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diff --git a/39221-h/39221-h.htm b/39221-h/39221-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a6911d --- /dev/null +++ b/39221-h/39221-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4977 @@ + +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Flags: Some Account of Their History And Uses, by A. MACGEORGE. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + +h1 { + margin-top: 7%; + text-indent: 0%; + text-align: center; + clear: both; +} + +h2 { + margin-top: 4%; + text-indent: 0%; + text-align: center; + clear: both; +} + +h3, h4 { + text-indent: 0%; + text-align: center; + clear: both; +} + +/* paragraphs */ + +p { + margin-top: 3%; + margin-bottom: 3%; + text-align: justify; +} /* general paragraph */ + +p.h2a { + text-indent: 0%; + text-align: center; + font-size: 150%; + font-weight: bold; +} /* h2 type without top margin */ + +p.indent { + text-indent: 4%; +} /* indented paragraph */ + +p.hangindent { + margin-left: 12%; + margin-right: 4%; + text-indent: -8%; +} /* hanging indentation */ + +/* horizontal rules */ + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 8%; + margin-bottom: 8%; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +.hr2 +{ + width: 90%; + max-width: 90%; + color: #CCCCCC; + background-color: #FFFFFF; + border: none; + border-bottom: 6px double black; + margin: 8% auto; +} /* horizontal rule for chapter divisions */ + +.pagenum { + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.center { + text-indent: 0%; + text-align: center; +} + +.right {text-align: right;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.caption { + font-weight: bold; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Links attributes */ + +a:link { color:#000000; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed #808080;} + +a:visited { color:#25383C; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed #808080;} + +a:hover { color:#008000; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed #808080;} + +a:active { color:#000000; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed #808080;} + +ins {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed #dcdcdc;} + +/* Images */ + +img { + padding: 6px; +} /* without border */ + +img.border{ + border: 1px solid black; + padding: 6px; +} /* with border */ + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.figleft { + float: left; + clear: left; + margin-left: 0; + margin-bottom: 4%; + margin-top: 4%; + margin-right: 4%; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +.figright { + float: right; + clear: right; + margin-left: 4%; + margin-bottom: 4%; + margin-top: 4%; + margin-right: 0; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Footnotes */ + +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px; background-color: #CCCCCC;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +.poem { + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; +} + +.poem br {display: none;} + +.poem .stanza {margin: 4% 0% 4% 0%;} + +.poem span.i2 { + display: block; + margin-left: 8%; + padding-left: 12%; + text-indent: -12%; +} + +.poem span.i4 { + display: block; + margin-left: 16%; + padding-left: 12%; + text-indent: -12%; +} + +/* Other */ +span.ralign { + position: absolute; + right: 10%; + top: auto; +} + +div.tnote { + background-color: #CCCCFF; + border-style: dotted; + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + padding: 1%; + font-style: normal; + font-size: 90%; + text-align: justify; +} + +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Flags:, by Andrew Macgeorge + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: Flags: + Some Account of their History and Uses. + +Author: Andrew Macgeorge + +Release Date: March 21, 2012 [EBook #39221] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FLAGS: *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Ernest Schaal, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h1>FLAGS:</h1> + +<h2>SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR HISTORY<br /> +AND USES.</h2> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p class="center"><i>Of this large-paper Edition only 100 Copies have<br /> +been printed for sale.</i></p> + +<p class="center"> <i>This Copy is No. 80</i></p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 589px;"> +<a name="i_005" id="i_005"></a> +<img class="border" src="images/i_005.png" width="589" height="700" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">PLATE I</p> + +<p class="caption">STANDARD PRESENTED BY NAPOLEON I TO HIS GUARDS AT ELBA +A SHORT TIME BEFORE HE INVADED FRANCE IN 1815</p> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 482px;"> +<a name="i_006" id="i_006"></a> +<img class="border" src="images/i_006.png" width="482" height="700" alt="Flags: + +SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR HISTORY +AND USES. + +BY +A. MACGEORGE, + +AUTHOR OF +"OLD GLASGOW," "THE ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF GLASGOW," +ETC. + +BLACKIE & SON: +LONDON, GLASGOW, AND EDINBURGH. +1881." +title="Flags: + +SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR HISTORY +AND USES. + +BY +A. MACGEORGE, + +AUTHOR OF +"OLD GLASGOW," "THE ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF GLASGOW," +ETC. + +BLACKIE & SON: +LONDON, GLASGOW, AND EDINBURGH. +1881." /> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2>PREFATORY NOTE.</h2> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">In</span> a nation like ours, with a dominion so extended, and +with communication by sea and land with all parts of the +world, the flags under which ships sail and armies and +navies fight, cannot be without interest. Yet there are +few subjects in regard to which the means of information +are less accessible. The object of the present volume is +to give, in a popular form, some account of our own flags, +and of those of other nations, ancient and modern, with +some notices regarding the use of flags, in naval warfare +and otherwise.</p> + +<p class="indent">I have taken occasion to point out certain heraldic inaccuracies +in the construction of our national flag, and also +in the design on our bronze coinage. I shall be glad if +what I have written be the means, by directing public +attention to the subject, of effecting the correction of +these errors.</p> + +<p class="right">A. M.</p> + +<p class="indent"><i>Glenarn, December, 1880.</i></p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<p class="right"> Page</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Introductory,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x01">11</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ancient Standards,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x02">13</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Different Kinds of Flags—Gonfanon, Pennon, Penoncel,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x03">28</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Banners,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x04">29</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Standards—the Royal Standard,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x05">36</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Standards borne by Nobles,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x06">44</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Flags of the Covenanters,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x07">51</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">National Flags,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x08">54</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Union Flag,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x09">55</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Union Jack,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x10">64</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Ensign,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x11">67</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Special Flags,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x12">71</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Pendant,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x13">72</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Signals and other Flags,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x14">73</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Use of Flags in Naval Warfare,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x15">75</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">International Usage as to Flags,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x16">88</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Flags of the British Army,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x17">96</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Use of Flags by Private Persons,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x18">102</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Foreign Flags—France,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x19">103</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The American Flag,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x20">110</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Other Foreign Flags,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x21">113</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Conclusion,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page117">117</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Index,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x23">119</a></span></p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> + +<hr /> + +<p class="h2a">COLOURED PLATES.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Plate <span class="ralign">Page</span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">I. Standard presented by Napoleon I. to his Guards at Elba, +a short time before he invaded France in 1815, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_005"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">II. The "Bluidy Banner" carried at Bothwell Brig, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1670, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_058">54</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">III. Union Flags and Pendant, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_068">62</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">IV. National Flags and Standards, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_116">108</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">V. Do. do. <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_122">112</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">VI. Do. do. <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_128">116</a></span></p> + +<p class="h2a">WOODCUTS.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Fig.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">1. Ancient Egyptian Standards, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_017">14</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">2. Other forms of Egyptian Standards, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_018a">15</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">3. Do. do. <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_018b">15</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">4. Assyrian Standard, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_020">17</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">5. Another form of Assyrian Standard, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_020">17</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">6. Assyrian Standards and Standard-bearers, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_021">18</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">7. Other varieties of Assyrian Standards, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_022">19</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">8. Persian Standard, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_023">20</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">9. Turkish Horse-tail Standard, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_023">20</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">10. Standard of Turkish Pacha, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_024a">21</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">11. Roman Eagle, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_024b">21</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">12. The Roman Wolf on Standard, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_024c">21</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">13. Group of Roman Standards, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_025">22</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagex" id="pagex"></a>[pg x]</span> +14. Roman Standard—Various Devices on same Staff, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_026a">23</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">15. Another form with different Devices, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_026b">23</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">16. Other Roman Standards, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_027a">24</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">17. Roman Labarum, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_027b">24</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">18. Standard of Constantine, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_028a">25</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">19. Dragon used as Roman Standard, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_028b">25</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">20. Standard of Earl of Warwick, 1437, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_048">45</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">21. Flag of the Earl Marshall, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_049">46</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">22. Standard of Earl Douglas, 1388, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_051">48</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">23. Later Banner of the Douglas's, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_052">49</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">24. The "Blue Blanket," 1482, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_054">51</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">25. Flag of the Covenanters, 1679, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_055">52</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">26. The Union Flag as now borne, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_064">59</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">27. The Union on the Bronze Penny, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_071">64</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">28. Regimental Colours of 24th Regiment, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_104">97</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">29. Queen's Colours of 24th Regiment as presented to the Queen, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_105">98</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">30. The Oriflamme, circa <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1248, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_111">104</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">31. The French Eagle, during the Empire, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_115">108</a></span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">32. United States Flag, as used in 1777, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_120">111</a></span></p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x01" id="x01"></a>FLAGS.<a name="page11" id="page11"></a></h2> + +<p class="indent">On that morning when the news arrived from South +Africa of the disaster at Isandlana, there was general +mourning for the loss of so many brave men; but there +was mourning also of a different kind,—with some perhaps +even deeper—for the loss of the colours of the +24th Regiment. And yet, after all, it was only a bit of +silk which had been lost, having on it certain devices +and inscriptions—a thing of no intrinsic value, and which +could be replaced at a cost merely nominal. But it +possessed extrinsic qualities which could be measured by +no money value, and every one felt that the loss was one +to redeem which, or rather to redeem what that loss represented, +demanded, if necessary, the putting forth of the +strength of a great nation. And so, when it was found +that the colours never had been really lost—that they +had been saved by brave men who had laid down their +lives in defending them—there was throughout the +nation a feeling of intense relief that national honour had +been saved; a feeling of rejoicing far beyond what was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id="page12"></a>[pg 12]</span> +evoked by the news of the capture of the Zulu king and +the termination of the war. So at sea. In our great +wars in which the navy of Great Britain played so prominent +a part, we became so accustomed to see the flag +of the enemy bent on under our own ensign, that if an +exceptional case occurred where the position of the two +flags was reversed, it went home to the heart of every +loyal subject with a pang which the loss of many ships +by storm and tempest would not have produced.</p> + +<p class="indent">Yet how few of us know what the national colours are, +what the Union is, what the Royal Standard is. Not to +speak of civilians, are there many officers, in either the +army or the navy, who, without a copy before them, could +accurately construct or describe the flag of the nation +under which they fight, or tell what its component parts +represent? I doubt it. And, after all, they would not +be so much without excuse, for even at the Horse Guards +and the Admiralty, there is some confusion of ideas on +the subject. I have before me "The Queen's Regulations +and Orders for the Army," issued by the Commander-in-chief, +in which flags which can be flown only +on shore are confounded with flags which can be flown +nowhere but on board ship. Yet the subject is really an +interesting one, and, connected as it is with national +history, it is deserving of a little study.</p> + +<p class="indent">Flags are of many kinds, and they are put to many +uses. They are the representatives of nations; they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>[pg 13]</span> +distinguish armies and fleets, and to insult a flag is to +insult the nation whose ensign it is. We see in flags, +says Carlyle, "the divine idea of duty, of heroic daring—in +some instances of freedom and right." There are +national flags, flags of departments, and personal flags; +and as signals they are of the greatest value as a means +of communication at sea.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x02" id="x02"></a>ANCIENT STANDARDS.</h2> + +<p class="indent">It is chiefly of our own flags that I intend to speak, but +it may be interesting to say something of those which +were in use among the peoples of ancient history.</p> + +<p class="indent">From the earliest times of which we have authentic +records, standards or banners were borne by nations, and +carried in battle. It was so in Old Testament times, as +we know from the mention of banners as early as the +time of Moses. They are repeatedly referred to by David +and Solomon. The lifting up of ensigns is frequently +mentioned in the Psalms and by the Prophets, while the +expression, "Terrible as an army with banners," shows the +importance and the awe with which they were regarded.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_017" id="i_017"></a> +<img src="images/i_017.png" width="500" height="366" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 1.—Egyptian Standards.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">We find representations of standards on the oldest +bas-reliefs of Egypt. Indeed, the invention of standards +is, by ancient writers, attributed to the Egyptians. According +to Diodorus, the Egyptian standards consisted +generally of the figures of their sacred animals borne on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>[pg 14]</span> +the end of a staff or spear, and in the paintings at Thebes +we find on them such objects as a king's name and a +sacred boat. One prominent and much used form was a +figure resembling an expanded semicircular fan, and another +example shows this form reversed and surmounted +by the head of the goddess Athor, crowned with her symbolic +disk and cow's horns. Another figure also used as a +standard resembles a round-headed table-knife. Examples +of these, and of the sacred ibis and dog, are shown in +Fig. 1.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> But on the Egyptian standards—those which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" id="page15"></a>[pg 15]</span> +were no doubt used +in Pharaoh's army—there +were various +other figures, including +reptiles such as +lizards and beetles, +with birds crowned +with the fan-like ornament +already referred +to. A group +of these is given in +Fig. 2; but they had +many other forms. Those represented in Fig. 3, and +which show some curious +symbolic forms, +are taken from the +works of Champollion, +Wilkinson, and +Rosellini.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_1_1">[1]</a></span> +For this, and figures 6, 14, and 15, I am indebted to the courtesy of +Messrs. A. and C. Black. They appear in the <i>Encyclopędia Britannica</i>, +vol. ix. p. 276.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="i_018a" id="i_018a"></a> +<img src="images/i_018a.png" width="400" height="392" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 2.—Egyptian Standards.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 365px;"> +<a name="i_018b" id="i_018b"></a> +<img src="images/i_018b.png" width="365" height="400" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 3.—Egyptian Standards.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">That the Hebrews +carried standards after +the exodus is, as I +have already said, certain, +and the probability +is that they derived +the practice +from the Egyptian +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>[pg 16]</span> +nation, from whose bondage they had just escaped, for they +bore as devices figures of birds and animals, and also human +figures, just as the Egyptians did. One of the earliest of +the divine commands given to Moses was that "every +man of the children of Israel shall pitch by his own standard +with the ensign of their father's house."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> The <i>ensign</i> +probably meant the particular device borne upon the +standard by each tribe; and tradition has assigned as these +the symbolic cherubim seen in the visions of Ezekiel and +John—Judah bearing a lion, Reuben a man, Ephraim an +ox, and Dan an eagle. This is the opinion of the later +Jews. The Targumists believe that, besides these representations, +the banners were distinguished by particular +colours—the colour for each tribe being analogous to that +of the precious stone in the breastplate of the high-priest. +They consider also that each standard bore the name of +the tribe with a particular sentence from the Law. The +modern opinion, however, is that the Hebrew standards +were distinguished only by their colours, and by the name +of the tribe to which each belonged.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_2_2">[2]</a></span> +Numbers ii. 2.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Apart from the direct Scripture evidence on the subject, +this bearing of distinguishing standards is what might be +expected in a military organization such as that of the +Israelites, just as we find them using warlike music. It +is interesting to note that even the particular trumpet +signals to be used for the assembling and advance of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>[pg 17]</span> +troops, and in cases of alarm in time of war, are carefully +prescribed,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> while the association of their military standards +with the trumpet is indicated in the exclamation of +Jeremiah: "How long shall I see the standard and hear +the sound of the trumpet?"<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_3_3">[3]</a></span> +Numbers x. 3.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_4_4">[4]</a></span> +Jer. iv. 21.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_020" id="i_020"></a> +<img src="images/i_020.png" width="500" height="456" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 4.—An Assyrian Standard. Fig. 5.—Another Assyrian Standard.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">As the standard was among all nations regarded with +reverence, so the standard-bearer was selected for his +strength and courage. So important was this considered +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>[pg 18]</span> +that Isaiah, in describing the ruin and discomfiture that +was about to fall on the King of Assyria, could find no +stronger expression than to say that his overthrow would +be "as when a standard-bearer fainteth."