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Straus + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: Under Four Administrations + From Cleveland to Taft + +Author: Oscar S. Straus + +Release Date: March 14, 2012 [EBook #39144] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UNDER FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Julia Neeufeld and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="450" height="531" alt="cover" title="" /> + +</div> +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Frontispiece" id="Page_Frontispiece"> </a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="450" height="757" alt="Oscar S. Straus" title="Oscar S. Straus" /> +</div> +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> +<h1> +Under<br /> Four Administrations +</h1> +<h3> +FROM CLEVELAND TO TAFT</h3> +<p class="center"> +RECOLLECTIONS OF</p> + +<h2> +OSCAR S. STRAUS, <span class="smcap">Litt.D.</span>, LL.D.</h2> + +<div class="center"> +<i>Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague<br /> +Three Times Minister and Ambassador to Turkey<br /> +Former Secretary of Commerce and Labor</i><br /> +<br /> +WITH ILLUSTRATIONS<br /><br /></div> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 111px;"> +<img src="images/illus002.jpg" width="111" height="150" alt="Publisher's Mark" title="" /> + +</div> +<div class="center"><br /><br />Boston and New York<br /> +HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY<br /> +The Riverside Press Cambridge</div> +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> +<div class="center"> +COPYRIGHT, 1922, BY OSCAR S. STRAUS<br /> +<br /> +ALL RIGHTS RESERVED<br /> +<br /> +SECOND IMPRESSION<br /> +<br /><br /><br /> +The Riverside Press<br /> +CAMBRIDGEˇMASSACHUSETTS<br /> +PRINTED IN THE UˇSˇA +</div> +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> + + + +<p class="center"> +DEDICATED TO<br /> +MY GRANDCHILDREN<br /> +AND THEIR CONTEMPORARIES<br /> +OF EVERY RACE AND CREED<br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>I am drawing these memories to a close in my log cabin +in the primitive Maine woods, where my wife and I +have been coming for rest and for fishing for the past +twenty years. Here we renew our youth, and far from +tumult and crowds, near to nature, we realize anew how +little is required in order to be contented and happy. +Here I am taken back to the memories of my childhood +in the little town in Georgia where too our home was a +log house, but for appearances had the luxurious outer +and inner dressing of clap-boarding painted white. The +logs of the upper story where we children played and slept +had no covering, which pleased us all the more.</p> + +<p>In a highly organized society, we are often attracted +by pomp and circumstance, rather than by qualities of +heart and mind, which after all are the true measure of +enlightenment. Here in these woods, fair dealings and +human relations are not regulated by statutes, but by the +golden rule of conduct. We need not hide our possessions +behind locked doors, honesty is the accepted rule of life; +there are no treasures to hide and no bars to break.</p> + +<p>It has been permitted me to do useful work and to +have interesting experiences. Privileged opportunities +have been afforded me for public service. Of these I +write.</p> + +<p>Perhaps in chronicling the experiences of a life which +at many points touched vital affairs and the most interesting +personalities, I may be able to add something to +the record of men, movements, and events during those +decades still absorbing to us because they are so near.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p> + +<p>The story is one of service at home and abroad, of +personal relations with six of our Presidents, with diplomats, +labor leaders, foreign rulers, leaders of industry, +and some plain unticketed citizens who were the salt of +the earth and certainly not the least of those whom it +was a pleasure to know.</p> + +<p>To write of one's self requires a certain amount of +egotism. The autobiographer usually tries to justify this +vanity by explaining it as a desire to gratify his children +and kinsmen, or as a yielding to the urgent request of his +friends. Benjamin Franklin, whose autobiography, incomplete +though it be, is one of the most human in our +language, frankly conceded that he was prompted by the +weakness of praise. He says: "I may as well confess it, +since my denial of it will be believed by nobody, perhaps +I shall a good deal gratify my own vanity."</p> + +<p>I do not wish to conceal from those who may from +interest or curiosity read what I write, that I am not +entirely free from that vanity, even though it be my chief +aim and purpose to cast some additional light upon our +country's development and upon events in which, in +public and private life, I have been permitted to take +part. Having held official positions at home and abroad +under four administrations, and having come in close +relationship with many of the statesmen and others of +distinction in this and foreign countries, perhaps my +narrative will serve to give more intimate knowledge and +truer appreciation of their personal traits and their exceptional +qualities.</p> + +<p>I have also been influenced by a desire to bring a +message of encouragement to the youth of our country, +especially to those who may be conscious of handicaps +in the race, not to lose heart, but to be patient, considerate, +and tactful, and not to withhold the saving extra<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span> +ounce of effort which often spells the difference between +failure and success.</p> + +<p>So long as our democracy remains true to its basic +principles and jealously guards the highways of opportunity, +the golden age will not be in the past, but ever in +the future. In externals the age in which we live has +changed, but the qualities of effort, of industry, and the +will to succeed which were required when I was a boy, +have not changed; they lead to the same goals now as +then, with this difference: that the boy of to-day has +greater advantages, better educational facilities, and +more avenues of advancement than the boy of two +generations ago. There never was a time in our history +when more men of humble origin have attained commanding +positions in industry, in commerce, and in +public affairs than now. While our American system is +not without fault, the fact that an enlightened public is +ever watchful to maintain our democratic principles and +to correct abuses is convincing proof of our country's +wholesome development in conformity with the changing +conditions of modern life.</p> + +<p>I desire to make acknowledgment to my long-time and +esteemed friend, Mr. Lawrence Abbott, the President of +"The Outlook," who encouraged and advised me to +write these memoirs and even outlined the chapter plan +which I have largely followed.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align="right">I.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ancestry and Early Years</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">II.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Law, Business, and Letters</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">III.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Entering Diplomacy</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">IV.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">First Turkish Mission</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">V.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Harrison, Cleveland, and McKinley</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">VI.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">My Second Mission to Turkey</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">VII.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">VIII.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Industrial Diplomacy</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">IX.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">In the Cabinet</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">X.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Taft Campaign of 1908</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XI.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">My Third Mission to Turkey</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XII.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"> The Progressives</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XIII.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Threatening Clouds of War</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XIV.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Personal Vignettes</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XV.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The World War</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_370">370</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XVI.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Paris Peace Conference</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_396">396</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_431">431</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Illustrations"> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Oscar S. Straus</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_Frontispiece"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Photograph by the Campbell Studios, New York</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mother and Father of Oscar S. Straus</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Birthplace of Oscar S. Straus, Otterberg, Rhenish Bavaria</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chapel and Schoolhouse, Collinsworth Institute, Talbotton, Georgia</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Oscar S. Straus at Six</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Oscar S. Straus at the Time of his Graduation</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Letter of Henry Ward Beecher to President Cleveland</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mrs. Straus in Turkey</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Testimonial given to Mr. Straus in Jerusalem in Appreciation of the Release of Several Hundred Prisoners</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Oscar S. Straus, Constantinople</span>, 1888</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">President McKinley sending the Author to Turkey on his Second Mission</span>, 1898</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Members of the Railway Board of Administration</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Roosevelt Cabinet</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mrs. Oscar S. Straus</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Nathan, Oscar, and Isidor Straus</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_312">312</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Photograph by Pirie MacDonald, New York, 1912</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Roger W. Straus</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_392">392</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<h2>Under Four Administrations</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER I</h2> + +<h3>ANCESTRY AND EARLY YEARS</h3> + +<blockquote><p>Napoleonic Era: the Sanhedrin—A forefather in Napoleon's councils—My +father and the German Revolution of 1848—My father emigrates to America +—My father starts business in Talbotton, Georgia—My mother and her +children arrive, 1854—We attend the Baptist Church—My early schooling +—Deacons duel with knives—Household slaves—Life in a small Southern +town—Frugal and ingenious housekeeping—Outbreak of the Civil War—Our +family moves to Columbus, Georgia—First lessons in oratory—General +Wilson's capture of the city—The town is looted—Our family moves North +—My father surprises Northern creditor by insisting upon paying his debts in +full—I attend Columbia Grammar School in New York City—My accidental +schoolroom glory before Morse, the inventor—I enter Columbia College in +1867 with Brander Matthews, Stuyvesant Fish, and other distinguished classmates +—My classroom début in diplomacy—Poetic ambitions—Military +aspirations and an interview with President Grant—Choosing law as a career.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>My ancestors, on both my father's and my mother's side, +were natives of the Palatinate of Bavaria, of the town of +Otterberg and immediate vicinity. Up to the time of +Napoleon's taking possession of that part of the country +the Jews of the Palatinate had not adopted family +names. This they did later, beginning in 1808, when, +under Napoleon, the Palatinate became the Department +of Mont Tennérre and part of France. My great-grandfather, +for instance, before adopting the family name of +Straus, was known as Jacob Lazar, from Jacob ben +Lazarus, or Jacob son of Lazarus, as in biblical times.</p> + +<p>Jacob Lazar, afterwards Jacob Straus, had three sons: +Jacob, Lazarus, and Salomon. My father, Lazarus +Straus, born April 25, 1809, was the son of the eldest,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +Jacob; and my mother, Sara Straus, born January 14, +1823, was the daughter of the youngest, Salomon. My +paternal grandfather died when my father was a young +man, but my grandfather Salomon Straus and his +brother Lazarus were known to us as children, particularly +to my eldest brother, Isidor, who knew them quite +well. They were men of culture and education, landowners +who sent their crops—mainly wheat, oats, +clover and clover seed—and those of their neighbors to +the markets of Kaiserslautern and Mannheim, the chief +commercial towns of the section. They spoke German +and French fluently, and had also, of course, been thoroughly +educated in the Hebrew language and literature.</p> + +<p>The name of Straus was well known among the Jews +of Bavaria, and both my great-grandfather and my +father contributed to its prominence. During 1806 a +spirit of reaction, political and religious, swept over +France, making itself especially troublesome in Alsace +and in the German departments of the upper and lower +Rhine. Exceptionable and restrictive laws were advocated +to deprive the Jews there of rights they were enjoying +throughout France. As had happened often before, +and not unknown since, the reactionaries fanned the +hatred against Jews, making them the scapegoats in their +campaign against the advancing spirit of liberalism. +Thus the cause of the Jews was linked with the cause of +liberty itself.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 705px;"> +<img src="images/illus016.jpg" width="705" height="450" alt="MOTHER AND FATHER OF OSCAR S. STRAUS" title="MOTHER AND FATHER OF OSCAR S. STRAUS" /> +<span class="caption">MOTHER AND FATHER OF OSCAR S. STRAUS</span> +</div> + +<p>Napoleon himself was at first prejudiced against the +Jews, regarding them as usurers and extortioners. He +soon realized, however, that the characteristics which +confronted him could not be imputed to Judaism, but +were due rather to the restricted civil and industrial +rights of the Jews and to their general unhappy condition. +It was made manifest to him that in Bordeaux,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +Marseilles, and the Italian cities of France, as well as in +Holland, some of the most useful and patriotic citizens +were Jews. Napoleon always had an eye on his historical +reputation, and desiring to do nothing that would obscure +his fame, he decided to convene a council of representative +Jews from the various provinces. Accordingly, on +May 30, 1806, he issued his decree, famous in the annals +of the Jews in modern times, summoning the Assembly +of Notables of the Jewish nation to meet in Paris the +following July. The prefects in the various provinces +were required to aid in the selection of the most distinguished +men from among the rabbis and the laity.</p> + +<p>The deputies came to Paris from all parts of the +French Empire. They numbered one hundred and +eleven in all, and spoke French, German, and Italian. +Many of them were themselves well known, others +achieved a posthumous glamour in the deeds of descendants +who have since won distinction in European +history and in the annals of Jewry. There were Joseph +Sinzheim, first rabbi of Strasbourg, foremost Talmudist +and considered the most scholarly member of the Assembly, +who was made president of the Assembly and +later chairman of the Great Sanhedrin; Michel Berr, +afterwards the first French Jew to practice at the bar; +Abraham Furtado, son of a marano or crypto-Jewish Portuguese +family from which was also descended the wife +of the first Benjamin D'Israeli and Sir John Simon; Isaac +Samuel d'Avigdor of Nice, grandfather of Jules d'Avigdor +who was a member of the Piedmont Parliament; +Israel Ottolenghi, an ancestor of Italy's late Minister of +War; Abraham de Cologna, rabbi of Mantua, a great +political leader and reformer; and many others of equal +rank and caliber. Their task was a monumental one, +for it was nothing less than to justify Judaism and Jewry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +to the world; and they assembled with a full consciousness +of their responsibility.</p> + +<p>At this Assembly my great-grandfather represented +the Department of Mont Tennérre. He evidently played +an important part in the diplomacy which this unprecedented +council involved, for he was a member of the +sub-committee of fifteen delegated to meet the commissioners +appointed by Napoleon, also a member of the +committee to which the Assembly gave the delicate +work of preparing the groundwork for discussion with the +commissioners. Subsequently he was appointed to the +committee of nine of the Great Sanhedrin which the following +year presented to Napoleon's committee the conclusions +formulated and agreed upon by the Assembly, +and which helped to bring about their adoption.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>My father, in turn, was active in the revolutionary +movement in 1848. This was an heroic effort on the part +of the liberal forces of Europe to achieve constitutional +government, and when it failed many of those who had +borne a conspicuous part fled to other countries. Thus +it was that Generals Sigel, Schurz, Stahl, and others, +who later were prominent in our Civil War, came to +America. These men and their immediate followers constitute +one of the most valuable groups of immigrants +that have come to these shores since our government was +organized. In the land of their birth they had already +made sacrifices for constitutionalism and democracy, and +basically they had made them for American principles. +They were Americans in spirit, therefore, even before +they arrived.</p> + +<p>Having been active only locally in the revolutionary +movement, my father was not prosecuted. He was made +aware, however, of the suspicions of the authorities and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +was subjected to all those petty annoyances and discriminations +which a reactionary government never fails +to lay upon people who have revolted, and revolted in +vain. My father decided, in consequence, to emigrate. +This purpose he did not carry into effect until the spring +of 1852. He had many ties, which it was difficult to +break at once. He had been in comfortable circumstances, +like his father and grandfather a landowner and +dealer on a large scale in farm products, principally +grains. The revolution left him reduced in circumstances +and even to some extent in debt. He had four children, +of whom I was the youngest, being then less than a year +and a half old. Therefore, like the prudent man he was, +he waited, and then came to America alone with the +purpose of establishing himself in some small way before +allowing his family to exchange the comparative security +of their familiar surroundings for the insecurity of an +unknown land.</p> + +<p>He landed at Philadelphia, where he met a number of +former acquaintances who had preceded him to America, +some of whom were already established in business. They +advised him to go South. Acting on this suggestion he +went on to Oglethorpe, Georgia, where he met some +more acquaintances from the old country. Through +them he made a connection with two brothers Kaufman, +who plied the peddler's trade. They owned a peddler's +wagon with which they dispensed through the several +counties of the State an assortment of dry goods and +what was known as "Yankee notions."</p> + +<p>For my father this was indeed a pioneer business in a +pioneer country, yet it was not like the peddling of to-day. +In the fifties the population of the whole State of +Georgia was only about nine hundred thousand. Because +of the existence of slavery there were on the large plantations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +often more colored people than there were whites +living in the near-by villages. The itinerant merchant, +therefore, filled a real want, and his vocation was looked +upon as quite dignified. Indeed, he was treated by the +owners of the plantations with a spirit of equality that it +is hard to appreciate to-day. Then, too, the existence of +slavery drew a distinct line of demarcation between the +white and black races. This gave to the white visitor a +status of equality that probably otherwise he would not +have enjoyed to such a degree.</p> + +<p>Provided only, therefore, that the peddler proved himself +an honorable, upright man, who conscientiously +treated his customers with fairness and made no misrepresentations +regarding his wares, he was treated as an +honored guest by the plantation owners—certainly a +spirit of true democracy. The visits were made periodically +and were quite looked forward to by the plantation +owners. The peddler usually stayed one night at the +house of his customer and took his meals with the family. +Another ideally democratic feature about these sojourns +was that spirit of Southern hospitality which, even in the +relationship between the wealthiest, most aristocratic +family and the humble peddler, permitted no pay for +board and lodging, and only a small charge for feed for +the horses. The peddler in turn usually made a gift to +either the lady or her daughter. Often he provided himself +with articles for this purpose, but usually on one +visit he would find out what might be welcome and on the +next visit bring it. The bonds of friendship thus made +are, I venture to say, hardly understandable in our day.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In the course of these wanderings my father came to +Talbotton, a town of some eight or nine hundred inhabitants, +the county seat of Talbot County, and about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +forty miles east of the Alabama boundary. Talbotton +immediately impressed him so favorably that he selected +it as the next home for his family. It had an air of refinement +that pleased him; there were gardens with nicely +cultivated flowers and shrubbery, and houses that were +neat, well kept, and properly painted. Upon inquiry he +found further that there were splendid schools for both +boys and girls.</p> + +<p>There was another factor which doubtless caused +father to be favorably impressed with Talbotton; it was +court week when he arrived, at which time a town has a +more or less festive appearance and is at its best so far as +activity is concerned. Then there was a third factor that +influenced him to settle there. Before doing business in +any county, peddlers were required to go to the county +seat to buy a license. At Talbotton this license was very +high, and my father doubted that his business in Talbot +County would warrant the expense. The idea occurred to +him to utilize the presence of the many strangers in town +to test the possibilities of the place by unpacking and +displaying his goods in a store. An interview with Captain +Curley, the only tailor in the town, developed the +fact that the store he occupied was too large for his needs +and he would be willing to share it with my father. So +this arrangement was promptly made, and at a cost less +than the expense of the county license for itinerant merchandising.</p> + +<p>The experiment proved most satisfactory. In a few +weeks the stock was so depleted that my father proposed +to his partner that they rent a store and settle in Talbotton. +This they did. My father then prepared to go to +Philadelphia to get a stock of goods. His partner counseled +against this. There was a merchant in Oglethorpe +who, up to this point, had supplied them with all their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +merchandise; they would need to refer to him for credit, +and they were still indebted to him for the stock in hand; +also, he would probably not approve of their settling +down in a store instead of peddling. The new store offered +large display space in comparison with the wagon, +and the partner doubted my father's ability to get +enough credit in Philadelphia to make a proper display. +Still another obstacle. The line of merchandise that was +to constitute most of their stock was what was then +known as dry goods and domestics. This business was +entirely in the hands of the Yankees and the most difficult +one in which to gain a foothold, especially for a +German immigrant without capital.</p> + +<p>However, in the end my father did go to Philadelphia. +He had found several acquaintances in that city, as I +have already said, who had been resident in his neighborhood +in the old country. These people were established +in several of the wholesale houses in the different lines +of merchandise he required, except the dry goods. And +solely on the strength of his character and the reputation +he had had in Europe he was able to establish with them +the necessary credit, which neither his capital nor his +business experience in a new field and a strange country +warranted. In fact, their faith in him was so strong that +one of them gladly introduced him to the wholesale dry +goods merchants, and he was able to accomplish the full +purpose of his mission, to the great amazement of his +partner.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 640px;"> +<img src="images/illus024b.jpg" width="640" height="450" alt="BIRTHPLACE OF OSCAR S. STRAUS +OTTERBERG, RHENISH BAVARIA" title="BIRTHPLACE OF OSCAR S. STRAUS +OTTERBERG, RHENISH BAVARIA" /> +<span class="caption">BIRTHPLACE OF OSCAR S. STRAUS +OTTERBERG, RHENISH BAVARIA</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 648px;"> +<img src="images/illus024a.jpg" width="648" height="450" alt="CHAPEL AND SCHOOLHOUSE" title="CHAPEL AND SCHOOLHOUSE +COLLINSWORTH INST" /> +<span class="caption">CHAPEL AND SCHOOLHOUSE COLLINSWORTH INST</span> +</div> + +<p>That was in 1853, and marked the beginning of my +family's history in this country. This bit of success +encouraged my father to write home that he might be +able to have us join him the following year. Accordingly, +on August 24, 1854, our little party left Otterberg. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +was a journey that required no little courage and resourcefulness. +My mother had three years before suffered +a paralytic stroke, and of her four children the +eldest, my brother Isidor, was only nine years old. My +sister Hermina was a year and a half younger, Nathan +was six, and I was only three and a half. My mother's +father accompanied us from Otterberg to Kaiserslautern, +he on horseback and the rest of us with our nursemaid +in a carriage; we then took the train to Forbach, a French +frontier town, where we remained overnight. The next +morning we left for Paris. There we stayed until August +29th, when we started for Havre to board the steamer +St. Louis on her maiden voyage. As our boat was being +docked in New York on September 12th, my mother +recognized my father energetically pacing the wharf. +Minutes seemed like hours.</p> + +<p>We did not go directly to Talbotton. Yellow fever +was raging in Savannah, and as we had to go through +that port <i>en route</i> to Talbotton, we waited in Philadelphia +for a few weeks, until the danger was considered +over. Even then we avoided entering the city until it +was time to board the train for Geneva, where we were to +take the stage-coach for the remaining seven miles to +Talbotton. The boat docked at Savannah in the morning, +and we spent the day until evening in the small +shanty that was called the station. When finally we +reached Talbotton we found a very comfortable home +ready for us. My precocious brother Isidor immediately +inspected the whole and thought it odd to be in a house +built on stilts, as he called it. The house, typical of that +locality, had no cellar, but was supported by an open +foundation of wooden pillars about twenty-five feet +apart.</p> + +<p>Our family was received with kindness and hospitality,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +so that in a very few years our parents were made to feel +much at home. My mother, who had considerable experience +in the cultivation of flowers and vegetables, soon +had a garden which was very helpful and instructive to +her circle of neighbors and friends. My father, always a +student and well versed in biblical literature and the +Bible, which he read in the original, was much sought by +the ministers of the various denominations, several of +whom habitually dined at our house when in Talbotton +on their circuit. At such times the discussion usually ran +along theological lines. One of my earliest recollections is +hearing my father take passages from the Old Testament +and translate them literally for the information of these +ministers.</p> + +<p>We were the only Jewish family in the town. This at +first aroused some curiosity among those who had never +met persons of our race or religion before. I remember +hearing some one doubt that we were Jews and remarking +to my father, who had very blond hair and blue eyes, +that he thought all Jews had black hair and dark complexion.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>My brother Isidor and my sister were immediately +sent to school, and my second brother and I were sent as +soon as we arrived at school age. I was seven years old +when I began learning my letters.</p> + +<p>My main religious instruction came from conversations +with my father and from the discussions the ministers +of various denominations had with him, which I always +followed with great interest. When my brother Nathan +and I were respectively about eleven and eight and a half +years old, we were sent to the Baptist Sunday school +upon the persuasion of the Baptist minister, who had +become an intimate friend of my father's. There we heard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +the Bible read and were taught principally from the Old +Testament. Our teacher was a gunsmith who had more +piety than knowledge, and what he lacked in erudition he +made up by good intentions which, after all, had a cultural +value. We continued our attendance some two years.</p> + +<p>At eleven I entered Collinsworth Institute, a higher +school for boys, about a mile outside of Talbotton. Isidor +had been there, and Nathan was there then. It was not +a large school, though it was the best of its kind in our +vicinity. The recitation hall or chapel was a little frame +building standing in a square, and around that were eight +or ten one-story frame houses where boys coming from a +distance lived. The pupils ranged in age from about ten +to eighteen, and there were three teachers. We were +taught the three R's, and the advanced pupils studied +the classics.</p> + +<p>In our small town, being the county seat, we had gala +days each month when the court convened and people +came from the surrounding districts as for a holiday. +There was much drinking of gin and whiskey by the +young country squires, which frequently ended up in +some fighting where pistols and knives were freely used. +This all left a deep impression on my young mind and +made me a prohibitionist long before I knew the meaning +of the word. In the North when boys got to fighting they +used their fists; in the South they used, besides their +fists, sticks and stones, and consequently it was a more +serious and dangerous affair. If in the North one boy +cursed another or called him a liar, it would not necessarily +lead to a fist fight; in fact, it usually stopped at recrimination. +In the South that kind of quarreling meant a +serious fight. I think because of these facts the Southern +boys were much more guarded and polite to each other in +speech than was customary among Northern boys. Perhaps<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +much of the so-called Southern politeness had its +roots in the use, in boyhood, of milder terms in case of +disagreement. I recall one fight between two of the leading +men of Talbotton, both deacons in the same church. +One took out his pocket knife and cut the other's throat, +and he died. After considerable delay the murderer was +tried, but because of his high standing in the community +he was acquitted, doubtless on the plea of self-defense, +and he got off scot-free.</p> + +<p>As a boy brought up in the South I never questioned +the rights or wrongs of slavery. Its existence I regarded +as matter of course, as most other customs or institutions. +The grown people of the South, whatever they thought +about it, would not, except in rare instances, speak +against it; and even then in the most private and guarded +manner. To do otherwise would subject one to social +ostracism. We heard it defended in the pulpit and justified +on biblical grounds by leading ministers. With my +father it was different. I frequently heard him discuss +the subject with the ministers who came to our house, +and he would point out to them that the Bible must be +read with discrimination and in relation to the period to +which the chapters refer; and it must not be forgotten +that it is the history of a people covering more than a +thousand years; and that even then there had been no +such thing as perpetual bondage, as all slaves were declared +free in the year of jubilee.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus030.jpg" width="450" height="590" alt="OSCAR S. STRAUS AT SIX" title="OSCAR S. STRAUS AT SIX" /> +<span class="caption">OSCAR S. STRAUS AT SIX</span> +</div> + +<p>Looking backward and making comparisons between +my observations as a boy in the South and later in the +North, I find there was much more freedom of expression +in the North than in the South. Few people in the South +would venture to express themselves against the current +of dominant opinion upon matters of sectional importance. +The institution of slavery with all that it implied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +seemed to have had the effect of enslaving, or, to use a +milder term, checking, freedom of expression on the part +of the master class only in lesser degree than among the +slaves themselves.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In our town, as in all Southern communities, the +better families were kind, especially to their household +slaves, whom they regarded as members of the family +requiring guardianship and protection, in a degree as +if they were children. And the slaves addressed their +masters by their first names and their mistresses as +"miss." My mother, for instance, was "Miss Sara." I +recall one of our servants pleading with my mother: +"Miss Sara, won't you buy me, I want to stay here. I +love you and the white folks here, and I am afraid my +master will hire me out or sell me to some one else." At +that time we hired our servants from their masters, +whom we paid an agreed price. But as the result of +such constant pleadings my father purchased household +slaves one by one from their masters, although neither +he nor my mother believed in slavery. If we children +spoke to the slaves harshly or disregarded their feelings, +we were promptly checked and reprimanded by our +parents. My father also saw to it that our two men +servants learned a trade; the one learned tailoring and the +other how to make shoes, though it was regarded disloyal, +at any rate looked upon with suspicion, if a master +permitted a slave boy or girl to be taught even reading +and writing. When later we came North we took with us +the two youngest servants, one a boy about my age, and +the other a girl a little older. They were too young to +look out for themselves, and so far as they knew they +had no relatives. We kept them with us until they grew +up and could look out for themselves.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>The people throughout the South, with the exception +of the richer plantation owners, lived simply. In our +household, for instance, we always lived well, but economically. +My mother was very systematic and frugal. +She had an allowance of twenty dollars a month, and +my brother Isidor has well said that she would have +managed to save something even if it had been smaller. +It was her pleasure to be her own financier, and small as +her allowance sounds now, she was able in the course of +two or three years to save enough to buy a piano for my +sister. This she felt to be an expense with which my +father's exchequer should not be taxed.</p> + +<p>We raised our own vegetables and chickens. Fresh +meat, except pork, might have been termed a luxury. +Many of the families had their own smokehouses, as we +did, which were filled once a year, at the hog-killing +season. There was no such thing as a butcher in our +little town. When a farmer in the country round wanted +to slaughter an ox or a sheep, he would do so and bring +it to town, exhibit it in the public square in a shanty +called the market (used for that particular occasion and +at other times empty), toll the bell that was there, and in +that way announce that some fresh meat was on sale. +This procedure never occurred oftener than once in two +or three weeks during the cold weather.</p> + +<p>Ice was another luxury in that community. It had to +be shipped many miles and was therefore brought in only +occasionally, mainly for a confectioner who at times offered +ice cream to the people.</p> + +<p>There was no gas lighting. Oil lamps were used, but +to a larger extent candles, which were manufactured in +each household, of fat and bees' wax. In that process we +children all helped.</p> + +<p>Indeed, with a small business in a small town in those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +days it was possible for a man to accumulate a surplus +only through the practice of the strictest economy by his +family as well as by himself, an economy almost bordering +parsimony. There were no public or free schools in +that part of the South; every textbook had to be bought +and tuition paid for; and there were four of us.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>When the war broke out new economies were called +for. A simple life has its advantages; it is conducive to +self-help, also to the ability to do without things and +meet emergencies without unhappiness. My father's +partner joined the Fourth Georgia Regiment, and my +brother Isidor, then sixteen, was withdrawn from Collinsworth +Institute to take up work with my father. He +had gained some experience in carrying on the business +by helping father evenings, for our store was open until +nine-thirty. It was closed during the supper hour, but +reopened thereafter.</p> + +<p>In that part of the country coffee became unobtainable +except when now and then a few bags arrived on a ship +that had run the blockade. Our mothers learned to give +us an acceptable substitute by cutting sweet potatoes +into little cubes, drying them in the sun, then roasting +and grinding them, together with grains of wheat, like +the ordinary bean. This made a hot and palatable drink +having the color of coffee without the harmful stimulus +of its caffeine.</p> + +<p>Salt also became scarce. It was difficult and at times +impossible to obtain enough to cure our pork. Some one +discovered that the earthen floors of the smokehouses +were impregnated with considerable salt from previous +curings, so a method was invented for recovering it from +that source.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>In the later years of the war, when railway transportation +was very poor and in many localities interrupted, +we did not suffer for food, because, as I have said, +most households in the small towns and in the country +raised the major part of their food supplies; they had their +own chickens, eggs, milk, butter, garden provisions. +Children of my age lived largely on corn bread and +molasses, of which there was an ever-plentiful amount.</p> + +<p>During the second year of the war my father's partner +was discharged from his regiment for physical disability. +My father, always insistent upon the best possible education +for us all, therefore urged my brother Isidor to continue +his studies. Most of the high schools and colleges, +however, had been suspended because the teachers, as +well as many of the senior scholars, had joined the army. +On the other hand, the war had fired the whole South +with the military spirit, and as was natural for a young +man barely seventeen, my brother chose to attend the +Georgia Military Academy at Marietta, which was running +full blast. Earlier in the war, when the Fourth +Georgia Regiment, taking practically all the able-bodied +men of the town, had left for the front, the boys of Talbotton +organized a company of which Isidor was elected +first lieutenant. They had offered their services to the +governor of the State, but he replied that there were not +enough arms to equip all the men, so that equipping boys +was out of the question. All these incidents had influenced +my brother in his choice, and he left quite enthusiastically +for the Georgia Military Academy to take his +entrance examinations. When he returned, however, his +mood was much different. Upon his arrival at Marietta +he had about an hour's waiting before he could see the +proper person. Some acquaintances whom he met on the +campus invited him to visit their living quarters meanwhile.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +As he entered one of the rooms the door stood +ajar. Without noticing this he gave the door a push, resulting +in his being drenched to the skin by a bucket of +water that had been balanced over the door and held +there by the position of the door when ajar. He had to +return to the hotel to change his entire apparel. He had +not heard of hazing before, and the incident disgusted +him so that he never returned to the academy. He embarked +upon his career as a merchant the very next +morning.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In 1863 our family moved to Columbus, Georgia. It +was a much larger place than Talbotton, having a population +of about twelve thousand, offered more opportunities, +and, too, my brother Isidor had already found employment +there. With its broad main street and brick +residences it looked like a great city to me.</p> + +<p>As in Talbotton, there were no public schools in +Columbus, so I was sent to a private school kept by an +Irish master named Flynn, who did not act on the pedagogical +principle, "Spare the rod and spoil the child." +By him I was taught the three R's and began Latin. I +also experienced my first stage-fright at Master Flynn's, +when my turn came to speak a piece before the entire +school. In all Southern schools much emphasis was +placed upon elocution. I well remember practicing before +a mirror and reciting under the trees in stentorian +voice with dramatic gesture the great oration put into +John Adams's mouth by Daniel Webster, beginning: +"Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my +hand and my heart to this vote."</p> + +<p>After another year this school was discontinued and I +was sent to one kept by a Dr. Dews. He was a teacher +trained in the classics and far less severe than Flynn,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +more sympathetic and cultured. Under him I began +Virgil and afterwards Horace. It was not customary to +teach English grammar; we derived that from our laborious +drilling in Latin grammar.</p> + +<p>There were no public libraries, and few families, other +than those of professional men, had many books. The +standard assortment consisted of the Bible, Josephus, +Burns; some had Shakespeare's works. I do not recall +at this period reading any book outside of those we had +for study at school. Boys of my age led an outdoor life, +indulging in seasonable sports which rotated from top-spinning +to marbles, to ball-playing, principally a game +called town-ball. We all had shot-guns, so that in season +and out we went bird-hunting and rabbit-hunting.</p> + +<p>We went barefooted nine months of the year, both for +comfort and economy. As in Talbotton we lived most +economically. We were not poor in the sense of being +needy; we never felt in any way dependent. Our home +was comfortable, wholesome, full of sunshine and good +cheer, and always hospitable to friends. Our wants were +few and simple, so we had plenty, and I felt as independent +as any child of the rich.</p> + +<p>We were now in the midst of the Civil War, and +money, measured in gold, was worth about five cents per +dollar. My brother Nathan seemed to be affected by this +into constant scheming for making pocket money. He +was fifteen years old, and out of school hours helped +father in the store; but he seemed to be in need of more +pin-money. He finally hit on a plan that proved quite +lucrative. He collected or bought up pieces of hemp rope +and sold them to a manufacturer. Hemp was very scarce +and much needed. With the proceeds he bought a beautiful +bay pony, which he and I prized more than any possession +we have ever had, before or since.</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>On the 16th of April, 1865, after a feeble skirmish on +the part of the citizen soldiers, mainly superannuated +men and schoolboys, Columbus was captured by General +James H. Wilson at the head of a cavalry corps of fifteen +thousand men. The war had practically ended seven days +before, as Lee surrendered on the 9th at Appomattox +Court House in Virginia; but as telegraph and railroad +communication had been disrupted, this fact was not yet +known in our part of Georgia. As soon as Wilson's army +took possession of our debilitated city general confusion +reigned. Looting began by the town rabble, led +by several drunken Federal soldiers; cotton warehouses +were burned, the contents of which represented the savings +of many, including most of my father's; all horses +were seized, and among them our little pony, which I +never saw again, though I still retain a vivid picture of +him in my mind's eye. Frequently since, when I have +met that fine and accomplished old veteran, General +Wilson, who is still among the living, hale and hearty, I +have jestingly reproached him for taking from me the +most treasured possession I ever had.</p> + +<p>This incident and others served to give me a most +vivid impression of the closing years of the Civil War. +Another very vivid impression that occurred shortly +before the beginning of the war clings to my memory. +Robert Toombs, one of Georgia's most conspicuous +United States Senators, was making a speech at the +Masonic Temple in Columbus, Georgia. It was a hot +summer day. Toombs was a short, thick, heavy-set man +of the Websterian type, and one of the South's most +picturesque orators. After the election of Lincoln, however, +Toombs advocated secession and resigned from the +Senate, was talked of for the Confederate presidency, did +become Confederate Secretary of State, and was later<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +commissioned a brigadier-general, and commanded with +distinction in numerous battles of the Civil War. During +the speech I heard him make, he drew a large white handkerchief +from his pocket with a flourish, and pausing +before mopping his perspiring forehead, he exclaimed:</p> + +<p>"The Yankees will not and can not fight! I will guarantee +to wipe up with this handkerchief every drop of +blood that is spilt."</p> + +<p>Neither he nor the audience foresaw what was coming. +The Civil War was a family affair, yet the hostility it +engendered and the misconception it brought in its train +regarding the valor, and even the standards of civilization, +of the enemy, were as extreme and virulent as in a war +between nations of different continents and races. Such +are the brutalizing passions war arouses in banishing +from the individual mind the most elementary ideas of +brotherhood.</p> + +<p>When the war ended my father had to begin life anew, +and because of the discouraging prospects and conditions +of the South he decided to move North. In the North, +too, he could more readily dispose of the remainder of his +cotton, his chief asset, to pay off debts which he owed in +New York and Philadelphia for goods purchased before +the war. With the few thousand dollars remaining after +paying these debts, and with good credit, he thought he +could begin some new business in a small way.</p> + +<p>Simultaneously with our arrival in Philadelphia my +brother Isidor arrived in New York from Europe, where +he had gone two years before as secretary of a commission +to buy supplies for the State of Georgia. The blockade +of the Southern ports became so effective that ships +could not get through, so that he did not succeed in getting +over the supplies; but he made several thousand +dollars in the sale of Confederate bonds. Upon learning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +in New York that we were in Philadelphia, he immediately +came there to find out my father's plans. He persuaded +father that New York, as the chief market, was +preferable to Philadelphia as a secondary one. Consequently +we moved to New York, and father and Isidor, +together with Nathan, planned to establish themselves +in the wholesale crockery business. Isidor, twenty years +old, first used part of his fortune to buy for my mother a +high-stoop, three-story brick house at 220 West Forty-Ninth +Street, now long since torn down, but which we +occupied for over eighteen years.</p> + +<p>It was fully six months before the new business venture +was launched. My father depended for his part of the +capital upon the sale of the remainder of his cotton, +which had been shipped to Liverpool, and this was not +effected until early in 1866. In the intervening months he +visited his creditors in New York to arrange for paying his +debts. In this connection I remember one significant +incident: His principal New York creditor was the dry +goods house of George Bliss & Co., to whom he owed an +amount between four and five thousand dollars. (Bliss +afterward became a member of the banking firm of +Morton, Bliss & Co.) When he called regarding the payment +of this, Mr. Bliss asked how old he was, what +family he had, and what he intended doing. My father +answered that he was fifty-seven, that he had a wife and +four children, and that he hoped to make a new start in +the wholesale crockery business. "I don't think you are +fair to your family and yourself," said Mr. Bliss, "to +deprive yourself of the slender means you tell me you +possess by paying out your available resources. I will +compromise with you for less than the full amount in view +of the hardships of the war and your family obligations."</p> + +<p>My father had a very high sense of honor and was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +always more concerned in maintaining it beyond possible +reproach than in making money. Some parents +forget that they cannot successfully live by one standard +outside and another inside the home, and many never +realize that children are influenced not so much by the +preaching as by the true and real spirit of their parents. +My father believed that "a good name is better than +riches," and within the home or without he lived up to +that standard. I clearly remember the impression I received +of his integrity at the time of this Bliss incident, +and of a certain feeling of compunction on the part of his +creditor, as though he had expected something different. +Most Southern merchants regarded themselves morally +freed from paying Northern creditors because the Confederate +government had confiscated such debts and compelled +the debtors to pay the amounts to the government. +But my father held true to his standard, and I well remember +his parting words to Bliss that day: "I propose +to pay my debts in full and leave to my children a good +name even if I should leave them nothing else."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>My brother Isidor, always my guide, philosopher, and +friend, now arranged for my schooling. In my geography +textbook was a picture of Columbia College, and I had +the fixed idea that when we came to New York I wanted +to go there. On inquiry we learned that I was too young, +for I was only fourteen and a half, and that I had not the +requirements for admission. So in the autumn of 1865 +Isidor had me enter Columbia Grammar School, then one +of the best schools in the city. It was my first experience +in a really first-rate school, and the teaching was so much +more thorough and exact than my previous training had +been that it seemed to me I had to learn everything anew. +The tuition fee and the cost of books was considerable, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +view of the modest income of the family; but my father, +economical in all other respects, was liberal beyond his +means where the education of his children was concerned. +My brother, moreover, was desirous that I should have +the advantages of the college training which circumstances, +notably the war, had withheld from him.</p> + +<p>I appreciated to the full the privileges I was permitted +to enjoy and studied with all my might. The school +regulations required that parents fill out a blank each +week stating, among other things, the number of hours +we studied at home. The average number of hours daily +reported were three or four, and as my record was fully +double that, I felt rather ashamed to give the true +number, so I always gave less. The school was on +Fourth Avenue and Twenty-Seventh Street, and our +home on Forty-Ninth Street was near Eighth Avenue. I +invariably walked both ways, saving car fares and at the +same time conserving my health, for aside from a half-hour +of gymnastics twice a week in school I had neither +time nor opportunity otherwise to get the exercise my +body required.</p> + +<p>Owing to the careless preparation I had received at the +schools in the South, I made a poor showing in spite of +my hard work now, though on one occasion I shone with +accidental glory. It was the custom for the instructor to +put the same question to pupil after pupil, and to elevate +the one who gave the correct answer to the head of the +class. In this instance, it so happened that I gave the +fortunate answer and thus qualified for the seat of scholastic +eminence. As I sat there enjoying a near view of +the teacher's countenance, I wondered how long I should +remain thus distinguished, and was unable to resist the +impulse to cast an occasional backward glance at the +rows of seats in the rear.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>At about this time, an elderly gentleman of distinguished +appearance entered the classroom. He was +S. F. B. Morse, inventor of the telegraph. Morse, whose +grandson was in my class, knowing the custom and observing +me in the seat of honor, complimented me. He +observed that I, like himself, had a large head in comparison +with the body, and remarked that I must be a +bright boy. But I felt embarrassed rather than gratified +at the praise, for I knew, and so did the rest, that I did +not deserve it. I still recall that scene, and see the venerable +old man, then seventy-five years old, with the long +white beard that made him look even older.</p> + +<p>When the time came, in the spring of 1867, for our +class to go up for college examination, the Rev. Dr. +Bacon, successor as principal of the school to Charles +Anthon, the distinguished classical scholar and editor of +classical works, called the boys of our class before him +and gave us each a blessing with some encouraging words. +When my turn came he was very kind, telling me he +knew I had tried hard, but because of my early training, +or lack of it, he feared I might not pass. I saw my +chances of a college education go glimmering. There +were, however, still two weeks before the examinations, +and I determined to use those for all they were worth. +I worked night and day, cramming with a vengeance. +I felt I could not expect my father to keep me in school +another year when after two years of preparation I had +shown myself so deficient. That thought was my spur, +though in point of fact I am sure both my brother Isidor +and my father, realizing I had done the best I could, +would have insisted upon my taking another year for +preparation.</p> + +<p>The result of my entrance examinations was more +favorable than I could have hoped. It turned out that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +I was the only one from our grammar school class to pass +in all subjects without a single condition. It was luck +rather than brilliancy. The professor who examined my +classmates in ancient geography, being the author of +the book upon which the examination was held, was so +meticulous that unless the student gave the answer +exactly as in the book he was marked deficient. By the +time it came my turn to be examined another and more +generous-minded professor had taken his place and +passed me with the highest mark. The others, who had +all flunked, regarded me, in their own language, as "the +lucky dog."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>My college course began on October 7, 1867. Here I +did not find the studies hard. I had ample leisure for +reading and took full advantage of the college library, +from which we were free to select and take home whatever +books we desired. Then, as now, I cared little for fiction. +To me the literature of facts was more interesting and +therefore lighter reading, and I read much biography and +history.</p> + +<p>Our class matriculated fifty-two, but dwindled down +to thirty-one by graduation. In the class were Brander +Matthews, now professor of literature at Columbia as +well as literary and dramatic critic; Robert Fulton Cutting, +financier and ideal citizen, descendant of an old and +famous New York family, as his name indicates; Stuyvesant +Fish, banker, also of a well-known New York +family, whose father, Hamilton Fish, was Secretary of +State in the Grant Cabinet, and whose grandfather and +father both were among Columbia alumni; and Henry +Van Rensselaer, who became a Jesuit father and is now +no longer among the living.</p> + +<p>At the commemoration of the one hundred and fiftieth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +anniversary of the founding of the college three of us—Robert +Fulton Cutting, Brander Matthews, and myself—received +the honorary degree of LL.D. At this writing, +fifty years after graduation, there are but ten of us +remaining.</p> + +<p>The most coveted honors in those days were to be had +for literary achievement and class rank. Among the +few prizes was one known as the Alumni Prize, awarded +to the most deserving student in the graduating class. +The college board nominated for that honor William +Henry Sage, now our class historian, Joseph Fenelon +Vermilye, and myself; and the class elected Vermilye for +the prize.</p> + +<p>Athletics had not attained the vogue it has in American +universities to-day, and was particularly absent in our +college, confined then to a city block. Doubtless due to +this lack the boys of our class, on the whole a spirited and +boisterous lot, found self-expression in a disregard for +proper decorum in the lecture rooms. There was one period +where this was conspicuously the case. The subject +was Evidences of Christianity. It was compulsory and +along denominational lines. It did not interest many of +the boys, and some of those who were not Episcopalians +even resented it; to boot, the professor, Rev. Dr. McVickar, +was a mild-mannered man, entirely unable to +maintain discipline. The result was frequent and various +disturbances during the sessions of his class, which often +put the good-natured and unsophisticated man at his +wits' end. He complained to the college board, and +President Barnard took the matter up with some seriousness, +but no real appeasement.</p> + +<p>I felt great sympathy for Dr. McVickar, for he was +earnest and gentle, and took much to heart the conduct +of the men in his class. Of course, in common with most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +of my classmates I strongly favored that the subject be +elective instead of compulsory; yet I realized that, as +colleges were then constituted, the original Columbia +being largely an Episcopalian foundation, there was a +legal right, as distinguished from reason, for the requirement +that the course in Evidences of Christianity be compulsory.</p> + +<p>One day when the disturbances became most flagrant, +and the poor professor was really quite helpless, I ventured +to point out to him how he might bring about +order. He received my suggestion most favorably, so I +asked him to let me take his chair for a few moments. I +made a brief appeal to the class, reminding them that we +were now seniors, and that there were some, especially +those intending to study for the ministry, who were +interested in the subject and prevented from following it +by the boisterous behavior of the rest. I was jeeringly +dubbed Professor Straus, but I went right on. I said I +knew there were a number who were opposed to the +study of Evidences of Christianity, and I proposed that +they rise. To those who got up I gave permission to +leave the room, and as I recall it, there were some eight +or ten left. Then I turned to Dr. McVickar and said, +"Here is a class you can teach." And the session went on +smoothly enough. Subsequently a petition was drawn +up and signed by a large majority of the class, asking +that we be excused from examinations in this particular +subject; but President Barnard replied that the request +could not be entertained.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>On the whole my four years at college were full of +serious effort and not altogether free from anxiety. I had +a restless ambition to have a useful career and it seemed +difficult to discover for what I was best fitted. For a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +while, in those dreamy days, I even believed I might +achieve some measure of success as a poet. I recall with +a smile that the choice for class poet at commencement +lay between Brander Matthews, whom we then knew as +James Brander Matthews, and myself. And for some +reason, which posterity will doubtless find even more +difficult to fathom than I have, I was chosen. Matthews +had already given evidence of his literary talents; he contributed +much to the college papers, and wrote humorous +poems. However, at our graduation exercises held +in the Academy of Music, Fourteenth Street and Irving +Place, the city's largest auditorium then, my class poem +was well received by a capacity audience of proud parents +and sympathetic friends. I had gravely entitled it +"Truth and Error."</p> + +<p>A more fervent aspiration held by me in those years +was to devote my life to the nation, and I could conceive +no better way of doing so than to enter the army. One +day I saw an item in the press that President Grant had +several appointments to make to the United States +Military Academy. I consulted with Dr. F. A. P. Barnard, +president of Columbia, and he gave me a letter of +introduction to Grant, highly commending me for an +appointment. When President Grant came to New +York I called on him. He received me very kindly, but +informed me that he had only something like eight appointments +allowed him by law, and he had decided to +give them where possible to the sons of officers who had +been killed in the war; if, however, there were not enough +such candidates he would be glad to give me a chance. +I told him I thoroughly agreed that his decision was so +appropriate that I would not even ask to be appointed +under the circumstances.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus048.jpg" width="450" height="689" alt="OSCAR S. STRAUS + +At the time of his graduation" title="OSCAR S. STRAUS + +At the time of his graduation" /> +<span class="caption">OSCAR S. STRAUS + +At the time of his graduation</span> +</div> + +<p>During the second half of my senior year I finally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +chose the law as my vocation. I preferred it to a business +career because I disliked the idea of devoting my life +to mere money-making, as business appeared to me then. +My outlook was idealistic rather than practical, and to +harmonize it with the workaday world caused me much +mental anguish and struggle, as it does many a young +man, even where affluent fortune has smiled. However, +my father and brother had begun to prosper and had no +need for my coöperation unless on my own account I +chose to join them. Besides, I was the youngest and had +the benefit of the brotherly interest and economic protection +of Isidor and Nathan, should I need it. This gave +me a feeling of security, and encouraged me to put forth +my best efforts not only to succeed for myself, but to +show my appreciation to them. Where, under moderate +circumstances, a family puts forth coöperative effort in +making its way forward, closer family ties result, with the +advantages of stimulating unselfishness and common +devotion, which in turn promote a happiness that members +of richer families often miss because of their more +independent relations.</p> + +<p>So I prepared to enter Columbia Law School in the +fall of 1871. Meanwhile that summer I took my first +vacation since coming to New York. I went to Wyoming +Valley, near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, where I had a +good time despite the farmer with whom I boarded. +Perhaps I had no right to expect much for the five dollars +a week I paid him; but whatever I expected I know I got +less. However, there were fish in the brooks and I do not +recall that I starved. I had spent other summers assisting +in some branch of my father's business, not because I +relished work unduly, but because I regarded it less as +labor than as diversion. It was interesting and useful +activity which gave me an understanding of business that +was valuable later in following my chosen profession.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER II</h2> + +<h3>LAW, BUSINESS, AND LETTERS</h3> + +<blockquote><p>Columbia Law School—Impressions of the faculty—I begin law practice—Early +partnerships—A $10,000 fee—Founding of the Young Men's Hebrew +Association in 1874—The "dissipations" of a law partner—The Hepburn +Committee on railway rates; my partner Simon Sterne represents the Chamber +of Commerce—On the bridle-path with Joseph H. Choate—I become a +member of L. Straus & Sons, manufacturers and importers—My marriage to +Miss Sarah Lavanburg—My début in politics—The Cleveland-Blaine campaign—The +"rum, Romanism, and rebellion" episode—"Origin of the +Republican Form of Government," my first book—Recommended as minister +to Turkey; Henry Ward Beecher writes the President—Cleveland nominates +me minister to Turkey.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>Columbia Law School in 1871 was at Lafayette Place. +The course covered two years, at the end of which a successful +examination entitled a student to admission to +the bar without a further State examination, and for +those who gave serious attention to the course it was an +easy matter to pass this finishing examination.</p> + +<p>Particularly worthy of mention with regard to the +school are Professors Theodore W. Dwight and Francis +Lieber. Professor Dwight, the able director of the school +at that time, well deserved his great reputation as the +most distinguished teacher of law in the country. He +was not only a master of his subject, but had a marvelous +gift for imparting his great knowledge.</p> + +<p>Professor Lieber, whose lectures we attended once a +week, taught us political science. He was a Prussian +veteran who fought in the Battle of Waterloo. At the +close of the Napoleonic Wars he had returned to his +studies in Berlin, and thereafter was arrested several +times for his outspoken liberal views. After frequent +persecution and even imprisonment, he fled to England, +and in 1827 came to America.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>He was author of many books on legal and political +matters, among them "Civil Liberty and Self-Government," +which was adopted as a textbook in several of our +universities. In 1863 he prepared "Instructions for the +Government of Armies of the United States, in the +Field," which Lincoln promulgated as Order No. 100 of +the War Department. It was a masterly piece of work, +embodying advanced humanitarian principles, and it +later formed the basis of several European codes.</p> + +<p>As a rule, egotism and real merit negate one another +rather than coördinate; Lieber was the exception. He +had both, and combined them to a marked degree, sometimes +in a manner that afforded amusement to his students. +For instance, he referred continuously to "my +Civil Liberty" as a book of extraordinary erudition, new +in its field and the last word on the matter. He was so +full of his subject that he was apt to lose himself and +stray off, with his distinctly German accent, into the +vast field of his profound philosophical and historical +knowledge. A veritable encyclopćdia of information, he +was really more of an expounder than a teacher. As his +course was optional, those who came to listen came to +learn, and we received a larger view of the function of +law in civil society than we derived from all our studies +of municipal law.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>I was graduated from law school in June, 1873, and +immediately entered the offices of Ward, Jones & Whitehead, +one of New York's prominent firms. John E. Ward, +the senior member, who presided over the Democratic +National Convention that nominated Buchanan, and +later served for two or three years as Minister to China, +was a friend of my brother's, and he took me into his +office largely out of friendship for Isidor.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>I remained with this firm only a few months. Later in +1873 I formed a partnership with James A. Hudson, a +man about ten years older than I, who had also been +associated with the Ward firm. As Hudson & Straus we +opened offices on the fourth floor of 59 Wall Street.</p> + +<p>On the same floor in this building was the office of +Charles O'Conor, then the acknowledged head of the +American Bar. He had practically retired, but retained +a small office of one or two rooms, with one clerk. He +came in only two or three times a week. Often when he +felt fatigued he would rest on a lounge in a room set apart +as library in our office. For a young lawyer like myself it +was an unusual privilege to have such pleasant personal +relations with so able and wise a leader in the profession. +Incidentally I think O'Conor was instrumental in sending +us our first important case, the collection of an old debt +of considerable size. We were so successful for our client +that, of his own accord, he sent us a check for ten thousand +dollars, saying he would make it larger if we regarded +it insufficient. The fact was, the amount was +larger than we had thought of charging, and we frankly +told him so. With five thousand dollars in reserve I felt +rich and independent. My wants were naturally simple +and our general practice was encouraging.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>At about this time I first became active in public-spirited +undertakings. The Young Men's Christian +Association a few years before had opened its Twenty-Third +Street Branch at the corner of Fourth Avenue and +Twenty-Third Street, and the movement on the whole +was getting much publicity and proving very successful +in its work among young men. But it was an institution +for Christians, and it occurred to several of us—as I +remember it, there were two of my fellow members of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +bar, Meyer S. Isaacs and Isaac S. Isaacs; Dr. Simeon N. +Leo, Solomon B. Solomon, and myself—that it would +be a useful undertaking if we organized a Young Men's +Hebrew Association for the cultural and intellectual +advancement of Jewish young men. After a few preliminary +meetings we launched our project early in 1874. +We rented a house in the vicinity of Nineteenth or +Twentieth Street and began in a very modest way. Our +first entertainment was of a purely literary nature, and I +recollect on that occasion addressing the members of the +infant enterprise on the subject of literary clubs, ancient +and modern, from the time of Socrates and Plato to the +days of the coffee houses of Addison, Steele, and Goldsmith. +The Y.M.H.A. subsequently had its years of +struggle for existence, but to-day its place in our cities +as an influence for the development of culture and patriotism +is assured, as well as that of its sister organization +of later birth, the Young Women's Hebrew Association.</p> + +<p>I had chosen the law as my profession, but I still +wrote verse, and in the decade following my graduation +published several pieces. At one memorable event I was +invited to deliver an original poem. It was in 1875, at a +large fair in Gilmore's Garden, the predecessor of the +present Madison Square Garden. The fair was held to +raise funds toward the erection of a new building for the +Mount Sinai Hospital, and the immense auditorium was +crowded. Samuel J. Tilden, then Governor of New York +and also prospective Democratic nominee for President, +made the opening address. My poetic possibilities, +however, rested more upon aspiration than inspiration, +and my craving for versification was but a passing +phase of my literary activities.</p> + +<p>About 1876 we removed our office to the New York +Life Building, then, as now, at 346 Broadway, corner of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +Leonard Street. Our clientčle was mostly commercial +and this neighborhood seemed more convenient. Our +neighbors at the new location were Chamberlain, Carter +& Eaton, a prominent commercial law firm of which +Charles E. Hughes subsequently became a member.</p> + +<p>A few years later we took into our firm Simon Sterne, +then one of the brilliant younger members of the bar, and +our firm became Sterne, Hudson & Straus. But Hudson +wanted to devote himself to patent law, in which he had +specialized somewhat, so the firm soon changed again to +Sterne, Straus & Thompson. Daniel G. Thompson had +been our managing clerk. He had an attractive personality +and a philosophical temperament, but was more a +psychologist than a lawyer. He was author of several +works on the science and history of psychology which +were favorably received and commended by such men as +Herbert Spencer and other high authorities in both +Europe and America. These qualities made him a target +for the sarcasm of Sterne, who, on the other hand, was +thoroughly the lawyer. On one occasion I remember +Sterne asking me whether I knew Thompson was dissipating. +I expressed surprise, and Sterne went on: +"Certainly he is, for when he goes home he works till all +hours of the night writing psychology, and naturally +next day he comes with an exhausted brain to his legal +work. He might better go on a spree, for one gets over +that. But when one buries one's self in such an exacting +science he is lost for the law, which is a jealous mistress +and will not bear a rival."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Under the name of Sterne, Straus & Thompson we had +a practice that ranged all the way from the collection of +debts to questions affecting street railways and public +utilities. Our old firm had a business like that of most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +young lawyers, but Sterne's practice was much more +important, his field being mainly banking and railroads. +Sterne, in fact, was rapidly achieving a reputation as an +authority in the State on railways and railway legislation. +At that time there was no Interstate Commerce Commission. +Many New York merchants were complaining, +through the New York Chamber of Commerce and the +New York Board of Trade and Transportation, that the +railroads were discriminating and giving to certain shippers +much lower rates than to others, also giving preference +to some in the moving of freight. In 1879 the +Legislature finally appointed a committee of eight men +to investigate these charges. A. Barton Hepburn, member +of the Assembly from St. Lawrence County, was +made chairman, causing the committee always thereafter +to be referred to as the Hepburn Committee. Sterne +represented the Chamber of Commerce and the Board +of Trade in this investigation.</p> + +<p>The committee sat intermittently for about nine +months. The railroads had a brilliant array of legal +talent, but Sterne elicited testimony from them which +proved the charges of the merchants. Sterne then +drafted the report of the committee, which included +several recommendations for legislation. It was the first +impressive and well-directed attempt to deal with the +regulation of transportation companies, and resulted in +the passage, in 1880, of the bill creating the first Board +of Railroad Commissioners. Later, in 1887, the influence +of this work was still alive in connection with legislation +for the creation of the Federal Interstate Commerce +Commission. The business of our firm did not exactly +benefit by this public service of Sterne. As a result of his +public activities and settlement of litigation, such railway +clients as we had were lost to us at about this time.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>At this point in my career I have the fond recollection +of a dear and intimate friendship, which continued for +several years, with Joseph H. Choate, of the firm of +Evarts, Southmayd & Choate. We used to ride horseback +together in the park before breakfast. This intimacy +naturally was very valuable to me. We discussed +all manner of topics, not only affecting our profession, +but touching many public matters and the philosophy of +life and living in general. In these morning hours, with +the exhilaration of our ride, Mr. Choate was always full +of fun and good humor. He was the most sought after +person for addressing all important public functions, and +frequently he would outline the substance of his addresses. +Speaking one day of the many demands upon +him as a speaker, he remarked that he appeared to be +in the fashion just then, but, like wall-paper, fashions +change, and it was not likely to last long. In his case, +however, the fashion lasted, even increased, until his +death in 1917.</p> + +<p>My major law work was in the most exacting and +nerve-racking branch, the trying of cases. My general +physical condition, though never robust, was none the +less good, but I had not learned what one is more apt to +acquire later in life: to conserve my energies. The result +was that the wear and tear of court work reduced my +weight to one hundred and five pounds. My physician +strongly advised me to do less exacting work, and especially +to stop trying cases. As this branch of the law +appealed to me most, it was a grave disappointment to +have to abandon it. Rather than continue in the profession +with such an inhibition, therefore, I yielded to the +advice of my father and brother to join their firm.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>I took a vacation of several months, and upon my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +return early in 1881 I became a member of L. Straus & +Sons, who had become large manufacturers and importers +of china and glassware. On account of the growing business +they really needed my services, and my transition +from professional to business man was made as acceptable +and agreeable as possible. As was to be expected, I continued +for some time to long for "the fleshpots of Egypt," +for I was much attached to my profession. As a compensation, +and to satisfy my intellectual longings, I devoted +my evenings and spare time to historical reading and study.</p> + +<p>Having embarked on a business career, I reversed a +decision that I made while practicing law. As a lawyer I +had taken very seriously and literally the saying that +"the law is a jealous mistress." I was her devoted slave, +quite willingly so, and I determined never to marry. I +was economically independent as a single man and could +devote my time to the law for its own sake. This I preferred +to do, as the idealist that I was, rather than pursue +the law for economic reasons first and for its own sake as +much as possible secondarily, which I felt would have to +be the case if I married. But as a business man things +were different, and I decided now to marry.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>On January 22, 1882, I became engaged to Sarah, only +daughter of Louis and Hannah Seller Lavanburg, and +we were married on the 19th of April following, at the +home of her parents on West Forty-Sixth Street, near +Fifth Avenue. At the wedding dinner, to which had +come hosts of our friends and acquaintances, Joaquin +Miller, poet of the Sierras, as he was called, read a poem +which he composed for the event. The manuscript I +think is still in my possession.</p> + +<p>In the year of my marriage I also made my début in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +politics. I was secretary of the Executive Committee of +an independent group organized for the reëlection of +William R. Grace as mayor of New York. The distinguished +lawyer, Frederick R. Coudert, was chairman of +that committee. Grace had been a Tammany mayor and +given the city a good business administration—so good +and so independent that Tammany refused to nominate +him for a second term. On the independent ticket Grace +had a large Republican as well as the independent Democratic +support, and was duly elected.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>I next took part in the Cleveland-Blaine campaign. +In 1884 we formed in New York City the Cleveland and +Hendricks Merchants' and Business Men's Association, +of which I was secretary of the executive committee, and +we coöperated with the Democratic National Committee, +Senator Arthur P. Gorman, chairman, whose +headquarters were at the old Fifth Avenue Hotel, corner +of Fifth Avenue and Twenty-Third Street. We organized +a parade and marched forty thousand strong from lower +Broadway to Thirty-Fourth Street. It was the first time +business men had ever been organized along political +lines.</p> + +<p>All who remember this campaign know what an exciting +and close battle it was. The dramatic event which +doubtless put the balance in Cleveland's favor was the +speech of the Rev. Dr. Samuel D. Burchard, a Presbyterian +minister of New York, at Republican headquarters. +A few days before the election the Republican managers +had called what they termed a ministers' meeting, to +which came some six hundred clergymen of all denominations +to meet Mr. Blaine. Dr. Burchard, noted as an +orator, was to speak, followed by Mr. Blaine. In concluding +his address, Dr. Burchard evidently lost control<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +of his dignity, for he stigmatized the Democratic Party +as the party of "rum, Romanism, and rebellion." In the +face of the great efforts the Republican Party had made, +with some measure of success, to secure the Roman +Catholic vote, this denunciation gave a big opportunity +to the Democrats. Furthermore, Blaine, keen a politician +as he was, failed immediately to repudiate the remark.</p> + +<p>I was present at Democratic headquarters when the +reporter who had been sent to this meeting returned. +Senator Gorman asked him to read from his shorthand +notes, and when he came to the expression, "rum, Romanism, +and rebellion," Gorman at once said, "Write +that out." The Democratic managers saw their chance. +Quickly the whole country was placarded with posters +headed "R.R.R.," with all sorts of variations and additions +of the original phrase. In the end it was the New +York vote that determined the victory for the Democrats, +and doubtless because of the influence the words +of Dr. Burchard had had upon Roman Catholic voters.</p> + +<p>When the election returns were in, Cleveland had won +by only 1047 votes. Because of the closeness of the vote +in New York the Republicans did not at first concede the +victory. Among the Democrats, on the other hand, there +was a great feeling of bitterness and nervous apprehension +lest an effort be made to make it a Republican +victory, as was the case in 1876 when the uncertain +returns were decided by an electoral commission, which, +to the disappointment of many, made its decision on +party lines. Jay Gould, who controlled the telegraph +lines, was accused by the Democrats of holding back +returns.</p> + +<p>The Merchants' and Business Men's Association +promptly organized a large meeting in the Academy of +Music, to proclaim and celebrate Cleveland's election.