Tyrconnell before the government spies +had even caught the intelligence of this journey. On the 28th of June the +Earl of Ormonde wrote a long letter to the council of Ireland, giving +information of the movements of young Gerald. From this letter we learn +that it was an Irish rhymist that acted as his spy amongst the Northern +chieftains, and that, according to the latest intelligence received from +him, "twenty-four horsemen, well apparrelled", had been appointed to wait +upon the young Geraldine. The King of Scotland, too, solicited the Irish +princes to commit Gerald to his care. However, in another letter, of 20th +July, the same earl writes that this scheme was not pleasing to O'Neil and +O'Donnell, but "the Bishop O'Donnell (of Derry), James Delahoyde, Master +Levrous, and Robert Walshe, are gone as messengers to Scotland, to pray +aid from the Scottish king; and before their going, all the gentlemen of +Ulster, for the most part, promised to retain as many Scots as they should +bring with them, at their own expense and charges during the time of their +service in Ireland"--(_St. Pap._, iii. 52). Another information further +states that as a Christmas present in December, 1538, Art Oge O'Toole had +sent to Gerald "a saffron shirt trimmed with silk, and a mantle of English +cloth fringed with silk, together with a sum of money"--(_Ibid._, pag. +139). And a few months later Cowley writes from Dublin to the English +court, that "there never was seen in Ireland so great a host of Irishmen +and Scots, both of the out isles and of the mainland of Scotland; whilst +at the same time the pretended Earl of Desmond has all the strength of the +west"--(_Ibid._, pag. 145). It is not necessary to pursue the subsequent +events of this confederacy, as we have no express documents to attest the +share taken in it by the Bishop of Derry. One further fact alone connected +with our great prelate has been recorded by our annalists, and it, too, +regards the closing scene of his eventful life, viz., that before his +death he wished to become a member of the Franciscan order, and dying on +the 8th of October, 1550, "he was buried in the monastery of Donegal in +the habit of St. Francis"--(_Four Mast._, v. 1517). + +Eugene Magennis, the next bishop, governed the see from 1551 to 1568. It +was during his episcopate that the venerable church and monastery of St. +Colomba, together with the town of Derry, were reduced to a heap of ruins. +The fact is thus narrated by Cox: "Colonel Saintlow succeeded Randolph in +the command of the garrison, and lived as quietly as could be desired; for +the rebels were so daunted by the former defeat that they did not dare to +make any new attempt; but unluckily, on the 24th day of April (1566), the +ammunition took fire, and blew up both the town and the fort of Derry, +whereby twenty men were killed, and all the victuals and provisions were +destroyed, and no possibility left of getting more, so that the soldiers +were necessitated to embark for Dublin"--(_Hist._, part i. pag. 322). This +disaster was regarded at the time as a divine chastisement for the +profanation of St. Columba's church and cell, the latter being used by the +heretical soldiery as a repository of ammunition, whilst the former was +defiled by their profane worship--(_O'Sulliv._, pag. 96). + +The next bishop was Raymond O'Gallagher, who, when receiving the +administration of the see of Killala, in 1545, is described in the +Consistorial Acts as "clericus dioecesis Rapotensis in vigesimotertio anno +constitutus". It was also commanded that after four years, _i.e._ when he +would have attained his twenty-seventh year, he should be consecrated +Bishop of Killala. In 1569, he was translated from that see to Derry, +which he ruled during the many perils and persecutions of Elizabeth's +reign, till, as Mooney writes, "omnium Episcoporurm Europae ordinatione +antiquissimus", he died, full of years, on the 15th of March in 1601. In a +government memorial of 28th July, 1592, Dr. O'Gallagher is thus noticed: +"First in Ulster is one Redmondus O'Gallagher, Bishop of Derry.... The +said Bishop O'Gallagher hath been with divers governors of that land upon +protection, and yet he is supposed to enjoy the bishoprick and all the +aforesaid authorities these xxvi years and more, whereby it is to be +understood that he is not there as a man without authority and secretly +kept"--(_Kilken. Proceedings_, May, 1856, pag. 80). The xxvi of this +passage has led many into error as to the date of Dr. O'Gallagher's +appointment to Derry, which, reckoning back from 1592, should be placed in +1567. However, that numeral probably is a misprint for xxiii, such +mistakes being very frequent in the mediaeval manuscripts, as well as in +more modern publications. The following extract from the papers of +Cardinal Morone in the Vatican archives, will serve to show that in 1569 +the see was vacant by the death of Bishop Eugenius:-- + + + "Litterae Reverendissimi Armachani ad Patrem Polancum: Quod Daniel + ab ipso nominatus fiat Episcopus Darensis: contentio de Episcopatu + Clogherensi inter duos, videtur ponendus tertius: Rapotensis et + Darensis non iverunt ad concilium Provinciale propter bella: + Archiepiscopus Armacanus haberet suam Ecclesiam si vellet + consentire Reginae: posset mitti subsidium pro Armachano ad + Praesidentem Collegii Lovaniensis: Archiepiscopus Armachanus male + tractatur in carceribus". + + +This minute of Cardinal Morone bears no date, but is registered with a +series of papers of 1568 and 1569. The Father Polanco to whom the +Primate's letter was addressed, was the Procurator-General of the Society +of Jesus, and was the same who was deputed to be bearer of the blessing of +the Holy Father to the dying founder of that great order. To the preceding +_minute_ are added the following remarks, which seem to have been +presented to the Cardinal by Father Polanco:-- + + + "Archiepiscopus Armachanus scribit expedire ut tertius nominetur + Episcopus pro Clogherensi Dioecesi, non tamen favet Domino Milero. + Causa posset committi in partibus D. Episcopo Accadensi et + aliquibus aliis comprovincialibus Episcopis. + + "Episcopatus Darensis in dicta Provincia Armachana vacat nunc per + obitum Eugenii ultimi Episcopi. Duo Hiberni dictae Dioecesis pro + eo obtinendo venerunt ad curiam: viz. Cornelius O'Chervallan cum + quibusdam litteris Patris David Wolff et cum aliis Rectoris + Lovanii. Item Magonius (Mac Mahon) Abbas commendatus litteris + Episcoporum Rapotensis et Kilmorensis cum approbatione capituli + Darensis". + + +Dr. O'Gallagher, however, was the person chosen by the Holy See, and was +proclaimed in consistory before the close of 1569. A few years later we +find faculties communicated to him by Rome for his own diocese, and for +the whole province of Armagh, "quamdiu venerabilis frater Richardus +Archiepiscopus Armachanus impeditus a Dioecesi et Provincia Armachana +abfuerit"--(13 April, 1575, _Ex. Secret. Brev._). About 1594 other special +faculties were again communicated to him through Cardinal Allan--(ap. +_King, Hist._, pag. 1213); and we soon after meet with him in the camp of +O'Donnell, when that chieftain was gathering his forces to cut short the +military career of General Norris: "There were there", writes O'Sullivan, +"some ecclesiastics, and especially Raymond O'Gallagher, Bishop of Derry, +and Vice-Primate of Ireland, who absolved from the excommunication which +they had incurred, those troops that passed from the Elizabethan ranks to +the Catholic army"--(_Hist. Cath._, p. 181). It was in 1596 that Norris set +out with about 10,000 men to invade North Connaught and Tyrconnell. That +general was flushed with his victories in France and Belgium, nevertheless +he was obliged to ignominiously retreat from the Ulster frontiers, being +unable even to bring to battle the chosen army of 5,000 men which was led +by the brave O'Donnel. + +On the 22nd of July, 1597, an Irishman named Bernard O'Donnell was +arrested at Lisle, and brought before the royal court, accused of carrying +on treasonable intercourse with the Spanish government, and of being +bearer of despatches from the Irish bishops and chieftains to the +authorities in Spain and Rome. From one of the questions proposed to him +at his cross-examination, we glean some further particulars connected with +our Bishop of Derry:-- + + + "Respondes tibi nulla fuisse negotia ab Hibernis commissa: et + tamen reperimus prae manibus tuis litteras cujusdam Gabrielis + Vasci (Vasquez), Theologi Societatis Jesu ex Hispania decimo die + mensis Junii superioris (1596) scriptis Romam ad Franciscum + Rodrigum (Rodriquez) Societatis Jesu, quibus te illi unice + commendat scribitque te eo profecturum fuisse negotiorum + publicorum causa. Simul etiam invenimus exemplum manu tua scriptum + epistolae cujusdam a Remundo Derensi Episcopo ad summum + Pontificem, ex qua apparet, te, post tuum ex Hispania ad Hibernos + reditum, nobiles Hibernos firmasse et illis animum addidisse ad + arma suscipienda contra Reginam Angliae: idemque rogat summum + Pontificem, ut tibi fidem adhibeat in multis quae illi dicenda + tibi commisit. Invenimus etiam prae manibus tuis exemplum + litterarum manu tua exaratum quibus O'Nellus ille summum + Pontificem rogat ut tibi fidem adhibeat non modo in his quae illi + dicturus eras de beneficiorum Ecclesiasticorum dispensatione apud + Hibernos, sed etiam de omnibus rebus publicis Hibernorum? _Resp._ + Agnosco equidem illa omnia exemplaria litterarum fuisse mea manu + scripta: sed ad cumulandam commendationem meam". + + +Fortunately, appended to this examination, the letter itself of the Bishop +of Derry has been preserved to us. We present it in full to the reader, as +it is the only letter of this great bishop that the calamitous era of +persecution has permitted to reach us:-- + + + "Copie de lettre escrite au Pape par Remond Derensis Episcopus. + + "Tuam Sanctitatem latere non arbitramur quam alacri et excelso + animo nostrae nobilitatis praecipui, Sancti haud dubie Spiritus + instinctu, tyrannicae Anglorum pravitati ausi sunt resistere: + omnem ipsorum virulentiam et Satanici furoris artificia, aperto + marte viriliter irritando. Tametsi quis facile enumeret quae + quotidie volvantur et emergant quibus ut animum adderet, ipsosque + in hoc pulcherimo instituto spe subsidii confirmaret, + stabiliretque, cum lator praesentium N. (_sic._) ex Hispania + novissime venisset, cuncta ita uti sunt Catholicae majestati + fideliter relaturus, volumus atque monemus ut Tua quoque Sanctitas + fidem incunctanter eidem adhibeat; ac luctuosae tuae Hiberniae et + innumeris cladibus ab haereticis jamdiu afflictae, squalidam ac + funestam faciem benigno vultu aspiciat et egregiam hanc occasionem + divinitus, ut credimus, oblatam opportune arripiat, memor quam + eadem esse soleat occipiti calvo: suisque fidelissimis non modo ab + ineunte Christianismo clientibus, sed ab aliquot annorum centuriis + regio jure subditis, quam maturee poterit clementer prospiciat, ac + expectationis nostrae ac Tabellarii, cui pleraque Tuae Sanctitati + nuncianda relinquimus, desiderio satisfaciat: cujus etiam nos, + generis, industriae, nobilitatis, ac sinceri et vehementis in + religionem et patriam affectus, rationem habentes, Tuam oramus + Sanctitatem ut eundem benigno favore prosequatur, ipsique de + dignitate _N._ providere non cunctetur nostrum in hac re judicium + auctoritate sua comprobando"--(_St. Pap._, Public Rec. Off. + London). + + +With this evidence before him, the reader may fully appreciate the +favourite modern theory of the defenders of the Protestant Establishment, +that, forsooth, the Irish bishops during Elizabeth's reign abandoned the +faith of their fathers, and became liege servants of the church by law +established! Dr. Cotton when speaking of our see makes a somewhat more +reserved, but equally erroneous statement: "Redmond O'Gallagher", he says, +"was bishop at this time, but whether recognised as such by Queen +Elizabeth and the Protestant Church _does not appear_"--(_Fasti_, iii. +315). Why, it does appear as plainly as the noon-day sun that he was the +determined enemy of the Protestant queen and her establishment: throughout +his whole episcopate he was a devoted pastor of the Catholic Church, and +thus his fidelity and devotion to the cause of God merited for him in +death the martyr's crown. First on the list of those who suffered for the +faith during the reign of Elizabeth is reckoned by Dr. Mathews, Archbishop +of Dublin, in 1623, "Redmondus Galluthurius Darensis Episcopus et +Martyr"--(_Relat. ad. S. C. de Prop. Fid._) Mooney, writing in 1617, also +styles him a martyr: "Episcopus Redmondus Gallaher martyr obiit anno +1601"; and O'Sullivan Beare, about the same time, adds some of the +circumstances of his death: "Raymundus O'Gallacher", he writes, "Derii vel +Luci Episcopus, ab Anglis bipennibus confessus, et capite truncatus annum +circiter octogesimum agens"--(_Hist. Cath._, pag. 77). The Four Masters (ad +an. 1601) also mention his being put to death by the English; and Rothe +reckons him amongst those who suffered for the faith. Tradition still +points out the spot on which the venerable bishop was slain, almost midway +on the high road between O'Kane's Castle and Dungiven. (See Dr. Kelly's +_Essays_, with the additions of Dr. M'Carthy: Dublin, 1864, pag. 425). + +It now only remains to notice some few popular errors connected with this +see. + +1. On account of the old Latin form of the name of this see, _i.e._ +_Darensis_, it has frequently been confounded with the Diocese of Kildare. +Thus, not to mention more recent examples, Ware severely criticises Bale +of Ossory for falling into this mistake--(_Bishops_, pag. 190). The chief +criterion for distinguishing between the two sees, is the mention which is +generally made of the metropolitan to whom the brief is addressed, or of +the ecclesiastical province to which the diocese belongs. + +2. Dr. King notices as an improbability that O'Gallagher could have been +bishop for fifty-two years, and, nevertheless, be only (as Dr. King +imagines) seventy years of age at his death. However, true dates are sure +always to mutually correspond. Referring to the Consistorial Acts, cited +above, it appears that in 1545 Dr. O'Gallagher was in his twenty-third +year, and that a dispensation was then granted to him to be consecrated +bishop in his twenty-seventh year: hence, at his death in 1601, Dr. +O'Gallagher may very well have attained the fifty-second year of his +Episcopate, whilst he will be found, not indeed in his seventieth year, +but, as O'Sullivan writes, "circa octogesimum annum agens". + +3. The succession of bishops in the See of Derry affords a practical +refutation of the novel theory so fashionable now-a-days amongst the +clergy of the Establishment, that forsooth the native clergy without +hesitation embraced the tenets of Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, and that the +Catholic Church was only upheld in our island "by begging friars and +foreign priests". We pray the reader whenever he hears such a statement +made, to call to mind the See of Derry. Was Roderick, "the arrant +traitor", in the days of King Henry, a _foreign priest_ and a stranger to +our island? Was Raymond O'Gallagher a foreigner during Elizabeth's reign? +Oh! ask the faithful of Innishowen, amongst whom he first exercised his +sacred ministry--ask the camps of Maguire, O'Donnell, and O'Neill! Ask, +too, the very enemies of