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_5_5">[5]</a></span> +Isa. x. 18.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_021" id="i_021"></a> +<img src="images/i_021.png" width="500" height="495" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 6.—Assyrian Standards and Standard-bearers.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The standards of the Assyrians, like those of the +Egyptians, consisted of figures fastened on the end of +spears or staffs; but of these very few varieties have been +yet discovered. Layard says<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> that "standards were carried +by the Assyrian charioteers. In the sculptures they +have only two devices [Figs. 4, 5, 6]: one a figure, probably +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>[pg 19]</span> +that of a divinity, standing on a bull and drawing a bow; +in the other, two bulls running in opposite directions. These +figures are inclosed in a circle and fixed to a long staff +ornamented with streamers and tassels. The standards +appear to have been partly supported by a rest in front +of the chariot, and a long rope connecting them with the +extremity of the pole. In a bas-relief of Khorsabad this +rod is attached to the top of a standard." The interesting +illustration given in Fig. 6 is from a sculpture in which +these standards are represented with the figures of the +standard-bearers, and +in which also the +ropes or supports of +the staff are indicated.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_6_6">[6]</a></span> +<i>Nineveh and its Remains.</i></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_022" id="i_022"></a> +<img src="images/i_022.png" width="500" height="291" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 7.—Assyrian Standards.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">There were, however, +varieties in the +forms of the Assyrian +standards other than +those mentioned by Layard. In the annexed cut (Fig. 7) +the one to the left is from a sculpture in the British +Museum. The others are given on the authority of +Botta.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_023" id="i_023"></a> +<img src="images/i_023.png" width="500" height="249" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 8.—Persian Standard. Fig. 9.—Turkish Horse-tail Standard.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 219px;"> +<a name="i_024a" id="i_024a"></a> +<img src="images/i_024a.png" width="219" height="400" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 10.—Standard of Pacha.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The Persians, like the Assyrians, carried their standards, +in battle, on staffs or spears attached to chariots. Their +royal standard was a golden eagle with wings expanded +carried on the end of a spear. They had also a figure of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page20" id="page20"></a>[pg 20]</span> +the sun which they used on great occasions when the +king was present with the army. Quintus Curtius describes +one of these figures of the sun, inclosed in a +crystal, as making a very splendid appearance above the +royal tent. But the proper royal standard of the Persians +for many centuries, until the Mahommedan conquest, was +a blacksmith's leather apron, around which the people had +been at one time rallied to a successful opposition against +an invader (Fig. 8). Many other national standards have +had their origin in similar causes. Something which was at +hand was seized in an emergency, +and lifted up as a rallying +point for the people, and afterwards adopted from the +attachment which clung to it as an object identified with +patriotic deeds. In this way originated the horse-tails +borne as a standard by the modern Turks (Fig. 9). Under +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>[pg 21]</span> +the old system, among that people, the distinction of rank +between the two classes of pachas was indicated by the +number of these horse-tails, the standards +of the second class having only +two tails, while those of the higher +had three. Hence the term a pacha +of two tails or three. A further mark +of distinction appears to have been +the elevation of one of the tails above +the others, and the surmounting of +each with the crescent, as shown in +Fig. 10.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 144px;"> +<a name="i_024b" id="i_024b"></a> +<img src="images/i_024b.png" width="144" height="458" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 11.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;"> +<a name="i_024c" id="i_024c"></a> +<img src="images/i_024c.png" width="150" height="261" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 12.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The Romans had various forms of +standards, some composed entirely of +fixed figures of different devices, +including figures of animals. The eagle, according to +Pliny, was the first and chief military ensign. In the +second consulship of Caius Marius (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 104) the +eagle (Fig. 11) alone was used, but at +a subsequent period some of the old +emblems were resumed. These were +the minotaur, the horse, and the wild +boar; and on the Trajan Column we +find as one of their standards the historic +wolf (Fig. 12).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 278px;"> +<a name="i_025" id="i_025"></a> +<img src="images/i_025.png" width="278" height="400" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 13.—Roman Standards.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">One of the most ancient of the +Roman standards had an origin similar to that of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id="page22"></a>[pg 22]</span> +apron of the Persians and the horse-tails of the Turks. +It was derived from a popular rising which took place +in the time of Romulus, and was composed of a wisp of +hay attached to the end of a pole (as seen in Fig. 13), +and carried into battle. +From its name, <i>manipulus</i>, +the companies of +foot soldiers, of which +the <i>hastati</i>, <i>principes</i>, and +<i>triarii</i> of each legion +were composed, came to +be called maniples—<i>manipuli</i>. +Another standard +borne by the Romans +was a spear with a piece +of cross wood at the top +with the figure of a hand +above, and having below a +small round shield of gold +or silver, as shown in Fig. +13. On this circle were at +first represented the warlike deities Mars and Minerva, +but after the extinction of the commonwealth it bore the +effigies of the emperors and their favourites. From these +coin-shaped devices the standards were called <i>numina +legionum</i>. The eagle was sometimes represented with a +thunderbolt in its claws, of which an example will be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>[pg 23]</span> +seen in Fig. 13. Under the later emperors it was carried +with the legion, which was on that account sometimes +termed <i>aquila</i>. The place for this standard was near +the general, almost in the centre.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 101px;"> +<a name="i_026a" id="i_026a"></a> +<img src="images/i_026a.png" width="101" height="400" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 14.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 105px;"> +<a name="i_026b" id="i_026b"></a> +<img src="images/i_026b.png" width="105" height="400" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 15.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Another common form of the Roman standard consisted +in a variety of figures and devices exhibited on the same +staff, one over the other. On the +top of one of these will be seen a +human hand (Fig. 14). This by +itself, or inclosed, as here, within +a wreath, was, as I have mentioned, +a frequent device, and was +probably of oriental origin. It +is also found as a symbol in +ancient Mexico; and at the present +day the flagstaffs of the +Persians terminate in a silver +hand. Among the pieces composing +this form of standard are +also found the eagle, and figures +of the emperors inclosed in circles, +with other devices (Fig. 15). A +common form is that numbered 5 in Fig. 16. This +example is taken from the Arch of Titus. The eagle +surmounting the thunderbolt with the letters S P Q R +(No. 3) was also a common form. The letters indicate +<i>Senatus Populusque Romanus</i>. The examples Nos. 1 +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>[pg 24]</span> +and 2 in Fig. 16 are from Montfaucon. No. 4 is given by +Mr. Hope.</p> + +<p class="indent">The <i>vexillum</i> of the Romans was a standard composed +of a square piece of +cloth fastened to a +cross bar at the top +of a spear, sometimes +with a fringe all round +as shown in Fig. 13, +and sometimes fringed +only below (No. 4, +Fig. 16), or without +a fringe, but draped +at the sides (Fig. 17). +When placed over +the general's tent it +was a sign for marching, or for battle.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_027a" id="i_027a"></a> +<img src="images/i_027a.png" width="500" height="490" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 16.—Roman Standards.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> +<a name="i_027b" id="i_027b"></a> +<img src="images/i_027b.png" width="150" height="243" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 17.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"> +<a name="i_028a" id="i_028a"></a> +<img src="images/i_028a.png" width="100" height="214" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 18.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 90px;"> +<a name="i_028b" id="i_028b"></a> +<img src="images/i_028b.png" width="90" height="300" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 19.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The <i>labarum</i> of the emperors was similar +in form, and frequently bore upon it a representation +of the emperor, sometimes by +himself and sometimes accompanied by the +heads of members of his family. It has +been said that the Emperor Constantine +bore on the top of his standard the sign of the +cross, but this was not so. The cross at +that time was known only as a heathen emblem, and was +not adopted by the Christians till afterwards. That +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" id="page25"></a>[pg 25]</span> +which Constantine bore was what in his time was the only +recognized Christian emblem—the first two letters of +our Lord's name (Fig. 18)—the Greek X (English +CH) and P (in English R). The <i>labarum</i> +was made of silk. The term is sometimes +used for other standards, and its form may +still be recognized in the banners carried in +ecclesiastical processions. The <i>labarum</i>, like +the <i>vexillum</i>, had sometimes fringes with tassels +or ribbons.</p> + +<p class="indent">The dragon, an ensign of the Parthians, +was adopted by the Romans as the standard +of their cohorts. It appears as such +on the Arch of Severus. It was also the +device of the Dacians, and indeed seems +to have been a general ensign among barbarians. +Besides being carried as a separate +figure in metal—as shown in Fig. 19—it +was frequently embroidered in cotton or +silk on a square piece of cloth borne on a +cross bar elevated on a gilt staff; the bearer +being called <i>draconarius</i>. From the Romans +the dragon came to the Western Empire. +It was borne by the German Emperors. +In England also it was for some +time the chief standard of the kings, and +of the Dukes of Normandy, and according to Sir Richard +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>[pg 26]</span> +Bacon it was the standard of Utor Pendragon, king of +the Britons.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> The golden dragon was in the eighth +century the standard of Wessex, and it was displayed in +a great battle in 742 when Ethelbald, the king of Mercia, +was defeated. It was also borne on a pole by King +Harold as a standard. It was borne by Henry VII. at +Bosworth Field, and at a later date it was carried as a +supporter by Henry VIII. and Edward VI., and also by +Elizabeth. In many of the illuminations of MSS. in the +fifteenth century we also find a gold dragon on a red +pennon, as one of the ensigns in the French armies.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_7_7">[7]</a></span> +Nisbet's <i>Heraldry</i>, vol. i. p. 343.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The infantry flag of the Romans was red, that of the +cavalry blue, and that of a consul white.</p> + +<p class="indent">The banners of the Parthians resembled those of the +Romans, but they were more richly decorated with gold +and silk.</p> + +<p class="indent">In early times the Greeks carried as a standard a piece +of armour on a spear, but although they had an ensign, +the elevation of which served as a signal for giving battle +either by land or by sea, they were not regularly marshalled +by banners. In their later history their different +cities bore different sacred emblems. Thus the Athenians +were distinguished by the olive and the owl, and the +Corinthians by a Pegasus.</p> + +<p class="indent">At what time the form of standard which we call a flag +was first used is not known. It was certainly not the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>[pg 27]</span> +earliest but the ultimate form which the standard assumed. +The original form was some fixed object such as we have +seen on the Egyptian and Roman examples, and the +vexillum and labarum were transitional forms. The +waving flag is said to have been first used by the Saracens. +Another account is that the flag first acquired its present +form in the sixth century, in Spain. The banners which +Bede mentions as being carried by St. Augustine and his +monks, when they entered Canterbury in procession, in the +latter part of the sixth century, were probably in the form +of the Roman labarum. He calls them little banners on +which were depicted crosses.</p> + +<p class="indent">Of our own national flags the earliest forms were those +which bore the cognizance of the ruler for the time being. +The well-known ensign of the Danes at the time of their +dominion in Britain was the raven. The dragon, as we +have seen, was in the eighth century the cognizance of +Wessex, and the Saxons had also on their standards a +white horse. Of our later royal standards and those +of other nations I shall speak afterwards.</p> + +<p class="indent">The forms of flags in our own country have varied +very much. It was not till the time of the Crusades, +when heraldry began to assume a definite form, that they +became subject to established rules. Up to that period +flags were, as a rule, small in size, and they usually terminated +in points, like the more modern pennon. Such +were the standards of the Normans. At the Battle of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>[pg 28]</span> +the Standard in 1138 the staff of the English standard +was in the form of the mast of a ship, having a silver pyx +at the top, containing the host, and bearing three sacred +banners dedicated respectively to St. Peter, St. John of +Beverley, and St. Wilfrid of Ripon, the whole being +fastened—like the standards of the Persians and Assyrians—to +a wheeled vehicle.</p> + +<p class="indent">From an early period the practice has prevailed of +blessing standards, and this has continued to our own +day in the British army when new colours are presented +to a regiment—there being a special form of service at +the consecration. The banner of William the Conqueror +was one blessed and sent to him by the pope. Indeed, +it has been the practice of the popes in every age to give +consecrated banners where they wished success to an +enterprise.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x03" id="x03"></a>DIFFERENT KINDS OF FLAGS—GONFANON—PENNON—PENONCEL.</h2> + +<p class="indent">In the middle ages almost every flag was a military +one. A very early form, borne near the person of the +commander-in-chief, was the Gonfanon. It was fixed in +a frame made to turn like a modern ship's vane. That +of the Conqueror, as depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, had +three tails, and was charged with a golden cross on a +white ground within a blue border.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>[pg 29]</span> +Of other forms of flags the principal varieties were the +penoncel, the pennon or guidon, the banner, and the +standard.</p> + +<p class="indent">The Pennon was a purely personal flag, pointed, borne +below the lance-head by a knight-bachelor, and charged +with the arms, or crest, and motto of the bearer. But in +early times no knight displayed a pennon who had not +followers to defend it—the mounting of this ensign being +a matter of privilege, not of obligation. The order of +knight-bachelor was the most ancient and originally the +sole order, being the degree conferred by one knight on +another without the intervention of prince, noble, or +churchman, and its privileges and duties approached +nearly to those of the knight-errant.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_8_8">[8]</a></span> +Sir Walter Scott, <i>Essay on Chivalry</i>, p. 79.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The Penoncel, which was carried by the esquire, was +the diminutive of the pennon, being one-half its breadth. +It was borne at the end of a lance, and usually bore the +cognizance or "avowrye" of the bearer. This flag was +not carried by the esquire after the fight began, but was +then either held by an inferior attendant, or put up by the +owner's tent.</p> + +<h2><a name="x04" id="x04"></a>BANNERS.</h2> + +<p class="indent">The Banner was the flag of a troop, and was borne by +knights, called after it bannerets, an order which held +a middle rank between knights-bachelors and the barons +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>[pg 30]</span> +or great feudatories of the crown. The flag of a knight-banneret +was square at the end, but not an exact square +on all the sides. The perfectly square banner was the +flag of a baron, and of those of higher rank.</p> + +<p class="indent">It was only on the field of battle, and in presence of the +royal standard, that a knight-banneret could be created. +It was the custom for the commander of the host thus +to reward the distinguished services of a knight-bachelor +bearing a pennon, and he did so by tearing off the "fly," +or outer part of that flag, and by so doing giving it a +square form, thus making it a banner, and its bearer a +knight-banneret. The ceremony is thus described by +Blome.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> "The king (or his general), at the head of the +army, drawn up into battalia after a victory, under the +royal standard displayed, attended with all the field-officers +and nobles of the court, receives the knight led +between two renowned knights or valiant men-at-arms, +having his pennon or guydon of arms in his hand; +and before them the heralds, who proclaim his valiant +achievements, for which he deserves to be made a knight-banneret, +and to display his banner in the field. Then +the king (or general) says unto him <i>Advances toy, +Bannaret</i>, and causes the point of his pennon to be rent +off; and the new knight, having the trumpets before him +sounding, the nobles and officers accompanying him, is +remitted to his tent, where they are nobly entertained."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_9_9">[9]</a></span> +<i>Analogia Honoria</i>. London, 1637; p. 84.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page31" id="page31"></a>[pg 31]</span>But knights were thus promoted before a battle as +well as after it. Froissart relates the manner in which +the celebrated Sir John Chandos was made banneret by +the Black Prince before the battle of Navarete. The +whole scene forms a striking picture of an army of the +middle ages moving to battle. Upon the pennons of +the knights, penoncels of the squires, and banners of the +barons and bannerets, the army formed, or, in modern +phrase, dressed its line. The usual word of the attack was, +"Advance banners in the name of God and Saint +George." "When the sun was risen," writes Froissart, +"it was a beautiful sight to view these battalions, with +their brilliant armour glittering with its beams. In this +manner they nearly approached to each other. The +prince, with a few attendants, mounted a small hill, and +saw very clearly the enemy marching straight towards +them. Upon descending this hill he extended his line of +battle on the plain, and then halted. The Spaniards, +seeing the English halted, did the same, in order of +battle; then each man tightened his armour and made +ready as for instant combat. Sir John Chandos then +advanced in front of the battalions, with his banner +[pennon] uncased in his hand. He presented it to the +prince, saying 'My lord, here is my banner; I present it +to you that I may display it in whatever manner shall be +most agreeable to you, for, thanks to God, I have now +sufficient lands that will enable me so to do, and maintain +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>[pg 32]</span> +the rank which it ought to hold.' The prince, Don +Pedro being present, took the banner in his hands, which +was blazoned with a sharp stake gules, on a field argent; +and after having cut off the tail to make it square, he +displayed it, and, returning it to him by the handle, said, +'Sir John, I return you your banner: God give you +strength and honour to preserve it.' Upon this Sir John +left the prince, and went back to his men with the banner +in his hand."<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_10_10">[10]</a></span> +Johnes' <i>Froissart</i>, vol. i. p. 731.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">A banneret was expected to bring into the field at +least thirty men-at-arms—that is, knights or squires +mounted—at his own expense; and each of these, again, +besides his attendants on foot, ought to have had a +mounted crossbow-man, and a horseman armed with a +bow and axe—forming altogether a large troop. The +same force might be arrayed by a knight under a pennon, +but his accepting a banner bound him to bring out that +number at least. After the reign of Charles IV. this +obligation fell into disuse in France, and in England, soon +after that time, it also ceased to be observed.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> Judging, +however, from the contemporary heraldic poem of the +"Siege of Carlaverock" (June, 1300), it would appear that +early in the fourteenth century there was a banner to +every twenty-five or thirty men-at-arms. At that period +the English forces comprised the tenants <i>in capite</i> of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" id="page33"></a>[pg 33]</span> +crown, who were entitled to lead their contingent under a +banner of their arms—either by themselves or under a +deputy of equal rank. Thus at Carlaverock the Bishop +of Durham sent 160 of his men-at-arms, with his banner +intrusted to John de Hastings. But his banner on this +occasion bore, not the cognisance of the see, but simply +his paternal arms. Having mentioned this old poem—in +which the arms of every banneret in the English army +are accurately blazoned—it may be interesting to give +one of the opening verses, as an example of the Norman +French of the period—</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">"La ont meinte riche garnement</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Brode sur cendeaus et samis,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Meint beau penon en lance mis,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Meint baniere desploie."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">In English—There were many rich caparisons, embroidered +on silks and satins, many a beautiful penon +fixed to a lance, and many a banner displayed.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a> +<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_11_11">[11]</a></span> +Sir Walter Scott, <i>Essay on Chivalry</i>.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">In the Scottish wars, the banner of St. Cuthbert was, in +the English army, carried by a monk. This continued to +be done so late as the reign of Henry VIII. In the +same way the banner of St. John of Beverley was carried +by one of the vicars of Beverley College—who, by the +way, received eight pence halfpenny per diem as his +wages, to carry it after the king—a large sum in those +days—and a penny a day to carry it back.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> The bearer +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" id="page34"></a>[pg 34]</span> +of a banner, or bannerer as he was called, was in these +early times a very important personage. In the old +paintings in MSS. the persons holding the national or +royal banners are generally represented in the same kind +of armour as the chief leaders. And they were liberally +rewarded for their services. In 1361 Edward III. granted +Sir Guy de Bryon 200 marks a year for life for having +discreetly borne the king's banner at the siege of Calais +in 1347.