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +August Belmont, Sr., as chairman, presided, and I, as +secretary, presented the resolutions. We had invited the +most prominent speakers we could get, and there were +Henry Ward Beecher, Daniel Dougherty of Philadelphia, +Algernon S. Sullivan, among others. I distinctly recall +a humorous and cryptic remark of Beecher's address +that day: "If the chair is too small, make it larger"—referring +to Cleveland's avoirdupois and the claim that he +did not fit in the presidential chair. The note of victory, +and the determination to stand by that victory at all +costs, had a reassuring effect throughout the country.</p> + +<p>When the campaign was over I was told by a member +of the National Committee that if there was any +political office to which I aspired, the Committee would +be glad to further any ambition I might have; but I +replied my only wish was that Cleveland live up to the +political principles which had brought him the support +of so many independent or "mugwump" voters and so +made possible his election.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>During the winter of 1883-84 the Young Men's Hebrew +Association invited me to speak in their course of +lectures. I was to choose my own subject. They had +hired Chickering Hall, at Fifth Avenue and Fifteenth +Street, a large lecture hall in those days, and as great +importance was being attached to the occasion I naturally +put my best foot forward in the preparation of my +material. I chose as my theme "The Origin of the Republican +Form of Government." In it I traced the rise +of democracy, in contradistinction to monarchy, from +the Hebrew Commonwealth as expounded in the Old +Testament and interpreted by the early Puritans of New +England, especially in their "election sermons," which +were of a politico-religious character and were delivered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +annually before the legislatures of the various New England +colonies.</p> + +<p>There was a huge audience, and the next morning the +press gave very generous reports of the address. It attracted +the attention of various ministers in Brooklyn, +and subsequently I was asked to repeat it before the +Long Island Historical Society, in that city. There I had +an amusing experience. In the course of the talk I quoted +ideas similar to mine that had been advanced over a +hundred years before by Thomas Paine in his "Common +Sense," and I referred to the high estimates of Paine held +by Washington, Monroe, Dr. Rush, and others of the +time. I refrained from expressing opinions of my own, +contenting myself with a reference to those of the fathers +of the Republic. Suddenly, however, several ministers +left the hall, protesting that they had not come to hear +a eulogy on Paine.</p> + +<p>Later I developed this address, under its original title, +and published it in book form. The first edition came +out in 1885. The appearance of a first book is quite an +event in one's life, especially when it is well received +among critics and by the press. At any rate, it seemed +like a landmark in my own life. Historical writers referred +to it as a distinct contribution to our historical +literature, and I felt that so far as the pen was concerned +I had discovered this branch of writing to be my forte +rather than poetry. After all, historical writing is no +less imaginative than poetry. Without the use of imagination +history is lifeless and a dry record of facts +instead of literature.</p> + +<p>A second impression of the book was issued in 1887, +and in 1901 a second and revised edition was published. +A French edition had appeared simultaneously in Paris +and Brussels, 1890, translated by M. Emile de Laveleye,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +eminent Belgian publicist and professor at the University +of Liége, and containing an introductory essay by him. +This essay was translated into English and embodied in +the 1901 American edition. Since then additional impressions +of this revised edition have appeared. I might +mention that on the strength of this book I was admitted +to membership in the Authors' Club, in 1888.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In the fall of the year following the original publication +of my first book I chanced to meet Senator Gorman +of Maryland in the Palmer House, Chicago, where we +both happened to be stopping—he on his return from +a trip to the Far West, and I on an important business +errand. He told me he and his son had read my book on +their trip, and that he had not in a long time read a book +with so much valuable information in it and giving such +a clear view of the sources and early growth of our form +of government. We naturally talked of matters political, +and he reminded me of an earlier conversation he had had +with me since Cleveland's election, stating that Mr. Cox—S.S. +Cox—our minister to Turkey, had or was about +to resign, and that he would like to recommend me to +President Cleveland for appointment in Cox's place. He +thought at the same time it might enable me to make +further studies along the lines of my book.</p> + +<p>The idea was a complete surprise to me. As I have +mentioned, I had no thought of entering public life. My +political activities had been limited to the part I took in +the re-election of Mayor Grace and the Cleveland-Blaine, +campaign. Even had I been ambitious for a political +position I should never have ventured application for a +diplomatic post, for I had never given much attention to +our foreign relations. Besides, I had been in business only +a few years, I was married and had two small daughters;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +everything considered, I felt I could not afford to leave +my affairs to go abroad.</p> + +<p>Upon returning to New York I conferred with my +father and brothers, and their attitude changed my views +somewhat. They generously offered to see that my interests +should not suffer, and gave me every encouragement +to entertain Senator Gorman's suggestion. I could not +possibly have further considered the subject without this +generosity on their part. My obligations to my family +did not permit the expenditure of several times my salary, +required in a position of this kind. The salary of minister +to Turkey had been reduced to seven thousand five hundred +dollars, though it was subsequently restored to ten +thousand; and in order to live properly he had to rent a +winter house in the capital and a summer house outside, +or live in hotels as Mr. Cox, and his predecessor, General +Lew Wallace, did. General Wallace was restricted to his +salary and felt compelled to decline the invitations of his +colleagues because he was not in position to reciprocate. +(His "Ben Hur," by the way, he had written before his +sojourn in the East, and not afterward as is often supposed.)</p> + +<p>Senator Gorman was not finally able to make the +recommendation he had proposed. His relations with +the President became strained, so that recommendations +for appointments coming from him were not regarded +with favor by Cleveland. Gorman told me as much when +we met subsequently, but advised me to use such influence +as I might command in other directions.</p> + +<p>I presently spoke of it to an old friend of my days in +the law, B. Franklin Einstein, who was counsel for the +"New York Times" and the personal adviser of George +Jones, its proprietor. Einstein suggested that I speak +with Jones about it, and this I did. Jones encouraged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +me and said he would be glad to help. He said he had +read my book and felt sure I would give a good account +of myself and be a credit to the administration; that he +had never asked any favor of the administration and felt +justified in asking Cleveland to make the appointment. +The "Times" had been an independent Republican +paper, but in the campaign of 1884 it came out for Cleveland.</p> + +<p>I also conferred with Carl Schurz, with whom I stood +on intimate terms, and with John Foord, another friend. +In the early eighties we used to have a lunch club that +met about once in two weeks at a little French restaurant, +August Sieghortner's, at 32 Lafayette Place, now Lafayette +Street, in a house that had been a former residence +of one of the Astors. We used to discuss various political +and reform matters—the "mugwump" movement, the +Cleveland campaigns, or what not. There were ten or +twelve of us, and Carl Schurz was one; the late Charles R. +Miller, who was for many years the leading editorial +writer of the "Times," was another; and John Foord, +whose death by accident occurred in Washington only +a few days ago as I write, was another. Foord was then +editor-in-chief of the "Times." He took up my appointment +with both President Cleveland and Secretary of +State Bayard. Schurz encouraged me and said he would +speak to Oswald Ottendorfer about having me appointed. +Ottendorfer, proprietor of the "New Yorker Staatszeitung," +was a client of our law firm and knew me +well. Subsequently I saw him and he wrote to Cleveland +strongly recommending the appointment.</p> + +<p>Cleveland was favorably enough impressed, but he +hesitated. He said our chief concern in Turkey was the +protection of American missionary interests, and he +would not like to appoint any one to this particular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +mission who might be objected to by the two principal +missionary bodies—the American Board of Commissioners +for Foreign Missions and the Presbyterian Board of Missions.</p> + +<p>It happened that on a return trip from Washington +about this time my brother Isidor met A. S. Barnes, +prominent textbook publisher and a member of the +American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, +to whom also I was quite well known. He had been in +frequent consultation with our law firm when we represented +the City of Brooklyn in its suit against the +Atlantic Avenue Railroad to compel the road to sink +its tracks, in which suit, as one of Brooklyn's public-spirited +citizens, he was much interested. He was sympathetic +toward me and brought the subject of my appointment +before his missionary board, with the result +that its Prudential Committee wrote a letter to the +President expressing fullest approval of my appointment, +suggesting only that I be asked not to hold receptions +on the Sabbath, as one of my predecessors had done +to the great disapproval of the missionaries and all +Protestant Christians in Constantinople. Even without +this intimation I would quite naturally have refrained +from offending the religious sensibilities of my +nationals at that post.</p> + +<p>The representatives of all the Protestant churches +who had interests in Turkey were most generous in +favoring the appointment when they learned that I was +being considered for that mission. The most admired +and best beloved American preacher of his time, Henry +Ward Beecher, of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, heard of +it through Mr. O. A. Gager, one of the trustees of his +church; also that there was some diffidence about my +actual selection because of my religion. He immediately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +wrote the President a beautiful and characteristic letter, +urging my appointment. The original of this letter, now +in my possession, was given to me by Governor Porter, +first assistant Secretary of State.</p> + +<p>With my wife I had gone to Atlantic City for a few +days, to recuperate from a cold, when on March 24, 1887, +I received telegrams from friends all over the country +congratulating me on my appointment as minister to +Turkey. The papers of the day announced it, and the +"New York Times" published the Beecher letter just +referred to.</p> + +<p>To the press of the country my appointment was of +added interest because of the Keiley incident of two years +before. A. M. Keiley, of Virginia, was nominated by Cleveland +as minister to Austria-Hungary, but objected to by +that country because Mrs. Keiley, being of Jewish parentage, +was <i>persona non grata</i>. As a matter of fact this +excuse for the rejection of Keiley was supposedly made +because the Austro-Hungarian Government thought it +might be acceptable to us in lieu of the truth.</p> + +<p>The real reason lay much deeper. Keiley had earlier +been nominated as minister to Italy. The Italian Government, +through its representative at Washington, made +known to our Department of State that Keiley would be +<i>persona non grata</i> because it was remembered that in +1870 he had made a public speech in Richmond violently +denouncing King Victor Emmanuel for his treatment of +the Pope. The nomination was therefore withdrawn. And +when a few months later Keiley was appointed minister +to Austria-Hungary, that country, being a member with +Italy in the Triple Alliance, did not want to run the risk +of displeasing Italy by accepting a representative not +satisfactory to her; but not wishing to admit this, based +its excuse on religious grounds.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus068.jpg" width="450" height="653" alt="Hand written letter page 1" title="Hand written letter page 1" /> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /><br /><br /> +<img src="images/illus069.jpg" width="450" height="685" alt="Hand written letter page 2" title="Hand written letter page 2" /> + +</div> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<img src="images/illus070.jpg" width="450" height="702" alt="Hand written letter page 3" title="Hand written letter page 3" /> + +</div> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<img src="images/illus071.jpg" width="450" height="680" alt="Hand written letter page 4" title="Hand written letter page 4" /> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>This so incensed our Administration that Secretary +Bayard rebuked the Austro-Hungarian Government with +the statement:</p> + +<blockquote><p>It is not within the power of the President nor of the Congress, +nor of any judicial tribunal in the United States, to take +or even hear testimony, or in any mode to inquire into or +decide upon the religious belief of any official, and the proposition +to allow this to be done by any foreign Government is +necessarily and <i>a fortiori</i> inadmissible.</p></blockquote> + +<p>And Mr. Cleveland made reference to the episode in his +First Annual Message to Congress:</p> + +<blockquote><p>The reasons advanced were such as could not be acquiesced +in, without violation of my oath of office and the precepts of +the Constitution, since they necessarily involved a limitation +in favor of a foreign government upon the right of selection +by the Executive, and required such an application of a religious +test as a qualification for office under the United States +as would have resulted in the practical disfranchisement of a +large class of our citizens and the abandonment of a vital principle +of our Government.</p></blockquote> + +<p>These statements contain a clear exposition of one of +the fundamental principles of our laws and system of +government; they form one of the most illuminating and +inspiring chapters of our diplomatic literature. Following +the Keiley incident, my appointment was a silent but +effective protest against such illiberal views as those +expressed by Austria-Hungary; and to me personally it +meant something to be sent as the representative of my +country to the power whose dominion extended over the +land that cradled my race, Palestine.</p> + +<p>Leaving Atlantic City, we soon proceeded to Washington, +where I called on Secretary Bayard, who received +me with characteristic cordiality and referred me to +John Bassett Moore, now our famous authority on international +law, compiler of the International Law Digest,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +American judge of the Court of International Justice +by vote of the Council and Assembly of the League of +Nations. At the time I met him, thirty-five years ago, +he was third assistant Secretary of State, and I could not +have wished for a better instructor in the intricate matters +that involved our relations with the Ottoman Empire.</p> + +<p>Alvey A. Adee, veteran of our Foreign Office, then as +now the second assistant Secretary of State, was another +man who gave me most helpful advice. His encyclopćdic +knowledge of our foreign relations for more than forty +years is remarkable, and our diplomatic appointees for +years have been indebted to him for much helpful guidance.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Later in the day we called on the President. Our conversation +during this call was purely of a general nature, +and as I was leaving Mr. Cleveland expressed pleasure at +my promptness in calling and hoped that I would start +for Turkey as soon as personal convenience permitted. +When I told him I hoped to sail at the end of a week, +he answered, "That is businesslike; I like that," and he +asked me to call again before leaving Washington.</p> + +<p>Two days later, by appointment of Colonel Lamont, +the President's secretary, Mrs. Straus and I, accompanied +by brother Isidor and E. G. Dunnell, "New York Times" +correspondent, called on Mrs. Cleveland in the Green +Room of the White House. I vividly recall this visit. +Mrs. Cleveland came into the room with a sprightly and +unceremonious walk, very friendly, with charm of manner +and a sufficient familiarity to put us entirely at our +ease. She was a very handsome woman, with remarkable +sweetness of expression, and her appearance symbolized +beauty and simplicity.</p> + +<p>What most impressed me about the Clevelands, after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +these two visits, was the simple, unassuming manner +that was so in keeping with the spirit of our laws and the +democracy of our institutions. Verily, I thought in the +words of Cleveland himself, "a public office is a public +trust," and while administering office we are indeed +servants of the people.</p> + +<p>Before leaving Washington we again called on the +President as agreed. His entire conversation and attitude +showed satisfaction with my appointment. He +said he understood the missionaries were doing good +work, and he felt sure from what he had learned of me +that they would receive impartial and just treatment at +my hands. He commented on the fact that the press of +the country had been so unanimously in favor of my +appointment. "I wished they would go for you a little; +I have something to give them," he said. From Mr. +Dunnell later I learned the meaning of this remark. He +had received a letter from the Prudential Committee of +the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, +highly approving of his appointing me as minister +to Turkey and endorsing me of their own accord in unqualified +terms. This letter he was holding to give to the +press should any unfavorable comment be made because +a member of the Hebrew race was being sent to a post +where the Christian mission interests were so large. Mr. +Cleveland's parting remark to me was: "I know you will +do well; I have no trepidation—none at all."</p> + +<p>On Saturday, April 9th, at 6 <span class="smcap"><small>A.M.</small></span>, we—my wife, +Aline, the younger of our little daughters, and myself—sailed +out of the harbor on the S.S. Aurania. My one +prayer in bidding farewell to my home was that I might +find no vacant seat at my table upon my return, and that +I might discharge my high trust with credit and honor. +For this no sacrifice would be too great.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER III</h2> + +<h3>ENTERING DIPLOMACY</h3> + +<blockquote><p>At sea—Our arrival in London—Concerning George Eliot and Lewes—At +the banking house of Baron de Rothschild—In Paris—Boulanger's +Napoleonic dreams; his suicide—Josef Hofmann as a boy pianist—The +artist who painted "Christ before Pilate"; an extraordinary wife—Distinguished +hosts and rich cooking—Vienna and the Balkans—Thoughts on +passing through the Bosphorus—Constantinople, the city of picturesque +dirt—Many delays obstruct my audience with the Sultan—The fast of +Ramazan—Diplomatic garden parties—An ambassador's Ł300 Circassian +slave-wife—The Sultan says his prayers—Advice from a seasoned diplomat—My +address at Robert College commencement—In the Sultan's Palace.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>Our voyage was not altogether a light one. We had +found it expedient to leave Mildred, our elder daughter, +then four years old, with her Grandma Lavanburg; and +while she was in excellent hands my wife was naturally +heavy-hearted at the thought of traveling so far and for +so long without her. The weather on board ship was for +the most part stormy. Our little Aline and her nurse +were so seasick that the child resented being on board +with all the force of age three. "Mama, this ship is nobody's +home; why did you bring me here? I shall write +sister Milly never to go on the ocean," she declared rebelliously.</p> + +<p>Having reached London, however, things went more +pleasantly. Our minister there at the time—we did not +yet appoint ambassadors—was Edward J. Phelps, for +many years Professor of International Law at Yale, a +scholarly gentleman. I called on him almost immediately +on my arrival, and subsequently Mrs. Straus and I dined +at the legation to meet Rustem Pasha, Turkish ambassador, +veteran diplomat who had been in the service for +thirty-three years and was about twice as old. He was +leading Turkish representative at the Congress of Berlin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +in 1878, following the Russo-Turkish War. He referred +to the various questions pending between his Government +and mine—the interpretation of Article 4 of the Treaty +of 1830, signed only in Turkish; the proposed treaty of +1874, negotiated by Minister Boker and not confirmed +by the Senate, concerning naturalized citizens of the +United States returning to Turkey; missionary matters; +our refusal to negotiate a treaty for the extradition of +criminals. I had informed myself regarding all of these, +but I deemed it wise not to discuss them in detail; rather +I chose to be the listener and draw him out, assuring him +that when I arrived at my post all these subjects would +have my very best attention. He was particularly concerned +with the treaty for the extradition of criminals, +but the so-called criminals that came to the United States +at that period, especially from Russia and Turkey, were +with rare exception political refugees, and it is provided +in most of our extradition treaties that political offenders +are not to be delivered up.</p> + +<p>We remained in London about ten days, calling on a +number of interesting people. We spent one pleasant +evening with Dr. and Mrs. John Chapman, of the "Westminster +Review." My article on "The Development of +Religious Liberty in America" was appearing in a current +number of the "Review." The Chapmans were good +friends of George Eliot and Professor Lewes. In fact, the +novelist and the professor first met at the Chapman +home. Dr. Chapman also told me he was the one who +first employed George Eliot in literary work. He became +editor of the "Review" in 1851 and engaged her as associate +editor. When George Eliot resigned, Mrs. Chapman +became the associate editor. With us that evening, +too, was Harold Frederic, London correspondent of the +"New York Times" and a novelist of some promise.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>From Messrs. J. & W. Seligman of New York I had +received a letter to the Seligman banking house in London, +at 3 Angel Court. Mr. Isaac Seligman invited us to +dine <i>en famille</i>, and arranged for me to call at Messrs. +N. M. Rothschild & Sons', where I was very pleasantly +received by Baron Alfred Charles de Rothschild, who +showed me through his magnificent banking establishment +and offered to send me a letter to the Paris Rothschild +firm. The Baron was then about forty-four years +old, very agreeable, a polished gentleman of the best +Jewish type.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In Paris, our next stopping-place, we also had a very +interesting time. Of course we called on our minister, +Robert M. McLane, then seventy-four years old, but +looking sixty. He was distinctly of the old school, with +all the grace of manner, combined with ability and wide +experience in public service—an excellent representative +who was esteemed by the French people quite as highly as +by our own citizens in France. I speak of this especially +because in capitals like Paris it is not an easy task to +please both elements.</p> + +<p>At dinner one evening in the home of my friend +Adolphe Salmon, an American merchant residing in +Paris, we met Count Dillon and his wife, most affable +people to whom we felt ourselves immediately attracted. +The Count was a thorough Royalist, had been for many +years in the army. At this time he was managing director +of the Mackay-Bennett Cable Company and the leader +of a movement, really anti-Republican intrigue, designed +to put General Boulanger, Minister of War, at the head +of the State. The Count was a close personal friend and +schoolmate of Boulanger, then the most extolled man in +all France. The Count suggested that he arrange a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +luncheon or dinner to have us meet the General, if that +was agreeable to us, for he felt sure the General would +be pleased.</p> + +<p>Consequently a few days later we lunched at Count +Dillon's beautiful villa some thirty minutes outside of +Paris. It was an intimate two-hour luncheon party, just +Mr. and Mrs. Adolphe Salmon, the Count and Countess +Dillon, General Boulanger, Mrs. Straus, and myself. +Boulanger was a young-looking man for his fifty years, of +medium height and weight, wearing a closely trimmed +beard; rather Anglo-American than French in appearance, +unassuming, of pleasant expression, and probably at the +height of his power. Five years before he had been Director +of Infantry in the War Office and made himself +very popular as a military reformer. In 1886, under the +ćgis of Clemenceau and the Radical Party which brought +Freycinet into power, Boulanger was made Minister of +War. He was noted for his fire-eating attitude toward +Germany in connection with the Schnaebele frontier incident, +and because of this was hailed as the man destined +to give France her revenge for the disasters of 1870. In +fact, the masses looked upon him as a second Napoleon, +"the man on horseback," and his picture on horseback +was displayed in countless shop windows.</p> + +<p>At our luncheon party he entertained us with many an +interesting anecdote, and I particularly recall his telling +of coming to the Yorktown Centennial Celebration and +traveling as far as the Pacific Coast in company with +General Sherman to see our fortifications. "I was asked +what I thought of your American fortifications ["You +know what antiquated and insignificant things they are," +in an aside to Mrs. Straus], and I praised them and said +I thought they were splendid, that I had never seen any +better ones because"—and here his eyes twinkled—"no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +country has such nice ditches in front of its fortifications," +He meant, of course, the Atlantic and the Pacific.</p> + +<p>When the champagne was being drunk and toasts were +in order I turned to the General, after drinking to the +health of the company, and said: "May you administer +the War Department so successfully that posterity will +know you as the great preserver of peace." To this he +responded that for fifteen years France had always been +on the defensive and permitted insults rather than take +offense, but that the time had come when she could no +longer do so and must be ready for the offensive. He +evidently had in mind that war was imminent. At a later +meeting he asked me whether, in case of war, I would be +willing to take charge of French interests in Turkey. I +told him that while of course it would be agreeable to +me personally, such action could be taken only under the +authority of my government, which authority I would +have to obtain before giving an official answer.</p> + +<p>The subsequent meteoric career of Boulanger is a +matter of history. For two years more his personality +was one of the dominating factors of French politics. I +remember writing from Constantinople early in 1889: +"The most menacing condition exists in France, where, I +am of opinion, Boulanger will gain the presidency before +many months and from that time perhaps try to tread +in the footprints of his Napoleonic ideal. If so—alas, +poor France, and alas the peace of Europe!" He had +become an open menace to the republic; and when Constans +was Minister of the Interior a prosecution was +instituted against Boulanger and a warrant signed for his +arrest. He fled from Paris and was afterward tried and +condemned <i>in absentia</i> for treason. In 1891 he committed +suicide on the grave of his mistress in a cemetery at Brussels.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>We dined, on another evening in Paris, with Mr. and +Mrs. William Seligman, of the banking firm of Seligman +Frčres, the Paris branch of J. & W. Seligman of New +York and of the London Seligman establishment. This +dinner was a very large and elaborate affair, with many +distinguished guests present. After dinner we were entertained +by the budding genius of Josef Hofmann, then +ten or eleven years old.</p> + +<p>The noted Hungarian, Munkacsy, painter of "Last +Day of a Condemned Man," "Christ before Pilate," +"Christ on Calvary," and other celebrated works, was +also there with his wife. As a couple they presented a +striking contrast indeed. He was a silent man, talking +very little and haltingly; he impressed one as a refined +artisan of some sort, perhaps a carpenter. He was a large +man of about five feet ten in height, with bushy hair +combed up, bushy beard and mustache, and small eyes +which he screwed up to almost nothing when observing +something. His wife, on the other hand, was as coarse-looking +a woman as one might discover, with a loud, +raucous, almost masculine voice which, like a saw in +action, rose above every other sound. However, I have +observed that these contraries in personality in couples +often make for happiness.</p> + +<p>The artist seemed to take a keen interest in Mrs. +Straus. He quite embarrassed her by his constant staring, +and after dinner sought an introduction and sat next +to her. Her plain hair-dress, smoothly brushed back and +rolled in a coil behind, fascinated him. He remarked how +natural and becoming it was and wanted to know whether +she always wore it that way; he wondered whether it +would be as becoming any other way. He wanted to +know how long we should remain in Paris and expressed +regret when told we were leaving in three or four days.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +Mrs. Straus felt he had studied her head long enough +to paint it from memory. And who knows, perhaps +he has used it in some painting that we have not yet discovered!</p> + +<p>Another memorable dinner was at the home of Eli +Lazard, of Lazard Frčres, bankers, where we met Judge +Wilson and daughters, of Cincinnati. All of these hospitalities +were very pleasant, but personally I should have +been glad to escape them, for the late hours, together +with the rich cooking of Paris, were not in accord with +my quiet habits and simple tastes in food and drink.</p> + +<p>In Vienna I called on our consul-general, Edmund +Jussen, whose wife was the sister of my esteemed friend +Carl Schurz, which fact really prompted me to make the +call. Jussen himself was not very admirable. He had +much of the arrogance of a German official, so out of +place in an American representative. However, during +our sojourn in the city he and his wife exchanged several +visits with us. Mrs. Jussen did not much resemble her +distinguished brother, except for an expression about the +eyes. She was a very amiable woman with a good face. +She told me much of her brother's childhood and school +years—how he had to struggle hard for his education. +Their father was a small shopkeeper, but no business man, +and was never able to make money. Carl did not earn +money, but always applied himself diligently. This and +much more that has since been published about Schurz +interested me greatly, of course.</p> + +<p>We continued our journey to Varna on the Black Sea, +there to take the steamer for Constantinople. In those +days there was no railway connection with Constantinople. +The Oriental Express went only to Varna, by way +of Bucharest. On that particular part of our journey we +got our first glimpses of the picturesque costumes of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +Balkan district, especially those of the men with their +bare legs and flying shirts.</p> + +<p>The trip from Varna to Constantinople was beautiful +and inspiring. We boarded the boat at about four in the +afternoon and retired early so as to be up by five or six +next morning, when we passed through the Bosphorus, +round which clusters so much of classical memory. I +suddenly realized how much of my Homer I had forgotten—the +Homer on whom I had spent years of hard +study. However, most of us meet so many new subjects +that have a more direct relation to our surroundings that +it is next to impossible to get that "elegant leisure" +necessary for a continued interest in the classics.</p> + +<p>The effect of the trip through the Bosphorus is quite +like a dream. The high coast on both sides is covered +with green, with here and there a house or some large +huts; on one side is Europe and on the other side Asia, +looking very much alike, bathed by the same sunshine, +peaceful.</p> + +<p>We sailed past Buyukdereh, Therapia, the summer +residence of most of the diplomats, about twelve miles +from Constantinople, where the English, French, Austrian, +and Russian embassies had magnificent palaces and +the Germans were engaged in building; on past the lovely +old towers of Roumeli-Hissar, built eight hundred years +before, when first the Turks set foot in Europe, and back +of this the tower of Robert College.</p> + +<p>Suddenly my ever-smiling and happy wife spied a +launch flying a large United States flag at the stern. "It's +our launch!" And sure enough, when we waved our +handkerchiefs we discovered the members of my official +family, who had come in the legation launch to meet us. +There were Pendleton King, acting chargé d'affaires; +Mr. Gargiulo, dragoman; J. Lynch Pringle, consul-general;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +Mehmet, the <i>cavass</i>; and several clerks of the +consulate and legation.</p> + +<p>The <i>cavass</i>, by the way, is a sort of bodyguard. He +walks before the minister, or rides on the box beside the +driver, and serves the purpose of designating that the +minister or ambassador follows. He carries two huge +pistols and a sword suspended from a gold belt, and his +coat, sometimes red and sometimes blue, is much bebraided +and embroidered. The natives know each minister +or ambassador by his <i>cavass</i>.</p> + +<p>Our first impression from the windows of the Royal +Hotel in Constantinople was of picturesque dirt. As +Mrs. Straus said at the time, dirt not only on the hard +earth roads and the people, but even on the dogs. In +time, however, one is less impressed by the dirt than by +the picturesqueness—the venders calling out their +wares of fish, fruit, meat, vegetables, all carried on the +edges of baskets covered with leaves; the water-carriers +with their urns carried on yokes; and the veiled women.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Immediately upon my arrival, of course, I communicated +with His Excellency, Saďd Pasha, Minister of +Foreign Affairs, to present my credentials and arrange +for an audience with His Majesty the Sultan, Abdul +Hamid. The Pasha replied at once, appointing a time +two days later, and accordingly I went to the Sublime +Porte, as the Turkish Government seat is called, in company +with the chargé and the dragoman or interpreter. +That was about May 26th. Not until June 6th, however, +did I receive a communication from Munir Pasha, Grand +Master of Ceremonies, that His Majesty had named June +8th for my audience. The next evening I received a +telegram postponing the audience to the 10th. On the +9th I received another communication, postponing it <i>sine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +die</i>. On the 15th a new appointment was made for the +17th; then, between midnight and one o'clock on the +night of June 16th-17th, the personal secretary of the +Sultan came knocking at the door of my apartment, and, +after apologizing for his arrival at that untimely hour, +informed me that he had come at the Sultan's special +request to say that word had come from the Porte that +June 17th was a most sacred day, a fact just determined +by the phases of the moon, and the Sultan therefore was +constrained to postpone the audience again. The date +was later set for July 1st, when I finally had my audience.</p> + +<p>It was a peculiarity of Abdul Hamid to delay audiences +to new representatives for weeks and sometimes months +by these successive appointments and postponements, to +no other purpose than to impress the agents of foreign +governments with the importance of His Majesty. In +my case there was some added cause: it was the month of +Ramazan, during which only the most pressing official +functions take place.</p> + +<p>Ramazan, ninth month of the Turkish calendar, is a +period of fasting. For twenty-nine days every Mussulman +abstains from food and water, and even smoking, +from sunrise to sunset; which the rich arrange conveniently +by sleeping all day and eating all night, while the +poor who have to work all day eat at sundown, at midnight, +and very early in the morning. The first meal +after the fasting, at sunset, is called <i>iltar</i>. The fast is +broken with Ramazan bread, a cakelike bread, circular +in shape, which we saw much in evidence at a bazaar in +the courtyard of a mosque at Stamboul, the more Oriental +part of Constantinople, where the costumes of +Greeks, Armenians, Turks, and Arabs form a strange +mixture indeed.</p> + +<p>During Beiram, a three days' feasting following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +Ramazan, the mosques are all illuminated at night, and +the view over the water, with the moving lights of boats +in the foreground and the dimly lighted houses beyond, +interspersed with brightly illumined mosques, is quite +like a picture of some enchanted land.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Because of the Sultan's peculiarities in receiving foreign +representatives, the custom in regard to official calls +at Constantinople is different from that at most capitals. +Elsewhere calls on colleagues are not made until after a +minister or ambassador has had his audience; but here +usage dictated calling on one's colleagues as soon as possible. +Therefore I called first on Baron de Calice, ambassador +from Austria-Hungary and <i>doyen</i> of the diplomatic +corps. He received me with great cordiality and kindness, +and advised me fully regarding diplomatic practices +at Constantinople. And we were welcomed by each and +all of my colleagues in turn, so that I found these calls +very much less disagreeable than I had anticipated; I +even enjoyed many of them. At each visit coffee or tea +was served, and generally cigarettes too, as is customary +with the Turks, which is wonderfully effective in taking +off the chill of diplomatic formalities. One soon gets to +expect these refreshments; it is a delightful custom that +might be adopted in other places to advantage.</p> + +<p>Another reason why these formal calls were less formidable +than they might have been was that three days +after our arrival at the capital we were invited to a garden +party given by Lady White, wife of the British ambassador, +Sir William A. White. This served to give us +a prompt introduction to all my colleagues. In fact, in +the five weeks intervening between our arrival and my +audience, we had attended so many garden parties and +dinners given to us, that I found myself heartily longing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +for respite. My natural inclination was to regard +these social gatherings in the light of idle frivolities, +especially in the summer, when one is supposed to be +relatively free from functions of this kind; and I was not +alone among my colleagues in preferring more evenings +at home to the occasional headaches that it cost to continue +the very late hours these many engagements forced +us to keep. Yet I could not consistently decline invitations; +such a course might have been interpreted as a +desire on my part to withdraw from the diplomatic circle +and would have interfered with the pleasant social relations +it was incumbent on me to cultivate. Attendance +was really part of my duty, and in time I found these +functions distinctly advantageous.</p> + +<p>We looked forward with more than usual interest to the +evening of our dinner at the Persian embassy. The Persian +ambassador's wife had been a Circassian slave, whom +he was said to have bought for Ł300 with a horse thrown +into the bargain. The ambassador's wife was, of course, +typically Circassian; chalky white skin, soft black eyes, +small features, an unattractive figure unattractively +dressed, with whom conversation was almost nil because +she knew only Persian.</p> + +<p>The streets of Pera, the European part of Constantinople, +are exceedingly narrow and very hilly, for the +city is built on several hills, like ancient Rome; in addition +they are poorly paved and dirty. This makes driving +dangerous and, as in medićval times, sedan chairs were +quite generally in use as a means of conveyance for the +ladies of the diplomatic corps and the wives of the higher +Turkish officials, especially at night to dinners and other +official functions. Two sinewy porters carry these chairs, +one in front and the other behind, and they shuffle along +with considerable rapidity. Usually the lady is carried<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +while the gentleman, preceded by his <i>cavass</i> in the case +of a diplomat, walks alongside, except in inclement +weather when he follows also in a chair. I am reminded of +the wife of the German ambassador at the time, a large, +heavy woman, whom the porters quite justly charged +double. She, however, was entirely oblivious of her extra +avoirdupois and always complained of the injustice of +these porters! The Austrian and Russian embassies +were particularly difficult of approach by conveyance +other than the sedan.</p> + +<p>We certainly were living in a new sphere of life, in a +strange land among strange people, with customs and +habits that brought to mind the age of the patriarchs. +There was much to see where some thirty nationalities +lived and did business as if in their own homes—much to +wonder at, much to deplore, much to praise and admire. +The natives are a peculiar people, with many admirable +characteristics; they are kind and hospitable, comparatively +honest and reliable, especially the lower classes, +and they manifest a most sincere devotion to their +religion. The lower classes are poor, very poor; yet they +are content and reasonably happy because their wants +are few. Their poverty is not a suffering condition and +they seemed to be better off than the poor elsewhere. +Their religion strictly interdicts the use of alcoholic +drinks, and as they are true to it and live faithfully up to +its principles, they are spared all the evils that fall in the +train of drunkenness.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus088.jpg" width="450" height="329" alt="MRS. STRAUS IN TURKEY" title="MRS. STRAUS IN TURKEY" /> +<span class="caption">MRS. STRAUS IN TURKEY</span> +</div> + +<p>During the weeks that I waited for my audience with +the Sultan I devoted my time to studying in detail the +various questions in regard to our diplomatic relations, so +that I might be better informed when they came up. This +study was very interesting from an historical point of +view, for some of the questions were related to capitulations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +that dated as far back as the fall of Constantinople +in 1453. My legal training also proved valuable in enabling +me to understand and handle matters.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>On our first Friday in Constantinople we witnessed +Selamlik, the picturesque ceremony held with great +pomp every Friday, attending the Sultan's going to the +mosque. The Sultan's mosque is on the top of a hill commanding +the most beautiful view of the city, from which +can be seen the Bosphorus and, farther on, the Sea of +Marmora. On the roads surrounding the mosque as far +as the eye could see were ranged ten or more regiments of +infantry and cavalry, each dressed in glittering uniforms +according to the section of the empire from which they +came, the most resplendent being the Nubian and the +Arabian. The Sultan arrived in an open landau, and +opposite him Osman Pasha, distinguished soldier, hero +of the Battle of Plevna in the Russo-Turkish War, and +Grand Marshal of the Palace. The coachman was magnificently +dressed in scarlet and gold, and following were +the aides-de-camp, also beautifully dressed, one, an +Armenian, all in white and gold. As the Sultan entered +the mosque a priest chanted a call to prayer which +sounded not unlike the old Hebrew chants in some of our +synagogues. The mosque was so crowded that we could +see many Moslems kneeling and salaaming on the streets +outside the doors. The service lasted about twenty +minutes, whereupon the bands played and the Sultan reviewed +his troops from one of the windows of the mosque. +He then returned to the Palace in a beautiful top phaëton +drawn by two horses, which he drove himself, again with +Osman Pasha opposite, followed by his aides and the +carriage that had brought him. Usually several carriages, +open and closed, also several saddle horses, are brought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +from the royal stables to the mosque, that the Sultan +may take his choice for his return to the Palace.</p> + +<p>It is expected as a display of good will that the ministers +and ambassadors occasionally attend this ceremony. It +was practically the only occasion on which Abdul Hamid +appeared in public, for he constantly feared assassination, +and his expression showed his timidity. Following +Selamlik he quite frequently arranged to receive in +audience. In the kiosque or small house beside the +mosque, there is a special suite of rooms reserved for +the diplomatic corps. An aide informs the Sultan what +diplomatic representatives or other persons of distinction +are at the kiosque, to each of whom His Majesty then +sends some gracious message. While prayers are being +said in the mosque, the guests at the kiosque are served +coffee and cigarettes.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>One of the persons whom I met shortly after my +arrival in the city was Sir Henry Drummond Wolff, who +was in Constantinople as Britain's special envoy to +negotiate a convention regarding the withdrawal of +British troops from Egypt. He had a suite at our hotel +where we saw each other frequently and became very +good friends. Drummond Wolff, as he was usually +spoken of to distinguish him from the several other +prominent Wolffs, was certainly a remarkable and clever +man, and a great <i>raconteur</i>. He was then in his late +fifties, had had wide experience as a diplomat, and was +thoroughly familiar with the Turkish temperament. In +fact, he was at home in all that part of the world. He +was born in Malta, the son of the famous missionary, +Rev. Joseph Wolff, a Jew who became a convert first to +Catholicism and then to Episcopalianism, being ordained +as priest in the Church of England. While in America<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +he received the degree of Doctor of Theology from the +College of St. John's, Annapolis, Maryland.</p> + +<p>Sir Henry advised me in dealing with the Turkish +authorities always to be patient, pleasant, persistent. +He also impressed upon me the importance of maintaining +the most cordial relations with my colleagues and of +returning all hospitalities; that a well-disposed colleague +can often be of incalculable assistance in inducing the +authorities to accede to any proper demand one might +have to make. However, his own relations with the +British ambassador, Sir William White, were not so +friendly. The estrangement between them was quite +evident, caused no doubt by personal jealousy, which is +so likely to result between a special envoy and the regularly +accredited representative of the same country in a +given territory.</p> + +<p>We stayed at the Royal only about ten days, and then +moved to summer quarters in a hotel at Therapia, a +name given to the district some three thousand years ago +by the Greeks because of its healthful and balmy climate. +Here, too, Drummond Wolff had a neighboring suite, +and later, when by reason of a longer stay than anticipated +he was obliged to give up his apartment before he +was ready, we put a portion of ours at his disposal, which +he much appreciated. It was a very pleasant arrangement, +and diplomatically no less profitable. We dined +together every evening, and often in our party were also +Prince Ghika, Roumanian chargé, and the Princess; +Baron Van Tetz, Dutch minister, and the Baroness. +The Baron was later accredited to Berlin, and then +made Minister of Foreign Affairs in his own country. +He has now retired and at this writing he and the Baroness +still live at The Hague. They are charming people.</p> + +<p>On June 21, 1887, the entire diplomatic corps was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +present in official dress at services in the English chapel, +in honor of the Queen's Jubilee. The chaplain of the +English embassy, the Reverend George Washington, +officiated. He said he was of the same family as our own +George Washington.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The day before my audience I presided at the commencement +exercises of Robert College at Roumeli-Hissar, +by invitation of the venerable president, Dr. +George Washburn. The college in 1887 had about one +hundred and eighty students, mainly Bulgarians, Greeks, +and Armenians, with two or three Turks. The commencement +was quite similar to those at home, except +that the orations were delivered in the various languages +of the East as well as in French and English.</p> + +<p>I took this first occasion to refer in a larger way to the +aims and purposes of Robert College and similar American +institutions. The Turks had not been able to understand +the benevolence that prompted the establishment +of schools and colleges by Americans throughout the +empire. They were suspicious, and their attitude was +founded on experiences with various institutions and +societies of several of the other nations, notably the +Greeks, who, under guise of scientific and benevolent +activity, had fostered political design. The Turks believed +that behind our institutions lay a purpose inimical +to the sovereignty of Turkey, a belief stimulated by +Russia and by some of the French Catholics, who were +opposed to the extended use of the English language and +the influence of Protestant English and American ideas +in the East. This gave rise to many of the vexatious questions +that the legation had to solve. By way of throwing +some oil upon these troubled waters, therefore, I said, +during my address:</p> + +<blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>For centuries the tide of progress and civilization has been +making its way toward the West. Its course has been marked +by blood and carnage. The history of the Middle Ages and of +modern times chronicles the nations and empires that have +sunk in this mighty current, and the new life and new civilization +that have sprung up over the ruins of the old. That flood +tide, pushing its irresistible course onward, still swept on, until +in our day it mingled its waters with the Great Pacific Ocean. +The Ultima Thule having at last been reached, the great ebb-tide +began to course its way backward; and America, the +youngest of nations, in gratitude for all the past, as a token of +her amity and her friendship, has sent back on the advance +current of this return tide not ships of war nor armed troops, +but her most cherished institutions, a fully equipped American +college.</p> + +<p>So that here, to-day, on the beautiful and picturesque shores +of the classic Bosphorus, on the very spot where the nations of +the East four and a half centuries ago erected and left the well-preserved +monument of their passage to the West, stands +Robert College. What a tale and what a history! Robert +College here and the Towers of Roumeli-Hissar there! The +one the fortified remains of bygone wars, the other the tranquil +emblem of returning peace. What a double tale do these two +institutions speak to one another! The tie that unites them is +one of love and peace, a league more puissant than army or +navy for the welfare and happiness of nations. When centuries +shall have rolled by and another Gibbon shall come to write +of empires, may it be his privilege to record no longer the +decline and fall, but the rise and rejuvenation of this Orient +to which we look with affection.</p></blockquote> + +<p>And now that I had been received and entertained by +about everybody in Constantinople, it was time for my +audience with the Sultan, who came last like the prima +donna. Official functions at Yildis Palace, as the Sultan's +residence is called (Yildis meaning star), were always +most dignified and punctilious. Royal carriages were +sent from the Palace with escorts for myself and staff. +At the entrance to the Palace we were met by the Introducer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +of Ambassadors; then we proceeded to the salon of +the Grand Master of Ceremonies, where I was met by +the Minister of Foreign Affairs and conducted by Osman +Pasha, Grand Marshal, into the presence of His Majesty.</p> + +<p>The Sultan was standing ready to receive me. He was +a small man, of rather spare frame, sallow complexion, +dark eyes that sparkled with a furtive expression, prominent +aquiline nose, and short full black beard which +later, when it turned gray, he dyed reddish with henna. +He had on a black frock coat that buttoned to the neck.</p> + +<p>According to custom I handed him the letters of recall +of my predecessor, then presented my credentials, and +made a brief address, a copy of which in writing I left +with him. It read as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>The President of the United States has been pleased to +charge me with the distinguished honor and agreeable duty of +cultivating to the fullest extent the friendship which has so +happily subsisted between the two Governments, and of conveying +to Your Imperial Majesty the assurances of his best +wishes for the welfare of Your Imperial Majesty and for the +prosperity of Turkey.</p> + +<p>As the faithful representative of my Government, charged +with the duty of protecting the interests of her citizens, permit +me to express the hope that Your Imperial Majesty's Government +will lend me its kindly aid in the efforts I shall at all +times make to maintain and further cement a good understanding +for the development of the relations of amity and +friendship between the two Governments, and that the same +courtesy and cordiality may be shown me which were so generously +accorded to my honored predecessors.</p> + +<p>The time has at last come, through the progress of science, +when all nations by reason of the facility and rapidity of communication +have been brought nearer together, so that their +mutual interests and relations verily entitle them to be called +one great family.</p> + +<p>In the spirit of that relationship I have come to dwell near +the Government of Your Imperial Majesty, and to greet you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +in behalf of and in the words of our Chief Magistrate as his +"Great and Good Friend," with the hope "that God may have +Your Imperial Majesty in His wise keeping."</p></blockquote> + +<p>Which is the customary language of such documents, with +the exception of the third paragraph. His Majesty replied +in a brief address, expressing his pleasure in receiving +me. He then sat down and bade me do likewise, +whereupon we were served with cigarettes and Turkish +coffee, the latter in egg-shaped cups resting in jewel-studded +holders. The Sultan speaks only Turkish, and +I spoke English, so we understood one another by means +of the dragoman, Mr. Gargiulo, who had been for twenty +years the very able Turkish adviser and interpreter of +the legation and remained at that post for ten years +thereafter.</p> + +<p>The audience concluded, we returned to the legation in +the same stately fashion we had come, following which +we gave a reception to the American colony, composed +almost exclusively of the missionaries resident in Constantinople, +together with the president and faculty of +Robert College and of the Home School for Girls, then +located at Scutari, across the Bosphorus. I was now +ready for the official business of my mission.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IV</h2> + +<h3>FIRST TURKISH MISSION</h3> + +<blockquote><p>Turkey's jealousy of foreigners—My protest against the closing of American +mission schools—Diplomacy prevents drastic regulations proposed by Turkey—The +schools are reopened—Defending the sale of the Bible—A cargo of +missionaries and rum—Robert College—A visit to Cairo—"Bombe ŕ la +Lincoln"—Governmental reforms in Egypt—My protest against persecution +of Jews in flight from Russia and Roumania—At Jerusalem—Huge +delegation of Jews pleads with me for release of imprisoned relatives—I make +drastic demands, and prisoners are promptly released—Their grateful memorial +to me—Rights of American citizens on Turkish soil—Disputes regarding +our Treaty of 1830—Uncle Sam gives $10,800 worth of presents to Turkish +officials, on conclusion of a treaty—Diplomatic tangles; United States left +without Treaty of Naturalization with Turkey—Baron de Hirsch, international +celebrity—I am invited to arbitrate his dispute with the Sultan, and +am offered an honorarium of 1,000,000 francs—I decline honorarium, but +offer to mediate—Baroness de Hirsch's philanthropies—American capitalists +consider Turkish railway concessions—Sultan grants permission for +American excavation in Babylon—My resignation in 1888—The Sultan's +farewell.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>For several years the Turks had been very jealous +of foreigners, especially in Asia Minor, and the result +was many restrictions which manifested themselves in +a variety of relations. The growth of the mission schools +and their increase in number quite naturally enhanced +the suspicion of the authorities, with the help, as I have +mentioned, of those whose interests were served in helping +the Turks to see danger in this growth of our institutions.</p> + +<p>At the legation the interests of the American missionaries +with regard to their schools and their printed matter +formed the major portion of the affairs requiring my +immediate attention. About four hundred schools had +been established in Turkey by the Presbyterian and +Congregational missionary boards. Beginning with the +winter of 1885, upon one pretext or another, thirty of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +these schools in Syria were closed, many of the teachers +arrested and forbidden ever to teach in the country +again, while the parents were threatened with fine and +imprisonment if they continued to send their children to +American schools. With few exceptions all the teachers +and parents were natives and Turkish subjects. The +official reason given for the closing of these schools was +that their boards had not complied with the Turkish law +requiring that textbooks, curriculums, and certificates of +the teachers be submitted to the authorities for examination; +although the missionary representatives gave +assurance that these requirements had been met.</p> + +<p>Soon after my audience with the Sultan I took up the +subject of these schools with the Grand Vizier, Kiamil +Pasha, who was perhaps the most enlightened statesman +of the Turkish Empire. Mr. King, while acting chargé, +had made an agreement with the Minister of Public +Instruction whereby the missionaries at these schools +were to submit the textbooks and other documentary +equipment to the local authorities. I protested to the +Grand Vizier against the closing of the schools, and after +some weeks we reached an understanding: he was to telegraph +the vali or governor-general at Syria that the +schools were to be allowed to reopen upon their compliance +with the law, according to an arrangement between +himself and myself. The outcome looked hopeful, though +months dragged along without further result.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, and quite by accident, I learned that the +Porte had formulated proposed additional regulations +concerning all foreign schools, and that these regulations +were about to be submitted to the Council of Ministers +to be made law. I immediately requested a copy from +the Grand Vizier. I found, to my surprise, that the +regulations were calculated to place insuperable obstacles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +in the way of every foreign school in the empire. Among +other things, in addition to the requirement that textbooks, +curriculums, and teachers' certificates be submitted +for examination, all schools were to obtain an +iradé or express sanction of the Sultan in order to function. +Failing to receive that iradé within six months from +the date of the law embodying the new regulations, the +authorities in the several provinces were commanded to +close such schools.</p> + +<p>I communicated my discovery to those of my colleagues +who were interested with me in this dispute: +Count de Montebello, French ambassador; Baron Blanc, +Italian ambassador; and Sir William White, British +ambassador. At the same time I submitted copies of the +proposed regulations to the Reverend Doctor Isaac Bliss +and the Reverend Henry O. Dwight, of the American +Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in Western +Turkey. They all viewed the matter as I did.</p> + +<p>The following day I again called on the Grand Vizier, +informing him that I looked upon these regulations as +seriously infringing upon the rights of American citizens +in Turkey, and pointing out my objections in detail. +The three colleagues just referred to did the same on +behalf of their respective subjects who had mission or +other schools in the empire. We succeeded in impressing +the Grand Vizier with the force and validity of our objections, +for he requested us to put them in writing and +forward them to the Porte. With the aid of Drs. Bliss +and Dwight I prepared such a document, and I am glad +to be able to say that our protests came in time and were +sufficiently forceful to prove effective in preventing this +new legislation.</p> + +<p>As I had now been negotiating for several months with +reference to the Syrian schools, I decided that the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +efficient way of translating into concrete result the +repeated promises in regard to them was to visit some of +our missionary schools throughout the empire. I obtained +the necessary permission from Washington and took a +journey to Cairo, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Beirut, Mersina, and +Smyrna, where I conferred with our missionaries, with our +several consuls, as well as with the respective governors +and governor-generals. I found the relations between +the local authorities and our consuls, and between +the authorities and the missionary representatives, +quite friendly, in some places indifferent, but nowhere +hostile.</p> + +<p>I had instructed the missionaries to get ready for the +opening of the schools, and I planned the trip so as to +be in Beirut about the time my order for the reopening +was to be put in force. My plan had the desired effect. +In anticipation of my arrival at Beirut, fifteen of the +schools were reopened; and while I was there five or six +more. That was about as many of the total thirty as the +missionaries cared to or were in a position to reopen +then. For the time being I felt satisfied that I had sufficiently +reversed the Government policy to check the progressive +closing of the schools which, if continued, would +seriously have threatened the existence of all American +schools in Turkey.</p> + +<p>I must here express my appreciation of the assistance +given me by Erhard Bissinger, our consul at Beirut. He +was an earnest, sincere man, formerly a New York merchant. +Although his health was frail he worked with +unremitting zeal and efficiency, discharging his official +duties with rare judgment and tact. I could always rely +on the correctness of his reports respecting the many +difficulties as they arose, and I could always feel assured +that in each instance he would apply every effort to bring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +about an adjustment with the local authorities, by whom +he was as highly esteemed as by the missionaries.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Another expression of the Government's enmity toward +the activities of our missionaries was the treatment being +accorded the colporteurs, or persons who went about +selling Bible tracts. The agents of the American as well +as the British Bible Society were constantly and arbitrarily +being arrested. They were charged with plying +their trade without license, yet when they made application +they were never able to get license. From time to +time I protested against these arrests and secured the +release of one after another of the agents; but the thing +to be done was to prevent arrests.</p> + +<p>The fact was they were being made without real cause. +Before these tracts or any other material could be printed +a permit had to be obtained from the Ottoman Government. +The material had to pass censorship before it was +allowed to be printed, so that the very fact of its appearing +in print was proof of the authorization of the censors. +I held that, once printed, to prohibit the sale of these +tracts was in restraint of commerce; that there was no +reason why book hawkers should be under different regulations +from hawkers of any other wares.</p> + +<p>I prepared an argument along these lines, which I +presented to the Grand Vizier, and he agreed with my +conclusions. He forthwith gave orders for the release of +all colporteurs and that no further arrests were to be +made. The British Bible Society, of course, benefited +equally with our own by these orders, and I received their +grateful appreciation through my colleague, Sir William White.</p> + +<p>All this hostility toward the missionaries and their +work might be construed to be founded upon an objection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +by the Government to having its subjects converted to +Christianity. But it was rather foreign influence as a +whole that was being fought, and religion was simply the +convenient peg. Conversions from Mohammedanism +were few and far between, and for the number of Mohammedans +turned Christian in the course of a year there +were as many Christians turned Mohammedan. The +Mohammedans are intensely and sincerely devoted to +their faith. On the whole they are convinced that their +religion is the only true one and that Christianity is +inferior and less rational. Such converts as the missionaries +do make come almost exclusively from among +the Armenians, Syrians, Greeks, Maronites, and other +Christian sects whose form of Christianity is of a medićval +character. The chief missionary work in Turkey is +educational, carried forward in a religious spirit. At the +time of my visit to the various vilayets, the Presbyterian +Board alone had over one hundred schools throughout +Syria, all located in places where previously there had +been no schools at all.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Many of the men who carried forward missionary +work had consecrated their whole lives to it. Chief among +these were Rev. Henry H. Jessup, venerable patriarch of +the Presbyterian missionaries; Rev. Daniel Bliss, president +of the Syrian Protestant College; and Dr. George +Washburn, president of Robert College.</p> + +<p>Dr. Jessup and Dr. Bliss had started for the field together +in 1856, when, in bleak December, they both left +Boston in the sailing vessel Sultana, which, according +to Dr. Jessup's autobiography, "Fifty-Three Years in +Syria," carried in addition to nine or ten missionaries a +cargo of New England rum to Smyrna—a cargo spirited +no less than spiritual.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>Dr. Bliss was succeeded in 1902 by his distinguished +son, Rev. Howard S. Bliss, who conducted with renewed +vigor the work of his father, enlarging the scope and curriculum +of the college so that through its thousands of +graduates in the arts, in science, and in medicine it became +a potent force throughout the whole Near East. +During my subsequent missions to Turkey I became very +intimate with the younger Bliss, and during the Peace +Conference in 1919, when he was in Paris in behalf of +Syria, I was able to continue this intimacy. Unfortunately +in Paris he was already suffering from a serious +malady which resulted in his death in America the year +following. He was honored, respected, and beloved in +both the old world and the new.</p> + +<p>Dr. Washburn was a man of statesmanship as well as +erudition. His book of recollections, "Fifty Years in +Constantinople," is valuable for the light it throws on +political issues in Turkey no less than on questions educational +and religious. He was recognized as an authority +on Turkish and Balkan affairs, and the influence of +the college was by no means limited to the Turkish Empire; +it was felt quite as much throughout the Balkan +States. Bulgaria at one period was largely governed by +officials who had been graduated from Robert College, +and they looked to Dr. Washburn as their chief adviser. +The British ambassador at Constantinople frequently +consulted him and was swayed by his advice, for Dr. +Washburn understood the Turks and spoke their language. +He was the second president of the college, having +succeeded his father-in-law, the Reverend Cyrus Hamlin, +D.D.</p> + +<p>On the faculty of Robert College were a number of +other very able men: Dr. Albert L. Long, Professor of +Natural Science, distinguished as an archćologist as well,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +was a man of engaging personality. He had a large acquaintance +among the learned Turks, whose estimate of +our country was materially influenced for the good by +their association with him. Then there was Dr. Edwin A. +Grosvenor, Professor of Latin and History, who resigned +shortly afterward to accept a professorship at Amherst. +He was then at work on his scholarly "History of Constantinople," +which I consider the best and most reliable +work on that subject.</p> + +<p>In 1888 I secured for Robert College, after arduous +negotiation, permission for the erection of two new buildings, +one a house for the president and the other an addition +to the college itself. When the permits came through +there was no mention of the addition to the college, and +as work on it meanwhile had been begun, no little anxiety +ensued. It developed that some one on the staff of the +Grand Vizier had been bribed by an enemy of the college +to tamper with the permits. However, because of the +good relationship between Kiamil Pasha and myself, he +acknowledged this bit of chicanery and duly rectified it.</p> + +<p>I might add that in numerous instances I was able to +arrange unofficially with the Grand Vizier matters which +threatened to become more or less troublesome. This +method of negotiating was peculiarly advantageous at +the Porte, where delays were proverbial and so frequently +defeated official action. Again, some of the difficulty experienced +by my colleagues in getting proper redress for +violations, even gross violations, was due to the fact that +the Porte was not always able to control the governor-generals +of the provinces.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>I have said that my trip among our missionary schools +included a visit to Cairo. At that time Egypt was still +under Turkish sovereignty and questions of larger importance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +had to be taken up with the Sublime Porte. Thus +American questions came under my jurisdiction as envoy +extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the empire. +Our representative at Cairo, John Cardwell, had the title +of consul-general and diplomatic agent, and had to receive +his exequatur from the Sublime Porte. He was +a conscientious and capable official who had been there +since the beginning of the first Cleveland Administration.</p> + +<p>On this trip also I saw much of Anthony M. Keiley and +his charming wife; I have spoken of him in a previous +chapter as having been rejected for the post of United +States minister by Austria-Hungary. Keiley was serving +as one of the American judges of the Mixed or Reform +Tribunal at Cairo and was highly respected for his ability +at this international court.</p> + +<p>Mohammed Tewfik, son of the extravagant Ismail of +Suez Canal fame, whom he succeeded, was Khedive of +Egypt and entertained us during our visit. He was only +thirty-six years old, and without his fez might have been +taken for an Englishman. He spoke fluent English and +his conversation showed him to be well informed regarding +the governments and peoples of Europe. Within an +hour after my first call upon him he called with his aide-de-camp +upon me at the Hotel Shepheard. He wanted to +decorate me, but I informed his aide that under our system +we did not permit diplomatic representatives to accept +such distinctions; so the next day he sent a lesser +decoration to the manager of the hotel, which, it was said, +he did in my honor.</p> + +<p>A few days later we were invited to lunch with him, +and there were also present a number of higher officials. +The menu consisted of dishes with such improvised +names as "crevettes ŕ l'Américaine," "bombe ŕ la Lincoln," +etc. One dish that made a deep impression upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +my none-too-keen gastronomic memory was the delicious +Egyptian quail, which is larger and plumper than our +own. In season the birds migrate from the north and +are trapped in great numbers. They could be bought in +the markets for a piaster, or less than five cents.</p> + +<p>I had frequent conferences with Nubar Pasha, Egypt's +foremost statesman. He was an Armenian educated by +Jesuits in France. His knowledge was extensive, and he +combined the enlightened viewpoint of a European +statesman of the first rank with all the subtlety of an +Oriental. It was he who conceived the plan of introducing +a legal system and good government in Egypt, and +creating the mixed tribunals or international law courts. +In the reorganization of Egypt he acted in sympathy +with Lord Dufferin's programme and consequently was +highly regarded by the British.</p> + +<p>With Sir Evelyn Baring, British agent and consul-general +in Egypt, afterwards Lord Cromer, I had a pleasant +conversation. He was then at the height of his power +in the reconstruction of Egypt. Major-General Sir Francis +Grenfell, sirdar or commanding general of the Egyptian +army, is another memory in connection with that +visit.</p> + +<p>I regretted that time did not permit my going up the +Nile; but like every one with an historical imagination I +was immensely impressed with the grandeur and massive +beauty of the pyramids and the classic ruins of ancient +Egypt, which with their five thousand or more years of +existence have outdistanced all other relics in bringing +the handiwork of man down through ages of devastating +time.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>There was a matter pending at Jerusalem regarding +which our Secretary of State had instructed me, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +which I thought best to look into personally while on this +trip. Foreign Jews were being expelled simply because +of their race, and American Jews were being discriminated +against along with those of other nations. In the +background of this action by Turkey were Russia and +Roumania, for since the days of the Spanish Inquisition +the Ottoman authorities, with rare exceptions, had been +not only tolerant but hospitable to Jewish immigrants. +Roumania, contrary to express provisions of the Treaty +of Berlin guaranteeing equal political and civil rights to +all subjects in this newly created principality, placed restrictions +upon her Jewish subjects, causing a large number +to emigrate. And from Russia, following the enforcement +of the Ignatieff laws of 1882 (some of them laws +that had been on the statute books unenforced for +years), there was also a wholesale exodus of persecuted +Jews. Most of these people went to America, but some to +other countries, including Palestine.</p> + +<p>It was the irony of persecution that the Russians who +came to Turkey were claimed as subjects by Russia, +which entered a protest at the Porte against making them +Ottoman subjects. On the other hand, the Russian Patriarch +in Turkey and the dignitaries of the Roman Church +objected to the settlement of foreign Jews in Palestine. +This pressure from powers that Turkey wished to please +brought forth the promulgation of a law interdicting all +Jews from coming to Palestine for permanent residence. +Besides those from Russia and Roumania, there were a few +Jews coming from England and France. And there were +a very few coming from America—naturalized citizens.</p> + +<p>At the Porte I had taken this matter up with the Grand +Vizier. He told me that a regulation was communicated +to the Imperial authorities at Jerusalem limiting the stay +of foreign Jews there to one month. Later he told me<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +that the Council of Ministers was about to change this +limit to three months. He gave as reasons for the existence +of any such regulations, first, that at certain times +of the year, Easter, for example, religious fanaticism was +at so high a pitch that Jews had to remain in their houses +to escape attack and perhaps murder at the hands of the +Christians. In the second place, it had been reported that +the Jews of all the world were planning to strengthen +themselves in and around Jerusalem with a view to re-establishing +their ancient kingdom at some future time.</p> + +<p>I answered that of course the first reason could be done +away with by a strong force of police. As for the second, +if the Porte would make inquiry it could satisfy itself +that there was no such plan among the Jews of the world, +that the immigration was caused by the persecution in +Russia and Roumania. (This was nine years before +the publication of the pamphlet, in 1896, by Dr. Hertzl, +from which generated modern Zionism. I shall speak of +Dr. Hertzl later.) So far as the American Jews were concerned, +I informed the Grand Vizier that it was a fundamental +principle of our Government to make no distinction +of race or creed among our citizens, and that we had +consistently denied to foreign nations that right over our +citizens, as the provisions in our treaties with the Ottoman +Empire showed. To all of this the Grand Vizier +replied simply that should any American be expelled he +would carefully consider my arguments and give instructions +accordingly.</p> + +<p>On communicating with our consul-general at Jerusalem, +Henry Gillman, I learned that he had taken the +same position, and that to date no American citizen had +been expelled; also that the American consulate was the +only one which had refused aid to the authorities in the +expulsion of foreign Jews, and our representative was not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +being made very comfortable for this non-coöperation +with the local government. Here the matter stood when +I left Constantinople.</p> + +<p>There were a number of other vexatious questions +pending between the vali at Jerusalem and Mr. Gillman, +and I deemed it good policy to show my resentment to +the vali for his arbitrary methods. I declined the courtesy +of the official conveyance with which he sent one of his +aides to Jaffa to meet me and my family and take us to +Jerusalem. We took a Cook's conveyance, stopped overnight +at Ramleh, and next day drove over the hills of +Judea to Jerusalem, where Mr. Gillman conducted us to +comfortable quarters at a hotel outside the walls.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Scarcely had I arrived at the hotel when a huge delegation +of Jews, men and women, some with infants in their +arms, came to plead with me to obtain the release of relatives +and friends who had been put in prison by the vali +or governor because they had come to settle there. I had +known of the troubled conditions in Jerusalem because +of the immigration of the Jews; but until my arrival there +I was not aware of the imprisonment of these people. +More than four hundred of them were being held in prison +awaiting deportation.</p> + +<p>Instead of calling on the vali as ordinarily would have +been proper, I sent a note to him through the consul demanding +the immediate release of the immigrants who, +I claimed, were being imprisoned contrary to our treaty +as well as the treaties of Great Britain, France, and other +powers; I said that I should decline to call upon him +until this injustice was righted by such release; and that, +further, unless my request was promptly complied with I +should appeal to the Sublime Porte for his removal.</p> + +<p>I felt authorized to take so drastic a step by reason of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> +the negotiations I had had with the Grand Vizier and in +view of our treaty and the treaties of several of the powers +I have referred to. I obtained the desired result. The vali +communicated my message to the Porte, and the Grand +Vizier instructed him to comply with my request. Within +twenty-four hours all the prisoners were released.</p> + +<p>The following morning there was a delegation of several +thousand people outside my hotel, who had come to express +their gratitude. They presented me with a beautifully +embossed memorial, the text of which, translated, +reads:</p> + +<blockquote><p>With delight of soul we bring to thee, O Sir, glory of our people, +the blessing of our community, the congregations of Israel +dwelling in Zion and in all the cities of the Holy Land,</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"> +THE BLESSING OF MAZZOL TOV<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 8em;">(good fortune)</span> +</p> + +<blockquote><p>because the Lord God of Israel has raised thee to fame and +glory and has given to thee a seat of honor among the mighty of +the earth. And we lift our hands to the Holy Sanctuary (praying) +that thy horn be exalted with honor and splendor, and +that thou be given the strength and the power to exalt the +horn of Israel, thy people, to speak in their favor before the +throne of the Government—may its glory increase!—and +that thou continue in thy honored office for many days, until +he (the messiah) shall come unto Shiloh "and unto him shall the +obedience of the people be"—soon, in our days, amen!</p> + +<p>Such is the blessing of those who respect and honor thee in +accordance with thy high and exalted station.</p> + +<p>The leaders of the Jews in Jerusalem—may it be built and +established in our days!</p></blockquote> + +<p>It is signed with the seals and signatures of Rafail Meir +Panisel (Haham Bashi), chief rabbi of the Spanish and +Portuguese Jews in Jerusalem, and Samuel Salant, chief +rabbi of the Ashkenazim, Perushim, and Hasidim in +Jerusalem.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>Now I called upon the vali, who received me very graciously +and with great courtesy. I thanked him for his +prompt compliance with my request, and expressed the +hope that, inasmuch as I had an understanding with the +Porte that no discrimination was to be made against Jewish +immigrants to Jerusalem, I should not in future have +to complain of any infringement upon this understanding, +otherwise I should again be compelled to take drastic +action. I called his attention to the treaties referred to, +of which he had had no previous knowledge.</p> + +<p>I stopped to make some official calls, accompanied by +the consul and his staff. As is customary when high officials +go through the streets of the Holy City, several halberdiers +of the vali preceded, to give distinction to the +party as well as protection and a clear passage through +the crowds. I could remain in Jerusalem only three or +four days, however, for I had to catch the steamer that +stopped at Alexandretta and Smyrna, where I wanted to +confer with our consuls.</p> + +<p>Upon my return to Constantinople my French and +British colleagues were much pleased at my having secured +the release of the Jewish immigrants in Palestine. +They had received, through their foreign offices, expressions +of appreciation and grateful acknowledgment from +such organizations as the Anglo-Jewish Association of +London, and the Alliance Israélite of Paris.