our holy faith, the first founders of the +Protestant Establishment: their deeds will tell you that he was the true +pastor of the fold, and hence they set a price upon his head, and at +length conferred on him the martyr's crown. + +There was, however, one foreign prelate who received an appointment in +Derry at this period, and he was precisely _the first_ and _only_ +Protestant nominee to this see during Elizabeth's reign. "To the two +northern sees of Raphoe and Derry", writes Dr. Mant, "Elizabeth made no +collation, unless in the year 1595, when her reign was drawing towards its +close"--(_Hist._, i. 284). George Montgomery, a Scotchman, was the +individual thus chosen to be the first representative of the +_Establishment_ in our northern sees. His patent for the sees of Clogher, +Derry, and Raphoe, was dated the 13th of June, 1595, where already for +many years a canonically appointed bishop ruled the fold of Christ. The +good sense, however, of the Knoxian reformer judged it more prudent not to +risk himself and family amidst the O'Kanes whilst arms were in the hands +of the Irish chieftains: he hence consigned to oblivion his royal patent, +and allowed the Irish pastors to feed in peace their spiritual fold. Even +when, in 1605, he sought for a new appointment to these sees at the hands +of King James, as we learn from Mant, Ware, and other Protestant +authorities, he took care to make no allusion to the writ which he had +formerly received in the thirty-seventh year of Elizabeth. + + + + + +DR. COLENSO AND THE OLD TESTAMENT. NO. II. + + +The Colenso controversy has entered on a new phase. It appears we must no +longer speak of Dr. Colenso as the Protestant Bishop of Natal. He enjoyed +this title indeed for a time, in virtue of letters patent issued by the +supreme head of the Established Church. But the judicial committee of her +Majesty's privy council has sat in judgment on her Majesty's letters +patent, and has just pronounced that they are invalid and without effect +in law; that her Majesty had assumed a prerogative which did not belong to +her, and had been guilty in fact, though inadvertently, of an illegal +aggression upon the rights of her colonists. + +The history of this remarkable decision may be told in a few words. Dr +Colenso was appointed to the See of Natal in the year 1853. In the same +year, Dr. Gray, as Bishop of Cape Town, was invested by royal letters +patent with metropolitan jurisdiction over Dr. Colenso and the diocese of +Natal. Ten years passed away, and each in his own sphere exercised the +authority which he was supposed to have received from the crown. At length +Dr. Colenso's book appears, and a charge of heresy is preferred against +him. The charge is entertained by the supposed metropolitan, who sets up a +court, proceeds to try the cause, and finally, in December, 1863, delivers +his sentence. By this sentence Dr. Colenso is deprived of his see, and +forbidden to exercise his sacred functions within the ecclesiastical +province of Cape Town. The deposed bishop refuses to acknowledge the +jurisdiction of the court, and appeals to the privy council. The +controversy was thus reduced to a simple question of law,--was Dr. Gray +legally possessed of those metropolitan rights to which he laid claim? To +this question the judicial committee of the privy council has given a +clear and decisive answer. When a colony is once endowed with legislative +institutions of its own, the crown no longer possesses any authority to +create sees or to confer ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Now in the two +colonies of Cape Town and Natal an independent legislature had been +established in the year 1850; and therefore the letters patent of 1853 +were null and void in law. Hence it follows that, according to English +law, Dr. Gray was never in point of fact the Metropolitan of Cape Town; +but neither was Dr. Colenso the Bishop of Natal. + +Thus has Dr. Colenso pulled down the whole edifice of the English colonial +episcopate. Like Sampson of old, he has been, indeed, avenged upon his +enemies, but he has been himself crushed beneath the ruins he has made. +Yet, though his jurisdiction as a bishop may be taken away, his moral +power and his influence are increased. He now appears not only as an +eminent leader of the free-thinking and infidel school of theology, but as +a martyr who has suffered in the cause; and this new character gives him +an additional claim to the sympathy and veneration of his followers. When +the youthful plant is checked in its upward growth by the skilful knife of +the gardener, it puts forth new branches on every side, and flourishes +with increased luxuriance. And so, according to every human probability, +the check which Dr. Colenso has received will but promote the rapid +expansion of his views, and their dissemination throughout the Protestant +Church. It is therefore all the more important for those who defend the +cause of truth to refute his charges against the Bible, and to lay bare +the sophistry of his arguments. Let us take the following example:-- + + + " '_And Jehovah spake unto Moses, saying, ... Gather thou the + congregation together unto the door of the tabernacle of the + congregation. And Moses did as Jehovah commanded him. And the + assembly was gathered unto the door of the tabernacle of the + congregation_'--(_Lev._, viii. 1-4). + + "First, it appears to be certain that by the expressions used so + often, here and elsewhere, 'the assembly', 'the whole assembly', + 'all the congregation', is meant the whole body of the people--at + all events, the _adult males in the prime of life_ among them--and + not merely the _elders_ or _heads of the people_, as some have + supposed, in order to escape from such difficulties as that which + we are now about to consider. At any rate, I cannot, with due + regard to the truth, allow myself to believe, or attempt to + persuade others to believe, that such expressions as the above can + possibly be meant to be understood of the elders only.... + + "This vast body of people, then, received on this occasion, and on + other similar occasions, as we are told, an express command from + Jehovah himself, to assemble 'at the door of the tabernacle of the + congregation'. We need not press the word 'all' so as to include + every individual man of this number. Still the expression 'all the + congregation', the 'whole assembly', must be surely understood to + imply the _main body_ of those who were able to attend, especially + when summoned thus solemnly by the direct voice of Jehovah + himself. The _mass_ of these 603,550 men _ought_, we must believe, + to have obeyed such a command, and hastened to present themselves + at the 'door of the tabernacle of the congregation'.... + + "Now the whole width of the _tabernacle_ was 10 cubits, or 18 + feet, ... and its length was 30 cubits, or 54 feet, as may be + gathered from _Exodus_, xxvi. Allowing two feet in width for each + full-grown man, nine men could just have stood in front of it. + Supposing, then, that 'all the congregation' of adult males in the + prime of life had given due heed to the divine summons, and had + hastened to take their stand, side by side, as closely as + possible, in front, not merely of the _door_, but of the whole + _end_ of the tabernacle in which the door was, they would have + reached, allowing 18 inches between each rank of nine men, for a + distance of more than 100,000 feet, in fact nearly _twenty + miles_"--(Part i. pp. 31,33). + + +Dr. Colenso revels in figures. When he sets about a problem he delights to +look at it from every point of view, and to work out his sum in a variety +of ways. By a very simple process of multiplication and addition he has +here proved that the Scripture narrative is quite ridiculous and absurd. +Yet he is not content. He must lead his readers to the same conclusion by +another process:-- + + + "As the text says distinctly 'at the door of the tabernacle', they + must have come _within the court_. And this, indeed, was necessary + for the purpose for which they were summoned on this occasion, + namely, to witness the ceremony of the consecration of Aaron and + his sons to the priestly office. This was to be performed inside + the tabernacle itself, and could only, therefore, be seen by those + standing at the door.... + + "But how many would the _whole court_ have contained? Its area (60 + yards by 30 yards) was 1,800 square yards, and the area of the + tabernacle itself (18 yards by 6 yards) was 108 square yards. + Hence the area of the court outside the tabernacle was 1,692 + square yards. But the whole congregation would have made a body of + people nearly twenty miles--or, more accurately, 33,530 yards--long, + and 18 feet or 6 yards wide; that is to say, packed closely + together, they would have covered an area of 201,180 square yards. + In fact the court, when thronged, could only have held five + thousand people; whereas the able-bodied men alone exceeded six + hundred thousand.... It is inconceivable how, under such + circumstances, 'all the assembly', the 'whole congregation', could + have been summoned to attend 'at the door of the tabernacle', by + the express command of Almighty God"--(pp. 33, 34). + + +Before we proceed to examine this singular objection, put forward in so +plausible and popular a form, it may be useful to describe, in a few +words, the general appearance of the tabernacle, and of the court which +surrounded it. Our readers will thus be placed in a position to form a +clear and distinct idea of the difficulty which Dr. Colenso has raised. +And we are satisfied that the more thoroughly it is understood, the more +complete and satisfactory will the explanation be found. + +The court of the tabernacle was an oblong rectangle, one hundred cubits(2) +in length, from east to west, and fifty cubits in breadth, from north to +south. This space was enclosed by hangings of fine twisted linen, +supported by sixty pillars, to which they were attached by hooks and +fillets of silver. The entrance to the court was at the eastern end; it +was twenty cubits in width; and across the opening was suspended a +curtain, embroidered with fancy needlework, and rich with gorgeous +colours. + +Within the court, and towards the western end, was erected the tabernacle. +It was simply a large tent, constructed with elaborate care, and formed of +costly materials. Like the court in which it was placed, it was an oblong +rectangle, being thirty cubits in length and ten cubits in breadth. The +walls were of setim or acacia wood; the roof of fine linen, covered with +curtains of goats' hair and skins. The eastern end was open, but was +furnished with a rich hanging to serve as a door. Internally the +tabernacle was divided by a veil into two apartments;--the _Holy Place_, +twenty cubits in length, which contained the golden candlestick, the table +of show-bread, and the altar of incense; and the _Holy of Holies_, ten +cubits in length, in which was placed the ark of the covenant. The _Holy +Place_ was appropriated to the priests, who entered it twice a day, +morning and evening. The _Holy of Holies_ was forbidden to all but the +high priest alone, and even he could enter only once a year, on the great +day of atonement. + +The argument of Dr. Colenso is now easily understood. According to the +Scripture narrative, the whole multitude of the Israelites, or at least +six hundred thousand men, were summoned to attend, and actually did +attend, "at the door of the tabernacle". It follows that they must have +stood in a line eighteen feet broad and twenty miles long, which is +perfectly absurd. Besides, they could not have witnessed the ceremony to +which they were summoned unless they came within the court. But this is an +absolute impossibility, as the court would only hold five thousand men, +even if they were closely packed together. + +Here is, indeed, a very serious charge against the credibility of the +Pentateuch. But it seems to us a charge which, from its very nature, must +refute itself. Dr. Colenso will not deny that the Book of _Leviticus_ was +written while the tabernacle was still in existence; and that its author, +whoever he may have been, had the tabernacle and its appurtenances +constantly before his eyes. If he was not a truthful historian, but an +impostor, he was certainly a most skilful impostor. He must have known +well, all his readers must have known well--quite as well as Dr. +Colenso--that the tabernacle could not hold more than five thousand people. +Now it is perfectly incredible that any man of common sense, not to say a +most clever and successful impostor, under these circumstances, would have +ventured boldly to state that six hundred thousand persons were gathered +within its precincts. + +Let us, however, examine the argument in detail. The foundation on which +it rests is clearly enough stated by Dr. Colenso. "It appears to be +certain that by the expressions, used so often here and elsewhere, 'the +assembly', 'the whole assembly', 'all the congregation', is meant the +whole body of the people--at all events, the _adult males in the prime of +life_ among them--and not merely the _elders_ or _heads of the people_", +etc. We deny this assertion. The Hebrew word {~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~} (heda), which is here +translated the _assembly_, the _congregation_, comes from the root {~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~} +(yahad), _to appoint_, and means literally an _assembly meeting by +appointment_. It is quite true, as Dr. Colenso contends, that the word is +sometimes employed to designate the entire body of the people. But it is +also true, though he ignores the fact, that it is sometimes applied to a +_select few_, invested with a certain authority and jurisdiction. We shall +be content with submitting to our readers one remarkable example. + +In the thirty-fifth chapter of _Numbers_ we read of the cities of refuge. +They were to be six in number--three upon each side of the Jordan; and were +intended to afford shelter to those who had unintentionally shed innocent +blood. "And they shall be for you cities for refuge from the avenger; that +the manslayer die not until he stand before the _assembly_ ({~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}) for +_judgment_" (_Numbers_, xxxv. 12).