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_12_12"> +<span class="label">[12]</span></a> +Prynne's <i>Antiquę Constitutiones Anglię</i>, vol. iii. p. 118.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_13_13"> +<span class="label">[13]</span></a> +<i>Calend. Rot. Patent.</i> p. 173.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">We learn from the "Siege of Carlaverock" that a pennon +hung out by the besieged was the signal for a parley. +When the castle surrendered there were placed on its +battlements, we are told, the banners of the king, of St. +George, of St. Edmund, and St. Edward, together with +those of the marshall and constable of the army. To +these were added the banner of the individual to whose +custody the castle was committed. But it is doubtful +whether in the fifteenth century any others but those of +the king and St. George were affixed to captured fortresses.</p> + +<p class="indent">In France the office of custodier of national banners—such +as the Oriflamme—was hereditary. It was the +same in Ireland, which claims a higher antiquity in the +use of banners than any other European nation; and in +Scotland the representative of the great house of Scrymgeour +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>[pg 35]</span> +enjoys the honour of being banner-bearer to the +sovereign.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_14_14"> +<span class="label">[14]</span></a> +<i>Vicissitudes of Families and other Essays</i>, by Sir Bernard Burke, 1st +series, p. 387.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">It was the custom in early times to have banners suspended +from trumpets. At the battle of Agincourt the +Duke of Brabant, who arrived on the field towards the +close of the conflict, is said, by St. Remy, to have taken +one of the banners from his trumpeters, and, cutting a +hole in the middle, made a surcoat of arms of it. To this +circumstance Shakespeare thus alludes—</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">"I will a banner from my trumpet take</span><br /> +<span class="i2">And use it for my haste."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Chaucer, too, notices banners being suspended from +trumpets—</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">"On every trump hanging a brod banere,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Of fine tartarium full richly bete,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Every trumpet his lorde's armes bere."<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></span> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_15_15"> +<span class="label">[15]</span></a> +<i>Flour and the Leafe</i>, 1 211.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">At coronations banners were also used; and in the +fifteenth century heralds, when despatched on missions, +appear to have carried a banner bearing their sovereign's +arms. Banners were also for a long time used at funerals. +It was not till about the period of the Revolution that +the practice fell into comparative desuetude.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36" id="page36"></a>[pg 36]</span></p> + +<h2><a name="x05" id="x05"></a>STANDARDS—THE ROYAL STANDARD.</h2> + +<p class="indent">The Standard was a large long flag, gradually tapering +towards the fly. According to the representation of a +standard, in a heraldic MS. at least as early as the +reign of Henry VII., in the British Museum, it was not +quite so deep but very much longer than a banner,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> and +it varied in size according to the rank of the owner. In +England that of a duke was seven yards in length, of +a banneret four and a half, and of a knight-bachelor four +yards.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_16_16"> +<span class="label">[16]</span></a> +<i>Harleian MSS.</i> 2259, f. 186.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The Royal Standard of England, when the sovereign +in person commanded the army, appears to have been of +two sizes. According to the MS. referred to, one of these +standards is to be "sett before the Kynges pavillion or +tente, and not to be borne in battayle, and to be in length +eleven yards." The other—"the Kynges standard <i>to be +borne</i>"—is to be "in lengthe eight or nine yards."</p> + +<p class="indent">The Royal Standard is a flag personal to the sovereign. +It was not always exclusively so, for in the seventeenth +century the Lord High Admiral, when personally in +command of the fleet, and sometimes also other commanders-in-chief, +flew as their flag of command, not the +Union, but the Standard. It was so flown at the main +by the Duke of Buckingham as Lord High Admiral, on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" id="page37"></a>[pg 37]</span> +the occasion when he disgraced the English flag in the +unfortunate expedition against the Isle of Rhé in 1627. +But now the Royal Standard is used only by the sovereign +in person, or as a decoration on royal fźte days. +There are depicted on it the royal arms, which have had +various forms in different periods of our history. The +standard of Edward the Confessor was azure a cross floré +between five martlets, or. The arms of William Duke of +Normandy, emblazoned on his standard, were two lions, +and they were borne by him and his successors, as the +royal arms of England, till the reign of Henry II. That +monarch married Eleanor, daughter and co-heiress of the +Duke of Aquitaine, whose arms—one lion—Henry added +to his own. Hence the three lions <i>passant gardant in +pale</i>, borne ever since as the ensigns of England. These +now occupy the first and fourth quarters of the standard, +but they did not always do so. The fleurs-de-lis of +France were, till a comparatively recent period, quartered +with the English arms, having been first borne by +Edward III. when he assumed the title of King of +France. Many noble families, both in this country and +on the Continent, have quartered the French lilies to show +their origin, or in acknowledgment of the tenure of important +fiefs there. Among the last may be mentioned the +arms of Sir John Stewart of Darnley, who obtained from +Charles VII. the lands and title of Aubigny, and the right +to quarter the arms of France with his own. But in all +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" id="page38"></a>[pg 38]</span> +these instances the fleurs-de-lis occupied a secondary +place. So if Henry II. had desired merely to show his +French connection, by maternal descent, he would have +placed them in the second and third quarters. But he +placed them in the first quarter, as arms of dominion, to +indicate that he claimed the kingdom by right, and our +sovereigns continued this idle pretence till so late as the +reign of George III. It was not till the union with Ireland +that it was discontinued.</p> + +<p class="indent">Some of the English kings bore personal standards +besides the flag of their own arms. Edward IV., besides +his royal standard, generally bore a banner with a white +rose. Henry VII. at the battle of Bosworth Field had +three personal standards, in addition to the standard of his +own arms. The blazon of these three, and how the king +disposed of them after the battle, are thus described in a +contemporary manuscript:—"With great pompe and +triumphe he roade through the Cytie to the Cathedral +Church of St. Paul where he offered his iij standards. +In the one was the image of St. George; in the second +was a red firye dragon beaten upon white and green sarcenet; +the third was of yellow tarterne [a kind of fine +cloth of silk] in the which was painted a donne Kowe."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_17_17"> +<span class="label">[17]</span></a> +<i>Lansdowne MSS.</i> 255, f. 433.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The Royal Standard of Scotland was a red lion rampant +on a gold field within a red double tressure, floré +counterfloré, of which the origin is veiled in the mists of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" id="page39"></a>[pg 39]</span> +antiquity. Our great heraldic authority, Nisbet, in common +with earlier writers, adopts the tradition which +assigns the assumption of the rampant lion to Fergus I., +who is alleged to have flourished as King of Scotland +about 330 years before Christ. He also refers to the +celebrated league which Charlemagne is said to have +entered into in the beginning of the ninth century with +Achaius, King of Scotland, on account of his assistance +in war, "for which special service performed by the Scots +the French king encompassed the Scots lion, which was +famous all over Europe, with a double tressure, flowered +and counterflowered with flower de luces, the armorial +figures of France, of the colour of the lion, to show that +it had formerly defended the French lilies, and that these +thereafter shall continue a defence for the Scots lion and +as a badge of friendship."<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> On the other hand Chalmers +observes that these two monarchs were probably not even +aware of each other's existence, and he suggests that the +lion—which first appears on the seal of Alexander II.—may +have been derived from the arms of the old Earls of +Northumberland and Huntingdon, from whom some of +the Scottish kings were descended. He adds, however, +that the lion was the cognisance of Galloway, and perhaps +also of all the Celtic nations. Chalmers also mentions an +"ould roll of armes," preserved by Leland, said to be of +the age of Henry III. (1216), and which the context +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>[pg 40]</span> +shows to be at least as old as the reign of Edward I. +(1272), in which the arms of Scotland are thus described: +"Le roy de Scosce dor a un lion de goules a un bordure dor +flurette de goules."<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> In 1471 the parliament of James III. +"ordanit that in tyme to cum thar suld be na double +tresor about his armys, but that he suld ber hale armys +of the lyoun without ony mar." If this alteration of the +blazon was ever actually made, it did not long continue.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_18_18"> +<span class="label">[18]</span></a> +<i>System of Heraldry</i>, vol. ii. part iii. p. 98.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_19_19"> +<span class="label">[19]</span></a> + <i>Caledonia</i>, i. 762, note (i.).</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_20_20"> +<span class="label">[20]</span></a> + Seton's <i>Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland</i>, p. 425.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">With one noted exception Scotland never quartered +the arms of any kingdom with her own. The exception +was when Mary Stuart claimed the arms and style of +England, and quartered these arms on her standard. +This was perhaps the first, and, as it proved, an inexpiable +provocation to Elizabeth.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> Mary's mode of blazoning +was peculiar. She bore Scotland and England quarterly—the +former being placed first, and, over all, <i>the +dexter half</i> of an escutcheon of pretence, charged with the +arms of England, the sinister half being obscured in order +to intimate that she was kept out of her right.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_21_21"> +<span class="label">[21]</span></a> + Hallam's <i>Constitutional History</i>, 4th edit. i. 127.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_22_22"> +<span class="label">[22]</span></a> + Strype's <i>Annals</i>, quoted by Mr. Seton, p. 427.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">On the accession of James I. the Royal Standard of +England was altered. The arms of France and England +quarterly appeared in the first and fourth quarters, those +of Scotland in the second, and in the third the golden +harp of Ireland, which had taken the place of the three +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page41" id="page41"></a>[pg 41]</span> +crowns. But an exception occurred in the case of William +III., who, on his landing in England, had a standard bearing +the motto, "The Protestant Religion and Liberties +of England," and, under the royal arms of England, +instead of "Dieu et mon Droit," the words "And I will +maintain it." Afterwards he impaled on his standard the +arms of Mary with his own. They are represented in +this form in a MS. of the Harleian Library, on a banner +per pale orange and yellow. After his elevation to the +throne William placed over the arms of the queen, which +were those of her father James II., his own paternal +coat of Nassau.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_23_23"> +<span class="label">[23]</span></a> +Willement's <i>Regal Heraldry</i>, p. 95.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">George III. when he left out the ensigns of France +marshalled on his standard those of his Germanic states +in an escutcheon of pretence—a small shield in the centre +point. This was omitted on the accession of Queen +Victoria, who bears on her standard the arms of England +in the first and fourth quarters, Scotland in the second, +and Ireland in the third. (See Plate IV. No. 1, p. 108.)</p> + +<p class="indent">But while the Royal Standard was, on the accession of +James I., altered for England in the way I have described, +it was displayed according to a different blazon in Scotland. +For a long period, whenever the standard was +used to the north of the Tweed, the Scottish arms +had precedence by being placed in the first and fourth +quarters. On the great seal of Scotland this precedence +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>[pg 42]</span> +is still continued, and the Scottish unicorn also +occupies the dexter side of the shield as a supporter. +But on the standard the arms of Scotland have now lost +their precedence, those of England being placed in the +first quarter, and although there has been much controversy +on the subject, I agree with Mr. Seton<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> that it is +better that the arrangement should be so. The standard +is the personal flag of the sovereign of one united kingdom, +and heraldic propriety appears to require that only +one unvarying armorial achievement should be used on +it—that of the larger and more important kingdom taking +precedence, although Nisbet<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> claims precedence for the +Scottish arms on the achievement of Great Britain as +those of "the ancientest sovereignty."<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> I certainly do not +agree with Mr. Seton, however, that either in the arms +or supporters precedence ought to be granted to England +"in accordance with the sentiment of certain well-known +classical lines:—</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">"'The Lion and the Unicorn</span><br /> +<span class="i4">Were fighting for the Crown,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">The Lion beat the Unicorn</span><br /> +<span class="i4">All round the town.'"<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></span> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_24_24"> +<span class="label">[24]</span></a> +<i>Scottish Heraldry</i>, p. 445.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_25_25"> +<span class="label">[25]</span></a> +Vol ii. part iii. p. 90.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_26_26"> +<span class="label">[26]</span></a> +Sir George Mackenzie says: "The King of Scotland being equal in dignity +with the Kings of England, France, and Spain, attained to that dignity +before any of these." He therefore claims precedence for Scotland over all +these kingdoms. <i>Treatise on Precedency</i>, p. 4.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_27_27"> +<span class="label">[27]</span></a> +<i>Scottish Heraldry</i>, p. 446.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" id="page43"></a>[pg 43]</span> +I do not know where Mr. Seton got that version, inconsistent +as it is alike with patriotism and with historical +accuracy. It is certainly not the correct one. The true +version, familiar to every boy in Scotland, is more impartial, +and it has more fun in it. It runs thus:—</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">"The Lion and the Unicorn,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Fighting for the Crown:</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Up came a little dog</span><br /> +<span class="i2">And knocked them both down."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p>—the "little dog" being the small lion which stands defiantly +on the crown, and constitutes the royal crest at the +top of the achievement.</p> + +<p class="indent">The supporters of the Scottish arms were two unicorns. +In England, previous to the accession of the +Stuarts, the supporters of the royal arms were changed +at the caprice of the sovereign, and almost every +king or queen adopted new ones. From these, and +from the royal badges, came many of the curious names +which may be found in old lists of ships. Such as +the "Antelope," which refers to one of the supporters of +Henry VI.; the "Bull" of Edward IV.; the "Dragon" +of Henry VIII. and of Elizabeth. So also the badges: +the "Sun," "Rose in the Sun," and "Falcon in the Fetterlock," +were all worn by Edward IV. The "Double +Rose" speaks for itself, and the "Hawthorn" belonged to +Henry VIII.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> The supporters assumed by King James, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>[pg 44]</span> +and continued to all his successors, were a lion on the +dexter side, and on the sinister one of the Scottish unicorns—the +latter displacing the red dragon of the Tudor +family.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_28_28"> +<span class="label">[28]</span></a> +<i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>, by J. K. Laughton, M.A.R.N., 1879.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">In ships the Royal Standard is never hoisted now +except when her Majesty is on board, or a member +of the royal family other than the Prince of Wales. +When the latter is on board his own standard is +hoisted. It is the same as that of the Queen, except +that it bears a label argent of three points, with the +arms of Saxony on an escutcheon of pretence. The +standard of the Duke of Edinburgh is the same as that +of the Prince of Wales, except that the points of the label +are charged, the first and third with a blue anchor, and +the second with the St. George's cross. Wherever the +sovereign is residing the Royal Standard is hoisted; and +on royal anniversaries and state occasions it is hoisted +at certain fortresses or stations—home and foreign—specified +in the Queen's Regulations.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x06" id="x06"></a>STANDARDS BORNE BY NOBLES.</h2> + +<p class="indent">Standards borne by subjects were, in early times, +according to the Tudor MS. to be "slitt at the end," +but they appear to have been also borne square. This +is the form in an old standard of Richard, Earl of Warwick—circa +1437—bearing his badge of the bear and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" id="page45"></a>[pg 45]</span> +ragged staff (Fig. 20). Shakespeare<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> alludes to this device +when he puts into the mouth of Warwick the words—</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">"Now by my father's badge, old Neville's crest,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">The rampant bear chained to the ragged staff."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 230px;"> +<a name="i_048" id="i_048"></a> +<img src="images/i_048.png" width="230" height="300" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 20.—Standard of the Earl of +Warwick, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1437.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">But Shakespeare was out in his heraldry here, first in +confounding the badge with a crest, and secondly in calling +it Neville's, for the bear and the ragged staff had +been the badge not of the +Nevilles but of the Beauchamps, +who preceded Warwick +in the earldom.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> This +old Earl of Warwick had a +similar device on the flag which +he flew in his ship. It was a +long flag, having the cross of +St. George on the upper part—then +the bear and ragged +staff, and the remainder covered +with ragged staffs. It is +interesting to note that the +account for this and other flags made for the earl in 1437, +is preserved. The one just referred to is described as "a +great Stremour for the ship of xi yerdis length and viij +yerdis in brede," and the price for making it was "j<sup>li</sup> vi<sup>s</sup> +viii<sup>d</sup>."<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_29_29"> +<span class="label">[29]</span></a> +<i>King Henry VI.</i> part ii. act v. sc. 1.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_30_30"> +<span class="label">[30]</span></a> +Seton's <i>Scottish Heraldry</i>, p. 252.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_31_31"> +<span class="label">[31]</span></a> +<i>Antiquities of Warwickshire.</i></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>[pg 46]</span> +In the Advocates' Library there is preserved an interesting +flag, which is said to have been the standard borne +by the Earl Marshall at the battle of Flodden (Fig. 21). +It is thus described in the paper which accompanies it: +"The standard of the Earl Marshall of Scotland, carried +at the battle of Flodden, 1513, by <i>black</i> John Skirving of +Plewland Hill, his standard-bearer. Skirving was taken +prisoner, having previously, however, concealed the banner +about his person. The relic was handed down in the +Skirving family, and presented to the Faculty of Advocates +by William Skirving of Edinburgh, in the beginning +of the present century. The arms and motto are those +of the Keith family."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_049" id="i_049"></a> +<img src="images/i_049.png" width="500" height="233" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 21.—Flag of the Earl Marshall.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The flag may have been borne by the earl at Flodden, +but the devices on it are certainly not his <i>arms</i>. The +arms of the Earl Marshall were, argent, on a chief gules +three pallets or; or, as it is otherwise given by Nisbet, +pallé of six, or and gules. The <i>crest</i> of the earl, however, +was a hart's head, and he had for supporters two +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>[pg 47]</span> +harts. His motto also was that which appears on the +banner, "Veritas vincit." That the full arms should +not appear on the standard I can understand, for it +was not common to place them there, and in England +the Tudor MS. prescribes that, besides the cross of +St. George, standards and guidons are to have on them +not the arms, but only the bearers "<i>beast</i> or crest, with +his devyce and word." It is possible, therefore, that the +earl may have placed on his flag his well-known crest +with the heads of the two harts forming his supporters, +though such an arrangement would be unusual.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_051" id="i_051"></a> +<img src="images/i_051.png" width="500" height="187" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 22.—Standard of Earl Douglas, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1388.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The relic of a still older fight than that of Flodden is +still preserved in Scotland in the standard borne by Earl +Douglas at Otterburn—one of the most chivalrous battles, +according to Froissart, that was ever fought. The story, +as told in all the histories,<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> is that shortly before the battle, +in a skirmish before Newcastle, Douglas, in a personal +encounter with Percy, won the pennon of the English +leader, and boasted that he would carry it to Scotland +and plant it on his castle of Dalkeith; and till lately this +standard was supposed to be the flag so captured. But +recent investigation has shown that the flag—which, by +the way, is not a pennon but a standard thirteen feet +long—is that of Douglas himself, which of course his son +would be careful to preserve and bring back. The flag +is now much faded, and the second word of the motto +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" id="page48"></a>[pg 48]</span> +was, when I saw it lately, not legible, but the motto +is undoubtedly that of Earl +Douglas, "Jamais arriere" +(Fig. 22). The devices are +not the arms as borne by his +descendants the Dukes of +Douglas;—indeed they are +not arranged as a coat of +arms at all. But the lion +rampant for Galloway, the +saltire for the lordship of +Annandale, and the heart and +the star, are all Douglas bearings. +Curiously enough, there +are two hearts, while the later +earls bore only one, and there +is only one star, while on their +shields they carried three. +The real trophies, the capture +of which, in all probability, +precipitated the battle, +are to be found in two other +relics which are preserved +along with the flag. They +consist of two lady's gauntlets, +fringed with filigree work +in silver, on each of which is embroidered the white lion +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>[pg 49]</span> +of the Percys. The gloves are of different sizes, and were +perhaps love pledges, carried by Percy suspended from +his spear or helmet, as was the fashion of the time; and +the loss of such tokens was quite as likely as the loss of a +personal flag, to cause the Northumbrian knight to pursue +Douglas and force him to battle.