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus112.jpg" width="450" height="652" alt="TESTIMONIAL GIVEN TO MR. STRAUS IN JERUSALEM" title="TESTIMONIAL GIVEN TO MR. STRAUS IN JERUSALEM" /> +<span class="caption">TESTIMONIAL GIVEN TO MR. STRAUS IN JERUSALEM IN APPRECIATION OF THE RELEASE OF +SEVERAL HUNDRED PRISONERS</span> +</div> + +<p>The next step in the development of this question was +a communication received by our State Department from +Mavroyeni Bey, Turkish minister at Washington, informing +the Department of a change, indeed, of the time +limit from one month to three for the sojourn of Jews in +Jerusalem, with the proviso, however, "that they are +going to Jerusalem in the performance of a pilgrimage,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +and not for the purpose of engaging in commerce or taking +up their residence there."</p> + +<p>This communication was received while I was on my +trip, and Secretary Bayard forwarded it to me with the +instruction that I take up the subject with the Ottoman +Government as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>To require of applicants for passports, which under our laws +are issued to all citizens upon the sole evidence of their citizenship, +any announcement of their religious faith or declaration +of their personal motives in seeking such passports, would be +utterly repugnant to the spirit of our institutions and to the +intent of the solemn proscription forever by the Constitution +of any religious test as a qualification of the relations of the +citizen to the Government, and would, moreover, assume an +inquisitorial function in respect of the personal affairs of the +individual, which this Government can not exert for its own +purposes, and could still less assume to exercise with the object +of aiding a foreign Government in the enforcement of an +objectionable and arbitrary discrimination against certain of +our citizens.</p> + +<p>Our adherence to these principles has been unwavering since +the foundation of our Government, and you will be at no loss +to cite pertinent examples of our consistent defense of religious +liberty, which, as I said in my note to Baron Schaeffer of May +18, 1885, in relation to the Keiley episode at Vienna, "is the +chief corner-stone of the American system of Government, and +provisions for its security are embedded in the written charter +and interwoven in the moral fabric of its laws."</p></blockquote> + +<p>I received this upon my return. Secretary Bayard +asked me also to ascertain the views of my colleagues +respecting this iradé, and I found them willing and ready +to take it up with the Porte in a manner similar to the +instructions I had received.</p> + +<p>I called on Saďd Pasha and left with him a note in accordance +with my instructions, and I sent a copy of this +note to the French and British ambassadors. They in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +turn each advised the Ministry that they could not admit +of regulations prejudicial to the existing rights of their +subjects as secured by treaties. And here for a time the +matter rested.</p> + +<p>Several months later three American Jews were expelled +from Jerusalem because they had not left the city +at the expiration of three months, and again the question +had to be taken up with the Porte. This time Saďd Pasha +replied that the restrictions with regard to the three +Americans had been ordered withdrawn, "the Sublime +Porte having lately decided that the measure concerning +the Israelites going to Palestine shall not be applied but +to those who emigrate in number (<i>en nombre</i>), and that no +obstacle shall be opposed to the sojourn of those who are +not in this class."</p> + +<p>This, like most other questions that arose between the +Ottoman Government and our own, could not be settled +for any length of time by principle, law, or treaty. Such +documents might be used as reminders of agreements +once reached, but in Turkey they do not of themselves +direct policies or action. Drummond Wolff had advised +being "patient, pleasant, persistent," to which I would +add: eternally vigilant.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>On the whole, the interests of the United States +throughout the Ottoman Empire were peculiar, in that +the majority of the complaints related to personal, as +distinct from commercial, rights. I have said in an earlier +chapter that some of the questions at issue, especially +those involving extraterritoriality, grew out of capitulations +dating back over four hundred years, to the conquest +of Constantinople by the Moslems in 1453. The +terms of these capitulations or "privileges" were made +originally between the Greeks and the various Italian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> +city republics—Pisa, Genoa, Venice. The Moslems +later embodied them in revised capitulations with France +in 1535, 1604, 1673, and 1740; with England in 1583 and +1675; with Holland in 1680; with Austria in 1718; and +with Russia in 1783. On these later European capitulations +was based our own first treaty with the Sublime +Porte in 1830. Practically speaking, therefore, consular +jurisdiction in Turkey was then not very different from +what it was in the fifteenth century.</p> + +<p>When I took office one of the vexatious questions to be +settled was the interpretation of Clause IV of the Treaty +of 1830. This treaty was negotiated by Charles Rhind, +as American commissioner, with Reis Effendi, Turkish +representative. Rhind had prepared it, with the help of +dragoman Navoni, in French and in Turkish, and when +it was finally drawn up, according to Rhind's own report, +Reis Effendi "signed and sealed the treaty in Turkish and +I did the same with the French translation, and we exchanged +them." Thereupon the original Turkish version, +together with a copy of the French translation as signed +by the American commissioners—President Jackson +had appointed Captain James Biddle and David Offley +together with Rhind—and several English translations +were transmitted to Washington. The treaty actually +approved by the Senate was one of the English versions.</p> + +<p>Before the ratifications were exchanged the American +chargé d'affaires at Constantinople, David Porter, received +word that the French version was not exactly in +agreement with the Turkish. Porter's simple method of +correcting this discrepancy was to sign a document, also +in the Turkish language, accepting the Turkish version of +the treaty without reserve; and when the translation of +this document reached Washington nothing further was said.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>Indeed, the treaty rested in peace until 1868, when the +American minister, acting according to the English version, +clashed with the Turkish authorities in the interpretation +of Clause IV, regarding jurisdiction over American +citizens—in this case two who had been arrested and imprisoned +for alleged offenses against the Turkish Government. +The English version read:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Citizens of the United States of America, quietly pursuing +their commerce, and not being charged or convicted of any +crime or offence, shall not be molested; and even when they +may have committed some offence they shall not be arrested +and put in prison, by the local authorities, but they shall be +tried by their Minister or Consul, and punished according to +their offence, following, in this respect, the usage observed +towards other Franks.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When our Government proceeded to obtain exact +translations of this clause, it was found that the Turkish +version did not contain the words "arrested" or "tried," +although the phraseology made clear that American citizens +were not to be imprisoned in Turkish prisons, but +punished through their minister or consul. Consequently, +the Turkish authorities could arrest but not imprison, +could try but not inflict punishment.</p> + +<p>The Turkish Government would not recognize as accurate +any of the translations the United States presented. +When asked to present a translation of its own, however, +the matter was gradually put in abeyance.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In 1862 our minister, E. J. Morris, concluded another +treaty with the Porte, entitled, as was the first one, "A +Treaty of Commerce and Navigation," which, by its +Article XX, was to remain in force twenty-eight years +unless either party saw fit to abrogate at the end of fourteen +or twenty-one years. In January, 1874, the Turkish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +Government gave notice to our Department of State of +its desire to terminate the treaty, following this notice +up with another communication to the same effect in +September, 1875. Although by the terms of the treaty +such notice was to be permissible not earlier than June, +1876, nothing was said in Washington regarding the untimeliness +of these communications, and in his Annual +Message of December, 1876, President Grant announced: +"Under this notice the treaty terminated upon the fifth +day of June 1876." President Cleveland, on the other +hand, in his first Annual Message nine years later, questioned +the official termination, but added: "As the commercial +rights of our citizens in Turkey come under the +favored-nation guarantee of the prior treaty of 1830 ... +no inconvenience can result" from our agreeing to the +abrogation. Thus questions of jurisdiction and commercial +rights were thrown back for settlement under the +Treaty of 1830, the translation of which was and has remained +in dispute.</p> + +<p>Much of this confusion was due, again, to the slight +actual regard, on the part of the Ottoman Empire, for the +terms of treaties. In this attitude they had been encouraged +by some of the European nations—most of all +Russia in its more powerful days—who, in return for +other advantages, were not insistent upon their claims +under the capitulations, especially the claims of jurisdiction +over nationals. So far as concerned the United +States, this loose effectiveness of treaties caused constant +misunderstanding with regard to the handling of cases +arising under them.</p> + +<p>With every question that came up under the disputed +Clause IV, for instance, the Turks would controvert the +right of our consuls to try, and we would insist on that +right. The battle then would be won after a fashion by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +the side with the most persistence. During my administration +I happened to be the winner much of the time, +although my winning merely released a possibly innocent +person; for while we argued about a trial for the suspect +he lingered in jail, and after I got his release the Turks +would refuse to acknowledge our jurisdiction and not +prosecute. Innocent and guilty alike were made to suffer +in jail, and alike were set scot-free upon release. Not only +that, but whenever an American citizen committed, or +was alleged to have committed, a crime and was arrested +by the Turkish authorities, it created irritation and a +strain of our relationship.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The only other treaty then negotiated between the +Ottoman Government and our own—the Treaty of Naturalization +and Extradition—had also been a subject for +discussion and dispute ever since it was signed by Minister +George H. Boker in 1874. When it was concluded, +the Senate refused to confirm it because under it American +citizenship was forfeited <i>ipso facto</i> by the return of +the naturalized citizen to his native land and his remaining +there two years; but the Senate amended this treaty +by changing the phraseology of the clause containing +the two-year reference. The Sublime Porte accepted the +amendment by a declaration of what it understood to +be its intent and significance, which interpretation our +Government, in turn, would not accept.</p> + +<p>And there that treaty was hung in 1875, although our +Government that year made an appropriation of ten +thousand eight hundred dollars for presents to Turkish +officials, which was then customary on concluding a +treaty with the Porte.</p> + +<p>As the conditions which had called forth the treaty +continued to exist, I was instructed to renew negotiations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +in the matter. A number of Christian subjects of the +Porte—some Greeks and some Syrians, but principally +Armenians—in order to free themselves from Turkish +jurisdiction had fled to the United States. Here they +remained long enough to become citizens, and from time +to time they came back to Turkey, where they were +charged with being involved in alleged conspiracies +against the Turkish Government. Such cases arose frequently, +and it was felt that the Treaty of Naturalization +and Extradition with the two-year clause, similar to the +one we have with many other nations, would prevent citizens +of the Porte from using naturalization in America +as a means of escaping liability as subjects of Turkey +upon their return there.</p> + +<p>I addressed myself to bringing about an adjustment of +these difficulties, either by securing a new treaty or +having the one of 1874 accepted as amended. A long +and tedious exchange of notes on the subject ensued. +Finally the Porte agreed to accept the Treaty of 1874 as +amended.</p> + +<p>Of course I was elated, and the State Department was +pleased. That the treaty was one very much desired by +our Government was clear. I received a long, flattering +cable of congratulation from Mr. Bayard, and a letter in +similar vein from Mr. Adee, saying in part:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Whatever may be the outcome of these negotiations, you are +to be congratulated without stint on having achieved a decided +diplomatic success by causing the Government of the Porte +to recede from the position which it took in 1875, with respect +to the Senate amendments, and to which it has so pertinaciously +adhered ever since, until you wrought a change of heart +and induced it to take a more rational view of the subject. +This makes it far easier for us to deal with the question now as +justice and equity and due respect for the rights and privileges +attaching to American nationality may demand.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>Then the bubble burst! Under my instructions I had +assured the Turkish authorities that with their acceptance +of the amendments of our Senate the negotiations +in the matter would be concluded, and all that would be +necessary to give effect to the treaty was the proclamation +of the President. Instead, however, it was thought +best again to submit the terms to the Senate, as fourteen +years had elapsed since the negotiation of the original +treaty. Thereupon some of our leading missionaries, at +the instigation of prominent Armenians who had been +naturalized in America and returned to Turkey, opposed +ratification, and no further action was taken. It was a +very discouraging situation, for many annoying cases +constantly came up, some of a rather serious nature.</p> + +<p>I might add that ten years later, when I was again +minister to Turkey, I was instructed to renew negotiations, +but the Ottoman Government was now unwilling +to negotiate at all on this subject, and we were left without +any treaty of naturalization.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>There were one or two interesting special matters +that came up during this mission. Toward the end of +1887 Baron Maurice de Hirsch came to Constantinople +to adjust some financial differences with the Turkish +Government. His railway, connecting Constantinople +with European cities, was about completed. The Turkish +Government claimed that he owed it 132,000,000 francs, +a claim growing out of kilometric guarantees and other +concessions.</p> + +<p>One day while I was calling on the Grand Vizier, +Kiamil Pasha, he asked to introduce some one to me, and +forthwith I met a tall and slender man in his fifties, dark +eyes sparkling with spirit and energy, clean-shaven except +for a full black mustache, dressed rather dudishly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +in a cutaway coat, white vest and white spats—Baron +de Hirsch. I was glad of this opportunity, for I had often +heard of him and his great philanthropic activities. We +had a pleasant conversation about things in general.</p> + +<p>A few days later I took dinner with the Sultan. He +spoke to me about Baron de Hirsch and the claim of +Turkey against him. The Turkish Government was hard-pressed +for funds—its chronic condition. The Sultan +explained that for some time efforts had been made to +arrive at some settlement, and that it was now proposed +to arbitrate. The Baron had suggested first the French +and then the Austrian ambassador as arbitrator, but +neither was satisfactory to His Majesty; he, however, +had much confidence in my judgment and impartiality, +so that he had counter-suggested my name to the Baron, +which was satisfactory to the latter; and they had agreed +to pay me an honorarium of one million francs.</p> + +<p>I assured the Sultan that I was much complimented +by his request, but I would have to consult the Secretary +of State. He told me he had already requested the Turkish +minister at Washington to inquire the views of the +Department, and that Mr. Bayard had said there was no +objection to my acting as arbitrator. But I said I would +have to communicate with Mr. Bayard personally and +would let His Majesty hear from me in the course of a +few days.</p> + +<p>I cabled Mr. Bayard and learned, as the Sultan had +said, that there was no objection to my acceding to the +latter's wishes and accepting the honorarium if it appeared +to me advisable. Upon giving the proposal careful +consideration, however, I felt it would not be wise for me +to comply with the Sultan's request, much as I should +have liked to please him. Any transaction with the Turkish +Government involving money was open to suspicion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +of improper methods and bribery. Had I as arbitrator +made a decision disappointing to the Turkish Government, +I should certainly have fallen under such suspicion, +and I deemed it improper to assume an obligation which +might throw the American legation into a false light.</p> + +<p>I advised Secretary Bayard accordingly and frankly +told the Sultan I could not accept. I added, however, +that while I would not accept an honorarium, I should be +glad to act as mediator to see whether a satisfactory adjustment +could not be brought about between the Baron +and the Grand Vizier, which offer the Sultan accepted.</p> + +<p>As the negotiations went forward, the Baron and the +Grand Vizier had frequent disagreements and altercations. +Each of them would come to me with his grievance, +and I would give my opinion and bring them together +again. Finally there arose a legal question, and this was +submitted to Professor Gneist, the famous German +authority on international law. Upon his decision the +Baron finally paid the Turkish Government 22,000,000 francs.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>During these negotiations, which lasted several months, +an intimate friendship developed between the Baron and +his wife and Mrs. Straus and myself. They often took +family dinner with us. They were declining official invitations +because of the recent death of their only child, +Lucien. The Baroness was an exceptionally fine woman, +learned and able, whose principal aim in life seemed to +be to find ways of being most helpful to others. In the +quarters of the poor, both Jew and Gentile, her short, +trim figure, dressed in deep mourning, was familiar. Her +face had an attractively benign expression. A story regarding +her activities in connection with the construction +of her husband's railroad was characteristic of her.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>In a village near Constantinople a number of houses +belonging to the poor had to be torn down to make way +for the railway station. The work was to be done with the +understanding that the Turkish Government would compensate +these people, but evidently no such consideration +was forthcoming. A number of those thus dispossessed +came to the Baron to complain, but he answered that it +was the Government's responsibility, not his. On hearing +of this the Baroness informed her husband that she did +not propose to let the railroad cause unhappiness to +people, that it would probably be a long time before the +Government paid the compensation, if ever, and that +she insisted on paying these people out of her own +private fortune so they could at once build new houses +and be happy. Then and there she carried out that programme.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The Baron spoke to me of his own benefactions and +said he purposed during his lifetime to devote his fortune +to benevolent causes. His philanthropy up to that time +had been bestowed mainly in Russia, but he was desirous +of doing something for the Russians who, because of the +oppression resultant from the Ignatieff laws, were emigrating +to America. They had been persecuted and were +poor, and he wanted to enable them to reëstablish themselves.</p> + +<p>I was familiar with the conditions of these Russian +immigrants, because prior to my coming to Turkey I had +been in close relationship for several years with Michael +Heilprin, author of a number of scholarly works and one +of the chief editors of Appleton's Encyclopćdia. He +worked untiringly on behalf of these new arrivals, collecting +money for them and aiding them personally in +numerous ways. I think his untimely death was due<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +primarily to his generous expenditure of energy in this +way. I mentioned Heilprin to the Baron and said I would +write him for suggestions how best the immigrants might +be helped.</p> + +<p>When I heard from Heilprin I forwarded the letter to +the Baron, together with a list of men who had done most +in the way of benevolent work for the Jews of New York. +Prominent on that list were Meyer S. Isaacs, president of +the United Hebrew Congregations; Jesse Seligman, president +of the Hebrew Orphan Asylum; Jacob H. Schiff, +who was connected with a number of our charitable enterprises; +and my brother Isidor. The Baron subsequently +communicated with Mr. Isaacs and some others, and out +of their arrangements grew the Baron de Hirsch Fund +and the Baron de Hirsch Trade School. Later the Baroness, +upon conferring with Mrs. Straus, endowed the +Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls.</p> + +<p>Neither my wife nor I wish to claim any credit for the +founding of the de Hirsch benevolent institutions. We +were simply the medium through which these came into +being. We never even suggested the nature of them. We +only gave the requested information regarding the need +for such institutions.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus126.jpg" width="450" height="668" alt="OSCAR S. STRAUS + +Constantinople, 1888" title="OSCAR S. STRAUS + +Constantinople, 1888" /> +<span class="caption">OSCAR S. STRAUS<br /> + +Constantinople, 1888</span> +</div> + +<p>But to come back to Constantinople and its railroads. +During 1888 the question of a railroad from Constantinople +to the Persian Gulf was much agitated, especially +by the Germans. The Grand Vizier several times brought +up the subject in conversation with me, asking me to help +him get in communication with some reliable American +railroad builders. He assured me that the Turkish +Government would give more favorable terms to a group +of Americans because the project would then be free from +the political complications that might ensue if a road<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +through the heart of the empire were controlled by +Germany or any other European power.</p> + +<p>William K. Vanderbilt was in Constantinople at the +time. He had arrived in his yacht, which was larger than +most yachts that came through the Dardanelles, so it was +stopped until I could procure for him a special permit +from the Sultan to proceed. At the Sultan's request, I +spoke to Vanderbilt about the railroad and introduced +him to the Grand Vizier. But he was on pleasure bent +and not inclined to take up the cares and burdens involved +in such an undertaking.</p> + +<p>Of course it was apparent that if American capitalists +and railroad builders with their vast experience would +take up the construction of this road it would put tremendous +power and prestige into American hands. I +suggested that Carl Schurz and Henry Villard might be +the proper persons to undertake this gigantic work. Villard's +name had figured prominently in the completion of +the Northern Pacific; he was close to Schurz, and they +each enjoyed a high reputation. Soon thereafter the +Porte submitted the matter to a syndicate of German, +British, and French bankers, and the famous Bagdad +Railroad was not built by Americans.</p> + +<p>Early in 1888 I received a letter from an old friend, the +Reverend William Hayes Ward, eminent Assyriologist +and scholarly editor of the "Independent," respecting an +expedition for excavating in Babylonia which the Reverend +John P. Peters, of the University of Pennsylvania, +contemplated. Under Dr. William Pepper, provost of the +university, Dr. Peters was organizing the Babylon Exploration +Fund, which would base its work on the recommendations +made in 1884-85 by the Wolfe expedition +headed by Dr. Ward himself. The Wolfe expedition, +financed by Miss Catherine L. Wolfe, of New York City,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +had been limited to reconnoissance and exploration. +Shortly thereafter the subject was brought to my attention +officially by Mr. Adee, of the Department of State, +who wrote me:</p> + +<blockquote><p>We find ourselves between two fires,—on one hand is the +Philadelphia organization under the lead of Dr. Peters, which +has the money, and on the other is the Johns Hopkins enterprise, +which has the most solid ballasting of Assyriological +talent, but, unfortunately, its dollars are limited. As the Johns +Hopkins people deposit all their collections in the National +Museum, Professor Langley feels kindly disposed towards +them.... We shall probably have to look to you as the <i>deus +ex machina</i> to prescribe a solution.</p></blockquote> + +<p>I conferred unofficially with Hamdy Bey, director of +the Imperial Museum at Stamboul, himself a very competent +scientist and in charge of all excavations in Turkey, +who informed me fully regarding the Turkish law +governing excavations, among other things that a permit +for making them had to be obtained from the Ministry +of Public Instruction (and these permits were not easily +obtained); and that all objects discovered were the property +of the Turkish Government, the excavator being +permitted only moulds or drawings thereof, except possibly +in the case of certain duplicates.</p> + +<p>To save time in the matter, I brought it before the +Grand Vizier, who promised support in laying the project +before His Majesty the Sultan, with the view possibly of +getting an iradé to export at least a portion, if not half, +of the objects discovered. I suggested to our State Department +that the University of Pennsylvania and Johns +Hopkins work together and operate as one body, so that +an iradé, should it be obtainable, might serve for the +benefit of all concerned.</p> + +<p>While <i>en route</i> to the United States on a short leave of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +absence I met Dr. Peters in London. He handed me a +letter of introduction from President Cleveland asking +my good offices. The proposed excavations interested +me very much, and I promised Dr. Peters I would give +the subject immediate attention upon returning to my +post. Meanwhile I instructed the chargé, Mr. King, how +to proceed in my absence.</p> + +<p>Early in November when I got back to Constantinople +I asked for an audience with the Sultan to explain the +purposes of the exploration fund, the interest of the various +universities and scientific societies in it, adding that +I had received a personal letter from the President in +regard to it, and that if he would give the permit to excavate +it would meet with high appreciation in my country.</p> + +<p>It was the custom for ministers, as distinct from ambassadors, +to dismount at the Palace gate and proceed to +the Palace on foot. For this occasion, however, orders had +been given for our coming in at the Palace door. Here I +was met by His Highness, the Grand Vizier; the Minister +of Foreign Affairs; and the Grand Master of Ceremonies. +After some fifteen minutes the Grand Vizier and the +Grand Master of Ceremonies ushered me into the presence +of His Majesty. A private audience took place, +wherein the Sultan seemed very affable indeed. He said +he was happy to welcome me back to my post and hoped +that Mrs. Straus and I had had a pleasant trip.</p> + +<p>His Majesty then led the way to the brilliantly illuminated +dining-hall, where a military orchestra of about +thirty members was playing. I was seated at His Majesty's +right, with the dragoman next to me, and the +Grand Vizier was at the left; down both sides sat the +pashas, their breasts sparkling with diamond orders. +The dinner was served on gold and silver plates, and the +menu was excellent and not overburdened. The Sultan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +conversed freely, cheerfully, and apparently without reserve.</p> + +<p>After dinner we went with him to a play in the little +theater on the Palace grounds. At an opportune moment +between the acts, while His Majesty questioned me regarding +some matters in the United States, I referred to +the excavations, and to the fact that several representatives +of the universities were awaiting his decision. He +graciously stated that permission would be granted, and +it was given a very few days thereafter.</p> + +<p>Though we were all somewhat disappointed because +the permit was more restricted than we had been led to +expect, it enabled Dr. Peters and his party to go ahead +with their work. Dr. Peters has left a full account of the +explorations and the objects discovered, some of them +dating back earlier than 4000 B.C., in his two volumes +entitled "Nippur," which form a lasting memorial to his +services in the cause of archćology.</p> + +<p>Unfavorable as we thought the permit was, I was accused +by Theodore Bent, British archćologist, writing +in the "Contemporary Review," of bribing Hamdy Bey +to obtain a favorable firman. He himself had dug at +Thasos the previous year and had run into difficulties +with the Turkish authorities, resulting in the seizure of +his findings. He still felt revengeful toward Hamdy Bey, +and the knowledge of our negotiations for a permit afforded +him ground for a scurrilous attack on the director +of the museum, who was, nevertheless, a man of fine +character and high repute.</p> + +<p>The fact really was that the Sultan felt somewhat +under obligations to me because of my services in another +matter. There were in the Ottoman Empire a million or +more Persians, mainly rug dealers. Many of them had +married Turkish women. The Sultan claimed that when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +a Persian in Turkey married a Turkish subject his nationality +followed that of his wife. The controversy had +gone so far that the Shah of Persia was about to recall +his ambassador, and they finally agreed to submit the +matter to me for decision.</p> + +<p>I took the subject under advisement and wrote an opinion +in accordance with the universally accepted doctrine +of nationality under such conditions, namely, that upon +marriage nationality followed that of the husband. But +instead of rendering my decision, I advised the Sultan +what it would be and suggested that it would probably +make for better relationship if he would anticipate my +decision by agreeing with the Shah's contention. This +he appreciated. At the same time it relieved me from the +necessity of deciding against the sovereign to whom I was +accredited.</p> + +<p>Of course the Shah's ambassador, Mohsin Khan, who +was practically viceroy in the Ottoman Empire, desired +to confer upon me Persia's decoration, the Lion and the +Sun, set in costly brilliants, and once more I had to explain +our custom in regard to such things. It is indeed a +wise provision of our Constitution which prohibits American +officials from accepting "any present, emolument, +office or title of any kind whatever" without the consent +of Congress.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The election of 1888 having resulted in a Republican +victory, I tendered my resignation to the new President +upon his taking office, as is customary for heads of missions +when there has been a change in the administration. +I was unofficially informed that numerous letters and +memorials had been received in Washington from individuals +and missionary and church bodies, asking that I be +retained at my post; Dr. Pepper, of the University of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +Pennsylvania, and several other university heads also +joined in urging my retention. But I wrote Dr. Pepper +not to push the request, as I could no longer absent myself +from my private affairs. The main matters of difference +between the two Governments had been settled, +and I felt justified in resigning, even had Cleveland been +reëlected, for I could not afford to stay on except under +pressure of patriotic necessity.</p> + +<p>The salary at the Porte barely covered my house rent. +I had secured the best available house with facilities for +entertaining and the returning of hospitalities, and, as I +have mentioned before, such functions are essential for +the proper relations with one's colleagues and the government +to which one is accredited. Besides, it is important +to be able to show to one's nationals the hospitality they +expect from their diplomatic representatives, especially +in the case of prominent visitors who bring letters from +high officials at home.</p> + +<p>Again, "noblesse oblige" has its widest and most emphatic +application in diplomacy. Americans are supposed +to be rich, and if an American diplomat does not show +the usual hospitalities he is charged with penuriousness, +for it is understood that a man who is not able to live +according to his station would not be chosen to head a +mission. That his pay may be inadequate for the discharge +of his social duties is not generally known. When +I was in Washington during my leave of absence Mr. +Cleveland asked me how I got along on my salary, and +I told him then that I could have got along fairly well on +four times the amount, for I had spent between thirty-five +and forty thousand dollars a year.</p> + +<p>A few days prior to leaving my post in June, 1889, I +again dined with the Sultan. I had often done so during +my stay, but this time he was especially gracious and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +unreserved. He expressed great regret at my going, saying +that at no time during his reign had the relations of +our countries been more agreeable, and that he and his +minister had had every confidence in my candor and +fairness. What seemed to have impressed him most was +my handling of a large claim by an American which was +being urged through the legation. I carefully examined +this claim and found it to be justified neither in morals +nor in law, and I informed the Turkish Government +accordingly that I had withdrawn it. The Porte was not +accustomed to such fair treatment! Of course, ever afterward +when I presented a matter it was believed to be +justified.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The Sultan held the government pretty firmly in his +own hands—too much so in fact—and kept himself +very well informed regarding all manner of things. On +this evening he said he had heard of the great disaster and +loss of lives caused by the Johnstown flood and he desired +to transmit through me two hundred pounds to be used +for relief work. I cabled the amount to the Secretary of +State on the following day and communicated to His +Majesty our Government's acknowledgment:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Express grateful appreciation of the President and the +Government of the United States for the Sultan's generous +relief for flood sufferers.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When it became known that I was about to leave my +post I received many communications expressing regret. +These were a great satisfaction, especially one beautiful +letter from the missionaries of Constantinople, signed by +Edwin E. Bliss, I. F. Pettibone, Joseph K. Greene, H. +S. Barnum, Charles A. S. Dwight, Henry O. Dwight, and +William G. Bliss.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>After we had boarded the steamer to Varna, homeward +bound, a royal caďque—a rowboat of the graceful lines +of a Venetian gondola and manned by six oarsmen—came +alongside our ship and one of the Sultan's aides came +aboard to present to Mrs. Straus the highest order of the +Shefekat decoration, a star set in brilliants, with the +special request of His Majesty that she accept it as a +token of his esteem and regard. As the regulations prohibiting +me from accepting such honors did not apply to +my wife, she graciously accepted this parting gift from +Abdul Hamid.</p> + +<p>And so farewell to Pera and the beautiful Bosphorus!</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER V</h2> + +<h3>HARRISON, CLEVELAND, AND McKINLEY</h3> + +<blockquote><p>One function of ex-diplomats—Russian refugees in flight to America—President +Harrison remonstrates with Czar against persecutions—"A decree +to leave one country is an order to enter another"—Grover Cleveland's fight +for sound money—His letters to me—"The Little White House"—Cleveland +under fire for Van Alen appointment—Cleveland's theatrical tastes—A +midnight supper of delicatessen and beer—Cleveland's first meeting with +Charles F. Murphy, of Tammany Hall—The final confidences of an ex-President—A +pilgrimage in England to the school attended by Roger Williams—I +join the fight for election reforms—President McKinley summons +me to Washington to discuss plan to avert war with Spain—A proposal to +"rattle the Sultan's windows"—McKinley urges me to again accept the +Turkish post—"Secretary of State for Turkey."</p></blockquote> + + +<p>Had diplomacy been a career, nothing would have pleased +me more than to continue in such service of my country. +On the whole I cannot say that I advocate changing our +system as to a more permanent service for the heads of +missions. Our President is now unhampered to select +men who are best qualified to deal with the problems in +hand at the various posts. This is an advantage over a +system that tends to keep in office ministers and ambassadors +who are ill equipped to bring statesmanlike qualities +to their work, though they may be past-masters in +routine and social requirements. But it would be well if, +on a change of administration, removals of heads of missions +were the exception rather than the rule. Of course, +after four or eight years, the return of our diplomatic +chiefs from foreign fields to the various parts of our +country has the advantage of enabling these men, by +reason of their experience and standing, to inform and +in a measure guide public opinion on questions concerning +international affairs.</p> + +<p>On my return to New York I reëntered business, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +continued to take a deep and active interest in public +affairs. I spent much of my spare time lecturing on public +questions and historical matters.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Waves of Russian-Jewish immigrants were pounding +our shores in the spring of 1891. In Russia, pogroms and +other forms of mob persecution had become so persistent +that refugees were arriving in pitiful droves at our ports. +Sinister circumstance had hurled them from one country +into another. Many had been compelled to abandon +their employment or even their own established businesses +in Russia, owing to the enforcement of the Ignatieff +laws and the consequent prohibitions, restrictions, and +persecutions.</p> + +<p>Determined to make a strenuous protest, a small committee +was formed of prominent Jews from New York, +Cincinnati, and Chicago, to lay before President Harrison +the pitiable conditions day by day presented by the +arriving refugees, many of whom had been stripped of all +their possessions.</p> + +<p>Our committee was headed by Jesse Seligman, and +among the others I recall Jacob H. Schiff, of New York, +and General Lewis Seasongood, of Cincinnati, besides +myself. The President listened to our story with sympathetic +interest, and then turned to me and asked what, +in the light of my international and diplomatic experience, +I thought should be done. I told him that we had a right +to remonstrate with any nation with which we were on +friendly terms, as we were with Russia, for committing an +unfriendly act if that nation by special laws forced groups +of its people, in pitiable condition, to seek refuge in +another country and that country our own.</p> + +<p>The President agreed, but suggested that our Government +ought to have before it an official report or statement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +of facts. I replied that this could easily be obtained +by sending a competent commission to Russia to make +inquiry. Promptly Colonel John B. Weber, immigration +commissioner at Ellis Island, admirably qualified because +of his experience in office and his sympathetic interest, +together with Dr. Walter Kempster, a physician known +for his studies of the pathology of insanity, were sent +abroad to make an investigation and report. Their investigation +was thorough, and they embodied their findings +in a report that is a model of its kind. It was the first +authentic and official report on these Russian restrictions +and persecutions, and when published it aroused great +interest in all enlightened parts of Europe as well as at +home. The distinguished English historian, Lecky, refers +to it in his own work, "Democracy and Liberty."</p> + +<p>George Jones, of the "New York Times," also had an +investigation and report made by his London correspondent, +Harold Frederic. These findings the "Times" +published as articles and syndicated them to several other +papers of the country, and later Frederic brought them +out in book form under the title "The New Exodus."</p> + +<p>President Harrison was much impressed with the report +of the commission, and through diplomatic channels +brought the matter to the attention of the Russian Government. +His reference to this action in the Annual Message +of December, 1891, is such a clear and convincing +recognition of humanitarian diplomacy, that I quote it:</p> + +<blockquote><p>This Government has found occasion to express, in a friendly +spirit, but with much earnestness, to the Government of the +Czar, its serious concern because of the harsh measures now +being enforced against the Hebrews in Russia.... It is estimated +that over one million will be forced from Russia within +a few years....</p> + +<p>The banishment, whether by direct decree or by not less +certain indirect methods, of so large a number of men and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +women is not a local question. A decree to leave one country is, +in the nature of things, an order to enter another—some +other. This consideration, as well as the suggestions of humanity, +furnishes ample ground for the remonstrances which we +have presented to Russia, while our historic friendship for that +Government can not fail to give the assurance that our representations +are those of a sincere wellwisher.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The President's Message was largely quoted and favorably +commented upon in this and many European +countries. All of this had a reaction in Russia itself. No +matter how autocratic a government may be, as Russia +then was, it cannot free itself from "a decent respect to +the opinions of mankind." For the time being conditions +in Russia for the Jews were ameliorated.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In the fall of 1891 I was a delegate to the Democratic +State Convention at Saratoga and was a member of the +platform committee. One of the questions to be solved +was: What should be our position regarding silver? +Cleveland's statement of his position during his first +term had lost him the Presidency.</p> + +<p>Quite purposely Cleveland had boldly accentuated, +while in office, the outstanding issues then before the +country—the tariff and sound money—without any +regard to political consequences. His friend, Richard +Watson Gilder, has said of him in this connection:<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<blockquote><p>Every once in a while Cleveland "threw away the Presidency," +and I never saw him so happy as when he had done it; +as, for instance, after the tariff message, and now again after +the silver letter.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Cleveland, while not a scholar, was ultra-conscientious +and had an honest and logical mind that dealt with fundamentals. +He would "mull over" (that is the very phrase<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> +I have heard him use) a question until he got to the bottom, +and there he would start to build up his premises and +arrive at his decisions. Because of the surplus accumulating +in the Treasury he had been impressed more and more +with the fact that the taxes and the tariff should be reduced. +He realized, during the spring and summer of +1887, that the rapid increase of this surplus was becoming +a menace to the stability of our financial system, and he +felt it his duty to provide some means for averting commercial +disaster. At the opening of Congress that year, +instead of a message covering all of the Government +activities as was the invariable custom, he prepared one +devoted exclusively to the revenue system and to the +necessity of reducing the tariff. He gave much care and +deliberation to this message, but none to the political +consequences.</p> + +<p>Again later, when the free coinage of silver became a +topic of prominence, the Reform Club of New York +invited him to attend a banquet at which this question +was to be discussed. Many of his friends advised that he +remain silent on the subject, in order not to mar his +chances for reëlection. Cleveland, however, accepted the +invitation and boldly announced his position regarding +"the dangerous and reckless experiment of free, unlimited +and independent silver coinage." That was too much for +the machine men of the party; the note of Cleveland's +doom was sounded from one end of the country to the other.</p> + +<p>After his retirement partisan bitterness largely disappeared, +and it soon became a foregone conclusion that he +would again have to stand for the Presidency. Although +he had occupied the President's chair only one term, I +doubt whether any ex-President of our time, with the +exception of Roosevelt, carried with him into private life<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +a deeper interest or a higher esteem on the part of the +great body of the people. His rugged honesty of purpose +and determined stand for the best principles in our public +life were more and more appreciated and valued. During +the entire period between his defeat and his reëlection he +was the most distinguished representative of his party.</p> + +<p>When the silver question came up in the State Convention +at Saratoga, a few others and myself contended for +a sound money plank. We met with opposition from a +majority of the platform committee. Richard Croker, +boss of Tammany Hall, had not up to that time bothered +much about the subject. I laid before him the reasons +underlying the question and got him to throw his powerful +influence and help on our side, and we succeeded in +the end in incorporating a strong sound money plank.</p> + +<p>Cleveland expressed his satisfaction with that accomplishment +in the following note to me:</p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature"> +816 <span class="smcap">Madison Avenue</span><br /> +<i>Sept.</i> 27, 1891</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">My dear Mr. Straus</span>: +</p> + +<p>I have a suspicion that you had much to do with the formation +of the silver plank in the platform adopted at Saratoga. +I am so well satisfied indeed that you thus merit my thanks as +a citizen who loves the honor of his country and as a Democrat +who loves the integrity of his party, that I desire to tender +them in this frank informal manner.</p> + +<div class="signature2"> +Yours very truly</div> +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Grover Cleveland</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>I may add here that upon his retirement in 1889 Cleveland +came to New York to live, and the pleasant relations +I had had with him in office became close and intimate.</p> + +<p>Early in July, 1892, I wrote Cleveland regarding his +position on the tariff, and after the Chicago convention +which nominated him for the Presidency, I received the +following communication from him:</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p> +<blockquote><div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">Gray Gables</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Buzzards Bay, Mass.</span><br /> +<i>July</i> 25, 1892</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>: +</p> + +<p>I wish to thank you for your letter of July 12, and to express +my disappointment that while in New York last week I did not +have the opportunity to converse with you on the suggestions +which your letter contained. You cannot fail to see by some +expressions in my address in reply to the notification committee, +that thoughts quite similar to yours have occupied my +mind in regard to the tariff plank in our platform. I am exceedingly +anxious that there should be no misrepresentation +of our true position, and I regret exceedingly that there should +have been any form of expression adopted which makes us +liable to that danger.</p> + +<p>I shall continue to give the subject earnest thought and when +I write my letter of acceptance if it should then seem to be +necessary I shall not hesitate to pursue the subject further. I +have heard of your labors at Chicago and of your constant and +earnest devotion to my cause, and while your previous conduct +and our relations have been such as to lead me to expect such +things of you, I am none the less gratified and beg to thank you +from the bottom of my heart.</p> + +<p>With the kind remembrances of Mrs. Cleveland to you and +Mrs. Straus, in which I heartily join, I am</p> + +<div class="signature2"> +Very truly yours +</div> + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Grover Cleveland</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>In 1888 his position on these two questions caused his +defeat; in 1892, his position still the same, these very +issues were the dominant factors that brought about his +renomination and election.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>During the winter before his second term of office, in +order to get some rest and be freer than was possible in +New York from the constant stream of visitors and place-hunters, +he and his family accepted the invitation of my +brother Nathan to occupy a little frame house which my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +brother had bought from a New Jersey farmer in connection +with the property on which stands the Lakewood +Hotel. The little two-story house, surrounded by pines, +simple as could be, was renovated and painted white, +and became known as "the little White House." To it +from time to time Cleveland summoned the people with +whom he wished to confer—the leaders of his party with +regard to policies and the make-up of his Cabinet, and +personal friends. He had no secretary and wrote all letters +with his own hand.</p> + +<p>During his stay at "the little White House" he sent +for me several times to talk over things with him. On one +of these occasions he proposed connecting me with the +Administration in some way that might be agreeable to +me. While I appreciated highly his intention, I told him I +felt I owed it to my brothers to stick to business for the +next few years. He answered that he would have to have +one of the brothers in his Administration. I learned later +that in his mind he had reserved the ministership to +Holland for Isidor. At about this time Isidor had been +nominated, and was subsequently elected, to fill a vacancy +in Congress, and Cleveland purposely did not fill +the Dutch post until after that special election. He afterwards +remarked to a friend he and Isidor had in common, +William L. Wilson, of West Virginia, chairman of the +Ways and Means Committee and responsible for the +Wilson Tariff Bill, that he much preferred Isidor in +Congress where he could have the benefit of his wisdom +and knowledge in financial and tariff matters. Indeed, +my brother was largely responsible for Cleveland's calling +the extra session of Congress for the repeal of the +Sherman Silver Coinage Act.</p> + +<p>Among my letters from Cleveland at this period I have +one concerning a subject that caused a great deal of stir<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +and unfavorable comment: the appointment of James J. +Van Alen, of Newport, Rhode Island, as ambassador to +Italy. Van Alen was a very rich man. He was the son-in-law +of William Astor and the personal friend of William +C. Whitney, the real manager of the Cleveland campaign, +whose appointment as Secretary of the Navy was not +liked by the "mugwump" wing of the party, headed by +Carl Schurz and others. When Van Alen was appointed +a hue and cry arose from the idealists, and Cleveland's +enemies alleged that the appointment was nothing more +than a reward for the very large contribution Van Alen +had made to Whitney for the campaign, for which Whitney +had promised this position. Schurz, as editor of +"Harper's Weekly," wrote a savage editorial against +Cleveland on this subject, and in a letter to me he stated +that he felt Cleveland's prestige would never recover +from the blow he had struck against himself in making +that appointment. I wrote to Cleveland about the matter +and how it was regarded by some of his friends, mentioning +Schurz among others. The President sent me the following +reply:</p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">Executive Mansion</span>, <span class="smcap">Washington</span></div> +<div class="signature2"> +<i>Oct.</i> 29, 1893</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">My dear Mr. Straus</span>: +</p> + +<p>Your letter was received to-day.</p> + +<p>I need not tell you how much I value your friendship; and I +hardly need confess how touched I am by the manifestation of +affection afforded by the solicitude you evince in the Van +Alen matter. I am amazed by the course pursued by some +good people in dealing with this subject. No one has yet presented +to me a single charge of unfitness or incompetency. They +have chosen to eagerly act upon the frivolous statements of a +much mendacious and mischievous newspaper, as an attempt to +injure a man who in no way has been guilty of wrong. I leave +out of the account the allegation that his nomination was in +acknowledgment of a large campaign contribution. No one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> +will accuse me of such a trade and Mr. Whitney's and Mr. +Van Alen's denial that any such thing existed in the minds of +any one concerned, I believe to be the truth. I think it would +be a cowardly thing in me to disgrace a man because the New +York World had doomed him to disgrace. Since the nomination +was sent in I have left the matter entirely to the Senate, +and I hear that the nomination was confirmed to-day. This +ends the matter. I am entirely content to wait for a complete +justification of my part in the proceeding.</p> + +<p>I am sorry you regard this matter as so unfortunate, and if +anything could have induced me to turn away from a course +which seems to me so plainly just and right, it would be my +desire to satisfy just such good friends as you have always +proved yourself to be.</p> + +<p>I shall be glad to see you at all times.</p> + +<div class="signature2">Yours very sincerely</div> +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Grover Cleveland</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>Van Alen was confirmed by the Senate, but on November +20th he sent in his resignation, which Cleveland reluctantly +accepted, but urged Van Alen to reconsider his +decision, as his (the President's) preference was emphatically +that Van Alen accept the post and by the discharge +of his duties vindicate the wisdom and propriety of his +selection.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>During the second term I saw little of the President. +I was very much tied to business and went to Washington +only when summoned there to discuss a few international +questions as they arose. But while I am reminiscing +about my relations with Mr. Cleveland, I shall jump +ahead about ten years and speak of a visit he paid me for +three days during March, 1903. He was to deliver an +address at the Henry Ward Beecher Memorial in the +Brooklyn Academy of Music on Sunday evening, and he +arrived from Princeton on Saturday. He was like a boy +out of school.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>We were going to the theater on Saturday evening and +I suggested Justin McCarthy's "If I Were King," played +by Sothern.</p> + +<p>"I hope it is not sad," Cleveland said. "I want to see +it from start to finish"; and with a smirk he added, "for +I am a hayseed." I discerned afterward that he would +rather have seen a comedy or vaudeville.</p> + +<p>When we arrived at the theater, many in the audience +recognized Cleveland and heads were constantly turning +in the direction of our box. I mentioned it to him, but he +said: "Oh, no, they don't know me any more." After the +theater we had a supper of delicatessen and beer at home, +which I knew he would like, and he amused us with several +funny stories and mimicry. My wife remarked that +he might have made a success on the stage, and he replied +that his friend Joe Jefferson had often deplored his having +missed that profession.</p> + +<p>Cleveland gave an imitation of the humorous Congressman +Campbell, of New York, who used to come to +the White House and, pointing to the room occupied by +Cleveland, ask the clerk: "Is His Royal Nibs in?" And +sometimes Tim Campbell made requests that Cleveland +had to deny as unconstitutional; then Tim would come +back with "Oh, I wouldn't let the Constitution stand +between friends!"</p> + +<p>At dinner on Sunday we were joined by Mr. and Mrs. +John G. Carlisle, my brother Isidor, his wife, and his business +associate, Charles B. Webster. Carlisle had been +one of the most distinguished Senators in Congress, +former Secretary of the Treasury, and a close friend of +Cleveland. When the champagne was served my wife +said to the ex-President:</p> + +<p>"Does Mrs. Cleveland let you drink this? You know +it is bad for your rheumatism!"</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>"No, but I won't tell her," answered Cleveland.</p> + +<p>They compromised on one glass.</p> + +<p>After dinner the conversation turned to the bond +loans during Cleveland's second Administration—the +first made through J. P. Morgan & Company and the +subsequent popular loans—to keep the gold in the +United States Treasury. The ex-President referred to +his fight against the silver craze and said he had been +compelled to abandon the fundamental issue, the tariff +reform, to combat that dangerous heresy.</p> + +<p>When the guests had gone, Cleveland wanted to know +whether we would like to hear the speech he was to deliver +that evening, and of course we assured him we +should be delighted. This led to conversation about +Beecher, and I showed him the original letter that +Beecher wrote him in 1887 recommending my appointment +to Turkey. He said he remembered it perfectly, and +it was the thing that turned the scale while he was considering +whether or not he could properly appoint a person +of my race to a post largely concerned with the protection +of Christian missions. I made bold to request the +manuscript of his Memorial Address to file with my +Beecher letter, and he kindly consented with the words: +"Yes, certainly; they are kind of cousins."</p> + +<p>After a light supper we drove to Brooklyn. Cleveland +liked to be punctual and I took care that we should arrive +at the appointed hour, 7.45. It was pouring rain, and +Cleveland anticipated that most people would be kept +away; but when we entered the hall it was packed from +pit to dome and several thousand persons were turned +away. At the close of the meeting hundreds crowded onto +the stage to greet the ex-President, showing that the love +and admiration of the people had in no degree waned.</p> + +<p>The next morning we prevailed upon him to stay another<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +day. He said he knew I had a speech to make at +Brown University and that its preparation would engage +my time. But I assured him the speech was all prepared +and the subject was "Brown in Diplomacy." He asked +me to read it to him, and I did. He pronounced it appropriate +and fine, which gave me some confidence in the +success of the occasion, for I knew he was not given to +flattery and would not have praised the speech without +meaning it; that was not his habit.</p> + +<p>He had to go to Rockwood, the photographer, at +Thirty-Ninth Street and Broadway, so I went with him. +He said he had hundreds of requests for pictures and +wanted a new one taken so that when people wrote for +them he could refer such requests to Rockwood; similarly +he had had some pictures made by a Philadelphia photographer. +These arrangements would save him much +trouble. I asked Rockwood to take a special, large picture +for me. He brought forward his larger camera and took +one of the best photographs of Cleveland I have ever +seen. I had two finished: one for Mrs. Cleveland and the +other for myself, and it now hangs in my library.</p> + +<p>For luncheon we met Isidor at Delmonico's. At the +next table sat Charles F. Murphy, successor to Croker as +boss of Tammany Hall, who requested me to introduce +him to Cleveland. They had quite a chat, after which +Cleveland remarked: "He looks like a pretty clean fellow."</p> + +<p>During the meal our guest told us, with language, voice, +and manner befitting the tale, how, when he was being +spoken of for reëlection before his second term, he met a +farmer who said to him: "Now if you will go on sawin' +wood and don't say nothin', they will give you back that +job in Washington." No actor could have given a more +vivid characterization of that farmer.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>That evening we went to Weber and Field's Music +Hall, on Twenty-Ninth Street near Broadway. Cleveland +suggested this himself. He said he liked to be amused at +the theater and not saddened or instructed.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>At about this period Cleveland from time to time +showed evidences of illness. He called them stomach attacks. +Whether or not his personal friend and physician, +Dr. Joseph D. Bryant, had diagnosed the malady as more +serious I do not know; but at times I rather inferred that +he had. Dr. Bryant made it a point to accompany Cleveland +on several of his hunting and fishing expeditions, +which were taken not alone for pleasure, but as health +measures, for a change of air and the outdoor recreation.</p> + +<p>On and off during those years also, when the family +wanted a little change, they occupied "the little White +House" at Lakewood. Cleveland liked it for its simplicity +and because it was not unlike the parsonage at +Caldwell, New Jersey, where he was born. Early in June, +1908, while the Clevelands were at Lakewood, the ex-President +sent for my brother Isidor; he desired to have +a talk with him. He seemed to wish to unburden his mind.</p> + +<p>This proved to be the last time he spoke to any +one outside of his immediate family while still in the +possession of all his faculties. That very night he had +another attack of his malady, after which, as I was told, +his faculties seemed to go under a cloud. Two weeks +later, on June 24th, the country was shocked, though it +was not unprepared, to learn that the ex-President had +died that morning at his Princeton home.</p> + +<p>On June 26th Grover Cleveland was laid to rest. The +funeral was private; my brothers and I had received a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +note from Mrs. Cleveland asking us to be present. At +his home we met about one hundred of his personal +friends. It had been his express wish that there be no +eulogy or funeral oration, and his friend Dr. Henry van +Dyke conducted a simple service at which he read passages +from Wordsworth's poem, "The Happy Warrior." +In a carriage with Chief Justice Fuller, Judge George +Gray, of Delaware, and Governor Fort, of New Jersey, +I accompanied the body to the cemetery.</p> + +<p>For Grover Cleveland there were no longer enemies to +traduce and vilify. Perhaps no President had ever been +so reviled by a hostile press throughout the country as +this great man, and, strong as he was, these attacks quite +naturally pained him. Public appreciation of men who +struggle against the tide for righteous things is often deferred, +sometimes until after death. In his case, happily, +it came while he was yet among us in the constantly increasing +manifestations of admiration, love, and esteem +by the people of the country.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>I have mentioned that during Cleveland's second +Administration I seldom went to Washington. At that +time I was occupied also with the writing of two books. +I was not, of course, relying upon my pen for a living. +I should not have survived long if I had! Historical +writing has fittingly been called the aristocracy of literature; +it requires long and patient investigation and yields +meager returns. For me it made a fascinating avocation. +My "Roger Williams, the Pioneer of Religious Liberty," +was published by the Century Company in 1894, and +"The Development of Religious Liberty in the United +States" appeared in a limited edition, published by +Philip Cowen, New York, in 1896.</p> + +<p>The latter was a slim volume, an amplification of an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +address I had delivered in New Haven before the Yale +College Kent Club, and elsewhere; the former grew out +of studies I had made in preparing my first book, "The +Origin of Republican Form of Government." "Roger +Williams" was well received and had a generous circulation, +being several times reprinted. Brown University, +under the presidency of that eminent historian and +scholar, E. Benjamin Andrews, conferred upon me the +honorary degree of Litt.D.</p> + +<p>When I was again in London in 1898 I carried out a +purpose I had long had, to visit Charterhouse School, +earlier known as Sutton's Hospital School, where Roger +Williams received his early education. I met the Reverend +Doctor William Haig Brown, master, who showed +me the register of the school for 1624 containing the inscription +of Roger Williams. When he saw I was much +interested in Roger Williams he told me of a recent life +of him that had been written, which he considered very +fine and with which he wanted to acquaint me. He went +to his library on the floor above, and when he returned +he handed me my own work! (I had not previously told +him my name.)</p> + +<p>I observed in the main hall of the school a number of +tablets commemorating distinguished scholars who had +attended there. There were represented Thackeray, +General Shakespeare, Archdeacon Hale, Sir Henry +Havelock, and several who were sacrificed in the Crimean +War and the Indian Mutiny. I asked Dr. Brown whether +he did not think it fitting that a tablet should be added +in memory of Roger Williams, and said that I should be +glad to defray the expense thereof. He agreed, and I +authorized him to have the tablet made. He employed +Howard Ince, a well-known architect, to design the tablet, +which contains the following inscription:</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<span class="smcap">In Memory of Roger Williams</span><br /> +<br /> +Formerly a Scholar of Charterhouse<br /> +Founder of the State of Rhode Island, and the<br /> +Pioneer of Religious Liberty in America. Placed here by<br /> +Oscar S. Straus, United States Minister to Turkey, 1899 +</div> + +<p>I did not wish my name on it, but Dr. Brown quite +definitely preferred it so.</p> + +<p>Of all my books, the "Life of Roger Williams" contains +the greatest amount of work in the way of research and +study; but the amount of pleasure it gave me in the doing +was commensurate.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In politics I had become more impressed year by year +with the importance of a reform in our electoral system, +especially in our large cities. The bosses in the two big +parties were the "invisible powers" who dictated the +nominations. Primaries were primaries in name only, +and were so conducted as to strengthen the power of the +bosses. In Chicago a campaign to purify the primaries +had been carried on by the political committee of the +Civic Federation. The Federation, of which its organizer, +Ralph M. Easley, was the secretary, now enlarged its +scope in the political field and issued a "Call for a National +Conference on Practical Primary Election Reform," +in the name of some two hundred and fifty of the leading +men of New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and +thirty-five cities in between. Prominent in this list I +remember Mayor William L. Strong, of New York; ex-Mayor +Abram S. Hewitt, of New York; Darwin R. James, +president of the New York Board of Trade; Andrew B. +Humphreys, of the Allied Political Clubs of New York; +Mayor Josiah Quincy, of Boston; Mayor James D. +Phelan, of San Francisco; ex-Mayor George W. Ochs, of +Chattanooga; Albert Shaw; Nicholas Murray Butler;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +Carl Schurz; Lyman Abbott; Lyman J. Gage; Melville +E. Stone; Myron T. Herrick; Albert J. Beveridge; Robert +M. La Follette.</p> + +<p>The meeting was held in the rooms of the New York +Board of Trade on January 20, 1898, and we organized +the National Primary Election League. I was elected +president; Josiah Quincy, first vice-president; Charles +Emory Smith, of Philadelphia, second vice-president; +Walter C. Flower, of New Orleans, third vice-president; +Ralph M. Easley, secretary; and Darwin R. James, +treasurer. The conference gave a distinct impetus to +primary reform all over the country, and in many of the +States led to the passage of laws providing for such reforms.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In the presidential election of 1896 I voted for McKinley, +despite my former political affiliations. The outstanding +issue between the Republican and Democratic +Parties was the money question, and I was an advocate +of sound money.</p> + +<p>Early in the new Administration our relations with +Spain were rapidly drifting to a crisis over conditions in +Cuba. My friend General Stewart L. Woodford was +appointed minister to Spain. I gave him a letter of introduction +to Sir Henry Drummond Wolff, who was now +British ambassador at Madrid. Wolff was very sympathetic +toward America. Woodford later informed me +that the letter had been very serviceable, especially as +his audience had been delayed for several weeks on account +of the Queen's absence from the capital. He very +frankly laid before Wolff the American position and +attitude with regard to Cuba, which Wolff asked permission +to detail to his Government. Based on that information +the British diplomatic representatives were advised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +by Lord Salisbury: "The American cause is absolutely +impregnable; govern yourselves accordingly."</p> + +<p>President McKinley frequently invited me to Washington +and encouraged my writing to him, especially on +international matters; and my letters always received +prompt reply over his own signature. Accordingly on +March 12, 1898, I wrote him at length stating that perhaps +the impending war with Spain could be averted if +we proposed to Spain a plan of suzerainty. I quote from +my letter:</p> + +<blockquote><p>We have no need for Cuba; our destinies point to the Continent; +to leave it to make conquests will weaken our rights, ... +and will place us against our will on the world's chessboard, +from which we have happily kept clear. The Cuban insurgents +are imbued with a spirit of belligerency, but have neither past +training nor the knowledge to maintain freedom and to accord +to each other individual liberty.</p> + +<p>The great problems, I take it, are, first: to stop the war; +secondly, to find a solution which will bring independence to +Cuba, and at the same time preserve the <i>amour propre</i> to +Spain.... The proposition to which I have given considerable +thought ... is the following:</p> + +<p>That we insist that Spain accord and Cuba accept the position +of suzerainty such as are the relations between Turkey and +Egypt. This will give Cuba self-government, and will at the +same time preserve the <i>amour propre</i> of Spain by retaining a +semblance of a claim of sovereignty without power to interfere +with self-government on the part of the Cubans.... We could +much better afford to help Cuba with a number of millions +which would after all be a small fraction of what a war would +cost us, ... especially when the end attained is the independence +of Cuba, and attained in such a way as not to entail upon +us unending responsibilities full of care and entangling obligations.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Immediately upon receipt of this the President asked +me to come to Washington for a conference. He was very +much interested in the idea and requested me to write<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +out the plan in more detail. This I did. I discussed with +him the suzerainty plan as developed in Europe and as +it was working in Egypt. I expressed the opinion that as +the leading nations of Europe were familiar with the idea +it was not likely to meet with any serious objections. +McKinley was impressed with the feasibility of my proposal +and was in favor of some such arrangement. He +said he was having difficulty because of the jingo agitation +in Congress and the storming for war of the American +press. He felt when the report of the Board of Inquiry on +the destruction of the Maine was made public, as it would +be in a few days, nothing could hold back Congress and +the press, and the Cuban controversy would be pushed to +an issue.</p> + +<p>However, he immediately communicated the plan to +Minister Woodford, who brought it to the attention of +the Spanish Government. General Woodford reported +that he had every reason to believe it would be acceptable +to Spain. But meantime things moved with lightning +speed and war was declared.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 856px;"> +<img src="images/illus156.jpg" width="856" height="450" alt="SENDING THE AUTHOR TO TURKEY" title="SENDING THE AUTHOR TO TURKEY" /> +<span class="caption">PRESIDENT McKINLEY SENDING THE AUTHOR TO TURKEY ON HIS SECOND MISSION, 1898</span> +</div> + +<p>Matters in Turkey at this time were also not going very +smoothly. At a conference with McKinley one day he +showed me a communication from Dr. James B. Angell, +minister at the Porte, suggesting that the only way to +bring Turkey to terms was to send warships up there and +"rattle the Sultan's windows." The President was much +disturbed. He felt the sending of warships might result +in another incident like the blowing up of the Maine. He +said the situation had worried him so that it interfered +with his sleep, and he begged me to accept again the appointment +of minister to Turkey, declaring with conviction +that he regarded me as the only man who could adjust +the situation. I explained to him frankly how I was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +situated in regard to my business obligations and that +it was very difficult for me to drop them at this time; but +under the circumstances as he had stated them to me I +felt I had no right to interpose my personal affairs as a +reason for refusing, for I certainly regarded no sacrifice +too great to make in the service of the country when +it was needed, as in this instance. I said I had been +too young to shoulder a gun in the Civil War as he had +done, but with a full understanding of my situation if he +should feel it necessary to call upon me I should be at +his service.</p> + +<p>Dr. Angell was a distinguished scholar and not lacking +in diplomatic experience. He was president of the University +of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and had been special +envoy to China. He was also an adviser and one of the +trustees of the American Board of Commissioners for +Foreign Missions. However, in some public utterance +he had criticized Turkey unfavorably, and the Porte was +having its revenge. Every request Dr. Angell made was +declined; exequaturs were refused to our consuls appointed +at Erzerum and Harpoot. Dr. Angell was discouraged +and incensed. He was about to resign.</p> + +<p>Finally one day I received a telegram:</p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">Executive Mansion</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington</span>, D.C.<br /> +<i>May 27</i>, 1898</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Honorable Oscar S. Straus</span><br /> + New York +</p> + +<p>Remembering our talk of a few months ago I would be glad to +have you accept the post of Minister to Turkey. Dr. Angell +has resigned to take effect 15 of August. I would be pleased to +nominate you before Senate adjourns.</p> + +<div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">William McKinley</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>And I telegraphed back that same day:</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p> +<span class="smcap">President McKinley</span><br /> + Executive Mansion<br /> + Washington +</p> + +<p>Your request that I should accept the post of Minister to +Turkey, with which you honor me, I regard as a command, and +deem it my patriotic duty to you and to the country to accept.</p> + +<div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">Oscar S. Straus</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>Among the telegrams and letters of congratulation I +received was one from William L. Wilson, then the president +of Washington and Lee University at Lexington, +Virginia, reading: "Washington and Lee greets you as +Doctor of Laws."</p> + +<p>The National Civic Club of Brooklyn gave me a dinner +and reception, presided over by my friend and college +mate, Frederic W. Hinrichs, at which the leading speaker +was Dr. St. Clair McKelway, editor of the "Brooklyn +Eagle." During the evening a letter was received from +my former chief and Secretary of State, Thomas F. +Bayard, saying:</p> + +<blockquote><p>It was my good fortune to be associated with Mr. Straus +when he first took up the tangled web of Turkish diplomacy, so +that few persons can so well attest as I, his possession of those +talents and high personal characteristics which give him +weight everywhere.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Ex-President Cleveland, who was prevented from being +present by another engagement, wrote:</p> + +<blockquote><p>I would be glad to join those who will do honor to Mr. Straus +... and thus show my appreciation of his usefulness and the +worth of his good example in recognizing the demands of good +citizenship and responding to the call of public duty.</p></blockquote> + +<p>And there were also messages from many others, including +President McKinley.</p> + +<p>I did not leave for my post for several months. Meanwhile +I had more conferences with the President regarding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> +the Spanish situation. Early in August, in discussing +pending Spanish peace negotiations, he wanted +my ideas regarding them and as to how much of the Philippines +we should take. I strongly advised that we take +as little as possible—nothing more than a naval and +coaling station; otherwise to appropriate the Philippines +would in the long run entail endless obligations without +commensurate benefits. I told him I believed these to be +the views also of many of the more thoughtful citizens, +and that I had spoken with a number of prominent men, +such as ex-Postmaster-General Wilson, ex-Secretary of +the Treasury Carlisle, and Clifton R. Breckinridge, formerly +of the Ways and Means Committee, all of whom +were of like opinion. The President seemed to appreciate +my view, but again feared the jingo spirit of Congress. +He complained also of the attitude of the Cuban insurgents, +who were exaggerating their numbers as well as +their demands.</p> + +<p>Turning for a moment to my appointment, he said: +"I don't know whether you know it, but your nomination +has been received with more praise by all parties throughout +the country than any nomination to office I have +made since I am President." I assured him I was gratified, +but realized the emphasis this put upon my responsibilities.</p> + +<p>Because I had been a Cleveland Democrat my appointment +by a Republican President had, of course, created a +great sensation in the press; it was heralded as a step +toward the merit system in our foreign service.</p> + +<p>John Bassett Moore was now assistant Secretary of +State, and with him I spent several days in the preparation +of my instructions. I considered him even then the +best equipped authority on international law in the +country, and I thought it was a pity his services could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> +not be retained in the Department of State; but his salary +there was five hundred dollars a year less than as professor, +and he had a family to support. He told me that the +President and Secretary Day wished him to accompany +the Peace Commission to Paris, and subsequently he +went as secretary and counsel.</p> + +<p>While I was with the President for a final conference +a week before sailing, Attorney-General Griggs came in +all aglow and announced with much enthusiasm that he +had just had a telephone message from Justice White +(Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, +later Chief Justice) that he would consent to be one of the +members of the Spanish American Peace Commission. +That specially pleased the President because White was +a man of great ability, and because the fact that White +was a Catholic might make a more favorable impression +upon Catholic Spain. The President immediately directed +that the names be given to the press. Shortly +thereafter, however, White reconsidered his acceptance, +for reasons which were not made public, and Senator +George Gray, who was serving as a member of the Quebec +Commission, and who like White was a Democrat, was +prevailed upon by the President to accept in his stead. +The other members were all Republicans. The commission +as finally constituted was: Secretary of State William +R. Day, Senator Cushman K. Davis (chairman of the +Foreign Relations Committee of the Senate), Senator +William P. Frye, Senator George Gray, and Whitelaw Reid.</p> + +<p>There was considerable clamor, from missionaries and +others, that we send warships to Turkey. Of this I entirely +disapproved and so told the President. He answered +me: "I shall be guided by you; I shall support you; +I have confidence in your ability and foresight. No vessels<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> +will be sent to Turkey unless you demand them, and +then, only then, will they be sent. And when you get to +London I wish you to see Ambassador Hay"—Hay was +about to return to take up the post of Secretary of State—"and +tell him that I have not only constituted you +Minister to Turkey, but Secretary of State for Turkey, +and that both he and I will be guided entirely by your +judgment and advice."</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VI</h2> + +<h3>MY SECOND MISSION TO TURKEY</h3> + +<blockquote><p>Conferences with Ambassador Hay and Dr. Angell in London regarding Turkish +matters—I make suggestions for coördinating work in our diplomatic +service—With Baroness de Hirsch in Vienna—Arrival at Constantinople; +audience with the Sultan—The visit of the Emperor and Empress of Germany—Breaking +Turkish passport regulations—The Porte refuses to negotiate +a treaty of naturalization—The indemnities for missionaries at Harpoot +and Marash; the Sultan admits claim and promises to pay; I obtain iradé for +rebuilding college at Harpoot—The Philippine Mohammedans; a diplomatic +romance—American flour cheapens bread in Turkey—Aid to the British +ambassador in the protection of Armenian orphanages—A renegade Roman +priest—Lord Rosebery—Dr. S. Weir Mitchell—The Sultan entertains +American tourists—His Majesty's only smile—A visit to Athens—Happy +days on the Bosphorus—The Sultan's gift of vases—Dr. Theodor Hertzl—A +visit to Rome—I return to Washington and conduct negotiations from +there—LL.D. from Pennsylvania University—I end my mission.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>In London I had several conferences with Ambassador +John Hay, who was shortly to return to Washington as +Secretary of State in the place of William R. Day, chosen +to head the Spanish-American Peace Commission at +Paris. Mr. Day a few years afterward was made associate +justice of the United States Supreme Court, and the +duties of that post he still discharges with distinction.