(3) It is then laid down that if the +murder have been deliberate, it shall be punished with death (16-21). But +if the fatal blow have been struck _without enmity_ or _premeditation_, or +_by chance_ (22, 23), "then the _assembly_ ({~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}) shall _judge_ between the +slayer and the revenger of blood.... And the _assembly_ ({~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}) shall +deliver the slayer out of the hand of the revenger of blood, and the +_assembly_ ({~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}) shall restore him to the city of his refuge" (24, 25). It +is quite impossible to suppose that the judicial tribunal here spoken of +could be the entire body of the people, or even the 600,000 male adults. +The question to be tried was one of the highest moment, involving the life +or death of a fellow-citizen. It was also one of extreme delicacy, having +to deal, not with the mere external act, but with the motives and feelings +of the heart. To the _assembly_ ({~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}) it belonged to pronounce, not merely +whether one man had killed another, but whether in his heart he had +_committed the crime_ of murder. For this purpose witnesses should be +examined, evidence should be carefully sifted, and, perhaps, even the +domestic secrets of the accused and of his victim should be laid bare. Was +this a task that could be entrusted to a mixed multitude of 600,000 men? + +Accordingly we find that Rosenmuller, in his commentary on this passage +(_Num._, xxxv. 24), explains the word, _the assembly of judges_--"caetus +judicum urbis in cujus agro contigerit homicidium". If we apply this +interpretation to the passage in _Leviticus_, every shadow of +improbability and inconsistency will at once disappear from the narrative. +Now, we ask Dr. Colenso, when a word in Scriptural usage has two different +meanings, which must we choose when we come to examine a text in which +that word is found? Are we to select the meaning which is in every way +suitable to the context and circumstances; or must we rather adopt an +interpretation which will make the sense absurd and impossible? Dr. +Colenso has preferred the latter course. It appears to us that the former +is alone consistent with the instinct of common sense and the principles +of genuine criticism. + +We think our readers will admit that we have fairly established our point, +and proved that Dr. Colenso's argument is utterly destitute of foundation. +For the ordinary purposes of controversy it would be unnecessary to go +further. But we frankly confess we aim at something more. We are not +content with answering the argument of Dr. Colenso; we wish to shake his +authority as a trustworthy critic. All that he has written against the +Pentateuch is made up of these two elements--first, the _meaning_ which he +attaches to the narrative, and, secondly, the _process of reasoning_ by +which he labours to show that this meaning is inconsistent or impossible. +Now it is plain, from the argument we are considering, that Dr. Colenso is +liable to the grossest errors, not only when he undertakes to interpret +the sacred text, but also when he proceeds to reason on his own +interpretation. If this assertion be established, his authority can have +but little weight. + +Let us suppose then, for a moment, that by the _assembly_ is meant, in a +general way, the entire people of Israel; does it follow, as Dr. Colenso +maintains, that, according to the narrative, 600,000 men must have +"hastened to present themselves at the 'door of the tabernacle?' " We +believe it does not. Nay, more, we believe that the absurdity of Dr. +Colenso's opinion is clearly proved by some of the texts which he has +himself adduced. For instance:--"Bring forth the blasphemer out of the camp +... and let _all the assembly_ ({~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}) stone him" (_Lev._, xxiv. 14). And +again, in the case of the Sabbath-breaker:--"The man shall be surely put to +death; _all the assembly_ ({~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}) shall stone him with stones without the +camp. And _all the assembly_ ({~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}) brought him without the camp, and +stoned him with stones, and he died" (_Num._, xv. 35, 36). No one will +maintain that the writer here means to say that 600,000 men were engaged +in carrying the condemned man, or that 600,000 men threw stones at him. If +Dr. Colenso had paused for a moment to reflect on these texts as he copied +them from the Bible, we are convinced he would have suppressed his foolish +argument. Exactly as it is said that _all the assembly_ was gathered into +the door of the tabernacle, so too is it said that _all the assembly_ +stoned the blasphemer and the Sabbath-breaker. In the latter case, it is +clear that the number of those who were actually engaged in carrying out +the sentence of God was comparatively small, but the act is fairly +ascribed to the whole community, because _all_ were _summoned_ to take +part in it, and those who complied with the summons _represented_ those +who did not. Surely there is no reason why we may not apply the same +interpretation to the former passage. + +Nor is this mode of speaking peculiar to Sacred Scripture. Every year the +members of the House of Commons are summoned to appear at the bar of the +House of Lords; every year we are told that they obey that summons. Who is +there that questions the truth of this statement? It represents a fact +with which we are all familiar. Yet Dr. Colenso with his rule and measure +will demonstrate that the fact is impossible and the statement false, +because the place in which the Commons are said to assemble cannot +possibly hold one-tenth of their number. + +So much for Dr. Colenso as an interpreter of the Bible. He is satisfied +that if we accept the narrative we must believe that six hundred thousand +men were gathered unto the door of the tabernacle. We have seen that he is +mistaken; but let us now concede this fact, and let us see how he proceeds +to reason upon it. Since the tabernacle was only eighteen feet wide, this +immense multitude must have stood in a line eighteen feet in breadth and +twenty miles in length. This is certainly a most extraordinary conclusion. +No multitude ever yet stood in such a line; no multitude _could_ stand in +such a line unless they had been specially trained during many years for +that purpose. There is no conceivable reason why the Jews on this occasion +should have stood in such a line. And yet Dr. Colenso will have it that +they _must_ have stood in this way, if it be true that they were gathered +unto the door of the tabernacle. + +We are tempted to offer an illustration of the very peculiar manner in +which Dr. Colenso here pursues his critical examination of the Bible. Many +of our readers will remember the 15th of August, 1843. In the phraseology +of Scripture it might be said that upon that day 100,000 Irishmen were +_gathered to O'Connell_ on the Hill of Tara.(4) To the ordinary reader +such a statement would present no insuperable difficulty. It would convey, +indeed, a pretty correct idea of what we all know actually to have taken +place. But when submitted to the Colenso process, this simple narrative +will be found to undergo a very startling transformation. O'Connell did +not occupy a space more than two feet broad. Therefore there was just room +for one full-grown man to stand in front of him. The second must have +stood behind the first; the third behind the second; and so the whole +multitude must have extended in a single unbroken line over many miles of +country. A little boy at school could tell us that, when we say the +multitude was gathered unto O'Connell, we do not mean that the multitude +occupied a space which was only as broad as O'Connell. Yet Dr. Colenso +maintains that this is the only meaning which the phrase admits. Such +principles would make strange havoc with history. + +Again, Dr. Colenso contends that all who were _gathered unto the door of +the tabernacle_ "must have come _within the court_". "This, indeed", he +says, "was necessary for the purpose for which they were summoned on this +occasion, namely, to witness the ceremony of the consecration of Aaron and +his sons to the priestly office". Now it is nowhere stated that this was, +in point of fact, the purpose for which the people were gathered together. +Certainly, if it were _impossible_ they could witness the ceremony, as Dr. +Colenso assures us, we are bound to infer that it was _not_ for this +purpose they were assembled. Nor is it difficult to find another, and +quite a sufficient reason, for gathering the people together on this +solemn occasion. It may have been the design of God that, by their +_presence_ in and around the court of the tabernacle, they should make a +public profession of their faith, and formally acknowledge the priesthood +of Aaron. Thus, in the illustration already introduced, it was impossible +for 100,000 people to hear O'Connell speak; but their presence was itself +a public declaration that they adhered to his principles and accepted him +for their leader. + +Was it, however, really impossible that those without the court should +witness the leading features of the ceremony? Certainly not. We must bear +in mind that the court was not enclosed by stone walls, but by hangings of +fine linen. Nothing, therefore, could have been more simple than to loop +up these curtains to the pillars by which they were supported, and thus to +afford a full view of the tabernacle to those who stood without. Dr. +Colenso will probably say that in the scripture narrative there is no +mention of any such arrangement. Neither, we reply, is it said that those +without the court were intended to witness the ceremony. But if we suppose +that this was intended, we must also suppose that the means were adopted +which would make it _possible_. + +There is yet another error of Dr. Colenso which we cannot pass by in +silence. It is true, the blunder to which we refer has little to do with +his argument. But it has much to do with the question whether he is a +competent authority on the sacred text, even when he speaks with special +emphasis and with unhesitating confidence. "Supposing that 'all the +congregation' of adult males ... had hastened to take their stand ... in +front, not merely of the _door_, but of the whole _end_ of the tabernacle +in which the door was", etc. It is clear that the writer of this passage +was under the impression (which, indeed, he conveys not only by his words, +but still more by his italics--for they _are_ his) that _the whole end_ of +the tabernacle was wider than the _door_. Now if he had taken the pains to +read even an English translation of the sacred book which he so rashly +presumed to condemn, he never could have fallen into so great a mistake. +He would have seen that the _whole eastern end_ of the tabernacle was left +open, and that the open space was covered only by a curtain which extended +across from side to side. Consequently, if mention were really made of a +door, it must have been this curtain itself that was called by that name. + +But if Dr. Colenso had gone a little further, and had consulted any Hebrew +lexicon, he would have discovered that the sacred writer does not speak of +a _door_, but rather of a _doorway_. The tabernacle had in fact no _door_ +properly so called. The word {~HEBREW LETTER PE~}{~HEBREW LETTER TAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER HET~} (_pethach_), which is used by the sacred +writers when speaking of the tabernacle, signifies, as Gesenius explains +it, _an opening_, _an entrance_. It means, therefore, the whole end of the +tabernacle, which was left _open_ to the court when the curtain was drawn. +In Hebrew the idea of _a door_ is expressed by {~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER LAMED~}{~HEBREW LETTER TAV~} (_deleth_). When +treating of this word, Gesenius, having first explained its meaning, +pointedly remarks: "It differs from {~HEBREW LETTER PE~}{~HEBREW LETTER TAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER HET~}, which denotes the doorway which +the door closes". It is quite certain, therefore, that the _door_ and the +_whole end of the tabernacle_, which Dr. Colenso so emphatically +contrasts, were in reality one and the same thing. + +It is time, however, that we pass to another of Dr. Colenso's arguments:-- + + + " '_And the skin of the bullock, and all his flesh, with his head, + and with his legs, and his inwards, and his dung, even the whole + bullock, shall he (the Priest) carry forth without the camp, unto + a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn him on the + wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out there shall he be + burned_'--(_Lev._, iv. 11, 12). + + "We have seen that the whole population of Israel at the exodus + may be reckoned at two millions. Now we cannot well allow for a + _living_ man, with room for his cooking, sleeping, and other + necessaries and conveniences of life, less than three times the + space required for a _dead_ one in his grave.... Let us allow, + however, for each person on the average three times 6 feet by 2 + feet, the size of a coffin for a full-grown man,--that is, let us + allow for each person 36 square feet or 4 square yards. Then it + follows that ... the camp must have covered, the people being + crowded as thickly as possible, an area of 8,000,000 square yards, + or more than 1652 acres of ground. + + "Upon this very moderate estimate, then (which in truth is far + within the mark), we must imagine a vast encampment of this + extent, swarming with people, more than _a mile and a half across_ + in each direction, with the tabernacle in the centre.... Thus the + refuse of these sacrifices would have had to be carried by the + priest himself (Aaron, Eleazar, or Ithamar,--there were no others) + a distance of three-quarters of a mile.... + + "But how huge does this difficulty become, if, instead of taking + the excessively cramped area of 1652 acres, less than _three + square miles_, for such a camp as this, we take the more + reasonable allowance of Scott, who says, 'this encampment is + computed to have formed a moveable city of _twelve miles square_, + that is, about the size of London itself,'--as it well might be, + considering that the population was as large as that of London, + and that in the Hebrew tents there were no first, second, third, + and fourth stories, no crowded garrets and underground cellars. In + that case the offal of these sacrifices would have had to be + carried by Aaron himself, or one of his sons, a distance of six + miles.... In fact, we have to imagine the priest having himself to + carry, on his back, on foot, from St. Paul's to the outskirts of + the metropolis, the 'skin, and flesh, and head, and legs, and + inwards, and dung, even the whole bullock'.... This supposition + involves, of course, an absurdity. But it is our duty to look + plain facts in the face"--(Part i. pp. 38-40). + + +We agree with Dr. Colenso that this is a "huge difficulty", and that the +duties of the priest, as described by him, involve a manifest absurdity. +But we contend that the duties of the priest, as described by him, are not +to be found in the Pentateuch; that _all the circumstances_ which +constitute the difficulty and the absurdity are simply _additions of his +own_. This is indeed a serious charge against a writer who represents +himself to the public as an earnest and conscientious searcher after +truth. But we hope to satisfy our readers that it is a plain and obvious +fact; and it is our duty, as Dr. Colenso truly tells us, "to look plain +facts in the face". + +It is evident that the whole weight of the objection consists in this: +that, according to the sacred narrative, the priest is commanded, first, +to carry the bullock _himself_; secondly, to carry it _on his back_; +thirdly, in doing so, to _go on foot_. Now there is not the faintest +insinuation in any text Dr. Colenso has produced, nor, we may add, in any +text the Pentateuch contains, that the priest should _go on foot_, or that +he should carry the bullock _on his back_. These two ideas are to be found +only in the fanciful and rather irreverent gloss of Dr. Colenso. + +Neither is it commanded in the sacred text that the priest should +_himself_ carry the bullock out of the camp. Even in the English +translation there is nothing to imply that he might not, for this duty, +employ the service of his attendant Levites. It is said, indeed, "he shall +carry forth the bullock without the camp". But by the common use of +language we may impute to a person, as his own, the act which he does by +the agency of another. Thus a minister of state is said to write a letter, +when the letter is written at his direction by his secretary. In the +Fourth Book of _Kings_ it is recorded of Nabuchodonosor that "_he carried +away all Jerusalem_, and all the princes, and all the valiant men of the +army, to the number of ten thousand, into captivity:... and the judges of +the land he carried into captivity from Jerusalem into Babylon. And all +the strong men, seven thousand, and the artificers and the smiths a +thousand", etc.