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> These relics are in +the possession of the family of Douglas of Cavers in +Roxburghshire, descended +from the earl +who was slain at Otterburn.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_32_32"> +<span class="label">[32]</span></a> Tytler's <i>History of Scotland</i>, ii. 365, &c.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_33_33"> +<span class="label">[33]</span></a> +Paper read by Mr. J. A. H. Murray of Hawick to the Hawick Archęological +Society.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_052" id="i_052"></a> +<img src="images/i_052.png" width="500" height="477" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 23.—Banner of the Douglas's.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Along with them +is preserved another +old flag of the +Douglas's, but evidently +of a later date. +It is a good example +of the square banner +borne by knights of +noble rank. It is +about 28 inches square, and bears on a shield the +Douglas arms, but with the heart as originally borne +before it was ensigned with a crown, and the chivalric +motto still used by the Cavers family, "Doe or die" +(Fig. 23).</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>[pg 50]</span></p> + +<h2>FLAGS BORNE BY TRADES.</h2> + +<p class="indent">Besides national and personal flags, those of Trades +and Companies were frequently carried in armies, and of +these many examples occur in the illuminated copies of +Froissart. On one occasion we find on a banner azure a +chevron between a hammer, trowel, and plumb. On another +there is an axe and two pairs of compasses. And on +the painting of the battle between Philip d'Artevel and +the Flemings, and the King of France, banners occur +charged with boots and shoes, drinking vessels, &c. In +Scotland an interesting example is preserved of a Trades +flag which was borne at Flodden, and which was presented +in 1482 by James III. to the Trades of Edinburgh +(Fig. 24). It is familiarly known as the <i>Blue Blanket</i>, and +is in the possession of the Trades' Maidens' Hospital of +Edinburgh. In an accompanying memorandum it is +described thus: "The Blue Blanket or standard of the +Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh. Renewed by Margaret, +Queen of James III., King of Scots: Borne by the +craftsmen at the battle of Flodden in 1513, and displayed +on subsequent occasions when the liberties of the city or +the life of the sovereign were in danger."</p> + +<p class="indent">The field of the flag has been blue, but it is now much +faded. In the upper corner is the white saltire of Scotland, +with the crown above and the thistle in base. On +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>[pg 51]</span> +a scroll in the upper part of the flag are the words, "Fear +God and Honor the king with a long life and a prosperous +reigne;" and, in a scroll below, the words, "And we +that is Tradds shall ever pray to be faithfull for the +defence of his sacred Majestes royal persone till death." +The flag is about ten feet in length.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_054" id="i_054"></a> +<img src="images/i_054.png" width="500" height="390" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 24.—The "Blue Blanket," <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1482.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x07" id="x07"></a>FLAGS OF THE COVENANTERS.</h2> + +<p class="indent">Of the flags borne in Scotland by the Covenanters, in +their noble struggle for liberty, several are extant, and connected +as they are with so important a part of Scottish +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>[pg 52]</span> +national history, they are replete with interest. One of +these, which is preserved by the Antiquarian Society of +Edinburgh, bears the national cross, the white saltire of +Scotland, with five roses in the centre point, and the inscription +"For religion, Covenants, king, and kingdomes" +(Fig. 25).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_055" id="i_055"></a> +<img src="images/i_055.png" width="500" height="408" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 25.—Flag of the Covenanters, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1679.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">For the description of another of these flags of the +Covenanters, to which a more than usual interest attaches, +we are indebted to the late distinguished artist and archęologist +Mr. James Drummond, R.S.A.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> Mr. Drummond +says it was known as "the Bluidy Banner," and it is important +as confirming a statement which had been disputed, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>[pg 53]</span> +namely, that Hamilton of Preston, who commanded +the Covenanters at the battle of Bothwell Brig, gave out +"No quarter" as the word of the day. Hamilton himself, +in his "Vindication," not only acknowledges this, but +boasts of it—"blessing God for it," he says, and "desiring +to bless his holy name that since he helped me to set +my face to his work, I never had nor would take a favour +from mine enemies, either on the right or left hand, and +desire to give as few." But Wodrow denies the statement—characterizing +it as an unjust imputation on the +Covenanters, and in this he is followed by Dr. M'Crie. +The discovery of the flag, however, puts the matter +beyond doubt. Mr. Drummond found it in the possession +of an old gentleman and his sister in East Lothian, +and it was only after much persuasion that he was allowed +to see it and take a drawing of it. On his asking the +old lady why she objected to show it to strangers, she +said: "It's the Bluidy Banner, ye ken, and what would +the Roman Catholics say if they kenned that our forbears +had fought under such a bluidy banner." By Roman +Catholics Mr. Drummond understood her to include +Episcopalians and all others of a different religious persuasion +from her own. The flag is of blue silk. The first +line of the inscription, which is composed of gilt letters, is in +the Hebrew language—"Jehovah Nissi"—the Lord is my +banner. The next line is painted in white—"For Christ +and his truths;" and then come the words, in a reddish or +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" id="page54"></a>[pg 54]</span> +blood colour, "No quarters for y<sup>e</sup> active enimies of y<sup>e</sup> +Covenant." The detailed account given by the custodiers +to Mr. Drummond, left no doubt as to the authenticity of +this flag. (See Plate II.)</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_34_34"> +<span class="label">[34]</span></a> +Paper read before the Society of Antiquarians of Scotland, 14th June, +1859.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="i_058" id="i_058"></a> +<img src="images/i_058.png" width="600" height="423" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">PLATE II. "THE BLUIDIE BANNER" CARRIED AT BOTHWELL BRIG. A.D. 1679.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x08" id="x08"></a>NATIONAL FLAGS.</h2> + +<p class="indent">But I must proceed to speak of our national flags. For +a long time the distinguishing flag of England has been +a red cross on a white field. The flag of Scotland is a +white saltire (or St. Andrew's cross) on a blue field, and +what has come to be called the flag of Ireland is a red +saltire on a white field. But Ireland, strictly speaking, +never had till lately a national flag. The kings of Ireland +previous to 1172 were not hereditary but elective. They +were chosen from among the petty kings, and each king, +when elected, brought with him and continued to use his +own standard. After the invasion of 1172 the standard of +Ireland bore three golden crowns on a blue field, and the +three crowns appear on ancient Irish coins. Henry VIII. +relinquished this device for the harp, from an apprehension, +it is said, that the three crowns might be taken for +the triple crown of the pope; but the harp did not appear +in the royal standard till it was placed there by James I. +Neither had St. Patrick a cross. The cross-saltire, so far +as it belongs to any saint, is sacred to St. Andrew only. +The origin of the Scottish saltire, however, may possibly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>[pg 55]</span> +be found in the sacred monogram—the Greek X (CH), +the initial letter of our Lord's name as borne by the +Emperor Constantine, to which I have already referred. +I do not know when the Irish saltire was first introduced, +as a national flag, but from the early conquest of Ireland +the Fitzgeralds have borne as their arms a red saltire on +a white field.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_35_35"> +<span class="label">[35]</span></a> +<i>Heraldry of the Sea.</i></p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x09" id="x09"></a>THE UNION FLAG.</h2> + +<p class="indent">In 1603, on the union of the <i>crowns</i> of England and +Scotland, the first union flag was formed by the combination +of St. George's cross with the saltire of Scotland; +but this flag appears to have been used for ships +only. The order by the king for its construction and use +bears to have been made "in consequence of certain +differences between his subjects of North and South Britain +anent the bearing of their flags;" and in the proclamation +issued in 1606, King James appoints that +"from henceforth all our subjects of this Isle and Kingdom +of Great Britain shall bear in the maintop the red +cross commonly called St. George's Cross, and the white +cross commonly called St. Andrew's Cross, joined together +according to a form made by our heralds, and sent by +us to our admiral to be published to our said subjects." +This was the first union flag. The Scots being, however, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>[pg 56]</span> +sensitively jealous of England, insisted on using their own +national flag as well as the union, and it was no doubt +owing to this that the proclamation goes on to provide +that "in their foretop our subjects of South Britain shall +wear the red cross only as they were wont, and our subjects +of North Britain in their foretop the white cross +only, as they were accustomed." In the ensign the union +was not worn till a considerable time afterwards—the +union by itself being then as now worn by the king's +ships as a jack at the bowsprit.</p> + +<p class="indent">On the death of Charles I. the Commonwealth Parliament, +professing to be the Parliament of England only, +and of Ireland as a dependency, expunged the Scottish +cross from the flag with its blue field. The flag of command +ordered to take the place of the union, and to be +borne by the admirals of the respective squadrons, at +the main, fore, and mizen, is described<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> as "the arms of +England and Ireland in two escutcheons on a red flag +within a compartment or,"—that of the admiral, according +to Mr. Pepys, being encircled by a laurel wreath, while +those of the vice and rear-admirals were plain. The +ensigns showed the Irish harp on the fly.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_36_36"> +<span class="label">[36]</span></a> +Order dated 5th March, 1649.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_37_37"> +<span class="label">[37]</span></a> +<i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>, p. 8.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">On the Restoration in 1660 the union flag was reintroduced, +and when England and Scotland became +constitutionally united in 1707, this was confirmed, with +an order that it should be used "in all flags, banners, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>[pg 57]</span> +standards, and ensigns, <i>both at sea and land</i>." The order +in council bears "that the flaggs be according to the +draft marked C, wherein the crosses of St. George and +St. Andrew are conjoined;" but none of the drafts appear +in the Register. A representation of this flag will be +found in Plate III. No. <span class="smcap">I.</span>, and there being no draft to +copy, I have given it according to the verbal blazon, viz. +azure a saltire argent surmounted by a cross gules fimbriated +of the second—that is, the St. George's cross with +a narrow white border.</p> + +<p class="indent">On the union with Ireland in the beginning of the +present century the Irish saltire was introduced. The +St. George's cross remained as it was, but the saltires of +Scotland and Ireland were placed side by side, but "counterchanged"—that +is, in the first and third divisions or +quarters, the white, as senior, is uppermost, and in the +second and fourth the red is uppermost. The "verbal +blazon," or written direction, is very distinct, but in +making the flag, or rather in showing pictorially how it +was to be represented, a singular and very absurd error +occurred, which, in the manufacture of our flags, has been +continued to the present day, and which it may be interesting +to explain.</p> + +<p class="indent">The verbal blazon is contained in the minute by the +king in council, and in the proclamation which followed +on it, issued on 1st of January, 1801. I need not give +the technical words; suffice to say that the flag is appointed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>[pg 58]</span> +to be blue, with the three crosses, or rather, the one +cross and two saltires combined. And, in order to meet +a law in heraldry, that colour is not to be placed on colour, +or metal upon metal, it is directed that where the red +crosses of England and Ireland come in contact with the +blue ground of the flag, they are to be "fimbriated"—that +is, separated from the blue by a very narrow border +of one of the metals—in this case silver, or white. Of +heraldic necessity this border of both the red crosses fell +to be of the same breadth. To use the words of the +written blazon, the St. George's cross is to be "fimbriated +<i>as the saltire</i>;" a direction so plain that the merest tyro +in heraldry could not fail to understand it, and be able to +paint the flag accordingly.</p> + +<p class="indent">Let me premise another thing. It is a universal rule +in heraldry that the verbal blazon, when such exists, is +alone of authority. Different artists may, from ignorance +or from carelessness, express the drawing differently from +the directions before them, and this occurs every day; but +no one is or can be misled by that if he has the verbal +blazon to refer to.</p> + +<p class="indent">Now, in the important case of the Union flag it so +happened that the artist who, according to the practice +usual in such cases, was instructed to make a drawing of +the flag on the margin of the king's order in council, +was either careless or ignorant or stupid. Most probably +he was all three, and here is how he depicted it. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page59" id="page59"></a>[pg 59]</span> +horizontal lines represent blue and the perpendicular red; +the rest is white. (See Fig. 26.)</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_064" id="i_064"></a> +<img src="images/i_064.png" width="500" height="449" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 26.—Union Flag as depicted <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1801.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Now here, it will be observed, the red saltire of Ireland +is "fimbriated" white, according to the instructions; and +this is done with perfect accuracy, by the narrowest possible +border. But the St. George's cross, instead of +being fimbriated in the same way—which the written +blazon expressly says it shall be—is not fimbriated at all. +The cross is placed upon a ground of white so broad that +it ceases to be a border. The practical effect of this, and +its only heraldic meaning, is, that the centre of the flag, +instead of being occupied solely by the St. George's cross, +is occupied by <i>two crosses</i>, a white cross with a red one +superinduced on it. So palpable is this that Mr. Laughton, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>[pg 60]</span> +the accomplished lecturer on naval history at the Royal +Naval College, in a lecture recently published, suggests +that this is perhaps what was really intended. "A +fimbriation," he says, "is a narrow border to prevent the +unpleasing effect of metal on metal or colour on colour. +It should be as narrow as possible to mark the contrast. +But the white border of our St. George's cross is not, +strictly speaking, a fimbriation at all. It is a white cross +of one-third the width of the flag surmounted of a red +cross." And his hypothesis is that this may have been +intended to commemorate a tradition of the combination +of the red cross of England with the white cross of France.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> +The suggestion is ingenious and interesting, but it has +clearly no foundation. There might have been something +to say for it had there been only the drawing to guide us. +In that case, indeed, the theory of Mr. Laughton, or +some one similar, would be absolutely necessary to account +for the two crosses. But Mr. Laughton overlooks the +important facts, first, that we possess in the verbal blazon +distinct written instructions; secondly, that where such +exist no drawing which is at variance with them can +possess any authority; and lastly, that in this case the +verbal blazon not only is silent as to a second cross, but +it expressly prescribes that there shall be only one, that +of St. George. To that nothing is to be added—nothing, +that is, but the narrow border or fimbriation necessary to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>[pg 61]</span> +meet the heraldic requirement to separate it from the +blue ground of the flag, the same as is directed to be +done, and as has been done, with the saltire of Ireland.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_38_38"> +<span class="label">[38]</span></a> +<i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>, 1879.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Some years ago I called the attention of the Admiralty +to this extraordinary blunder, and I pointed out then, just +what Mr. Laughton has done in his recent lecture, that +the flag, as made, really shows two crosses in the centre. +The Admiralty referred the matter to Garter King of +Arms, but Sir Albert Woods, while he did not say a word +in defence of the arrangement, would not interfere. "The +flag," he said, "was made according to the drawing,"—which +was too true—"and it was exhibited," he added, +"in the same way on the colours of the Queen's infantry +regiments;" and, naturally enough, he declined the responsibility +of advising a change. And so it remains. +I may observe, however, that in one, at least, of the +Horse Guards' patterns, the arrangement of the tinctures +is not, as Sir Albert supposes, according to the original +drawing, and it is different from the pattern prescribed by +the Admiralty. I refer to the flag prescribed for the use +of military authorities "when embarked in boats or other +vessels." In that flag, of which an official copy is now +before me, the fimbriation of the Irish saltire is of much +greater breadth than it is in the Admiralty flag, while +that saltire itself is considerably reduced in breadth.</p> + +<p class="indent">Besides the error in the border of the St. George's +cross, the breadth of the Irish saltire in all our flags, as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>[pg 62]</span> +now manufactured, is less than that of the white cross +of Scotland, which is clearly wrong. For obvious reasons, +and according to the written blazon, they ought to be the +same. Indeed, all the three crosses ought to be of the +same breadth. So great, however, is the difference in +practice, that in the official Admiralty Directions for the +construction of a flag of given dimensions, while the St. +George's cross is appointed to be 18 inches in breadth, +that of St. Andrew is to be only 9 inches, and the Irish +cross only 6—this last being exactly the same as the +breadth appointed for the border of the cross of St. +George!</p> + +<p class="indent">Figure <span class="smcap">II.</span> of Plate III. shows the flag as made according +to the erroneous pattern now in use. Figure <span class="smcap">III.</span> shows it +as it ought to be, and as it is appointed to be made by +the distinct terms of the verbal blazon, in the order by +the king in council. But the breadth of the St. George's +cross I have left unaltered.</p> + +<p class="indent">It is to be hoped that heraldic propriety will prevail +over a practice originating in obvious error, and that our +national flag will be flown according to its true blazon. +The correction would be very easily made. The reduction +of the breadth of the border of St. George's cross +and the slight increase in the width of the Irish saltire +would be little noticed, while, besides correcting obvious +errors, it would have the advantage of bringing the flag, +in one important respect, into conformity with the design +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" id="page63"></a>[pg 63]</span> +as represented on the coinage. On the reverse of our +beautiful bronze coins the St. George's cross on Britannia's +shield is fimbriated as it ought to be, that is, by the +narrow border prescribed by the written blazon.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 423px;"> +<a name="i_068" id="i_068"></a> +<img class="border" src="images/i_068.png" width="423" height="700" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">UNION FLAGS AND PENDANT. PLATE III.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> +<a name="i_071" id="i_071"></a> +<img src="images/i_071.png" width="300" height="282" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 27.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">But if the penny is right in that respect, it exhibits +another extraordinary example of our slipshod heraldry, +by a variation of a different and more startling kind. My +complaint against the flag, as made, is, that it represents +four crosses, but on the penny there are only two. This +was all right when the design was first made in the reign +of Charles II., but when the third cross was added to the +flag the three crosses should have appeared on the coin. A +desire to adhere to the original design cannot certainly be +pleaded, for there have been many changes in this figure +of Britannia. She was first placed there by Charles II. +in honour of the beautiful Duchess of Richmond, who sat +to the sculptor for the figure. But her drapery on the +coin of those days was very scanty, and her semi-nude +state was hardly in keeping with the stormy waves beside +which she was seated. Queen Anne, like a modest lady +as she was, put decent clothing on her, and made her +stand upright, and took away her shield, crosses and all. +In the subsequent reigns she was allowed to sit down +again, and she got back her shield, with the trident in her +left hand and an olive-branch in the right. On the present +coinage—a copy of which (the penny) is shown in +Fig. 27—the drapery of Queen Anne is retained, but the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" id="page64"></a>[pg 64]</span> +figure is entirely turned round, and faces the sinister side +of the coin, instead of the dexter, as at first, and the olive-branch +(<i>absit omen</i>) has been taken +away. But with all these changes +there remain only two crosses on the +shield. The reader will naturally +suppose, however, that the omission +consisted in not adding the Irish +saltire to that of Scotland, which had +been there from the first. But no. +In this instance there was certainly no "injustice to Ireland," +for the extraordinary thing is, that the St. Andrew's +cross has been taken away altogether, and the saltire of +Ireland, distinguished by its fimbriated border, has been +put in its place, Scotland being not now represented on +the coin at all. Of course this has arisen from mere carelessness +at the Mint, but it is an error which ought to be +at once corrected.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x10" id="x10"></a>THE UNION JACK.