</p> + +<p>Mr. Hay and I went over in detail the questions at +issue in Turkey and the plans I proposed for their adjustment. +I told him of the pressure being brought upon the +President to send warships to the Bosphorus, and said I +regarded such a course as mixing up in the Eastern question, +that traditional tinder box of Europe, aside from +the possible danger of another incident like the blowing-up +of the Maine. Mr. Hay agreed and promised to support +me to the fullest extent in settling matters with +Turkey.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></p> + +<p>I also met Dr. Angell in London on his way back from +Constantinople, and went over matters with him. He +told me what a fruitless year and a half he had had there +and how he was made to feel he was <i>persona non grata</i>. +He had not been invited to dine at the Palace once during +his entire stay.</p> + +<p>Before I left London I had a call from William E. +Dodge, of Phelps, Dodge, & Company, New York, and +president of the Evangelical Alliance of America. He +came to express his appreciation for my making the personal +and business sacrifice to go to Turkey again. He +was one of our most benevolent citizens, prominently +connected with the missionary bodies and therefore +deeply interested in the American colleges and schools +in the Ottoman Empire.</p> + +<p>When I left for Constantinople this time, there were +with me, besides my wife, my daughters, Aline and Mildred, +respectively fourteen and fifteen years old; my little +son Roger, six and a half years old, and his nurse; my +niece Sissy, daughter of my brother Nathan; and my +nephew Percy, second son of my brother Isidor, who was +to be my private secretary. Mildred we allowed to return +from Paris to continue her studies at Barnard, as we were +unable to find a suitable school for her in either England +or France. We had sailed for Liverpool on the S.S. Lusitania +on September 3d.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>My friend General Horace Porter had been appointed +ambassador to France, and while in Paris I dined with +him several times. He was a man of means and had located +the embassy in a magnificent residence in one of +the most fashionable parts of Paris. There we met among +others Ferdinand W. Peck, United States Commissioner +to the Paris Exposition, and Mrs. Peck; also William F.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +Draper, ambassador to Italy, who with Mrs. Draper was +in Paris on a leave of absence.</p> + +<p>To Messrs. Porter and Draper I proposed what I had +felt the need for during my earlier mission: some sort of +coördination and coöperation among our various diplomatic +representatives throughout Europe. I suggested +we might have conferences from time to time, or prevail +upon the State Department to keep each of us informed +respecting negotiations between the Department and all +the others. Much of this material would be of interest +and value to us in connection with our respective embassies +or missions. It was being done by other foreign +offices. The British Foreign Office, for instance, issues +confidential communications in the form of blueprints, +which are sent to the heads of all British missions. +During my previous sojourn at Constantinople my colleague, +Sir William White, frequently gave me the benefit +of extracts from these blueprints referring to American +matters. They were very informing and helpful.</p> + +<p>Porter and Draper said they would coöperate with me +in urging the State Department to adopt some such +scheme, and when I wrote to our colleague at Berlin, +Andrew D. White, he gave similar support. However, +when I suggested the idea to the State Department +nothing came of it. Since then some further effort has +been made in that direction, but I have not learned to +what extent this desired system has been effected.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>We went on to Vienna to meet Baroness de Hirsch, +who was coming from her estate at Eichhorn. She had +put her beautiful Paris residence on the rue d'Elysée at +our disposal, but unfortunately my appointments made +it impossible for us to avail ourselves of her hospitality. +The Baroness looked ill to me, and I warned her against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> +allowing her intense occupation with benevolent activities +to wear upon her. She said she had had the grippe, +and later told my wife that her physicians feared her +ailment might be more serious. In spite of this, however, +she went right on, while at the Hotel Bristol in Vienna, +with conferences with her almoners, among others Ritter +von Gutmann and Baron Günzburg, who were associated +with her in her endowed enterprises in Austria and elsewhere. +Alas, her malady was more serious than grippe, +for it was only a short time after our reaching Constantinople +that her family informed us of her death.</p> + +<p>We met some of the leading Jewish scholars, artists, +and literary men while in Vienna: the architect, Wilhelm +Stiassny; the actor, Adolf von Sonnenthal; Dr. Adam +Politzer; the Hungarian artists, Leopold Horowitz and +Isidor Kaufmann; Professor David Heinrich Miller, of +the Vienna University; and the attorney, Dr. Adolph +Stein. Herr Stiassny was president of the Jewish Historical +Society, and at a meeting of that body at which I +was present he referred in glowing terms to my appointment, +saying that, amid the anti-Semitic spirit that was +taking hold of Austria and other European countries, +America had shown by my appointment that no race or +religious distinction existed here, which could not fail to +have an influence in Austria and in several other European +states.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>On arriving at Constantinople we were welcomed by +the secretary of the legation and acting chargé, John W. +Riddle, together with other members of the legation and +consulate and several of the missionaries. Mr. Riddle, +by the way, had conducted the affairs of the legation in +the interim with discretion and ability. He has since +filled several other posts most creditably; he was ambassador<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> +to Russia under Roosevelt, and at the present +writing is ambassador to Argentina.</p> + +<p>The Minister of Foreign Affairs at the Porte now was +Tewfik Pasha, who had been ambassador to Germany. +He spoke German better than French, so I conversed +with him in the former language. As was customary, +I left with him the letters of recall of my predecessor +and a copy of my presentation address. I was informed +that the Sultan and all the officials at the Porte were +pleased at my return, because they knew me and had +every confidence in me both personally and officially. Of +course, these remarks may have been diplomatic politeness, +but events seemed to show some sincerity in them. +My audience, for instance, instead of being delayed for +weeks, was granted within one week of my arrival; and instead +of being accorded the lesser formalities of a minister, +I was received with all the ceremony accorded an ambassador: +four state carriages were placed at my disposal, +preceded by four postilions and outriders; a detachment +of guards rendered military honors as I arrived at the +Palace; the Sultan was attended by Osman Pasha, Fouad +Pasha, general-in-chief of the Turkish armies, and some +thirty other high civil and military officers.</p> + +<p>After the formality of presenting my credentials and +making my address, the Sultan reiterated three times +that he felt great pleasure in welcoming me back, as my +former mission had given him much satisfaction. He said +that he knew I was a "gentleman"; and that is the only +English word I had ever heard him use.</p> + +<p>President McKinley had authorized me to arrange for +the elevation of the mission at Constantinople to an embassy, +as by the Act of March 3, 1893, provision was +made for the appointment of ambassadors. Up to that +time, based on the idea that ambassadors represented the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> +person of a monarch and that republics should not thus +be represented, we had had only ministers. The act reads:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Whenever the President shall be advised that any foreign +government is represented, or is about to be represented, in the +United States by an ambassador, envoy extraordinary, minister +plenipotentiary, minister resident, special envoy, or chargé +d'affaires, he is authorized, in his discretion, to direct that the +representative of the United States to such government shall +bear the same designation.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The initiative for sending an ambassador, therefore, rested +with the foreign power, and we could not send an ambassador +to Turkey until that Government accredited an +ambassador to us.</p> + +<p>During my audience I informed the Sultan that the +President had said he would be pleased to raise our mission +to an embassy, but I observed that His Majesty +did not take kindly to the suggestion. He replied politely +that he would take it under consideration.</p> + +<p>Among my colleagues, Baron Calice still represented +Austria-Hungary. Germany was represented by Baron +Marschall von Bieberstein, former Prussian minister, a +large man of the von Moltke physique; he died later +in London (1912) after a short service as ambassador to +Britain. From France there was Paul Cambon, brother +of Jules Cambon, who was ambassador at Washington at +the time of the Spanish-American War and continued the +Spanish negotiations after our rupture with Spain; a +little while after my arrival in Constantinople Paul +Cambon was transferred to London. From Great Britain +there was Nicholas R. O'Conor, whom I met during my +former mission when he was consul-general and chargé +at Sophia; he had meanwhile been ambassador to Russia. +And from Italy there was Signor Pansa. Severally they +informed me that since my first mission, ten years before,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> +the power of the Ottoman Government had been more +and more concentrated in the Palace, that the Sultan +himself was the "whole show" and very little power was +left at the Porte.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Constantinople was all agog with preparation and +excitement, for the Emperor and Empress of Germany +were expected on October 17th! (As a matter of fact, +rough weather on the Ćgean caused them to arrive a day +late.) The main streets of Pera were paved anew, and +the walls surrounding Yildis were newly whitewashed. +All business at the Porte was suspended. A Government +official told me that the visit would probably cost the +Ottoman Empire not less than five hundred thousand +pounds! One of the residences at Yildis, near the Palace, +was placed at the Emperor's disposal.</p> + +<p>As is customary on such visits, all the heads of missions +left their cards at the German embassy and inscribed +their names in the Emperor's visiting register. Each visit +was promptly returned the next day by von Bülow, +Minister of Foreign Affairs, who left his card.</p> + +<p>The Emperor and Empress drove through Pera in +state, preceded by a company of Turkish lancers and followed +by numerous officers on horses and in carriages. +They rode in the royal victoria, drawn by four horses, accompanied +by numerous outriders in gala uniforms and +on caparisoned horses. The whole procession was gorgeous, +and the royal pair bowed to left and right as the +crowds in the streets greeted them.</p> + +<p>Some time after midnight on October 20-21 the doorbell +rang and my portier brought me a communication, +just received from the Grand Master of Ceremonies at the +Palace, inviting Mrs. Straus, myself, and our first dragoman +to the banquet to the German Emperor and Empress<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> +at 7.15 o'clock on the evening of the 21st. The doyen of +the diplomatic corps had sent suggestions that the ladies +wear high neck and long sleeves, as the Sultan objected to +the regulation European evening dress. The ladies accordingly +contrived to cover their necks and arms with +chiffons, laces, and long gloves. It proved unnecessary, +however, because the Empress and her ladies-in-waiting +wore the usual décolleté.</p> + +<p>In the recollection of the oldest diplomats present, +this banquet was the most brilliant in its appointments +that had ever been given at the Palace. More than one +hundred persons were there, all the heads of missions and +the leading officials of the empire. The approach to the +Palace for quite a distance was illuminated and lined on +both sides of the way with rows of soldiers. At the Palace +entrance, where we were met by the court officials, we +passed between rows of magnificently uniformed Turkish +and German officers, each wearing his full regalia of +numerous decorations.</p> + +<p>At the proper time we were ushered into the audience +room, where the diplomats and their wives were arranged +in a circle, the ladies on one side and the gentlemen on the +other. When the Emperor and Empress with the Sultan +entered, every one made a court bow. The Sultan and +the Emperor then engaged in conversation through an +interpreter in the center of the circle, while the Empress +greeted each lady individually. Each person, as was the +custom, bowed before and after being spoken to. When +the Empress had greeted all the ladies and started with +the gentlemen, the Emperor started with the ladies.</p> + +<p>When he came to Mrs. Straus, he made some mention +of having seen her queen lately and that she was as beautiful +as ever. Mrs. Straus, by way of indicating that she +was from the United States, said, "I suppose Your Majesty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +refers to Mrs. McKinley"; but the Emperor, evidently +without stopping to listen to what was being said, +clicked his heels, made his courtesy, and greeted the next +person. It seems on being introduced he had misunderstood +"Roumanie" for "Etats-Unis," especially since +Mrs. Straus was next to the Serbian minister's wife. +Count Eulenburg later explained to Mrs. Straus that the +Emperor's hearing was a little defective.</p> + +<p>When the Emperor reached me, he at once expressed a +keen desire that it might be possible for him to visit my +country, and especially our great shipyards, such as those +of Cramp, which he had heard were wonderful. He then +asked me whether I knew our ambassador at Berlin, +Andrew D. White; and when I informed him that Mr. +White had been a friend of mine for a number of years, +he said a few complimentary words about him.</p> + +<p>The dinner service included gold plates and gold knives +and forks. The waiters wore brilliant red and gold uniforms. +Between courses the Sultan and the Emperor +conversed by means of the interpreter who stood behind +them, and until they had finished talking the waiters were +patiently holding the next course up in the air for a +cooling.</p> + +<p>After the dinner we again formed a circle, made more +courtesies at the proper time, while the Sultan himself +went round and greeted and shook hands with each one. +That ended the royal dinner.</p> + +<p>During the meal I sat next to the Emperor's personal +physician, Dr. Lidhold. He had held the same position +under the late Frederick III, whom he characterized as +a most lovable man. He said William II was active and +fond of amusing himself, and enjoyed constantly traveling +about, which was not so pleasant for his physician +and other members of his train. He admitted that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +Emperor's left arm was quite lame, but it did not interfere +much with his movements because he had acquired +such dexterity with the other. He added that the magnificent +attentions of the Sultan could not fail to have +a great influence upon Germany's attitude toward the +Ottoman Empire.</p> + +<p>The visit of the Emperor at this time, following as it +did the dreadful massacre of Armenians only a few years +before at Harpoot and then at Constantinople itself, +was very much resented by the Christians throughout +Europe. It was interpreted as an effort on the part of the +Emperor, for his own gain, to reinstate the "bloody +Sultan" in the esteem of the world. It was stated that +the Sultan presented the Empress with a very costly +string of pearls.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>One of the four outstanding questions included in my +instructions concerned the right of our citizens to travel +in the interior of Turkey. Following the Armenian massacres +of 1896 the Turkish Government made new passport +regulations, and all foreigners were required to get a +tezkirah, or special local passport, from the Sultan before +traveling into the interior. As usual in Turkey, asking +for a permit of any kind was one thing; getting it was +quite another. This regulation proved most obstructive +to our missionaries and those of Great Britain who had +missions in the interior. They would go home or to +Europe on a leave of absence, and upon returning to +Constantinople would be held up, sometimes for weeks, +on account of these tezkirahs, which were not definitely +refused, but not given, which practically amounted to +the same thing.</p> + +<p>When I arrived at Constantinople eight Americans, +bound for Erzerum and Harpoot, were being held up in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> +this way. One of them was Dr. C. F. Gates, president of +the Euphrates College at Harpoot. After exhaustive +negotiations with the authorities, in which I pointed out +the fact that refusal of the tezkirah was in violation of +treaty rights, I myself gave Dr. Gates a permit, signed by +me, with the seal of the legation on it. I then informed +the Porte of my action and said that if any injury befell +the party <i>en route</i> I should hold the Turkish Government +responsible. I also sent an open cable to our State Department +informing Secretary Hay what I had done. +My British colleague was a bit disturbed when he heard +of it, because there were several British missionaries in the +party.</p> + +<p>That same night I got another of those Turkish midnight +messages. After apologizing for disturbing me, the +messenger brought me the intelligence that my cable had +been held back, and that the Minister of Foreign Affairs +sent word that instructions had been given for the full +protection of the missionaries <i>en route</i> to their posts. +That broke down the passport regulations, and a very +few days thereafter I received notice that the Council +of Ministers had taken up the matter and ruled that the +regulations for traveling into the interior should be restored +to what they were before the Armenian troubles.</p> + +<p>At about the same time I was enabled to cable to our +Department of State that I had obtained the Sultan's +iradé granting the exequatur for our consul at Erzerum.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The third item in my instructions, the Treaty of +Naturalization, I had to drop. The Porte refused to +negotiate this question because of the failure of our +Government to accept the terms I had obtained during +my previous mission, and for this I could not blame them. +As during my earlier mission, when matters involving<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> +questions of naturalization arose I succeeded in securing +the rights of the persons concerned on the merits of each +individual case.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Lastly there was the question of indemnities due missionaries +at Harpoot and Marash for property, real and +personal, plundered and destroyed during the massacres. +This was a delicate matter, because the Americans were +not alone in making claims for such damage; also the +Government was very poor. At first the Porte denied all +liability and refused to pay. I started the negotiations in +November, 1898, and the process proved a long and +tedious one, lasting over a year. But step by step progress +was made. By December the Sultan admitted the claims +and promised to pay as soon as the amount was fixed. By +February, with the amount still unfixed, he had decided +how payment was to be made: he would buy a cruiser in +America, to the cost of which the indemnities could be +added, enabling him to make payment "behind a screen," +which he preferred. He said arrangements were being +made for loans through a bank in Paris to begin installments +on such a contract. By early September the iradé +for the purchase of a ship from some American builder +had been given, and plans were being studied to determine +the type of ship. By the end of the month the Sultan +again assured me that the subject was receiving his attention +and would be settled in a month or two.</p> + +<p>The state of the Turkish finances was, of course, deplorable, +and the Minister of Foreign Affairs told me +that the Government was planning to apply to the purchase +of the ship, money coming due in two months upon +the conversion of some loans. And there were claims from +England, France, Germany, and Italy, none of which the +Sultan had recognized or promised to pay.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>Even so, I planned that if His Majesty showed a +disposition to deny his promise I should offer to arbitrate +and thus bring matters to a head. That would put him +upon one of two horns of a dilemma: if he accepted, it +definitely and authoritatively exposed to all the world +the horrible details of the massacre; if he refused, it put +him in the position of having declined the only peaceful +method of adjustment. Tewfik Pasha, however, in the +name of the Sultan continued to make promises of payment, +and the matter dragged along a few months more.</p> + +<p>Having settled all other problems that were irritating +the relations of the two Governments, I asked for leave +to visit the United States. I planned this trip so as to +accentuate our displeasure at the procrastination of the +Ottoman Government in settling the indemnities, and +notified the Minister of Foreign Affairs that as my Government +had been patient for over a year I should now return +home for consultation regarding the delay.</p> + +<p>Upon my return to the United States I carried on the +negotiations through the Turkish minister at Washington +and prepared the instructions for our chargé at Constantinople +through the State Department. This finally +resulted in a contract with the Cramp Shipbuilding Corporation, +with an additional amount of ninety-five thousand +dollars to pay the indemnity claims, though actual +payment was not made until June, 1901, under the incumbency +of John G. Leishman, my successor.</p> + +<p>During the course of the indemnity negotiations I +succeeded in obtaining the Sultan's iradé for the rebuilding +of college and missionary buildings at Harpoot which +had been injured or destroyed during the massacres.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Among the interesting episodes during these fifteen +months at Constantinople was what might be termed a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +diplomatic romance. In the spring of 1899 I received a +letter from Secretary Hay enclosing a communication +from William E. Curtis, Washington correspondent of the +"Chicago Record," and one of the best-known syndicate +writers of the time, who was well informed regarding what +was going on in both official and unofficial circles at Washington. +Curtis reported a conversation with an important +official of the Turkish legation wherein he learned that +since the Turko-Greek War the Sultan had regained authority +and respect among Mussulmans throughout the +world, and his advisers thought the time propitious for +him, as the religious head of Islam, to make known his +authority to the Mohammedans of the Philippines, Java, +and neighboring islands. The official had gone on to say +that our victories over Spain had surprised the Sultan +beyond description, and he was anxious to cultivate the +friendship of a government whose navy could sink the +enemy's fleet and go round the world without the loss of +a man.</p> + +<p>Curtis thought that, in view of our present minister's +influence and our good relations with the Turkish Government, +the Sultan under the circumstances might be prevailed +upon to instruct the Mohammedans of the Philippines, +who had always resisted Spain, to come willingly +under our control. Secretary Hay said he would give me +no advice or instructions, but would leave to my judgment +what, if any, action I might deem it wise to take; +that if I could succeed in getting the Sultan of Turkey to +send a message to the Sultan of the Sulu Islands which +would result in peaceful and harmonious relations between +the Sulu Sultan and our officers, it would of course be a +great accomplishment. The subject interested me greatly. +I saw the possibility of rendering an effective service, +and I was fascinated by the romance of the suggestion.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>When I went to Turkey on my first mission, my father +placed his hands upon my head, gave me his blessing, +and a parting advice which sank deep into my consciousness: +"When you have an important matter coming +before you, don't act promptly, but sleep over it." My +father's death in January, 1898, accentuated this advice +in my memory, and when I received the Hay-Curtis +letters I followed it. I knew very little about the Philippines. +I doubt that our State Department knew much +more. The library at Constantinople had nothing on the +subject. I had a copy of the testimony taken by our +commissioners at the Paris peace negotiations, but it +contained only vaguest references. But one of my colleagues +had the works of Jean Jacques Reclus, the French +geographer. From this I learned that the Mohammedans +of the Philippines were not Shiites, like those of +Persia, but Sunnites, and therefore recognized the Sultan +of Turkey as their spiritual head.</p> + +<p>I thought about the problem for a few days, and then +I sent a note to the Palace that I should like to have an +audience with His Majesty, as I had some private communication +to make to him that I believed might interest +him, for it would enable him to render a great service to a +section of his co-religionists. The audience was promptly +arranged, and I gathered that the Sultan knew very little +about the Sulu Mohammedans. He asked regarding their +sect. I told him they were Sunnites. He asked whether +they made pilgrimages to Mecca. I told him I thought +they did, the same as those of Borneo.</p> + +<p>Then a curious incident occurred. In order to be able +to take up the matter very fully with the Sultan, I had +anticipated all kinds of questions and armed myself with +pertinent information. Among them I thought he might +seek some assurance as to our Government's attitude toward<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> +Mohammedanism, and to reassure him I had come +prepared with a translation into Turkish of Article XI of +an early treaty between the United States and Tripoli, +negotiated by Joel Barlow in 1796. It read:</p> + +<blockquote><p>As the Government of the United States of America is not in +any sense founded on the Christian Religion; as it has in itself +no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquility +of Musselman; and as the said States never have entered into +any war or act of hostility against any Mehomitan nation, it is +declared by the parties, that no pretext arising from religious +opinions shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony +existing between the two countries.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When the Sultan had read this, his face lighted up. It +would give him pleasure, he said, to act in accordance +with my suggestions, for two reasons: for the sake of +humanity, and to be helpful to the United States. He +added that he hoped his services would be appreciated, +and that when occasion presented itself a like friendly +spirit would be shown to him. He knew I was a "gentleman" +and would make known to my Government the +spirit in which he met my suggestions. The Mohammedans +in question recognized him as khalif of the Moslems +and he felt sure they would follow his advice.</p> + +<p>We discussed means of conveying his message to them, +and finally decided to send a telegram to Mecca, where +the Moslem pilgrims were then gathered, to ascertain if +any Sulu chiefs were there. Before transmitting it, His +Majesty's secretary read the telegram to me in translation.</p> + +<p>Two days later the Sultan invited me to the Palace to +inform me that he had received a reply that two Sulu +chiefs were at Mecca. Another telegram was then formulated +instructing the chiefs in the name of the Sultan +that a definite understanding had been reached with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> +the American Elchi Bey (American minister) that they +would not be disturbed in the practice of their religion if +they would promptly place themselves under the control +of the American army; that because of the Sultan's deep +concern for their welfare he advised and instructed them +to return at once to their people to prevent any bloodshed.</p> + +<p>Immediately I cabled Secretary Hay, that he might +be able to advise General Bates, one of our commanders +in the Philippines. The negotiation proved to be very +important and valuable to us. Some three months later +our Government received word from the Philippines that +an insurrectionist leader, Aguinaldo, had sent emissaries +among these Sulu Mohammedans, but they had refused +to join the insurrectionists and had placed themselves +under the control of our army, thereby recognizing +American sovereignty.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-Colonel John P. Finley, who had been +governor of the District of Zamboanga, Moro Province, +of the Philippine Islands for ten years, wrote an article +for the April, 1915, issue of "The Journal of Race Development" +in which he refers to this incident:</p> + +<blockquote><p>At the beginning of the war with Spain the United States +Government was not aware of the existence of any Mohammedans +in the Philippines. When this fact was discovered and +communicated to our ambassador in Turkey, Oscar S. Straus, +of New York, he at once saw the possibilities which lay before +us of a holy war.... He sought and gained an audience with +the Sultan, Abdul Hamid, and requested him as Caliph of the +Moslem religion to act in behalf of the followers of Islam in the +Philippines.... A telegram to Mecca elicited the fact that +they not only visited Mecca in considerable numbers, but that +at that very time there were Moros from Sulu in the Sacred +City.... The Sultan as Caliph caused a message to be sent to +the Mohammedans of the Philippine Islands forbidding them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> +to enter into any hostilities against the Americans, inasmuch +as no interference with their religion would be allowed under +American rule.</p> + +<p>President McKinley sent a personal letter of thanks to Mr. +Straus for the excellent work he had done, and said its accomplishment +had saved the United States at least twenty +thousand troops in the field. If the reader will pause to consider +what this means in men and also the millions in money, he +will appreciate this wonderful piece of diplomacy in averting a +holy war.</p></blockquote> + +<p>There was one commercial trouble to be attended to, +in the settlement of which I nevertheless emphasized the +human aspect. Bread was, of course, one of the main +staples of the people, and it was rising in price. There +was a shortage of flour, yet a shipment of twenty thousand +bags from the Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Company +of Minneapolis had been rejected. The reason given was +that it did not contain a sufficient percentage of gluten +and elasticity.</p> + +<p>As a matter of fact, a shipment received six months +before had had the effect of reducing the retail price of +bread about thirty-three per cent. Such shipments competed +with the local flour mills, whose owners, chiefly +Greeks, thereafter paid liberal baksheesh (tips, or bribe +money) to have the flour rejected.</p> + +<p>I secured expert testimony to show that the flour, instead +of being inferior, was far superior to the local flour. +I made the issue urgent and sent an open telegram to +our State Department that the flour was being refused +admission in distinct violation of our treaty rights. This +had the effect I anticipated. The flour was admitted.</p> + +<p>The result of this negotiation was reflected in every +household, and was significant especially for the poorer +people, who were grateful to the American legation and +the American people for further reducing the price of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +their bread. After this, other large shipments of flour +arrived from time to time and were admitted without +difficulty.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The British ambassador came to me one day to ask +whether, in view of the success I had had in opening and +protecting American schools, I could give him some assistance +in the protection of the orphanages which British +benevolent societies had established following the Armenian +massacres. The Duke of Westminster had called +the attention of Her Majesty's Government to the Porte's +ruthless closing of a number of these orphanages.</p> + +<p>Although it was not a matter that came officially under +my jurisdiction, I told my colleague I should be glad to +aid in every way possible. I called on the Grand Vizier +and explained to him that if the Government persisted in +destroying these institutions for the protection of orphan +children, it would have a prejudicial effect in aggravating +the justified horror produced in America as well as in +England by those massacres. I stated frankly that while +this was not an American question, it would, none the +less, from a humanitarian standpoint, create a disastrous +impression to the further disadvantage of the Turkish +Government.</p> + +<p>We got the desired result. It so pleased my colleague +that in reporting to Lord Salisbury he expressed great +appreciation for the valuable help I had given him. This +recognition was widely published, in the London "Times" +and other British papers, as well as throughout America. +The Germans also reaped some benefit, for several of the +orphanages, as at Palu and Diarbekir, were under the +supervision of their nationals.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Occasionally in the City of the Sultan there arose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> +strange and peculiar incidents. I had a call one day from +Monsignor Bonetti, the papal delegate, who had a summer +residence near mine. He said it had been reported to him +that a Roman priest named Brann, who had left his position +in America about a year before because of some moral +delinquencies, had arrived in Turkey within a few days. +He was doubtless under an assumed name, but Bonetti +had heard that the renegade priest was among our missionaries, +and requested that I make inquiry. I asked +him what he proposed doing should the priest be found. +He said he wanted to counsel him to return to the church. +The missionaries with whom I spoke gave me every assistance, +but the priest had evidently not come among them, +for he could not be found.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>A number of distinguished people, European and American, +visited Constantinople during the winter of 1898-99. +Lord Rosebery arrived in his mother's yacht and was the +guest of the British ambassador, Sir Nicholas O'Conor. +We had the pleasure of meeting him several times at +dinner. In a conversation I had with him he expressed +great admiration for America and said that at one time +he was on the point of becoming an American. I remember +particularly his remark to the effect that he believed +America and England, by coöperating, would control the +world for the interests of the world, without having to +fight a battle; that the peace and welfare of the world +were in their hands, and sooner or later it must come.</p> + +<p>We talked about our respective forms of government, +parliamentary and congressional. He thought McKinley +wise in referring all questions, during and since the +Spanish-American War, to Congress. To quote his own +words: "He is sailing on unknown seas, and it is wise to +let the representative body do the steering."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>He asked whether I was an ambassador or a minister. +I explained to him that the President desired to raise the +mission to an embassy, but as the law stood we were dependent +upon the initiative of the Sultan. He said that +during his incumbency as prime minister he had much to +do with having the United States name an ambassador to +London; he took special care that Great Britain should +be the first nation to send an ambassador to Washington +and to receive an American ambassador.</p> + +<p>He spoke in a complimentary manner of Secretary Hay +and said he should have remained in London, especially +as it seemed to be his preference. He spoke of the ambassadorship +of Edward J. Phelps and said he had heard +him make some of the ablest public speeches he ever listened +to; they were effective not only in what they expressed, +but in their reserve. He thought public speaking +in America was more finished than in England, of a +higher order or better grounded from the standpoint of +oratory: "We can't speak as you do."</p> + +<p>I replied that one had only to point to him as an example +to disprove that complimentary comparison. But +he thought hardly anybody ever read his speeches.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, of Philadelphia, and his wife, +together with the great-grandson of Alexander Hamilton, +Philip Schuyler, and his wife, came to Constantinople. +We saw much of them. The Mitchells had just lost their +daughter.</p> + +<p>Dr. Mitchell, who was regarded as the leading authority +on nervous diseases—if I mistake not it was he who +first introduced the rest cure, at any rate so far as America +is concerned—was very anxious to see something of +a Turkish household, which was not easily possible by +reason of the seclusion of Turkish women. It happened<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +that Tewfik Pasha, Minister of Foreign Affairs, had +often spoken to me about the illness of his wife, who +seemed to be suffering from some nervous ailment. She +was a German-Swiss whom he had married while ambassador +at Berlin, but their <i>ménage</i> was kept purely +Turkish. Here, then, was my opportunity to kill two +birds with one stone: I should satisfy Dr. Mitchell's +curiosity by rendering Tewfik Pasha a service. In speaking +to the Pasha I explained, of course, that Dr. Mitchell +would accept no fee, that he would give his services as +a favor to me and an act of courtesy to him. Dr. Mitchell +was able to prescribe with excellent effect for Mme. +Tewfik, and the Pasha was very grateful indeed.</p> + +<p>Dr. Mitchell and I went to the museum one afternoon +to see two famous marble tombs that had recently been +unearthed at Sidon, upon discovery by Hamdy Bey, +director of the museum. Both these tombs were supposed +to be of the best period of ancient Greece. One was known +as the Alexander tomb because it portrayed in high bas-relief +the battle of Issus and also a hunting scene, in each +of which one of the figures was identified as portraying +Alexander. At first some scholars believed it to be the +tomb of the monarch himself, but that seemed not to be +correct, and it was doubtless the tomb of one of his generals. +The other tomb was of equal size and proportions, +about five feet high and ten feet long. Round its four +sides it had a number of figures of a woman in various +phases of mourning, the same figure with varying expressions. +This ancient work of art appealed to the bereaved +heart of Dr. Mitchell and he sat before it for quite +a while. Later he wrote an "Ode to a Lycian Tomb," +one of the best, if not the best, of his poems. He sent me +a copy when it was privately printed, and subsequently +it appeared in the "Century Magazine."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>The inauguration of trips to the Orient by the Hamburg-American +and the North German Lloyd Steamship +Companies frequently brought hundreds of Americans +to Constantinople at a time. In March the S.S. Augusta-Victoria +arrived with three hundred and fifty American +visitors. The Sultan was most gracious to them. Through +one of his aides he asked me to invite them to Selamlik, +after which he arranged a luncheon for them on the +grounds of the ambassadorial kiosque, and had them visit +the royal stables. When they left, the Sultan's aide carried +on board the ship for them a large assortment of delicious +Turkish candies and cigarettes, which they appropriately +acknowledged in a letter that I transmitted to the Palace +for them.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>From time to time, especially when the weather was +fine, I attended Selamlik, as was customary among the +diplomats. On one very beautiful Friday I took with me +my little son Roger, then seven years old. It was the +Sultan's birthday and the pageant was exceptionally +fine. From the window of the ambassadorial kiosque +Roger leaned out as far as he possibly could to get a good +view of the Sultan as he passed beneath in his victoria. +The Sultan bowed in acknowledgment of our greeting, +when suddenly Roger realized that he had not taken off +his cap and pulled it off rather comically. This made the +Sultan smile, and it was the only time I ever saw his +habitually sad face wreathed in a smile.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>After a strenuous winter, replete with difficult and +trying negotiations, I took advantage of the invitation +of M. Paul Stefanovich-Schilizzi, a philanthropist of +Greece, to visit him in Athens in May. He was a man of +great wealth and beloved throughout the Near East by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> +reason of his benevolence. It is his niece, who was a frequent +guest at our home, who recently married Eleutherios +Venizelos, the famous Greek statesman.</p> + +<p><i>En route</i> to Athens we stopped for several days at +Smyrna, where we met Kiamil Pasha, the Grand Vizier +with whom I had so satisfactorily carried on a number of +important negotiations during my first mission. He was +now vali at Smyrna, highly regarded, and justly called +the "grand old man" of Turkey, being about seventy-five +years old. Amid the corruption of his time no one +ever questioned his honesty. He had been grand vizier +several times. He spoke English fluently, doubtless acquired +in his youth at Cyprus, where he was born.</p> + +<p>He deplored the hopeless condition of affairs at Constantinople, +where all the power had gradually been +concentrated at the Palace. Thus the grand vizierate +became a post without power, which, he explained, did +not interest him any longer. Besides, he did not agree +with the Sultan's methods, though he was thoroughly +loyal to Turkey. His sympathies, as between the contending +powers, were with Great Britain; he believed +good relationship with her was the surest guarantee for +the welfare of his country.</p> + +<p>From Smyrna we took a ship for Pirćus, a sixteen-hour +trip. There we took a carriage, instead of the train, to +Athens. We stayed at the Hotel Grande Bretagne, which +was owned by our friend Stefanovich. It was, and +doubtless still is, the leading hotel on the square near the +King's palace, and from the balcony of our rooms we +had a clear view of the Acropolis.</p> + +<p>This was our second visit to Athens. We had been +there ten years before as guests at the beautiful residence +of Dmitri Stefanovich-Schilizzi, brother of Paul, where +we were sumptuously entertained; we dined at the palace,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +attended several functions there, and met, at various +social gatherings, the leading people of the city. This +time, however, we came for rest and recreation; we made +no official calls, but spent the six days or so visiting +places of interest, chiefly the excavations that were being +made, and the museum.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Returning we took a steamer direct for Constantinople. +We had learned that the Montenegrin portier in charge of +our house at Pera had a slight case of smallpox, so we +went directly to our summer home at Yenikeui on the +Bosphorus, about a mile distant from Therapia where +most of my colleagues had their summer residences. We +had succeeded in securing a house that was a veritable +palace and admirably arranged for entertaining, so that +we were well able to reciprocate the attentions of our +colleagues and extend proper hospitalities. A wealthy +Greek had constructed and owned this mansion, but on +account of some questionable dealings with the Palace +involving large sums of money, he was a fugitive from +Turkey.</p> + +<p>The house was surrounded by a park of its own, fronting +on the Bosphorus. There were pomegranate and +magnolia trees in bloom, under which we took our lunch. +We had a launch that I named the Franklin, and it was +one of the fastest on the Bosphorus, so that within an +hour I could readily be at the Porte to transact the business +of the legation, although things are more quiet during +the summer.</p> + +<p>Altogether that summer was thoroughly delightful. +My brother Isidor and his devoted wife had both joined +us. My brother had had an attack of influenza and his +health was not very good, so they had come to Europe +to consult a distinguished specialist, Professor Erb, at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +Heidelberg. After completing the cure my brother came +to Constantinople for rest and quiet with us. The climate +on the Bosphorus is ideal, never very hot because of the +constant cool breezes from the Black Sea. During that +summer there were only three days when the thermometer +rose to ninety.</p> + +<p>Everything seemed to prosper with me. I had brought +several important issues to a successful termination; +our whole immediate family was together, for Mildred had +come to spend her vacation with us; and I had the pleasure +of a visit from my dear brother and his wife. I recall +no period of my life that was such a happy one.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Toward the end of the year I telegraphed to Washington +for leave to return home. I had adjusted all the matters +at issue between the two Governments except the +indemnity, so that I felt justified in leaving my post. I +knew that I could rely on Lloyd C. Griscom, the secretary +who would be in charge, for a tactful and efficient +handling of the affairs of the legation. The indemnity +required only steady pressure and patience. As I have +already stated I timed my return so as to make it effective +in adding a little more pressure.</p> + +<p>When I was about to depart, the Sultan sent to my +residence a pair of beautiful vases, each several feet high, +and artistically ornamented. They were manufactured +at the royal pottery which the Sultan had had established +on the Palace grounds, and the workmanship was French. +As the question of cost did not enter into the manufacture, +some wonderful productions were turned out at this +pottery, and the vases sent to me were exceptionally fine +specimens. I was very much embarrassed, yet I did not +want to give offense by refusing them. I sent Mr. Gargiulo, +our veteran dragoman, to explain to the Sultan's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> +secretary how much I appreciated this attention, but +as I was not permitted to accept the vases for myself I +would accept them for our National Museum at Washington. +That pleased the Sultan, and the vases now have +a place in our museum at the national capital.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>As there was no need for hurrying home, we made a +few stops on the way, first at Vienna. The papers announced +our arrival at the Austrian capital, and I received +a note from Dr. Theodor Hertzl asking for an appointment. +I was glad of the opportunity to meet him, for I +had read much about him. I found him a man of attractive +appearance: a little above medium height, coal-black +beard and hair, very dark, expressive, bright eyes. He +was about forty years old, seemed full of energy, beaming +with idealism, but a man of the world. He did not at +all impress one as a religious fanatic.</p> + +<p>He said the idea of Zionism, or, rather, the colonization +of oppressed Jews, had been developing in his mind for +ten or twelve years. I told him I was not a Zionist, +though I did not want him to understand that I was in +any way opposed to the movement, or disposed carelessly +to ignore the solemn aspirations which the deeply religious +members of my race had prayerfully nurtured in +sorrow and suffering through the ages. In answer to his +question whether the Sultan had ever spoken with me +about the subject, I told him he had not, as he probably +understood it was not an American question and did not +in any way come under my jurisdiction. But I told +Hertzl of my negotiations regarding the immigration of +the Jews to Palestine during my first mission to Turkey, +when I visited Jerusalem.</p> + +<p>We spoke of the condition brought about through the +agitation of Zionism, the immigration of hundreds of Jews<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +without means into Palestine, where there was as yet no +industry to enable them to make a livelihood. He said he +appreciated that and was doing everything in his power +to prevent such immigration until a permit for a "chartered +company" with sufficient capital had been obtained +from the Sultan, and that he was in correspondence with +an official of the Porte for the securing of such a permit. +I suggested that it might be best for him to go to Constantinople +and personally take up such negotiations; that I +had been shown a letter from him to Artin Effendi, the +under-Secretary of State, and this man was one of the +biggest rogues in the empire, an Armenian kept nominally +in office by the Sultan to mislead and hold in check his +oppressed co-religionists. Dr. Hertzl thought he might +take my advice.</p> + +<p>He informed me that some months before, he had taken +the matter up with the German Emperor and was led to +believe that the Emperor was not in any way opposed to +Zionism, nor to the returning of the Jews to Palestine, +but Dr. Hertzl feared the opposition of the Catholics. He +gathered also, from what he had heard, that Russia did +not oppose the plan.</p> + +<p>I mentioned Mesopotamia to him as a better place for +the colonization of the Jews than Palestine; it was the +original home of Abraham and his progenitors, was +sparsely settled, and if the ancient canals were reopened +that country could support several million people. He +said he was somewhat familiar with this idea, as well as +with Professor Haupt's pamphlet, and a scheme for the +colonization of Cyprus, and that it was perhaps well to +have more than one plan; if one did not serve as an outlet +for emigration another might.</p> + +<p>It seemed to me that Hertzl was one of those men who, +having capacity and idealism, attach themselves to a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> +cause that appeals to their intellect or their sympathies, +and grow in spirit and effectiveness through the intensity +of their devotion. Such men often develop extraordinary +qualities of true greatness under conditions that impose +weighty responsibilities, to an extent which they themselves +did not realize.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>We next went to Rome. All my life I had looked forward +to visiting "Imperial Rome" on her seven hills, the +old Rome that inspired some of the leading chapters of +the world's history. And my imagination was fired the +more because in my mind's eye I carried for comparison a +picture of Athens, city of Pallas Athene, once proud intellectual +mistress of the world; Jerusalem, from whence +emanated the spiritual endowment of civilization; and +the new Rome to which Constantine brought the scepter +of the world.</p> + +<p>While in Rome we were entertained by our ambassador +and Mrs. Draper. They were occupying Palazzo +Piombino, one of the most magnificent of the newer +palaces, where they entertained in a manner befitting +their station. We met there several of my former colleagues +at Constantinople who were now representing +their governments in Rome. Moses Ezekiel, our distinguished +American sculptor, was also in Rome at this +time, and with him and Mr. Bonney, in charge of the excavations +of the Forum then in process, we went through +the recently excavated chambers of the vestal virgins.</p> + +<p>Before leaving the city we were received by the beautiful +and charming Queen Margherita. She was a remarkably +well-informed woman, even about events in our +country. She spoke about the American press, and said +one of our papers had a correspondent in Rome who was +an ardent supporter of papal rule and could see no virtue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> +in the Italian Government. She referred to the invention +of the flying machine by Professor Langley, of the Smithsonian +Institution, which, if it proved a success, would +ultimately change the life of all peoples, which she hoped +would bring the nations nearer to one another and into +closer spiritual contact.</p> + +<p>We visited Pompeii, and then went to Naples, where +we boarded a steamer for New York, arriving home on +February 8, 1900.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Immediately I went to Washington for a conference +with Secretary Hay and to give him the details of the +various negotiations. He was especially interested in the +communication of the Sultan to the Sulu Mohammedans, +for the friendly relations that this established between +the Sulus and our Government had already prevented the +shedding of blood.</p> + +<p>I told Secretary Hay that I desired to resign. The +matters for which I had been sent to Turkey were adjusted, +the payment of the indemnity being only a question +of time and patience; on the other hand, it was important, +so far as concerned my personal affairs, that +I be relieved from further duty abroad, especially as I +could not in Turkey properly give to my children the +education I felt they should have. The secretary thought +my request reasonable and just, but he thought the +President would regret it and would have difficulty in +replacing me.</p> + +<p>I took the subject up with the President next day. He +said he realized I had made sacrifices enough and was +entitled to have my wishes respected; he did not, however, +wish me to send in my resignation just yet, but to continue, +for a time at least, to direct matters in Turkey in +consultation with Secretary Hay. He expressed great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> +satisfaction with the result of my mission and said if he +hadn't sent me, some hostile demonstration in Turkish +waters would have been inevitable, with possible serious +complications as a result; but that the clamoring for a +warship to Turkey subsided with my going over because +of the general belief that I would succeed in handling +matters. "No one else could have done so well; you have +done better than I thought it possible for any one to do," +he graciously added.</p> + +<p>He indicated that there might develop some important +post in the United States which he should like to feel free +to ask me to accept should the occasion arise, but he +made no further explanation. I later learned from St. +Clair McKelway to what this had reference. McKelway +was on intimate terms with the President and at the +same time was a close friend of mine. The President +mentioned to him that he feared Secretary Hay, whose +health was failing, might have to relinquish his post, in +which event McKinley had in mind to offer it to me.</p> + +<p>Within a week after my return I received a letter from +Charles C. Harrison, provost of the University of Pennsylvania, +informing me that the trustees had unanimously +voted to confer upon me the honorary degree of Doctor +of Laws, and he would be glad if it were convenient for me +to receive the degree at a convocation of unusual importance +on Washington's Birthday. This ceremony took +place at the Academy of Music, Philadelphia, and similar +degrees were conferred also upon Justice Harlan, of the +United States Supreme Court; Professor Ames, of the +Harvard Law School; Minister Wu, of China; President +Diaz, of Mexico; and two delegates from the Universities +of Oxford and Cambridge.</p> + +<p>From time to time during the next few months I went +to Washington both to direct Turkish matters through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> +the State Department and to confer with the President on +matters in general. On one of these occasions, in August, +he mentioned his forthcoming letter of acceptance of renomination +and spoke about the efforts of the Democrats +to fasten the charge of imperialism on the administration, +but said he would make it plain that we proposed to give +as much freedom of government and independence to the +Philippines as they showed themselves able to receive. +I read to him from a memorandum I had drawn up regarding +our purpose to withdraw our troops as fast and in +proportion as the conditions of peace in the islands permitted. +He said I had expressed his ideas exactly, and as +I was about to replace the memorandum in my pocket he +said he wished I would let him have it, which of course I +did.</p> + +<p>He asked what I thought of conditions in China, and I +told him I was convinced our true course was to oppose +the partition of that country and to stand firm for the +open-door policy; that if Germany, or any other Power, +endeavored to bring about a division, we could doubtless +prevent it by insisting upon the open door, especially as +the nations could not agree among themselves.</p> + +<p>Early in December I received a letter from Secretary +Hay, asking whether I still preferred to be relieved or +whether for any reason I would consent to continue as minister +to Turkey. I definitely answered in the negative and +my second mission terminated with the following letter:</p> + +<blockquote> +<div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">Department of State</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <i>December</i> 18, 1900 +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oscar S. Straus, Esquire</span><br /> + 42 Warren Street<br /> + New York City<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">My dear Mr. Straus</span>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>I have laid before the President your letter of the 12th instant, +in which you express your preference not to return to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> +Constantinople, and offer your resignation of the mission you +have honorably and faithfully filled for the past few years.</p> + +<p>Deferring to your wish, the President has accepted your +resignation. In charging me to inform you of this acceptance, +the President desires me to make known in fitting words his +high appreciation of the valuable services you have rendered to +your country, and his sense of the ability and intelligence you +have brought to bear in the performance of a task of more than +usual delicacy and difficulty. Called, as you were, a second +time to the Ottoman mission and confronted by the problems +and entanglements that seem to especially environ that post, +you have shown rare aptness in dealing with its perplexities and +have notably strengthened the hands of the government in +leading the long pending questions toward a settlement. While +deeply regretting your retirement and while averse to losing +your helpful counsels, the President has felt that he could not +rightfully impose fresh personal sacrifices upon you by disregarding +your wish. You take with you into honored private life +the esteem of those who have known and understood your conscientious +worth in the paths of official duty.</p> + +<p>I share the President's regrets and equally share his appreciation +of the good services you have rendered. My sincere regards +and personal friendship are with you always.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Very cordially yours</p> +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">John Hay</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VII</h2> + +<h3>THEODORE ROOSEVELT</h3> + +<blockquote><p>Roosevelt appoints me member of the Hague Tribunal—Trouble with Philippine +Mohammedans averted—Humanitarian diplomacy under Roosevelt; +Hay's Roumanian note; Roosevelt's Russian cable—The Alaska boundary—Panama +and the "covenant running with the land"—White House luncheons; +Carnegie suggests to Roosevelt a legacy for my grandchildren—Roosevelt and +organized labor—Roosevelt's definition of Americanism—Overnight at the +White House; conference regarding the President's Message—Roosevelt and +the Portsmouth peace negotiations; Count Witte invites a committee to discuss +the Russian Jewish question; Roosevelt writes to Witte—Roosevelt's +prophetic characterization of Germany—Some essential qualities of Roosevelt.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>I began the year 1901 as a private citizen once more. I +devoted much of my time, however, to public activities, +giving close attention particularly to the international +questions that arose.</p> + +<p>The doctrine of citizenship and the rights of naturalized +American citizens in foreign countries had for many +years formed the major subject in our foreign relations, +and it had been one for constant controversy between our +own and foreign countries, especially Germany, Austria, +and Turkey. In the spring I read a paper at a meeting of +the American Social Science Association, of which I was +the president, entitled "The United States Doctrine of +Citizenship and Expatriation." Later in the year I received, +in consequence, a letter from Senator S. M. Cullom +of Illinois, chairman of the Senate Committee on +Foreign Relations, asking me to prepare material for +amendments to legislation on this subject, which I did.</p> + +<p>When Theodore Roosevelt became President of the +United States through the lamentable death of William +McKinley, one of my earliest relations with him was my +being appointed by him as a member of the Permanent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> +Court of Arbitration at The Hague. Whether or not he +acted herein in conformity with McKinley's intention, I +cannot say. When McKinley was selecting the original +members, he conferred with me and indicated that if +agreeable to me, he would be pleased to appoint me as +a member. Shortly afterward when the appointments +were announced, my name was not among them. It was +some time before I saw him again, and while I should +never have mentioned it, he did. He said he was very +sorry that through the pressure of duties he had quite forgotten +his intention to name me when the time came to +announce the appointments. I told him I thought perhaps +I had been mistaken in understanding that he had +offered me one of the appointments. He said I had not +misunderstood, but that he would make amends should a +vacancy occur while he was still President; he had wanted +me as a member of the Court, not alone in recognition of +the great services I had rendered, but because he regarded +me exceptionally qualified. He added that when +he became ex-President he would like to be a member of +that Court himself; it appealed to him more than any +other office he could think of.</p> + +<p>The vacancy in the membership of the Court occurred +sooner than any one anticipated, by the death, in March, +1901, of ex-President Harrison; but by the decree of the +gods McKinley himself was no longer with us when the +time came to fill President Harrison's place. In fact I +think the day we talked about the Court marked my last +conference with him. He was always simple in manner +and of charming personality. Together we enjoyed a +good smoke that afternoon; he was fond of smoking and +knew I enjoyed a good cigar, and he was wont to have me +take one of his brand. I begged him not to concern himself +further with the omission of my appointment at The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> +Hague, that I was satisfied to know he thought me +worthy of the selection.</p> + +<p>It is possible that Roosevelt knew the circumstance and +McKinley's intention, for he was Vice-President at the +time it happened. At any rate, when the successor to +President Harrison was chosen, I received the following +appointment, somewhat different in form from most +documents of the kind:</p> + +<blockquote> +<div class="signature2"><span class="smcap">White House</span> +</div> +<div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <i>January</i> 8, 1902 +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>Article XX of the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of +International Disputes, signed July 29, 1899, by the Plenipotentiaries +to the Hague Peace Conference, provides for the +organization of a permanent Court of Arbitration, and Article +XXIII of the same Convention provides for the selection by +each of the signatory Powers of four persons at the most, as +members of the Court, who are to be appointed for a term of +six years.</p> + +<p>It will give me pleasure to designate you as one of the four +United States members if you will advise me that such action +is agreeable to you.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Very Truly Yours,</p> +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Honorable Oscar S. Straus</span><br /> + New York, N.Y.<br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<p>Since then I have been reappointed three times: in +1908, again by Roosevelt, in 1912 and 1920, by Wilson.</p> + +<p>In April, 1902, there appeared in the press a dispatch +to the effect that an expedition of twelve hundred men +was to be sent to the southern Philippines to punish the +Mohammedans there for killing one of our soldiers and +wounding several others. I immediately wrote the +President that I believed such a step would be unwise +and would probably bring on a general uprising in that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +province. I called his attention to the negotiation I had +had with the Sultan of Turkey regarding these people, +and suggested that instead of the expedition a commission +be sent to treat with them. The President asked me +to come to Washington to confer with him in the matter, +and after the Cabinet meeting I met him in his study. +There were present also Mr. Taft, who had been appointed +governor of the Philippines, Adjutant-General +Corbin, and Mr. Sanger, acting Secretary of War. I +presented my arguments more fully. The President had +already telegraphed General Chaffee regarding the sending +of a diplomatic mission, in accordance with my letter.</p> + +<p>The result of our conference was that General Corbin +was directed to advise General Chaffee to use the office +of the friendly datos to obtain the desired redress. It +developed later that the soldier killed was laying a +telegraph line, which procedure, not being understood by +the Moros, was regarded by them as a device for their +destruction. The slayers were surrendered and punished +and the incident was satisfactorily adjusted.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>At about this time disturbances in Roumania were +being reflected in our country. Eleven years before, a +committee of prominent Jews had brought before President +Harrison the pitiable condition of the large number +of Jews arriving in New York from Russia, and it was +now necessary to take similar steps with regard to the +Jews from Roumania.</p> + +<p>In Chapter IV I mentioned that Roumania disregarded +the provisions of the Treaty of Berlin and placed +restrictions upon her Jewish subjects. Into that treaty, +by which Roumania was made an independent kingdom +following the Russo-Turkish War, Article XLIV +was inserted specially for the protection of the Jews, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> +whom there were about four hundred thousand in the +new state. It provided that difference of religion should +not be ground for exclusion in the participation of civil, +political, or economic rights. In spite of this, however, +the Jews in Roumania were being oppressed and discriminated +against on the specious claim that they were +foreigners, though they and their ancestors had been +living in the land for generations. They were compelled +to serve in the army, but not permitted to become officers; +they were made subject to exceptional taxes; they were +excluded from the professions and from owning and +cultivating land. In every direction they were being +throttled, and new laws were being promulgated to shut +off every avenue of self-support.</p> + +<p>The result was what had doubtless been the intention +in putting into force these drastic measures: the Jews who +could emigrated, and they left Roumania <i>en masse</i>. The +obstacles in the way of their gaining admission into the +countries of Western Europe were so great that few of +them could settle there. The leading Jewish organizations +of Great Britain and France, namely, the Jewish +Colonization Association in London and the Alliance +Israélite Universelle in Paris, laid the matter before their +respective governments, but, on account of the disturbed +conditions in the Balkans and the cross-currents of European +politics, no pressure could be exerted through these +governments.</p> + +<p>The main stream of the Roumanian exodus was thus +directed to America, and they arrived here in increasing +numbers. The leading Jewish agencies of the country, +particularly the B'nai B'rith Order under the presidency +of Leo N. Levi, used their best efforts to distribute the +immigrants over the country and to places where they +were most likely to find employment. Later our very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +able commissioner of immigration at Ellis Island, Robert +Watchorn, went over to Roumania for the special purpose +of studying the situation and made a graphic report +of what he learned. But to alleviate the situation +action of a more official character was needed.</p> + +<p>Jacob H. Schiff and I prepared a careful brief on conditions +and presented it to President Roosevelt. The +President said he was willing to take the matter in hand +provided something could be done by our Government. +Congressman Lucius N. Littauer also extended helpful +coöperation. He had recently returned from Roumania +and had first-hand knowledge of the question, which he +took up in conferences with the President and with +Secretary Hay.</p> + +<p>Finally, in September, 1902, the President directed +Secretary Hay to prepare his now famous Roumanian +Note to the Powers signatory to the Treaty of Berlin. +The note was sent to our diplomatic representatives in +those countries with instructions to present it to the +governments to which they were accredited. The occasion +for sending it was found in connection with negotiations +initiated by Roumania for the concluding of a +naturalization treaty with our country. The note gave +the reasons why, under the circumstances, we were unwilling +to conclude such a treaty. After referring to the +Treaty of Berlin and the obligations assumed by Roumania +under it regarding the treatment of subject nationalities, +the Secretary said:</p> + +<blockquote><p>The United States offers asylum to the oppressed of all lands. +But its sympathy with them in no wise impairs its just liberty +and right to weigh the acts of the oppressor in the light of their +effects upon this country, and to judge accordingly.</p> + +<p>Putting together the facts, now painfully brought home to +this Government, during the past few years, that many of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> +inhabitants of Roumania are being forced by artificially adverse +discriminations to quit their native country; that the hospitable +asylum offered by this country is almost the only refuge left to +them; that they come hither unfitted by the conditions of their +exile to take part in the new life of this land under circumstances +either profitable to themselves or beneficial to the community, +and that they are objects of charity from the outset and for a +long time—the right of remonstrance against the acts of the +Roumanian Government is clearly established in favor of this +Government. Whether consciously and of purpose or not, +these helpless people, burdened and spurned by their native +land, are forced by the sovereign power of Roumania upon the +charity of the United States. This Government can not be a +tacit party to such an international wrong. It is constrained to +protest against the treatment to which the Jews of Roumania +are subjected, not alone because it has unimpeachable ground +to remonstrate against the resultant injury to itself, but in the +name of humanity. The United States may not authoritatively +appeal to the stipulations of the treaty of Berlin, to which it +was not and can not become a signatory, but it does earnestly +appeal to the principles consigned therein, because they are the +principles of international law and eternal justice, advocating +the broad toleration which that solemn compact enjoins and +standing ready to lend its moral support to the fulfillment +thereof by its cosignatories, for the act of Roumania itself has +effectively joined the United States to them as an interested +party in this regard.</p></blockquote> + +<p>One of the most valuable by-products of the Congress +of Berlin was to bring into closer relations the autocratic +with the liberal governments of Europe and cause the +former to become more amenable to the enlightened conscience +of the world. Hay's dispatch, while not pleasing to +the Government of Roumania, yet, because of the world-wide +publicity it received, had a measure of influence +in modifying Roumania's indefensible proscriptions.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Another need for humanitarian diplomacy arose the +following year. The attitude and proscriptions of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +Roumanian authorities had doubtless encouraged anti-Semitic +activity in Russia, and the latter Government, +no longer contenting itself with the application of restrictions +in the book of laws which compelled Jews to +live in the Pale settlements, officially encouraged mobs +to massacre and loot, culminating on April 19-20, 1903, +with the outbreak in Kishineff, where forty-seven Jews +were killed, ninety-two severely wounded, and some five +hundred more slightly injured. In addition great material +losses were inflicted: seven hundred houses were +destroyed, six hundred stores pillaged, and thousands of +families utterly ruined.</p> + +<p>When these facts became known, they called forth an +expression of indignation throughout the civilized world. +In New York a mass meeting was called at Carnegie Hall +by hundreds of the foremost New York Christians, in +protest against the outrages upon the Jews in Russia +and particularly against the Kishineff affair. The meeting +was presided over by Paul D. Cravath, eminent +lawyer, and the speakers were ex-President Cleveland, +Mayor Seth Low, Jacob G. Schurman, president of +Cornell, and Edward M. Shepard, well known for his +unselfish devotion to the interests of the public. I have in +my possession the manuscript of Cleveland's address on +this occasion, which concludes:</p> + +<blockquote><p>In the meantime, let the people of the United States, gathered +together in such assemblages as this in every part of the +land, fearlessly speak to the civilized world—protesting against +every pretence of civilization that permits medićval persecution, +against every bigoted creed that forbids religious toleration +and freedom of conscience, against all false enlightenment +that excuses hatred and cruelty towards any race of men, and +against all spurious forms of government protection, that +withhold from any human being the right to live in safety, and +toil in peace.</p></blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p> +<p>I will also quote part of the resolutions adopted that +evening:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Resolved, that the people of the United States should exercise +such influence with the Government of Russia as the ancient +and unbroken friendship between the two nations may +justify to stay the spirit of persecution, to redress the injuries +inflicted upon the Jews of Kishineff, and to prevent the recurrence +of outbreaks such as have amazed the civilized world.</p></blockquote> + +<p>A few weeks later a committee from the B'nai B'rith +Order, consisting of Simon Wolf, Adolf Moses, Julius +Bien, Jacob Furth, Solomon Sulzberger, and Joseph D. +Coons, and headed by their president, Leo N. Levi, called +upon Secretary Hay and presented to him a statement +regarding the massacres in Russia together with a proposed +petition which they wished forwarded to the Government +of the Czar. The Secretary expressed great +sympathy and the desire to do what might be possible in +the matter. His reply to the committee, taken down in +shorthand at the time, was published in full in the press, +and from it I quote the concluding sentence:</p> + +<blockquote><p>All we know of the state of things in Russia tends to justify +the hope that even out of the present terrible situation some +good results may come; that He who watches over Israel does +not slumber, and that the wrath of man now, as so often in the +past, shall be made to praise Him.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Secretary then accompanied the committee to the +White House, where they met the President and presented +to him an outline of the oppression of their co-religionists +in Russia.</p> + +<p>Early in July I received a telegram from the President's +secretary to the effect that the President would like to +have me lunch with him the day following at Oyster Bay, +and that Simon Wolf of Washington, and Leo N. Levi +also had been invited. When I arrived at Sagamore Hill<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> +there were present besides those named Dr. Albert Shaw +of the "Review of Reviews," and an English friend of +his, Mr. Morris Sheldon Amos.</p> + +<p>We discussed the Russian situation throughout lunch. +The President suggested that a note be sent by the Secretary +of State to John W. Riddle, our chargé at St. Petersburg, +and that this note should embody the entire petition +which Mr. Levi and his committee had drafted. Dr. +Shaw observed that the embodying of the petition to the +Czar and giving publicity to the note would have all the +effects of a presentation even if the Czar should refuse to +receive it, which was exactly what the President had in +mind.</p> + +<p>After luncheon we adjourned to the study, and Roosevelt +said: "Now let's finish this thing up." Hay had been +to see him the day before and had left a memorandum. +Roosevelt at once drafted the note with his own pen, +using part of Hay's memorandum. The note was to +be sent as an open cable. It read as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Riddle</span></p> + +<p> St. Petersburg</p> + +<p>You are instructed to ask an audience of the Minister of Foreign +Affairs and to make to him the following communication:</p> + +<p><i>Excellency</i>: The Secretary of State instructs me to inform you +that the President has received from a large number of prominent +citizens of the United States of all religious affiliations, +and occupying the highest positions in both public and private +life, a respectful petition addressed to his Majesty the Emperor +relating to the condition of the Jews in Russia and running as +follows:</p> + +<p>[Here is set out the petition.]</p> + +<p>I am instructed to ask whether the petition will be received +by your Excellency to be submitted to the gracious consideration +of his Majesty. In that case the petition will be at once +forwarded to St. Petersburg.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p> + +<p>Roosevelt wanted the cable to be sent at once and was +in a hurry to get it to Washington. One of his reasons was +that the late Russian ambassador, Cassini, had been dismissed +and was on his way back to Russia, and he wanted +the note to reach the Russian Government before Cassini +arrived in St. Petersburg. Mr. Wolf, who lived in Washington, +was to take the drafted cable to Secretary Hay; +but as he could not return that night the President asked +whether I could take it so that it might be dispatched +next morning. By ten o'clock the following morning I +placed the draft in the Secretary's hands and it was immediately +put on the wire.</p> + +<p>In planning the cable as he did, the President was +right in his anticipation. Duly the American chargé at +St. Petersburg informed the State Department that the +Russian Government, through its Minister of Foreign +Affairs, had declined to receive or consider the petition. +Nevertheless, its purpose was accomplished. Official +Russia was made to realize the aroused indignation and +the public protests of the civilized world. This in turn had +a decided influence in checking, for the time being at +least, similar outbreaks threatened throughout the empire, +besides bringing to trial and punishment some of +the leaders of the massacres.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>That afternoon at Sagamore Hill, after the Russian +matter had been disposed of, the President was talking to +Dr. Shaw and me about the Alaskan boundary question. +He pulled out a map showing the disputed boundary, and +explained that three commissioners from the United States +and three from Great Britain and Canada would take +up the dispute for investigation. He argued that they +were not arbiters and he refused to sign an arbitral agreement; +if they did not agree, he would take the matter into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +his own hands; that the whole trouble arose from the fact +that the Canadians had shoved down the boundary line +after the discovery of gold. "Suppose a man pitches a +tent on my grounds and claims them, and I want him to +get off; and he says he won't get off, but will arbitrate +the matter!" Roosevelt exclaimed. Then, turning to me, +he added: "Straus, you are a member of the Hague Tribunal; +don't you think I'm right?"</p> + +<p>I calmly replied that as a member of the Hague Tribunal +I should first have to hear what the other side had +to say and therefore must reserve my judgment. And we +all had a good laugh.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>During the Venezuela controversy in 1902, Venezuela +on the one side and Great Britain and Germany on the +other, Roosevelt was very much incensed that Germany, +with the feeble backing of England, should undertake a +blockade against Venezuela to make the latter carry out +certain agreements, and he promptly took steps to prevent +it. Thereupon there was a disposition on the part of +Germany to ask Roosevelt to arbitrate. Secretary Hay, +it seems, favored such a course, but I strongly advised +against it.</p> + +<p>At a luncheon to which I was invited by the President +early in November, 1903, the conditions in Panama came +up as the principal topic of conversation. There were +present on this occasion, besides Mr. and Mrs. Roosevelt, +Cornelius N. Bliss, former Secretary of the Interior; +John Clark Davis, of the "Philadelphia Ledger"; H. H. +Kohlsaat, of Chicago; Lawrence F. Abbott, of "The Outlook"; +and the President's brother-in-law, Lieutenant-Commander +Cowles, of the Navy. News had been received +that Panama had separated from Colombia and +we were about to recognize Panama. In his informal way,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> +as was his custom at luncheons, the President began to +discuss the situation, referring to the fact that our treaty +of 1846 was with New Granada, which afterwards became +the United States of Colombia and then the Republic of +Colombia, and that in that treaty we had guaranteed to +protect the transit route. One of the questions raised was +whether the treaty still held us to that obligation, notwithstanding +these several changes of sovereignty.</p> + +<p>The President was directing his remarks toward me, +which was his way of signifying the particular person +from whom he wanted to draw comment. I answered +that it seemed to me, as I recollected the terms of the +treaty, which I had recently read, that the change of +sovereignty did not affect either our obligations or our +rights; that I regarded them in the nature of a "covenant +running with the land."</p> + +<p>"That's fine! Just the idea!" Roosevelt replied, and +as soon as luncheon was over, he requested me to express +that idea to Hay. He scratched a few lines on a +correspondence card asking Secretary Hay to go over +with me the suggestion I had made and to work into +the treaty the "covenant running with the land" +idea.