--(IV. _Kings_, xxiv. 14-16). No one dreams of any +difficulty in a sentence like this. Yet, if we admit the Colenso system of +interpretation, the difficulty is insuperable, because the _meaning of the +sentence_ is, that Nabuchodonosor _himself_ carried that immense multitude +_on his back_ from Jerusalem to Babylon. + +If we now turn to the Hebrew text we shall find that it is still less +favourable to Dr. Colenso and his "huge difficulty". The word {~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER TSADI~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} +(vehotzi), which is there used, literally means _and he shall cause [it] +to go forth_, that is to say, _he shall have it removed_. This will be at +once admitted by every biblical scholar, and can be made intelligible +without much difficulty to the general reader. In the Hebrew language +there are several forms of the same verb, sometimes called conjugations, +each of which has a meaning peculiar to itself. The primitive form is +_kal_; and the _hiphil_ form "denotes the _causing_ or _permitting_ of the +action, signified by the primitive _kal_".(5) For example: {~HEBREW LETTER QOF~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~} (kadash) in +_kal_ signifies _to be holy_; in _hiphil_, _to cause to be holy_, _to +sanctify_; {~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER TET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~} (natah) in _kal_ means _to bow_; in _hiphil_, _to cause to +bow_, _to bend_. Now, in the passage quoted by Dr. Colenso the word {~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER TSADI~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} +is the _hiphil_ form of {~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER TSADI~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} (yatza), _to go forth_; it therefore means +literally _to cause to go forth_.(6) We need scarcely remark that the +priest would comply with this injunction whether he himself in person +removed the bullock, or whether he employed the Levites to do it; whether +he carried it on his back, according to the ridiculous paraphrase of Dr. +Colenso, or removed it in wagons provided for the purpose. + +And now that our paper approaches to a close, it may be asked what is the +result of our labours, and what has been gained to the cause of truth by +all the minute and tedious details through which we have conducted our +readers? It seems to us that we have directly answered two of Dr. +Colenso's arguments, and that we have moreover established indirectly a +strong presumption against all the rest. Let us put a case to our readers. +A jeweller exhibits for sale a string of pearls. He demands a very high +price, but he pledges his word of honour that the pearls are of the rarest +quality and of the highest excellence. A casual passer-by is attracted by +the glittering gems. He enters the shop; he listens with eager credulity +to the earnest protestations of the merchant; but he hesitates when the +price is named. At this critical moment a friend arrives, who is happily +somewhat versed in jewellery. He selects one or two pearls from the +string, and after a brief inspection clearly shows, not merely that the +price is far beyond their value, but that they are not pearls at all. What +would be thought of the merchant who had offered them for sale? Who would +frequent his shop? Who would believe the other pearls to be genuine on the +strength of his protestations? It may be indeed that he is not a swindler; +but if he is an honest man, he is certainly a very indifferent judge of +his business. + +Now what this jeweller is in a matter of commerce, such, as it seems to +us, has Dr. Colenso been proved to be in a matter of infinitely greater +moment. He comes before the world with the prestige of a great name and of +a high position. He earnestly announces that he has made a great +discovery, and that he is forced by his conscience to speak out his mind. +He offers to the public an attractive array of brilliant and plausible +arguments; and in return he asks us to surrender the inestimable treasure +of Christian faith. At first we are bewildered and perplexed by the +novelty and variety of his arguments; but after a little we summon up +courage; we select two or three from the number, and these we submit to a +minute and careful analysis. We find that they are miserably defective and +utterly inconclusive. Facts are misrepresented, the meaning of language is +perverted, the principles of sound reasoning are disregarded. May we not +then fairly infer that Dr. Colenso's earnest protestations of sincerity +and good intention afford a very insufficient guarantee for the accuracy +of his statements and the stability of his arguments? We do not say that +he is dishonest; but we do say that he has proved himself a very +incompetent authority. + + + + + +BLESSED THADDEUS M'CARTHY. + + +[In an article of the _Record_ for April (page 312), we briefly referred +to a Bishop of Cloyne and Cork who is venerated as blessed, in Ivrea, a +town of Piedmont. In conformity with the few fragments preserved in the +archives of Ivrea and elsewhere regarding him, we adopted the opinion that +his name, according to modern orthography, should be rendered Thaddeus +Maher. Since the publication of the article just mentioned, a paper +containing much valuable matter has been communicated to us through the +great kindness of the Very Rev. Dr. M'Carthy, the learned Professor of +Scripture in Maynooth College, who had prepared it long before the article +in the _Record_ was published, and before he could have had any knowledge +of our views on this subject. We are anxious to publish every document +that we can find on this interesting question, in the hope that by +discussing it, light may be thrown on the history of a holy Irish bishop, +who is honoured beyond the Alps, but so little known at home, that there +is great difficulty in determining his real name. In one of our next +numbers we shall return to this subject.] + +On June 23rd, 1847, the Most Rev. Dr. Murray, Archbishop of Dublin, +received at Maynooth a letter covering a bill of exchange for L40 (1,000 +francs), sent for the relief of the famine-stricken poor of Ireland, by +order of the good Bishop of Ivrea. The town of Ivrea (anciently +_Eporedia_) is the capital of the Piedmontese province of the same name, +which extends from the Po to the Alps. The province contains a population +of over one hundred thousand, of whom about eight thousand reside in the +town, where is also the bishop's see. + +The letter to Dr. Murray enclosed a separate paper, of which the following +is a copy:-- + + + "De Beato Thaddeo Episcopo Hiberniae. + + "Anno Domini millesimo quadringentesimo nonagesimo secundo, die + vigesima quarta Octobris, Eporediae (antiquae urbis Transalpinae + in Pedemontio) postremum obiit diem in hospitio peregrinorum sub + titulo Sancti Antonii, quidam viator incognitus; atque eodem + instante lux mira prope lectum in quo jacebat effulsit, et + Episcopo Eporediensi apparuit homo venerandus, Pontificalibus + indumentis vestitus. THADDEUM MACHAR Hiberniae Episcopum illum + esse innotuit ex chartis quas deferebat, et in Cathedrali ejus + corpus solemni pompa depositum est sub altari, et in tumulo Sancti + Eusebii Episcopi Eporediensis, atque post paucos dies coepit multa + miracula facere. + + "Acta et documenta ex quibus ejus patria et character episcopalis + tunc innotuerunt, necnon ad patratorum miraculorum seu prodigiorum + memoriam exarata, interierunt occasione incendii quo seculo xvii. + Archivium Episcopale vastatum est. In quadam charta pergamena + caracteribus Gothicis scripta, quae in Archivio Ecclesiae + Cathedralis servatur haec leguntur: + + "Marmoreis tumulis hoc templo Virginis almae + Corpora Sanctorum plura sepulta jacent + Martinus hic . . . . . + . . . . . . . . + Inde Thaddeus adest, quem misit Hibernia praesul + Sospite quo venit saepe petita salus, + Regia progenies alto de sanguine Machar, + Quem nostri in Genua nunc Latiique vocant. + Ingemuit moriens, quem Hiberno sidere cretum + Non Cariense tenet, non Clovinense solum. + Sic visum superis; urbs Eporedia corpus + Templo majore marmoreo claudat opus. + Hic jacet Eusebii testudinis ipse sacello, + Pauperiem Christi divitis inde tulit. + Hunc clarum reddunt miracula sancta: beatus + Exstat: et in toto dicitur orbe pius. + Huc quicunque venis, divum venerare Thaddeum + Votaque fac precibus: dicque viator, Ave. + Mille quadringentos annos tunc orbis agebat + Atque Nonagenos: postmodum junge duos. + + "Verbis illis _solum Cariense_ vel _Cloviense_ et _Clovinense_ + designari a poeta civitates Hiberniae in quibus Thaddeus aut natus + aut Episcopus fuerit, putandum est, forsan Clareh, Carrick. + + "Quamobrem exquiritur utrum in Hibernia habeatur notitia hujus + Episcopi THADDEI MACHAR--loci ubi natus fuerit,--ejus familiae, quae + regia seu princeps supponitur in poesi,--civitatis seu ecclesiae in + qua fuerit Episcopus. Desiderantur quoque notitiae si quae + reperiri poterunt et documenta quibus illius vita et gesta + illustrari possint; insuper utrum labente saeculo xv. aliqua + persecutio in Hibernia adversus Episcopos facta sit, quemadmodum + argumentari licet ex quibusdam Epistolis Innocentii VIII. circa + immunitatem ecclesiasticam".--(_End of paper_). + + +As our space precludes a literal translation of this paper, a summary may +be acceptable to the reader. + +On the 24th of October, 1492, died at Ivrea, in St. Antony's Hospice for +Pilgrims, Blessed Thaddeus, an Irish bishop, whose body was deposited +under the high altar of the cathedral, in a shrine over the relics of the +holy patron, St. Eusebius. At the time of death a brilliant light was seen +round his bed, and at the same moment to the Bishop of Ivrea there +appeared a man of venerable mien, clothed in pontifical robes. Several +other miracles were also wrought through his intercession. The papers +found with him showed he was an Irish bishop, and these, as well as other +documents proving his great sanctity, religiously kept in the episcopal +archives, were destroyed by fire in the seventeenth century. In an old +parchment, written in Gothic letters, still preserved in the archives of +the cathedral church, are these lines: + + + 'Neath marble tombs, in this the virgin's shrine + The bones of many a saint in peace recline; + Here martyred . . . . . + Thaddeus there. From Erin's shore he came, + A bishop, of M'Carthy's royal name. + At whose behest were wondrous cures oft made. + Still Latium, Genoa, invoke his aid. + Dying, he mourned that not on Irish soil, + Where sped his youth, should close his earthly toil: + Nor Cloyne, nor Kerry, but Ivrea owns + (For God so willed) the saintly bishop's bones. + 'T is meet that they in marble shrine encased + Should be within the great cathedral placed. + Like Christ, whose tomb was for another made, + He in Eusebius' cenotaph is laid. + Soon sacred prodigies his power attest, + And all the Earth proclaims him pious, blest. + O ye who hither come, our saint assail + With prayers and votive gifts; nor, traveller, fail + To greet with reverence the holy dead. + Since Christ was born a thousand years had fled, + Four hundred then and ninety-two beside + Had passed away, when St. Thaddeus died. + + +When Dr. Murray received the Bishop of Ivrea's letter, he placed it in the +hands of the late venerated President of Maynooth College, from whose MSS. +it is now copied, together with the very literal translation of the verses +made by one of the junior students at the time. Dr. Renehan undertook to +collect all the notices of Blessed Thaddeus in our Irish annals, and to +give the best answers he could to the bishop's questions. He even visited +Ivrea in the summer of 1850, in the hope of finding traditional records of +the life of Blessed Thaddeus, but to no purpose. He found the task more +difficult than might be expected. All the knowledge regarding the saint's +family, see, etc., that can be gathered from Irish or British sources is +found in these few lines from Ware on the Bishops of Cloyne: + +"THADY M'CARTHY (_succ._ 1490).--Upon the resignation of William, Thady +M'Carthy, by some called Mechar, succeeded the same year by a provision +from Pope Innocent VIII., as may be seen from the _Collectanea_ of Francis +Harold"--Ware's _Bishops_ (Harris), p. 563. + +The Blessed Thaddeus's name is unhonoured then, in his own country; his +biography, if ever written, is at least not recorded by the Irish +historians. Even the scanty information which the industrious Ware +supplies, was gleaned not from our annals, but from Harold's +_Collectanea_, probably notes and extracts taken from documents in the +continental libraries. Dr. Renehan had, therefore, little to add on our +saint's life. He was, however, fully satisfied that Blessed Thaddeus of +Ivrea was no other than the Bishop of Cork and Cloyne, mentioned by Ware. +His arguments may be seen in a rough outline of his answer to the Bishop +of Ivrea's letter, among the O'Renehan MSS. in Maynooth, almost the only +authority we had time to consult for this notice. Sometimes the very words +of the letter are given in inverted commas:-- + +I. The Pilgrim of Ivrea was an Irish bishop who died in the year 1492. +"The most diligent search through our Irish annals will not discover +another bishop to whom even so much of the poet's description will apply +but Thaddeus M'Carthy, Bishop of Cloyne. About that date there were indeed +in Ireland five bishops named Thaddeus: 1. Thady, Bishop of Kilmore, since +before 1460; but his successor Furseus died in 1464, and Thomas, the third +from him, died before 1492. 2. Thady M'Cragh, of Killaloe, succeeded in +1430, full sixty years before our saint's death at Ivrea. His third +successor died in 1460. 3. Thady, Bishop of Down, was consecrated in Rome, +1469, died in 1486, and his successor, R. Wolsey, was named before 1492. +4. Thady of Ross died soon after his appointment in 1488, succeeded by Odo +in 1489. 5. Thady of Dromore, appointed only in 1511, and the see was held +by George Brown in 1492. The date (1492) is alone enough to prove that B. +Thaddeus of Ivrea was not any of the preceding bishops, and there was no +other of the name for full sixty years after or before, but the Bishop of +Cork and Cloyne, the date of whose death fits exactly all the requirements +of the case. Ware quotes from Harold that he was appointed by Innocent +VIII. (_sed._ 1484-1492,) that he succeeded W. Roch, resigned 1490, and +further, that Gerald, who succeeded, resigned in 1499, after obtaining a +pardon from Henry VII. in 1496"--(_Lib. Mun._, i. p. 102) + +II. Another line of the old fragment seems to name the see of the B. +Thaddeus, whom the poet describes as lamenting his death abroad, far from +the "solum Chariense", or "Clovinense", which we interpret far "from +_Kerry_", the burial place of his family, and "from _Cloyne_", his +episcopal see. "Cloyne" is variously Latinized, even by Irish writers, +"Cloynensis", "Clonensis", "Cluanensis"--and often "Clovens" or "Clovinen", +in Rymer's _Foedera_.