</h2> + +<p class="indent">But to return to our flags. The Union Jack is a +diminutive of the Union. It is exclusively a ship flag, and, +although of the same pattern as the Union, it ought never +to be called the Union <i>Jack</i> except when it is flown on +the jack-staff,—a staff on the bowsprit or fore part of a ship. +It is extraordinary how little this distinction is understood. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id="page65"></a>[pg 65]</span> +For example, in the Queen's Regulations for the army a +list of stations is given at which it is directed that "the +national flag, <i>the Union Jack</i>, is authorized to be hoisted." +And in a general order issued from the North British +Head Quarters as to the arrangements to be observed on +a recent occasion of the sitting of the General Assembly in +Edinburgh, it was stated that "the Union Jack" would be +displayed from the Castle and at the Palace of Holyrood. +But the <i>Union Jack</i> is never flown on shore. The proper +name of the national flag is <i>the Union</i>. It is the shore +flag, and, except personal flags, the only one which is displayed +from fortresses and other stations.</p> + +<p class="indent">At the Royal Arsenal and a few other stations the +Union flag is displayed daily. At others, such as Sandgate +Castle and Rye, it is flown only on anniversaries. At +Tilbury, Edinburgh Castle, and other places, it is hoisted +on Sundays and anniversaries. And there are similar +rules for foreign stations.</p> + +<p class="indent">On board her Majesty's ships the Union is sometimes +displayed, but only on special occasions. It is +hoisted at the mizen top-gallant-masthead when the +Queen is on board, the Royal Standard and the flag +of the Lord High Admiral being at the same time +hoisted at the main and fore top-gallant-mastheads respectively. +And an Admiral of the Fleet hoists the +Union at the main top-gallant-masthead. The Army +Regulations, however, referring to the presence of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>[pg 66]</span> +Queen on board ship, again confound the two flags, and +prescribe that a salute shall be fired by forts whenever +a ship passes showing the flags which indicate the +presence of the sovereign, and among these is specified +"<i>the Union Jack</i> at the mizen top-gallant-masthead." If +the commandant of a fortress acted on this, her Majesty +might pass every day of the year without a salute, as he +would certainly never see the Union <i>Jack</i> in that position. +The mistake is the more curious as the Regulations +elsewhere distinguish the Union Jack from the Union by +speaking of the latter as the "Great Union."</p> + +<p class="indent">The Jack when flown from the mast with a white +border is the signal for a pilot. In this case it is called +the Pilot Jack. When flown from the bowsprit of a +merchant ship it must also have a white border.</p> + +<p class="indent">It has been said that the term "Jack" is derived from +the name of the sovereign James I. (<i>Jacques</i>), in whose +reign it was constructed. This is the legend at the +Admiralty, but it is of doubtful authority. The Oxford +Glossary says there is not a shadow of evidence for it, +and traces the word to the surcoat worn of old by the +soldiery called a <i>jacque</i>—whence jacket. But this also is +doubtful.</p> + +<p class="indent">The Union, or junction of the three crosses, is used in +other cases in the royal navy, and also in the merchant +service, not by itself, but in certain combinations.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>[pg 67]</span></p> + +<h2><a name="x11" id="x11"></a>THE ENSIGN.</h2> + +<p class="indent">The flag under which all our ships now sail is the +Ensign.</p> + +<p class="indent">In early times every chieftain or knight, whether +serving in the field or on board ship, had his own distinguishing +flag, and if several knights were embarked in +one ship, the ship carried the flags of them all. In one +of the illuminations of the reign of Henry VI., the sides +of a ship are covered with shields, and in other examples +armorial devices are even shown painted on the sails. +When engaged in any active service, a ship would carry +also the flag of the leader or admiral, and, in addition to this, +the emblem of some patron saint, depending in this on +the caprice or superstition of the owner. Besides these a +ship usually bore the flag of her port—a usage which, so +far as merchant ships are concerned, still holds among us +in the practice of carrying what are known as "house +flags," though now strictly subordinated to that of carrying +the national ensign. With ships of other countries +the usage continued till comparatively lately. In France, +down to the Revolution, merchant ships flew the flag of +their port more commonly than the flag of France; as for +instance, of Marseilles, white with a blue cross; or of +Dunkirk, barry of six argent and azure, with the alternative +of the old English white ensign, white with a small +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>[pg 68]</span> +St. George's cross in the upper corner next the hoist, +derived from the English sovereignty in the seventeenth +century.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> In the same way in the Baltic: in the Netherlands +almost every port had its own flag, and the free +towns of Germany till quite recently followed the same +practice. It was the same in England in early times—a +sailor being more a sailor of his port than of his country.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_39_39"> +<span class="label">[39]</span></a> +Laughton's <i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Now, as a rule, the ships of all countries sail under their +national colours. With us the flag under which all our +ships sail is the Ensign, of which there are three—the +white, the blue, and the red. It is a large flag of one of +the colours named, with the Union in a square or canton +at the upper part of the hoist. I may explain that the +portion of a flag next the staff or rope from which it is +flown is called the hoist, the next is called the centre, +and the outer portion the fly. Besides the Union in +the canton, the white ensign has the St. George's cross +extending over the whole field.</p> + +<p class="indent">Although the Union flag of Great Britain was appointed +by royal order in 1606, it was not inserted in +the Ensign till 1707. Previous to that the Ensign bore +only the English cross in the canton.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the royal navy, not always, but for some time +previous to 1864, the fleet consisted of three divisions +called the White, the Blue, and the Red Squadrons, each +carrying its distinctive Ensign, and, latterly, each having +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>[pg 69]</span> +its admiral called after the colour of his flag. But till +1805 there was no admiral of the Red. Previous to that +the admiral commanding in the centre flew at the main, +not the red flag, but the Union.</p> + +<p class="indent">The first notice of the division of the fleet appears in a +MS. report by Mr. Pepys, secretary to the Admiralty, in +which it is stated that in the Duke of Buckingham's expedition +against the Isle of Rhé in 1627 the fleet was thus +divided. The notice is interesting:—"The Duke now lying +at Portsmouth divided his Fleete into squadrons. Himselfe, +Admirall and Generall in Chiefe, went in y<sup>e</sup> Triumph, +bearing the standard of England in y<sup>e</sup> maine topp, and +Admirall particular of the bloody colours. The Earle of +Lindsay was vice-Admirall to the Fleete in the Rainbowe, +bearing the king's usual colours in his fore topp, and a blew +flag in his maine topp, and was admiral of the blew colours. +The Lord Harvey was Rear Admirall in y<sup>e</sup> Repulse bearing +the king's usual colours in his mizen, and a white flag +in the maine topp, and was Admirall of y<sup>e</sup> squadron of +white colours." In this instance it will be observed the +blue flag took precedence of the white. Under the Commonwealth +the blue was put down to the third place, and +when on the Restoration the Union flag was reintroduced, +the precedence of the three colours remained as it had +been determined by the Commonwealth. The arrangement +of the fleet into three divisions continued till 1864; but it +often proved puzzling to foreigners, and it was found +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id="page70"></a>[pg 70]</span> +inconvenient in action. It was for this last reason that +Lord Nelson, on going into action at Trafalgar, ordered +the whole of his fleet to hoist the White Ensign, and +it was under that flag that that great victory was +gained.</p> + +<p class="indent">During the wars of the seventeenth century the Dutch +fleets were also divided into three squadrons, distinguished, +like the English, by the three colours—orange or red, +white, and blue, and both with them and in our own service +this was perhaps necessary when fleets consisted of +such a large number of ships—our own numbering often +as many as 200 sail. Latterly, when fleets were comparatively +so much smaller, the distinctive colours became +of less importance, and in 1864 the classification was +discontinued. Now the White Ensign only is used by +all her Majesty's ships in commission. Previous to this +it had been ordered by royal proclamation, in 1801, that +merchant ships should fly only the Red Ensign, and this +is still the rule; but since the three divisions of the fleet +were abolished, the Blue Ensign is allowed to be used by +British merchant ships when commanded by officers of +the Royal Naval Reserve, provided one-third of the crew +be men belonging to the Reserve. By permission of the +Admiralty the Blue Ensign is also allowed to be used by +certain yacht clubs; and the members of one club—the +Royal Yacht Squadron—have liberty to use the White +Ensign.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>[pg 71]</span></p> + +<h2><a name="x12" id="x12"></a>SPECIAL FLAGS.</h2> + +<p class="indent">The flag of the Lord High Admiral is crimson, having +on it an anchor and cable, and it is hoisted on any ship of +which that high officer is on board. It is also hoisted at +the fore top-gallant-masthead of every ship of which the +Queen may be on board. The flag of an admiral is white +with the cross of St. George on it. It is only flown by an +admiral when employed afloat, and then at the main, fore, +or mizen top-gallantmast-head, according as he is a full, +vice, or rear admiral.</p> + +<p class="indent">The Union flag and the Blue Ensign are, with the addition +of certain distinctive badges, used as personal flags by +certain high officers, and also in particular departments +of the service. For example, the flag of the Lord-lieutenant +of Ireland is the Union with a blue shield in the +centre, charged with a golden harp. The Governor-general +of India has the Union with the Star of India in +the centre surmounted by a crown, and this also is the flag +of British Burmah. British ministers, chargés d'affaires, +fly the Union with the royal arms in the centre within a +circle argent surrounded by a wreath. Our consuls have +the Blue Ensign with the royal arms in the fly. There +are also differences in the Union or Ensign with distinctive +badges for other offices and departments, and for the +Colonies.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" id="page72"></a>[pg 72]</span></p> + +<h2><a name="x13" id="x13"></a>THE PENDANT.</h2> + +<p class="indent">The Pendant is a well-known flag in ships of war. It +is of two kinds, the long and the broad. The first is a +long, narrow, tapering flag—the usual length being twenty +yards, while it is only four inches broad at the head. An +Admiralty Memorandum regarding the history of our +flags bears that the origin of the long Pendant is generally +understood to have been this:—After the defeat of the +English fleet under Blake, by the Dutch fleet under Van +Tromp, in 1652, the latter cruised in the Channel with a +broom at the mast-head of his ship, to signify that he had +swept his enemies off the sea. In the following year the +English fleet defeated the Dutch, whereupon the admiral +commanding hoisted a long streamer from his mast-head +to represent the lash of a whip, signifying that he had +whipped his enemies off the sea. Hence the Pendant, +which has been flown ever since. This certainly has been +the popular tradition, and the English admiral may, on +the occasion referred to, have adopted a flag of the +description and for the purpose mentioned, but it was not +altogether a new form of flag. In the Tudor MS. we +find a description of a long tapering flag of somewhat +the same description. It is called a Streamer, and is +appointed to "stand in the top of a ship or in the forecastle, +and therein is to be put no armes but a man's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id="page73"></a>[pg 73]</span> +conceit or device, and may be of length 20, 30, 40, or 60 +yards, and is slitt as well as a guydhomme or standard." +From this description the streamer would appear to have +been a personal flag bearing "the conceit or device"—crest, +badge, or motto—of the owner.</p> + +<p class="indent">As now used in our navy the long pendant is of two +colours—one white with a red cross in the part next the +mast; the other blue with a red cross on a white ground. +The first is flown from the mast-head of all her Majesty's +ships in commission, when not otherwise distinguished by +a flag or broad pendant. The other is worn at the masthead +of all armed vessels in the employ of the government +of a British colony. (See Plate III. No. <span class="smcap">IV.</span>)</p> + +<p class="indent">The broad pendant or "burgee" is a flag tapering +slightly and of a swallow-tailed shape at the fly. It is +white with a red St. George's cross, and is flown only by +a commodore, or the senior officer of a squadron, to distinguish +his ship. If used by a commodore of the first +class it is flown at the main top-gallant-masthead. Otherwise +it is flown at the top-gallant-masthead.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x14" id="x14"></a>SIGNALS AND OTHER FLAGS.</h2> + +<p class="indent">Signal flags are those which are used for communication +between ships at sea. In the system instituted by James II. +intelligence was communicated or messages interchanged +by a confused number of flags exhibited at different parts +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page74" id="page74"></a>[pg 74]</span> +of the ship. Now, signalling has been reduced to a complete +system. The flags are of various shapes and colours, +each flag representing a letter or number, and by a recent +arrangement a universal code has been adopted by which +vessels of different nations can now communicate.</p> + +<p class="indent">A flag of truce is white, both at sea and on land, but on +board ship it is customary to hoist with it the national +flag of the enemy—the white flag at the main and the +enemy's ensign at the fore. On one occasion during the +war in 1814 when the French frigate <i>Clorinde</i> was about +to be attacked by the British frigate <i>Dryad</i>, the commander +of the former, being desirous to ascertain what +terms would be granted in case he surrendered, hoisted +French colours aft and English colours forward. Under +cover of this the French frigate sent a boat with the +message. The answer was a refusal to grant any terms, +but the boat was allowed to return to the French frigate +in safety before the <i>Dryad</i> filled and stood towards her.</p> + +<p class="indent">The Ensign and Pendant at half-mast are the recognised +signs of mourning. Sometimes also it is an +expression of mourning to set the yards at what seamen +call "a-cock-bill," that is all the yards topped up different +ways on each mast; but this is chiefly done by foreigners, +who, on Good Friday and other occasions, set their yards +thus. It is also customary as a sign of mourning to paint +the white lines of a ship of a blue colour. In older times, +when ships were more gaudily painted and gilded than +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>[pg 75]</span> +they are now, they were painted black all over as a sign +of mourning.</p> + +<p class="indent">The red or bloody flag is a signal of mutiny, and as +such it was displayed in our own navy on two noted +occasions in the end of last century, when the fleet at +Spithead mutinied, and afterwards that at the Nore. In +the latter case the mutineers hauled down the flag of +Vice-admiral Buckner and in its stead hoisted the red +flag. It is a singular fact, however, and characteristic of +the British seaman, that on the 4th of June, the king's +birth-day, while the mutiny was at its height, the whole +fleet, with the exception of one ship, evinced its loyalty +by firing a royal salute, and displaying the colours usual +on such occasions, the red flag being struck during the +ceremony, and only re-hoisted when it was over.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_40_40"> +<span class="label">[40]</span></a> +James' <i>Naval History</i>, ii. p. 73.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The yellow flag is the signal of sickness and of quarantine.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x15" id="x15"></a>USE OF FLAGS IN NAVAL WARFARE.</h2> + +<p class="indent">Such are the principal naval flags. Of the circumstances +in which they may or may not be legitimately used, +especially in naval warfare, some interesting stories might +be told.</p> + +<p class="indent">Although it is prohibited to merchant ships to carry +the colours used in the navy, this may be done in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>[pg 76]</span> +time of war to deceive an enemy. I may mention one +instance when it was practised with happy effect. In the +French war in 1797 the French Rear-admiral Sarcy, when +cruising with six frigates in the Bay of Bali, came in sight +of five of our Indiamen—one of them, the <i>Woodford</i>, +Captain Lennox. They were homeward bound, and all +richly laden, and to all appearance they had no chance of +escape, when Captain Lennox rescued them by an act of +great judgment and presence of mind. He first of all +hoisted in his own ship a flag which the French admiral +knew well—that of the British Admiral Rainier, blue at +the mizen, and he made all the other ships in his company +hoist pendants and ensigns to correspond. But he did +more. He detached two of the Indiamen to chase and +reconnoitre the enemy; and as these advanced towards +the French reconnoitring frigate the <i>Cybčle</i>, the latter, +completely deceived, made all sail to join her consorts +with the signal at her mast-head—"The enemy is superior +in force to the French." On this the French admiral, +believing that he was in the presence of a powerful British +squadron, made off with his frigates under all sail, and +Captain Lennox and his consorts completed their voyage +in safety. When Admiral Sarcy discovered afterwards +the ruse that had been practised on him, and which had +lost him a prize of such great value, his mortification +may be imagined.</p> + +<p class="indent">In going into action it is the custom with the ships of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" id="page77"></a>[pg 77]</span> +all nations to hoist their national colours. Nelson at +Trafalgar carried this to excess, for he hoisted several +flags lest one should be shot away. The French and +Spaniards went to the opposite extreme, for they hoisted +no colours at all, till late in the action, when they began +to feel the necessity of having them to strike.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> Nelson +on that occasion ran his ship on board the <i>Redoubtable</i>, a +large seventy-four gun ship, and fought her at such close +quarters that the two ships touched each other. Twice +Nelson gave orders to cease firing at his opponent, supposing +she had surrendered, because her great guns were +silent, and as she carried no flag there was no means of +instantly ascertaining the fact. It was from the ship +which he had thus twice spared that Nelson received his +death wound. The ball was fired from the mizen-top, +which, so close were the ships, was not more than fifteen +yards from the place where he was standing. Soon +afterwards the <i>Redoubtable</i>, finding further resistance +impossible, hoisted her flag, only to haul it down again +in sign of surrender, within twenty minutes after the fatal +shot had been fired. In this great battle each of the +Spanish ships had in addition to her ensign a large wooden +cross hung to the end of her spanker boom.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_41_41"> +<span class="label">[41]</span></a> +Southey's <i>Life of Nelson</i>.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">When a ship surrenders the fact is usually intimated +by her hauling down her flag, but in Lord Cochrane's +spirited attack on the French fleet in Basque Roads in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>[pg 78]</span> +1809, two of the French ships, the <i>Varsovie</i> and <i>Aquilon</i>, +made the token of submission by each showing a Union +Jack in her mizen chains; and in other instances during +the war French ships hoisted a Union Jack as the signal +of their having struck.</p> + +<p class="indent">Of course when a ship has surrendered the fire of both +ships ceases. In an action off Lissa between British ships +and a Franco-Venetian squadron, the French ship <i>Flore</i> +surrendered to the British frigate <i>Amphion</i>. Immediately +afterwards the Venetian frigate <i>Bellona</i> bore up and commenced +a heavy fire against the <i>Amphion</i>, and some of +the shot struck the captured ship on the other side. Supposing, +erroneously, that the shot came from the British +ship, one of the officers of the <i>Flore</i>, in order to make +more clear the fact of her having absolutely surrendered, +took the French ensign, halliards and all, and holding them +up in his hand over the taffrail to attract the attention +of the <i>Amphion's</i> people, threw the whole into the sea. +Having captured the <i>Bellona</i> also, the captain of the +<i>Amphion</i> temporarily left the surrendered ship while he +pursued another of the enemy, the <i>Corona</i>, which he also +captured. When thus engaged, however, he was mortified +to see his first prize, the <i>Flore</i>, notwithstanding her emphatic +act of submission, dishonourably stealing away, and +she actually effected her escape into the harbour of Lessina. +Captain Hoste, who commanded the British squadron, +afterwards sent a letter by a flag of truce to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page79" id="page79"></a>[pg 79]</span> +captain of the <i>Flore</i>, demanding restitution of the frigate +in the same state as when she struck her flag and surrendered +to the <i>Amphion</i>; but the commander of the +French squadron replied by a letter, neither signed nor +dated, denying that the <i>Flore</i> had struck, and falsely +asserting that the colours had been shot away. The +letter was sent back and the demand repeated, but no +answer was returned.</p> + +<p class="indent">I may mention another instance in which captured +colours were thrown into the sea in token of surrender +under different circumstances, but not more creditable to +the vanquished party. In the war between America and +the Barbary States in the early part of the century, the +United States schooner <i>Enterprise</i>, under the command +of Lieutenant Sterrett, fell in with and engaged a Tripolitan +polacre ship, and in the course of the action the +colours of the latter were either shot away or struck—in +all probability the latter, for the Americans believed she +had surrendered and quitted their guns. The Corsair, +however, re-hoisted her flag and continued the action. +Thereupon the <i>Enterprise</i> poured in so destructive a fire +that her opponent this time unequivocally hauled down +her colours, and Lieutenant Sterrett ordered her under +his lee quarter. This order was obeyed, but the Tripolitan, +when he got there, thinking his position favourable, +re-hoisted the red flag, and having poured another +broadside into the <i>Enterprise</i>, prepared to board. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>[pg 80]</span> +Americans, justly incensed at this treacherous act, delivered +a raking broadside which effectually terminated +the affair. The Tripolitan captain now abjectly implored +the quarter which he had justly forfeited, and bending +over the waist barricade of his ship, and as an indication +of his sincerity, raised his colours in his arms and threw +them into the sea.</p> + +<p class="indent">In contrast to the conduct of the captain of the <i>Flore</i> +in carrying off his ship after he had surrendered, may be +mentioned the very different course taken by the officer +in command of a French 40-gun frigate, the <i>Renommée</i>, +which was captured off Madagascar in 1811, after an +action between a French squadron, and a British squadron +under Captain Schomberg. From the state of +the British ships after the action, Captain Schomberg, +when night was coming on, could only send on board +the prize a lieutenant of marines and four seamen, in +a sinking boat. At this time the <i>Renommée</i> had a +crew of nearly 400 effective officers and men, and they +could have had at once retaken the ship and got off +during the night. The crew wished to do so, but Colonel +Barrois, who—the captain having been killed—was now, +according to the etiquette of the French service, the commanding +officer, acting on a high principle of honour, +refused to give his sanction, as they had surrendered by +striking their flag. The lieutenant and his few hands +remained accordingly in quiet possession of the prize, till +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>[pg 81]</span> +the prisoners were taken out next morning, and a proper +prize crew placed on board.