</p> + +<p>That evening I called on the Secretary. He seized the +idea at once and said he would make use of it in a statement +he was just preparing for the press detailing the +whole situation. The following day there was reported +in the papers of the country the fact that the President, +following a meeting of the Cabinet, had decided to recognize +the <i>de facto</i> government of Panama; and then the +detailed statement by Secretary Hay regarding the terms +of the treaty, the history of the negotiations, and the subsequent +development, covered several newspaper columns. +It contained this paragraph:</p> + +<blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>It must not be lost sight of that this treaty is not dependent +for its efficacy on the personnel of the signers or the name of +the territory it affects. It is a covenant, as lawyers say, that +runs with the land. The name of New Granada has passed +away; its territory has been divided. But as long as the isthmus +endures, the great geographical fact keeps alive the solemn +compact which binds the holders of the territory to grant us +freedom of transit, and binds us in return to safeguard for the +isthmus and the world the exercise of that inestimable privilege.</p></blockquote> + +<p>A few days thereafter I received a short note from the +President reading: "Your 'covenant running with the +land' idea worked admirably. I congratulate you on it." +And from my friend John Bassett Moore I received an +amusing letter:</p> + +<blockquote><p>So you had a finger in the pie! I find a good deal of amusement +in reflecting on the end reached from the premise of my +memorandum; and almost as much on the conclusion reached +from your suggestion. Perhaps, however, it is only a question +of words—that is to say, it is, indifferently, a question of the +"covenant running with the land" or a question of the "covenant +running (<i>away!</i>) with the land"!!</p></blockquote> + +<p>Those luncheons at the White House were always +pleasant and interesting occasions. One met there all +kinds of people, of every station in life, but always people +who stood for something and who interested the President. +At the table Roosevelt would speak without apparent +reserve and free from all official restraint, and I doubt +whether these confidences were ever abused. By this +means, too, he received the frank, unreserved statements +and criticisms of his guests.</p> + +<p>As an illustration of the range of personalities one +would meet at the Roosevelt luncheons, I remember one +day when Seth Bullock, a former sheriff of the Black +Hills district and an intimate friend of Roosevelt during<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> +his cowboy days, sat next to Seth Low at the table. And +in his "Autobiography" Roosevelt himself says:</p> + +<blockquote><p>No guests were ever more welcome at the White House than +these old friends of the cattle ranches and the cow camps—the +men with whom I had ridden the long circle and eaten at +the tail-board of a chuck-wagon—whenever they turned up at +Washington during my Presidency. I remember one of them +who appeared at Washington one day just before lunch, a huge, +powerful man who, when I knew him, had been distinctly a +fighting character. It happened that on that day another old +friend, the British Ambassador, Mr. Bryce, was among those +coming to lunch. Just before we went in I turned to my +cow-puncher friend and said to him with great solemnity, +"Remember, Jim, that if you shot at the feet of the British +Ambassador to make him dance, it would be likely to cause +international complications"; to which Jim responded, with +unaffected horror, "Why, Colonel, I shouldn't think of it, +I shouldn't think of it!"</p></blockquote> + +<p>Mrs. Roosevelt is a most charming and cultured +woman, typically the wife and mother. Literary and intellectual +matters appeal to her, though her dominant +note is the domestic one. I am sure she would have been +just as happy as the mistress of a private household as +the leading lady of the land in the White House, despite +her great tact, sweetness, and simple dignity in filling +the latter position.</p> + +<p>The President was an omnivorous reader. He could +read faster and remember better than any one I have +ever known. On one occasion he recommended to me +Ferrero's "Greatness and Decline of Rome," which he +had just finished in the original Italian, and which had +been brought out in English by the Putnam house. Subsequently, +too, I met this author at the White House, +where he and his wife were the guests of the President +for several days.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>In January, 1904, a large conference was held in Washington +of representatives of the various peace societies +and other persons prominently interested in the calling +of an international peace congress. George F. Seward, +of New York, was chairman, and others connected with +it were the Reverend Edward Everett Hale and Robert +Treat Paine, of Boston; Henry St. George Tucker, of +Virginia, Andrew Carnegie, and myself. Resolutions +were adopted recommending the negotiation of a treaty +with Great Britain whereby all differences between us +which might fail of adjustment through diplomatic +channels were to be submitted for arbitration to the +Permanent Court at The Hague. It was further recommended +that we enter into like treaties with other powers +as soon as practicable. We called on the President and +the resolutions were presented by Mr. Tucker; Mr. Carnegie +and I each made a few remarks, which the President +in turn answered with a brief address. When he had +finished and we were all standing around him, Mr. Carnegie +said to him, "I have just been congratulating Mr. +Straus on the compliments you paid him, and suggested +that he get a copy of that portion of your remarks to +preserve for his children and grandchildren." Roosevelt +immediately turned to Mr. Loeb, his secretary, and instructed +him to send to me that portion of his remarks, +adding: "And I meant every word I said." I trust I may +be pardoned for the egotism which prompts me to incorporate +it in these memoirs:</p> + +<blockquote><p>I have had from Mr. Straus aid that I can not over-estimate, +for which I can not too much express my gratitude, in so much +of the diplomatic work that has arisen in this administration—aid +by suggestion, aid by actual work in helping me to carry +out the suggestions; and Mr. Straus was one of the two or three +men who first set my mind, after I came in as President, in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> +direction of doing everything that could be done for the Hague +Tribunal, as that seemed to be the best way to turn for arbitration.</p></blockquote> + +<p>At another pleasant luncheon there was present Alice, +now the wife of Congressman Longworth, of Ohio, Roosevelt's +daughter by his first wife. In the course of our +discussion about the reciprocity treaty with Cuba and +the making of more favorable tariff arrangements, I said: +"We went to war with Spain for the liberation of Cuba, +and now if we treat her step-motherly and starve her to +death, what would the world say?" There was hearty +laughter all round the table, and Miss Alice turned to me +and said, in her naďve way and with a mischievous sparkle +in her eyes: "Do I look starved?" The President had +fairly exploded with laughter, and when I remarked that +I had "put my foot into it," he added, amid another outburst, +"Yes, both of them!"</p> + +<p>The President did not smoke, but always served cigars +and cigarettes to his guests. When I did not take one, +he said, "Straus, you smoke."</p> + +<p>"Yes," I answered, "but I certainly want to pay as +much respect to you as I always did to the Sultan of +Turkey. He did not drink, and I never took any when it +was served."</p> + +<p>"You go right ahead and smoke. If Root were here he +would smoke and always does," replied Roosevelt.</p> + +<p>After lunch that day, when the other guests had gone, he +and I went into an adjoining room and had a general discussion—labor +matters, the National Civic Federation, +the Republican Party, etc., etc. He said he had received +a number of requests to put into the Republican platform +a plank protesting against the discrimination made by +Russia against Americans of the Jewish faith. "You +know," he said, "I am prepared to do anything that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> +can for all of our citizens regardless of race or creed, but +unless we mean to do something further than simply protest +it would look like an effort to catch votes, for such +statements in the platform could not be regarded for any +other purpose." He added he had in mind a different and +more effective way of handling the subject when the time +came. He said he remembered that I had never asked +him to take action in this or any other question that was +not justified on broad American principles, but that if +anything arose which specially reflected upon the Jews +he looked to me to bring it to his attention, and I was to +regard that just as much my duty as the protection of +American Christian interests in Turkey.</p> + +<p>We spoke about the Russo-Japanese War, and I told +him that some one had said that the Japs were yellow-skinned, +but the Russians were yellow all the way through. +This called forth a hearty laugh. Humor of any kind, +provided it was clean, he always appreciated, and his own +sense of it continually served, as it did for Lincoln, to +lighten the seriousness of his duties.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Like Lincoln, too, Roosevelt combined with that balancing +sense of humor an innate and always active sense +of justice. Time and again in my relationship with him +I have observed and admired it. I recall in this regard the +case of an employee named Miller in the Government +Printing Office, who was discharged because he did not +belong to the union, and Roosevelt reinstated him. Mr. +Gompers and several members of the Executive Committee +of the American Federation of Labor thereupon +called upon the President to protest against this reinstatement. +They said his discharge was based on two +points: that he was a non-union man, and also that he +was an incapable worker. Roosevelt's answer was: "The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> +question of his personal fitness is one to be settled in the +routine of administrative detail, and cannot be allowed to +conflict with or to complicate the larger question of governmental +discrimination for or against him or any other +man because he is or is not a member of a union. This is +the only question now before me for decision; and as to +this my decision is final."</p> + +<p>As I was in constant touch with the President by correspondence +and conferences, I wrote him telling of my +gratification to find in his decision anent the Miller case +such consonance in principle with his position regarding +the anthracite coal strike, to which I received the following +reply that brings out the point I have just made +about his sense of justice:</p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature"> + +<span class="smcap">White House, Washington</span><br /> +<i>October</i> 1, 1903 +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">My dear Mr. Straus</span>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>I thank you heartily for your letter. When you can get on +here I should like to tell you for your own information some +of my experiences in connection with this Miller case. I feel +exactly as you do—that my action was a complement to my +action, for instance, in the anthracite coal strike, and that I +could no more hesitate in the teeth of opposition from the +labor unions in one case, than I could when the opposition came +from the big monied men in the other case.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Sincerely yours</p> + +<div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>Perhaps no President has had a policy, with regard to +labor, so wise and far-seeing as that of Roosevelt. Invariably +he sought the counsel of labor leaders in matters +affecting their interests, and always they were made to +feel that redress for their just grievances, and their rights +generally, were as much a concern of his and of his administration +as any rights of the rich. In this connection I recall +a remark of P. H. Morrissey, then head of the railroad<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span> +train-men. We were seated in the Red Room of the White +House for conference after dinner. There were present +some thirty or more men prominently identified with +labor, whom the President had invited to discuss labor +legislation. Morrissey recalled one time several years +before when he sat in front of the great fireplace in the +Red Room waiting for the President; and he said he +could not help reflecting what a long way it was from the +cab of the locomotive engine to this stately room in the +official residence of the President of the United States, an +honor and a privilege that Roosevelt was the first President +to give to men of labor.</p> + +<p>On the same evening I saw in clear relief Roosevelt's +wonderful tact, judgment, and understanding of men as +I had never seen it displayed before. One or two of the +labor leaders showed some bitterness in their criticism of +certain legislation. Roosevelt showed frank approval of +just complaints and allayed irritation in a most tactful +way where the demand was unjust or unreasonable.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In the election of 1904 I took an active part and kept in +close touch with Roosevelt. An unusual amount of bitterness +characterized this campaign, though it was foreseen +that Roosevelt would win by a large majority. In +this connection I received a characteristic letter from him, +dated at the White House October 15th:</p> + +<blockquote><p>I notice that various Democratic papers, including the Evening +Post, have endeavored to show that I have appealed to the +Jew vote, the Catholic vote, etc. Now the fact is that I have +not appealed to any man as Jew, as Protestant, or as Catholic, +but that I have as strongly as in me lies endeavored to make it +evident that each is to have a square deal, no more and no less, +without regard to his creed. I hope that this country will continue +in substantially its present form of government for many +centuries. If this is so it is reasonable to suppose that during<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> +that time there will be Presidents of Jewish faith, Presidents of +Catholic faith. Now, my aim as President is to behave toward +the Jew and the Catholic just as I should wish a Jewish or +Catholic President to behave towards Protestants—in other +words, to behave as a good American should behave toward all +his fellow Americans, without regard to the several creeds they +profess or the several lands from which their ancestors have +sprung. Moreover, I am pleased at what Lebowich says at my +not having a spirit of condescension or patronizing. I have +enough of the old Adam in me to object almost as strongly to +being patronized as to being wronged; and I do not intend knowingly +to behave toward others in a manner which I should resent +if it were adopted toward me.</p></blockquote> + +<p>These sentences bring to mind another and public +statement of Roosevelt's in which he characterized +Americanism; the occasion was an address at the unveiling +of the Sheridan equestrian statue in Washington:</p> + +<blockquote><p>We should keep steadily before our minds the fact that +Americanism is a question of principle, of purpose, of idealism, +of character; that it is not a matter of birthplace, or creed, or +line of descent.</p> + +<p>Here in this country the representatives of many old-world +races are being fused together into a new type, a type the main +features of which are already determined, and were determined +at the time of the Revolutionary War; for the crucible in which +all the new types are melted into one was shaped from 1776 to +1789, and our nationality was definitely fixed in all its essentials +by the men of Washington's day.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Soon after the election he invited me to come to the +White House for dinner one evening and to spend the +night; there were a number of things he wanted to talk +over with me. When I arrived I found Dr. Lyman Abbott +and his son Ernest had been similarly invited, and there +were additional guests for dinner: Attorney-General +Moody, Senator Knox, Secretary of War Taft, and James<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> +R. Garfield, chief of the Bureau of Corporations in the +Department of Commerce and Labor.</p> + +<p>At dinner the President announced that we had come +together to do some business, and he produced from his +pocket a slip of paper on which were noted the several +subjects he wished to consider with us, mainly things to +be incorporated in his forthcoming Message to Congress. +First there was the negro question. The South had vilified +him because he entertained Booker Washington and +appointed Crum Collector of the Port at Charleston. +When Congress assembled, one of the things he intended +doing was to send in again the name of Crum for confirmation. +"The Southerners either do not or do not +wish to understand it," he said; adding that his position +plainly was that he would do everything in his power for +the white man South without, however, doing a wrong or +an injustice to the colored man. He was sympathetic +with the South, for he was half Southerner himself, his +mother having come from Roswell, Georgia. His remarks +on this topic were directed mainly to Dr. Abbott.</p> + +<p>The conversation then turned to the recent election +and became very general, every one joining and relating +instances or experiences in connection with it. Mr. Taft, +who had waged a vigorous campaign for the Administration, +told a joke on himself: he had received a letter from +Wayne MacVeagh saying that so far as he (MacVeagh) +could see, Taft's speeches did not do any harm.</p> + +<p>When the talk had gone along these general lines for +a while, Roosevelt interjected with "Now we must get +back to business," and proceeded to discuss the diplomatic +service in relation to his Message. He thought civil +service too strictly applied would be detrimental, as we +had a great deal of old timber there that should be gotten +rid of.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>Next he took up a discussion of Panama. Mr. Taft +with several others was to leave next day on a mission +there to look into the difficulties between the native army +and the President of Panama, and some one humorously +suggested that he had better go down and take away the +weapons from the army and let them muster as much as +they wanted to without weapons.</p> + +<p>After dinner we adjourned to the President's study on +the floor above. He sat down at his desk and pulled open +a drawer as he said: "I want to read to you incomplete +drafts of portions of my Message which I should like to +have you criticize, as on some of the subjects I have not +yet fully made up my mind." The Message was in separate +parts, each dealing with an important subject. He took +up the part dealing with our foreign relations, in regard +to Russia and Roumania, and addressed me, saying he +would like me to pay special attention to that as he had +consulted me all along concerning the action to be taken. +He said our Government had been criticized as interfering +with the internal affairs of other nations, and the +statement had been repeatedly made that we should not +like it if other nations took us to task for our negro lynchings +in the South; but he argued that the lynchings were +comparatively few, and, though bad enough, were nothing +compared to the wholesale murder in cold blood under +official sanction and perhaps instigation, as in Kishineff. +"My answer to all these criticisms is this," he said; "only +a short time ago I received a remonstrance or petition +from a society in Great Britain regarding the lynchings +in this country. I did not reject it; on the contrary, I +answered it most politely and expressed my great regret +for these unlawful, unjustifiable acts, with which neither +I nor the Government had any sympathy. On the contrary +the Government does everything in its power to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> +prevent these outrages and unlawful acts. And I authorize +any one to make use of this information whenever the +occasion presents itself."</p> + +<p>To the labor question also he wanted me to pay special +attention because of my experience with such matters +and in the arbitration of labor disputes. He began with +the statement that he was in favor of organized capital +and organized labor. I asked him whether right at that +point I might make a suggestion, which was that he begin +with the general subject of capital and labor, because +organized labor did not comprise more than fifteen per +cent of the wage-earners of the country. This suggestion +he accepted.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt then expressed himself in favor of the eight-hour +law. Messrs. Moody, Knox, Taft, and myself did +not agree with his statement in the form he had it. We +explained that there were several bills before Congress +on the subject, some of which had passed the lower house, +but were defeated in the Senate; that it was all right for +the Government in its own yards to adopt an eight-hour +day, but when it gave out contracts to other shops, while +it had a right to say that the work upon that contract +should be done by eight-hour days, it had no right to require +work on other contracts to be done in eight-hour +days. When we had discussed the subject quite thoroughly, +it was agreed to omit it from the Message.</p> + +<p>Next he took up the trust question. He said Mr. Garfield +had several suggestions to offer for making the interstate +commerce law effective. It was generally agreed +that the law as originally passed fully provided the remedy +that was intended, but it had been emasculated by +the decisions of the Supreme Court. Messrs. Knox, Taft, +and Moody referred to several of these decisions and +pointed out that the railroads, under subterfuge of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> +switches and free cars—cars that were furnished by such +shippers as the beef trust—got completely around the +law. They allowed a mileage charge for the supply of +these cars in excess of what should be allowed, and under +such cover it amounted to a rebate to those shippers and +was a complete circumvention of the law. Garfield's suggestion +was that the interstate commerce corporations be +compelled to obtain a license or charter from the National +Government to do business. We thoroughly discussed +this, but it was disapproved as being an interference with +the legal rights of States, and that therefore no such law +could be passed by Congress. The President then turned +to the legal members of our group and said, "Now here +is a great wrong and you lawyers have always got a way +of preventing us from reaching a remedy."</p> + +<p>Knox created a laugh by replying, "The President +wants us as usual to jump over the Supreme Court."</p> + +<p>The work on the Message done, Roosevelt said it was +his intention to go South and make a few speeches. He +would begin at San Antonio and would visit Tuskegee and +Sewanee Colleges, for he wanted his views in regard to the +South and the negro question fully understood. He read +us a draft along the lines of thought he wanted to present, +quoting much from Lincoln, which seemed highly to the +point. When some one mentioned the curtailing of suffrage +so as to have it based upon educational qualifications +and property ownership, the President said it would +not be wise to agitate that subject, and that herein Booker +Washington agreed with him; but, he added, "There is +something inherently wrong about a Southern member +representing in some instances only a quarter of the +number of votes that an Eastern member represents, and +having an equal vote with him in Congress."</p> + +<p>It was half after midnight when our little company<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> +separated. The President then suggested to Dr. Abbott +and me that we meet at 8.15 breakfast, if we did not +object to having this meal with him and the children. +In the absence of Mrs. Roosevelt, who had gone to New +York, the President next morning took the head of the +table, and with the coffee urn before him served us each +with our coffee, cream, and sugar. There were Teddy, +Ethel, Kermit, Archie, and Quentin, the governess, the +tutor, besides Dr. Abbott, his son, and myself. After the +meal we strolled in the park back of the White House until +9.30, when the President left for his work-room in the +new office building west of the White House.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>I did not see Roosevelt again for several months. One +day in May I took lunch with him upon his return from +Chicago where he had had a conference with the representatives +of the labor unions who were carrying on the teamster's +strike that paralyzed the commerce of the city. +He said he had received through his secretary my memorandum +regarding an adjustment of the trouble, and +that it was of great assistance to him in discussing the +situation and coming to some equitable arrangement. He +was preparing a Message for an extra session of Congress +in October, and said he would send me parts of it, especially +those referring to immigration and the Far East, for +my advice and suggestion.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In 1905, when Roosevelt was busy with negotiations +to bring peace between Russia and Japan, I received a +letter from him stating that he had endeavored to get +these two nations to go to The Hague, but Russia was +most reluctant and Japan positively refused; nor would +they go to either Paris or Chefoo, but they were both +willing to come to Washington. In his own "Autobiography,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> +which I never tire of reading, Roosevelt gives +an interesting sketch of his mediation between these two +countries which finally brought about the conference and +treaty at Portsmouth, New Hampshire.</p> + +<p>Count Sergius Witte, head of the Russian mission to +Portsmouth, was desirous of meeting some of the representative +Jews of our country with a view to seeking what +might practicably be done to improve the condition of +the Jews in the Russian Empire. While it was said that +his wife was a Jewess, his interest in the Jewish question +was perhaps primarily to improve the relations between +Russia and the United States. The Russian massacres, +with the resultant enforced emigration, the public meetings +of protest in this country and the press comments, had +seriously prejudiced public opinion here against Russia.</p> + +<p>The Count therefore invited a committee to confer +with him and Baron Rosen at Portsmouth. There were +Jacob H. Schiff, Isaac N. Seligman, Adolph Kraus, +Adolf Lewisohn, and myself. The Count admitted with +much frankness the condition of the Jewish population of +Russia, and that it was an injustice. He expressed his +purpose to exert his best influence to remedy the just +grievances of the oppressed Jews. We assured him that +we asked for no special privileges for our co-religionists, +but the same, and no greater, rights for them than were +accorded other Russian subjects; that the granting of +such rights would relieve Russia of the Jewish question +and of the international ill-will to which this question +naturally and rightly gave rise. Both the Count and +Baron Rosen agreed with us, but argued that it was not +practicable to grant such complete emancipation, but that +it should come about gradually. We told them, of course, +that with that premise we could not and would not agree.</p> + +<p>The Count was very much impressed with our presentation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> +of the subject, and our statements were corroborated +by his own observations later when he made a +visit to the lower East Side of New York where he spoke +with a number of the Russian-Jewish immigrants. He +said that upon his return to Russia he would at once take +up the problem with a view ultimately to secure equal +rights for the Jewish subjects, that he realized the necessity +for this not only from a humanitarian standpoint, +but from the standpoint of Russia's best interests and +of her relations with the leading nations of the world, +particularly with the United States.</p> + +<p>Before going to Portsmouth on Count Witte's invitation, +I conferred with Roosevelt. He wanted me in an +unofficial capacity to observe carefully the progress of +the negotiations and keep him advised. Just at that time +it looked as if the conference might break up, and before +that stage was actually reached he wanted to be notified, +for he would probably have a communication to make +to the commissioners. On arriving at Portsmouth I had +a confidential talk with Fedor Fedorovich Martens, the +great Russian international jurist, who was one of my +fellow members at the Hague Tribunal, and with whom +I had been in personal touch on several previous occasions. +He was legal adviser to the Russian delegation. I +apprised him of what I knew to be the desire of the President, +and he agreed that if a break became imminent, a +communication such as the President would send would +be likely to have the right influence, and he would see +to it that, should the necessity arise for such a message, +Roosevelt should be promptly informed. I advised the +President of my understanding with Martens, but fortunately +no rupture occurred and the terms of peace were +agreed upon.</p> + +<p>In his "Autobiography" Roosevelt says, with regard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> +to these Portsmouth negotiations: "I had certainly tried +my best to be the friend not only of the Japanese people +but of the Russian people, and I believe that what I did +was for the best interests of both and of the world at +large." He refers with characteristic generosity to the +help given him at St. Petersburg by our ambassador, +George von Lengerke Meyer, who "rendered literally +invaluable aid by insisting upon himself seeing the Czar +at critical periods of the transaction, when it was no +longer possible for me to act successfully through the +representatives of the Czar, who were often at cross-purposes +with one another."</p> + +<p>And when the Portsmouth Conference was over, the +President further took a deep interest in bringing about +amelioration of the condition of the Jews in Russia. +When Count Witte came to New York, Roosevelt wrote +him the following letter, of which he sent me a copy:</p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature"> + +<span class="smcap">Oyster Bay, N.Y.</span><br /> +<i>September</i> 10, 1905 +</div> +<p> +<span class="smcap">My dear Mr. Witte</span>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>... In furtherance of our conversation of last evening I beg +you to consider the question of granting passports to reputable +American citizens of Jewish faith. I feel that if this could be +done it would remove the last cause of irritation between the +two nations whose historic friendship for one another I wish to +do my best to maintain. You could always refuse to give a +passport to any American citizen, Jew or Gentile, unless you +were thoroughly satisfied that no detriment would come to +Russia in granting it. But if your Government could only see +its way clear to allowing reputable American citizens of Jewish +faith, as to whose intentions they are satisfied, to come to +Russia, just as you do reputable American Christians, I feel +it would be from every standpoint most fortunate.</p> + +<p>Again assuring you of my high regard, and renewing my congratulations +to you and to your country upon the peace that has +been obtained, believe me,</p> + +<p class="center"> +Sincerely yours</p> +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span></p> + +<p>Early in 1906, when the Algeciras Conference regarding +Morocco was in session, and the press reported that +it was likely to break up without an agreement on account +of Germany's attitude, Carl Schurz, knowing of +my close relationship with Roosevelt, wrote to me that +the President could probably prevail upon the Powers +concerned to refer the question to the Hague Tribunal. +This letter I forwarded to Roosevelt; but although he +was ever ready to vitalize the machinery of the Hague +Tribunal, advice coming from Mr. Schurz at this time +was not regarded with favor, possibly because of their +previous differences. In his reply to me, however, the +President showed what a clear and prophetic insight he +had into Germany's attitude and purposes:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Modern Germany is alert, aggressive, military and industrial. +It thinks it is a match for England and France combined in war, +and would probably be less reluctant to fight both those powers +together than they would be together to fight it. It despises +the Hague Conference and the whole Hague idea. It respects +the United States only in so far as it believes that our navy is +efficient and that if sufficiently wronged or insulted we would +fight. Now I like and respect Germany, but I am not blind to +the fact that Germany does not reciprocate the feeling. I want +us to do everything we can to stay on good terms with Germany, +but I would be a fool if I were blind to the fact that Germany +will not stay in with us if we betray weakness. As for this +particular case, when I see you next I shall tell you all that I +have done and you will see that I have been using my very best +efforts for peace.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In all my relations with Roosevelt, even before I became +a member of his Cabinet, I was more and more convinced +that no consideration of political self-interest or partisan +advantage ever entered his mind in determining his attitude +or action in upholding the right or dethroning a +wrong. He resented nothing more than when some politician<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> +or inconsiderate person made an appeal to him for +action on the plea that it would be good politics. He was +visioned, but not visionary; and withal highly practical, +in that he understood the workings and tendencies of +human forces. Just as he would read a book by absorbing +a page at a glance, so he would instinctively appraise +his fellow men; their qualities would impress him just as +a brilliant paragraph in a book would arrest his instant +attention.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt would not make an idle gesture or even imply +a threat which he did not purpose to carry into action. +He was more abused by those whom he designated as +"the interests," and better understood and trusted by the +masses, than any President in our history with the exception +of Lincoln. So it is always with real leaders, who +seek to guide rather than pander to public opinion. The +latter course appeals to weak though well-intentioned +public men; the former requires not only clear vision but +high courage, and these qualities Roosevelt possessed to +an extraordinary degree.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VIII</h2> + +<h3>INDUSTRIAL DIPLOMACY</h3> + +<blockquote><p>Trade unions and federated unions—Formation of the National Civic Federation—Notable +industrial disputes are settled—Andrew Carnegie dines with +fighting labor leaders—Marcus Hanna, general of industry—My chairmanship +of the Board of Railway Labor Arbitration—Our findings and recommendations—My +chairmanship of the New York Public Service Commission—Military +necessities impinge upon industrial relations—The President's Industrial +Conference of 1919-20.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>When our industries were small, a strong human tie +bound together employer and worker. Following the +expansion which began after the Civil War, our industries +resolved themselves into vast organizations and corporations, +and the relations between employer and worker +became more and more impersonal. The workers first +organized into trade unions, which presently expanded +into federated unions similar to those which a generation +before had begun to be formed in Great Britain.</p> + +<p>The rapid growth of our industries and the impersonal +relations between employer and employed made it +apparent that social justice required that reciprocal +rights be recognized in order to bring about a better +understanding of a relationship which had already become +increasingly strained and often embittered, resulting in +serious strikes and lock-outs. One of the first organizations +to meet this need was formed in Chicago in 1894, +following the Pullman strike. It was called the Civic +Federation of Chicago and was under the leadership of +a number of prominent men of that city, directed by +Ralph M. Easley.</p> + +<p>Six years later the scope of this organization was enlarged, +and in the name of the National Civic Federation +a conference was called in Chicago, in December, 1900,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> +and the debate centered round the proposition that in +American industries voluntary conciliation was preferable +to compulsory arbitration. At that conference a committee +was selected whose duty it was to collect information +at home and abroad regarding measures of arbitration, +and to advise with employers and workmen in this +country whenever and wherever possible.</p> + +<p>In the following December, 1901, the National Civic +Federation held a conference in New York in the rooms +of the New York Board of Trade and Transportation. +I was then president of that Board and was asked to +preside at the conference. After adjourning the sessions, +we organized the industrial department of the Federation, +with a committee of twelve men representing the +public, twelve men representing employers, and twelve +men representing wage-earners. These three groups +were headed, respectively, by Grover Cleveland, Marcus +A. Hanna, and Samuel Gompers. All of their colleagues +were men of national distinction and were recognized +leaders in their fields. From this larger committee of +thirty-six, an executive committee of five was selected, +whose members were as follows: Marcus A. Hanna, +chairman; Samuel Gompers, first vice-president; I, +second vice-president; Charles A. Moore, treasurer; and +Ralph M. Easley, secretary.</p> + +<p>The scope and plan of the industrial department was +to promote industrial peace in whatever way might seem +best. We planned for a large meeting in May, when two +public sessions were to be held, one at Cooper Union and +one in the rooms of the New York Chamber of Commerce. +We issued a statement of our plan and scope and +inaugurated a broad educational campaign.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile our department proved itself most practical. +It actively helped settle several disputes, notably the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> +Albany street-car strike, the disagreement between the +National Metal Trades Association and the International +Association of Machinists, and the United States steel +strike. And it was instrumental in averting the threatened +anthracite coal strike.</p> + +<p>The identical ideal that I held up in my opening address +at the meeting in January, 1901, I should hold up +to-day: namely, that industrial peace, to be permanent, +cannot rest upon force, but must rest upon justice, and +in essential industries especially, upon a high sense of +responsibility to the public by both employer and employed. +In no other country are conditions, by nature +and by principles of government, better adapted to the +equitable adjustment of the reciprocal rights, duties, +and privileges of labor and capital than in our own, +because we are a democratic people with no fixed class +distinctions to separate us. The laborer of to-day may +be the capitalist of to-morrow, and vice versa. Capital +and labor are interdependent, not opponents; and it is +on the basis of that dependency that adjustments in the +relationship between them must be made. This ideal is, +happily, more widely recognized to-day than it was when +the National Civic Federation was organized.</p> + +<p>I gave considerable attention to the work of the +Federation for a number of years. As the offices were in +New York and the president and first vice-president +were both resident in other cities, the direction of the +organization between conferences largely fell upon me as +second vice-president, with the important assistance of +the secretary, Mr. Easley.</p> + +<p>The Federation afforded a neutral forum where, under +the chairmanship of one of its officers, the disputants +could discuss their grievances and arrive at an understanding. +Many times the growing bitterness between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> +them was checked and a strike or lock-out averted. The +fact was often borne in upon me how many of these industrial +disputes grew out of misunderstandings which +were cleared away when men assembled around a table +and frankly discussed their differences.</p> + +<p>To further the work and interests of the Federation I +brought together in social relationship, at several dinners +at my home, the representatives of all three groups; +namely, the public, the wage-earner, and the employer. +One day Andrew Carnegie expressed the desire to meet +the labor leaders who had instigated the strike in the +Carnegie works which resulted in the Homestead riots. +Accordingly I arranged a dinner, to which I invited a +number of the men of the labor wing of the Federation, +as well as some others of the committee, together with +Messrs. Wighe and Schaeffer, of Pittsburgh, officers of +the Amalgamated Union, who had led the Homestead +strike.</p> + +<p>Carnegie knew these leaders well, and they knew him. +He called them by their Christian names and they called +him "Andy." They said that night that they and their +colleagues in the union had always believed that that +strike and riot would never have taken place had "Andy" +been present. As a matter of fact, Carnegie's relations +with his men had always been very friendly. He was +unjustly accused of the responsibility for the Homestead +riots, which might not have occurred had he, instead of +Mr. Frick, been in charge of the employers' side. Mr. +Carnegie at the time was in Scotland.</p> + +<p>Only a short while before this Carnegie dinner, Marcus +Hanna had died, and our executive committee offered to +Mr. Carnegie the presidency of the Federation, to succeed +Mr. Hanna. Mr. Carnegie was gratified and very +much touched, especially by the implied confidence on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> +the part of the twelve labor men of the Federation; but +on account of his advanced years he felt that he could +not give the position the attention it deserved. He was, +however, glad to become a member of the executive +committee, and as such revealed himself in a most favorable +light. Beneath his Scotch nimbleness of mind there +was a broad, tolerant, and lovable heart. He met the +laboring men, not as their superior, but as one having a +genuine brotherly interest in their welfare. It became +very evident to us all why he was so highly regarded by +his workmen, and why he had so much influence with +them: they trusted to his fairness and had a real affection +for him personally. In his Autobiography he makes +feeling reference to his connection with the Federation.</p> + +<p>Marcus Hanna, who was known to the country chiefly +through his political activities, was looked upon as the +leader of a group of rich men who had won political power +by commercializing our political system; and was regarded +by many as an evil influence. But in connection +with the great industrial interests that he had built up +in Ohio and elsewhere—coal mines, iron works, shipping, +street railways—little was known of him. He had shown +great capacity as an industrial general in the management +of his men, winning their good-will by fair and +equitable treatment; and it is said he never had a strike +in the industries he administered. He was highly regarded +by the labor leaders, who had confidence in his +fairness to the wage-earners. He did not oppose, as did +so many of the employers of his time, the organization of +labor unions. On the contrary, he believed that such organizations +were necessary adequately to protect the +rights of the workers.</p> + +<p>As chairman of the executive committee of the Civic +Federation, Hanna displayed this better side of his character<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> +and his great ability as an organizer and a leader. +Here he was not the cunning politician, but the genial +head of an industry who recognized the just demands of +the wage-earners and was always generous with them in +regard to compensation and labor conditions.</p> + +<p>The work we did and the experiences we encountered +as officers of the Federation, each group coming into +close contact with the others and adjusting with them +industrial differences, had a decided educational value +for us all. For myself, the study I gave during these years +to the relations between capital and labor, and my active +part in the conciliation and arbitration of labor disputes, +provided me with an intensely practical background +and preparation for the secretaryship of the +Department of Commerce and Labor, which later fell to +my lot. It was this experience and my personal acquaintance +with the representatives of capital and labor all +over the country that induced me, as head of that Department, +to organize the Council of Commerce and to plan +the Council of Labor, to both of which I shall refer more +specifically later.</p> + +<p>The Board of Railway Labor Arbitration of 1912 was +perhaps the most important labor arbitration body +brought into existence up to that time. Its decisions +affected the whole Eastern district: that is, that section +of our country lying east of Chicago and East St. Louis, +and north of the Ohio River to Parkersburg, West Virginia, +and of the Potomac River to its mouth. Fifty-two +railroad lines and over thirty-one thousand engineers +were involved. The latter negotiated through the Brotherhood +of Locomotive Engineers.</p> + +<p>The representatives of the Brotherhood and the members +of the Conference Committee of Managers of the +railroads held several conferences in March, 1912, at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> +which the Brotherhood made certain requests. The conferences +ended with the refusal of the roads to grant these +requests or any part of them, whereupon ninety-three +per cent of the members voted for a strike. Charles P. +Neill, United States Commissioner of Labor, and Judge +Martin A. Knapp, of the United States Commerce +Court, tendered their friendly offices under the Erdman +Act, but were unable to mediate, and the contending parties +would not agree to arbitrate under the provisions +of the Erdman Act. It was then decided to submit the +dispute to a board of arbitration composed of seven members, +one to be chosen by each side, and those two to agree +on the other five within fifteen days of their own appointment.</p> + +<p>The roads chose Daniel Willard, president of the Baltimore +and Ohio Railroad, and the Brotherhood chose P. +H. Morrissey, former grand master of the Brotherhood of +Railroad Trainmen. At the end of fifteen days, these two +had not succeeded in agreeing upon the other five members +of the board, though they had agreed upon a list +from which the five might be chosen. A committee consisting +of Mr. Neill, Judge Knapp, and Chief Justice +White, of the Supreme Court of the United States, then +chose five names from that list, and the final personnel of +the board was as follows: Dr. Charles R. Van Hise, of +Madison, Wisconsin; Frederick N. Judson, of St. Louis; +Dr. Albert Shaw, Otto M. Eidlitz, and myself, of New +York, in addition to Mr. Morrissey and Mr. Willard.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 611px;"> +<img src="images/illus234.jpg" width="611" height="450" alt=" +MEMBERS OF THE RAILWAY BOARD OF ARBITRATION" title="MEMBERS OF THE RAILWAY BOARD OF ARBITRATION" /> +<span class="caption"><i>Copyright by American Press Association</i><br /> + +MEMBERS OF THE RAILWAY BOARD OF ARBITRATION<br /> + +From left to right: Standing: Daniel Willard, Otto M. Eidlitz, Albert Shaw, P.H. Morrissey +Sitting: Charles R. Van Hise, Oscar S. Straus, Frederick N. Judson</span> +</div> + +<p>On July 12th the board met and organized, electing me +as chairman. The decisions of the board were to be binding +for one year and thereafter could be terminated by either +side upon a thirty days' notice. For two weeks we held +hearings, morning and afternoon, at the Oriental Hotel, +Manhattan Beach, New York. When the hearings were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span> +over, the board adjourned until early September, when +the work of making the awards was begun. Because of +my nomination for Governor by the Progressive Party +at the time, I found it advisable to relinquish the chairmanship +of the board to Dr. Van Hise, although I continued +my membership and active interest to the end.</p> + +<p>The hearings were reported and consisted of 1250 pages +of testimony. The questions that confronted the board +were not alone whether or not the wages in a given case +should be raised, but, if it was found that the rate was +inadequate, by what margin should it be increased? It +was fairly difficult to arrive at principles of standardization +applicable to so many roads, and to fix a basis of +differentiation for the many and complicated branches +of employment. The whole subject, however, had our +most careful and painstaking consideration. We took up +the whole intricate problem of the running of railroads, +with relation to the several kinds of work performed by +the engineers, in passenger service, freight service, in +switching, and in yard work, bearing in mind always that +railways were public utilities and that the necessities and +comfort of the whole people depended upon their functioning; +and that therefore the necessity for uninterrupted +service far transcended the interests of either the +roads on the one side or the employees on the other.</p> + +<p>Our decisions as finally printed made a book of one +hundred and twenty-three pages. One of our chief recommendations +was that National and State wage commissions +be created which should function in relation to labor +engaged in public utilities as the public service commissions +functioned toward capital. I quote from the report:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Especially for the public utilities is it important that labor +should have a just wage, and if the existing wages are not adequate, +they should be increased. If a just increase in wages<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> +places the public utilities in a position that does not enable +them to secure a fair return upon capital invested and maintain +a proper reserve, they should be allowed to increase their rates +until they are in that position.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Another point upon which we laid stress was the limitation +of the right to strike:</p> + +<blockquote><p>While it is clear from the public point of view that a concerted +strike of railway employees for a great region would be as +intolerable as a strike of the postal clerks; on the other hand, the +position of the employees is a very natural one. They feel under +existing conditions that the power to strike is their only weapon +of defense against employers and the only means by which they +can enforce a betterment of their conditions of service. They +realize, too, that the principle of concerted action, for all the +railroads in a great section of the country, gives them a most +effective weapon, and they are naturally loath to relinquish +or impair it.</p> + +<p>While this is the situation under the present conditions, and +the railway employees feel that they cannot surrender their +right to strike, the necessity would no longer exist for the exercise +of this power, if there were a wage commission which would +secure them just wages.</p> + +<p>Finally, it is the belief of the Board that in the last analysis +the only solution—unless we are to rely solely upon the restraining +power of public opinion—is to qualify the principle +of free contract in the railroad service. A strike in the army or +navy is mutiny and universally punished as such. The same +principle is applied to seamen because of the public necessity +involved. A strike among postal clerks, as among the teachers +of our public schools, would be unthinkable. In all these cases, +the employment, to borrow a legal phrase, is affected with a +public use; and this of necessity qualifies the right of free concerted +action which exists in private employments.</p> + +<p>However, if the principle be accepted that there are certain +classes of service thus affected with a public interest and men +who enter them are not free concertedly to quit the service, +then these men must be guarded in the matter of wages and +conditions by public protection; and this it is believed can best +be done through an interstate wage commission.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span></p> + +<p>The report was signed by six members of the board, +Mr. Willard adding an explanatory statement. Mr. +Morrissey wrote a dissenting opinion. For a number of +years the findings of this board, with slight alterations, +continued to be effective in adjusting wages for the different +kinds of service among the engineers, and in +governing conditions and number of working hours of the +employees.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The President's Industrial Conference of 1919-20, +of which I was a member, was of value chiefly in that it +correlated the best ideas in practice throughout the +country with regard to the prevention and relief of industrial +unrest and the betterment in general of the relationship +between employer and employee, and that it +published suggestions based on these ideas, of which the +main points were the following:</p> + +<blockquote><p>1. The parties to the dispute may voluntarily submit their +differences for settlement to a board, known as a Regional Adjustment +Conference. This board consists of four representatives +selected by the parties, and four others in their industry +chosen by them and familiar with their problems. The board is +presided over by a trained government official, the regional +chairman, who acts as a conciliator. If a unanimous agreement +is reached, it results in a collective bargain having the same +effect as if reached by joint organization in the shop.</p> + +<p>2. If the Regional Conference fails to agree unanimously, +the matter, with certain restrictions, goes, under the agreement +of submission, to the National Industrial Board, unless the +parties prefer the decision of an umpire selected by them.</p> + +<p>3. The voluntary submission to a Regional Adjustment Conference +carries with it an agreement by both parties that there +shall be no interference with production pending the processes +of adjustment.</p> + +<p>4. If the parties, or either of them, refuse voluntarily to submit +the dispute to the processes of the plan of adjustment, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> +Regional Board of Inquiry is formed by the regional chairman, +of two employers and two employees from the industry, and +not parties to the dispute. This Board has the right, under +proper safeguards, to subpoena witnesses and records, and the +duty to publish its findings as a guide to public opinion.</p> + +<p>5. The National Industrial Board in Washington has general +oversight of the working of the plan.</p> + +<p>6. The plan is applicable also to public utilities, but in such +cases, the government agency, having power to regulate the +service, has two representatives in the Adjustment Conference. +Provision is made for prompt report of its findings to the rate +regulating body. The Conference makes no recommendation +of a plan to cover steam railroads and other carriers, for which +legislation has recently been enacted by Congress. (Esch-Cummins +Bill.)</p> + +<p>7. The plan provides machinery for prompt and fair adjustment +of wages and working conditions of government employees. +It is especially necessary for this class of employees, +who should not be permitted to strike.</p> + +<p>8. The plan involves no penalties other than those imposed +by public opinion. It does not impose compulsory arbitration. +It does not deny the right to strike. It does not submit to +arbitration the policy of the "closed" or "open" shop.</p> + +<p>9. The plan is national in scope and operation, yet it is +decentralized. It is different from anything in operation elsewhere. +It is based upon American experience and is designed +to meet American conditions. It employs no legal authority +except the right of inquiry. Its basic idea is stimulation to +settlement of differences by the parties in conflict, and the +enlistment of public opinion toward enforcing that method of +settlement.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Unfortunately nothing came of the painstaking work +of this conference beyond the publishing of its final +report of March 6, 1920.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The chairmanship of the New York Public Service +Commission did not at all appeal to me when first Governor +Whitman offered it to me. The commission as it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> +then existed had unfortunately lost public confidence to +a large extent, and I felt that it was not the kind of service +for which I was especially qualified. However, it was +pointed out to me that there was constant danger of +strikes on the part of the thousands of workmen engaged +in the construction of subway and elevated extensions, +and an added appeal was made to me in view of the considerable +experience I had had in adjusting labor difficulties. +And so, after declining, I was finally prevailed +upon by the Governor and the late George W. Perkins, +in December, 1915, to accept this arduous duty.</p> + +<p>As soon as it became known that I had accepted the +chairmanship, the Governor received a communication +from William Henry Hodge, the distinguished engineer, +announcing his willingness to serve on the commission, +although before my selection he had refused such appointment. +The other members of the commission were: +Charles E. Hervey, William Hayward, and Traverse H. +Whitney. Messrs. Hayward and Hodge left the commission, +when we entered the war, to join the army. Mr. +Hayward was commissioned Colonel, having organized +the 15th New York, afterward the 369th United States +Infantry, a regiment of colored men who performed gallant +service in France. Mr. Hodge was commissioned +Major and was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel, and +gave his splendid talents to the services of his country in +building roads to the battle fronts of France. Due to his +strenuous labors over there, this gifted engineer and +exemplary patriot died shortly after the armistice.</p> + +<p>The commission had charge of the building of the subways +and elevated lines then in process, as well as the +regulation of traffic and all public utilities. As the war +progressed, it became clearer that our country would +inevitably be drawn in, and therefore increasingly important<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> +that nothing should prevent the functioning of +our public utilities. And accordingly it was not long before +my services as adjuster and arbitrator of labor difficulties +were needed. The cost of living was rapidly rising, +and there was great unrest among laborers; and the +demand for skilled and unskilled labor grew day by day. +When our country entered the war, it was highly important +for the moral effect upon our own people, as well as +to avoid giving encouragement to our enemies, that the +transportation system of our greatest metropolis should +operate without interruption. During the following year +and a half I was able to adjust a dozen or more important +labor disputes and to prevent a number of strikes. The +situation was complicated by the fact that the laborers +were not employees of the commission, but of the several +contractors to whom contracts had been awarded under +conditions of fierce competition, so that every increase in +wages materially affected their profits and in the end +caused many of them to suffer considerable loss. I had to +appeal to the patriotism of both sides, and it is a pleasure +to be able to state that in every instance the response was +most gratifying.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IX</h2> + +<h3>IN THE CABINET</h3> + +<blockquote><p>Roosevelt offers me a place in his Cabinet—I retire permanently from private +business—I become Secretary of the Department of Commerce and Labor—-The +scope of the department—My bureau chiefs—At home in the Venetian +Palace—Cabinet dinners—What Roosevelt drank—Roosevelt's fondness +for terrapin—South Carolina labor immigration—The Japanese question; +the "Gentlemen's Agreement"; General Kuroki's visit; the courts and Japanese +naturalization—My trip to Hawaii; Viscount Ishii—Japanese transits +between Canada and Mexico; Japanese immigration statistics; I suggest +a naturalization treaty with Japan—Anti-Japanese agitation renewed in +California—The Four Power Treaty of the Washington Conference—Immigration +head tax immunity for diplomats—Revision of naturalization laws; +prevention of fraudulent naturalization—More frequent steamboat inspection +—The Alaskan salmon fisheries—Organization of the Council of Commerce, +predecessor to the Chamber of Commerce of the United States—The +Council of Labor—Roosevelt's Nobel Peace Prize Foundation—A visit to +Georgia; my old homes at Columbus and Talbotton—Quentin Roosevelt—Social +life in Washington; Christmas celebration in the White House; the +President's New Year's reception; I give the last Cabinet dinner.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>Before I became a member of President Roosevelt's +official family, I was in what he termed his "kitchen +cabinet." My experiences in both cabinets are among the +treasured recollections of my life.</p> + +<p>We were the unofficial advisers who met round the +luncheon and dinner table and afterwards in the White +House study, where the President spoke without reserve +of his executive problems and read for our criticism +and counsel his rough drafts of congressional messages, +speeches, and notes to foreign governments.</p> + +<p>Holding no portfolios of state, these "kitchen cabinet +ministers" yet gave of their best; were always prepared +to toil to any extent to be of assistance to the President. +He had the quality of vitalizing things—a situation or +condition coming within his executive ken became so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> +charged with life and imagination that men wanted to +put their hands and minds to it. They served Roosevelt +as energetically and loyally as if the grave responsibilities +of state were upon their own shoulders.</p> + +<p>International relations and labor arbitration were the +public activities which interested me most. The President +had appointed me a member of the permanent +board of arbitration at The Hague to succeed the late +Benjamin Harrison, and shortly thereafter in his charming +manner had designated me as a member of his +"kitchen cabinet." Thus there had commenced for me +a memorable series of conferences.</p> + +<p>There is much misapprehension regarding Roosevelt's +so-called impulsiveness. This was evident to those who +had an intimate view of the man at work. He was quick. +He was a prodigious worker. He was so constituted and +so self-trained that he had to do things immediately, get +them out of the way. What people called his impulsiveness +might have been more aptly termed his preparedness.</p> + +<p>I had hundreds of opportunities to observe his methods. +When he accepted an invitation to deliver an address +or write an article, he would prepare it immediately, +even if the occasion were two, three, or six months off. +He revised considerably, showed his work freely to +friends and associates for criticisms, but completed it at +the earliest opportunity. He never waited. This method +served to perfect his thought and expression on a given +subject. His promptness left him free for other things.</p> + +<p>The President never seemed to be hurried, though he +always worked with a wonderful driving force. He +seemed never to waste any time. It was play or work, +and both with his whole heart.</p> + +<p>His public addresses were almost invariably the result<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> +of preparation. It was seldom that he spoke extemporaneously. +The fire and animation which he imparted in +the delivery of his speeches certainly conveyed no impression +that they might have been carefully prepared +and considered at a desk in a study. The pages of his +manuscript were so small and inconspicuous that they +did not interfere with his natural gestures. The effect +was almost as if he spoke extemporaneously. The written +address, printed on sheets about 3 × 6 inches, and held +in one hand, was completely lost sight of by the audience +in those moments when Colonel Roosevelt became emphatic. +In those moments he also interspersed extemporaneous +remarks which brought out his arguments +more vividly and forcefully.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>I stopped in Washington and called on President +Roosevelt, early in January of 1906, on my return from a +short vacation in the South. He took me into his private +room, where we found his personal and political friend, +James H. Sheffield, and Senator Spooner. He spoke +about the political changes in New York, the defeat of +the machine in that State, the election of Herbert Parsons +as chairman of the County Committee, and of young +Wadsworth (now United States Senator), son-in-law of +John Hay, as Speaker of the House. He took a special delight +in the election of both of these men; he had a high +regard for them personally and for what they stood. He +said he had written a letter to Parsons which he hoped +would be helpful to him.</p> + +<p>The President asked me to come to lunch with him, +which was another of those delightful, informal meetings. +Besides Mrs. Roosevelt, his daughter Alice, and her +fiancé, there were William Dudley Foulke, a former colleague +of the President on the Civil Service Commission<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> +and friend of mine from my college days; Robert Hitt +son of Congressman Hitt; and Lieutenant Fortesque, an +officer of the Rough Riders.</p> + +<p>After luncheon, the President asked me to wait for him +in the Red Room, as he wanted to have a talk with me. +When the other guests had departed, he came back to me +and with his face beaming with geniality he said: "I don't +know whether you know it or not, but I want you to +become a member of my Cabinet. I have a very high +estimate of your character, your judgment, and your +ability, and I want you for personal reasons. There is +still a further reason: I want to show Russia and some +other countries what we think of the Jews in this country."</p> + +<p>Of course I was gratified, very much gratified. I told +him I had heard from several persons that he had spoken +of this intention, but that I had meant to take no notice +of it until he should speak to me about it; that I should +certainly esteem it the very highest honor to become a +member of the Cabinet, and especially to have the privilege +of working alongside of him.</p> + +<p>"I knew you would feel just that way; therefore I was +anxious to let you know of my intention as long in advance +as possible," replied the President. He said all +this in such a cordial and affectionate manner that I was +profoundly touched with this manifestation of close +friendship for me.</p> + +<p>He then added that he could not see that it would do +any good, and might do harm, to make further protests or +utterances regarding the massacres in Russia under the +disorganized conditions there; and he did not want to do +anything that might sound well here and have just the +opposite effect there. He thought it would be much more +pointed evidence of our Government's interest if he put +a man like me into his Cabinet, and that such a course<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> +would doubtless have a greater influence than any words +with the countries in which unreasonable discrimination +and prejudice prevailed.</p> + +<p>He told me that it might be July or even later before +he could carry out his purpose. He would prefer to put +me at the head of the Department of Commerce and +Labor, because of my knowledge in that field, but he +could not determine the specific position until later. But +at any rate, I was to regard my appointment to one of +the Cabinet positions as certain.</p> + +<p>He asked whether I knew Senator Platt, and indicated +that it might be well for several of my friends to have a +talk with the Senator. But he quickly added that it +would make no difference to him whether it suited the +New York Senator or not, though it might perhaps be a +little more agreeable if I did not have the latter's opposition. +I preferred to feel that my selection was personal, +which it really was, and without even the semblance of +political influence; so I did not ask any of my friends to +speak to Senator Platt, nor did I think he would oppose +me.</p> + +<p>My wife and the rest of my family were of course +elated at hearing the news, particularly my brother +Isidor, whose attitude toward me, his youngest brother, +was always more like that of an affectionate father than +a brother. I felt no trepidation, especially should I be +selected for the Department of Commerce and Labor. +My past training and interest in many of the subjects +that came up under that department made me conversant +with the main questions it had to administer.</p> + +<p>Upon my return to New York I began to make arrangements +for severing all business connections. This +I thought wise, particularly if I became head of the +Department of Commerce and Labor. It was not a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> +necessary step, but I wanted it never to be said that I +advocated any measure or made any decision that might +in the remotest way be of advantage to my private interests. +I spoke to Roosevelt about my intention, and +he said that while it was not essential, if I could do so it +would on the whole be advisable; that situated similarly +he would do the same thing himself. Before assuming +office, therefore, I had retired from business for good, and +I have not since that time been connected with any business +for personal profit.</p> + +<p>My nomination was officially made in September, but +it was not until early December, 1906, that I received a +letter from William Loeb, Jr., the President's secretary, +notifying me that the President desired me to assume +office on December 17th. On that day, accordingly, I +appeared at 9 <span class="smcap"><small>A.M.</small></span> at the Department of Commerce and +Labor, then located in the Willard Building across the +street from the Hotel Willard on Fourteenth Street. +There I met my predecessor, Victor H. Metcalf, who had +been appointed Secretary of the Navy. Mr. Metcalf +welcomed me in a brief address and introduced me to the +twelve bureau and five division chiefs of the department.</p> + +<p>The Department of Commerce and Labor was the +youngest of the nine departments of the Government, the +bill creating it having been approved by President Roosevelt +on February 14, 1903. Roosevelt had done much to +establish the department and took great pride in it. The +first Secretary of Commerce and Labor was George B. +Cortelyou, who had been secretary to the President, and +by reason of his intimate relations with the officials of the +Government was admirably equipped to organize this +department, which he did with great skill and administrative +ability. After holding the office for about a year +and a half, Secretary Cortelyou became Postmaster-General,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> +and Victor H. Metcalf, Congressman from California, +was appointed, thereby becoming the next Secretary +of the Department on July 1, 1904; I was therefore the +third.</p> + +<p>The scope of the Department as constituted then was +probably the largest of the nine branches of the Government. +It was charged with the work of promoting the +commerce, mining, manufacturing, shipping, and fishery +industries of the country, as well as its transportation +facilities and its labor interests; in addition it had +jurisdiction over the entire subject of immigration. It +had twelve bureaus: corporations; manufactures; labor; +lighthouses; census; coast and geodetic survey; statistics, +including foreign commerce; steamboat inspection; immigration +and naturalization; and standards.</p> + +<p>In order to coördinate the work of these various bureaus +I instituted the simple method employed by large +business administrators of having the several bureau +chiefs come together with me twice a month to discuss +and confer regarding the more important administrative +subjects. This enabled me to keep better informed and +served to make the various heads of bureaus conversant +with the whole scope of the Department, preventing overlapping +and duplication of functions. I learned that this +simple administrative method had never been made use +of before in federal departments, but thereafter it was +adopted by several of the other department heads.</p> + +<p>Thanks to Mr. Cortelyou's admirable organization of +the department, I found, almost without exception, a fine +and competent set of men in charge of its several branches. +Some of them were friends of Roosevelt, members of his +"tennis cabinet," and were thoroughly imbued with his +spirit and ideals. The assistant secretary was Lawrence +O. Murray, a capable and conscientious official. James<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> +R. Garfield, chief of the Bureau of Corporations, devoted +himself to the difficult task of exposing the abuses and +legal infractions of some of the great corporations, and +did it with judgment and ability, and with conspicuous +courage. Charles P. Neill, chief of the Bureau of Labor, +a laboring man in his early days, and afterwards an instructor +at Notre Dame, and professor of economics at +the Catholic University, in Washington, D.C., was eminently +qualified for his duties and had the confidence +alike of labor leaders and employers. Dr. Samuel W. +Stratton, a scientist of distinction and a fine administrator, +was then chief of the Bureau of Standards, a veritable +institution of science.</p> + +<p>Fortunately, when the Department of Commerce and +Labor was organized, the civil service law applied to all +appointments excepting bureau chiefs, so that I was able +to devote my time to the duties of my office, free from +claims of patronage, which had been the bane of the older +departments of the Government before the civil service +law became so generally operative.</p> + +<p>My wife had so promptly put our household in order +that in a week after our arrival, we were comfortably +installed in our Washington home, No. 2600 Sixteenth +Street, a house known as the "Venetian Palace" from +the style of its architecture. It was a new house, built by +Mrs. John B. Henderson, and well suited to our needs +and for entertaining. The social functions in Washington +I found most agreeable. During the season we either gave +a dinner or attended a dinner on an average of five evenings +a week, but these occasions were not burdensome +because they usually ended by ten-thirty o'clock.</p> + +<p>According to custom, President Roosevelt at the beginning +of the season designated the date on which each +Cabinet member was to give a dinner to the President,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> +and the date assigned to me was February 19th. It had +been usual for each host to invite to this dinner all the +other Cabinet members and their wives, which left little +opportunity to invite others. Roosevelt changed this +custom so that other friends of the host were invited +rather than one's fellow members in the Cabinet. Foreign +diplomats also were not invited, the entire purpose being +to give these occasions the character of intimate gatherings, +not large, usually from eighteen to twenty-five +guests.</p> + +<p>Our dinner went pleasantly. The President was in his +usual good humor. Wines were served liberally, but it +was Roosevelt's habit to drink very little. This I had +observed on several previous occasions, both at the White +House and elsewhere. Roosevelt usually took some white +wine with apollinaris, and perhaps a glass of champagne. +For this dinner my wife had secured the additional services +of a certain colored cook in Washington, a woman +famous for preparing terrapin, which was one of Roosevelt's +favorite dishes.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Tuesday and Friday mornings, beginning at eleven +o'clock, were the regular days for the meetings of the +Cabinet, then as now. The day after taking office, therefore, +I attended my first meeting, taking the chair assigned +to me. It was labeled on the back "Secretary of +Commerce and Labor, December 17, 1906."</p> + +<p>The Cabinet table is oblong, the President seated at +the head, and to his right and his left the secretaries in the +order in which their departments were created—Secretary +of State first to the President's right, Secretary of the +Treasury first to the left, and so on. Being head of +the ninth and youngest Department, my seat was at +the foot of the table, opposite the President.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span>The meetings were informal and no minutes were taken +or other record made. After some brief preliminary talk, +in which the President often had some incident to relate +or some amusing caricature or savage attack upon himself +to exhibit, the business of the day began. The President +calls on every secretary, but in no fixed order. He +presents such matters as he may deem important, and +upon which he may want discussion and advice.</p> + +<p>At this meeting I intended not to bring up anything, +preferring to wait, as the saying is, until I got "warm in +my seat." But an important matter had come up that +very morning upon which I had made a decision, based +on the carefully reasoned opinion by the solicitor of the +department, Mr. Charles Earl. The State of South +Carolina, under one of its recent laws, had authorized its +State Commissioner of Immigration to go to Europe and +select a number of skilled factory hands for the industrial +establishments of the State. There were about four hundred +and fifty of these immigrants, and there was some +question about admitting them. The Immigration Law +of 1903, as well as previous laws, excepted the State from +its contract labor clauses, and I therefore decided upon +their admission.</p> + +<p>Indeed, no subject in the department occupied my +daily attention to the extent that immigration did. +Fortunately, at the chief port of entry, Ellis Island in the +New York Bay, there was a capable, conscientious, +efficient commissioner, Robert Watchorn.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 828px;"> +<img src="images/illus252.jpg" width="828" height="450" alt="THE ROOSEVELT CABINET" title="THE ROOSEVELT CABINET" /> +<span class="caption"><i>Copyright by Clinedinst</i><br /> + +THE ROOSEVELT CABINET<br /> + +Left to right: The President, Root, Straus, Garfield, Metcalf, Cortelyou, Taft, Meyer, Wilson, Bonaparte</span> +</div> + +<p>The right of the immigrant to land, after his medical +examination, was based upon the decision of a board of +inquiry. This board often made hurried and ill-considered +decisions, especially when the immigration was +large. In the case of exclusion, the immigrant has the +right to appeal to the Secretary of the Department of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> +Commerce and Labor. Of course, cases coming under +certain portions of the exclusion provisions, such as contract +labor, mental deficiency, affliction with loathsome +and contagious diseases, were easily enough disposed of; +but under the provision "Likely to become a public +charge" there was room for the personal attitude of the +members of the board, and the fate of the immigrant then +depended on whether or not these men were restrictionists. +I felt that there was a domestic tragedy involved in +every one of these cases, and as the law placed the ultimate +decision upon the Secretary, I decided this responsibility +was one that should not be delegated; so day by +day I took up these decisions myself, frequently taking +the papers home with me and carefully reviewing them +before retiring.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Important among the immigration subjects were those +which presented phases of the Japanese question, the immigration +<i>en masse</i> of Japanese to the Pacific Coast States, +California in particular. The question was brought up by +Secretary Root at one of the Cabinet meetings. The city +of San Francisco had taken action excluding Japanese +from the public schools. It was deemed detrimental for +the white children of tender ages to be in the same classes +with older and even adult Japanese who came to these +schools to learn English. My predecessor, who was a +resident of California, had investigated and was conversant +with all aspects of the case.</p> + +<p>The President insisted that, as it directly affected the +relations between the two nations, it was a national concern. +Several members of the Cabinet also regarded the +subject as one having serious probabilities. Secretary +Root asked me whether I could furnish some data as to +the use made of Hawaii by Japanese immigrants for circumventing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> +our contract labor law, as many of the Japanese +immigrants were coming to the mainland via Hawaii. +Upon looking into this question I found during the year +previous fully two thirds of the Japanese came via +Hawaii. The President took the situation in hand and +had the mayor of San Francisco and other leaders of the +Japanese agitation come to Washington.</p> + +<p>The obnoxious matter was finally adjusted with Japan +in a manner to allay irritation by a "Gentlemen's Agreement," +by which that country itself was to prevent the +emigration of its laboring classes. It was, of course, much +better that the Japanese interdict emigration of their own +people than that we offend that nation's pride by preventing +their entrance, although it was made clear that +we should pass an exclusion law if they did not take +prompt and effective action.</p> + +<p>With some exceptions, this plan worked well. The +whole Japanese question, however, was still smouldering. +A few months later, during a call at the Department, the +Japanese ambassador mentioned to me that in some parts +of the Pacific Coast the Japanese were being molested +in the streets and that, of course, such things made bad +blood and stirred up the people in Japan, with which I +had to agree. I admitted that this was an outrage, stating +that I was sure our respective governments would +do all in their power to maintain good relations, to which +he replied that he did not see how those good relations +could be disturbed.</p> + +<p>Ambassador Aoki then referred to the naturalization of +his countrymen in the United States. I told him that on +that question I agreed entirely with the President, who +in one of his recent speeches had dwelt emphatically on +it, advocating laws for the naturalization of Japanese the +same as accorded to other aliens. He then mentioned the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> +Executive Order of the President with reference to Japanese +immigration and the regulations for the enforcement +of it. I told him I had these regulations in hand and he +could rely upon me to make them so as to avoid every +possible friction and reflect in every way the broad and +liberal spirit of the administration; also that under the +immigration act the matter was to a large extent in +the control of Japan in issuing limited passports to the +special classes affected, namely, skilled and unskilled +labor.</p> + +<p>After one of the Cabinet meetings I had a conversation +with Secretary Root and submitted to him redrafted regulations +for any suggestion or amendment that might +appear to him desirable, for I was anxious that the Secretary +of State should give the regulations critical examination, +in view of their affecting our relations with +Japan. He returned them to me within a few days with +one or two slight changes, which I adopted, and out of +them grew the "limited passports" provision of the Immigration +Act of 1907.