(7) What more natural than that a poet would describe +the pilgrim as longing to be buried either in his cathedral church of +_Cloyne_ or with his fathers in _Kerry_? + +III. The passage which seems to us most decisive, is that which points to +the _royal extraction_ and _name_ of this holy bishop: "_Regia progenies, +alto de sanguine Machar_". Observe how in the notice from _Harold_ Bishop +M'Carthy was called also "Mechar". Clearly both were one and the same +name. Thus [Gaelic: Mac Careaw], Anglicised M'Carthy, is pronounced +Maccaura, with the last syllable short, as in Ard-Magha (Armagh), and +numberless like words. Hence Wadding,(8) in speaking of the foundation of +Muckross Abbey, Killarney, by Domnal M'Carthy, Prince of Desmond, quotes +to this effect a Bull of Paul II., in 1468, in which Domnall's name is +spelled "_Machar_", a form identical with that in the contemporary +fragment. In truth, there is no Irish family name like "Machar" at all but +"Meagher", which is invariably spelled with "O", especially in the +Latinized form; and the "O'Meaghers" had no claim to _royal_ blood. + +IV. The Blessed Thaddeus was "regia progenies". Now there was no _royal_ +family name in Ireland like that in the inscription except the truly +_royal_ name, made more royal still by the saintly Bishop of Cloyne. +Without insisting with Keating that the ancestry of the M'Carthy family +could be traced through twenty-eight monarchs who governed the island +before the Christian era, we may assert with the Abbe MacGeoghan, in a +note (tom. iii. p. 680), strangely omitted by his translator, "that if +regard be had to primogeniture and seniority of descent, the M'Carthy +family is the _first_ in Ireland". + +Long before the founders of the oldest royal families in Europe--before +Rodolph acquired the empire of Germany, or a Bourbon ascended the throne +of France--the saintly Cormac M'Carthy, the disciple, the friend, and +patron of St. Malachy, ruled over Munster, and the title of _king_ was at +least continued in name in his posterity down to the reign of Elizabeth. +"Few pedigrees, if any", says Sir B. Burke, "in the British empire can be +traced to a more remote or exalted source than that of the Celtic house of +M'Carthy.... They command a prominent, perhaps the _most prominent_ place +in European genealogy". Plain then is it that in no other house could the +"regia progenies" be verified more fully than in the M'Carthy family.(9) + +V. The date of death, the wished-for burial place, his native soil +(Kerry), or his diocese (Cloyne)--the name and royal extraction, all point +to the Bishop of Cloyne as the saint whose relics are still worshipped at +Ivrea. If we add that "Chiar" is the usual Irish form of Kerry; that +Domnall's (the founder of Irrelagh) father's name was THADDEUS, not +improbably our Saint's uncle, the evidence seems to be overwhelming. + +VI. We have said there is no account in Irish writers of even the Bishop +of Cloyne, except the few lines in Ware. The continental annalists of the +religious orders do, however, speak of one celebrated Thaddeus, without +mentioning his surname or country. Elsius (quoting _De Herera_ and +_Crusen_, whose works are not within our reach) notices Thaddeus _de +Hipporegio_ sive _Iporegia_, "as a man distinguished for learning, +religious observance, preaching, holiness of life, and experience, a man +of great zeal, and a sedulous promoter of the interests of his order". He +was prior, he adds, of several convents, seven times definitor, thirteen +times visitator, four times president of synods, nine times vicar-general, +and his government was ever distinguished for the greatest love of order +and edifying example. See Els., _Encom._, August., p. 645. + +After quoting these words in substance from the Augustinian chronicler, +Dr. Renehan adds: "After the most diligent inquiry I could make at Ivrea, +wherever I could hope for any little information, particularly at the +episcopal palace (where I was received with marked respect, as a priest +from the country that sent out the B. Thaddeus), and of the Bishop's +secretary, the vicar-general, and many others, whose kind attention I can +never forget, I could find no vestige of any other Thaddeus, called after +the city (_Eporedia_), but our own blessed Irish bishop; and I was +assured, over and over again, that he was the only Thaddeus known in its +annals, or who ever had any connection with the town, by birth, residence, +death--or any way known to the present generation". It is not then +unreasonable to suppose that the Thaddeus so celebrated in the Augustinian +Order was no other than our Bishop. True, Elsius gives 1502 for the date +of the friar's demise; but Elsius is never to be trusted in dates, and the +printer may easily take MCCCCXCII. (the true date), for MCCCCCII. Indeed, +1492 is not so different from 1502 that an error may not have crept in. + +Dr. Renehan's theory, then, with regard to B. Thaddeus, fully detailed in +the letter to the Bishop of Ivrea, was this:-- + +Thaddeus M'Carthy was born in Kerry, where the M'Carthy More branch of the +family resided, and where, in the monastery of Irialac (now Muckross), or +in Ennisfallen (see _Archdall_), the princes of the house were always +buried. The young Thaddeus went abroad at an early age, and embraced the +monastic life. His virtues and piety soon attracted the notice of his +religious brethren, as manifest from their chronicles. They became in time +known to the ruling Pontiff, Innocent VIII., who raised him to the +episcopal dignity. The B. Thaddeus repaired to Rome in the first place, to +receive consecration and jurisdiction from the successor of St. Peter, +imitating in this the example of our great patron saint. He stopped at +Ivrea, probably on his way home, fell sick there, and died, God witnessing +to His servant by signs and wonders. The silence of our annalists is thus +accounted for to a great extent by the long residence of B. Thaddeus +abroad. This theory is remarkably borne out by the independent notice in +last _Record_. Having little to help us to arrive at any correct notion of +the saintly bishop's life beyond the epitaph and the slender tradition at +Ivrea, we entirely subscribe to this view. Other sources of information +may be opened, now that we have ventured to bring, for the first time, the +name of B. Thaddeus before the Irish Catholic people; and for this +service, little as it is, and entirely unworthy of our saintly bishop, we +still expect his blessing in full measure. + + + + + +LITURGICAL QUESTIONS. + + +We have received from various quarters several questions connected with +the ceremony of marriage. We propose in this number of the _Record_ to +answer some of them. + +We shall treat in the first place of the Mass. The questions forwarded to +us may be reduced to the two following: + +1. When and on what days can the Missa pro sponso et sponsa be said, and +on what days is it forbidden by the Rubrics? + +2. In either Mass are any commemorations to be made, and when and how are +they to be made? + +In reply to these questions, we beg to bring under the notice of our +readers the following decrees of the Sacred Congregation of Rites. + + ------------------------------------- + +4266. In celebratione Nuptiarum quae fit extra diem Dominicum vel alium +diem festum de praecepto seu in quo occurrat duplex primae vel secundae +classis etiamsi fiat officium et Missa de Festo duplici per annum sive +majori sive minori dicendam esse Missam pro sponso et sponsa in fine +Missalis post alias Missas votivas specialiter assignatam: in diebus vero +Dominicis aliisque diebus festis de praecepto ac duplicibus primae et +secundae classis dicendam esse Missam de Festo cum commemoratione Missae +pro sponso et sponsa. Atque ita decrevit et servari mandavit. Die 20 +Decembris 1783. Factaque deinde per me Secretarium de praedictis +Sanctissimo Domino Nostro Pio PP. VI. relatione Sanctitas sua praefatum +Sac. Cong. generale Decretum confirmavit, et ubique exequutioni dandum +esse praecepit. Die 7 Januarii 1784 + +4394. Verumtamen cum interea nonnulla excitata fuerint dubia circa +rubricam in haccelebranda Missa servandam, et Parochorum sensus sit varius +quippe quia aliqui eidem Missae Hymnum Angelicum adjiciendum censent cum +vers. Ite, Missa est in fine, alii vero etiam Symbolum Nicenum legendum +putant, ea freti ratione quod haec Missa ceu solemnis et pro re gravi +haberi debeat: ideo ad amputandas controversias et dubitationes utque ab +omnibus unus idemque conveniens ritus servetur: sacra Rituum Congregatio, +me subscripto secretario referente, re mature discussa, declaravit atque +decrevit quod firma remanente dispositione praefati Decreti quoad +designationem dierum in quibus Missa votiva pro sponso et sponsa celebrari +potest, eamdem esse votivam privatam, proindeque semper legendam sine +Hymno Angelico et symbolo Nicaeno cum tribus orationibus, prima videlicet +ejusdem Missae votivae propria ut habetur in fine Missalis secunda et +tertia diei currentis ut in Rubric. Tit. vii. num. 3, de +Commemorationibus, Benedicamus Domino in fine, et ultimo Evangelio S. +Johannis. Et ita decrevit die 28 Februarii 1818. + +4437. Cum per Decretum Generale S. hujus Congregationis die 20 Decembris +1783 dies designentur, quibus Missa pro sponso et sponsa etiam diebus +excludentibus duplicia per annum, ideoque etiam infra octavam Epiphaniae, +in vigilia Pentecostes, et infra octavam privilegiatam sanctissimi +Corporis Christi: alii vero putant his etiam diebus eamdem Missam vetitam; +idcirco idem Parochus petiit declarari. + +5. An hujusmodi Missa dici possit diebus duplicia excludentibus ut supra +notatis? + +6. An Commemoratio Missae pro sponso et sponsa dicenda prout ex dicto +decreto in Missis de duplici primae vel secundae classis dici debeat sub +unica conclusione cum oratione Festi vel sub altera conclusione? + +7. An talis Commemoratio pariter dici debeat vel sub altera conclusione +prout solet de aliis commemorationibus occurrentibus in diebus Dominicis +et Festis de praecepto? + +8. Quo loco, quando aliae occurrunt commemorationes ut in proximo quaesito +commemoratio Missae pro sponso et sponsa dicenda sit sub secunda +conclusione, an scilicet ultimo loco? + +Et S. Rituum Congregatio exquisita sententia alterius ex Apostolicarum +Caeremoniarum Magistris scripto exarata, typisque evulgata ad relationem +Eminentissimi et Reverendissimi D. Card. Cavalchini Ponentis, respondendum +censuit ut infra, videlicet. + +Ad 5. Negative quoad octavam Epiphaniae, vigiliam Pentecostes, et octavam +privilegiatam Sanctissimi Corporis Christi, quatenus privilegium concessum +sit ad instar octavae Epiphaniae. + +Ad. 6. Negative ad primam partem, affirmative ad secundam. + +Ad. 7. Ut in antecedenti. + +Ad. 8. Faciendam primo loco post alias de praecepto. + +Atque ita respondit die 20 Aprilis 1822. + +From these decrees the following conclusions may clearly be established: + +1. On all Sundays and holidays of obligation, and feasts of first and +second class, the Mass of the day is to be said with the commemoration of +the Mass pro sponso et sponsa. This appears clear from the decree 4266 +quoted above. + +2. This commemoration is to be made sub altera conclusione, and not sub +unica conclusione cum oratione Festi. + +3. If there are other commemorations to be made in the Mass of the day, +they are to be said before the commemoration of the Mass pro sponso et +sponsa. This appears from the answer given by the Sacred Congregation of +Rites to the question 8 in the Decree No. 4437, and Gardellini, in a note +on this same question, says: "Imo si occurrant plures commemorationes ut +accidit potissimum dum celebranda est Missa de Dominica, illa Nuptiarum +primum dumtaxat locum obtinere poterit post alias a rubrica praeceptas et +sic reliquas praestare, siquae sint a superiore imperatae". + +4. The decree 4394 makes it clear that on all the ordinary doubles +throughout the year, the Missa pro sponso et sponsa may be celebrated; and +it declares, moreover, that it is a votive private Mass, and, as such, to +be said sine Gloria et Credo, with the second and third prayers of the day +occurring, and to conclude with the Benedicamus Domino and the Gospel of +St. John. This decree, clear as it may appear, gave rise to another +question about privileged octaves which exclude doubles, which was +afterwards proposed to the Sacred Congregation of Rites, and to which an +answer was given on the 20th April, 1822, in the Decree 4437, already +quoted, question 5. + +Gardellini, in a valuable note, explains the matter fully, and we quote +his words on the subject:-- + +"Hisce decretis compositae quaestiones omnes videbantur: secus tamen +accidit, nam nova excitata sunt dubia. Quippe nonnulli sunt, qui opinantur +Missam hanc dici posse etiam diebus qui excludunt duplicia per annum, +praesertim vero infra octavam Epiphaniae, in vigilia Pentecostes et infra +octavam privilegiatam sanctissimi Corporis Christi. In hac autem opinione +versantur quia in primo illo Decreto dies isti expressim et nominatim non +excipiuntur. Ast hi errant quam maxime. Non enim declaratione indigebat +id, quod sub generali prohibitione, utpote a Rubricis jam vetitum +continebatur. Jubet Decretum, ne Missa nuptiarum celebretur in duplicibus +primae vel secundae classis sed vult ut in hujusmodi occursu solam +obtineant commemorationem: ergo includit in regula etiam dies, in quibus +per easdem Rubricas fieri nequit Festum duplex secundae classis vel +occurrens vel translatum si in octava Epiphaniae duplicia isthaec non +admittuntur, potiori jure nec Missa votiva privata non obstante Indultu +admitti poterit, utpote quae in occursu hujusmodi duplicium celebranda non +est". + +We must refer our readers to this very instructive note of Gardellini, +which we regret we cannot insert here in full, owing to its great length. +Indeed it is not necessary to do so, inasmuch as the answer given to the +question 5 in the Decree 4437, already quoted, puts an end to further +discussion, and settles the question definitively. + +There are other questions connected with the ceremony of marriage, but we +must reserve them for another occasion. + + + + + +CORRESPONDENCE. + + + + +I. The See Of Down And Connor. + + +_To the Editors of the Irish Ecclesiastical Record_. + +GENTLEMEN, + +In the March number of your valuable periodical there was a most +interesting paper on the See of Down and Connor. I apprehend, however, it +contained a few slight mistakes, which I would have pointed out, but hoped +that some person more intimately conversant with the subject would have +done so in your April number. Such not having been the case, I shall +endeavour to do so. However, before entering on these matters, I beg to +say, in illustration of your learned contributor's notes, that the +"_Ecclesia de Rathlunga_", of which Bishop Liddell had been rector, is now +called Raloo, and lies between Larne and Carrickfergus, in the county of +Antrim (see Reeves, p. 52); that _Lesmoghan_, of which Bishop Killen had +been pastor, still bears the same name, forming a sub-denomination of the +parish of Ballykinler, county