</p> + +<p class="indent">When an action takes place at night, when flags cannot +be seen, other modes of intimating surrender have to be +reverted to. In the war with America, in 1815, when a +British ship in a disabled state found she had no alternative +but to surrender at midnight to an American ship of +superior force, she did so by firing a lee gun and hoisting +a light. In another case a French frigate, the <i>Néréide</i>, +after a severe action during night with the British frigate +<i>Phœbe</i>, surrendered to the latter by hauling down a light +she had been carrying, and hailing that she surrendered. +In another case a French ship intimated the fact of her +surrender by hoisting a light and instantly hauling it +down.</p> + +<p class="indent">When a ship has surrendered and is taken possession +of, the captor hoists his ensign over that of the enemy. +In one instance a mistake in this produced disastrous +results. In the celebrated capture of the <i>Chesapeake</i> off +Boston in 1813, when the American flag was struck, the +officer of the <i>Shannon</i> who was sent on board the <i>Chesapeake</i> +to take possession, inadvertently—owing to the +halliards being tangled—bent the English flag below the +American ensign instead of above it. By this time the +two ships were drifting apart, and when the <i>Shannon's</i> +people saw the American stripes going up first they concluded +that their boarding party had been overpowered, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>[pg 82]</span> +and at once reopened their fire, by which their first-lieutenant +and several of their own men were killed. +The mistake was discovered before the flags had got halfway +to the mizen peak, when they were hauled down and +hoisted properly. In this brilliant but short action—for +between the discharge of the first gun and the conclusion of +the fight only fifteen minutes elapsed—the American ship, +by way of display, carried more than the ordinary number +of flags. She flew three ensigns, one at the mizen, one at +the peak, and one, the largest of all, in the starboard +main rigging. She had besides, flying at the fore, a large +white flag inscribed with the words "Sailors' Rights and +Free Trade," with the intention, it was supposed, of +damping the energy of the <i>Shannon's</i> men by this favourite +American motto. The <i>Shannon</i> had the Union at the +fore and an old rusty blue ensign at the mizen peak, and +besides these she had one ensign on the main stay and +another in the main rigging, both rolled up and "stopped" +ready to be cast loose in case either of the other flags +should be shot away.</p> + +<p class="indent">A similar display of flags occurred on the occasion of +the encounter off Valparaiso in 1814 between the British +36-gun frigate <i>Phœbe</i> and the United States 32-gun +frigate <i>Essex</i>, which resulted in the capture of the latter. +Captain Porter, who commanded the American ship, +made an attempt, as in the case of the <i>Chesapeake</i>, on the +loyalty of the <i>Phœbe's</i> seamen, by hoisting at his fore top-gallant-mast +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>[pg 83]</span> +head the stock motto, "Free Trade and +Sailors' Rights." This, in a short time, the British ship +answered with the St. George's ensign and the motto, +"God and Country—British sailors' best rights: Traitors +offend them." Subsequently the <i>Essex</i> hoisted her +motto flag at the fore, and another on the mizen mast, +with one American ensign at the mizen peak and a +second lashed on the main rigging. Not to be outdone +in decorations the British ship hoisted her motto +flag with a profuse display of ensigns and union jacks, +and all these were flying when the American ship was +captured.</p> + +<p class="indent">To hoist false colours in time of war in order to entice +an enemy within reach has always been considered +legitimate, but it is not allowable to engage, or to commit +any hostile act, under them. While it is considered +legitimate to mislead, however, it is not legitimate to +cheat. An example of what might appear to be a distinction +without a difference is afforded by a case which +occurred in 1783, when the French ship <i>Sybille</i>, a powerful +36-gun frigate, was sighted off Cape Henry by the +<i>Hussar</i> of 28 guns. The <i>Sybille</i> had, a few days before, +had a drawn fight with one of our ships of the same force, +and, in consequence of injuries she had then received, had +been dismasted in a puff of wind, and was under jury +masts. As she was unable to chase the <i>Hussar</i>, she +sought to entice her alongside, in order to take her by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>[pg 84]</span> +boarding, and accordingly she hoisted at the peak the +French ensign under the English, as if she had been captured. +All this was legitimate, and the <i>Hussar</i> might or +might not have been deceived by it. But the French +captain did something more. He hoisted in the main +shrouds an English ensign reversed, and tied in a weft or +loop. Now this was a well-known signal of distress—an +appeal to a common humanity, which no English officer +was ever known to disregard, and the <i>Hussar</i> closed at +once. But fortunately her crew were at quarters, and the +<i>Sybille</i>, hauling down the English flag at the peak and +hoisting the French above, endeavoured to run her on board. +Her extreme rolling, however, steadied by no sufficient +sail, exposed her bottom, and several shots from the +<i>Hussar</i> went through her very bilge. By this time +another of our ships, the <i>Centurion</i> of 50 guns, had come +up, and the <i>Sybille</i> struck her flag—the reversed ensign +with its weft, so dishonourably hoisted, remaining in the +main shrouds. The English officer who took possession +sent the French captain on board the <i>Hussar</i>, and he +presented his sword to Captain Russell on the quarterdeck. +Russell took the sword, broke it across, and threw +it on the deck; and sending the Frenchman below, kept +him in close confinement in the hold till his arrival in port +some days later.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_42_42"> +<span class="label">[42]</span></a> +Laughton's <i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">I may mention another case where a legitimate ruse was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>[pg 85]</span> +successfully practised on an enemy by our great naval commander, +Lord Cochrane. It occurred in the early part of +his brilliant career, when he was cruising in the Mediterranean +in his little brig the <i>Speedy</i>. This small craft, +under her daring and skilful commander, had made herself +so much an object of terror by the many captures she had +made that a Spanish frigate, heavily armed, was fitted +out and sent after her. In order to get near the +<i>Speedy</i> the Spaniard was disguised as a merchantman. +For the same reason, Lord Cochrane, to lull suspicion +and enable him to get near the merchant craft of the +enemy, had also disguised his small vessel, and was +sailing as a merchant brig under Danish colours. Perceiving +the supposed Spanish merchantman, Lord Cochrane +at once gave chase, and he only discovered his +mistake when his formidable antagonist opened her ports +and showed her teeth. At the same time the Spaniard +lowered a boat to go on board the <i>Speedy</i> and see what +she was. Discovery and capture were apparently now +unavoidable, but Lord Cochrane was equal to the +occasion. Hoisting the yellow flag—the dreaded signal of +sickness and quarantine—he made straight for the frigate, +and, having dressed a petty officer in Danish uniform, +on the gangway, he ordered him to hail the boat with +the intimation that they were out just two days from +Algiers, where it was well known the plague was then +violently raging. This was enough. The boat pulled +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>[pg 86]</span> +back, and the frigate at once filled and proceeded on her +course.</p> + +<p class="indent">It was a narrow escape; yet the crew of the <i>Speedy</i> +complained loudly that they had not been allowed to fight +the frigate! They had been admirably trained, and had +implicit confidence in their brave commander, and thought +he was equal to anything. Lord Cochrane was not a +man to disregard murmurs uttered in such a direction, +and he told them that if they really wanted a fight they +would get it with the first enemy they came across, whatever +she might be. They had not long to wait before +they fell in with a large Spanish zebec, the <i>Gamo</i>, which, +to the astonishment of the big ship, Lord Cochrane immediately +attacked. A fight with the guns could not +have lasted long, for the Spanish ship carried 30 heavy +guns with a crew of upwards of 300 men, while the <i>Speedy</i> +had only 14 four-pounders and a crew of 54 all told. Lord +Cochrane, therefore, notwithstanding this immense disparity +of force, determined, as his only chance, to board the +frigate, and this he succeeded in doing, taking his entire +crew with him and leaving only the surgeon at the wheel. +A deadly hand-to-hand conflict ensued, when, just as his +small band were nearly overpowered, Lord Cochrane +ordered one of his men to haul down the Spanish colours. +This was promptly done, and the Spaniards—their commander +having been killed—thinking that their own +officers had struck, ceased fighting, and Lord Cochrane +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>[pg 87]</span> +became master of the frigate. How to take care of his +numerous prisoners was not a small difficulty, but he +succeeded in doing so, and brought his prize safely into +Port Mahon. It was one of the most brilliant affairs in +the glorious life of this great seaman.</p> + +<p class="indent">Another interesting example of an enemy's ship being +taken in consequence of her colours being hauled down, not +by her own officers but by the party assailing, occurred at a +much earlier period in an action between the British and +Dutch fleets off the English coast. A runaway boy—Thomas +Hopson—an apprentice to a tailor in the Isle of +Wight, had just before come on board the admiral's ship as a +volunteer. In the midst of the action he asked a sailor how +long the fight would continue, and was told that it would +only cease when the flag of the Dutch admiral was hauled +down. The boy did not understand about the striking of +colours, but he thought if the hauling down of the flag +would stop the fight it might not be difficult to do. As +the ships were engaged yard-arm and yard-arm, and veiled +in smoke, Hopson at once ran up the shrouds, laid out +on the mizen-yard of his own ship, and having gained +that of the Dutch admiral he speedily reached the top-gallant-mast +head and possessed himself of the Dutch flag, +with which he succeeded in returning to his own deck. +Perceiving the flag to be struck the British sailors raised +a shout of victory, and the Dutch crew, also deceived, ran +from their guns. While the astonished admiral and his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>[pg 88]</span> +officers were trying in vain to rally their crew the English +boarded the ship and carried her. For this daring service +the boy was at once promoted to the quarter-deck, +and he rose to be a distinguished admiral under Queen +Anne.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x16" id="x16"></a>INTERNATIONAL USAGE AS TO FLAGS.</h2> + +<p class="indent">In time of peace it is considered an insult to hoist the +flag of one friendly nation over that of another. This has +given rise to an order that national flags are not to be +used for decoration or in dressing ships. This order has +reference more particularly to two flags, which are in +ordinary use as signal flags. One of these is the French +tricolour, but with the red and blue transposed; the other +is the Dutch flag turned upside down, and there are two +pendants to match. An unintentional departure from this +rule gave rise to some unpleasantness on one occasion in +the early part of this century. On the 23d of April, 1819, +the English frigate <i>Euryalus</i>, lying at St. Thomas in the +West Indies, had dressed ship in honour of St. George's +day—the fźte of the Prince Regent—and in doing so had +made use of the blue, white, and red flag, which four years +before had been the national flag of France. A three-coloured +pennant hung down from the spanker boom and +trailed in the water, and another three-coloured flag was +at the lower end of the line pendant from the flying boom. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page89" id="page89"></a>[pg 89]</span> +This was observed by the French Rear-admiral Duperré, +who was there in the <i>Gloire</i>, and he demanded and +received apologies for what he conceived to be an insult +offered to a flag which had lately been the flag of France, +and under which he and many of his officers and men had +served.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_43_43"> +<span class="label">[43]</span></a> +<i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>, p. 28.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">If a foreign flag is hoisted on shore—as it often is in +compliment to some distinguished stranger—it must have +the staff to itself. In 1851, when the queen of Louis +Philippe visited Oban, the proprietor of the Caledonian +Hotel, at which she resided, in compliment to his visitor, +and in ignorance, no doubt, of the proprieties of the case, +hoisted the French flag over the Union. This excited +the indignation of an old pensioner, John Campbell, who +had been a sergeant in the 71st Highlanders—the regiment +of Campbell of Lochnell—and he went to the innkeeper +and demanded that matters should be put right. +As no attention was paid to his remonstrance, he then and +there cut down the French flag, and dared the innkeeper +to hoist it again in that manner. The residents in Oban +were so pleased with Campbell's spirited conduct that +they presented him with a silver-headed stick.</p> + +<p class="indent">In gun practice it is also held to be an insult to take as +a mark the flag of another nation, and sometimes unintentional +offence has been given through mistakes about +the flags in such circumstances. For the following +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>[pg 90]</span> +I am indebted to a distinguished naval officer who was +cognizant of the circumstances. Some twenty years +ago, when the French had an army of occupation in +Syria, and their fleet and ours were lying amicably +together at Beyrout, some of the English ships having +occasion to practise the men with their rifles, put out their +respective targets—which generally consisted of bits of +old flags fastened to a stick, and stuck in a small cask +anchored off at the required distance—and commenced +firing. Presently a boat with a superior officer was seen +pulling in hot haste from the French flagship. It afterwards +transpired that the boat was conveying a polite +request that the English would refrain from firing on the +French flag—the officer at the same time pointing to an +exceedingly dirty piece of bunting which was being riddled +by the bullets from one of her Majesty's ships. "That's +not the French flag," was the answer of the English. +"Yes, I assure you," the Frenchman replied, "we are +nearer than you are, and can see the colours. And, pardon +me," he added, "another of your ships is at the present +moment, in this Turkish port, firing on the Turkish flag"—pointing +at the same time to another target, consisting +of a faded bit of red bunting. Inquiries were made, and +what had been taken for the Tricolour was found to be a +piece of an old condemned Union Jack, that had unfortunately +been nailed on to the staff without due regard to +the position of the colours, while the so-called Turkish +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>[pg 91]</span> +flag was discovered to be a fragment of an old English +red ensign.</p> + +<p class="indent">To the same naval officer I am indebted for the following +amusing incident, which I am glad to give in his own +words, as he was personally concerned in it. "About the +same time," he writes, "another occurrence of the same +kind took place at Larnaca, in Cyprus. It happily ended +well, but at one time it looked quite serious. One of our +surveying vessels had taken advantage of a lull in the +work to practise her crew with her formidable armament +of two twenty-four pounders, and on a bright calm Mediterranean +morning the gunner was sent for by the senior +lieutenant, and directed to prepare a target. But here +there arose a difficulty. The ship had been a long time +from Malta, stores of all kinds were scarce, and of old +bunting there was absolutely none. The gunner was in +despair, but a marine came to the rescue, and offered his +pocket-handkerchief as a substitute. It was about the +usual size of such articles, and as it had been bought at +Malta while disturbances were pending at Naples, it had +the Italian colours, green, white, and red, together with a +pendant, printed on it, and on the white part some patriotic +sentences in Italian. The whole presented an ancient +and faded appearance, but the gunner accepted it with +thanks.</p> + +<p class="indent">"So it was duly nailed on a staff stuck into a small cask, +and anchored about 600 yards to seaward. After the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>[pg 92]</span> +firing from the howitzers was finished the men were +ordered to fire on it with rifles, which for a time they did. +While this was going on a small French brig happened +to be lying in the roads, and during the forenoon a boat +was observed pulling from her in the direction of the +target, but it did not venture very close; the firing was +not suspended, and nothing further was thought about it. +Before going to dinner in the middle of the day, a boat +was sent to examine the target to see if it would float, as +it was intended to continue the practice in the afternoon, +and although it was reported to have been knocked about +a good deal, it was thought it might remain afloat as long +as it would be required, and so it was left. About an +hour afterwards, however, it disappeared, and went to the +bottom.</p> + +<p class="indent">"The lieutenant, who had been weary with his work +and had gone to bed early, was much astonished at being +sent for by the captain about midnight. A formal despatch +from our consul had come on board, inclosing a communication +from the French representative giving a detailed +account of what was described as a gross insult to +the French flag, perpetrated by H.M.S. ——, and demanding +all kinds of apologies. The prime mover in +the affair, it appeared, was a certain captain Napoleon +something, the commander of the little brig. His story +was that he had seen with indignation the flag of his +country—in size six feet square by his account—carried +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id="page93"></a>[pg 93]</span> +out by an English man-of-war boat, and deliberately fired +upon. He and his crew, he said, had got into their boat +determined to rescue the desecrated ensign, 'even at the +risk of their lives,' but on getting near they had thought +better of it, and pulled ashore instead. Here he had collected +all the French residents he could get, whom he +harangued, and having persuaded them that the scarcely +visible speck was in truth their national flag, he got them +to sign a strongly worded protest, and go with it along +with him in a body to the French consul. Reparation, +they said, must be made—the insulted flag must be +saluted. So great was the excitement and so plausible +the story that the French consul, pending negotiations, +sent to Beyrout requiring the immediate presence of a +French man-of-war. In fact there was all the groundwork +of a very pretty row. Meantime the cause of all +the commotion was lying at the bottom of the sea, with +five or six fathoms of water over it. A written explanation +of the circumstance was sent from the ship, and a +meeting arranged for next day at the English consulate; +and in the meantime a number of boats were sent +early in the morning to try and fish up the bone of contention, +as without it there was only the English word +against the French. At the consulate there was a stormy +meeting—much hard swearing and vociferation on the +part of the French captain and his crew, with the affidavits +of any number of respectable French residents, formally +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page94" id="page94"></a>[pg 94]</span> +drawn up and signed. Everybody was getting very +angry, and prospect of an amicable settlement there was +none, when in a momentary lull the English lieutenant +asked the French captain—who had for the fiftieth time +declared that it <i>was</i> a French flag, and six feet square at +least—'whether it was likely that he knew more about it +than the marine who had blown his nose with it for the +last six months.' This in some measure restored good +humour. The meeting separated in a more friendly +spirit than had at first seemed possible, and when, on the +following day, a lucky cast of the grapnel brought to the +surface the innocent cause of the disturbance, there was +an end of the matter. Torn by bullets, draggled and wet +as it was, the wretched handkerchief was borne in triumph +to the French consulate, and of course there was no more +to be said. The consul made the proper <i>amende</i>, and the +man-of-war, which actually appeared from Beyrout a few +hours afterwards to vindicate the honour of the French +flag, returned to her anchorage."</p> + +<p class="indent">I shall just add one more incident of the same kind, for +which I am indebted to another naval officer. In 1879 +an English corvette visited Tahiti. The island, being +under French protection, flies a special flag, and as it is +one which is not supplied to English men-of-war, it is +usual, when it is necessary for them to salute, to borrow a +protectorate flag from the authorities. On the occasion +in question, accordingly, the flag was sent off by the governor's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id="page95"></a>[pg 95]</span> +aide-de-camp (a naval officer) on the evening of +the corvette's arrival at Papeite, and the flag having been +hoisted on the following morning, the salute was duly +fired. But the display of the flag caused a terrible commotion +on shore. On such occasions the whole population +turns out to see the salute, and the beach of the +beautiful land-locked, or rather reef-inclosed, harbour was +crowded with French and Tahitians watching the corvette, +which was moored close under the town. The cause of +the commotion was that the flag had been improperly +made, so that in hoisting it the French ensign, by pure +inadvertence, appeared underneath that of Tahiti. The +indignation of the French was great, and they hastened +to complain to the governor that their flag had been +deliberately insulted by her Majesty's ship. The mistake, +fortunately, lay entirely with the authorities on shore. It +was only on hauling it down that the officer in command +found it had been caused by the flag being improperly +constructed, the technical explanation being that the distance +line had been sewed in, the wrong way, with the +taggle towards the bottom of the flag—a very trifling +thing in itself, but which, if unexplained, might have led +to serious consequences. Of course the flag was immediately +sent to the governor with the explanation, and +there was an end of it. So much for naval flags.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>[pg 96]</span></p> + +<h2><a name="x17" id="x17"></a>FLAGS OF THE BRITISH ARMY.</h2> + +<p class="indent">I have already noticed incidentally some of the flags +used in the armies of England in early times. Those +used in the latter part of the thirteenth century, and early +in the fourteenth, were, besides those of the knights and +bannerets, the Royal Standard and the banners of St. +George, of St. Edmund, and of St. Edward. Subsequently +various changes took place which it is unnecessary +to follow.