</p> + +<p>From time to time I brought up the Japanese situation +and emphasized that I regarded it in a most serious light. +Meanwhile, whenever the opportunity presented itself I +did whatever was possible to promote good-will between +the two countries. Japan's great military chief, General +Tamemoto Kuroki, paid a visit to the United States, and +was given a gala dinner at the Hotel Astor in New York, +following ovations to him all the way across the continent +from the time he landed at San Francisco. There were +over a thousand guests. Admiral Dewey was presiding +officer; John H. Finley was toastmaster, and it was felt +he was particularly chosen, being president of the College +of the City of New York, because of the protest this +would imply against the exclusion of Japanese children<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> +from the San Francisco public schools. I was invited to +deliver an address, in which I said:</p> + +<blockquote><p>The Government and people of Japan, not unmindful of the +good-will and early friendship of our country, are too wise to +permit the San Francisco school incident, which was fostered +by ignorance and propagated by injustice, to cloud their just +appreciation of the enlightened spirit of American institutions.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Captain Tanaka, of General Kuroki's staff, had handed +me in translation a message that the General had prepared +for the American people, which I read in the course of my +address. It was as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>The Japanese people love peace. They fought for peace. +My nation wants peace in which to develop the opportunities +that are hers. We have no other desire.</p> + +<p>The profession which I have the misfortune to follow is noble +only because sometimes it is necessary to establish conditions +in which peace may be maintained and in which the arts of +peace may flourish.</p></blockquote> + +<p>To this I added that nobler sentiments never fell from the +lips of a conquering hero, and they would stand beside +those uttered by our hero of the Appomattox: "Let us +have peace." This was received with much enthusiasm.</p> + +<p>Early in June, 1907, there was another outbreak in San +Francisco against the restaurant keepers, and telegrams +from Tokyo told of the irritation this caused among the +people in Japan. At the Cabinet meeting I took the +subject up again with considerable emphasis. I pointed +out that these incidents were accumulating and were +bristling with grave consequences; that Japan had come +into the front rank among nations and could not afford +to permit us or any other nation to slap her, as it were, +in the face, or to treat her even in small things as a nation +of inferior race. I brought up the subject of Japanese naturalization.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span> +As the law stood, a Japanese could not be +naturalized, according to the rulings of one or two judges +of the United States courts; but the subject had never +been finally decided. A short time previous to this a +Japanese seaman in Florida had filed a petition for +naturalization which was granted, and I referred the +matter to the Attorney-General to see whether that +would not afford an incident wherewith to test the law. +But no action was taken.</p> + +<p>At first the President did not seem to attach to the +subject the importance that I did, but Secretary Root +immediately spoke up that he agreed with my view of it, +and as the discussion went along, the rest of the Cabinet, +as well as the President, gradually came over to my view. +At the end the President remarked: "I am very glad you +brought up that subject."</p> + +<p>During the discussion I reviewed the whole legal aspect +of the matter, and referred to the fact that the several +decisions made had been based on Chinese precedents. +I also touched on the ethnological aspect, that it was +doubtful whether the Japanese could be classed as Mongolians. +This phase appealed to Roosevelt, who seemed +well informed in ethnological studies. I felt rather +gratified with this thorough discussion of the subject. It +had interested me for years, and I had been ruminating +on it for several weeks.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>At the last Cabinet meeting before the vacation season, +each member referred to his plans for the summer. I had +decided to combine business with pleasure by taking a +trip along the Canadian border from Montreal to Vancouver +to inspect the lighthouse and immigration services, +then down the Pacific Coast and to Hawaii, where I +might acquaint myself with regard to immigration as it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> +affected the Japanese question. The President thought +this would be a useful trip and urged me to take it.</p> + +<p>In the administration of a department such as that of +Commerce and Labor, it was important to familiarize +one's self as much as possible with its outlying branches, +to become personally acquainted with the various officers +and the details of their work and surroundings, thereby to +enable one better to do the administrative work than by +remaining at one's desk.</p> + +<p>After leaving Vancouver we stopped a few days each +at Seattle, Portland, and San Francisco, where I conferred +with the officials of the Department. From San Francisco +we took a steamer to Hawaii, on board which we met +George R. Carter, Governor of Hawaii, returning from +a vacation in the United States, and Congressman and +Mrs. Nicholas Longworth. It made a very pleasant party.</p> + +<p>The authorities and the population gave us a rousing +welcome, cannons saluted, and the militia was out to +escort us. Only once before since the island became +United States territory had a Cabinet official paid a visit, +and that was two years before when Secretary of War +Taft stopped there for a few days <i>en route</i> to Japan. We +were comfortably installed in the Hotel Moana, in the +suburb of Waikiki.</p> + +<p>The islanders showered upon us bounteous hospitality +in every conceivable form. We participated in rounds of +dinners and receptions. Governor and Mrs. Carter entertained +the Longworths and us in the official residence, the +former palace of the Hawaiian rulers, in the throne room +of which hung the portraits of those rulers from earliest +times to the deposed Queen Liliuokalani. The reception +was a brilliant occasion. The leading officials and the +<i>élite</i> of the population were there; the grounds were +beautifully illuminated; and the Royal Hawaiian Band<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> +played the soft, plaintive music so typical of the mild +temperament of the people and the luxuriant foliage of +the island. My time was much taken up with official and +semi-official duties. The island residents impressed me +with the great need for better shipping facilities between +the mainland and the islands. The coastwise shipping +laws applying to them since annexation penalized the +carrying of passengers or freight in other than American +bottoms. Foreign ships accepting either passengers or +freight to American ports on the coast were heavily fined. +The result was, not only inconvenience to residents who +for one reason or another needed to leave the islands, but +the loss of much perishable freight, principally fruit, +which rotted on the wharves waiting for American ships. +I promised them that I would do everything in my power +to help them get the shipping facilities they needed.</p> + +<p>A delegation of Japanese editors, representing the four +Japanese newspapers of Honolulu, called to ascertain +my views regarding Japanese matters in the islands, +what my policy was with regard to Japanese immigration, +and whether I believed that the preponderance of +Japanese people in Hawaii was inimical to the interests +of the territory. I answered them:</p> + +<blockquote><p>An ideal condition for the future welfare of these islands +would be that there should not be too great a preponderance of +any one race, but that an equilibrium be maintained.</p> + +<p>I would impress upon you, and upon each of the several races +here, to have a care not to exploit these islands and their resources +for the benefit of the country from which they come, +but to act in the spirit of loyalty to the government under +which they live; of loyalty to the interests of the islands which +afford such happy and ideal homes for them and their children. +I am gratified that the public school system has such a great +influence upon the young, who grow up with the American +ideals and respect for the liberty of the individual. I would like<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> +to see an increasing number of Americans from the mainland +come and settle in these islands, if for no other reason than to +guarantee for all time to come the continuance of the American +spirit for the benefit and welfare of all peoples who have made +and will make their homes here.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Unfortunately the time at my disposal did not permit +my visiting the various islands. We did, however, see +everything to be seen at Oahu, the island upon which +Honolulu is situated. Rear-Admiral Very took us on the +U.S.S. Iroquois to visit Pearl Harbor, the famous landlocked +bay large enough to shelter the battle fleets of +several nations. We also visited the Waialua pineapple +plantation and cannery, where twenty thousand cans of +the large, luscious fruit were put up daily. The processes +of paring, coring, slicing, and canning were done by +machinery with great speed, and we enjoyed tasting the +fruit as much as any school children might.</p> + +<p>In Honolulu I met Viscount Ishii, who was then Japanese +under-Secretary of State. He has since been ambassador +at Washington and at this writing is ambassador at +Paris. We had frequent conferences and went over the +whole Japanese question. He had fully informed himself +upon all phases of the subject, as well as regarding the +idiosyncrasies of the Pacific Coast States in opposing the +immigration of Japanese laborers. Ishii's thorough understanding +of the situation at that time did much to smooth +ruffled feelings in Japan. The Viscount returned to the +States on the steamer with us.</p> + +<p>As we sailed out of the harbor on the Asia, bedecked +with Hawaiian flowers, the Royal Hawaiian Band played +its farewell music. The last words we heard from the +Hawaiian shore were "Aloha Nui," the Hawaiian farewell.</p> + +<p>I had satisfied myself that, so far as concerned the carrying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> +out of the President's Executive Order of March 14, +1907, the Japanese officials in both Hawaii and Japan +were doing everything in their power. Hawaii at the +time had a population of about 160,000, in round figures, +of which about 80,000 were Japanese, 20,000 Chinese, +and 25,000 native Hawaiians. Of the white element the +biggest percentage were Portuguese, who numbered +about 22,000, while all other Caucasians together, principally +American, British, and German, numbered +14,000. It therefore behooved our officials on the islands, +in the Pacific ports, and along the Mexican border, to be +especially watchful to carry out the regulations which +the Department had formulated with regard to the admission +of Japanese or Korean skilled and unskilled labor.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Soon after my return I had a conference with the +President at Oyster Bay. The President informed me +that Secretary Taft was about to leave for Japan, to go +from there to Russia by the Siberian Railroad. He said +he had authorized him to see what could be done toward +overcoming the difficulties in our relations, and what +might be the effect in Japan if we were to endeavor to +pass a law giving naturalization to Japanese exclusive of +the laboring classes and the small traders who practically +belonged to the same class. This subject the President +had urged in his last Message to Congress.</p> + +<p>On October 25th I brought up in the Cabinet meeting, +for the information of the President, statistics regarding +Japanese immigration up to October 1, 1907, which +showed that the immigration for the twelve months then +ended was almost double that of the preceding twelve +months, and also that there had been an appreciable +increase since April 1, when the President's Executive +Order went into effect, compared with the previous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> +months. The statistics regarding the transit of Japanese +between Mexico and Canada showed that something like +six hundred and seventy registered from April to September, +but only about one third that number actually made +the transits. It was presumed, therefore, that the rest got +off within United States territory.</p> + +<p>The President seemed very much annoyed with this +condition of things. I recalled to his mind that when the +regulations under his Executive Order were originally +presented by me, they contained a clause, along the lines +of the Chinese regulation on the subject, to prevent the +abuse of transit privileges, but that he and the Cabinet +had decided it to be unwise to put in that clause. A few +months thereafter, when we first suspected the abuse of +transit privileges, I directed an accurate account to be +taken of these transits, the result of which I now presented.</p> + +<p>The first impulse of the President was to direct that +all transit be denied, but I pointed out that that would +raise considerable objection, as it would place the Japanese +in a special class in that respect. He insisted that +something must be done. I suggested that the problem +needed careful thought and I would take it up and prepare +regulations similar to those for the Chinese. This I +did, and the Japanese regulations differ only in that we +do not require the photographing of the person to make +the transit.</p> + +<p>I did not propose to drop the matter of Japanese immigration +and naturalization. Again and again I brought +it up in Cabinet meetings. I believed the best way of +adjusting the difficulties was to try to negotiate a treaty +with Japan permitting the naturalization of Japanese +other than laboring classes, and in return excluding all +who came within the category of skilled or unskilled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> +labor. The belief that such a treaty could be negotiated +was confirmed by my talks with Ishii both at Honolulu +and later when he visited Washington. The right to +naturalization would be taken advantage of by only five +or six thousand and would not, of course, be granted to +the laborers then resident in the United States.</p> + +<p>There were about seventy-three thousand Japanese in +the United States, and it was fair to assume that two +thirds of these were of the laboring class. Of the remainder +there was a small percentage of women and +children, and then there were those born in America. +Japanese eligible for citizenship would therefore not +exceed ten or twelve thousand, and it was reasonable to +assume that not more than half of them would be willing +to throw off their native allegiance. My belief was that +such an adjustment of the problem would leave no irritation +behind it.</p> + +<p>The President did not think such a treaty would be +confirmed by the Senate, and to have it rejected would +make matters worse. Secretary Metcalf thought the +California members would not agree to such an arrangement. +Notwithstanding these objections I was of the +opinion that such force of argument could be found in +favor of the arrangement that even representatives from +California would not fail to see its advantage.</p> + +<p>The whole question simmered along for a year or more, +during which our understanding with Japan in regard to +the "Gentlemen's Agreement" and the regulations under +it were put into concrete and final shape; that is, a letter +was written by the Japanese ambassador to our Secretary +of State setting forth the understanding of Japan, to +which the Secretary replied accepting that understanding +and setting forth the amicable relations existing between +the two countries.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span>In late January, 1909, there was a recrudescence of +anti-Japanese legislation in California. There were introduced +in the State legislature three bills: (a) to exclude +Japanese from ownership of land; (b) to segregate the +Japanese in special districts of the city; (c) to prohibit +Japanese from attending the public schools. With his +usual good judgment the President telegraphed the +Governor of California saying he was writing him and +asking that he withhold any legislation affecting the +Japanese until the receipt of that letter. For the time +being this action had the desired effect.</p> + +<p>The legislature of California was somewhat under the +influence of agitators, like the Japanese and Korean +Restriction League and some labor bodies. It was believed +that the general sentiment of California was +against such legislation, but either to avoid conflict, or +from indifference or lack of public spirit, such sentiment +did not make its influence felt. I had given out figures +from month to month showing the number of immigrants +from Japan as compared with previous figures. I then +made public statistics which showed that for the calendar +year 1907 the number of immigrants was 12,400, whereas +for the calendar year 1908, after the Japanese Government +had taken the matter in hand in accordance with +the "Gentlemen's Agreement," the number of immigrants +was 4400. Deducting the figure for the emigration +from that 4400 left a total increase of Japanese population +of only 185 for the year. The California agitators claimed +my figures were erroneous, and that hordes of Japanese +were surreptitiously coming from the Canadian and +Mexican borders. I gave out several interviews to the +press to the effect that the figures were absolutely correct; +that it was absurd to deny their correctness as I had +proofs in my hands; and that if the Californians still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> +doubted them a committee might call on me and I should +gladly lay my proofs before them. I had sent a copy of +these figures, certified by me, to the California authorities.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Happily our relations with Japan are now more peaceful +than they have been for some time, and to a large +degree this has been accomplished by the Four Power +Treaty negotiated at the Washington Conference on the +Limitation of Armaments in December, 1921. The various +vexatious instances that I have referred to were stimulated +by German officers stationed in the Far East and +fostered by the sensational press in both Japan and our +own country. By this means these happenings were +exaggerated far beyond their significance. The Anglo-Japanese +Alliance of 1911 came into being because of the +aggression of Germany and Russia in the Far East. +After the World War, of course, this condition no longer +obtained, and as the <i>raison d'ętre</i> of the alliance had +therefore vanished, there was a justified feeling in America +that the continuance of the treaty was a menace to our +country. This fact was not unrecognized in Great Britain +itself. As Mr. Balfour stated at the Washington Conference, +it was necessary to "annul, merge, destroy, as it +were, this ancient and outward and unnecessary agreement, +and replace it by something new, something effective, +which should embrace all the powers concerned +in the vast area of the Pacific." By the Four Power +Treaty the Anglo-Japanese Alliance was automatically +discontinued, and Great Britain, the United States, +France, and Japan became associated in friendly partnership +as guardians of the peace in the Far East.</p> + +<p>So far as concerns the relationship between our country +and Japan, the transcendent importance of this treaty +has been to supersede and overshadow all these minor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> +matters that before were continually menacing our good +relations. By the reservations prepared by the American +delegates, and accepted by the other powers, it is provided +that the treaty "shall not be taken to embrace +questions which according to principles of international +law lie exclusively within the domestic jurisdiction of the +respective powers." Verily this treaty stands out as one +of the great achievements of the Washington Conference.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>To return to immigration problems during my incumbency +as Secretary of the Department of Commerce and +Labor, a minor though nevertheless annoying matter +needing adjustment was the regulation with regard to the +head tax. After the passage of the Immigration Law of +1903 a head tax of two dollars was levied upon all alien +passengers, including even officials of foreign governments. +In 1905 Attorney-General Moody had given an +opinion to the effect that the tax applied to all alien +passengers, whether officers of foreign governments or +not. I thought this contrary to the law of nations and +to well-established diplomatic usages recognized throughout +the world.</p> + +<p>As the subject also came within the province of another +department, namely, the Department of State, I naturally +brought it up at a Cabinet meeting. The President +recommended that I issue orders in accordance with my +suggestion, and Secretary Root agreed that it was an +outrage to levy such a tax upon the representatives of +foreign governments. Informally I took the matter up +with Attorney-General Bonaparte, but as the decision +against this immunity had been made by his Department +he felt himself bound by the decision of his predecessor. +He suggested that I issue the order on my own responsibility, +but I decided for the time being not to do so. At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> +a later Cabinet meeting I again brought up the matter, +this time reading the order as I proposed it. The President +and Secretary Root, also Secretary Taft, agreed +that it should be issued, and this I did.</p> + +<p>At the same time I discussed a provision of the Immigration +Act of 1906 requiring masters of all vessels +bringing in aliens, without exception, to fill out a blank +or manifest giving the age, sex, calling, nationality, race, +of each alien, and whether able to read or write, and +whether anarchist or not. These blanks then had to be +signed by the aliens. I prepared two circulars, one ordering +the discontinuance of the head tax and the other discontinuing +the filling out of these blanks so far as concerned +diplomatic or consular officials and other persons +duly accredited from foreign governments to the United +States, in service or in transit.</p> + +<p>At dinner at the British ambassador's home some +weeks thereafter Lady Bryce mentioned having to sign +a blank asking whether she believed in the practice of +polygamy. Of course, she brought it up in a humorous +way, but it was apparent that she had felt humiliated at +such questioning. I told her I fully appreciated her feelings +and was happy to be able to say that that stupid +practice had been discontinued.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The subject of naturalization had occupied my attention +for years past. Under the law then existing, as well +as under older laws, a person could be naturalized not +only in the United States courts, but in any State court +having a seal. And the naturalization laws prior to the +Act of 1906 were most carelessly administered. In the +larger cities of many of the States naturalization applications +were hurried through in bunches at the direction of +some political boss. In that way many persons were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> +naturalized who would have been found, had time been +taken to sift the applications, not entitled to citizenship. +The effects of so careless a method I saw in Turkey, and +in my dispatches to the State Department I repeatedly +pointed out the evil.</p> + +<p>Largely growing out of my presentation of the subject, +Mr. Gaillard Hunt, chief of the passport division of the +State Department, had taken it up in his thorough +manner and made a report to President McKinley, upon +which the President appointed a commission to study the +subject. The commission was renewed by President +Roosevelt. Its report, known as House Document 326, +59th Congress, 2d Session, and entitled "Citizenship of +the United States, Expatriation, and Protection Abroad," +was the basis of the Act of 1906. This act went far in +preventing fraudulent naturalization as well as in withdrawing +protection from those who were using United +States citizenship not with the intention of becoming part +of the new country in which they had chosen to reside, +but as a means to escape their duties as subjects of the +country of their origin upon returning there to live, as +had happened so often in Turkey.</p> + +<p>For the proper carrying out of this law additional +examiners were needed, and also about eleven additional +assistant district attorneys. I therefore arranged with +Attorney-General Bonaparte to appear with him before +the Appropriations Committee of the House to explain +the necessity of an appropriation to cover the enlargement +of the corps for the enforcement and administration +of the new law. During my experience abroad much +of the time of our diplomatic representatives was taken +up with questions relating to the protection of our citizens, +and often this protection was invoked by persons +who should never have been naturalized.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span>The exclusion and deportation of criminals and anarchists +was another phase of the immigration service to +which I had given considerable study. I found the law +provided for arrest and deportation of criminal aliens +only up to three years of the time of their landing, and +that there was gross misconception regarding the scope +of the law. There was no coöperation between our immigration +officials and the local police departments for +the detection of such persons. The police departments of +most of our cities were disposed to assume that by virtue +of the immigration law the whole subject was under the +jurisdiction of the Federal Government; and on the +other hand our officials did not confer with municipal +officials to make use of the immigration law. It is one +thing to provide for the exclusion of criminals and anarchists, +but it is quite another to discover, on entry, +whether a person belongs to either class. They are usually +neither illiterate nor lacking in cunning and deception, +but within three years they may be detected, as "birds +of a feather flock together."</p> + +<p>I decided to issue a circular to all commissioners of +immigration and immigration inspectors, with a view to +bringing about coöperation with the local officials. I +took the subject up in the Cabinet and the President +approved. It so happened that while this circular was +being prepared, an Italian immigrant, recently arrived, +killed a Catholic priest in Denver while the latter was +officiating at a mass in his church, and a day or two thereafter +another recently arrived immigrant, a Russian, +attacked the chief of police of Chicago and his family +with a dagger. Both of these men would have come under +the deportation provisions of the immigration law had +the police been aware of these provisions, as in both +instances they had been suspected, by their affiliations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> +and their talk, of being anarchists, as that term is defined +in the Immigration Act of February 20, 1907. Under the +local criminal laws this suspicion was not enough to +justify arrest.</p> + +<p>Appearing as it did immediately after these two incidents +my circular had much publicity and brought +about the deportation of a number of undesirables upon +evidence supplied by the police and detective officers.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In a Department which covered so many and such +varied subjects, the conflict between human and property +interests was often apparent. I recall a remark by the +President, as we were speaking about this, that whenever +within my jurisdiction there occurred this conflict he was +sure I would lean on the human side, and I could always +count on his support.</p> + +<p>A striking example of this conflict grew out of an order +I issued for the inspection of excursion and ferry boats at +least three times a year instead of once. The summer +before I took office the boiler of the General Slocum, a +large excursion boat on the Long Island Sound, blew up +and caused the death of over a hundred women and +children. As spring approached and the excursion season +drew near, I made up my mind that I should make all +possible provision to prevent the recurrence of any such +disaster.</p> + +<p>I accompanied the supervising inspector-general, +George Uhler, to witness the inspection of some passenger +boats plying between Washington and Norfolk, +to get personal knowledge of the details of inspection. +I carefully studied a report made to me by Mr. Murray, +the assistant secretary of my Department, who had been +a member of the board of inquiry into the Slocum disaster +and later the Valencia wreck. I called a meeting of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span> +board of supervising inspectors of steamboats and impressed +upon them the importance of great care in inspection. +I urged that no man be retained in the inspection +service who was not thoroughly competent and efficient, +since they had to deal with the protection of human life.</p> + +<p>My order for more frequent inspection brought forth +many objections from the steamboat owners, and, as is +usual in such cases, a committee came to Washington and +presented their grievances and objections direct to the +President, in the hope of inducing him to overrule my +instructions. They were patiently heard, but their main +objection was that it would cost a little more and be a +little more inconvenient to have three inspections instead +of one, and the President gave them little more comfort +than to make it quite clear that he was thoroughly in +accord with my action for the provision of greater safety +to human life. He told them he felt he was fortunate in +having at the head of the Department of Commerce and +Labor a man who was a humanitarian besides having +large business experience, for while it was his purpose to +harmonize human and business interests, always when +they conflicted he would lean toward the human side, +as I had done in issuing that order.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The President was deeply interested always in the +natural resources of the country and their preservation, +and asked me to take up the question of the Alaska +salmon fisheries. It was certain that unless some drastic +action was taken, the salmon would be destroyed in the +Alaskan waters just as they had been in the Columbia +River. Roosevelt was familiar with the problem and +believed that Wood River ought to be closed. I devoted +parts of two days to a hearing on the subject. The cannery +interests were represented by their counsel and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> +Fishermen's Union by several of its officers. Senator +Fulton, of Oregon, as well as the two Alaskan delegates +in Congress, pleaded for the closing of the rivers.</p> + +<p>After hearing all sides and studying the question I +signed an order directing the closing of both the Wood +and Nushagak Rivers to trap and net fishing, and if the +law had permitted, I should have directed the closing +also of Nushagak Bay, where extensive trap fishing was +carried on.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>When I was president of the New York Board of Trade +and Transportation I was impressed with the importance +of establishing a closer relationship between the commercial +bodies of the country and the Government. +Shortly after I became Secretary of Commerce and +Labor, therefore, I sought to accomplish that end. I had +a study made by Nahum I. Stone, tariff expert of the +Bureau of Manufactures, of the relations between the +European governments and their commercial bodies, +especially in such countries as Great Britain, France, +Germany, Italy, and Belgium. I sent invitations to +about forty of the leading chambers of commerce, boards +of trade, and other commercial organizations throughout +the country to send delegates to Washington for a two +days' conference, with a view to bringing about an organization +of these bodies for the purpose of coöperation +between them and the departments of the Government +having to do with commerce and manufactures.</p> + +<p>Accordingly on December 5th a representative gathering +of over one hundred delegates met in my Department, +and I put before them a plan for organization. +I invited Secretary Root, who took a deep interest in the +scheme, and he made a thoughtful address, in which he +impressed upon the gathering the things that ought to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> +done, and could be done only through organization and +the power of concerted effort. Andrew D. White, our +experienced ambassador at Berlin, had sent to the President +a letter containing the proposal that a method of +instruction in commerce be applied at the instance of our +Government as had been done in agriculture; this interesting +proposal I read to the meeting.</p> + +<p>I then went with the delegates in a body to the White +House where the President addressed them. In the afternoon +Gustav H. Schwab, of the New York Chamber of +Commerce, was elected temporary chairman and the +organization of the council proceeded. A committee on +organization and a committee on rules were appointed, +and it was decided that an advisory committee of fifteen +members was to have headquarters in Washington. The +number of meetings to be held per year was fixed, as well +as the annual dues. On December 5, 1907, the National +Council of Commerce came into being.</p> + +<p>A year later the first annual meeting was held in my +Department. The Council now had permanent offices in +the Adams Building, with William R. Corwine in charge. +In my address to the delegates I stressed the importance +of the development of our commercial relations with the +South American republics, particularly in view of the +rapidly approaching completion of the Panama Canal. +At that time we had only twenty-three per cent of the +foreign trade of South America, and one of the main +requirements for increasing our share was the establishment +of better shipping and postal facilities. To that end +I recommended in my annual report that the Postal +Subsidy Act of 1891 be extended to include ships of sixteen +knots and over, and my colleagues, the Secretary +of State and the Attorney-General, made similar recommendations.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span>A month after the change of Administration the executive +committee of the Council held a meeting, again +in the Department of Commerce and Labor, at which +they passed the following resolution:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Resolved, by the members of the Executive Committee of +the National Council of Commerce in meeting assembled in the +office of the Hon. Charles Nagel, the present Secretary of +Commerce and Labor, That they tender their heartiest thanks +to the Hon. Oscar S. Straus, the former Secretary of Commerce +and Labor, for his constant and well-directed efforts in forming +and promoting the National Council of Commerce, expressing +their appreciation of his far-sightedness, his patriotism, his +energy, his fairness, and his friendship, assuring him of the high +personal esteem in which he is held by all of them, and asserting +that in their judgment he has laid the foundation for a movement +which will redound not only to his credit as a Cabinet +officer, but one which will ultimately be productive of incalculable +benefit to the business interests of our country, the +development of which he has so deeply at heart.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Later that year the Council was reorganized and called +the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, which +to-day is an important institution in the commercial life +of our country.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>To bring about a similar relationship between the +Department and the labor bodies, I called another conference +in February, 1909, to which I invited the leading +labor representatives throughout the country, and +about fifty attended. Unfortunately my term of office +was drawing to an end and there was not time to organize +this wing, but I urged the men to insist upon +the continuance of the conferences and the coöperation +with the Department thus established.</p> + +<p>The matters discussed at this meeting were mainly +how best to lessen unemployment, how the Division of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span> +Information under the Bureau of Immigration might be +administered for the greater benefit of labor in general, +and how the Nobel Peace Prize, which President Roosevelt +had set aside for a foundation for the promotion of +industrial peace, could be made most effective. There +were addresses by Samuel Gompers, president of the +American Federation of Labor; Warren S. Stone, grand +chief of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers; William +F. Yates, president of the Marine Engineers' Beneficial +Association; and Terence V. Powderly, chief of the +Division of Information in the Bureau of Immigration. +The presiding officer was Daniel J. Keefe, Commissioner-General +of Immigration and Naturalization.</p> + +<p>During my term of office repeated efforts were made in +Congress, backed by organized labor, to divide my +Department and make two of it—the Department of +Commerce and the Department of Labor. I successfully +opposed this plan, my idea being that labor and capital +were the two arms of industry, the proper functioning of +which could best be secured by coöperation, which in +turn could best be promoted by administering their +interests together. In this I had the support of President +Roosevelt. During the Taft Administration, however, the +bill was passed creating the Department of Labor.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>I have mentioned Roosevelt's Nobel Peace Prize. As +received by the President, it consisted of a medal and +diploma, and a draft for $36,734.79. He decided not to +keep the money, but to turn it over in trust for a foundation +for the promotion of industrial peace. In January, +1907, he called me to the White House and told me that +he would forward the draft and the papers to Chief +Justice Fuller, with the request that he communicate with +the other trustees, of whom there were four: James<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> +Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture; John Mitchell, president +of the Anthracite Coal Operators; ex-Mayor Seth +Low, of New York, and myself.</p> + +<p>Later the Chief Justice came to my Department with +the papers to go over them with me and to arrange for +their safe-keeping until we could have a meeting and +formulate a plan of action. Subsequently he informed me +that before preparing the draft of the act granting the +foundation it was necessary to write a preamble setting +forth its objects and purposes, and this he found it difficult +to do. I relieved his mind by offering to prepare the +bill with the preamble. I consulted with Dr. Cyrus Adler, +of the Smithsonian Institution, who had had considerable +experience in drafting documents for the creation of +trusts of this nature. With his assistance I prepared the +draft of the preamble and the bill, which the Chief Justice +approved. I then took them to the President, who also +approved them and requested me to call a meeting of the +trustees, of whom there were to be nine instead of five as +originally.</p> + +<p>At the meeting of January 27, 1907, a few slight +changes were made and adopted in the bill. Thus redrafted, +with a report attached giving a history of the +award, it was introduced in the House by Congressman +Richard Bartholdt, of Missouri, member of the Committee +on Labor; and in the Senate by John W. Daniel, +of Virginia. It was promptly passed. The board of +trustees as finally constituted included: Archbishop +Ireland, Samuel Gompers, Daniel J. Keefe, Seth Low, +Marcus M. Marks, Dr. Neill, Warren S. Stone, James +Wilson, and myself.</p> + +<p>The foundation was in existence for about ten years, +and in that time the interest on the money merely accumulated, +because the trustees were unable to find a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span> +proper means for employing it. In July, 1917, Mr. Roosevelt +requested Congress to repeal the bill and return the +money to him, that he might distribute it among the +different charitable societies in the United States and in +Europe which were affording relief to the sufferers from +the war. The request was granted, and the sum with its +accrued interest, amounting to $45,482.83, was thus +distributed by him.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt always encouraged the members of his +Cabinet to make speeches in various parts of the country +on subjects uppermost in the mind of the public, with due +regard, of course, to the duties of office. I accepted a +number of the many such invitations that came to me. +At the banquet of the National Association of Manufacturers, +held in the Waldorf Hotel, New York, in May, +1907, I was asked to be the principal speaker. I made +careful preparation of an address, part of which I devoted +to advocating a moderate tariff reform, with a view to +providing a maximum and minimum tariff to meet discrimination +against us by some European nations. I +consulted with the President about it. While he agreed +with my premises, he thought the time not ripe to project +that issue, so I redrafted my speech and devoted it to +such topics as the development of our manufactures, the +work of the Bureau of Corporations, and the relations of +employers and workers.</p> + +<p>On April 3, 1908, the Savannah Board of Trade celebrated +its twenty-fifth anniversary, and I was asked to +be one of the speakers. Two others were Governor Hoke +Smith and Representative J. Hampton Moore, president +of the Atlantic Deep Waterways Commission. It was +a special occasion and was widely advertised for several +weeks. I prepared an address in which I outlined +also some of the activities carried on by my Department<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> +for the benefit of the commercial interests of the +country. On this trip my wife and younger daughter +accompanied me. During our stay at Savannah we were +the guests of the Board of Trade, who showed us every +possible attention, in true Southern fashion, and we +thoroughly enjoyed our stay.</p> + +<p>The Mayor and prominent citizens of my former home, +Columbus, upon learning of our presence in the South, +sent us a pressing invitation to visit that city. A committee +met us at the station, and in the evening a dinner +was given at the Opera House, at which about a hundred +of the leading citizens were present. The dinner was +served on the stage, and while the toasts were being +responded to, the curtain was raised, disclosing an auditorium +crowded with people. I was quite touched by +this fine attention by the citizens of my former home, who +took great pride in the fact that one of their former +townsmen was a member of the Cabinet. In the audience +were several of my schoolboy friends and those of my +brothers, and I found several friends and companions of +my parents still among the living.</p> + +<p>In the South at that time it was still rare for a person +to change his politics, and one of the questions that was +put to me was why had I, a member of a Democratic +family, once a Democrat myself, and even having held +office under a Democratic President, changed over to the +Republican side. In other words, why had I been on both +sides of the political fence, though they were too polite to +ask the question in that direct form. I told them that +perhaps no one had a better right than they to ask the +reason for my political affiliations. It was true, I said, +that I had been, as it were, on both sides of the fence, but +that was not my fault; the fence had been moved. This +produced great merriment and applause.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>Talbotton, the first American home of my family, also +extended an invitation to us, which I accepted with +pleasure. A dinner and reception were given in my honor +at the public hall known as the Opera House, at which +the Mayor of the town made an address, as well as several +other prominent citizens. While in Talbotton we were +the guests of the Honorable Henry Persons, former +member of Congress and an old friend of our family. He +gave me my first rubber ball, when I was six years old. +I visited all the scenes of my boyhood; it was forty-five +years since I had lived there. The population of the town +was about the same, equally divided between the whites +and the blacks. The little Baptist church where I went +to Sunday school was much smaller than it had loomed +up in my imagination. Collinsworth Institute was abandoned, +and only the recitation hall was left standing. The +several houses wherein my family had lived brought back +vivid memories of the toils and pleasures of my parents. +The little frame cottage with the green blinds especially +impressed upon me how little is required for happiness +where there is the love and contentment which always +blessed our family. All who remembered my father and +mother spoke of them in the highest terms. I met a +number of my boyhood friends, grown gray and old. On +the whole the little town had not changed much, though +it had fewer signs of prosperity. Before the Civil War +it was the center of a rich slave-holding county. The +people, however, seemed contented and happy.</p> + +<p>From Talbotton we went to Atlanta, and then made +one or two more stops on the way home. At each place we +met friends of former years and were given a thoroughly +royal welcome. In fact, the reception given us throughout +the whole tour was in the nature of an ovation. +Wherever we stopped our rooms were decorated with an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span> +abundance of the most beautiful flowers. The Southerners +have ever been known for their hospitality, and in +this respect the New South has lost nothing.</p> + +<p>Later in the year the Southern Commercial Congress, +representing ten States, assembled in Washington, and I +was asked to preside at the opening session in the large +ballroom of the New Willard Hotel. There were three or +four hundred people present. I devoted my address to a +comparison between the old agricultural South and the +new industrial South, pointing out that as the economic +interests of the South were no longer sectional but national, +it must follow that politically there is no longer a +reason for "the solid South."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>On leaving the Cabinet one day at about this time the +President's youngest son, Quentin, came up to me. I had +a great affection for this bright, attractive boy. He was +eleven years old, and he informed me he weighed one +hundred and fourteen pounds. He was full of animal +spirits, frank, charming. "You gave my brother Kermit +some coins," he said to me.</p> + +<p>"Yes; are you interested in them?" I asked.</p> + +<p>"I am making a little collection," was his answer.</p> + +<p>I invited him into my carriage and to come to lunch +with me. He accepted readily, and I reminded him that +he had better let his mother know. He did so by hurriedly +running into the White House and returning in +a very few minutes saying his mother said he might go. +He behaved like a perfect little gentleman and showed +that under his sparkling vivacity there was serious, intelligent +hunger for knowledge. After lunch I took him into +my library and showed him my collection of Greek and +Roman coins. I told him he might pick out what he +liked. To the several he chose I added a gold stater of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> +Philip. He was overjoyed. From that time onward we +became still greater friends, and he came to see me whenever +he got a new coin for his collection.</p> + +<p>In 1909, when I was going through Paris, I met him +there with his mother. During this visit he and I were +quite steadily together. We visited the museums and +other places of interest. I found him a most sympathetic +and delightful companion, notwithstanding the immense +difference in our ages. What a record of glory and patriotism +this lovable boy has left to his country! And with +what fortitude his parents bore their most painful loss! +Their example strengthened the anguished hearts of +many patriotic fathers and mothers of the land who suffered +like affliction.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>On Christmas Day Mrs. Straus and I received an +invitation by telephone to come to the White House +between three and four o'clock to see the Christmas tree. +Some thirty or forty guests were there, mainly friends of +the family. In one of the side rooms in the basement of the +house was assembled a large company of children. The +room was darkened, that the lighted tree might stand +out. There were presents for all the children, and Mrs. +Roosevelt played Lady Bountiful to see that each child +got its gift. Upstairs in the Red Room the gentlemen sat +smoking. It was a genuinely joyful and memorable day.</p> + +<p>The social season in Washington is usually begun with +the President's New Year's reception, which lasts from +eleven o'clock until half-past two on New Year's Day. +At a few minutes before eleven o'clock the officials and +their wives assembled upstairs, and promptly at eleven +the President and Mrs. Roosevelt led the march to the +Blue Room. The procession advanced toward the main +stairway, where the line divided, the ladies going to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span> +left and the gentlemen to the right, reuniting at the first +landing; then through the main hall where the passageway +was roped off through a crowd of specially invited guests.</p> + +<p>The order following the President was: the Cabinet +officers; the doyen of the diplomatic corps, the Italian +ambassador and his staff; the ambassadors and ministers +of the other nations, according to rank. After them, +grouped in more or less regular order, the justices of the +Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice; Senators; +Representatives; Army and Navy officials; the officers +of the Government.</p> + +<p>On New Year's Day every one is accorded the right to +pay his or her respects to the President. The officials +come straight to the White House and the uninvited +guests form a line on the grounds. On the particular day +of which I speak the line stretched through the grounds, +along Pennsylvania Avenue and down by the State Department +Building, probably more than half a mile long, +and the President received about sixty-five hundred +people in all. At two o'clock the iron gates of the White +House grounds were closed, and those who had not +reached that point by that time were barred out. The +reception had to end promptly, as the Cabinet ladies who +assisted had to be present at the receptions at their own +homes from half-past two until six, in accordance with a +custom that has been in vogue probably since the days of +Washington. Our buffet in the dining-room was kept +well replenished, and there were champagne and punch +served. We had in all about four hundred guests.</p> + +<p>The official functions at the White House during the +Roosevelt Administration were agreeable and in stately +form. They were usually followed by an informal supper +to which were invited personal friends and visitors.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus284.jpg" width="450" height="562" alt="MRS. OSCAR S. STRAUS" title="MRS. OSCAR S. STRAUS" /> +<span class="caption">MRS. OSCAR S. STRAUS</span> +</div> + +<p>Our series of official dinners began with the one to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> +Vice-President and Mrs. Fairbanks and ended with the +dinner to the President and Mrs. Roosevelt. In addition +we followed the pleasant custom of the President and had +guests to informal luncheons three or four times a week. +These luncheons we gave in the sun parlor back of our +dining-room, which was one of the attractive features of +our Venetian palace.</p> + +<p>It was my privilege to give the last Cabinet dinner to +the President, on March 2d, two days before the close of +the Administration. The event had been postponed for a +week on account of the death of the President's nephew, +Stewart Robinson, whose mother was the President's +sister. Governor and Mrs. Hughes, who were among our +invited guests, stayed over when it was found that the +dinner had to be postponed. Mrs. Roosevelt later informed +me that she planned that our dinner be the last, +knowing that I had some sentiment about it which she +and the President shared.</p> + +<p>I have made several references to the wonderfully +human touch characteristic of Roosevelt. On February +5th, the day beginning the last month of his Administration, +a messenger from the White House brought me a +package containing a large folio, a handsomely illustrated +memorial volume describing the Castle of Wartburg in +Saxony, in which Luther was confined and where he +worked on his translation of the Bible. The book had been +prepared by official direction, and Roosevelt had received +two copies of the royal edition, one from the Kaiser personally +and one from the Chancellor, which latter he sent +to me with this inscription:</p> + +<p>"To Mr. and Mrs. Oscar S. Straus, in memory of our +days together in the Administration; days which I have +so much enjoyed and appreciated. Theodore Roosevelt. +February 5, 1909."</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<h3>THE TAFT CAMPAIGN OF 1908</h3> + +<blockquote><p>Roosevelt favors Taft to succeed him—I visit Taft at Cincinnati—Roosevelt +plans for his African trip—I take part in the Taft campaign—Roosevelt's +method of preparedness—Election evening at the White House—Roosevelt +rebukes a bigot; his letter on religious liberty—Taft tells Roosevelt he will +retain Wright, Garfield, and me in his Cabinet—Roosevelt's speech at the +dinner to Vice-President-elect Sherman—Looking toward the end of my term; +the last Cabinet meeting—Closing the administration of Roosevelt and ushering +in that of Taft.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>Early in September, 1907, in a conversation with Roosevelt +at Oyster Bay, we touched on matters political and +the forthcoming national convention of the Republican +Party for the nomination of a President. Roosevelt had +again publicly made the statement he gave out at the +time of his election, that he would not accept a renomination, +and had made known his desire that the party +nominate Taft.</p> + +<p>I had just returned from Hawaii, and told him that +throughout my trip to and from the Pacific Coast I observed +an almost universal determination to force the +nomination upon him. I had met many people and addressed +several merchants' organizations and other +bodies, and again and again the sentiment of prominent +Republicans was: "We know Roosevelt is sincere in his +statement that he would decline the nomination, but +what can he do if he is renominated? He is a patriotic +man, and how can he refuse to obey the unanimous wish +of his party and the people at large?" The President +knew of this strong sentiment for him, and that was one +of the main reasons why he made the public and definite +statement that he favored the nomination of Taft, whom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span> +he regarded as best qualified to carry forward the measures +and policies of his Administration.</p> + +<p>Some of Roosevelt's closest friends counseled him not +in any way to interfere with the selection of his successor. +He practically agreed to that, but in order to escape the +nomination himself he felt compelled to throw his influence +toward Taft. I think it was Secretary Root at the +time who remarked that it would be impossible for +Roosevelt to let the tail of the tiger go without some such +plan. Notwithstanding his positive statements that he +would not accept a renomination at the end of his term, +and his constant reiteration of this determination, the +pressure throughout the country was overwhelming.</p> + +<p>The people naturally resent the selection of a candidate +for them by the President in office, and in the past have +shown their resentment by the defeat of such candidates. +But the conditions surrounding the Taft campaign were +somewhat different. Roosevelt was committed heart and +soul to the moral principles for which his Administration +had stood in face of the mighty opposition of the "interests." +How the force and might of this opposition had +grown until Roosevelt took up the "big stick" can perhaps +hardly be measured except by those who were with +him in the bitter fight. No one was more conversant with +the principles and policies of the Administration than +Taft, and, all things considered, perhaps none better +qualified than he to carry them forward in a firm and +constructive way.</p> + +<p>The logic of the situation was, of course, that Roosevelt +stand again for the Presidency, especially as that would +not in reality have been a third term. But he would not +under any circumstances recede from the decision announced +on the night of his election. It required great +firmness not to be swept off his feet by the tremendous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> +pressure to induce him to consent to be renominated. +In the face of these facts the people were less inclined +to resent his indicating his preference for the successor +whom he regarded as best qualified to carry forward the +policies he had inaugurated by such reforms as the rebate +law against railroads, the anti-trust laws, and child labor +legislation, and other progressive measures.</p> + +<p>At the Cabinet meeting just before the summer vacation +Taft came in radiantly happy. He had been nominated +the day before; it had been understood for some +time that he would be nominated on the first ballot. +Reflecting at the time upon the qualifications of Mr. +Taft as a successor to Roosevelt, I put down among my +random notes that I thought he possessed the very qualifications +for constructively carrying forward the principles +Roosevelt had stood for, and which only Roosevelt +could have so courageously vitalized. Taft always +appeared to be jovial and kept, at least outwardly, a +genially good-natured equilibrium. He possessed to a +marked degree a fund of spontaneous laughter—a valuable +asset in the armor of a public man. The power to +create a good laugh has at times not only the elements +of argument, but of avoiding argument; with it a man +can either accede to a proposition or avoid acceding; it +can be committal or non-committal; it conceals as well +as expresses feelings, and acts as a wonderful charm in +avoiding sharp and rugged corners, in postponing issues +and getting time for reflection. In the practice of the law +I was once associated with a very able man who had the +ability to laugh his opponent out of court. And his was +a jeering laugh where Taft's laugh was contagious and +good-natured. Not that he lacked the ability at times to +be fearless and outspoken; he had shown himself to be +that in a number of speeches prior to his nomination.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span>Withal I could not help feeling sad that Roosevelt's +plan had so well succeeded, and in an intimate chat with +the President after the Cabinet meeting I told him so. He +would not have been human if, amid the satisfaction he +felt in having his choice for the Presidency respected, +there was not some feeling of regret in stepping down +from the greatest office in the world, which he had administered +with so much satisfaction and success, and the +duties and responsibilities of which he had enjoyed more +than perhaps any one of his predecessors. To use his own +words as I so frequently heard them: "I have had a bully +time and enjoyed every hour of my Presidency." Another +four years in office would doubtless have prolonged +that enjoyment.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Early in September I went to Cincinnati to meet Taft +at his headquarters in the Hotel Sinton, and Terence V. +Powderly, head of the Information Division of the +Bureau of Immigration, formerly president of the Knights +of Labor, accompanied me. I brought to Taft's attention +some correspondence that had been conducted by Louis +Marshall, of New York, with Charles P. Taft, his brother, +and with the candidate for Vice-President on his ticket, +Sherman, regarding some narrow and prejudiced editorials +on Russian immigration appearing in the Cincinnati +"Times-Star," owned by Charles P. Taft. I pointed out +that not only were these editorials untrue and unjust, but +they did not reflect his policy and yet were so interpreted. +Secretary Taft then asked the editor of the paper, Mr. +Joseph Garretson, and his nephew, Hulbert Taft, to call +on me. With them I went over the whole subject, and +upon my return to Washington young Mr. Taft sent me a +double-column article from the front page of the "Times-Star," +together with a double-column editorial, forcefully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span> +and clearly written, embracing the whole matter as +we had covered it during my visit to Cincinnati.</p> + +<p>Samuel Gompers had come out strongly in favor of +Bryan, and no one could tell what effect that might have +on the great labor element of the country. Mr. Powderly, +who was very broad-minded and independent in his +politics, said it would have little if any effect on the labor +vote, as it is not a group vote, and no leader, however +powerful, can make it so. This statement later proved +to be entirely correct. The Democrats among the labor +men went their way, and the Republicans went theirs.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The Cabinet met again after the summer vacation on +September 25th. The President wanted to talk with me +afterward about several matters, so I waited and sat with +him while he was being shaved. He spoke about the +arrangements he had made for his African trip, and said +several taxidermists of the Smithsonian Institution were +to accompany him. I told him that Dr. Adler of the +Institution had spoken to me of the matter, and my +particular concern was that one of the men in his party +on this African expedition should be a physician. He +assented, saying that after all he was fifty years old and +ought to be more careful about his health than when he +was younger. He seemed to know that I had had something +to do with enabling the Smithsonian Institution to +supply these men, but I did not let it appear that I knew +much about it. When his book "African Game Trails" +appeared he sent me a copy with the inscription:</p> + +<p class="center"> +To Oscar Straus<br /> +from his friend<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"> Theodore Roosevelt</span><br /> +<br /> +Nov. 1<sup>st</sup> 1910. <br /> +</p> + +<p>In the Appendix he makes acknowledgment to several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> +of his friends including myself, "to all of whom lovers +of natural history are therefore deeply indebted."</p> + +<p>He mentioned that he had had an invitation to give a +lecture at Oxford University upon his return, which he +felt like accepting because it was a course in which some +of the most prominent men of the past, including Gladstone, +had lectured, and it appealed to him to speak at +this ancient university. I encouraged him to do so. He +said he did not intend, however, to accept invitations to +other European countries, because he did not wish to be +fęted. This lecture would be more in line with his work.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>At the request of Roosevelt and the urgent solicitation +of Taft, I took an active part in the campaign, making +scores of speeches in the leading cities of the East and +Middle West. I made the first on September 26th, the +day after the first Cabinet meeting of the season, under +the auspices of the Interstate Republican League, in +Washington. It was one of the largest political meetings +ever held there. I addressed myself to a recent speech by +ex-Secretary of State Olney, in which he had endorsed +Bryan. I pointed out how much more had been done +under the Roosevelt Administration than by the Democratic +Administration with which Mr. Olney was connected, +in bringing suits against the trusts under the +Sherman law; that in Mr. Olney's time nearly all such +suits were brought against labor combinations, while in +Roosevelt's time they were brought against the offending +corporations.</p> + +<p>I had been in close touch with Roosevelt during his +own campaign four years before, but I must say he threw +himself with greater energy into Taft's campaign, watching +every phase of it with great care and circumspection +to counteract every unfavorable tendency and to push<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span> +promptly every tactical advantage. On Sunday afternoon, +September 27th, I received a telephone message to +come to the White House. When I arrived I found present +Secretaries Cortelyou and Meyer, Lawrence F. +Abbott, of "The Outlook," and William Loeb. Roosevelt +was dictating a letter to Bryan, in answer to the latter's +attack upon the Administration's policies, and invited +each of us to make suggestions. Those that seemed good +he immediately incorporated. I had brought with me +some facts and figures that I prepared for campaign use, +and all of this material he embodied. When the dictation +was finished, he asked us to return at nine o'clock in the +evening to go over the finished product, as it was important +that the letter be given to the press for next morning's +papers.</p> + +<p>When we arrived in the evening, the President was +already at his desk correcting the typewritten pages, of +which there were about twenty. The duplicates were +handed to us, and we passed them from one to another +for reading and suggestions. At one point I suggested +changing an expression to a more dignified form, which +the President vetoed with the characteristic remark: +"You must remember this letter is not an etching, but +a poster." That was an apt illustration of his purpose, +namely, to attract and fix popular attention; and I withdrew +my suggestion.</p> + +<p>The published letter occupied three and a half newspaper +columns. It was powerful and effective and nailed +some of the main fallacies that Bryan had been expounding. +This was the third such letter by Roosevelt, and +some people were inclined to criticize them as having the +appearance of overshadowing Taft and other campaign +orators. This might have been true to an extent, but it +was of little consequence in comparison with the tremendous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span> +effect of the letters in enlightening the people with +regard to the greater national principles for which Taft +stood.</p> + +<p>The following week I started on a campaign tour. I +made speeches at Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, +Chicago. In accepting the pressing invitation of the +National Republican Committee to make a series of +speeches, I made one condition, which was that I would +not speak at any meeting gotten up on sectarian or +hyphenated political lines. It was, and I regret to say +still is, customary, in political campaigns, especially +among local managers in smaller cities with large foreign-born +populations, to appeal to their former national sympathies. +I regarded this method as un-American and inimical +to the solidarity of our Americanism. My letter to +the chairman of the speakers' bureau, Senator Joseph M. +Dixon, was by him given to the press and widely published. +It had a very good effect, and through that campaign +at least put an end to advertising and meetings +based on race or creed appeal. Upon my return to New +York I spoke at a number of meetings in Brooklyn and +New York with Mr. Taft, the last and largest of these +being the one at Madison Square Garden, at which +General Horace Porter presided. Charles E. Hughes, +who was candidate for Governor, also spoke on that +occasion.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The President and Mrs. Roosevelt invited Mrs. Straus +and me to return to Washington with them in their +private car on election day, after we had voted in our +respective districts. <i>En route</i> the President again mentioned +the arrangements for his African trip and told me +he had also accepted an invitation to speak at the Sorbonne, +Paris. He was already preparing his Oxford address,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span> +the draft of which when ready he wanted me to +read. It is generally believed that Roosevelt did things +hurriedly and impulsively. But those of us who were +acquainted with his methods knew the contrary to be +true. Preparedness was one of his outstanding characteristics. +He was a most industrious worker, and as +soon as he made up his mind to do something, whether it +was to deliver an address or to bring forward some reform, +he set to work at once making preparations, so as not to +leave it until the time for the event was at hand. In the +case of his Oxford and Sorbonne addresses, for instance, +he prepared them long in advance and gave himself plenty +of time to correct and polish them. He told me he pursued +this method because it freed his mind and enabled him +to be ready for the next thing to come before him. That +is certainly not the way an impulsive man works.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Election evening in Washington we were invited to the +White House to receive the returns. The twenty-five or +thirty other officials who were in the city were also there +with their wives. The returns began to come in shortly +after eight o'clock and were being tabulated by Secretary +Loeb and his assistants. It was soon evident that Taft +was elected, so that by eleven-thirty we were able to send +congratulations to the successful candidate and Frank H. +Hitchcock, chairman of the National Committee.</p> + +<p>The greatest strength of Taft proved to be what many +supposed would be his weakness, namely, that he was the +choice of Roosevelt and stood for his principles. The +masses had understood the President and appreciated his +policies, though the big interests, the "ledger patriots," +had been too blinded by their selfish objects to recognize +the permanent value of the principles and policies of +America's greatest reformer.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span>I felt convinced then, as I do now, that the Roosevelt +Administration will go down in history as marking the +beginning of a new era in our history—an era marking +the end of aggression upon our political structure by corporate +greed and the beginning of larger opportunities +for the individual, in which the moral principles of our +public life were rescued from the danger of domination by +an unprecedented onrush of commercial power.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>At the first Cabinet meeting after the election Roosevelt +was buoyant as usual. He made a few preliminary +remarks about the approaching end of the Administration: +he and his Cabinet, especially the last one, had +worked in perfect harmony, and he felt sure we had all +had a "bully" time of it; he would retire at the end of his +term without any regrets, for he had the satisfaction of +knowing that he and his Cabinet had done all in their +power for the greatest good of the Nation. I think it is +safe to say we all felt a little sad, I know I did, to think +that in four months we should separate, and that we +should lose the inspiring companionship and guidance of +our leader, to whom each of us felt tied by bonds of warm +friendship and a sense of profound esteem and highest +respect, personally as well as officially.</p> + +<p>It seemed to me then that it required no prophet's +vision to see that, if Roosevelt kept his health, in four or +eight years the people of the country would again demand, +with unmistakable and overwhelming voice, that +he become President. At the end of eight years, even, he +would be only fifty-eight, younger than most Presidents +at the time of assuming office.</p> + +<p>The President now brought up a question that he had +been carrying over from the campaign period. He had +received several letters regarding the religion of Mr. Taft.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span> +Some orthodox ministerial organizations had endeavored +to use the fact that Mr. Taft was a Unitarian as a reason +for prejudicing people against him. Roosevelt had been +tempted to answer these letters, but when he presented +the matter to the Cabinet it was the general consensus of +opinion that he should not do so, that the issue intimately +concerned Taft, and information regarding it +had better be given out or withheld at Taft's discretion. +To this the President agreed, but he was incensed at this +un-American attempt to bring religion into politics, +especially as Taft was every bit as good a Christian as +Washington, and a better one than either Jefferson or +Franklin; and his church was the same as that of Adams +and Webster.</p> + +<p>The election being over, Roosevelt was still desirous of +expressing his views in this matter, and he brought with +him to the Cabinet meeting the draft of a letter to be sent +to one J. C. Martin, of Dayton, Ohio, who had asked for +a public statement concerning the faith of Mr. Taft. As +usual, he invited criticism and discussion. Several of us +made suggestions, and Secretary Root made one which +the President asked him to write out so that he might incorporate +it. When the corrected version of the letter was +read, we all agreed that it was a remarkable document for +effectively rebuking the spirit of bigotry and upholding +the basic principles of the American Government, and +that it should therefore be published. It appeared in the +papers of the country three days later.</p> + +<p>I made bold to ask the President for the draft of this +letter, which he gladly signed and gave to me, and Secretary +Root also signed his penciled insert. As I consider +this document worthy of a permanent place among +American annals, I herewith set it forth from the original +in my possession:</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote> +<div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">The White House</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <i>November</i> 4, 1908 +</div> +<p> +<span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>I have received your letter running in part as follows:</p> + +<p>"While it is claimed almost universally that religion should +not enter into politics, yet there is no denying that it does, and +the mass of the voters that are not Catholics will not support +a man for any office, especially for President of the United +States, who is a Roman Catholic.</p> + +<p>"Since Taft has been nominated for President by the Republican +party, it is being circulated and is constantly urged as +a reason for not voting for Taft that he is an infidel (Unitarian) +and his wife and brother Roman Catholics.... If his feelings +are in sympathy with the Roman Catholic church on account +of his wife and brother being Catholics, that would be objectionable +to a sufficient number of voters to defeat him. On the +other hand if he is an infidel, that would be sure to mean defeat.... +I am writing this letter for the sole purpose of giving Mr. +Taft an opportunity to let the world know what his religious +belief is."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>I received many such letters as yours during the campaign, +expressing dissatisfaction with Mr. Taft on religious grounds; +some of them on the ground that he was a Unitarian, and others +on the ground that he was suspected to be in sympathy with +Catholics. I did not answer any of these letters during the +campaign because I regarded it as an outrage even to agitate +such a question as a man's religious convictions, with the purpose +of influencing a political election. But now that the campaign +is over, when there is opportunity for men calmly to +consider whither such propositions as those you make in your +letter would lead, I wish to invite them to consider them, and I +have selected your letter to answer because you advance both +the objections commonly urged against Mr. Taft, namely: +that he is a Unitarian, and also that he is suspected of improper +sympathy with the Catholics.</p> + +<p>You ask that Mr. Taft shall "let the world know what his +religious belief is." This is purely his own private concern; it is +a matter between him and his Maker, a matter for his own +conscience; and to require it to be made public under penalty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> +of political discrimination is to negative the first principles of +our Government, which guarantee complete religious liberty, +and the right to each man to act in religious [affairs] as his own +conscience dictates. Mr. Taft never asked my advice in the +matter, but if he had asked it, I should have emphatically +advised him against thus stating publicly his religious belief. +The demand for a statement of a candidate's religious belief +can have no meaning except that there may be discrimination +for or against him because of that belief. Discrimination +against the holder of one faith means retaliatory discrimination +against men of other faiths. The inevitable result of entering +upon such a practice would be an abandonment of our real +freedom of conscience and a reversion to the dreadful conditions +of religious dissensions which in so many lands have +proved fatal to true liberty, to true religion, and to all advance +in civilization.</p> + +<p>To discriminate against a thoroly upright citizen because he +belongs to some particular church, or because, like Abraham +Lincoln, he has not avowed his allegiance to any church, is +an outrage against that liberty of conscience which is one of +the foundations of American life. You are entitled to know +whether a man seeking your suffrages is a man of clean and upright +life, honorable in all his dealings with his fellows, and fit +by qualification and purpose to do well in the great office for +which he is a candidate; but you are not entitled to know matters +which lie purely between himself and his Maker. If it is +proper or legitimate to oppose a man for being a Unitarian, +as was John Quincy Adams, for instance, as is the Rev. Edward +Everett Hale, at the present moment Chaplain of the Senate, +and an American of whose life all good Americans are proud—then +it would be equally proper to support or oppose a man +because of his views on justification by faith, or the method of +administering the sacrament, or the gospel of salvation by +works. If you once enter on such a career there is absolutely no +limit at which you can legitimately stop.</p> + +<p>So much for your objections to Mr. Taft because he is a +Unitarian. Now, for your objections to him because you think +his wife and brother to be Roman Catholics. As it happens +they are not; but if they were, or if he were a Roman Catholic +himself, it ought not to affect in the slightest degree any man's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span> +supporting him for the position of President. You say that +"the mass of the voters that are not Catholics will not support +a man for any office, especially for President of the United +States, who is a Roman Catholic." I believe that when you say +this you foully slander your fellow countrymen. I do not for +one moment believe that the mass of our fellow citizens or +that any considerable number of our fellow citizens can be influenced +by such narrow bigotry as to refuse to vote for any +thoroly upright and fit man because he happens to have a particular +religious creed. Such a consideration should never be +treated as a reason for either supporting or opposing a candidate +for political office. Are you aware that there are several +States in this Union where the majority of the people are now +Catholics? I should reprobate in the severest terms the Catholics +who in those States (or in any other States) refused to vote +for the most fit man because he happened to be a Protestant; +and my condemnation would be exactly as severe for Protestants +who, under reversed circumstances, refused to vote for a +Catholic. In public life I am happy to say that I have known +many men who were elected, and constantly reëlected, to +office in districts where the great majority of their constituents +were of a different religious belief. I know Catholics who have +for many years represented constituencies mainly Protestant, +and Protestants who have for many years represented constituencies +mainly Catholic; and among the Congressmen +whom I knew particularly well was one man of Jewish faith +who represented a district in which there were hardly any Jews +at all. All of these men by their very existence in political life +refute the slander you have uttered against your fellow Americans.</p> + +<p>I believe that this Republic will endure for many centuries. +If so there will doubtless be among its Presidents Protestants +and Catholics, and very probably at some time Jews. I have +consistently tried while President to act in relation to my +fellow Americans of Catholic faith as I hope that any future +President who happens to be a Catholic will act towards his +fellow Americans of Protestant faith. Had I followed any other +course I should have felt that I was unfit to represent the American +people.</p> + +<p>In my Cabinet at the present moment there sit side by side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span> +Catholic and Protestant, Christian and Jew, each man chosen +because in my belief he is peculiarly fit to exercise on behalf of +all our people the duties of the office to wich [<i>sic</i>] I have appointed +him. In no case does the man's religious belief in any +way influence his discharge of his duties, save as it makes him +more eager to act justly and uprightly in his relations to all +men. The same principles that have obtained in appointing +the members of my Cabinet, the highest officials under me, +the officials to whom is entrusted the work of carrying out all +the important policies of my administration, are the principles +upon which all good Americans should act in choosing, whether +by election or appointment, the man to fill any office from the +highest to the lowest in the land.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Yours truly</p> +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>It is amusing sometimes to contemplate the matters +that occupy the attention of certain zealously inclined +religious persons or groups. I recall the flurry caused the +year previous by the appearance of the new five, ten, and +twenty-dollar gold pieces without the legend, "In God +We Trust," which by Roosevelt's direction had been +omitted. As a matter of fact that legend was not used on +our coins prior to 1866, when a law was passed permitting +it subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. +The issuance of these coins, artistically designed by +Saint-Gaudens, without the legend was merely a return +to the precedents of the fathers of the Republic. I +had a small collection of early coins at the time, none of +which bore the legend. However, when these new coins +appeared several religious bodies passed resolutions disapproving +of the President's action. Roosevelt gave out +a statement to the effect that he had always regarded that +legend as connecting God and mammon, and therefore +not as religious, but as sacrilegious. But the opinion +against the omission was so strong that in subsequent +coinage it was restored. The agitation had been somewhat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span> +anticipated by the President, and he was not the least +perturbed by it. At a dinner one evening he remarked +to me, concerning it, that it was sometimes a good thing +to give people some unimportant subject to discuss, for +it helped put through more important things.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>After a Cabinet meeting toward the end of November, +1908, I was talking with the President regarding various +phases of the administration of my Department, and I +mentioned one or two matters that I hoped my successor +would carry to completion. Roosevelt said to me: "Well, +I can tell you one thing that Taft told me; you will be +head of the Department under the next Administration, +if you will accept, and I want you to accept." He had +indicated this once or twice before, but had never stated +it so definitely. I had been perfectly content to finish my +term of office with the close of the Administration, but I +felt if it was the wish of both Roosevelt and Taft that +I continue I should be happy to remain.</p> + +<p>Taft had evidently intended retaining several of the +Cabinet officials, but subsequently changed his mind, +which was one of the things that caused the break between +Roosevelt and him. Mr. Lawrence F. Abbott has +embodied in his excellent book, "Impressions of Theodore +Roosevelt," an article he contributed in January, 1912, +to the Cornwall, New York, local press, covering the +Roosevelt-Taft relations. Before publication this article +was sent to Roosevelt, and by him annotated and returned +to Mr. Abbott. The part regarding the retention +of Cabinet members reads as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Mr. Taft on his election no doubt wished to carry on the +work of his predecessor, and, if not publicly, often privately +said that it was his desire and intention to retain those Cabinet +colleagues of Mr. Roosevelt who had contributed so much to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> +the re-creation of the Republican Party. [Note by Mr. Roosevelt: +"<i>He told me so, and authorized me to tell the Cabinet, specifically +Garfield, Straus and Luke Wright.