Down (Ib., p. 28); that _Arwhyn_, of which +John of _Baliconingham_ (now Coniamstown, near Downpatrick) was rector, is +now the mensal parish of Ardquin, in the barony of Ardes, county Down +(Ib., p. 20); and that _Camelyn_, of which Bishop Dongan was pastor, is +now called Crumlin, being united to the parish of Glenavy, near Lough +Neagh, county Antrim (_Ib._, p. 4). Returning from this digression, it is +quite plain from the Bull dated June, 1461, given by De Burgo (_Hib. +Dom._, p. 474), and cited by your contributor, p. 267, appointing Richard +Wolsey to the See of Down, that Wolsey was not the immediate successor of +Bishop John, who died in 1450. It expressly states, as mentioned in the +article, that the See was _vacant_ by the death of THOMAS, last bishop of +the canonically united dioceses of Down and Connor, repeating the same +name in the body of the Bull. How this is to be reconciled with the +statement that Wolsey was John's successor, I cannot say; but it follows, +on the principle laid down by your contributor in ignoring John Logan, +placed by Ware between William, bishop from 1365 to 1368, and Richard Calf +II., 1369, that we must have a Bishop Thomas between John and Richard +Wolsey. Dr. Reeves (_Eccl. Ant. Down_, etc., p. 257), on the authority of +this very Bull, has accordingly done so, marking him as succeeding in +1450, and the see vacant in 1451. He conjectures him to have been _Thomas +Pollard_, who in 1450 was appointed custose of the temporalities. Dr. +Cotton (vol. iii. p. 201) adopts this view without hesitation, and it +would appear by a complaint of the beforementioned Bishop John, shortly +after the union of Down and Connor in 1441, that even then Pollard claimed +to have an apostolical provision for the See of Down (Primate Mey's +_Registry_, cited by Reeves, p. 37; see also Harris's _Ware_, p. 203, +where it is likewise mentioned that Pollard contested the See of Down with +John of Connor, both carrying themselves as bishops thereof, Harris adding +that it was thought Pollard was supported by the primate, and that it was +only in 1449 Pollard lost his cause, just two years before Wolsey's +appointment). It may be asked, had he a reversionary provision before the +union was canonically effected? If not, is _Thomas_ a misprint for _John_ +in the Bull? as we are aware that there are many typographical errors in +the _Hib. Dom._--for instance, as to _John_ O'Molony, Bishop of Killaloe, +who died circ. 1650, is in several places called _Thomas_. + +The next bishop respecting whom I wish to make some observations is Eugene +or Owen Magenis, appointed in 1541, and though I am not disposed to deal +uncharitably with him, I have no doubt he was a "temporiser", though he +may have been secretly "orthodox". Dr. M'Carthy (Dr. Kelly's _Essays_, p. +427), and Brennan, and Walsh, in their ecclesiastical histories of Ireland +are compelled to come to the same conclusion; and upon the whole of his +career I candidly confess I don't know what other result they could arrive +at. I ground nothing on his being present, if he were present, at Queen +Elizabeth's first parliament in 1560, which passed the Act of Uniformity, +and required the oath of supremacy to be taken by all ecclesiastics; for +even if he had been present, there is no documentary evidence extant +showing how those in attendance voted, and those acquainted with Irish +history know on the authority of Archdeacon Lynch that these acts were +hurriedly and surreptitiously passed on a day when they were not expected +to be brought forward, and in a thin packed house. But it appears, so far +as his public acts are reported, that he submitted in matters of +ecclesiastical discipline to all the rapid changes and schisms which the +fertile imaginations of the pseudo-reformers introduced during the Tudor +reigns. He surrendered his bulls to Henry VIII., obtained from Paul, +"Bishop of Rome", not "His Holiness"; took out pardon for accepting them, +with a new grant of the see, with the archdeaconry and confirmation of the +parishes of Aghaderg and Anaghlone, parishes to which _he had been_ +promoted by the Primate in 1526 and 1528. It is an oversight to suppose +that about 1541 and 1543 the northern chieftains who submitted to Henry +VIII. were exempted from all pressure in matter of religion. Cox (_Aug. +Hib._, vol. i. p. 272) writes that the king about that time caused all the +Irish who submitted to him to renounce the "Pope's usurpations, and to own +the king's supremacy by indenture", among others, stating that O'Neill did +so, January, 1542, all the indentures being registered in the Red Book of +the Exchequer. The articles of Con O'Neill's submission are printed in +vol. iii. part iii. p. 353, of the _State Papers of Henry VIII_.; and by +the second article, he expressly renounces obedience to the Roman Pontiff +and his usurped authority, and acknowledges the king to be the supreme +head of the Church in England and Ireland, immediately under Christ. Manus +O'Donnell, 3rd June the preceding year, in his letter styles the king on +Earth immediately under Christ supreme head of the Church of +England--(_Ib._, p. 217). M'Donell, captain of the galloglasses, goes +further, and promises to annihilate and relinquish the usurped authority +of the Bishop of Rome; and his adherents and abettors will expel, extirp, +and diminish, etc.--(_Ib._, p. 383). Redmond MacMahon, captain of the +Farney, 30th December, 1543, also renounces the usurped authority of the +Roman Pontiff--(Shirley's _Farney_, p. 40). Even in the reign of Queen +Mary, we find Owen Macgenis, of Iveagh, chief of his sept and captain of +his country, binding himself not to admit any provisions from Rome, but +oppose them all he could--(Cox, i. p. 299). No doubt these indentures were +extorted by necessity from these chiefs, who scoffed at the idea that +Henry had any religion or was the head of any church, and kept the +articles just as long as they could not help it. Dr. M'Carthy, I presume +on the ground of Bishop Magenis suing out pardon in Queen Mary's reign, +considers he afterwards "repented", being made a privy councillor and +governor of his country; but then we have two similar acts of repentance +in Elizabeth's reign, for he took out the royal pardon, 1st May and 25th +October in her first year, thus atoning for his folly in her +predecessor's. If he lived till 1564, as Dr. Moran (_Archbishops of +Dublin_) supposes--though I consider he was dead in 1563, from the queen's +letter, dated 6th January, 1564, naming James M'Caghwell to the see, then +"destitute of an incumbent", and also from the fact of Shane O'Neill +applying for the see for his brother, 1563-4--then, knowing that the +greater parts of the counties of Down and Antrim were, in the early years +of Elizabeth's reign, completely under subjection to the English, and +coupling this with the solicitation of the royal pardons, the least that +can be said is, that Bishop Magenis acquiesced in or tacitly submitted to +the ecclesiastical changes enacted in the parliament of 1560, not +forgetting that about the same time Andrew Brereton, governor of Lecale +(called Britton by Anthony Bruodin, in Dr. Moran's _Archbishops of +Dublin_, p. 142), mercilessly strangled John O'Lochran and two other +Franciscan friars, in Downpatrick. But I have reserved for the last the +conduct of Bishop Magenis in the reign of Edward VI. On the 2nd of +February, 1552-3, he assisted George Brown of Dublin in _consecrating_ +Hugh Goodacre to be Archbishop of Armagh, and _John Bale_ to be Bishop of +Ossory, according to a new-fangled form annexed to the second Book of +Common Prayer of Edward VI., which was not even authorised by act of +parliament, nor by any order of the king (Mant, vol. i. p. 219)--as an +Erastian church would require--which was opposed by the Catholic clergy at +the time, and afterwards, in the reign of Queen Mary, condemned by all the +Catholic bishops of England as invalid, defective in matter, form, and +intention. And who was this John Bale whom Bishop Magenis assisted in +_consecrating_ by this vitiated rite? He, according to Pits, as quoted by +Harris (Ware's _Bishops_, p. 417), was "an English Heretick, an apostate +Carmelite, and a married priest. This poor wretch, except his calumnies +against men and his blasphemies against God and his saints, hath nothing +in him worthy to be taken notice of". Condemned by his brother +Protestants, Vossius, Wharton, etc., for his acrimony and falsehood, it is +little wonder the Catholics, on the death of Edward VI., chased him from +Kilkenny. Had his "King Johan: a play, in two parts", published by the +Camden Society in 1838, been known in his lifetime, in which drama he +apotheosises that merciless tyrant, alike despicable, cruel, and infamous, +the murderer of his own nephew, as a great reformer, "the model of every +virtue, human and divine", it would have completed his infamy and +disgrace. No earthly fears should have prevailed on an orthodox bishop to +pretend to consecrate a man whose life was such a disgrace to religion. I +do not lay much stress on the formal words of the Bull appointing Myler +Magrath to these sees, 12th October, 1565, vacant _per obitum Eugenii +Magnissae_: it simply shows he was not deposed, and it may have been with +him as with his successor, that hopes were entertained for some years that +he would abandon his state conformity, which I trust was the case. The +astute and wily ministers of Elizabeth at this early date did not compel +apostacy, nor seek for purity of morals; though apostates themselves, all +they required was outward conformity, that the elect should take +investiture from the crown. They bided their time. + +It is questionable but that Sir James Ware knew Bishop Dougan had been +Bishop of Soder and Man, for in one of his MSS. in Trinity College +Library, cited by Reeves, p. 177, he writes of John Duncan, Archdeacon of +Down, in 1373, "Factus Episcopus Sodorensis sive Insular. Manniar, 1374"; +the different spelling of the name, and the great age Dr. Dougan must have +attained before his elevation to Down in 1394 (living till 1412), may have +induced him to doubt the identity. + +I am delighted to learn that we are to have these valuable papers with +others on the succession of the Irish sees, published in a separate +volume; and were I permitted to offer a suggestion, I would recommend that +the succession should be brought down to the period of the Confederation +of Kilkenny, when all the sees, with the exception of Derry and Dromore, +were, I think, full. Enriched with a few biographical notes, such a work +would be a valuable accession to Irish ecclesiastical history, and would, +besides, utterly shatter the vain and fanciful theories of Mant, Palmer, +etc., as to apostolical succession through the puritanical Adam Loftus, +the apostate rector of Outwell, in Norfolk, to which he had been appointed +in 1556--(Cotton's _Fasti_, v. p. 197). + +I omitted to ask if it can be explained why Myler Magrath, in his letter +of 24th June, 1592, given _in extenso_ by Father Meehan in Duffy's _Hib. +Magazine_, March, 1864, calls, "Darby Creagh", Bishop of Cloyne, his +cousin. Dermot or Darby Creagh, or Gragh, or MacGragh, or M'Grath--for by +these various names he is called, is stated in the paper on Cork and +Cloyne in your last number to be a native of Munster; whereas Myler +Magrath was eldest son of Donogh, otherwise Gillagmagna Magrath, of Termon +Magrath, county of Fermanagh, of which the family had been erenachs. He +married Anne O'Meara, by whom he had five sons--Terence, alias Tirlagh, +Redmond, Barnaby, _alias_ Brien, Mark, and James, besides two daughters, +Cecily or Sheelagh, married to Philip O'Dwyer, and Eliza or Ellis, married +to Sir John Bowen. How came the relationship? I don't understand why Myler +is named as the foster-brother of the great Shane O'Neill. The latter was +fostered by the O'Donnellys of Tyrone, and hence frequently styled Shane +Donnellagh. Terence Donnelly, alias Daniel, Dean of Armagh, was his +foster-brother. + +J. W. H. + +April 8, 1865. + + + + +II. + + +_To the Editors of the Record_. + +GENTLEMEN, + +The following remarks on a subject of great importance to the priests of +the mission may not be uninteresting to the readers of the _Record_. My +attention was directed to the matter on reading the erudite work of Dr. +Feye, of Louvain, on Matrimony. + +The opinions of St. Liguori are looked upon as possessing high authority, +and, as every one knows, very justly so. Hence it is that he is copied +even in the casual mistakes he made; and all the casuistical works +recently published have inserted in their pages those mistakes. Take, for +example, the works on moral theology most in circulation at present, such +as the works of Gousset, Gury, Scavini, and it will be found that in the +very latest editions of these works those errors are left untouched. + +At page 591, n. 876, of Gury, 13a ed., it is remarked regarding the +_gradus inaequalis consanguinitatis, vel affinitatis_, that for the +validity of the dispensation it is not required to mention in the petition +the _gradus remotior_ "nisi sint conjuncti secundo gradu attingente +primum". In the "Casus Conscientiae" he makes the very same observation. +If the reader refer to Scavini he will find the same opinion adopted. It +will appear from the remarks of Card. Gousset, t. 2, n. 1136, that he +adheres to the opinion of St. Liguori. + +At page 118, l. 6, t. 6, n. 1136, St. Liguori treats of the question, and +cites the Breve of Benedict XIV., "Etsi Matr.", of 27th September, 1755, +upon which he remarks, "_Matrimonium esse quidem illicitum sed non +invalidum modo propinquitas non sit 1__mi__ aut 2__di__ gradus +consanguinitatis_". + +Now it is certain that Benedict XIV. held no such opinion, for in sec. 6 +he expressly states, after St. Pius V., that the omission of the first +grade _alone_, in the petition for dispensation, _invalidates_ the +dispensation. Again, Benedict XIV. in that Breve is speaking _de duplici_ +gradu consanguinitatis, not _de secundo gradu_, and states that a +dispensation would be null, in the petition for which only one vinculum +was expressed, whereas there existed two--duplex vinculum. + +I believe St. Liguori was led into the mistake either by confounding the +word _duplex_ with _secundum_, or by the remarks made by Benedict _de +tertio_ gradu propinquiore, etc., of which there was question. + +Gury's opinion also is wrong; for it is certain, from the decree of St. +Pius V., as cited and confirmed by Benedict XIV., that the suppression of +the mention of the first grade in the petition for dispensation in _gradu +inaequali consang. off._, will equally annul the dispensation, whether the +first grade concur with the second, third, or fourth. + +In order then that St. Liguori's opinion be correct, it is necessary to +erase the words "aut secundi" from the sentence. + +Expecting you will give insertion to the foregoing observations, which are +made through a desire to serve the _Record_, and give a hint to +fellow-labourers in the vineyard, + +I remain, Gentlemen, respectfully yours, + +W. Rice, C.C., Coachford. + + + + + +DOCUMENTS. + + + + +I. Letter Of The Cardinal Prefect Of Propaganda To Dr. Troy, 1782. + + + Illustrissimo e Reverendissimo Monsignore Come Fratello. + + Essendosi prese in matura considerazione le risoluzioni emanate + dall'Assemblea de' Vescovi Suffraganei di cod. Provincia Armacana + radunata