</p> + +<p class="indent">At present in the British army every regiment of infantry +has two flags. They are both made of silk, in this differing +from sea flags, which are usually made of bunting. With the +exception of the Foot Guards, the first or Queen's colours +of every regiment is the Union or National Flag, with +the imperial crown in the centre, and the number of the +regiment beneath in gold. The second or regimental +colours are, with certain exceptions, of the colour of the +facing of the regiment, with the Union in the upper +corner. The second colours of all regiments bear the +devices or badges and distinctions which have been conferred +by royal authority. Fig. 28 is a representation +of the regimental or second colours of the first battalion +of the 24th Regiment, for which I am indebted to the +courtesy of Sir Albert Woods. It will serve as an example +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>[pg 97]</span> +of the regimental colours of other regiments. The pole, +it will be observed, is surmounted by the royal crest, and +this is common to all regiments carrying colours. The +ground of the flag is grass green. The crown and wreath +are "proper," that is of the natural colours. The scrolls +are gold with black letters.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_104" id="i_104"></a> +<img src="images/i_104.png" width="500" height="427" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 28.—Regimental Colours of First Battalion of 24th Regiment.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The first or royal colours of the Foot Guards are crimson, +and bear certain special distinctions besides those +authorized for the second colours—the whole surmounted +by the imperial crown. The second, or regimental colours, +of the Foot Guards is the Union, with one of the ancient +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>[pg 98]</span> +badges conferred by royal authority. The first battalion +of the Scots Fusilier Guards possesses the high distinction +of carrying on their first colours the royal arms of +Scotland.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_105" id="i_105"></a> +<img src="images/i_105.png" width="500" height="378" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 29.—Queen's Colours of the First Battalion of 24th Regiment.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The colours of infantry are as a rule carried by the +two junior lieutenants, and our military annals present +many examples of devoted heroism by the standard-bearers +in defence of their charge. Among such incidents +few are more interesting than the loss and recovery of the +Queen's colours of the first battalion of the 24th Regiment +in the African campaign of 1878-79, to which I have already +referred. It will be recollected that Lieutenants Melville +and Coghill, after crossing the river Tugela with the Queen's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>[pg 99]</span> +colours, were overtaken and attacked by overwhelming +numbers and shot down. They died bravely, revolvers +in hand, but their pursuers failed to get possession of their +precious charge—the colours having been found near them +when the bodies were recovered. The Queen was much +affected by this incident, and bestowed on the young heroes +after death the highest distinction for valour in her power—the +Victoria cross. On the arrival of the colours in +England the Queen expressed a wish to see them, and they +were taken to Osborne, where her Majesty tied on them a +small wreath of immortelles as a mark of her deep sense +of the heroism of the two young officers who gave their +lives to save the flag. Fig. 29 shows the colours in the +state in which they were, when presented to the Queen, +with the wreath placed upon them by her Majesty.</p> + +<p class="indent">The colours of the second battalion of the 24th had +been left in camp when the troops advanced to meet the +Zulus, and they were consequently captured. No trace +of them could be found till some time afterwards when +the pole with its crown was recovered by a party of +the 17th Lancers in a Zulu kraal near Ulundi. This +remnant continued to be carried by the regiment for +upwards of a year, when new colours were presented +to them at Gibraltar on behalf of the Queen by Lord +Napier of Magdala. The old colours, or rather their +pole with the crown, were first trooped. The new +colours were then uncovered, and, after consecration, presented—Lord +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>[pg 100]</span> +Napier stating that her Majesty knew +very well that the flag had not been lost through any +default of the battalion, but only in consequence of +their having been placed in camp when the battalion +went to the front under the general commanding.</p> + +<p class="indent">The presentation of new colours with the accompanying +consecration service is an interesting ceremony. +As the form may not be generally known, I shall describe +a recent one when new colours were presented +by the Prince of Wales to the first battalion of the +23d Regiment (the Royal Welsh Fusiliers) on their +embarkation for India. It is specially interesting in +connection with the history of the old ragged colours +which were then superseded. They had been presented +by the late Prince Consort thirty-one years before, and +in the Crimea they were the first which were planted on +the heights of the Alma. Two lieutenants were successively +shot while holding them, and they were finally +seized by Sergeant O'Connor, who, though wounded, +held them aloft and rallied the regiment. For this service +he was decorated with the Victoria cross. Shortly afterwards +he received his commission, and subsequently he +became colonel of the battalion. On the recent arrival +of the troops at Portsmouth they were drawn up on the +military recreation ground, and the Prince and Princess +of Wales having taken their place at the saluting point, +the regiment marched past, headed by the goat which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>[pg 101]</span> +always accompanies it. The old colours were then +trooped and conveyed to the rear, and three sides of a +square having been formed, with a pyramid of the drums +in the centre, the new colours were uncased. The royal +party then advanced, and the senior chaplain of the regiment +read the Consecration service. The Queen's colours +and the regimental colours were then handed to the +prince, and he presented them to the two lieutenants who +received them kneeling. The prince having spoken a +few appropriate words, and the colonel having replied, the +colours were saluted by the whole regiment. Another +march past, and the presentation of the officers to the +prince, concluded the ceremony.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the cavalry the standards of regiments of Dragoon +Guards are of crimson silk damask, embroidered and +fringed with gold, and their guidons, anciently called +"guydhomme"—a swallow-tailed flag—are of crimson +silk. Each is inscribed with the peculiar devices, distinctions, +and mottoes of the regiment. The standards +and guidons of cavalry are carried by troop sergeant-majors. +The Hussars and Lancers have no standards. +They were discontinued, for what reason I do not know, +by William IV., and their badges and devices are now +borne on their appointments. Neither the Royal Engineers +nor the Rifles have colours. Neither have the +Royal Artillery; nor is it necessary that they should have +any on which to record special services, for the Artillery +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>[pg 102]</span> +is represented in every action. Their appropriate motto, +<i>Ubique</i>, is borne on their appointments. None of the +Volunteer regiments carries colours.</p> + +<p class="indent">The queen's and regimental colours always parade with +the regiment. On march they are cased, but they are +always uncased when carried into action.</p> + +<p class="indent">For military authorities "when embarked in boats or +other vessels," there is, as we have seen, a special flag. +It is the Union with the royal initials in the centre on +a blue circle, surrounded by a green garland, and surmounted +by the imperial crown.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x18" id="x18"></a>USE OF FLAGS BY PRIVATE PERSONS.</h2> + +<p class="indent">In regard to the use of the national flag by private +persons, there is a positive rule as to marine flags, but +none, so far as I am aware, as to its use on shore. I have +occasionally seen it flown on shore with a white border, +under an impression, apparently, that this difference was +necessary, but it is unmeaning, and there is no authority +for it. In numberless instances we see one or other of +the marine Ensigns hoisted on shore over gentlemen's +houses, or used in street decoration on the occasion of +public rejoicings; but nothing could be more absurd, as +the ensign is exclusively a ship flag.</p> + +<p class="indent">Any private individual entitled to armorial bearings +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" id="page103"></a>[pg 103]</span> +may carry them on a flag. In such cases the arms should +not be on a shield, but filling the entire flag.</p> + +<p class="indent">The flags and banners represented in works on heraldry +have almost invariably a fringe; but this is optional. If a +fringe is used it should be composed of the livery colours, +each tincture of the arms giving its colour to the portion +of the fringe which adjoins it. In the British army the +colours of the different regiments are fringed.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x19" id="x19"></a>FOREIGN FLAGS: FRANCE.</h2> + +<p class="indent">My notice of foreign flags must be short. Those +of France and America have naturally most interest +for us.</p> + +<p class="indent">Previous to the Revolution the French can hardly be +said to have had a national flag. The colours of the +reigning families—changing as they did with each fresh +dynasty, as was the case in our own early history—were +accepted in the place of national standards, while each +regiment in the army followed colours of its own. The +celebrated <i>Chape de Saint Martin de Tours</i> and the +<i>Oriflamme</i> of the Abbey of Saint Denis, were, like the +labarum of Constantine, ecclesiastical banners, symbolic +of the two patrons of Christian France watching over her +in her battles. The Chape de Saint Martin was a banner +imitating in form a cape or cloak, and was of blue. The +Oriflamme was red with a green fringe. By the end of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>[pg 104]</span> +the tenth century this had become +the royal standard. In +one of the windows of the Cathedral +of Chartres (of the +thirteenth century) there is a representation +of Henri Sieur de +Argentin et du Mez, Marshall of +France under St. Louis, receiving +from the hands of St. Denis a +banner which is supposed to be +the Oriflamme. Fig. 30 is a copy +of this interesting old work of art. +The banner, it will be observed, +has five points; but in other examples +it has only three, each having +attached to it a tassel of green +silk.</p> + +<p class="indent">The royal banner of St. Louis +was blue powdered with fleurs-de-lis +in gold, and these fleurs-de-lis +have remained since the +eleventh or twelfth century a peculiarly +French and royal device. It +is indeed one of extreme antiquity, +the emblem of a long-forgotten +worship—older by many +ages than any record of the doctrine of the Trinity, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>[pg 105]</span> +of which some have supposed this flower to be an emblem.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_44_44"> +<span class="label">[44]</span></a> +Laughton's <i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 130px;"> +<a name="i_111" id="i_111"></a> +<img src="images/i_111.png" width="130" height="400" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 30.—The Oriflamme, circa 1248.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">In the reign of Charles VI. the blue field ceased to be +<i>powdered</i> with fleurs-de-lis, and was charged with three +only—two and one. The white flag which became the +standard of the kings of France was probably not introduced +till the reign of Henry IV. But there is great +confusion in the history of the French flags, and this is +increased by the use of personal colours at sea, which continued +among the French to a much later period than +among the English. In the colours of the French regiments +there has been great variety of design. Under +the old monarchy the regimental colours were of two +kinds—one was the <i>drapeau-colonel</i>, or royal; the other, +called <i>drapeau d'ordonnance</i>, took its device from the +founder of the particular regiment which carried it, or +from the province of its origin. A common form of the +royal colours was a white cross on a blue field. In other +examples, sometimes the cross and sometimes the field +were powdered with fleurs-de-lis. In some instances the +field was green. The flag displayed by the French in +1789 was a white cross on a blue ground, with one fleur-de-lis +at each corner of the field, and the motto "Patrie et +Liberté."</p> + +<p class="indent">The Tricolour was introduced at the Revolution, but the +origin of the design is unknown. Possibly a trace of it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>[pg 106]</span> +may be found in an illumination in one of the MS. copies +of Froissart. It represents the King of France setting +out against the Duke of Brittany, and his majesty is preceded +by a man on horseback bearing a swallow-tailed +pennon, the first part containing the ancient arms of +France, and each of the tails—composed of three stripes—red, +white, and green.</p> + +<p class="indent">For some time after the Revolution the white field was +retained. When the three colours came to be used there +appears to have been at first no fixed order in arranging +them, and in some cases they were placed vertically, and in +others horizontally. By a decree in 1790 it was ordained +that in the navy the flag on the bowsprit—the jack—should +be composed of three equal bands placed vertically, +that next the staff being red, the middle white, and the +third blue. The flag at the stem was to have in a canton +the jack above described (occupying one fourth of the +flag), and to be surrounded by a narrow band, the half of +which was to be red and the other blue, and the rest of +the flag to be white. In 1794 this flag was abolished, +and it was ordered "that the national flag shall be formed +of <i>the three national colours</i> in equal bands placed vertically, +the hoist being blue, the centre white, and the fly +red." It would appear, however, that this arrangement +was not for some time universally adopted, and that old +flags continued to be used. Thus, in the great picture +by De Loutherbourg at Greenwich, the French ships are +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>[pg 107]</span> +represented as wearing the suppressed flag of 1790; while, +in a rare print preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale at +Paris, representing the magnificent ceremony at which the +first Napoleon distributed eagles to the troops in 1804, the +banners suspended over the Ecole Militaire in the Champ +de Mars, where the ceremony took place, show the three +colours in fess, that is, in horizontal lines. But the vertical +arrangement must have been soon afterwards generally +adopted, and this continued to be the flag both of +the French army and navy during the Empire. On the +return of the king in 1814, and again in 1815, it was +abolished, and the white flag restored; but the Tricolour +was reintroduced in 1830, and it has remained in use +since.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_45_45"> +<span class="label">[45]</span></a> +See French Imperial Standard, and National Flag, Plate IV. Nos. 2 +and 3.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 202px;"> +<a name="i_115" id="i_115"></a> +<img src="images/i_115.png" width="202" height="300" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 31.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">When the Emperor Napoleon assumed the sovereignty +of Elba he had a special flag made. It will be recollected +that he was allowed to retain the title of emperor, and +although the island which comprised his dominions was +only sixty miles in circumference, the inhabitants barely +12,000, his household 35 persons, and his entire army +only 700 infantry and 60 cavalry, he considered it necessary +to have a "national flag." According to Sir Walter +Scott, it bore on a white field a bend charged with three +bees. But the emperor was preparing another and very +different flag for his small army, of which I am able to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>[pg 108]</span> +give a representation from a very rare coloured engraving.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> +It was the tricolour of France, composed of the richest +silk with the ornaments elaborately embroidered in silver. +It bore the imperial crown with the letter N, and the +eagle, on each of the blue and red +portions, with the imperial bees; and +over all the inscription, "L'Empereur +Napoléon ą la Garde Nationale de +L'lle d'Elbe." To the staff, the top +of which was surmounted by a golden +eagle, was suspended a tricoloured +sash also richly embroidered in silver. +This splendid standard was presented +by Napoleon to his guards in +Elba shortly before his invasion of +France in 1815. On the reverse side +there was subsequently embroidered the inscription, +"Champ de Mai"—the flag having been a second time +presented by the emperor to his guards at that celebrated +meeting, a short time before they marched for Waterloo. +The standard was captured by the Prussians, and on their +entering Paris was sold to an English gentleman who +brought it to England.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_46_46"> +<span class="label">[46]</span></a> +See Frontispiece.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_47_47"> +<span class="label">[47]</span></a> +When the drawing of it was taken it was in the possession of Bernard +Brocas, Esq., at Wokefield.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_116" id="i_116"></a> +<img class="border" src="images/i_116.png" width="500" height="700" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">NATIONAL FLAGS AND STANDARDS. PLATE IV</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The lately-abolished Eagle (Fig. 31) was borne as a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" id="page109"></a>[pg 109]</span> +standard in the French army during the Empire only. +It was introduced by Napoleon I., who adopted it +from the Romans. The ribbon attached was of silk +five inches wide and three feet long, and richly embroidered. +After Napoleon's fall the eagles were abandoned, +but they were again introduced by Napoleon III. +In consequence of their intrinsic value, they proved in +the Franco-German war a much-coveted prize among +the Germans, who captured a considerable number of +them on the successive defeats of the French. The first +Napoleon was very careful of the Eagles. He himself +tells us, in one of the conversations at St. Helena, that +he established in each regiment two subaltern officers as +special guardians of the Eagle. "Ils n'avaient d'autre +arme," he says, "que plusieurs paires de pistolets: d'autre +emploi que de veiller froidement a bruler la cervelle de +celui qui avancerait pour saisir l'aigle."</p> + +<p class="indent">The Dutch and Russian ensigns have the same tinctures +as those of the present French flag, but borne fess ways—that +is horizontally. The former has the red uppermost. +The latter has <i>the metal</i>, the white, uppermost, +and the two <i>colours</i>, the blue and the red—against all our +notions of heraldic propriety—placed together below. +(See Dutch and Russian flags, Plate IV. Nos. 6 and 8.)</p> + +<p class="indent">The Belgian colours adopted in 1831 are arranged as +the French, but the colours are black, yellow, and red. +(Plate IV. No. 5.) The flag of Prussia is also composed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>[pg 110]</span> +of three stripes-black, white, and red, but arranged horizontally. +(Plate IV. No. 4.) The flag of Mexico is +arranged like that of France, but the colours are green, +white, and red. (Plate IV. No. 10.)</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x20" id="x20"></a>THE AMERICAN FLAG.</h2> + +<p class="indent">The history of the American flag is interesting. Previous +to the Declaration of Independence the different +colonies retained the standards of the mother country +with the addition of some local emblem. Massachusetts, +for example, adopted the pine-tree, a device which was +also placed on the coins. In 1775 "the Union with a +red field"—a red ensign—was displayed at New York on +a liberty poll with the inscription, "George Rex and the +Liberties of America;" and it is interesting to note that +the first flag adopted as a national ensign by the ships of +the United States consisted of the horizontal stripes with +which we are familiar, but with the British Union still +retained in a canton. This was replaced by the stars on +a blue ground. Some of the flags first used—at the time +when only twelve states had ratified the articles of convention—bore +only twelve stars. On the 14th of August, +1777, Congress resolved "that the flag of the United +States be thirteen stripes alternately red and white, and +that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, +representing a new constellation." (See Fig. 32.)</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>[pg 111]</span> +It has been said that the design of the flag was derived +from arms borne by the family of Washington; but there +is no foundation for this. An American writer—with +probably as little ground for the statement—says: "the +blue field was taken from the Covenanters' banner in +Scotland, likewise significant of the League and Covenant +of the United Colonies against oppression, and incidentally +involving vigilance, perseverance, and justice. The stars +were then disposed in a circle symbolizing the perpetuity +of the union, as well as equality with themselves. The +whole was a blending of the various flags used previous +to the war, viz. the red flags of the army and white +colours of the floating batteries—the gem of the navy."<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_48_48"> +<span class="label">[48]</span></a> +Article on "Flags," by H. K. W. Wilcox, New York, <i>Harper's Magazine</i>, +July, 1873.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i_120" id="i_120"></a> +<img src="images/i_120.png" width="500" height="407" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">Fig. 32.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">In 1795 it was ordained that the stripes should be increased +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>[pg 112]</span> +to fifteen and the stars to the same number; but +in 1818 Congress ordered a return to the thirteen stripes +but with twenty stars, and that on the admission of any +new state a star should be added. Thus the old number +of stripes perpetuated the original number of the states +forming the union, while the added stars show the union +in its existing state. In consequence of the greatly increased +number of stars, the circular arrangement had to +be abandoned, and they are now disposed in parallel lines. +(See flag of the United States, Plate V. No. 8.) The +construction of the first national standard, from which +the stars and stripes were afterwards adopted, took +place at Philadelphia in 1777 under the personal direction +of Washington aided by a committee of Congress.</p> + +<p class="indent">The flag of the American admirals is composed of the +stripes alone, and the stars are used separately as a jack. +One of the first American flags used at sea, and bearing +only the twelve stars, is still preserved. It is the flag +which was flown by the celebrated Paul Jones from his +privateer, the <i>Bon homme Richard</i>, in his engagement with +the English ship <i>Serapis</i> on 23d September, 1799. In +the course of the action the flag having been shot away +from the mast-head, Lieutenant Stafford, then a volunteer +in Paul Jones' ship, leaped into the sea after it, and recovered +and replaced it, being severely wounded while +performing this action. The flag thus saved was afterwards +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>[pg 113]</span> +presented to him by the marine committee of +Congress, and it now (1880) belongs to his son.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_49_49"> +<span class="label">[49]</span></a> +Letter in <i>Daily Telegraph</i>, 18th March, 1880, by Mr. W. Stafford Northcote.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 504px;"> +<a name="i_122" id="i_122"></a> +<img class="border" src="images/i_122.png" width="504" height="700" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">NATIONAL FLAGS AND STANDARDS. PLATE V.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">I may mention that the white and red stripes are not +peculiar to the American flag. A flag of similar design +was for a long time a well-known signal in the British +navy, being that used for the red division to draw into +line of battle.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x21" id="x21"></a>OTHER FOREIGN FLAGS.