</i>"] But this intention +became gradually modified during the winter of 1908-09.</p></blockquote> + +<p>On December 16th I attended the dinner of the Ohio +Society in New York, at which President-elect Taft made +his first public address. There was a notable gathering +of the leaders of finance and commerce and of the Republican +Party, and great expectancy was evident as to what +Mr. Taft would say. Ex-Senator Spooner, a brilliant +speaker, also made an address, which contained some +pointed criticisms of Roosevelt policies. He extolled the +Constitution and in a veiled way indicated a deviation +from it on the part of Roosevelt. Spooner had made +other speeches along these lines, and I confess to some +exasperation that this occasion should have been used to +attack Roosevelt and his policies.</p> + +<p>Taft was the last speaker, and I hoped that when he +arose he would resent these attacks, or at any rate uphold +the policies of the Administration of which he had been +an important member. But I was disappointed. He took +no notice of what Spooner or one or two of the other +speakers had said. To some of us this was the first evidence +that there was a rift in the relationship between +Roosevelt and Taft.</p> + +<p>Mr. Taft invited me to return to Washington on the +train with him next morning. <i>En route</i> I spoke of Spooner's +speech, and said it appeared to me as an attempt to +drive a wedge between him (Taft) and the Roosevelt +policies, and that the attack was received by the great +financiers who were present, Harriman, Ryan, and +others, with great favor. Taft said he had observed it and +did not like it. He thought first that he might say something +in reply, but on second consideration he decided to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span> +let it pass. I told him that usually I enjoyed such an +occasion more when I did not have to speak, but on that +evening I very much regretted not having the opportunity +to answer that attack.</p> + +<p>We talked of a number of things, but he said nothing +about desiring to have me continue in the Cabinet, +though Roosevelt had mentioned the subject to me +several times. I then concluded that while in New York +a change of mind had come to him in this matter, and +what occurred at the dinner seemed to emphasize this +conclusion. He was going down to Augusta, Georgia, for +a short vacation and asked me to come and see him; but +when I reached Washington there was much to be done +in my Department, and, as he was besieged by politicians +and I had nothing special to bring to his attention, I +thought the more considerate thing was not to take up +his time needlessly.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In January the New York delegation in Congress gave a +dinner to Vice-President-elect Sherman at the Shoreham +Hotel in Washington. There were present all the New +York Congressmen, Speaker Cannon, the junior Senator +from New York, Depew, and Senator-elect Root. Along +about ten o'clock the President arrived. As usual on such +occasions, there was informal speaking, and of course the +President was called upon. His offhand remarks that +evening were so inspiring that I regretted they were not +taken down that they might have been preserved. In my +random notes I have incorporated the substance of some +of them; to the effect that our highest purpose should be +to perform the duties before us. He said he had been in +public life twenty-six years (as I understood), and nearly +eight years of that as President, and he had enjoyed it +all; adding, humorously, "even the scraps I have had."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span>Referring to the presidential duties, it was not always +possible to spell out from the words of the Constitution +what those duties imposed upon the occupant of the +office. He instanced the anti-Japanese outbreak in California. +There was nothing in the Constitution that either +permitted or conflicted with his taking the position he +had in his communications to the Governor of California. +It was his purpose to call the attention of the people at +large in that State and throughout the country to the +dangers of the situation if the contemplated legislation +were put through. He referred to the impractical attitude +of the peace societies and other peace advocates in objecting +to all appropriations for naval expenditures. They +could render a better service by agitating to prevent a +condition of international irritation that had all the possibilities +of war; the good effect of the well-considered +"Gentlemen's Agreement" with Japan had been negatived +by the unreasonable legislation proposed in California.</p> + +<p>Making reference in a general way to the work of the +Administration, he said it was important to look to the +future, but to fix one's eyes on the future and neglect the +present was as unwise as to limit one's view entirely to +the present. He hoped the people would not trouble +themselves as to what to do with the ex-President; so far +as he was concerned he was able to take care of himself; +upon his return from Africa they would find him working +not as an ex-President, but as a private citizen +in the ranks, and coöperating with his party representatives +for the best interests of the country.</p> + +<p>He closed by saying that what may become of one's +personal reputation, one's fame as an individual, is of no +consequence. The individual disappears. Oblivion will +engulf us all. Only results count. In order to achieve<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span> +results there must be coöperation. He was always ready +to coöperate with men whose tendencies were forward, +even if such coöperation led only one step forward where +he would have liked ten; but he would refuse to coöperate +with men whose tendencies were backward.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In my Department I continued to push matters forward +without allowing the approaching close of the Administration +to influence me. Under date of January +22d I received a letter from President-elect Taft, in +answer to my inquiry, indicating that in all probability +I should not be retained in the Cabinet. He said he +would have written sooner, but had not decided in what +capacity he wished me to serve his Administration, +though he thought perhaps I might be willing to accept +an embassy. However, he had not definitely decided not +to retain me in the Cabinet. He found Cabinet-making +quite a difficult job.</p> + +<p>Three days later I received another note from him +mentioning the embassy to Japan. He hoped to suit +whatever preference I might have in the matter after +he had had a chance to talk it over with me in Washington.</p> + +<p>At the last Cabinet meeting there was very little business +transacted. The President talked to us informally +and very impressively, saying he wished to repeat, what +he had said before, that a President usually receives +credit for all the good work done in his Administration, +but, speaking for himself, his co-workers had an equal +share in that credit; no President, he said, had had a +more effective, able, and coöperative Cabinet than he. +Then he added humorously that he wanted no response +to modify that statement. Some of us, however, could +not resist expressing in brief the sentiments we felt, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span> +I answered him: If we have performed our duties to your +satisfaction and to the satisfaction of the country, it is +due in no small degree to the fact that around this table +we have caught the contagion of your fine spirit which +has enabled each of us to rise to our highest level of +efficiency because we felt we were coöperating in furthering +those moral issues which you have vitalized in our +economic and national life, I wish to add that our +President in his boundless generosity has always given +to each one of us not only the fullest credit for what we +have done, but a recognition far beyond our individual +merits.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>On March 4th, at nine-thirty in the morning, the members +of the Cabinet assembled in the White House and +accompanied the President to the Capitol. We went to +the President's room on the Senate side and there awaited +the bills to be brought in for the signature of the President. +That is usual at the closing of a session, and many +bills that had been passed in the last few days came from +the engrosser for the signature of the President. Each +bill was handed to the Secretary whose department it +affected, and upon reading it over the Secretary advised +the President whether or not to sign it. There were three +bills affecting my Department, two of which I approved, +and those he signed. Of the third I had no knowledge and +so stated; that one the President passed to become law +without his signature.</p> + +<p>At eleven o'clock President-elect Taft came into the +room, and we all extended our congratulations to him. +Precisely at noon President Roosevelt went into the +Senate Chamber and we followed. Both he and the +President-elect took a seat before the Vice-President's +desk, and we were seated in the front row, where were also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span> +the ambassadors of the foreign powers. Vice-President +Fairbanks opened the proceedings with an appropriate +address, whereupon Vice-President-elect Sherman was +sworn in and made a brief address. The new Senators +were then sworn in in groups of four. President-elect +Taft next took the oath of office, which was administered +by Chief Justice Fuller.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt then left the Senate Chamber to go to the +station. In our carriages we followed him, and at either +side marched over a thousand Republican delegates from +the City of New York. One could observe on all sides +evidence of a feeling of depression and regret at the +departure of the man who had endeared himself to the +country at large as no President had since the days of +Lincoln. It was apparent then, as the years have proven, +that he had the largest personal following ever attained +by any man in this country. By personal following I +mean one that is not dependent on office, but persists +out of office as well. People were attracted to him because +he appealed to their idealism. They had faith in him; +they had an affection for him. They believed he would +lead them where they ought to go and where, therefore, +they wished to go. It was the fact that the mass of the +people throughout the land regarded him with love and +admiration as the embodiment of their ideals of Americanism +which enabled him to exercise such a tremendous +power for the welfare of the country and which is destined +to enshrine his memory among the greatest men in +our history.</p> + +<p>When we reached the station, the large room reserved +on special occasions for officials was closed, and only such +persons admitted as were identified by Secretary Loeb—members +of the family, members of the Cabinet, and a +few intimate friends. When I bade the President, now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span> +ex-President, good-bye, he said we should meet often and +should still work together.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt at the age of fifty was once more a private +citizen, having been the youngest President in our history. +I am sure I speak for my colleagues as well as for myself +when I say we felt we were parting not only from our +official chief, but from one of our nearest and dearest +friends.</p> + +<p>We returned in our carriages to the White House where +we took buffet lunch with President and Mrs. Taft; then +to the stand erected in front of the White House to witness +the review.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XI</h2> + +<h3>MY THIRD MISSION TO TURKEY</h3> + +<blockquote><p>A surgical operation delays my departure—Roosevelt in Africa delighted +with my return to Turkey under Taft Administration—Received by another +Sultan—A royal weakling—The invisible power of the new régime—Foreign +concessions and political intrigues—Turkish funeral customs—The +Mohammedan indifference to death—Roosevelt urges me to meet him in +Cairo—We visit Salonica and Athens—Received by King George of Greece +—Roosevelt's arrival at Cairo—The Kaiser's invitation—Roosevelt condemns +assassination of Premier despite warning to avoid subject in his address +—Roosevelt declines an audience with the Pope—At tea with Prince and +Princess Eitel Friedrich—A distinguished Arab on international relations—Rumblings +in the Balkans—The brilliant Venizelos—My objections to +"dollar diplomacy"—Former Vice-President and Mrs. Fairbanks visit us—Other +distinguished Americans visit the Embassy—We visit the King and +Queen of Roumania—How the Queen adopted the pen-name "Carmen Sylva" +—The cell-like study of the Queen—Vienna and London—Two Rothschilds +express their views of the Triple Entente—"The greatest pleasure of going +abroad is returning home"—Reflections of the rift between the Roosevelt +policies and the Taft Administration.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>My return to private life in 1909 did not prove a disturbing +transition for me, notwithstanding the fact that, +on entering the Cabinet in 1906, I had terminated all of +my professional and business interests, I had no plans +for the future. I had always entered public office not +without some trepidation, and had always retired from +such an office with a certain sense of relief and satisfaction. +But my past training and natural disposition had +by no means prepared me to be content with a life of +"elegant leisure," I soon found much to occupy my +energies, and again took part in numerous semi-public +activities, and my coöperation seemed all the more welcome +because of my experience in office both at home +and abroad.</p> + +<p>Soon after my return to New York, I was formally +welcomed at a banquet at the Hotel Astor, under the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> +auspices of a number of prominent citizens, led by William +McCarroll, who had succeeded me as president of +the New York Board of Trade when I had left for Washington. +It was, of course, gratifying to me to receive this +attention from my fellow citizens, irrespective of party, +among whom I expected to pass my remaining years. +Among the speakers were John Mitchel, St. Clair McKelway, +Richard Watson Gilder, poet and editor of the +"Century Magazine"; the Reverend Leander Chamberlain, +and Dr. Lyman Abbott. Dr. Abbott, one of America's +foremost intellectual and spiritual leaders, is the only +surviving member of this group, and I am happy to be +able to record that he is still in good health, with his pen, +which has lost nothing of its charm and vigor, ever inspiring.</p> + +<p>I quite dismissed from my mind any idea of holding +office in the Taft Administration, especially after Taft +had reconsidered his statement or promise to Roosevelt +to retain me in the Cabinet. Shortly after my return from +Washington, however, on March 13, 1909, President +Taft wrote me that he would be glad to have me accept +the embassy at Constantinople, and that in time he would +transfer me to some other post that might be more acceptable. +He concluded: "I hope this will meet your +view, because I should like to have you in my administration."</p> + +<p>My personal relations with Mr. Taft had of course +always been most cordial and agreeable. I wrote him +that, naturally, I had no desire to return to a post which +I had occupied twice before, unless extraordinary conditions +developed which particularly required my past experience +there and made it imperative that I accept as +a public duty, and even then I should accept only for a +short time.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span>The President wrote me that he would be glad to have +me accept the post at Constantinople (which had been +raised to an embassy since my last mission), and that in +time he would transfer me either to Japan or to some acceptable +post in Europe, and I soon received the following +letter from the State Department:</p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature"> + +<i>April</i> 29, 1909 +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">My dear Mr. Straus</span>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>The President now desires me to make to you the formal +offer of the post of Ambassador to Turkey. The epoch-making +events now occurring in the Turkish Empire bring with them +difficulties and opportunities which make that post take on +even greater importance, and the President feels that your +past service and keen knowledge of the Near East make you +peculiarly qualified to take charge at this time of the important +Embassy at Constantinople.</p> + +<p>Adverting to your previous conversations with the President +and with me, relative to your disinclination to accept a post +which you have previously held, I would add that the President +would be glad to consider your transfer from Constantinople to +some other post if an opportune time should arrive when this +was practicable and when you wished to relinquish the important +mission which is now tendered to you.</p> + +<p> +I am, my dear Mr. Straus, +</p> + +<div class="signature">Very sincerely yours<br /> +<span class="smcap">P. C. Knox</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>In June, while I was getting ready for my departure, I +was compelled to undergo an operation for appendicitis. +I therefore wrote the President asking him to relieve me +of my appointment, as my illness would delay me for +another month or more. The President promptly advised +me not to be disturbed by the delay, that he would be glad +to wait until my health was entirely restored before having +me start, and that it was not possible, because of the +troubled conditions in Turkey, at that time to find any +one to replace me.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span>At this time I received a letter from Roosevelt, addressed +from the heart of British East Africa, expressing +pleasure at my again going to Turkey:</p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature"> + +<span class="smcap">Saigo Soi, Lake Naivasha</span><br /> +16<i>th July</i>, 1909 +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">My dear Mr. Ambassador</span>: +</p> + +<p>Your letter gave me real pleasure. Mrs. Roosevelt had written +of you, and your dear wife, and two beautiful daughters, +coming out to see her; and she told me how much she enjoyed +your visit. As for the address at the dedication of the memorial +window, my dear fellow, you said the very things that I would +most like to have said about me, especially coming from a man +whom I so much respect and who is my close personal friend.</p> + +<p>I am delighted that you have accepted the Turkish Embassy. +The situation was wholly changed by the revolution, and at this +moment I think that Constantinople is the most important and +most interesting diplomatic post in the world.</p> + +<p>I shan't try to write to you at any length, for I find it simply +impossible to keep up with correspondence here in camp, and +am able to write my letters at all at the moment only because +a friend has turned up with a typewriter.</p> + +<p>I can't say how I look forward to seeing you. I know nothing +whatever of American politics at the present moment. We have +had a very successful and enjoyable trip.</p> + +<p>With love to Mrs. Straus and with hearty congratulations +not to you but to our country for your having gone to Turkey, +I am</p> + +<p class="center"> +Faithfully yours</p> +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>The first paragraph refers to an address I had made in +May. The Reverend J. Wesley Hill, of the Metropolitan +Temple, had one of the windows of his church dedicated +to the Roosevelt Administration and I was asked to +deliver the principal address. I took for my subject +"The Spirit of the Roosevelt Administration," and +reviewed the leading progressive acts of the Administration +and pointed out how they were all aimed to secure the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> +rights and enlarge the opportunities of the plain people. +I had in mind counteracting the influence then current to +belittle the work of the Roosevelt Administration. For +with the beginning of the Taft Administration, the reactionaries +in and out of Congress had become more bitter +and outspoken in their opposition to the Roosevelt policies; +it seems that they were encouraged by the report +that a break had taken place between Roosevelt and +Taft, and by the fact that certain Senators and members +of the House who had fallen out with Roosevelt seemed +to be specially welcomed at the White House. My +address was therefore widely quoted in the press and +subsequently circulated in pamphlet form. I quote one +of its salient paragraphs:</p> + +<blockquote><p>All the Roosevelt measures and policies were based not only +upon moral convictions, but upon a statesman's forethought +for the welfare of the country. That he would encounter the +powerful opposition of the offending corporate interests was to +be foreseen and expected. All reforms and reformers no less in +our country than in others have encountered the reactionaries +of privilege and power, who persuaded themselves that their +so-called vested interests, however acquired and however administered, +were their vested rights. These trespassing reactionaries +when not checked and made obedient to the legitimate +needs and righteous demands of the many produced a +spirit of revenge which broke out into revolution at the extreme +opposite end of the social system.</p></blockquote> + +<p>On August 18th Mrs. Straus and I left New York on +the S.S. Prinz Friedrich Wilhelm for Cherbourg. A week +later we were in Paris, where we met Mrs. Roosevelt +with three of her children, Ethel, Archie, and Quentin. +During the fortnight of our stay we saw a great deal of +them and several times we went to the theater or sight-seeing +together. Mrs. Roosevelt told me that her husband<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> +had solicitously inquired about us in several of his letters +and suggested that I write him.</p> + +<p>When we reached Constantinople on September 18th, +the month of Ramazan had begun, and the Minister of +Foreign Affairs, Rifaat Pasha, informed me that the +Sultan, now Mohammed V, brother of Abdul Hamid, +would probably delay receiving me for a week or ten +days, until the middle of Ramazan, and not at the end, +as was customary with the former Sultan. Accordingly +I was received on Monday, October 4th.</p> + +<p>The residence of the new Sultan was in the Palace of +Dolma Bagtché. As my rank now was that of ambassador, +this audience was a more ceremonious one than +those of my former missions. Eight royal carriages came +from the Palace to conduct me and my staff to the residence +of His Royal Majesty. The first of these, in which +I rode, was a most gorgeous affair, with outriders and +two postilions in uniforms of brilliant colors standing on +a platform in the rear of the carriage. The streets of Pera +were crowded with spectators as these dazzling equipages +went by, in spite of a light rain that was falling. As we +entered the Palace, a large troop of soldiers arranged +along each side of the main gate presented arms. I was +met by the Chief Introducer of Ambassadors and several +other officials, who conducted me to the audience chamber +above. With my dragoman, Mr. Gargiulo, I then proceeded +with the Chief Introducer of Ambassadors into +the presence of the Sultan while the rest of my staff were +detained in an anteroom.</p> + +<p>The Sultan was a man of about sixty-five, short and +very thick-set. He was dressed in military uniform, but +appeared physically inert and clumsy. During the whole +thirty-three years' reign of his brother, Abdul Hamid, he +had been imprisoned in a palace on the Bosphorus and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span> +kept under constant guard. He grew up in ignorance and +his appearance clearly indicated mental backwardness. +His eyes were dull and his appearance almost that of an +imbecile, except when an occasional spark of animation +was noticeable. Withal he seemed kind and good-natured.</p> + +<p>When I made my address, I felt as though I were +speaking to an image rather than a human being, and I +went through it as quickly as possible, omitting some +parts for the sake of brevity, realizing that it was simply +a form and that the Introducer of Ambassadors would +presently read the whole of it in Turkish. The Sultan +was then handed the Turkish reply to read, which he did +haltingly, even consulting the Introducer at times to +decipher a word. That being over, the doors to the anteroom +were thrown open and my staff entered, also the +consul-general and his staff, and each man was presented +to the Sultan. We were then conducted back to the anteroom +and served with cigarettes and coffee, even though +it was Ramazan, when Mohammedans do not drink or +smoke until after sundown. In a few minutes more we +were conducted back to our carriages. The whole function +was more in the nature of mimicry on the stage than a +serious diplomatic performance.</p> + +<p>With my dragoman I paid my official calls upon the +Grand Vizier and the Minister of Foreign Affairs at the +Porte, both of whom received me in full-dress uniform +and immediately returned the calls.</p> + +<p>The Government of Turkey under the new régime, with +a Sultan who was merely a figurehead, was in the hands +of the ministry, and the ministers in turn were appointed +and controlled by the Young Turks, or so-called party of +"Union and Progress" which had brought on the revolution +of 1908 and deposed the late Sultan in April, 1909. +It required no great insight to see that a government thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span> +controlled by an invisible power without official responsibility +could not be one of either liberty or progress; yet +the leading ministers were men of ability and some of +them men of considerable experience. Rifaat Pasha, for +instance, was formerly ambassador to London, an intelligent +and thoroughly enlightened statesman. Hussein +Hilmi Pasha, the Grand Vizier, was the former member +of a joint committee charged with the government of +Macedonia. Talaat Bey, the Minister of the Interior, +had previously held an inferior position. He was one of +the leading representatives of the Young Turk Party and +was believed to be the one mainly responsible for the +terrible slaughter and martyrdom of Armenians during +the World War. After that war he fled to Berlin, where, +in 1920, he was assassinated by a young Armenian. +Djavid Bey, Minister of Finance, was a remarkably +brilliant young man, about thirty-four years old, from +Salonica. It was said he was a Donmeh; that is, a member +of a sect of apostate Jews also known as Sabbatians +from the name of its Messiah or prophet, Sabbataď Zevi, +who gave the sect its romantic origin in the middle of the +seventeenth century. Professor Graetz gives a full and +interesting description of this whole movement in his +"History of the Jews."</p> + +<p>Among my colleagues were Gerard Lowther, who +represented Great Britain; Marquis Imperiali, Italy; and +Baron Marschall von Bieberstein, Germany. Because of +the lack of general society in Constantinople, the members +of the diplomatic corps became very intimate with +one another, and this was so with my colleagues generally +and especially between the German ambassador and +myself, for we were also fellow members of the Hague +Tribunal, and in 1907 he was chairman of the German +delegation at the Conferences. He was by far the ablest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span> +and most forceful diplomat in Constantinople at this +period. During his term of office there, German influence +in the Ottoman Empire entirely overshadowed the British. +This influence started its ascendancy following the +visit of the Emperor in 1898, when he obtained the promise +of the concession for the building of the Bagdad Railway.</p> + +<p>When first the Ottoman Government granted this +concession, the financiers of Great Britain, France, and +Germany had come to a tentative agreement for the +joint construction of the road. The Germans then +wanted more than an equal control in the enterprise, and +the negotiations fell through. Had the interests of Great +Britain and Germany been united in the Near East, +there probably would have been quite a different alignment +of Powers on the chessboard of Europe, and perhaps +the World War would have been prevented. The Bagdad +Railway, if jointly constructed, would have contributed +to a better understanding between Great Britain and Germany +instead of accentuating more and more their differences +as the road proceeded toward the Persian Gulf.</p> + +<p>I could plainly see evidences, both in social life in the +Turkish capital and in the unmistakable trend of diplomatic +alignments, of a rapidly developing entente between +Great Britain, France, and Russia. Since the Russo-Japanese +War, and with the coming of the new régime in +Turkey, Russia had changed her attitude toward Turkey +and had become extremely friendly. Italy maintained a +neutral attitude as between Great Britain and Germany. +Austria, as always, if not controlled by, was in close sympathy +with, Germany.</p> + +<p>Abdul Hamid had developed into the most autocratic +ruler of modern times. With the overthrow of his régime +and its colossal system of secret agents, there was hope<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span> +for a gradual development of a parliamentary government, +especially as some of the officials in the Turkish +ministry were forward-looking men, of considerable +ability and honesty of purpose. However, just as the +jealousy between the Great Powers had prevented the dismemberment +of the Ottoman Empire for a hundred years +or more, so the same jealousy prevented rehabilitation. +Great Britain favored the building up of Turkey; the +policy of Russia, Germany, and Austria was to keep +Turkey weak and disorganized.</p> + +<p>With the establishment of the new régime Germany, +England, France, and Italy sought concessions from the +Government for the development of mines and the building +of railroads, docks, and other public utilities. The +country was rich and undeveloped, and the Turks themselves +had neither the capacity nor the money for such +undertakings. But the effect of these concessions was +undermining the sovereignty and was foreshadowing +conflict.</p> + +<p>With the passing of the old régime and the beginning of +the new, an appalling massacre of Armenians had taken +place in Cilicia; and it was believed that this massacre, +which cost the lives of twenty thousand or more victims, +was engineered by the old régime to discredit the new.</p> + +<p>The first fall of the new ministry was brought about by +what was known as the Lynch affair, which concerned a +steamship monopoly of an English company on the Tigris +and Euphrates. The Lynch Company had a perpetual +concession to navigate two steamers from the Persian +Gulf to Bassora, and from there to Bagdad on the Tigris +and as far as navigable on the Euphrates. There was also +a Turkish company with a similar concession, and the +English company undertook negotiations with the Grand +Vizier for the consolidation of the two companies, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span> +which the Lynch Company was to pay the Ottoman +Government Ł160,000 in cash. The new company was to +have a grant for seventy-two years, with the right given +to the Ottoman Government to buy it all out at the end +of thirty-six years on a basis to be agreed upon. The new +company was to have the monopoly of the navigation, +and it was to have an English president with a board of +directors composed half of Englishmen and half of Turkish +subjects.</p> + +<p>The arrangements were made on behalf of the ministry +by the Grand Vizier, Hilmi Pasha, and the matter was +then brought up under interpellation in the Parliament. +The first vote taken was against confirmation of the +transaction. This amounted to an expression of lack of +confidence in the ministry, whereupon the Grand Vizier +stated that unless the transaction was confirmed, he and +his colleagues would resign. Two days later, on motion +of Djavid Bey, the eloquent Minister of Finance, the +whole matter was reconsidered and an equally large vote +cast confirming the transaction. Aside from registering +confidence or the lack of it in the ministry, the vote +against confirmation would also have been interpreted as +an act of hostility toward England. For the time being +the problem was settled.</p> + +<p>Shortly thereafter, however, there arose in the Bagdad +vilayet such opposition to this transaction that the deputies +from that province threatened to withdraw from +Parliament. The negotiations were regarded as a victory +for England in the strengthening of her influence along +the Persian Gulf, and a defeat for the Germans, whose +railway terminus would be at Bassora, at the junction of +the two rivers. The Persian Gulf, on the other hand, was +of strategic interest to Great Britain because it is the +corridor to India. German influence proved the stronger<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span> +with the Young Turks, and the consolidation of the Lynch +Company with the Turkish company was not confirmed.</p> + +<p>This vote resulted in the fall of the ministry, for a +month later the Young Turks forced the resignation of +the Grand Vizier. In giving his resignation to the Sultan, +the Grand Vizier stated his reason as poor health, but +that was merely for public consumption. Talaat Bey and +Djavid Bey were known to be prominent members of the +Young Turks, and the Grand Vizier, who had been Minister +of the Interior and then Grand Vizier under the +former Sultan, was not fully trusted as being in accord +with the régime of the Young Turks. To bridge over this +ministerial crisis the Young Turks offered to Hakki +Pasha, ambassador at Rome, the grand viziership, which +he accepted.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Early in the year 1910 the diplomatic circle in Constantinople +was thrown, if not into gloom, at least into +official mourning. The Grand Duke Nicolaiovich, uncle +of Czar Nicholas of Russia, and King Leopold of Belgium, +died. At Constantinople, more than at any capital +in the world, ceremonies of any kind were exaggerated to +make an impression upon the Turkish mind. And so in +both these instances elaborate funeral services were held +which the diplomatic representatives attended in full +uniform, loaded with all decorations. The service for the +Grand Duke lasted about two hours, although no one +apparently listened to any part but the singing, and there +was a general sigh of relief when it was over. The service +for the Belgian king was of a similar nature, with the +addition of a huge catafalque, surmounted by a crown, +erected in the center of the church, which was so cold +that most of us kept on our overcoats.</p> + +<p>Shortly thereafter I attended a third funeral, this time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span> +a Turkish one. Hamdy Bey, director and organizer of +the Imperial Museum, had died on February 24, 1910, +at about sixty-eight years of age. I had known him for +twenty years; he had always been courteous and obliging +to American visitors, and had shown many special favors +to me, notably in regard to the permit for the Babylonian +excavations. The services took place at eleven in the +morning in front of the entrance to the Sophia Mosque. +The funeral cortčge consisted of about a dozen dervishes +clad in long black robes with high conical head-coverings +made of rough yellowish-gray woolen material, and +about three times the height of an ordinary fez. They +chanted in plaintive tones, "Allah! Allah! Allah!" +Next came the coffin-bearers, six in number. As is the +custom among the Mohammedans, the coffin was of +plain boards, covered with shawls, over which was draped +a black covering with some phrases from the Koran +worked into it. On top of the coffin was the red fez or +head-covering of the deceased. Behind the coffin walked +many of the leading officials of the Government and +other prominent people. The entire ministry was present. +I joined the procession shortly before reaching the mosque +and was asked to walk beside Rifaat Pasha, the Minister +of Foreign Affairs. I was the only representative of a +foreign power present, and my attendance was warmly +appreciated by the Turkish officials and by the relatives +of the deceased.</p> + +<p>When the procession reached the mosque, the coffin +was placed upon the pediment of a Greek column near the +entrance, an appropriate place for it to rest, I thought. +All the mourners having gathered round, one of the imans +or priests standing by the coffin recited a prayer of about +six minutes' duration, in the midst of which he put the +following questions in Turkish to the bystanders:</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span></p> + +<p>"You all knew Hamdy Bey; what kind of a man was +he?"</p> + +<p>And the audience replied "Eyi," meaning "good."</p> + +<p>"If he has done any wrong to you, do you forgive +him?"</p> + +<p>Their reply in Turkish signified, "We do."</p> + +<p>The body was then borne on the shoulders of the carriers +to the museum enclosure which was near by, in front +of the Chinili Kiosque. Djavid Bey then mounted the +marble portico and from there delivered a funeral oration +lasting about twelve minutes, in which he referred to the +excellent work accomplished by the deceased under the +most trying circumstances during the reign of corruption +and oppression, and pointed to the buildings surrounding +the enclosure as the most fitting and lasting memorial.</p> + +<p>A funeral among the Mohammedans is not regarded as +a cause for mourning. Death is looked upon as a matter of +course. Every respect is shown the memory of the deceased, +but there is neither sanctimony nor suppressed +sorrow at the funeral service. This is doubtless due to the +spirit of fatalism deeply embedded in their religion, and +which colors so deeply the life and philosophy of a Mohammedan.</p> + +<p>The attitude of prayer on the part of the bystanders +during this ceremony was one I had never observed at +the ordinary services in the mosques. They all stood +erect, arms horizontally extended forward from the elbow, +palms turned upward. The simplicity of the whole +service impressed me very much. The entire dramatic +scene, in its picturesque surroundings, was unforgettable. +The day was bright and beautiful, and the Bosphorus +wore its most attractive coloring. Turkish functions, +whether official or ceremonial, are always arranged with +quiet dignity and precision.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span>Among the pleasant things during this sojourn in Constantinople +was a trip to Cairo to meet Roosevelt. On +New Year's Day, 1910, I received a note from him +scribbled off in pencil, asking that I meet him if possible +about March 22d at Cairo; he would wire me later from +the upper Nile a more exact date. He could not come to +Constantinople because he had to include Christiania in +his itinerary, which made it a little difficult to carry out +his plans.</p> + +<p>In due time I received a telegram from him from Gondokoro, +on the lower Nile, to meet him on March 23d. +Accordingly Mrs. Straus and I started from Constantinople +on March 7th in the embassy dispatch boat, Scorpion, +a ship of about seven hundred and fifty tons, manned +by a crew of seventy-five or eighty bluejackets. We left +a little early in order to be able to make stops at several +ports on the way, notably Salonica, which in many respects +was the most advanced city of the empire. It had +about 135,000 inhabitants, of whom some 20,000 were +Greek, 15,000 Bulgarian and other Balkan peoples, and +the rest chiefly Jews. The ancestors of many of the latter +had settled there centuries before as refugees from Spain +at the time of the Inquisition. As was the case with many +of the other Jews of Turkey their language was Ladino, +a Spanish dialect.</p> + +<p>We stayed at Salonica three days and visited the principal +institutions of the city, and the Jewish hospitals and +schools, all of which I found superior to any I had seen +in Turkey proper. They were conducted on modern scientific +lines. The leaders of finance and industry were the +Jews and the Greeks, while at the same time the hewers +of wood and the drawers of water, those who loaded the +ships and did the hauling, were also principally Jews.</p> + +<p>Next we stopped at Athens, where we met my brother<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> +Isidor and his wife, who were making a tour of the Orient. +Our six-days' stay in Athens was made delightful for us by +the courtesies of our minister, George H. Moses, now and +for some years past United States Senator from New +Hampshire. We visited the Boulé, or Greek Chamber, +one afternoon. What mainly impressed one was the +lack of decorum and dignity. The Minister of War, who +also represented the military league, was the dominating +power. I thought then how unfortunate it was for a +country to be ruled by the sabered politician. Then truly +does the army become a curse to the Government, as +well as inefficient for the protection it is supposed to give. +When the army enters politics, then politics also enters +the army, a double calamity for any state. But that +seemed to be the lamentable condition of Greece as I saw +it at that time.</p> + +<p>We were received in audience by King George, who +spoke perfect English. I had met him before, on my visit +to Athens in 1888. He conversed freely and with the +objectiveness of an outsider about the disturbed political +conditions of Greece, which was at the time dominated +by a military league, a secret organization of army officers. +Referring to this league, the King said that outsiders +probably regarded him as weak in giving way to +its demands, but that they did not appreciate conditions; +he did it to prevent a revolution, and he hoped that unity +among the people might be promoted by the approaching +meeting of the Assembly for the revision of the constitution.</p> + +<p>He seemed remarkably well informed regarding our +system of government and American affairs generally. +He said that Greece needed a council of state with coördinate +legislative power, rather than a senate. He appeared +to favor a small appointed body rather than an elective<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> +senate. He said he had been in Greece for fifty years; he +had come there when he was eighteen and was educated +for the navy. He added drily that it might have been +better if he had stuck to the profession of his training.</p> + +<p>He knew I was on my way to Egypt to meet Roosevelt +for whom he expressed the greatest admiration. He said +he had read several of Roosevelt's books and had always +had a desire to meet him.</p> + +<p>We went on to Alexandria by the Roumanian boat. +The sea seemed rough, so we thought best to send the +Scorpion on ahead so that we might make the trip leisurely, +and on March 21st we arrived in Cairo, where +Consul-General Iddings had reserved rooms for us at the +Shepheard Hotel, adjoining the suite reserved for the +Roosevelts.</p> + +<p>The Roosevelt party arrived from Luxor at about nine +o'clock on the morning of March 24th. We went to the +station to meet the train, and there was quite a gathering, +including the consul-general and his wife, an aide of the +Khedive, an aide of the Sirdar, a number of American +missionaries, and several others. Cairo was astir. American +flags were flying on many buildings, and at the hotel +a great crowd cheered as Roosevelt entered.</p> + +<p>After breakfast the first morning, Roosevelt wanted me +to read several letters he had dictated, among others a +reply to the invitation that had been extended by the +Kaiser asking Roosevelt to be his guest in the palace in +Berlin. The invitation did not include Mrs. Roosevelt, +and this he resented. He therefore dictated a letter to +Ambassador David J. Hill saying he would be pleased to +call on the Emperor on the day designated, but could not +accept the invitation to be his guest, as he did not purpose +to separate from Mrs. Roosevelt. He asked Ambassador +Hill to be sure to submit the message to the Emperor's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span> +chamberlain in such a way that it could not be construed +as a hint for an invitation for Mrs. Roosevelt. I advised +against sending this letter and asked him to let me handle +the matter. This I did, and Ambassador Hill soon discovered, +what I had suspected, that the Emperor was +not aware at the time the invitation was sent that Mrs. +Roosevelt was with her husband. The omission was immediately +corrected.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt was, of course, anxious for news from home. +He spoke again of Taft's having told him he would retain +Garfield and myself, and said Taft was aware that he +(Roosevelt) was specially attached to us both. I showed +him an article in a current "North American Review," +entitled "The First Year of Taft's Administration," +which plainly showed that much ground had been +lost.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt was to deliver an address before the Egyptian +National University. He handed me the draft of it +and asked me to criticize it freely. I suggested a number of +changes, which he promptly adopted. He had been asked +not to refer to the recent assassination of the Premier of +Egypt, Budros Pasha—a deed that had probably been +inspired by the Nationalists, a party composed chiefly of +young students, half-educated theorists, and a few others +whose shibboleth was "Egypt for the Egyptians." Roosevelt +considered that it would be cowardly and evasive to +avoid this subject, and that usually the subjects one is +asked not to refer to are the ones uppermost in the minds +of the people. Besides, if he did not openly condemn such +an act, his silence might be interpreted as an approval. +In view of all the circumstances I fully agreed with him. +The speech was delivered in a large hall filled to capacity; +the consular body and many Egyptian ministers were +present. About one third of the audience understood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span> +English, and the address was enthusiastically received, +and had an excellent effect, as I afterward learned, upon +law and order in Egypt.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt gave a luncheon at the hotel to Sir Gaston +Maspero and Professor Sayce, the eminent Egyptologists, +which we attended. There were about fifteen people +present, among them Mr. Lawrence F. Abbott, of "The +Outlook," who had joined the Roosevelt party at Khartum. +It was a delightful occasion and reminded us of the +old days at the White House. Roosevelt always had the +faculty of surrounding himself with people who, whether +from prominent or humble walks of life, were worth while. +There were so many facets to his nature that he could +make interesting contacts with all sorts of folk, those of +the forest as well as those of the closet.</p> + +<p>From Gondokoro, Roosevelt had written Ambassador +Leishman at Rome saying he would be glad of the honor +of presentation to His Holiness Pope Pius X. At Cairo +he received the following cable reply from Ambassador +Leishman:</p> + +<blockquote><p>The Rector of the American Catholic College, Monsignor +Kennedy, in reply to inquiry which I caused to be made, requests +that the following communication be transmitted to you: +"The Holy Father will be delighted to grant audience to Mr. +Roosevelt on April 5, and hopes nothing will arise to prevent it, +such as the much-regretted incident which made the reception +of Mr. Fairbanks impossible."</p> + +<p>I merely transmit this communication without having committed +you in any way to accept the conditions imposed, as the +form appears objectionable, clearly indicating that an audience +would be canceled in case you should take any action while +here that might be construed as countenancing the Methodist +mission work here....</p></blockquote> + +<p>Mr. Fairbanks, it may be remembered, was granted an +audience with His Holiness, but on the same day accepted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span> +an invitation to lecture before the Methodist body in +Rome whose propaganda was inimical to the Vatican. +This displeased His Holiness and the audience was thereupon +canceled.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt answered Leishman's cable to the effect that +while he fully recognized the right of the Holy Father to +receive or not to receive whomsoever he chose, he could +not submit to conditions which would in any way limit +his freedom of conduct. But the Vatican stood firm on +the conditions set forth:</p> + +<blockquote><p>His Holiness will be much pleased to grant an audience to +Mr. Roosevelt, for whom he entertains great esteem, both +personally and as President of the United States. His Holiness +quite recognizes Mr. Roosevelt's entire right to freedom of +conduct. On the other hand, in view of the circumstances, for +which neither His Holiness nor Mr. Roosevelt is responsible, +an audience could not occur except on the understanding expressed +in the former message.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Consequently, while Roosevelt did not go to the Vatican, +he was received with great cordiality at the Quirinal +by King Victor Emmanuel III. In order not to have the +Vatican incident misunderstood at home, Roosevelt sent +a message regarding it to the American people, through +the pages of "The Outlook" of April 9, 1910. Mr. Abbott +makes detailed mention of the episode in his "Impressions +of Theodore Roosevelt."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Mrs. Straus and I were invited to luncheon with Sir +Eldon and Lady Gorst, British consul-general at Cairo, +where we met Professor Oscar Browning, of Cambridge, +among others. Sir Eldon was the successor of Lord +Cromer, and had had many years of experience in Egypt +in official capacities. He spoke of the unrest among the +natives, especially those who had lived abroad as university<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span> +students. These were in fact the leaders of the Nationalist +Party, a movement stimulated by the establishment +of the new régime in Turkey and the parliamentary +form of government in Persia. Some of the Arabic papers +were encouraging, if not actually inciting, opposition to +the British protectorate. He said the British policy was +to grant by degrees an always larger share of local self-government, +but it was feared that if the national spirit +was too much encouraged there would be a reversion to +conditions that prevailed prior to the British occupation +of the country. He explained that Lord Cromer's administration +covered the period of national improvements, +such as the reform of taxes, and the building of +railways and irrigation works; and that now had come the +desire for political changes.</p> + +<p>I have referred to that part of Roosevelt's speech at the +National University in which he condemned the assassination +of the premier. Sir Eldon said he had been consulted +in regard to the speech before its delivery, and +that if he had expressed any objection he was sure Mr. +Roosevelt would either have omitted that part of the +address or declined to speak altogether, for he knew Mr. +Roosevelt would not do anything to embarrass British +interests. He had had no objection, and made this clear +to Mr. Iddings, who made the inquiry.</p> + +<p>We were all invited to a tea at the German Diplomatic +Agency, to meet the Prince and Princess Eitel Friedrich, +who were on a visit to Egypt. Eitel Friedrich is the second +son of William II of Germany. I had little opportunity +to speak with him because he and Roosevelt were +engaged almost the entire time in an animated conversation, +during which both remained standing. My impression +of the Prince was that he seemed tremendously impressed +with his own importance. I had a pleasant chat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span> +with the Princess, whom I found very charming. She +seemed to me of a type more Austrian than German.</p> + +<p>On March 30th we left Cairo, going with the Roosevelt +party as far as Alexandria, where they boarded a ship for +Naples, and we went aboard the Scorpion. Our little ship +was dressed in its complimentary flags, the band was +playing, and the commander had drawn up the bluejackets +on the main deck to present arms, so that the +Roosevelt party was being saluted with all the form, +splendor, and dignity that our ship could muster. The +sea was much calmer than when we came, and we reached +Constantinople in a little less than three days. I had +intended stopping at several other ports to confer with +our consuls, and to visit Jerusalem, Beirut, and Smyrna; +but as my instructions were to hasten my return I did so.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>During my third mission in Turkey I saw quite a good +deal of Mahmoud Chevket Pasha, the generalissimo of +the Turkish army, who was at the same time Minister of +War. He was fifty-two years old, of spare frame, medium +height, with a full beard that was turning gray. He was +an Arab, born in Bagdad. He told me that, when he was +a younger man and a major in the army, he spent ten +years in Germany studying the German military system +and training. It was evident to every observer that under +his generalship the Turkish army had vastly improved +both in appearance and in discipline.</p> + +<p>I found him a well-educated, modern man. At that +time he enjoyed a world-wide reputation as the most +important and dominating official in the empire, because, +as general of the Third Army Corps, stationed at Salonica, +he had marched his men to Constantinople, dethroned +the late Sultan, and established the new régime. +Within a few months he had made visits to Austria,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span> +France, and Germany, and was received with great +honors. In the leading cities of these countries he made +addresses that were statesmanlike and internationally +tactful. Throughout he represented his country with +admirable tact and judgment.</p> + +<p>During one of our conversations the generalissimo told +me that the only cloud on the horizon was the effort of the +Greeks to make the Island of Crete a part of their country. +He thought the general conditions in Turkey were good +and that there was no danger of internal troubles, because +the Government had things well in hand. Should Greece +make any hostile move, he knew Turkey could easily +defeat her. He did not think that any of the Balkan +Powers would join Greece, since they could not do so without +drawing in some of the big Powers, and the latter +would not, as a matter of self-interest, allow the Balkan +States to join Greece in a war.</p> + +<p>We were speaking rather frankly, and I asked him +whether he thought Russia desired the advancement of +Turkey and its steady growth under the new régime. He +realized that Russia was then entirely friendly, but said +it was not because she favored a progressive Turkey, but +because since her war with Japan she was in no position +to take advantage of the misfortunes of Turkey. I asked +him what he thought of the real attitude of Germany. He +answered that he thought Germany entirely friendly; +that her desire was, of course, to advance her commercial +interests in the Ottoman Empire, but that in this respect +she was perhaps not different from other nations who +regarded Turkey as a good field for commercial operations.</p> + +<p>Shortly thereafter the political atmosphere was considerably +disturbed by the Crete affair, just as Chevket +Pasha had foreseen. The Greek army had entered politics<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span> +and dominated the Government. It caused several +changes of ministers and forced the King to consent to +the summoning of a National Assembly consisting of +twice as many delegates as there were members in Parliament. +Crete also insisted upon sending delegates, which +would have been tantamount to incorporating itself as +part of Greece politically.</p> + +<p>The Minister of Foreign Affairs frankly told the ambassadors +of all the leading Powers, as well as the Greek +minister, that if the Greek National Assembly admitted +delegates from Crete, Turkey would regard that as a +<i>casus belli</i>. There was a rumor at the same time that +Bulgaria was preparing to take advantage of the crisis to +make war on Turkey, either by uniting with Greece or in +conjunction with some of the other Balkan States. The +Minister of Foreign Affairs had managed well, and the +four big Powers, England, Russia, France, and Italy, +bestirred themselves and the situation was allayed for +the time.</p> + +<p>Greece had purchased from Italy a man-of-war of +about ten thousand tons, which was being fitted and +armored for delivery within six months. To offset this +augmentation of the Greek navy, already stronger than +the Turkish, Turkey wanted to purchase a man-of-war +of sufficient size to outclass the one being fitted for +Greece. The Minister of Foreign Affairs called on me +with a memorandum of the size of the ship and the +strength of the armament desired, together with a statement +that the object of the Ottoman Government in the +purchase of it was not to make war, but to safeguard the +peace of Turkey and possibly of Europe. It was thought +that the moral effect upon Greece of such a purchase +would prevent her from taking any action that would +cause war.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span>I cabled this proposal in detail to Secretary Knox, and +requested a reply by cable. I knew that we had several +ships that would probably answer the requirements of +Turkey, and I thought that, aside from the moral effect +this might have in preventing a war between Turkey and +Greece, it would enable us to substitute a new ship of our +own for an old one. It was not a question of price, as +Turkey had put aside sufficient money to pay for such +a ship.</p> + +<p>A few days later Chevket Pasha also called on me, +and again assured me that the purchase was designed to +have an immediate effect upon the maintenance of peace, +and that the people of Turkey would be forever grateful +to the United States if we should sell them the ship.</p> + +<p>But after the lapse of a week or more, I finally received +a negative answer from the State Department, saying +that such a sale could not be made without the authority +of Congress. This, of course, I knew; but since the transaction +would have given us the opportunity to add a new +ship to replace the other, I thought such legislation might +readily have been obtained. The Turkish Government +then made application to Germany, and that country +seized the opportunity further to cement its friendly relations +with the Ottoman Empire, which later had such +an important bearing in the World War.</p> + +<p>About a year after this Crete affair, Chevket Pasha +was assassinated as he was coming out of the Sublime +Porte. No greater loss could have befallen Turkey than +the removal at that time of her greatest general and most +enlightened statesman. He was the best-informed Turkish +statesman I have ever known, with a clear and correct +view of the entire European situation. What the conspiracy +was behind this shooting was never brought to light.</p> + +<p>The affairs of Crete at that time were in the hands of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span> +the energetic and brilliant leader who has since come to +be regarded as one of the foremost statesmen of all Europe, +Eleutherios Venizelos. At the Paris Peace Conference +his recognition was complete. The Greeks, however, +have always shown themselves to be a fickle and +ungrateful people, and from the time of Socrates have +turned against their foremost philosophers and statesmen, +and their attitude toward Venizelos is the most +recent illustration of those traits. Venizelos is practically +a refugee from his own country and at this writing is +visiting our country to study American institutions.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The main reason I accepted the post at Turkey for the +third time was to secure the legal status and rights of +American institutions under definite laws in the new +régime. The Turks had promulgated a law, known as the +"Law of Associations," under the ingenious restrictions +of which they sought to place all foreign institutions. +That would have given the Ottoman authorities, both +civil and judicial, the power so to impede the work of +these institutions as to prevent them from functioning. +I pointed out to the Grand Vizier that the Law of Associations +was contrary to the acquired rights of the institutions, +which had been legally recognized for many years, +and taking section by section I showed him the inapplicability +of it to these institutions. After months of +negotiations, as usual in Turkey, I succeeded in getting +a decision from the Council of Ministers exempting foreign +institutions of a religious, educational, or benevolent +character.</p> + +<p>There were three or four other matters that I succeeded +in bringing to a successful close. Contrary to the real-property +laws of 1868, our institutions were being denied +the right to hold in their names real property necessary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span> +for their operation, and this right I was able to secure for +them. Among other things I obtained a charter for the +Syrian Protestant College at Beirut, and I got an iradé or +permit for the construction of new buildings for Robert +College. The American College for Girls, at Scutari on +the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus, wanted to transfer the +institution over to Arnaoutkeui on the European side, +its present location, and I secured permission for this +transfer and for the construction of its buildings.</p> + +<p>While these various negotiations were in progress, I +received an instruction from Secretary Knox at which I +took umbrage. It contained the following paragraph: +"If I am correct in understanding that American educational +and missionary interests in Turkey are in fact +receiving treatment in substance entirely satisfactory, I +conclude that the chief influence should at present be +centered upon a substantial advancement of our prestige +and commerce."</p> + +<p>This had no other meaning than that instead of vigorous +effort for the protection of American colleges, schools, +and hospitals, whose rights under the new régime were +being seriously threatened by new laws and regulations, +I was to transfer my efforts to securing shipbuilding and +railway concessions. I promptly advised the Department +that this understanding was not correct, that the interests +of our institutions were being seriously threatened, and +that the proper protection of these interests in no way +conflicted with the advancement of our commercial +interests.</p> + +<p>I continued to push the negotiations on behalf of our +institutions, for I knew that a let-up at that time would, +instead of benefiting our commercial interests, convey the +impression of weakness on the part of our Government +in looking out for American interests. In several dispatches<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> +I pointed out to the Department that to exert +official pressure for railway concessions in Turkey would +likewise require the protection of such concessions, when +obtained, by strenuous official action which might at +some time even involve the use of force, and could not fail +to enmesh us in the intricate political problems of the +Near East. I asked the Department to weigh carefully +the possible advantage of concessions to a few American +exploiters, against the serious disadvantages that the +protection of these concessions would impose. I pointed +out that invariably the Turkish Government, of its own +accord or through outside pressure, failed to live up to its +contracts if not compelled to do so, and that the situation +would be further complicated by the conflicting +interests of the other Powers whose commercial dealings +were subordinate to their political strategy. To ordinary +commercial transactions, such as export and import, +these risks did not, of course, apply; but they were particularly +troublesome with regard to the building and +running of railways on Turkish territory.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Among our distinguished visitors during this mission +were former Vice-President and Mrs. Fairbanks, who +were on their tour round the world. They were our guests +for a week, and we gave a series of dinners to have them +meet the leading diplomatic and Turkish officials. Among +the latter was Ahmed Riza Bey, president of the Chamber +of Deputies, who had for twenty years been a refugee in +Paris, where he edited a Turkish paper. He spoke French +fluently. He was said to be practically the head of the +Young Turks Party. He was blue-eyed, handsome, and +thoroughly modern. His father was one of the chamberlains +of Sultan Abdul Aziz, and his mother, an Austrian, +once told Mrs. Straus that she had almost forgotten the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span> +German language because she had not used it in so long +a time, for she was only seventeen when she was married.</p> + +<p>Riza Bey was very much interested to learn from Mr. +Fairbanks the rules of parliamentary procedure. The +Chamber of Deputies had not as yet adopted any such +rules and its proceedings lacked system and order.</p> + +<p>A few days later, while the president of the Chamber +was calling on me, the palace of the Chamber of Deputies, +Tcheragan on the Bosphorus, burned to the ground,—an +unfortunate occurrence not only because of the material +loss, but because it was looked upon by the populace as a +visitation from God against the new régime.</p> + +<p>Judge and Mrs. Alton B. Parker and the widow of +Daniel Manning, Secretary of the Treasury in Cleveland's +second Cabinet, also gave us the pleasure of a visit. +And a little later Cleveland H. Dodge arrived in his yacht. +He was heartily welcomed by all the missionaries, for he +was prominently connected with Robert College and was +chairman of the board of trustees of the College at Beirut. +In his party was Mrs. Grover Cleveland.</p> + +<p>After we had moved to our summer quarters at Yenikeui, +Kermit Roosevelt and his classmate, John Heard, +came to spend about ten days with us. My son Roger, +then a student at Princeton, was spending his vacation +with us and was glad to have the company of two young +men of about his own age.</p> + +<p>At this time we saw much of Sir William Willcocks, the +eminent British engineer, who had just returned from +Bagdad where he was employed by the Turkish Government +in the construction and supervision of irrigation +works in Mesopotamia. It was he who projected and +designed the Assuan Dam across the Nile. He told me he +was born to his work, as his father, Captain W. Willcocks, +was engaged in it in India.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span>In June I wrote the Department of State requesting +a leave of absence toward the end of September or +beginning of October, with permission to return home. +In answer I received a cable from the assistant secretary +to the effect that the railway concessions of +the Ottoman American Development Company were +to come up in Parliament in November, and asking if +it would be convenient for me to take my leave earlier +so as to be back in Turkey by November 1st. I replied +in a confidential letter that it was my intention, upon my +return to America, to confer with the President and the +Secretary of State regarding my release from this post, +in accordance with my understanding when I accepted +the appointment. I decided to wait until the arrival of +the new secretary of the embassy, Mr. Hoffman Philip, +and before leaving I took pains to make him thoroughly +familiar with the work of the embassy so that no ground +might be lost pending my resignation.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>On leaving Constantinople we desired a few days' rest +in the mountains. At the suggestion, therefore, of our +minister to Roumania, J. Ridgely Carter, we planned to +go to Sinaia, the Roumanian summer capital, which he +thought we should find agreeable in every way, so on +September 3d we left Turkey for Roumania.</p> + +<p>Sinaia we found not only very beautiful, but most +enjoyable. We were invited to the Palace a number of +times. The Court being in mourning, all entertaining +was informal and more intimate. The King reminded me +of the late Edmund Clarence Stedman in general appearance. +The Queen, known to all the world as "Carmen +Sylva," was a striking personality, tall, rather heavily +built, with silver gray hair and a high complexion, strong, +mobile features, and a very spiritual expression. She<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span> +spoke English, French, and German with equal fluency, +so that it was difficult to tell which was the most natural +to her.</p> + +<p>The Queen told me how she happened to choose Carmen +Sylva for a pen-name: The woods always appealed to +her; their stillness and beauty inspired her. When she +began to publish her work, at the age of thirty-five, she +asked a certain German writer to tell her the Latin word +for "woods"; that gave her "sylva." Next she asked +the Latin word for "bird," but that did not suit her. +Then the word for "song" suggested itself, "carmen." +The combination appealed to her poetic sense, and she +adopted it.</p> + +<p>At luncheon one day our conversation drifted to poetry +and American poets. The Queen seemed to know all our +bards, even the minor ones, several of whom I had not +heard of myself. I happened to quote, as near as I could +recall it, a couplet from a little poem that Joaquin Miller +wrote when Peter Cooper died:</p> + +<p class="center"> +All one can hold in his cold right hand<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Is what he has given away.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>She was most enthusiastic about that sentiment and said +she considered it real poetry. She repeated it several +times so as to remember it.</p> + +<p>"Whenever any one gives me a beautiful thought, I +never forget him," she said, turning to me in her unaffected +manner. I appreciated her delicate compliment.</p> + +<p>After luncheon she invited me to the floor above to see +her study. She explained that she did her best work in a +little cell-like room in the monastery below the hill near +the Palace, which we had visited the day before. There +she was most free from disturbance of any kind. Her +study in the Palace was comfortable and attractively +furnished; not large, but cozy. Looking out of the windows,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> +one saw the terraced Italian gardens and the +wooded peaks of the Carpathian Mountains beyond. +The low bookcases which lined the four walls contained +English, French, and German books in exquisite bindings. +At her desk were three typewriters, respectively +from England, France, and Germany, for use in writing +the languages of those countries. She used them herself, +according to the language in which the inspiration of the +moment had come. She presented me with a volume of +poems and one of essays, both in German, "Meine Ruhe" +and "Mein Penatenwinkel," which she inscribed for me.</p> + +<p>We went through the Palace that afternoon. It is +modern and very beautiful, furnished in excellent taste, +and not cold and uncomfortable, sacrificed to grandeur, +as most palaces seem to be. Then the King and Queen +invited us to return the next morning at eleven, to a musicale +and luncheon.</p> + +<p>Next day after luncheon the King left the other guests +and took me into a small adjoining room where we smoked +and had coffee. Knowing that I had been Secretary of +Commerce and Labor, he led the conversation to economic +questions, which he said interested him most. He +expressed surprise that we had not come to state ownership +of railways, which he believed was the only way to +regulate them. I explained our method of regulating +them, but he thought that method more socialistic and +arbitrary than in his own country. We talked of the +Roosevelt policies and their general aim at social justice. +He said he regretted very much that Roosevelt had not +visited Roumania, for he had the greatest admiration for +him, both as man and as statesman.</p> + +<p>Our conversation ran on to the Jewish question, and +the King spoke most sympathetically of the Jews, saying +that they were patriotic subjects and good soldiers, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span> +there was no religious prejudice against them, and that +the Jewish question in Roumania was purely economic. +The Jews who came in from Russia and Poland constituted +separate communities in the country, with foreign +methods of living, foreign language, and foreign +views. I told him that in the most enlightened countries +there was an absence of the Jewish problem because no +problem was created by treating the Jews as separate +groups with restricted rights. He saw that point, but +explained that Roumania was right next to Russia where +the Jews were most oppressed. If, therefore, Roumania +accorded them full rights, there would be a flood of immigration +much larger than they were then getting. I +pointed out that it would be much better to restrict immigration +than to restrict the natural rights of the Jews +of Roumania. That thought impressed him, and he said +he realized that, under the system they then had, much +injustice was done which brought disgrace to the kingdom, +but he hoped a remedy would be worked out.</p> + +<p>We spoke of the United States Postal Savings legislation, +of which he requested an outline, and thought it +could be adopted by Roumania with advantage.</p> + +<p>A few days later we again lunched with the King and +Queen. The Queen mentioned the bit of poetry I had +given her a few days before and asked whether I could +give her another. Something had been said about Hay's +Roumanian note that brought to mind the last stanza of +Hay's hymn:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<span class="i0">Wherever man oppresses man,</span> +<span class="i1">Beneath the setting sun,</span> +<span class="i0">O Lord, be there, thine arm make bare,</span> +<span class="i1">Thy righteous will be done.</span> +</div> + +<p>The Queen admired these lines and begged me to write +them out, which I did on the back of one of my visiting-cards.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span> +She put the card in her reticule, saying that the +lines would inspire a poem some day, and that she would +then send it to me.</p> + +<p>Referring to her work generally, she spoke of her indebtedness +to Professor Michael Bernays, the distinguished +Jewish scholar, who was a frequent and welcome +visitor at the home of her parents. She said he was the +most modest and intellectual person she had ever known, +and his conversations and teachings had greatly influenced +her intellectual and spiritual life. She asked me to +read her estimate of this wonderful man in her book of +essays that she had given me. I have since read it several +times, and it would surprise many to read such a eulogy +and vindication of the Jews and Judaism by the Queen +of a country where the Jews were so sorely oppressed by +drastic discrimination.</p> + +<p>Before we left Sinaia, the Queen sent me a large photograph +of herself, inscribed: "Never mind deep waters, +there are pearls to be found. Elizabeth. Sinaia, September, +1910."</p> + +<p>In Vienna, we were guests at a tea given by Dr. Sigmund +Münz, of "Die Neue Freie Presse." Among those +present was Baroness Bertha von Suttner, the great peace +advocate and authoress of "Down With Your Arms," +who had received the Nobel Peace Prize the previous +year. I had met her before in the United States, where +we spoke from the same platform during the sessions +of the Interparliamentary Union and the International +Peace Societies.</p> + +<p>Next we went to London, where we enjoyed the pleasant +hospitalities of our ambassador, Whitelaw Reid. At +one of the luncheons at the embassy I was pleased to make +the acquaintance of Dr. Luis M. Drago, the Argentine +international jurist and author of the Drago Doctrine,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span> +who had just returned from the Anglo-American Fisheries +Arbitration at The Hague.</p> + +<p>We dined one evening with the Right Honorable Sir +Ernest Cassel at his charming home, Brooke House, and +afterward went with him to the theater. Sir Ernest, one +of England's leading financiers, was constantly being +referred to in the press in connection with the negotiations +pending in Paris for a new loan to the Turks. He +told us that these international financial negotiations, +because of their international importance, did not appeal +to him, for he had no ambition to be in the limelight or +to become a conspicuous international personage. He +preferred quiet and obscurity, for constant publicity disturbed +his peace of mind. This attitude was not one of +assumed modesty; he really said what he meant and felt.</p> + +<p>On another evening we dined with Postmaster-General +Herbert Samuel and his wife. Mr. Samuel was only +thirty-nine years old and gave every promise of the distinction +which he has since attained in the service of his +country. At this writing he is British High Commissioner +in Palestine.</p> + +<p>Lord Rothschild had written me to call on him when +in London; and I went to the banking house to see him. +In speaking of the Triple Entente of Great Britain, +France, and Russia, I told him I thought that, from a +British point of view, it was unwise. He, on the other +hand, regarded it as good because it offered the best +security for peace. A few days thereafter I mentioned +the subject to his brother, Alfred. The latter said that +he and his brother usually agreed, but in this matter they +took opposite views. Alfred considered it a great mistake, +from the point of view of civilization, for England to be +aligned with Russia, and beyond that he considered it +detrimental to the relationship between England and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span> +Germany, which was none too friendly. In the light of +all that has since taken place, it is interesting to note +how the international alignment of 1910 was reflected in +the minds of these big international financiers.</p> + +<p>On September 8th we boarded the Lusitania at Liverpool, +reaching New York on the 13th. My brother Isidor +and our children met us, and we were made to appreciate +the real truth of the bull that "the greatest pleasure in +going abroad is returning home."</p> + +<p>Soon afterward I went to Washington. First I called +at the State Department and had an informal talk with +Secretary Knox. I told him I did not wish to return to +Turkey. The important negotiations had been brought +to a favorable conclusion, and I felt that I had spent +enough of my time there. He referred to the understanding +with which I had accepted the post, that when I +desired to be relieved, another post that might be available +and acceptable to me would be tendered me. However, +I purposely did not comment on this understanding. +I simply said that I did not wish to cause the Administration +any embarrassment, and was content to stay at +home. He said he would have a talk with the President +and confer with me later.</p> + +<p>When I called on the President, I told him that since +all the questions for which I went to Turkey had been adjusted, +I did not wish to return. Subsequently I received +a very cordial and complimentary letter from him, but, +as it contained no intimation of his earlier promise to +transfer me to a post more to my liking, I did not refer to +it. The rift between the Roosevelt policies and the Taft +Administration had by this time grown considerably, +and I was known to be in thorough accord with Roosevelt +and his policies.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XII</h2> + +<h3>THE PROGRESSIVES</h3> + +<blockquote><p>The Progressive spirit is kindled and shaped into a cause—My speech at +the banquet of the New York Chamber of Commerce in 1910—Roosevelt's +hostility to boss rule—Liberals impatient with Taft Administration—Governors +demand Roosevelt—He advocates recall of judicial decisions—This +stand believed to have caused his defeat—New York State Progressive +Convention is deadlocked—"Suspender Jack" nominates me for Governor +and stampedes convention—I decline to consider Republican nomination—Sulzer's +"non-Jewish but pro-Jewish" slogan—I stump the State—Bainbridge +Colby "impersonates" me—Roosevelt, shot by a lunatic, heroically +addresses Milwaukee mass meeting—I am needed in national campaign—The +dramatic Roosevelt speech in Madison Square Garden—His tribute +to me—Election returns—Progressives poorly organized—Their cause a +crusade.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>In the torrential flood of American politics, two main +currents are continuously perceptible. There are, of +course, innumerable permanent and temporary cross-currents, +eddies, and other variations, but the two main +currents are ever present. One may be generally described +as professional, mechanical, and ruled by the +accomplished and consummate selfishness of invisible +forces. The other, while more genuine in spirit, is often +amateurish in effort; it is more spontaneous; it is kindled +by emotions of revolt; it sees mankind not as masses to be +exploited, and profited by, but as individuals to be set +freer to express themselves socially and economically. It +strives to restate the better aspirations of men generally, +and to mitigate some of the pressure that civilization +imposes upon them.</p> + +<p>It is not the province of the historian to moralize. It +is his business to trace the changing currents of human +thought and to produce accurate pictures of men in +action. And so, in touching on the Progressives, I shall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span> +endeavor to give some indication of the mental processes +that shaped their cause, and to depict some of the +dramatic scenes that carried their cause into action. +Many of these scenes I was able to observe closely. In +a sense, I may have figured more definitely than I realized +at the time, in kindling their cause into smoke and +flame.</p> + +<p>On November 17, 1910, the New York Chamber of +Commerce held its one hundred and forty-second annual +banquet at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The speakers +were Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, of Massachusetts; +Governor Horace White, of New York; Mayor William +J. Gaynor, of New York City; and myself. The president +of the Chamber, the late A. Barton Hepburn, presided. +My subject was "American Prestige," and I could not +refrain from referring to the great extent to which American +influence and prestige had been advanced by Roosevelt, +both as President and during his tour through +Europe. There was instant and prolonged applause at +the mention of Roosevelt's name, clearly showing that +his political influence was not dead, contrary to the ideas +of many who thought so because the election of a few +days before had shown sweeping Democratic gains and +the defeat of Roosevelt's candidate for Governor, Henry +L. Stimson. When the banquet was over, Senator Lodge +said to me that if the political opponents of Roosevelt +could have seen the enthusiasm with which his name was +applauded, they would realize that even in New York he +was as much alive as ever.</p> + +<p>When I had met Roosevelt in Cairo on his way back +from Africa, we had talked frequently about politics at +home. It was clear to me from his conversation that he +did not propose to be enticed or forced into accepting any +nomination, although there was talk, yes, I may say a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span> +demand, that he reënter public life as either Governor of +New York or United States Senator.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt was so loyal a Republican that his opponents +constantly chided him for going along with the bosses, +like Senator Platt, for instance, and at the same time +advocating reforms. He used to reply that he did and +would continue to coöperate with the bosses so long as +they went his way. His aim from the time he entered +public life as a member of the New York State Assembly +was to make the party always more responsive to its +highest ideals; and from the beginning he worked against +the "invisible powers" or boss rule. By word and deed +all through his life he showed an independence and moral +courage that careless observers might often have mistaken +for headlong impetuosity. No one could know him without +recognizing that he was broad-minded, liberal, and +inherently progressive.