in Drogheda il di 8. e 9. Agosto dell'anno scorso; questa + S. Cong. di Propaganda dopo un lungo esame ha finalmente + coll'oracolo di Nostro Sig. PP. Pio VI. pronunziato il suo + guidizio su le medesime e ne communica specialmente a V S. come + amministratore di cod. Metropolitana le sue determinazoni, perche + le faccia ben tosto partecipi ai Prelati sudetti. Si e in primo + luogo pertanto riconosciuto, che a quest'assemblea non puo darsi + il nome di Sinodo Provinciale, essendo essa mancante di tutte + quelle solennita, e forme che ai sinodi convengono, e specialmente + dell'intervento del Capitolo della Chiesa Metropolitana, che dee + sempre ai sinodi invitarsi, quando un immemorabile consuetudine + non abbia a questo privilegio del Capitolo derogato. Ma quantunque + non si possa dare a quest'adunanza de' Vescovi il carattere, e il + vigore di sinodo provinciale, contuttocio la pubblicazione delle + risoluzioni prese nella med. non potea farci senza il consenso, e + approvazione della Sede Apostolica, poiche per i Decreti eziandio + de' sinodi provinciali legittimamente convocati, e canonicamente + tenuti, si chiede sempre, e si preserva l'approvazione della S. + Sede prima di esiggerne l'esservanza. L'esempio solo di S. Carlo + Borromeo in tutti i sei Sinodi Provinciali di Milano puo dar norma + ai Vescovi come debbano regolarsi su questo punto. + + ------------------------------------- + + E incominciando dalla terza risoluzione emanata dai Vescovi + sudetti questa e sembrata assai ambigua, ed oscura. La dispensa + de' proclami per celebrare un matrimonio secreto puo concedersi + cosi dall'Ordinario dell'uomo, che della donna, e si concede di + fatti da quello, nella di cui Diocesi si contrae il matrimonio, + siasi Ordinario dell'uno, o dell'altro de contraenti. Se dunque si + e preteso di limitare questa facolta al solo Ordinario dell'uomo, + privandone l'Ordinario della donna, questa risoluzione non dee + osservarsi, poiche e contraria ad ogni ragione canonica, e + all'osservanza. Se poi si e voluto soitanto intendere, che dopo + essersi ottenuto questa dispensa dall'Ordinario dell'uomo, non + faccia d'uopo di riportarla ancora da quello della donna allora la + risoluzione potra eseguirsi, e non merita riprensione. + + La quarta pero non ammette interpretazione, e debbe essere per + ogni conto proscritta. Si e risoluto, che ogni dispensa dai gradi + proibiti di parentela sia concessa dall'Ordinario di ciascuna + parte contraente. Dovevano pur i Vescovi riflettere, che essendo + la parentela un vincolo, che lega due persone, e impedisce, che + tra loro si possa contrarre il matrimonio; subito che una di esse + esciolta da questo vincolo, ne viene in conseguenza, che ne sia + prosciolta anche l'altra, non potendo restarne avvinta una, e + libera l'altra. Se dunque per autorita legittima, o della Sede + Apostolica, o di uno degli Ordinarj e tolto il vincolo di + parentela tra un uomo, e una Donna, non vi e piu bisogno di altra + dispensa, ne fa, mestieri ricorrere all'altro Ordinario per + ottenerla. . . . . . . Prego il Signore che La conservi e + feliciti. + + Roma 30 Marzo 1782. + + D. V. S. + + Come Fratello, + L. CARD. ANTONELLI, Prefetto, + Stefano Borgia, _Segretario_. + + Mons. Troy, Vescovo Ossoriense. + + Amministretore di Armach. + + [TRANSLATION.] + + Having taken into its careful consideration the resolutions + adopted at a meeting of the Suffragan Bishops of the Province of + Armagh, held last year at Drogheda, on the 8th and 9th of August, + this S. Congregation of Propaganda, by authority of our Lord Pope + Pius VI., after a protracted examination, has finally given + judgment thereupon. This judgment it now signifies to your + lordship, as Administrator of that Metropolitan See, in order that + you may speedily communicate to the above-mentioned Prelates the + decision which it has been led to take. First of all, however, it + has been established that the meeting cannot be called a + provincial synod, seeing that it wanted all the formalities + prescribed for the holding of synods, and especially the presence + of the Metropolitan Chapter, which, when immemorial usage to the + contrary has not interfered with its right, ought always to be + invited to synods. But although this meeting of bishops may not + claim the character or the authority of a provincial synod, + nevertheless its resolutions could not be published without the + consent and approbation of the Apostolic See, since the decrees + even of provincial synods, lawfully convened and celebrated in + canonical form, require at all times the approbation of the Holy + See before their observance can be made obligatory. The example of + St. Charles Borromeo in the Six Provincial Synods of Milan, is of + itself a sufficient guide for Bishops in this matter. + + ------------------------------------- + + In the first place, then, the third resolution passed by the + above-mentioned Bishops appears very ambiguous and obscure. In + case of a private marriage, both the Ordinary of the man and the + Ordinary of the woman have power to dispense with the publication + of the banns, and as a matter of fact this dispensation is granted + by the Bishop in whose diocese the marriage is celebrated, whether + he be the Ordinary of the one or of the other of the contracting + parties. If, then, the sense of the resolution be to limit this + power to the Ordinary of the man, to the exclusion of the Ordinary + of the woman, the resolution ought not to be carried out, as being + contrary to the canons and to custom. But if, on the other hand, + the meaning be, that when once the dispensation has been obtained + from the Ordinary of the man, there is no need to obtain it also + from the Ordinary of the woman, the resolution thus interpreted + may be put into practice, and is not deserving of censure. + + The fourth resolution, however, cannot be softened by any + interpretation. That resolution prescribed that every dispensation + in prohibited degrees of relationship should be granted by the + Ordinary of each of the contracting parties. And yet the Bishops + ought to have reflected that relationship being a bond which + affects two persons, and prevents them from contracting matrimony + one with the other, the moment one of these persons becomes free + from this bond, the other, by a necessary consequence, is also set + at liberty, it being impossible that one can be free whilst the + other remains bound. Whenever, therefore, the bond of relationship + between a man and a woman has been removed by lawful authority, + either of the Holy See or of one of the Ordinaries, no second + dispensation is required, nor is it necessary to have recourse to + the other Ordinary to obtain such dispensation.... + + + + +II. Decrees Granting An Indulgence To A Prayer To Be Said Before Hearing +Confessions, And To A Prayer For A Happy Death. + + + _Oratio recitanda ante sacramentales confessiones excipiendas._ + + Da mihi Domine, sedium tuarum assistricem Sapientiam, ut sciam + judicare populum tuum in justitia, et pauperes tuos in judicio. + Fac me ita tractare Claves Regni Coelorum, ut nulli aperiam cui + claudendum sit, nulli claudam cui aperiendum sit. Sit intentio mea + pura, zelus meus sincerus, charitas mea patiens, labor meus + fructuosus. Sit in me lenitas non remissa, asperitas non severa, + pauperem ne despiciam, diviti ne aduler. Fac me ad alliciendos + peccatores suavem, ad interrogandos prudentem, ad instruendos + peritum. Tribue, quaeso, ad retrahendos a malo solertiam, ad + confirmandos in bone sedulitatem, ad promovendos ad meliora + industriam: in responsis maturitatem, in consiliis rectitudinem, + in obscuris lumen, in implexis sagacitatem, in arduis victoriam, + inutilibus colloquiis no detinear, pravis ne contaminer, alios + salvem, meipsum non perdam. Amen. + + _Urbis et Orbis. Decretum._ + + Ex Audientia Sanctissimi. Die 27 martii 1854.--Ad preces humillimas + Reverendissimi Patris Jacobi Pignone del Carretto Clericorum + Regularium Theatinorum Praepositi Generalis, Sanctissimus Dominus + Noster Pius PP. IX. benigne inclinatus omnibus et singulis + Confessariis in Universo Orbe Catholico existentibus + supraenunciatam Orationem, antequam ad Sacramentales excipiendas + Confessiones assideant, corde saltem contrito, et devote + recitantibus centum dierum Indulgentiam semel tantum in die + acquirendam, clementer est elargitus. Praesenti perpetuis futuris + temporibus valituro absque ulla Brevis expeditione. + + Datum Romae ex Secretaria S. Congregationis Indulgentiarum. F. + Card. ASQUINIUS praefectus--Loco {~COPTIC SMALL LETTER DEI~} Sigilli.--A. Colombo secretarius. + + _Oratio Caroli Episcopi Cracoviensis pro impetranda bona morte_. + + O Maria sine labe concepta, ora pro nobis, qui confugimus ad Te, o + refugium peccatorum, mater agonizantium, noli nos derelinquere in + hora exitus nostri, sed impetra nobis dolorem perfectum, sinceram + contritionem, remissionem peccatorum nostrorum, Sanctissimi + Viatici dignam receptionem, extremae unctionis Sacramenti + corroborationem, quatenus securi presentari valeamus ante thronum + justi sed et misericordis Judicis, Dei, et Redemptoris nostri. + Amen. + + _Ex audientia Sanctissimi die 11 martii 1856_. + + Sanctissimus Dominus Noster Pius PP. IX. omnibus et singulis + utriusque sexus Christi fidelibus, qui corde saltem contriti, ac + devote supradictas pias preces, jam adprobatas, ab bonam mortem + impetrandam recitaverint, centum dierum Indulgentiam semel in die + lucrifaciendam, clementer est elargitus. Praesentibus, perpetuis + futuris temporibus valituris. + + Datum Romae ex Secretaria Brevium.--L. {~COPTIC SMALL LETTER DEI~} S. Pro D. Cardinali + MACCHI.--Jo. B. Brancaloni Castellani _Sub._ + + + + +III. Decree Concerning The Prayer _Sacrosanctae Et Individuae Trinitati, +Etc._ + + +Urbis et Orbis. Decretum. Cum Sacrae huic Congregationi Indulgentiis +Sacrisque Reliquiis praepositae in una Melden. inter alia exhibitum +fuisset dubium enodandum "An ad lucrandam Indulgentiam vel fructum +orationis _Sacrosanctae et individuae_ etc. necessario flexis genibus haec +oratio sit dicenda, vel an saltem in casu legitimi impedimenti ambulando, +sedendo recitari valeat?" Eminentissimi Patres in generalibus Comitiis die +5 Martii superioris anni apud Vaticanas Aedes habitis respondendum esse +duxerunt. "Affirmative ad primam partem, negative ad secundam". Facta +itaque Sanctissimo Domino Nostro Pio PP. IX. relatione per me +infrascriptum S. Congregationis Secretarium die 12 ejusdem mensis, +Sanctitas Sua votum Eminentissimorum Patrum approbavit. In audientia vero +Sanctissimi die 12 Iulii ejusdem anni ab Eminentissimo Cardinali praefatae +S. Congregationis Praefecto habita, eadem Sanctitas Sua ex speciali gratia +clementer indulsit, ut Oratio _Sacrosanctae_ etc. pro lucranda Indulgentia +a Sa. Mem. Leone PP. X. adnexa, seu fructu dictae orationis, etiam non +flexis genibus recitari possit ab iis, qui legitime impediti fuerint +infirmitatis tantum causa. Praesenti valituro absque ulla Brevis +expeditione, non obstantibus in contrarium facientibus quibuscumque. + +Datum Romae ex Secretaria ejusdem S. Congregationis Indulgentiarum die 7 +januarii 1856.--Loco {~COPTIC SMALL LETTER DEI~} Signi.--F. Cardinalis ASQUINIUS, Praef.--A. Colombo +Secretarius. + + + + +IV. Plenary Indulgences And The Infirm. + + +"_Decretum Urbis et Orbis. Ex Audientia Sanctissimi die 18 Septembris, +1862._--Est hoc in more positum quod ab animarum Pastoribus Sanctissimum +Eucharistiae Sacramentum in aliquibus tantum infra annum praecipuis +festivitatibus ad fideles habitualiter infirmos, chronicos, ob physicum +permanens aliquod impedimentum e domo egredi impotentes solemniter +deferatur, proindeque hujusmodi fideles tot Plenariis Indulgentiis +privantur, quas consequerentur si conditionibus injunctis adimpletis ad +Sacram Eucharisticam Mensam frequentius possent accedere. Itaque +quamplures animarum Curatores, aliique permulti Ecclesiastici Viri +humillimas preces porrexerunt Sanctissimo Domino Nostro Pio PP. IX. ut de +Apostolica benignitate super hoc providere dignaretur, factaque per me +infrascriptum Secretariae S. Congregationis Indulgentiarum Substitutum +Eidem Sanctissimo de his omnibus fideli relatione in Audientia habita die +18 Septembris 1862, Sanctitas Sua spirituali gregis sibi crediti utilitati +prospiciens clementer indulsit, ut praefati Christi fideles, exceptis +tamen illis qui in Communitate morantur, acquirere possent omnes et +singulas Indulgentias plenarias jam concessas vel in posterum concedendas, +quasque alias acquirere possent in locis in quibus vivunt, si in eo +physico statu non essent, pro quarum acquisitione praescripta sit Sacra +Communio et visitatio alicujus Ecclesiae vel publici Oratorii in locis +iisdem, dummodo vere poenitentes, confessi, ac caeteris omnibus absolutis +conditionibus, si quae injunctae fuerint, loco S. Communionis et +Visitationis alia pia opera a respectivo Confessario injungenda fideliter +adimpleant. Praesenti in perpetuum valituro absque ulla Brevis +expeditione. Non obstantibus in contrarium facientibus quibuscumque. + +"Datum Romae ex Secretaria S. Congregationis Indulgentiarum et SS. +Reliquiarum, Loco {~COPTIC SMALL LETTER DEI~} Signi _F. Card. Asquinius_ _Praefectus. A. Archip. +Prinzivalli Substitutus._" + + + + + +NOTICES OF BOOKS. + + + + +I. + + + _Appendix ad Rituale Romanum_ sive Collectio Benedictionum et + Instructionum a Rituali Romano exsulantium, Sanctae Sedis + auctoritate approbatarum seu permissarum, in usum et commoditatum + Missionariorum Apostolicorum digesta. Romae, Typis S. Con. de + Propagande Fide, 1864. + + +This book has been compiled by authority, to serve as an appendix to the +Roman Ritual, and is intended for the convenience of priests on the +mission. In Ireland especially, where the Catholic instincts of the people +have ever maintained pious confraternities in the honour which is their +due, the clergy must have felt the want of a manual containing the +_formulae_ to be used in enrolling the faithful in the various religious +societies approved by the Holy See. These forms are not to be found in the +Roman Ritual, nor in the books easily accessible to the great body of +priests. Besides, since every creature of God may be blessed by prayer, +the Catholic Church, whilst she refuses to be reconciled with whatever is +defective in modern progress, hastens, on the other hand, to sanctify by +her blessing whatever this progress contains of good. Hence, new forms of +prayer are rendered necessary from time to time, such as the form for +blessing railways, and the Benedictio ad. OMNIA, to be used in blessing +all objects for which a special benediction is not contained in the Roman +Ritual. These forms are to be found in this appendix. The instructions +which the Holy See issues from time to time on various subjects for the +guidance of missionary priests, also find their place in this collection. +Among them is the Instructio, issued by the Sacred Congregation of Rites, +for those who have permission to say two Masses on the same day in +different churches, and which is inserted in the Ordo for use of the Irish +clergy. To this is added, in the book under notice, the ritus servandus a +_Sacerdote cum utramque Missam in eadem Ecclesia offere debet_. It runs as +follows:-- + + + "Hoc itaque in casu Sacerdos post haustum in prima Missa + diligenter Sanguinem Domini, omissa consueta purificatione, patena + calicem et palla patenam tegens ac super