</h2> + +<p class="indent">The flag of Liberia is very like that of the United States, +being composed of red and white stripes with a blue +canton. The only difference is that the latter bears only +one star. (See the flag of Liberia, Plate V. No. 6.) The +flag of Bremen is also composed of red and white stripes.</p> + +<p class="indent">Spain from the first period of her greatness bore the +Castilian flag, quartering Castile and Leon. In an old +illumination representing the coronation of Henry, son of +John, King of Castile, there are on the king's left hand +two men, unarmed, the one holding a banner of Castile +and Leon quarterly, the other a blue pennon charged +with three kings' heads-the banner of the three kings of +Cologne. On his majesty's right hand a man, also unarmed, +holds a shield with the arms of Castile and Leon. +It was this last device, as a national flag, that was carried +by the ships of Columbus. But Columbus had also as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" id="page114"></a>[pg 114]</span> +a personal flag one given to him by Queen Isabella—a +white swallow-tailed pennon bearing a Latin cross in +green between the letters FY crowned. These two flags +are noteworthy as the first that crossed the Atlantic.</p> + +<p class="indent">The present royal standard of Spain is of very complicated +construction (see Plate V. No. 1), embracing +among its bearings the arms of Castile and Leon, of +Aragon, Sicily, Burgundy, and others. The national +ensign is in marked contrast by its simplicity. It is composed +of yellow and red stripes—derived from the bars +of Aragon. (See Plate V. No. 2.)</p> + +<p class="indent">Austria at first bore on her flag the Roman eagle. +Now her war ensign is red, white, and red placed horizontally, +and in the centre a shield of the same within a +gold border (the arms of the Dukes of Austria), surmounted +by the royal crown. (See Plate V. No. 3.) The +merchant flag is the same without the shield and crown. +The Austro-Hungarian flag has the lower stripe half red +and half green, with two shields, one on the right containing +the arms of Austria, and the other bearing the +arms of Hungary. (See Plate V. No. 4.)</p> + +<p class="indent">The flag of Italy was designed by Napoleon I. on his +declaration of the Kingdom of Italy. It is a modification +of the French, the division of the field next the staff being, +instead of blue, green, which, it is known, was a favourite +colour of the emperor. In the centre is a red shield +charged with a white cross—the arms of the Dukes of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>[pg 115]</span> +Savoy, now borne by Italy. A representation of the +Italian merchant flag will be found on Plate V. No. 5. +The war ensign is the same, except that the shield is +surmounted by the royal crown.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the construction of the flag of Norway, curiously +enough, the same blunder has been committed as in our +own Union. It is "described" as a blue cross <i>fimbriated</i> +white; but the border, as the flag is worn, is too broad, +and it really represents two crosses, a blue cross superimposed +on a white one—just as our St. George's cross, +as represented in our national colours, is nothing but a +red cross superimposed on a white one. Mr. Laughton +accordingly looking at the Norwegian flag in this light, +calls it the white flag of Denmark with a blue cross +over it,<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> which it was certainly not intended to be. The +flag is shown in Plate V. No. 11. The Swedish-Norwegian +union in the canton was introduced in 1817, when +the two countries were united under one king.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_50_50"> +<span class="label">[50]</span></a> +<i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>, p. 23.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The Danish flag (see Plate V. No. 7) is the oldest now +in existence. The tradition is that it descended from +Heaven ready made in the year 1219 in answer to the +prayer of King Waldemar, as he was leading his troops +to battle against the pagans of the Baltic. Be that as it +may, it certainly dates from the thirteenth century.</p> + +<p class="indent">The flag of Portugal has borne a conspicuous part +in history, and the devices in it carry us back to a very +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id="page116"></a>[pg 116]</span> +early period. The present royal standard is red with +a red shield in the centre charged with towers or castles +for the kingdom of Algarve, which Alphonsus III. got +from the King of Castile when he married the daughter +of the latter in 1278; and in the centre there is a white +shield bearing on it the shields of the five Moors placed +crossways. The Portuguese national flag is per pale, +blue and white, and in the centre point is the same device +as appears on the royal standard. The present flag, however, +is only a modification of the old flag which was +carried by the early discoverers, and which brought glory +to Portugal in the days of Prince Henry the Navigator. +(See the national flag of Portugal, Plate V. No. 12.)</p> + +<p class="indent">The royal standards of Norway and Sweden, and also +the ensign of these kingdoms, are peculiar in preserving +the ancient form of having the fly ending in three points. +(See the Swedish standard, Plate V. No. 10.)</p> + +<p class="indent">Greece has adopted the colours of Bavaria in compliment +to her first king. (See Plate VI. No. 7.)</p> + +<p class="indent">The devices on some of the Asiatic flags are peculiar. +That of Burmah bears a peacock; Siam, a white elephant; +and China, a hideous-looking dragon. (See these flags, +Plate VI. Nos. 1, 2, 3.) On the flag of Bolivia (Plate VI. +No. 4) is the representation of a volcano, suggested in all +probability by the great volcano of Serhama, which rises +in Western Bolivia to the height of 23,000 feet. Japan, +the land of the far east, the source of the sun, as her name +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>[pg 117]</span> +signifies, has adopted for her flag the sun rising blood-red. +(See Plate V. No. 9.)</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 509px;"> +<a name="i_128" id="i_128"></a> +<img class="border" src="images/i_128.png" width="509" height="700" alt="" title="" /> +<p class="caption">NATIONAL FLAGS AND STANDARDS. PLATE VI.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The flag of Brazil, which is very inartistic in its construction, +bears among other devices the armillary sphere +of Portugal. (See Plate VI. No. 8.)</p> + +<p class="indent">In Plates IV. V. and VI. will be found representations +of the flags of other kingdoms and republics. These +speak for themselves, and do not call for particular +description.</p> + +<p class="indent">But I must now bring these notices to a close. To the +true patriot of every country the national flag must be a +subject of pride. If, as a French writer observes, it does +not always lead him to victory, it inspires him to fight +well, and if need be to die well. "We pay to it," says the +same writer, "royal honours. When it is paraded—in rags +it may be, and with faded colours, bearing in letters of +gold the names of victories—the troops present arms, the +officers salute it with the sword, and the white heads of +veteran generals are uncovered and bent before the +ensign." To the soldier its loss is one of the greatest +calamities. In Napoleon's disastrous retreat from Moscow +in 1812 not many of his flags remained with the Russians. +Of those which were not carried off most were burned, +and of some of these the officers drank the ashes. More +recently the same thing is said to have been done at +Metz and Sedan. So a French writer tells us, and he +characterizes the act as "<i>communion sublime</i>!"</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>[pg 118]</span> +What the flag is, indeed, to the sailor and the soldier, +whether when shaken out in battle or when displayed in +memory of great victories, none but the soldier and the +sailor can realize. At the interment of Lord Nelson, +when his flag was about to be lowered into the grave, the +sailors who assisted at the ceremony ran forward with one +accord and tore it into small pieces, to be preserved as +sacred relics. "I know," says Charles Kingsley—in those +<i>Brave Words</i> which he addressed to our soldiers then +fighting in the trenches before Sebastopol, "I know +that you would follow those colours into the mouth of the +pit; that you would die twice over rather than let them +be taken. Those noble rags, inscribed with noble names +of victory, should remind you every day and every hour +that he who fights for Queen and country in a just cause +is fighting not only in the Queen's army but in Christ's +army, and that he shall in no wise lose his reward."</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="x23" id="x23"></a>INDEX.</h2> + +<p class="center">A.</p> + +<p>Armenian Flag, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p> + +<p>Army, British, Flags of, <a href="#page96">96</a>.</p> + +<p>Artillery—have no colours, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p> + +<p>Assyrian Standards, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p> + +<p>Austria, Flag of, <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p> + +<p>Austro-Hungary, Flag of, <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">B.</p> + +<p>Banner of St. Cuthbert, <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p> + +<p>Banner-bearers, <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p> + +<p>Bannerets, <a href="#page30">30</a>.</p> + +<p>—— their following, <a href="#page32">32</a>.</p> + +<p>Banners, <a href="#page29">29</a>.</p> + +<p>Belgian Flag, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p> + +<p>Beverly, Sir John of, his banner, <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p> + +<p>Black Prince at Navarete, <a href="#page31">31</a>.</p> + +<p>"Blue Blanket," <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a>.</p> + +<p>"Bluidy Banner" of Covenanters, <a href="#page52">52</a>.</p> + +<p>Bolivia, Flag of, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p> + +<p>Brazil, Flag of, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p> + +<p>Bryon, Sir Guy de, banner-bearer of Edward III., <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p> + +<p>Burmah, Flag of, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p> + +<p>—— British, Flag of, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">C.</p> + +<p>Carlaverock, Siege of, <a href="#page32">32</a>.</p> + +<p>Chandos, Sir John, made banneret, <a href="#page31">31</a>.</p> + +<p>China, Flag of, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p> + +<p>Cochrane, Lord, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page86">86</a>.</p> + +<p>Colours of British Army, <a href="#page96">96</a>.</p> + +<p>Colours of 24th Regiment, <a href="#page96">96</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of Foot Guards, <a href="#page97">97</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of Cavalry, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Presentation of new, <a href="#page100">100</a>.</p> + +<p>Columbus, his flag, <a href="#page113">113</a>.</p> + +<p>Commonwealth, Flag of, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</p> + +<p>Constantine, Standard of, <a href="#page25">25</a>.</p> + +<p>Consuls, Flags of, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Coronations, Banners borne at, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p> + +<p>Covenanters, Flags of, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a>.</p> + +<p>Custodiers of Banners, <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">D.</p> + +<p>Danish Flag, <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Standards, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Flag, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p> + +<p>Deceiving enemy, Use of Flags in, <a href="#page76">76</a>.</p> + +<p>Douglas. See Earl Douglas, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page48">48</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>.</p> + +<p>Dragon—Standard of Romans and Dacians, <a href="#page25">25</a>.</p> + +<p>Dragon—Standard of Germany and England, <a href="#page25">25</a>.</p> + +<p>Dragoon Guards, Colours of, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p> + +<p>Dutch Fleets, <a href="#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">E.</p> + +<p>Eagle, Roman, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> + +<p>—— French, <a href="#page108">108</a>.</p> + +<p>Earl Douglas, his standard, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page48">48</a>.</p> + +<p>Earl Marshall, his standard, <a href="#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Earl Percy—love pledges, <a href="#page48">48</a>.</p> + +<p>Edward III., his banner, <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p> + +<p>—— his standard, <a href="#page37">37</a>.</p> + +<p>Egyptian Standards, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>.</p> + +<p>Engineers, Royal—have no colours, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p> + +<p>Ensign, The, <a href="#page67">67</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">F.</p> + +<p>False Colours, when may be used, <a href="#page83">83</a>.</p> + +<p>Firing at Colours of a friendly nation, <a href="#page90">90</a>.</p> + +<p>Flag, waving, First introduction of, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + +<p>Flag of Mutiny, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p>Flags, First forms of, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Different kinds of, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Hauling down enemy's, <a href="#page86">86</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Usage, International, as to, <a href="#page88">88</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of British army, <a href="#page96">96</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of military authorities embarked in boats, <a href="#page102">102</a>.</p> + +<p>Flags, Special, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of private persons, <a href="#page102">102</a>.</p> + +<p>Fleurs de lis of France in arms of England, <a href="#page37">37</a>.</p> + +<p>Flodden, Battle of, <a href="#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Foreign Flags, <a href="#page103">103</a>.</p> + +<p>—— —— use of at home, <a href="#page89">89</a>.</p> + +<p>French Flags, <a href="#page103">103</a>.</p> + +<p>Funerals, Banners borne at, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">G.</p> + +<p>George III., his standard, <a href="#page41">41</a>.</p> + +<p>Gonfanon, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p> + +<p>Greece, Flag of, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p> + +<p>Greeks, Standards of, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">H.</p> + +<p>Hauling down enemy's colours, <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page87">87</a>.</p> + +<p>Hebrew Standards, <a href="#page15">15</a>.</p> + +<p>Henry II., his standard, <a href="#page37">37</a>.</p> + +<p>Henry VII., his personal standard, <a href="#page38">38</a>.</p> + +<p>Hopson, Admiral, <a href="#page87">87</a>.</p> + +<p>Hussars—have no colours, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">I.</p> + +<p>India, Governor-general of, his flag, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>International usage as to flags, <a href="#page88">88</a>.</p> + +<p>Ireland, National flag of, <a href="#page54">54</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Lord-lieutenant of, his flag, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Isandlana, <a href="#page11">11</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a>.</p> + +<p>Italy, Flag of, <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">J.</p> + +<p>Jack, Union, <a href="#page64">64</a>.</p> + +<p>—— pilot, <a href="#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>James I., his standard, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</p> + +<p>Japan, Flag of, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">K.</p> + +<p>Knights Bannerets, <a href="#page30">30</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">L.</p> + +<p>Labarum, Roman, <a href="#page24">24</a>.</p> + +<p>Lancers—have no colours, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p> + +<p>Liberia, Flag of, <a href="#page113">113</a>.</p> + +<p>Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, his flag, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">M.</p> + +<p>Marshall. See Earl Marshall, <a href="#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Mary Stuart, Queen, her standard, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</p> + +<p>Moscow, Flags destroyed in Napoleon's retreat from, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p> + +<p>Mourning, Flags signifying, <a href="#page74">74</a>.</p> + +<p>Mutiny, Flag hoisted in, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">N.</p> + +<p>Napoleon I., Standard presented by to his guards, <a href="#page107">107</a>.</p> + +<p>National Flags, <a href="#page54">54</a>.</p> + +<p>Navarete, Battle of, <a href="#page31">31</a>.</p> + +<p>Norman Standards, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>Norway, Peculiar form of Flag of, <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">O.</p> + +<p>Otterbourne, Battle of, <a href="#page47">47</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">P.</p> + +<p>Pacha, Standard of, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> + +<p>Parley, Signal for, <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p> + +<p>Parthians, Banners of, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + +<p>Paul Jones, his flag, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p> + +<p>Pendant, The, <a href="#page72">72</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Long, <a href="#page73">73</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Broad, <a href="#page73">73</a>.</p> + +<p>Pennon, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p> + +<p>Penny, Design of Union on, <a href="#page63">63</a>.</p> + +<p>Penoncel, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p> + +<p>Percy. See Earl Percy, <a href="#page48">48</a>.</p> + +<p>Persian Standards, <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p> + +<p>Portugal, Flag of, <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p> + +<p>Private persons, Use of flags by, <a href="#page102">102</a>.</p> + +<p>Prussian Flag, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">Q.</p> + +<p>Quarantine, Flag of, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">R.</p> + +<p>Rifle Brigade—has no colours, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p> + +<p>Roman Standards, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p> + +<p>Royal Standard of England, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of Scotland, <a href="#page38">38</a>.</p> + +<p>Russian Flag, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">S.</p> + +<p>Saxons, Standards of, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>Scottish Arms, their precedence on Royal standard, <a href="#page42">42</a>.</p> + +<p>Sedan, Flags destroyed by French at, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p> + +<p>Siam, Flag of, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p> + +<p>Sickness, Flag intimating, <a href="#page78">78</a>.</p> + +<p>Signal Flags, <a href="#page73">73</a>.</p> + +<p>Spain, Flag of, <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p> + +<p>Special Flags, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Squadrons, Division of navy into, <a href="#page68">68</a>.</p> + +<p>Standard, Battle of, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p> + +<p>Standard, The Royal, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</p> + +<p>—— —— when hoisted in ships, <a href="#page44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>Standard-bearers, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>Standards, Ancient, <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of Egypt, <a href="#page13">13</a>-<a href="#page15">15</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of the Hebrews, <a href="#page15">15</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of the Assyrians, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of Persians, <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of Turks, <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of Pachas, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Roman, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page24">24</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of Greeks, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Parthian, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of Danes, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of Saxons, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of Normans, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>—— suspended from trumpets, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p> + +<p>—— at coronations and funerals, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Personal, of sovereigns, <a href="#page38">38</a>.</p> + +<p>—— borne by Nobles, <a href="#page44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>—— borne by Trades, <a href="#page50">50</a>.</p> + +<p>Supporters of Royal Arms, <a href="#page43">43</a>.</p> + +<p>Surrender, Signal of, at sea, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>.</p> + +<p>—— of a fortress, <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p> + +<p>Swedish-Norwegian Flag, <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">T.</p> + +<p>Trades, Standards borne by, <a href="#page50">50</a>.</p> + +<p>Truce, Flag of, <a href="#page74">74</a>.</p> + +<p>Trumpets, Banners suspended from, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p> + +<p>Turkish Standards, <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">U.</p> + +<p>Union, Design of, on penny, <a href="#page63">63</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Flag, The first, <a href="#page55">55</a>.</p> + +<p>—— under Commonwealth, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</p> + +<p>—— on Restoration, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</p> + +<p>—— present form, <a href="#page57">57</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Error in construction of, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</p> + +<p>—— as it ought to be made, <a href="#page62">62</a>.</p> + +<p>—— how and when displayed, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>—— in Ensign, <a href="#page68">68</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Jack, <a href="#page64">64</a>.</p> + +<p>United States Flag, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p> + +<p>Usage, International, as to flags, <a href="#page88">88</a>.</p> + +<p>Uses of Flags in naval warfare, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">V.</p> + +<p>Volunteer Regiments—have no colours, <a href="#page102">102</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">W.</p> + +<p>Warwick, Earl of, his standard, <a href="#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>William III., his standard, <a href="#page41">41</a>.</p> + +<p>Wolf, on Roman Standard, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">Y.</p> + +<p>Yellow Flag, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p>—— Successful use of, by Lord Cochrane, <a href="#page85">85</a>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<div class="tnote"> + +<p class="h2a">Transcriber's Notes:</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="indent">The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up +paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate. Thus +the page number of the illustration might not match the page number in +the List of Illustrations, and the order of illustrations may not be the +same in the List of Illustrations and in the book. Also the titles in the List of Illustrations do not necessarily match that of the illustration captions.</p> + +<p class="indent">Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected +unless otherwise noted.</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 55, "Andrews" was replaced with "Andrew's".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 71, "top-gallantmast-head" was replaced with +"top-gallant-masthead".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 73, two instances of "top-gallantmast head" were replaced with +"top-gallant-masthead".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 96, "buntin" was replaced with "bunting".</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Flags:, by Andrew Macgeorge + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FLAGS: *** + +***** This file should be named 39221-h.htm or 39221-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/2/2/39221/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Ernest Schaal, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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