corporale relinquens + dicet junctis manibus: _Quod ore sumpsimus Domine_, etc. Deinde + digitos, quibus SS. Sacramentum tetigit, in aliquo vase mundo ad + hoc in Altare praeparato abluet, interim dicens _Corpus tuum + Domine_, etc., abstersisque purificatorio digitis calicem velo + cooeperiet, velatumque ponet super corporale extensum. Absoluta + Missa si nulle in Ecclesia sit sacristia calicem eodem modo super + Altare relinquet; secus vero in Sacristiam deferet, ibique super + Corporale vel pallam in aliquo loco decenti et clauso collocabit + usque ad secundam Missam, in qua, cum eodem calice uti debeat, + ilium rursus secum deferet ad Altare, ac super corporale extensum + reponet. Cum autem in secunda Missa Sacerdos ad Offertorium + devenerit, ablato velo de Calice hunc parumper versus cornu + Epistolae collocabit sed non extra corporale, factaque hostiae + oblatione cavebit ne purificatorio extergat calicem, sed eum intra + corporale relinquens leviter elevabit, vinumque et aquam eidem + caute imponet, ne guttae aliquae ad labia ipsius Calicis + resiliant, quem deinde nullatenus ab intus abstersum more solito + offeret." + + +The contents may be reduced to three heads. The first regards the +sacraments, and embraces a short form for blessing the baptismal font; the +rite of confirmation when administered by a simple priest by delegation +from the Apostolic See; instruction for priests who duplicate; manner of +carrying the Eucharist in secret to the sick among unbelievers; decree of +the Sacred Congregation of Rites concerning the oil for the lamp of the +Blessed Sacrament. The second contains various forms of blessing, +twenty-two in number, and including those for erecting the Via Crucis, and +for enrolling in the scapulars of the different orders. The third part +contains the ceremonies appointed by Benedict XIII. to be performed in the +smaller parish churches on the great festivals of the Christian year. + + + + +II. + + + _Popular Objections against the Encyclical._ By. Mgr. de Segur. + Authorized Translation. Dublin: John F. Fowler, 3 Crow Street. + + +We are delighted to welcome this little work, both for the sake of its own +proper merits, and because it is the first instalment of the authorized +translation of the admirable works of Mgr. de Segur. The Encyclical and +Syllabus still continue to be the great event of the day. Indeed, as yet, +we see only the beginnings of the influence it is surely destined to +exercise on men's minds; and for the due development of that influence, +works like this of the French prelate are very necessary. The docile +Catholic, for whom St. Peter lives and speaks in Pius IX., will find set +forth herein the majesty and beauty of the doctrine he had before received +in simple faith. The Catholic whose mind has been coloured for good and +evil by modern ideas, and who has felt alarm at the apparent contradiction +between the teaching of the Pope and certain social doctrines he has long +held to be as sacred as first principles, will find in these pages +wherewith to calm his apprehensions and steady his judgment He will see +that what the Church condemns is already condemned by reason and history; +and that, far from placing under the ban any of the elements of true +progress, the Holy See censures the very errors which make all true +progress impossible. The priest who has charge of the wise and the unwise +together, will be glad to have, in these few pages, what may enable him to +provide for the wants of both. We quote a few passages:-- + + + The Pope Condemns Liberty Of Conscience. + + You mean to say "the liberty of having no conscience", or, what is + much the same thing, "the liberty of corrupting or poisoning one's + conscience!" You are right; the Pope is the mortal enemy of a + liberty so shocking. What good father would leave his son the + liberty of poisoning himself? + + It was Protestantism which invented, and it is the Revolution + which has perfected, what unbelievers call liberty of conscience. + It has become an essential part of _progress_, of that + anti-Catholic _progress_ of which we were speaking just now, and + which has insinuated itself into all modern constitutions.... + + The liberty of following one's conscience, even when it is + misguided, is not the liberty of conscience condemned by the + Encyclical Letter. Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and all men, of + whatever denomination or sect they may be, are obliged to follow + the dictates of their conscience; as long as they are misled + _fairly_, it is but a misfortune; what the Church demands is that + all men may escape this misfortune, and have full liberty of + embracing truth, when once they have discovered it. The Pope + condemns liberty of _conscience_, and not liberty of + _consciences_. The one is very different from the other. + + In Condemning Liberty Of Worship, The Pope Wishes To Oblige + Governments To Persecute Unbelievers, Protestants, Jews. + + The Pope desires nothing of all that, and those who say so, do not + believe a word of what they advance. Pius IX. says simply to + _Catholic_ governments (and it is to them that he addresses + himself): "There is but one true religion, because there is but + one God, one Christ, one faith, one baptism, and this only true + religion is that of the Holy, Catholic, Apostolic Church of Rome. + If, in consequence of unfortunate circumstances, a Catholic + government is obliged to put the Church on the same footing with + false religions, such as Protestants, Jews, Mahometans, etc., it + should bitterly regret such an unhappy state of things, and never + consider it as permanent or lasting. Such conduct would be putting + truth on a line with error, and despising faith. + + "It is the duty of a really Catholic government to facilitate, _as + much as possible_, to bishops and priests, the free exercise of + their holy ministry, in order that they may, by the zeal and + persuasion of their charity, work more efficaciously for the + conversion of heretics and other dissenters. It must hinder, _as + much as circumstances and the laws of prudence will permit_, the + extension of heresy; finally, it must endeavour, for its own + interest, as well as for that of the Church, to procure the + inestimable advantages of religious unity and peace to its + subjects". + + +These are the matters that Pius IX. speaks of. He simply engages Catholic +sovereigns to do for their subjects what every good father would do for +his children and his servants; he does all in his power to render the +knowledge and practice of religion easy for them; he removes as much as he +can all that is capable of weakening their faith or of corrupting their +morals; he tolerates the evil that he cannot prevent, but he never lets an +opportunity pass without blaming this evil, and repressing that which he +cannot extirpate entirely. + +The Church employs gentleness and mildness in order to gain souls to God. +Who would have ever thought of using violent measures to impose faith on +men? Although the Catholic Church pities those who are misguided, and does +all in her power to enlighten them, she respects their faith, when she +knows them to be upright and honest. Intolerant and absolute in matter of +doctrine, she is full of tender solicitude for her children. + + + + +III. + + + _St. Patrick's Cathedral: How it was Restored._ By a Catholic + Clergyman. Dublin: Duffy, 1865 + + +Even in the days of St. Augustine, Catholic eyes had to behold scenes +somewhat similar to the one in view of which this pamphlet has been +written. Within churches once Catholic, Donatist bishops at that time held +high festival, in the midst of solemn pomp, with mystic rite and sacred +song. From episcopal chairs erected in opposition to those of the prelates +in communion with the Roman Pontiff, "_that is to say_", explains St. +Cyprian, "_with the Catholic Church_", intruded bishops counterfeited the +preaching of the lawful pastors, and with many a text from Holy Writ, and +with a plentiful use of holiest names, made a brave show of belonging to +those whom the Holy Ghost has placed to rule the Church of God. But the +make-believe was not successful. One glance at the religious system of +these men and at the Catholic Church was enough to reveal the hollowness +of their pretensions, notwithstanding the ecclesiastical air they so +studiously cultivated. Hence St. Augustine thus writes about Emeritus, a +Donatist bishop (for whom, perhaps, some worthy layman, not averse from +proselytizing poor Catholics in the wild Numidian country about +Cethaquenfusca, had restored one of the old cathedrals), "Outside the pale +of the Church (Emeritus) may have everything except salvation. Honour he +may have, a sacrament he may have, he may sing _alleluia_, he may answer +_amen_, he may have the Gospel, he may both hold and preach faith in the +name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost; but nowhere save +in the Catholic Church shall he be able to find salvation"--(_Epist._ +clii.). And yet, at least in the beginning, the Donatists were but +schismatics; their heresy was of somewhat later growth. How much stronger, +then, becomes St. Augustine's argument when applied to the Established +Church of our times, in which heresy and free-thinking have ravaged +whatever schism had spared! The pamphlet under notice in reality does but +reecho the holy Doctor's remarks. An outline of St. Patrick's life and +faith, drawn from unimpeachable authorities, sets before us most clearly +that the ancient Catholic Church of Ireland differed far more from the +Church now usurping St. Patrick's Cathedral, than the ancient Catholic +Church of Africa from the Donatist body. The personal history of our great +apostle, his early training, his call to preach, his ecclesiastical +studies, his mission from Rome, his doctrine about the Holy See, his +essentially Catholic teaching, are all plainly and forcibly Set forth, and +contrasted with the peculiarities of modern Protestantism. No candid mind +can for a moment hesitate to conclude with the writer, that the +restoration ceremony was "a ghastly spectacle of _unreality_. It was a +joyous revel over a _lifeless_ form: the body was there, but not _the +soul_. The beauty of early years, which is oftentimes observed to resume +its place, in death, upon the face from which it had been long driven by +weeks, or months, or, perhaps, years of pain, the beauty of graceful +outline, and delicate feature, and placid, gentle expression--all that had +come back; and the church seemed as if but yesterday finished. But the +spirit of St. Patrick was not there; the creed which he taught was not +there; the _true faith_, which is the soul, the animating spirit of +religion, was far away". + + + + +IV. + + + _Vie et Institut de Saint Alphonse Marie de Liguori, Eveque de + Sainte Agathe des Goths, et Fondateur de la Congregation du + Tres-Saint Redempteur._ Par son Eminence le Cardinal Clement + Villecourt, 4 vols. Tournai: Casterman, 1864. + + +Of this excellent work we have only space to say at present that it is +worthy of its eminent author, and not unworthy of the great saint whose +life and virtues it sets forth. We hope to return to the subject at a +future time. + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + + 1 The reader must not be surprised at the name thus given to the See + of Derry. Camden cites, from an ancient Roman Provinciale, the name + _Rathlucensis_ given to this see (Publications of I. A. S., 1843, + pag. 61), and O'Sullivan Beare more than once designates the town of + Derry by the Latin name _Lucas_, and styles its bishop "Dirii vel + Luci Episcopus"--(_Hist. Cath._, pag. 77, et passim). + + 2 The cubit was originally the length of the human arm from the elbow + to the end of the middle finger. It is variously estimated at from + 16 to 22 inches. Our readers may form an idea of the tabernacle and + the court, sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes, by + allowing one yard English for every two cubits. See Smith's + _Dictionary of the Bible_, or his _Dictionary of Greek and Roman + Antiquities_. + + 3 Our readers must not be surprised if in this and in other instances + we depart a little from the reading of the Vulgate version, and + adhere to the literal translation of the Hebrew text. In controversy + it is often desirable to accommodate ourselves to the views and even + to the prejudices of our adversaries; and since the authority of the + Hebrew text is admitted by all classes of Christians, we appeal to + it as a common ground of argument. Besides, when the point in + dispute depends on the meaning of a Hebrew phrase, it will be always + useful to have the _exact words_ of the Hebrew text before our eyes. + + 4 This mode of expression is perfectly conformable to scriptural + usage; for we read (_Numbers_, x. 3) that _all the assembly_ ({~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}) + were directed to assemble themselves _to Moses_: and again, (III. + _Kings_, viii. 2) it is said that "all the men of Israel assembled + themselves _unto King Solomon_". + + 5 Nordheim's _Hebrew Grammar_, § 148; see also Gesenius, § 53, + "_Significations of Hiphil_. It is properly _causative of kal_." + + 6 Accordingly, this is the first meaning given for the word by + Gesenius in his Lexicon. In this sense, too, it is frequently + employed in the Mosaic narrative. Here are two examples, taken + almost at random, in which we find the same word in the same + conjugation, mood, and tense: When Joseph, in prison, asked the + chief butler of Pharaoh to intercede for him with his royal master, + he added: "And thou shalt _bring me_ ({~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER TSADI~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}{~HEBREW LETTER TAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}--vehotzethani) out of + this prison"--(_Gen._ xl. 14). Will Dr. Colenso say that Joseph + intended the chief butler should _carry him_ out of prison _on his + back_? Again, when the Jews murmured against Moses and Aaron in the + desert, they cry out, "Ye have _brought us forth_ ({~HEBREW LETTER HE~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER TSADI~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}{~HEBREW LETTER TAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL MEM~}--hotzethem) + into this wilderness to kill the whole multitude with hunger"--(_Ex._ + xvi. 3; also xiv. 11). They surely did not mean to say that Moses + and Aaron had _carried_ the whole multitude out of Egypt _on their + backs_. + + 7 "Clove"=Cloyne, Rymer's _Foedera_. Tom. v. par. iv. p. 105; Lib. + Mun. Tom. i. par. iv. p. 102. + + 8 "Maccarthy=Carthy=Macare=Machar". Wadd. Annal. Min. ad _an._ 1340, + n. 25, _ed._ Roman. Tom. viii. p. 241; _ibid._ Tom. xiii. p. 432, et + pp. 558-9. + + 9 "Kings of the M'Carthy race", Annals of Innisfallen, ad _an._ 1106, + p. 106, _an._ 1108, 1110, 1176; Annals of Boyle, _an._ 1138, 1185; + Annals of Ulster, _an._ 1022-3, 1124; Gir. Cambr., lib. i. cap. + iii.; S. Bernard, in Vit. Malac., cap. iv. "Their burial place", + Archdall Monast. Hib., pp. 302, 303. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, MAY 1865*** + + + +CREDITS + + +March 21, 2012 + + Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1 + Produced by Bryan Ness, David King, and the Online Distributed + Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. 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