</p> + +<p>When he arrived home from abroad in June, 1910, he +found the Republican Party disrupted. The dissatisfaction +and impatience of the liberals was distinctly evident. +By 1912 Taft had allowed himself to become so thoroughly +identified with the reactionaries that the large +independent element had not only become unenthusiastic, +but decidedly hostile to the Administration. In his +Winona speech President Taft had ranked himself on the +side of those leaders in the party who opposed real tariff +reform. In his famous Norton letter he had even gone so +far as to imply, if not to expressly admit, that federal +Patronage had been used against the Progressives in +Congress.</p> + +<p>The Progressive element both in and out of Congress +was therefore casting about for a candidate who represented +the liberal wing of the party, for nomination at the +National Republican Convention at Chicago in June.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span> +Roosevelt's office at "The Outlook" was daily crowded +with liberal leaders who had come to consult with him +and to urge him to "throw his hat in the ring," to use one +of Roosevelt's own picturesque expressions. This demand +grew and spread until finally came the following appeal +from the Governors of the States of Kansas, Michigan, +Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, West Virginia, and +Wyoming:</p> + +<blockquote><p>We feel that you will be unresponsive to a plain public duty +if you decline to accept the nomination coming as the voluntary +expression of the wishes of a majority of the Republican voters +of the United States through the action of their delegates in the +next National Convention.</p></blockquote> + +<p>To this message Roosevelt replied:</p> + +<blockquote><p>One of the chief principles for which I have stood and for +which I now stand, and which I have always endeavoured and +always shall endeavour to reduce to action, is the genuine rule +of the people; and, therefore, I hope that so far as possible the +people may be given the chance, through direct primaries, to +express their preference as to who shall be the nominee of the +Republican Presidential Convention.</p></blockquote> + +<p>During this period I called on Roosevelt one day at the +offices of "The Outlook," and he handed me the galley-proof +of a speech he was to make before the Constitutional +Convention at Columbus, Ohio. He called it "The +Charter of Democracy." His room was full of callers, so +I went into Dr. Abbott's office and there carefully read +the speech. In it Roosevelt advocated, among other +reforms such as the short ballot and the initiative and +referendum, the recall of judicial decisions. When I came +to that subject I confess I was shocked, and so expressed +myself to one of the editors of "The Outlook"; as I +remember it, it was Dr. Abbott himself. Compelled to +keep another appointment, I left the office when I had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span> +finished reading the speech, saying that I should return +later.</p> + +<p>Upon my return I met Roosevelt just as he was going +out to keep an engagement.</p> + +<p>"I hear you don't like my speech," he said to me.</p> + +<p>"I like your speech; I think it is fine; all but that portion +of it which refers to the recall of judicial decisions," +I answered. I started to give my reasons, but seeing that +he was pressed for time, I said: "I should like to discuss +that matter with you, provided your mind is open on the +subject." To my great surprise he said that he had +thought the subject over very carefully, and frankly told +me that he had come to a definite decision on it.</p> + +<p>That was so unlike the Roosevelt I knew in the many +discussions I had had with him, when invariably I found +his mind responsive, that I was quite disappointed and +somewhat taken back. But I did not want him to feel +that I had joined the ranks of the many who had parted +political company with him because he had made it +known that he would accept another nomination for +President, and so, on reaching my office, I wrote him a +letter, briefly explaining why I objected to his statements +regarding the recall of judicial decisions. I assured him +that on that account I did not part from him politically, +for after all I agreed with him more than with any other +candidate who might possibly be named.</p> + +<p>The birth and development of the Progressive Party +is, of course, an element of national history that has often +been detailed. William Draper Lewis, in his "Life of +Theodore Roosevelt," and Lawrence F. Abbott, in his +"Impressions of Theodore Roosevelt," both give clear +accounts of it. Roosevelt's candidacy and defeat have +been variously analyzed, but I believe now, as I believed +in 1912, that but for this unfortunate statement regarding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span> +judicial decisions, Roosevelt would have been re-elected +President in 1912. It is true that he afterwards +clarified the meaning of his use of the word "recall"; +that its application was limited to such decisions as held +legislative acts unconstitutional, and that such decisions +might at the following election be submitted to popular +vote, in accordance with the method employed by a +State for the adoption of its constitution. But his clarification +never overcame the effects of the Columbus +speech. William Draper Lewis, who was one of Roosevelt's +closest advisers at the time, says in his biography:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Looking back now over the events leading up to the Republican +National Convention of 1912, it would appear almost +certain that had he, in his address before the Ohio Convention, +either refrained from making the proposal or had he called it +a new method of amending the constitution, and carefully +explained it so that it could not have been misunderstood, it is +most probable that he would have been nominated at Chicago, +and that the whole course of the recent history of the United +States would have been other than it has been.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus352.jpg" width="450" height="596" alt="NATHAN, OSCAR, AND ISIDOR STRAUS + +1912" title="NATHAN, OSCAR, AND ISIDOR STRAUS 1912" /> +<span class="caption">NATHAN, OSCAR, AND ISIDOR STRAUS<br /> + +1912</span> +</div> + +<p>Shortly after the Columbus speech, Roosevelt delivered, +on March 20, 1912, at Carnegie Hall, New York, +what was in many respects the most forceful and eloquent +address I ever heard him make. He graphically +described his dedication to his ideals of democracy:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Our task as Americans is to strive for social and industrial +justice, achieved through the genuine rule of the people. This +is our end, our purpose. The methods for achieving the end are +merely expedients, to be finally accepted or rejected according +as actual experience shows that they work well or ill. But in +our hearts we must have this lofty purpose, and we must strive +for it in all earnestness and sincerity, or our work will come +to nothing. In order to succeed, we need leaders of inspired +idealism, leaders to whom are granted great visions, who dream +greatly and strive to make their dreams come true; who can +kindle the people with the fire from their own burning souls.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span>The leader for the time being, whoever he may be, is but an +instrument, to be used until broken and then to be cast aside; +and if he is worth his salt, he will care no more when he is broken +than a soldier cares when he is sent where his life is forfeit in +order that the victory may be won.</p> + +<p>If on this new continent we merely build another country of +great but unjustly divided material prosperity, we shall have +done nothing; and we shall do as little if we merely set the greed +of envy against the greed of arrogance, and thereby destroy +the material well-being of all of us. To turn this government +into government by plutocracy or government by a mob would +be to repeat on a larger scale the lamentable failures of the +world that is dead. We stand against all tyranny, by the few +or by the many. We stand for the rule of the many in the +interest of all of us, for the rule of the many in the spirit of +courage, of common sense, of high purpose, above all, in a spirit +of kindly justice towards every man and every woman.</p></blockquote> + +<p>A month after the meeting of the National Convention +of the Progressive Party, popularly called the "Bull +Moose Convention," which nominated Theodore Roosevelt +for President and Hiram W. Johnson for Vice-President, +the New York State Convention of the Progressive +Party met at Syracuse, in the Arena. The convention +met on September 5th.</p> + +<p>All during the first day and night, amid lively discussion +as to the selection of candidates for Governor, +committees urged me for permission to present my name +as a candidate; but I steadfastly declined, since the governorship, +being so largely a political office, did not appeal +to me. I was neither by training nor by temperament a +politician, although I had taken active part in campaigns +for many years, both local and national. The next day I +was asked to take the permanent chairmanship of the +convention. This I was willing and glad to do; I wanted +to be of service to the party; also it was a foregone conclusion +that acceptance of the chairmanship would preclude<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span> +my being considered a candidate for the nomination +for Governor.</p> + +<p>The Arena was filled with about seven thousand delegates +and members of the new Progressive Party. The +air was surcharged with the spirit of the new movement—the +genuine enthusiasm of men and women of character +and standing from every county in the State, and +among them a great many ministers, professors, reformers, +and leaders of benevolent and charitable movements. +There was a conspicuous absence of the professional +politician. Indeed, that convention had more the +character of a town meeting than of a cut-and-dried political +convention. Instead of having decisions made for +them, this great body of enthusiasts were called upon to +make their own. The candidates had not even been +agreed upon.</p> + +<p>On September 6th I took my gavel in hand and called +the meeting to order. The first business before the convention +was the nomination of a candidate for Governor. +The secretary called the counties of the State in alphabetical +order, and the chairman of each delegation made +his nomination. The outstanding candidates for nomination +were William H. Hotchkiss, one of the organizers +of the Progressive Party and chairman of the National +Committee, and William A. Prendergast, comptroller of +the City of New York, who had made the speech nominating +Roosevelt for President at the Chicago Convention. +A deadlock between these two candidates ensued.</p> + +<p>After Yates County had been heard from, a tall, gaunt +young man towered to his feet and asked to be heard; he +was from the Fifteenth Manhattan District, and he had +a nomination to make. It was not quite in order, though +the spirit of the convention was to give each man a +chance. While I was hesitating about recognizing him,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span> +there seemed to be a general desire that he be given an +opportunity to speak, so I gave him five minutes.</p> + +<p>He looked fantastic as he strode to the platform and +faced the audience. His manner was somewhat bizarre. +He burst forth in dramatic fashion as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Fellow citizens, ladies and gentlemen: I have just come down +from Vermont. I ask you people at this convention to make +no mistake.</p> + +<p>We want to put a man up for Governor that no man will be +afraid to cast his vote for, against whom there can be no charge +leveled of misconduct of any kind, one who can sweep the +State from Montauk Point to Lake Erie, and carry every man +of every race, religion, and creed; a man whose name is known +throughout the civilized world; a man the mention of whose +name brings a tear of sympathy to the eye of almost every man +and woman in the civilized land; a man whose name, wherever +men are found with red blood in their veins, irrespective of +race, religion, and creed, will be carried thundering throughout +the State to victory.</p> + +<p>There is no chance for defeat with this man at the head of the +ticket—</p></blockquote> + +<p>"Who is your candidate?" cried impatient listeners.</p> + +<p>"What's his name?"</p> + +<p>"Name your candidate!"</p> + +<p>In sudden answer to these cries from the convention, +the speaker exclaimed:</p> + +<blockquote><p>I nominate the illustrious and honorable Oscar S. Straus.</p></blockquote> + +<p>During the long, terrific applause that followed, the +delegate stood awkwardly waiting for a chance to finish. +Finally he went on:</p> + +<blockquote><p>We should take no chances in this fight. I could not say one +undeserved word if I used the entire dictionary in praise of +the other nominees, Mr. Hotchkiss and Mr. Prendergast; but, +gentlemen, Mr. Prendergast or Mr. Hotchkiss would cause +friction in the State. We want no friction in this election. We +want success and victory.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span>Gentlemen, there is not a newspaper editor in the State of +New York that would any more assassinate the character of +Oscar S. Straus than he would assassinate the character of his +own mother.</p> + +<p>Gentlemen, remember! Remember that Rome was saved by +the cackle of geese. I have no political prestige, but I warn +and charge you, put up a man for candidate for governor who +cannot and will not be defeated.</p> + +<p>Gentlemen, gentlemen, heed me! Make no mistake about +Oscar S. Straus. You will make no mistake in putting him up as +your candidate, and you will capture victory and success. No +man has had better distinction at home and abroad than Mr. +Straus. I ask you to vote for him.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The moment he finished, a stampede started. The entire +hall assumed the aspect of a good-natured bedlam. +There was cheering and applause, and many of the delegates +began marching round that big auditorium, brandishing +the banners of their counties, singing "The Battle +Hymn of the Republic" and "Onward, Christian Soldiers," +and breaking out in the end with "Straus! Straus! +We want Straus!"</p> + +<p>I pounded the desk with the gavel, I shook my head +in the negative, but to no avail. The noise lasted fully +twenty minutes.</p> + +<p>The picturesque young man who had precipitated this +scene was John G. McGee, known among his colleagues +as "Suspender Jack." He had been a member of the +mounted police of New York City.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Mr. Hotchkiss and several other leaders +came to the platform and insisted upon my accepting. +They even brought Mrs. Straus up with the hope of getting +her to exert her persuasive powers. There was no alternative; +I had to accept.</p> + +<p>Mr. Hotchkiss announced my acceptance, and immediately +former Lieutenant-Governor Timothy L.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span> +Woodruff announced the withdrawal of Mr. Prendergast +and moved to make the nomination unanimous by acclamation. +That produced more shouting and cheering, +accompanied by much applause and the waving of banners. +It was a touching manifestation and an unexpected +honor. I made a brief speech of acceptance, during which +I found it difficult to hide the effect of all this demonstration. +And with more applause and cheering, the session +closed with the singing of "The Star-Spangled Banner."</p> + +<p>The next morning the convention named for Lieutenant-Governor +Frederick M. Davenport, who was Professor +of Law and Politics at Hamilton College and had +made an admirable record in the State Legislature. The +ticket was then quickly completed and the convention +closed.</p> + +<p>The nominations were received with great favor all +through the State and in the press. Roosevelt at the time +was in the Far West conducting his own campaign, and +wrote me from Spokane as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature"> + +<span class="smcap">The Spokane</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Spokane, Washington</span><br /> +<i>September</i> 8, 1912 +</div> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Dear Straus</span>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>When I left New York I had expected Prendergast to be +nominated and there were certain reasons, which I think you +know, why I felt that, as a matter of principle, his nomination +should be made.</p> + +<p>But there was a still further principle involved, and that was +that in this Convention the people should have their own way; +and, upon my word, I am inclined to think that it was a new +illustration of the fact that the wisdom of <i>all</i> of us is better +than the wisdom of any of us. Having in view the effect, not +only in New York but the country at large, I think that your +nomination stands second only to that of Hiram Johnson as +Vice-President, from the standpoint of strengthening the +ticket. If the only result of the next election were to place you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span> +in as Governor of New York, I should be inclined to think that +the Progressive Party had justified itself.</p> + +<p>My dear fellow, I am overjoyed; I congratulate you with all +my heart. Give my love to dear Mrs. Straus and to Roger and +your two daughters and all the grandchildren.</p> + +<div class="signature2"> +Ever yours</div> +<div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>A few days thereafter he gave out the following interview:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Next in importance to the nomination of the Vice-President +is the nomination for Governor of New York. And it seems to +me that Hiram Johnson and Oscar Straus symbolize what this +movement stands for. One is an ex-Republican, the other an +ex-Democrat; they both stand for what is highest in American +citizenship.</p> + +<p>Mr. Straus is not merely a high-minded and able man, a man +of incorruptible integrity and great ability, but also a man who +has kept abreast of the great movement from which sprang +the Progressive Party. He is eminently fitted to be one of the +leaders in this movement. On every point of our platform he +represents an intense earnestness of conviction for all the +things for which we stand. His attitude toward business, his +attitude toward the complicated, and the vitally important +social and economic problems which are dealt with in our plank +concerning social and industrial justice; in short, his whole position +on governmental matters has been such as to warrant our +saying that he is already in practice applying the very principles +which we preach.</p> + +<p>New York State has a right to be proud of the fact that in +this first State Convention of the people themselves Mr. +Straus's nomination was, in the most emphatic sense, a nomination +by the people themselves, a nomination representing the +desire of the people to have the very best man take the office, +although that man was himself sincerely desirous to escape +having to take it.</p> + +<p>I have known Mr. Straus intimately ever since I was Governor +of New York. When he was in my Cabinet I leaned much +upon him, and a more loyal and disinterested friend no man<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span> +could have, and, what is more important, no man could have +a more loyal, disinterested, and sanely zealous supporter. As +head of the Department of Commerce and Labor Mr. Straus +himself, by study and administration of the law, was one of +those who reached conclusions as to the needs of our handling +of the anti-trust and interstate commerce and similar laws, +which I set forth in message after message to Congress, and +which were substantially embodied in the Progressive platform; +and in his attitude toward labor, toward immigration, toward +the duty both of public and private employees, he foreshadowed +that part of the Progressive platform which has dealt +with these same matters.</p> + +<p>Moreover, by his disinterestedness, his unselfish devotion to +the cause of good government and of sound progressive doctrine +for economic and social reform, and by his willingness +personally to sacrifice his own interests to those of the cause he +espouses, he is, I am happy to say, typical of all men who are +in the new movement.</p> + +<p>Exactly as it is a real sacrifice for Hiram Johnson to accept +the nomination for Vice-President, so it is a real sacrifice for +Oscar Straus to accept the nomination for Governor of New +York. Each has accepted because he is not thinking of himself. +He is thinking of his duty to the people as a whole; of his duty +to the great Nation to which he belongs. Oscar Straus's nomination +is not only a most fortunate thing for the New York +Progressives, but it is also a piece of real good fortune for the +Progressive movement throughout this Nation.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When the Republicans had their convention at Saratoga +a short while after my nomination at Syracuse, +several of their prominent State leaders telegraphed me +to inquire whether I would accept the Republican nomination. +They feared that with three candidates in the +field the State would go Democratic. One of my managers +favored my acceptance, which would without doubt have +meant election. But my chief adviser, Chairman Hotchkiss, +agreed with me that my accepting the Republican +nomination, without the endorsement by the Republicans<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span> +of the Progressive platform, would destroy the Progressive +Party in the State, if not throughout the country. +I therefore sent an immediate reply that while I should +welcome the support of any group or party that chose to +give it, I could not accept a nomination that did not mean +an endorsement and acceptance of the platform on which +I stood. On hearing of this, Roosevelt telegraphed me +from Memphis: "Three cheers for you. You are a perfect +trump and you always do the right thing."</p> + +<p>The Republican candidate was Job E. Hedges, a brilliant +member of the New York Bar. The Democrats +nominated William Sulzer, and Tammany Hall sanctioned +the selection because he was considered a good +opponent who would attract the Jewish vote. But our +politicians make no greater mistake than to believe that +there is such a thing as a Jewish group vote. Of course, a +candidate who by word or action has shown prejudice +against or hostility toward the Jews could not expect their +suffrage; but beyond that the Jews are not controllable +as a group at the polls. However, as chairman of the +Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House, Sulzer had +taken a prominent part in the abrogation of our treaty +with Russia, and during the campaign the slogan, "non-Jewish +but pro-Jewish," was designed to bring him the +support of the mass of Jewish voters in addition to the +regular Democratic vote.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>On the whole the campaign was conducted with dignity +on all sides. There was a noticeable absence of vilification +of candidates and general mud-slinging between the +camps, as is too often the case in keenly contested elections. +My campaign managers arranged for me to make +addresses in every county and almost every city throughout +the State. I had a special car in which traveled,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span> +besides Mr. Davenport, my wife and me, and several +other speakers, a dozen or more reporters from the leading +papers.</p> + +<p>I made my first speech in Getty Square, Yonkers, and +from there I traveled for seven weeks, making ten to +fifteen speeches every day except Sundays, including +short talks at stations and from the rear platform of my +car. Sometimes I made speeches before breakfast, to +crowds that had gathered at the station, and there were +always two or three, and often more, formal addresses a +day in some public hall, to which I would be escorted +from the train with a band of music, and sometimes with +a fife and drum corps, invariably playing "Onward, +Christian Soldiers." So many clergymen took part in the +campaign that frequently the meetings were opened with +a prayer. Many of the meetings were spontaneous, emphasizing +the crusading spirit which was so characteristic +of the campaign.</p> + +<p>One of my slogans was that I was the "unbossed candidate +of the unbossed people." One day up in the northern +part of the State I was speaking on a raised platform in +the open, and, as usual, my time was limited by the train +schedule. A member of the committee told my wife, who +was sitting behind me, that the train would leave in a +few minutes, and that it was time for me to stop, and just +as I got to the middle of the phrase, "unbossed candidate—" +she pulled my coat-tail as a signal for me to stop. +At that moment I was quite evidently not the "unbossed +candidate" that I professed to be, and the audience +laughed and cheered with amusement. I think that +bit of bossing, however, did not cost me any votes.</p> + +<p>Mr. Davenport proved himself a most effective campaign +speaker. Another effective orator in our party for +a short time was Bainbridge Colby, who discharged with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span> +great distinction the important duties of Secretary of +State during the last year of the Wilson Administration. +At Oneonta and at one or two other places, while I was +taking a much-needed rest, the crowds had gathered and +were calling for me. Mr. Colby, without being introduced, +responded for me, and the audiences were left with +the impression that they had listened to me. My cause +certainly did not suffer by my being so admirably represented, +or perhaps I should say advantageously misrepresented.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt in the meantime had flung himself into the +campaign with all the force of his tremendous vigor and +energy, and gave to it a dynamic impulse that grew in +intensity as he progressed through the country. He went +out to the Pacific Coast, returned through the Southern +States to New York City, speaking at every important +center. In September he went through New England. +In October he started on his final tour through the +Middle West, and it was while on this trip that he was +shot by a lunatic just as he was leaving his hotel to make +a speech in the Auditorium in Milwaukee. The incident, +tragic in itself, was made dramatic by his heroism. With +the bullet in his breast and his clothes soaked with blood, +disregarding the entreaties of his companions, he went +on to the Auditorium and spoke for more than an hour. +To him nothing counted except the triumph of the principles +for which he was fighting.</p> + +<p>In consequence of this accident the national managers +had me leave the State of New York and take up the +national campaign, which I did cheerfully. No one, of +course, could fill Roosevelt's engagements, but the plan +was to rescue the cause so far as possible, and I spoke in +several of the larger cities where meetings had been +scheduled for Roosevelt, principally Chicago, Cincinnati,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span> +and Cleveland. My intense anxiety regarding the condition +of my chief during this time was greatly relieved by +assuring telegrams from Mrs. Roosevelt and his nephew, +George Emlen Roosevelt, who were both at his side.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Two final rallies were arranged in Madison Square +Garden, New York—one on Wednesday, October 30th, +for the national ticket, and the second on Friday, November +1st, for the State ticket. Roosevelt, though not well, +considered himself sufficiently recovered to appear. His +physicians, Doctors Lambert and Brewer, had prescribed +no more campaign speeches, in fact, did not want him to +go to these meetings; but he brushed aside their injunctions +and left Oyster Bay for Madison Square.</p> + +<p>His presence at the national rally was his first public +appearance since the shooting, and keyed-up the meeting +to a high dramatic pitch. Fully eighteen thousand persons +were in the auditorium and a few thousand more +were outside clamoring for admission. When Roosevelt +appeared on the platform, a roar of applause broke loose +and continued for forty-five minutes.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt's speech, characteristically, was confined to +a plea for the Progressive cause and for the State ticket; +no word for himself. He appeared in good form and to +possess his usual vigor, although it was observed that he +did not use his right arm. His speech was earnest, calm, +and exalted, closing with what he called his political +creed:</p> + +<blockquote><p>I am glad beyond measure that I am one of the many who +in this fight have stood ready to spend and be spent, pledged +to fight while life lasts the great fight for righteousness and for +brotherhood and for the welfare of mankind.</p></blockquote> + +<p>At the rally for the State ticket two nights later the +crowd inside the Garden was as large as at the national<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span> +rally, though there were fewer people outside. The enthusiasm +was at the same high pitch. When I arose to +speak, the cheering began and lasted twenty-seven minutes +before it could be checked. Roosevelt was expected +during the evening. His physicians had reminded him +when he started from home that he had promised not to +speak any more in the campaign, to which he humorously +replied that he had promised not to speak for himself, +but that this time he would talk for Oscar Straus and +Fred Davenport and the candidates on the judiciary +ticket!</p> + +<p>At the close of my thirty-minute address, Roosevelt +appeared. The crowd went wild, and stopped cheering +only when Mr. Hotchkiss, who was presiding, besought +them to stop out of consideration for the Colonel. Roosevelt +spoke for an hour and held that vast audience in +rapt attention. He devoted the first half of his speech to +outlining the Progressive cause, its meaning and purpose, +and the second half to advocating the State ticket. He +referred to my public career in terms of unmeasured +praise, beginning with my first mission to Turkey. He +told the crowd that everywhere he spoke, from the Great +Lakes to the Gulf and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, +he had "found that the name of Oscar Straus was a name +with which to conjure," and that it "helped the Progressive +cause in California and in New Mexico, in Illinois +and in Kansas, that we here in New York had +named such a man as our candidate for Governor." He +then gave accounts of the personal services and qualifications +of the other members of the ticket, and with this +meeting the Progressive campaign of 1912 closed with a +blaze of unforgettable enthusiasm.</p> + +<p>On election day I received the following letter from +Roosevelt:</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature"> + +<span class="smcap">Oyster Bay</span><br /> +<i>November</i> 5, 1912 +</div> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Dear Oscar</span>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>I count myself fortunate in having run upon the same ticket +with you and in having had the privilege of supporting you. +You are the kind of American who makes one proud of being +an American; and I wish also to say that I feel just the same +way about all your family, your dear wife, your two daughters +and son. It is just such a family, and just such a family life, +as I like to think of as typical of our citizenship at its best.</p> + +<p> +With affectionate regard and esteem +</p> +<p class="center">Faithfully yours</p> +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>The Progressives, as might have been expected, had +been poorly organized. The time had been too short for +intensive development of our forces. We had no machine, +and in a number of the counties there was scarcely a +skeleton of an organization. It was, in fact, not a party +in the ordinary sense of the word at all, but rather a +crusade, and what we lacked in organization we made +up by an abundance of spontaneous ardor. We did not +really expect victory, although Roosevelt several times +said that while he knew he would be defeated, he thought +I would be elected. As a matter of fact, I believe I was +the only candidate of the Progressive cause for Governor +in any State who ran ahead of Roosevelt. In New York +State he got 389,000 votes, in round numbers, while I had +393,000.</p> + +<p>I knew from observations during my campaign from +one end of the State to the other, how poorly, from a +political standpoint, the Progressives were organized, +and I confess I did not see the slightest chance of being +elected. I was not disappointed, and I think that the +men generally who ran for offices on the Progressive +ticket were not disappointed. They realized that their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span> +contest was waged for a cause and not for office, and from +an educational point of view the campaign was eminently +successful.</p> + +<p>Considering the vastness of the undertaking and the +shortness of the time, we did as well as any of us could +have anticipated, if not better. We were confident that +the cause would triumph, in a degree at least, no matter +what party was in power, and I think the facts amply +justify our belief that the Progressive ideals made a +definite impression upon the country, and have given +strength, if not dominant influence, to Progressive principles +in both of the old parties.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIII</h2> + +<h3>THREATENING CLOUDS OF WAR</h3> + +<blockquote><p>Sinister tension in the international air—The Hague Treaties—Germany's +opposition to satisfactory understandings—New spirit of international good-will +gains popular momentum—A conference with Secretary Hay—The +Senate jealous of its authority; the treaties are not submitted—My address +before the New York Peace Society—Other addresses on world peace—Carnegie's +notable efforts—My lectures at the United States Naval War +College at Newport—Conflicts of sovereignty respecting naturalized citizens—The +Lake Mohonk Conferences—The American Society of International +Law is founded—Distinguished speakers at first annual meeting—The +Society's growth and permanence—Roosevelt astounds the world by sending +the fleet around the world—The homecoming of the fleet—Opposition to +free tolls for American ships in coastwise trade—The Mexican problem and +my suggestions to the President as to how to meet it—Italy makes war on +Turkey for Tripoli—Other Powers fail to grasp their opportunity to effect +peaceful adjustment—My protests and warnings are published by "The +Outlook"—The outburst of wars in the Balkans—Germany's ruthless aggressive +policy is disclosed.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>The ominous clouds, visible from time to time on the +diplomatic horizon during my last mission to Turkey, +had latterly expanded from only local significance into +implications of greater and more sinister magnitude. It +had accordingly grown more and more apparent to me +that the tinder box of Europe, the Eastern Question, was +likely to burst into flames at almost any moment; and, +in common with other close observers, I was not unaware +of an inscrutable and widespread tension in the international +air.</p> + +<p>It seemed to many of us that America, which had so +long remained wrapped rather complacently in its cloak +of isolation, might have a stern duty to perform, not only +to itself, but to the rest of the world. That duty seemed +to us to involve the immediate need of a more vigorous +promotion of world peace and of the specific and definite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span> +designing and constructing of a proper machinery of +enforcement.</p> + +<p>In 1899, and again in 1907, to be sure, we had taken a +leading part in the two Hague Peace Conferences, at the +first of which twenty-six, and in the second of which forty-four, +nations participated. These nations had signed and +ratified the various treaties formulated by the two conferences. +The first conference was called by the Emperor +of Russia. Its main purpose, as stated in the Russian +note proposing the conference, was by means of international +discussion and agreement to provide the most +effective means for ensuring to all peoples the benefits of +a real and lasting peace, and, above all, to limit the progressive +development of armaments.</p> + +<p>Soon after the conference assembled, it was found that +no agreement could be reached respecting the limitation +of armaments, whereupon the attention of the delegates +was chiefly directed to formulating plans for the peaceful +settlement of international disputes. This resulted in the +adoption of a treaty of arbitration entitled: "Convention +for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes." +The American, the British, and the delegates of several +other leading Powers favored an agreement for compulsory +arbitration of all matters of a juridical nature; but +this was opposed at the first conference by Germany,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +and again at the second conference. The treaty, however,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span> +in a modified and purely optional form, was adopted, +though it fell short, by reason of Germany's opposition, +of much that it was hoped to attain; yet it was a distinct +gain in providing definite machinery for the maintenance +of peace and the adjustment of international differences +by peaceful means.</p> + +<p>In the development of international relations, in case +of the threat of war or of actual war, it was regarded as +an unfriendly act for outside Powers to tender good +offices or to mediate in the cause of peace. This unfortunate +and unrighteous condition was radically changed +and indeed reversed by the treaty; the signatories agreed +not only to have recourse to the good offices or mediation +of friendly Powers, but agreed also that such Powers +should on their own initiative tender such good offices to +the States at variance, and that such overtures should +never be regarded as an unfriendly act by either of the +parties in dispute. Especially in our country and in Great +Britain, these treaties awakened anew the spirit of international +justice and good-will, and there ensued many +meetings designed to inform and stimulate popular interest +in the cause of world peace.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>John W. Foster, former Secretary of State, who had been +in New York a short time before as a member of a committee +to provide for a public meeting urging the ratification +of the arbitration treaties, had made an appointment +for me to meet Secretary Hay for a conference regarding +them. I met Mr. Foster at the Cosmos Club +and went with him to meet Mr. Hay at the latter's residence. +Hay, as usual, met us in his gracious way and we +discussed the subject from all sides. My main concern +was that these little arbitration treaties, which excepted +questions of "vital interest and national honor," should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span> +not have the effect of abridging the broader provisions of +the Hague Treaty. I had brought with me a draft of a +treaty which guarded against such contingencies, with +which Mr. Foster seemed to be in agreement.</p> + +<p>Hay said he fully caught my idea, but that it had been +desired to make all of these treaties alike and to conform +with the one between France and Great Britain. He said +it would be difficult enough, as it was, to get these treaties +through the Senate, as there was considerable opposition, +and therefore it was advisable to have these treaties with +the several Powers identical; otherwise separate arguments +would be made against each of the treaties. The +Secretary asked me, however, to leave with him the draft +I had prepared, saying that it might prove very useful to +him.</p> + +<p>The final upshot was that these treaties, to which Hay +had devoted so much care and thought during his last +months in Washington, and by which he hoped to lessen +the likelihood of war throughout the world, were violently +opposed in the Senate on the ground that they deprived +it of its constitutional rights. Senators Knox and Spooner +and their followers took the view that every separate +agreement to arbitrate under these treaties must be submitted +to the Senate. An amendment to this effect +emasculated the main purposes of the treaty and left the +subject of arbitration substantially as it would be without +any treaties. As Hay stated, Roosevelt saw the situation +plainly enough and decided not to submit the treaties for +ratification by the other Powers.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>On my return home from Turkey, the New York Peace +Society, of which I had been the president until I entered +the Cabinet in 1906, and whose membership and activities +had been very much enlarged under my successor,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span> +Andrew Carnegie, gave me a reception on January 7, +1910, at the Hotel Plaza, in New York. Mr. Carnegie, +who was earnestly and intensely devoted to the cause of +international peace, and who had donated the necessary +money for the construction of the Peace Palace at The +Hague, presided at this reception, and made one of his +characteristic addresses. The subject of my talk was +"The Threatening Clouds of War," as they appeared to +me to be gathering in the Near East and in the Balkans.</p> + +<p>It seemed to me that the most timely public service +I could possibly render during this period was to help +arouse public opinion to a sense of the imperative need of +a newer view of world relations, and a genuine public +demand for an international understanding and machinery +with which peace might be maintained.</p> + +<p>"World Peace" was therefore my subject when, on +April 13th of the same year, the Authors' Club tendered +me a dinner "in recognition of my public services at home +and abroad." It was presided over by the veteran author +and publisher, Henry Holt, who nominated Mr. Carnegie +as toastmaster. Speeches were made by our ambassador +to Berlin, David Jayne Hill, by Rev. Dr. Thomas R. +Slicer, Edward M. Shepard, Professor William P. Trent, +of Columbia University, and several others.</p> + +<p>Though the Authors' Club has a comparatively small +membership, limited to members of the craft, yet there +have sprung from its ranks a number of our most eminent +diplomatists, such as John Hay, Andrew D. White, +General Horace Porter, David Jayne Hill, Dr. Henry +van Dyke, Seth Low, and Frederick W. Holls. The last +two were delegates to the First Hague Peace Conference.</p> + +<p>Determined to make the most of the growing popular +agitation for the promotion of international arbitration +and peace, Mr. Carnegie soon afterwards organized a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span> +great peace meeting which was held in Carnegie Hall, +New York City. The big hall was packed from pit to +dome, and thousands were unable to gain admission. +The meeting was opened by Mr. Carnegie, as presiding +officer, and he was followed by Baron d'Estournelles de +Constant. In my address I specially emphasized neutral +duties in time of war and the inhibition upon neutrals to +lend money to belligerents pending war as being quite as +much an unneutral act as the selling of ships of war and +armaments, as had been usually the case in the past when +money thus borrowed was used for that very purpose.</p> + +<p>During the years 1903, 1904, and 1905, I devoted much +attention to questions affecting international relations. +I was invited by Admiral Chadwick, president of the +United States Naval War College at Newport, to deliver +several lectures during the summer of 1903, and took for +my subject the protection of our citizens abroad, and +surveyed the entire subject of citizenship, native-born +and naturalized. I pointed out that by the law of July +27, 1868, it was specifically provided that naturalized +citizens while in foreign states shall receive from our +Government the same protection as to their persons and +property that is accorded to native-born citizens in like +circumstances. All the European countries denied the +right of expatriation, while America from the beginning +had insisted upon that right as one of its basic elements +of liberty.</p> + +<p>In several notable instances, our Navy had taken +prompt action to uphold American rights. One such +case was that of Martin Coszta, a Hungarian insurgent +in the revolution of 1848-49, who escaped to Turkey and +from there came to the United States and made the +usual declaration preparatory to being naturalized under +our laws. He returned to Turkey in 1854, and at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span> +Smyrna he was seized while on shore and taken up by +the crew of an Austrian frigate and put in irons. Before +the boat got under way, an American frigate arrived +and threatened to sink the Austrian vessel unless +Coszta was released. This led to an agreement under +which he was put in the custody of the French consul-general.</p> + +<p>It is of the highest importance that the men of our +Navy, especially those in command of ships, should be +conversant with the principles of international law, as +they are frequently called upon to act promptly. This conflict +of sovereignty respecting naturalized citizens caused +the war between us and Great Britain in 1812. Beginning +with 1868, we concluded treaties of naturalization with +the German States and Austria-Hungary, and subsequently +with most of the other States.</p> + +<p>My address was subsequently published in the quarterly +proceedings of the College of March, 1904. The +following year I delivered another address before the +College on international relations specifically with reference +to Russia and the United States. This address was +likewise published in the proceedings of the Naval War +College, and with some modifications appeared in the +"North American Review" of August, 1905.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>For a number of years many of the leading men of the +country who were interested in international relations +were annually, at the beginning of the summer, the guests +of Messrs. Smiley at their noted hotel at Lake Mohonk. +These gatherings were known as the Lake Mohonk Conferences +on International Arbitration, lasted several days, +and addresses were made upon various international +subjects.</p> + +<p>At the conference of 1905, it occurred to some of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span> +members who were in attendance, who had long entertained +the idea that an American society devoted exclusively +to the interests of international law should be +formed, that, in view of the large attendance that year of +many prominent men interested in the subject, it would +be a propitious time to organize. James Brown Scott, +Professor of International Law at Columbia University, +and Professor George W. Kirchwey, Dean of the Law +School of the University, were most active in promoting +the idea. A preliminary meeting was called, and about +fifty of the gentlemen in attendance at the conference +took part. They elected me as chairman, Professor James +Brown Scott as secretary, and appointed a committee of +twenty-one to effect a permanent organization. The committee +so appointed consisted of the following: Chandler +P. Anderson, James B. Angell, Professor Joseph H. Beale, +Jr., David J. Brewer, Charles Henry Butler, J. M. Dickinson, +John W. Foster, George Gray, Professor Charles +Noble Gregory, John W. Griggs, Professor George W. +Kirchwey, Robert Lansing, Professor John Bassett +Moore, W. W. Morrow, Professor Leo S. Rowe, Professor +James B. Scott, Oscar S. Straus, Everett P. Wheeler, +Andrew D. White, Professor George G. Wilson, and +Theodore S. Woolsey.</p> + +<p>The American Society of International Law was formally +organized on January 12, 1906. Back of its founding +was the firm belief that the influence of an association +of publicists and others, organized along the lines indicated, +would count for much in the formation of a sound +and rational body of doctrine concerning the true principles +of international relations.</p> + +<p>The following editorial comment regarding this organization +is quoted from the January, 1907, issue of "The +American Journal of International Law":</p> + +<blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span>While the necessity of such a society was felt by many, no +serious steps were taken until the summer of 1905. It occurred +to some of the members of the Mohonk Lake conference on +international arbitration, that a society devoted exclusively to +the interests of international law as distinct from international +arbitration might be formed and that the members of the +Mohonk Conference would supply a nucleus membership. Accordingly +a call was issued to the members present at the conference, +and as the result of the call and meeting of those interested +a committee was appointed with Oscar S. Straus as chairman +and James B. Scott as secretary, to consider plans for a +definite organization and for the publication of a journal exclusively +devoted to international law as the organ of the Society. +On December 9th, 1905, a meeting of the committee was held +at the residence of Oscar S. Straus in New York City, and as +the result of favorable reports of the members present it appeared +feasible to proceed immediately to the definitive organization +of the Society. Accordingly a call was issued by the chairman +for a meeting of those interested in international law and +its popularization, to be held at the New York Bar Association, +on Friday, January 12th, 1906.</p> + +<p>At this meeting it was decided to organize upon a permanent +basis a society of those interested in the spread of international +law with its ideals of justice and therefore of peace; a constitution +was adopted; officers were elected and the Society took its +place, it is hoped, permanently among the learned and influential +societies of the world.</p></blockquote> + +<p>On April 19 and 20, 1907, was held the first annual +meeting of the American Society of International Law, +at Washington, which was attended by an unexpectedly +large number of members. The society had grown, in the +short time since its organization, to a membership of over +five hundred. The various sessions were devoted to discussions +of international topics, and closed with a banquet +presided over by Secretary Root, and addresses were +made by several speakers, including two former Secretaries +of State, namely, Richard Olney and John W.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span> +Foster, as well as by James Bryce, General Horace Porter, +and the writer.</p> + +<p>To-day the society has more than twelve hundred +members, and since 1907 it has regularly held annual +meetings and issued its quarterly publication, "The +American Journal of International Law." Since the +beginning, Elihu Root has been the president, with whom +are associated as vice-presidents and members of the +executive council more than forty of the leading writers +and authorities, Senators and judges, including the Chief +Justice of the United States. I still am the chairman of +the executive committee, of which Professor Scott has +from the beginning been the recording secretary, as well +as the editor-in-chief of the "Journal." An analytical +index of the fourteen volumes of the "Journal" (1907-20) +has recently been prepared by George A. Finch, +secretary of the board of editors.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>While these various groups were pressing forward on +their respective avenues of approach to a better understanding +between nations, President Roosevelt was applying +his energies to the problem in his own way. His +method was in this instance characterized by a strikingly +objective and dramatic treatment. He firmly believed +that the greater power a peaceful nation has to make war +in a world threatened by war, the greater becomes its +power to command peace. The peace societies will not +endorse this contention; but the history of international +relations gives force to that proposition. Such are international +amenities, paradoxical as it may appear.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt's terse message to a world threatened by war +was to send a great fleet of battleships on a voyage round +the world.</p> + +<p>The fleet was scheduled to return to Hampton Roads<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span> +on Washington's birthday, February 22, 1908. It was to +be reviewed on its arrival by the President. Admiral +Adolph Marix, the chairman of the Lighthouse Board in +my Department, in the tender Maple took my wife and +me, Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Hockstader, my son-in-law +and daughter, and several officials of the Department +to Hampton Roads, and we steamed out to the tail of the +Horse Shoe some ten miles from Old Point Comfort. At +the appointed time, eleven o'clock that day, Admiral +Sperry in his flagship Connecticut passed in review before +the President, and following him came the twenty-four +battleships consisting of the sixteen ships that went around +the Horn, and eight additional ones, most of which had +been completed since the squadron had left the Atlantic +on this voyage sixteen months before. These ships had +steamed 42,000 miles without any hitch or any casualty, +or any untoward circumstance.</p> + +<p>When the President first decided that this trip should +be made, all kinds of hostile criticism bristled in the press +of the country. But the President, with his usual alertness, +had several far-sighted purposes in view. He says +in his "Autobiography": "At that time, as I happened +to know neither the English nor the German authorities +believed it possible to take a fleet of great battleships +around the world, I made up my mind that it was time +to have a show-down in the matter; because if it was +really true that our fleet could not get from the Atlantic +to the Pacific, it was much better to know it and be able +to shape our policy in view of the knowledge."</p> + +<p>The great show of naval strength on the part of the +United States that this voyage illustrated naturally had +its effect throughout the world. A strength that is not +menacing tends to allay menace. And in this instance +the visit of the fleet to Japan was promptly interpreted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span> +by the Japanese as one of courtesy and good-will. The +President, again and again in his public utterances, as +well as in his private statements at Cabinet meetings, had +emphasized his view that a strong navy makes for peace. +And toasting the admirals and captains in the cabin of the +Mayflower, he exclaimed:</p> + +<p>"Isn't it magnificent? Nobody after this will forget +that the American coast is on the Pacific as well as on the +Atlantic!"</p> + +<p>The home-coming of the fleet was a most imposing +sight. The weather was beautiful, and altogether the +function appeared as calm and peaceful as if it had been +a magnificent pleasure excursion, which indeed it had +proved to be.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>On my return to America in the fall of 1913, there were +two notable questions that occupied the attention of +President Wilson and Congress, in which as a private +citizen I had taken some part. I was soon invited by the +National Republican Club to take part in a luncheon +discussion of "Present World Problems," and this enabled +me to discuss a subject that had resulted in a plank +in the National Platform of the Progressive Party, "that +American ships engaged in coastwise trade shall pay no +tolls." As this question did not arise in the New York +State campaign, I had had no occasion to discuss it except +on one occasion when I was asked what my stand was upon +that subject, and I plainly stated that I did not favor the +remission of tolls, as it conflicted with the spirit, if not +with the express wording, of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, +and that I would only favor it in the event the question +were left to arbitration and decided in our favor. In this +discussion I went somewhat fully into the subject, making +it clear why I was not in favor of free tolls, and why I supported<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span> +the President in the stand that he had taken for +repeal of the act that freed our coastwise ships from such +tolls.</p> + +<p>Others who spoke at this luncheon on various phases +of the general problem were William L. Mackenzie King, +at this writing the Premier of Canada, and Miss Mabel +T. Boardman, representing the American Red Cross.</p> + +<p>In April the Senate Committee on Interoceanic Canals +held hearings upon an act to amend the Panama Canal +Act repealing the provision providing for freeing coastwise +American ships from tolls. Upon invitation I appeared +before this committee and supported the position +that the President had taken, in opposition to the provisions +of the platform of his party, for the repeal of the +free tolls clause. Upon the urgent request of the President, +the repealing act was passed. Some of our ablest Senators, +regardless of party, took opposing sides upon this question. +Elihu Root, who was then Senator, presented, in my +judgment, the most convincing argument and the ablest +speech of his distinguished career in the Senate, advocating +the repeal of the free tolls clause.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Another international subject which I was carefully +studying at this time was our relations with Mexico. I +felt then, as I do now, that our Government has often been +badly served and wrongly advised in regard to affairs in +Mexico. I suggested to the President that he should send +to Mexico a commission of experienced men who could +in a comparatively short time lay before him the true +conditions as a guide for our governmental action. I +pointed out that under circumstances different, but no +less perplexing, this plan had been adopted by Cleveland +during the Venezuela trouble, and that the appointment +of that commission, of which Justice Brewer of the Supreme<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span> +Court was chairman, had hastened the solution. +When the idea of the United States sending a commission +such as I recommended became publicly known, it +was favorably received by General Huerta, the then President +of Mexico, as well as by Carranza. The appointment +of such a commission would have had the additional +effect of offsetting the pressure in Congress for intervention, +and several of the leading Senators expressed +themselves as favoring it.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>When storm clouds are rushing across the sky, it is very +difficult to foretell where the lightning will strike. It is +needless here to discuss the professed but spurious reasons +why Italy declared war upon Turkey in 1911. It was +evident that no <i>casus belli</i> existed in any international +sense. The naked fact was that Italy determined to have +a slice of northern Africa, and was favored in that craving +by several of the Great Powers, chiefly to prevent +Germany from getting a foothold on the Mediterranean. +I knew from my observations in Turkey that this aggressive +action on the part of Italy would far transcend the +interest of either Italy or Turkey, and would inevitably +arouse the restless Balkan Powers to action.</p> + +<p>In a communication that I sent to Secretary of State +Knox on September 29, 1911, attention was directed to +what would probably be the outcome of this action on the +part of Italy; also that the Hague Treaty not only sanctioned, +but made it morally incumbent upon Powers that +were strangers to the dispute, to tender their good offices +for the purpose of a peaceful adjustment. Just because +the United States could not be accused of having any +direct interest, such an offer could have been made with +best grace by our country. If ever there had been a war +of conquest, that was one. One of the London papers had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span> +frankly criticized Italy's precipitous act as that of "pirate, +brigand, and buccaneer."</p> + +<p>In an article written for "The Outlook" following a +number of public addresses upon the same subject, I +pointed out that Turkey, both immediately before and +since hostilities began, had appealed to the Christian +nations of the world, who were co-signatories with her of +the Hague Treaty, to use their good offices for peace, but +the Christian nations had declined to act. In this article +I stated:</p> + +<blockquote><p>So far as it opens an era possibly of the gravest menace to +Europe, it is primarily of European concern; but in so far as +the provisions of the Peace Treaty are disregarded by neutral +Powers, this is a grave moral loss no less for us than for all +nations, the magnitude of which is not lessened, but increased +by the fact that Christian Italy is making an unprovoked war +upon a Mohammedan Power. The efforts to bring about a +peaceful adjustment under the circumstances is not only a +moral right, but a right under the Convention in which Turkey, +Italy, and the United States are equally signatories with the +other forty-one nations.</p> + +<p>The international moral damage this war entails is the concern +of all nations. The manner in which it was precipitated +without first having recourse to the enlightened methods of +peaceful adjustment, combined with the concerted refusal of +European Powers to attempt mediation, will make peace +treaties waste paper, and peace professions of civilized nations +sham and hypocrisy.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In quick succession this war was followed in 1912 by +the first Balkan war against Turkey, and then in 1913 +by the second Balkan war, between the Balkan nations +themselves to divide the spoils. For thirty years the +Treaty of Berlin (1878) had served to maintain European +peace. The first breach was the annexation of Bosnia and +Herzegovina by Austria. The second was the Italian-Turkish +war, followed by the Balkan wars. The toll of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span> +these latter wars entailed a sacrifice of 300,000 dead or +permanently disabled on the field of battle; and the immediate +consequence was to upset "the balance of power" +so that the Great Powers at once heavily extended their +armies and navies, and their budgets ran wild.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Probably the most illuminating document concerning +the conditions that led up to the World War is the Lichnowsky +Memorandum which is entitled: "My London +Mission, 1912-1914." I had known Prince Lichnowsky +when he was one of the secretaries of the German Embassy +during my first mission to Turkey. He was appointed +ambassador to England after the death of Baron +Marschall in September, 1912. This memorandum was +prepared as a personal record during the second year of +the war, and, after being privately circulated, was, by +design or otherwise, published. It is the most convincing +indictment of Germany's ruthless aggressive policy, and +it naturally brought down upon its author the severest +condemnation of the Emperor and the militarists. Germany's +reiterated claim that Great Britain, having +designed Germany's destruction, sought to justify the +large increase of her navy, was disproved by her own +ambassador.</p> + +<p>The events that resolved themselves into the World +War, as well as the World War itself, are most convincing +proofs that the preservation of peace is a matter of common +interest to the entire family of nations, and that it +must not be left to a single member of this group to +disturb the world's peace at will.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIV</h2> + +<h3>PERSONAL VIGNETTES</h3> + +<blockquote><p>We motor through northern Africa—The King of Italy discusses world +politics—Exploring historical ruins with the Mayor of Rome and Georg +Brandes—Two Cardinals—David Lubin, international genius—In London—William +Watson, the British poet, considers residing in America and asks +about cost of living—Lloyd George curious about Progressives—He guarantees +a one-pound note—John Burns discourses on British history—The +notable housing experiment at Hampstead Garden Suburb—Earl and Lady +Grey—At Skibo Castle with Andrew Carnegie—Indifferent golf, but fine +trout fishing—At The Hague Peace Palace—Some eminent Hollanders—Turning +the laugh on the cartoonists—Rudyard Kipling on having a daughter +in society—An evening with Israel Zangwill—Henri Bergson in an argument +with Roosevelt, with Rodin, the sculptor, a bored listener—To Spain to attend +Kermit Roosevelt's wedding—Spanish politics—A protégé of Bismarck—Recollections +of Disraeli—Evidence of Spanish and Jewish origin of Christopher +Columbus.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>Motoring leisurely through Algiers and Tunis with Mrs. +Straus, I was now enjoying a delightful holiday, free from +cares and responsibility. The drowsy tropical air invited +complete relaxation, and the lazy African days ushered +us into a world unbelievably remote from that of American +politics. Graceful, luminous Algiers, with its brilliant +European hotels, charming cafés, veiled women, and +swarthy men, etched lasting impressions upon our minds. +My defeat in the tense Progressive contest for the governorship +of New York had afforded me this opportunity +for another taste of freedom. It was in the spring of the +year 1913, and the mountains through which we toured +were full of unexpected and beguiling scenes. This region +is not only rich in historic associations, but the engineering +skill of the French has in turn modernized it with +excellent motor roads. From Tunis we crossed to Sicily, +where we visited the Carthaginian, Greek, and Roman +remains of columns and temples that still bear tragic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span> +witness to the conflict between the armies of Hannibal +and Scipio, and between the transplanted Asiatic and +European civilizations.</p> + +<p>We made our way to Rome, where Ambassador +Thomas J. O'Brien showed us many attentions, and +arranged for an audience on April 28th with Victor +Emmanuel III. The King was most affable and agreeable, +and spoke perfect English. He referred to my several +missions to Turkey, and said he, too, was there frequently +when he was in the navy. He spoke with an +intimate knowledge of the men and affairs in the Near +East that surprised me. We discussed Arabia and the +unrest there due to the incompetency of the Sultan's +Government, and soon the conversation turned to the +Balkan situation. I said I feared that as soon as the +treaty then being negotiated, which was to end the first +Balkan War against Turkey, was signed, a fresh war +would break out among the five Balkan Powers. That +would not surprise him, he said, but considered that it +might be best to let them fight it out. I answered that +the trouble with that course was that the fight would +involve the Great Powers, as the several Balkan States +were attached to strings that led directly into the chancelleries +of the Great Powers—with which the King did +not disagree.</p> + +<p>We talked of the Jews, and he said in Italy they were +not made a separate element in the population. "We +neither know nor care whether a man is a Jew or not," he +remarked, adding that the only persons who took special +notice of the subject at all were occasional clericals. Personally +he was very fond of the Jews; nearly every ministry +had contained one or more; and General Ottolenghi, +a Jew who had been Minister of War a few years before, +had been one of his most favored instructors. Altogether<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span> +we had a fine talk of over an hour. The King's quick and +vigorous mind, his clearness of vision and breadth of +intellectual grasp I found very refreshing. Unlike some +of the monarchs, he did not seem detached and weighted +down by a sense of his own importance.</p> + +<p>From my friend Isaac N. Seligman, since deceased, of +New York, I had received a letter of introduction to +Ernesto Nathan, Mayor of Rome, of whom I had heard +much and whom I was therefore anxious to meet. I sent +Mr. Seligman's letter, together with my card, to the +Mayor. The next morning, when Mrs. Straus and I were +leaving our hotel for a motor ride, a tall, prepossessing +gentleman, who impressed me somewhat as a typical +Englishman, came toward me with a look of recognition +which I instinctively answered.</p> + +<p>"Is this Mr. Straus? I am Mr. Nathan," he said, in +perfect English.</p> + +<p>His brother was with him, and we were glad to return +to the hotel with them for a chat. We arranged for a little +excursion the next day to the ancient Roman commercial +city of Ostia, whose ruins were being excavated. In the +midst of these plans the Mayor remarked that a friend of +his, Georg Brandes, the Danish savant and critic, was in +Rome, and if agreeable to us he would like to have him +join us. Of course it was agreeable, and in our little party +next day were Mayor Nathan, his brother, his daughter, +Georg Brandes, a Signor Cena, editor of a leading Italian +review, and ourselves. The Mayor acted as guide and +showed an astonishing familiarity with things archćological +in a most delightful way; even the occasional spells +of rain in no way dampened our enjoyment of the trip. +Upon our return, the Mayor took us to lunch in a typical +Italian restaurant, where we spent two hours at a sociable +repast.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span>My introduction to Mayor Ernesto Nathan led to a +friendship which I prized highly and enjoyed until his +death in April, 1921. He was born in England of Jewish +parents. His father was a banker and a descendant of the +Frankfort family of Nathans, a collateral branch of the +Mayer family from whom is descended the great banking +family of Rothschild. After his father died, his mother +took the family to Pisa to live. Here their home became +a refuge for Italian patriots, as it had been in London. +At twenty-five Signor Nathan became business manager +of "La Roma del Popolo," a paper started by Giuseppe +Mazzini, a friend of the family, whose works he later +edited. Nathan remained an editor and publisher until +he entered politics. He became Mayor of Rome in 1907, +elected by the anti-clerical party, and during the six +years he remained Mayor he did much to modernize +Rome, especially in the improvement of its street-car +service and its sanitation, so that the city's death-rate +became one of the lowest in Europe. He was highly esteemed, +and even the clericals respected his uprightness +and efficiency.</p> + +<p>Brandes, when I met him, was nearly seventy years +old, but intellectually vigorous and brilliant, although +cynical, even if at times humorously and delightfully +so.</p> + +<p>Through David Lubin, American delegate to the International +Institute of Agriculture, whom I had known +for many years, we met Professor Luigi Luzzatti, Professor +of International Law at the University of Rome, a +leading member of the Italian Chamber, and a convincing +orator and publicist. He was then in his seventies, a +large, statesmanlike figure of distinguished appearance. +We spent a pleasant hour in his apartment on the Via +Veneto opposite our hotel. He said he was gratified to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span> +find my views, as expressed in my "Roger Williams" and +in my chapter on the development of religious liberty in +my "American Spirit," so much in accord with his own. +He told me about his brochure, "Liberta di Consciensa +e di Sciensa," which had been translated into German +under the title "Freiheit des Gewissens und Wissens." +In it he makes considerable reference to Roger Williams, +and pays me the compliment of saying that he derived +the inspiration for his book from mine. He also quotes +extensively from Roosevelt's letter on religious liberty, +which I have embodied in Chapter X of this volume.</p> + +<p>I called on Professor Luzzatti a number of times thereafter, +which in his charming way he had begged me to do +because he was confined to the house with a cold and +therefore could not call on me. In one of his notes he +wrote that we were friends because our ideas and ideals +were the same, and he wanted to be sure to see me again +before I left Rome. He confirmed what the King had +told me, that there was no anti-Semitic spirit in Italy. +He said he was a Jew, but was not brought up religiously +as such, although he was known to be ready on all necessary +occasions to stand up for his people.</p> + +<p>Professor Luzzatti was largely responsible for improving +Italy's financial system, and in the establishment of +the Banca Popolari, or People's Banks. He was also +influential in the negotiation of Italy's commercial +treaties.</p> + +<p>Through the offices of P. R. Mackenzie, who for a +number of years had been Rome correspondent of the +"New York Sun," I met Cardinals Rampolla and Falconio. +We called first on the latter, who knew our country +well. For nine years he had been papal legate at Washington, +during which time he became a naturalized citizen. +As we entered his reception room, I observed two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span> +little American flags attached to an ornament on the +center table. He informed, me as he greeted me that His +Holiness was quite ill, otherwise he would have advised +me to allow Cardinal Rampolla and himself to arrange +for an audience.</p> + +<p>Mr. Mackenzie informed the Cardinal that I had been +a member of the Roosevelt Cabinet, which recalled +Roosevelt's visit to Rome in 1910. Of course, I was +anxious to learn how both these prelates regarded that +incident. Cardinal Falconio said that the Holy Father +had made no conditions as to the visit, but had merely +expressed the hope that there might be no repetition of +the Fairbanks incident; the Holy Father knew how +broad-minded and well-disposed Roosevelt was toward +all creeds and had really wanted very much to meet him. +The Cardinal said that of course Roosevelt could not +be blamed; the matter should not have been handled +through the embassy. His remarks implied that the mismanagement +had been there.</p> + +<p>We now went within the Vatican district, under the +arch on the side, to the palatial residence of Cardinal +Rampolla. On entering, we were led to the Cardinal's +private room next to the formal reception chamber, +where the Cardinal greeted us warmly. He has great +charm of manner and is most gracious; withal he impressed +one as a keen, learned, and shrewd prelate. He +was regarded as the ablest and most distinguished of the +cardinals eligible to the Holy See, and it may be remembered +that he was considered the logical successor of +Leo XIII, and it was said he would probably have been +elected Pope but for the opposition of the Emperor of +Austria.</p> + +<p>In referring to the Roosevelt incident, he too held +Roosevelt entirely blameless, and added that both he and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span> +Brother Falconio knew how kindly Roosevelt felt toward +Catholics and the Holy See, and that there should have +been nothing official about that message; if he had been +in Merry Del Val's place, the regrettable misunderstanding +would not have happened. Evidently he blamed the +papal secretary.</p> + +<p>David Lubin gave a dinner at the Hôtel de Russie to +Mrs. Straus and me on May 1st. Among the guests were +Mayor Nathan and Marquis Sapelli, president of the +International Institute of Agriculture, and the Marchioness. +Professor Luzzatti had accepted, but his cold +still prevented his going out. Lubin was a rough diamond, +so to speak: a man of vision, unlimited energy and +enthusiasm. It was he who induced the Italian Government +to recognize the International Institute of Agriculture, +and he was regarded by that Government as its +founder. Indeed, he was better understood in Rome than +in Washington. He knew nothing and cared less about +diplomatic amenities. When I was in the Cabinet our +ambassador at Rome had made an unfavorable report +about him because of some supposed tactless move which +was objected to by our ambassador. This report displeased +Secretary Root, and the result would have been +Lubin's recall as our delegate to the Institute, had I not +interceded for him with the President, explaining what +manner of man Lubin was, that he had no manners but +genius, and that I felt sure the King of Italy himself +would intercede for him.</p> + +<p>As a matter of fact about a year after that there was +some question of appointing another person as American +delegate, and the King did intercede for Lubin. For the +help and encouragement that I gave this worthy man he +was always thereafter most grateful to me. It was David +Lubin, too, who first aroused interest in America in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span> +establishment of an agricultural credit system, as well as +in the coöperative banks.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>From Rome we went direct to London, where I shortly +got in touch with William Watson, the poet. I had met +him the year before in the United States. I was chairman +of the executive committee of the Authors' Club at the +time, and as such its president; the Club gave him a +reception; also he was at my house several times. It was +said of him that he was better known than Robert Bridges +and would have been selected as poet laureate in preference +to Bridges had he not written a poem called "The +Woman with the Serpent's Tongue," referring to Margot +Asquith, wife of the Premier, which spoiled his chances +for official recognition. He appeared somewhat disappointed +and to be considering permanent residence in +America. He asked me about the cost of living in cities +other than New York, which he considered too extravagant.</p> + +<p>Watson gave me a luncheon at the British Empire Club, +where I met a number of his friends—Sir Sidney Lee, +editor of the "Dictionary of National Biography"; +Sir William Robertson Nicoll, editor of the "Bookman" +and of the "British Weekly"; H. W. Massingham, +editor of the "Nation"; and a few others. Watson +told me that Sir Sidney Lee's biography of Shakespeare +was considered the best extant from an historical and +critical point of view, and that his biography of King +Edward had created a sensation in England, but that its +aim was to portray the human side of King Edward. He +told me also that Sir Sidney was an Israelite. My own +conversation with Sir Sidney was very general. He is a +mild man with a reserved manner.</p> + +<p>Sir Charles and Lady Henry invited us to luncheon at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span> +their beautiful town house in Carlton Gardens, to meet +Lloyd George, who was then Chancellor of the Exchequer. +The other guests were: Sir Alexander Ure, solicitor-general +for Scotland; Dr. Thomas J. MacNamara, parliamentary +secretary to the Admiralty; Robert Donald, +editor of the "Daily Chronicle," a leading labor daily.</p> + +<p>Lloyd George explained the important Liberal measures +to me, particularly the National Insurance Act of +1911, amendments to which were then being considered +in the House. He declared that it was necessary to curb +or reform the House of Lords before social justice measures, +such as this insurance act, legislation for old age +pensions, etc., could be put through. He asked about +Roosevelt and the status of the Progressive Party, and +whether the newspapers were favorable to the cause; it +seems that the newspapers did not give him adequate +information regarding the Progressives. I had to tell him +that many of our leading dailies were not with us. I +explained to him that I thought the Progressive movement +could hardly be regarded as a party, but that I +believed its influence in liberalizing both of the old parties +would be considerable.</p> + +<p>When I was in London shortly after the outbreak of +the World War, I remember a humorous incident at +another meeting with Lloyd George, at a small dinner. +For emergency use there had been issued one-pound +treasury notes that looked more like a "shinplaster" of +our Civil War days than like a dignified British pound. +One of the guests brought in a number of these, for which +some of us exchanged gold. As I took one up I remarked +about the appearance of it and added that before I accepted +it I would require the endorsement of the Chancellor +of the Exchequer. Lloyd George quickly answered, +"That can be done," and promptly took the note and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span> +wrote his name on the back of it. It remains in my possession +as a souvenir.</p> + +<p>The following Sunday, Sir Charles and Lady Henry +again invited us to luncheon, this time to their country +home near Maidenhead, to meet Sir Rufus and Lady +Isaacs. Sir Rufus is now Lord Reading, and it was then +quite well understood that he would be appointed Lord +Chief Justice. He expressed great interest in our parliamentary +system as compared with that of Great Britain, +but thought the British method had an advantage over +ours in that members of the Cabinet were at the same +time members of Parliament and could advocate their +own measures, and that in England a Cabinet member +must be not only an administrator, but a parliamentarian +as well. He was very anxious to know how administrative +measures in our country are brought forward and enacted +into laws. I explained our system to him and told him I +thought the system of questioning in Parliament members +of the Cabinet left very little opportunity for the +Cabinet members to devote themselves to the administrative +work of their departments.</p> + +<p>During this stay in London, I again had several pleasant +meetings with Postmaster-General Herbert Samuel, +whom I had visited when I passed through London on +my return from Constantinople in 1910. He informed me +that within a month he intended visiting Canada and +then the United States. Later in the year I met him in +my own country, where he delivered several public addresses +and made a fine impression.</p> + +<p>While we were at tea one afternoon on the terrace of +the House of Commons with Mr. and Mrs. Samuel, the +Right Honorable John Burns, president of the Local +Government Board, joined us. He knew both my brothers +and was pleased to meet me. He asked me to accompany<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span> +him to his department, which is only a short +distance from Westminster Hall. As we passed the entrance +to Westminster, he said to me:</p> + +<p>"Let us stop here and let me give you a graphic page +of British history."</p> + +<p>So we halted for about ten minutes under the scaffolding +of the men who were doing some repair work on the +edifice, while Burns discoursed eloquently on the well-known +facts of British history. I was as much interested +in the man as in the great Gothic structure, and my mind +went on to review the march of democracy from the +booted and spurred Cromwell to the radical labor leader +John Burns. The radicalism of Burns was at one time +considered dangerous, but on entering the Cabinet he +became conservative and reliable, proving the effect of +responsibility upon even the more radical minds when in +office.</p> + +<p>Across the Thames Burns pointed to some factories, +saying: "There is where my father worked as a day +laborer, and where I worked." And I was indeed impressed +with the democracy of Great Britain in our day.</p> + +<p>We spent a charming evening with Mr. and Mrs. +Harry Brittain, now Sir Harry and Lady Brittain, in +their cozy home on Cowley Street. The only other guest +was Earl Grey, former Governor-General of Canada. +Earlier in the year I had met both Sir Harry Brittain and +Earl Grey in New York, when they came over respectively +as chairman and secretary of the British committee for +the Celebration of One Hundred Years of Peace.</p> + +<p>A few days thereafter Earl Grey invited Mrs. Brittain, +Mrs. Straus, and me to breakfast with him and then to +accompany him to the now famous Hampstead Garden +Suburb. I was glad of this opportunity to see that experiment, +because the subject of housing workers in wholesome<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span> +homes and surroundings at a moderate cost was one +that interested me very much.</p> + +<p>Hampstead is only about five or six miles from the +heart of London. In this beautiful suburb, every house +has a garden, and the architecture of the houses is varied +and attractive. Earl Grey knew several of the tenants, +and took us into a number of the houses. At that time +the rental of an entire house per week was six and a half +shillings and upward; and there were large single rooms +with cooking facilities for three and a half shillings a +week. The population was almost seven thousand, and +the suburb was being extended. There was an air of contentment +about the place, and the children looked robust +and happy. The wonder of it all was that the plan was +on an economically sound basis and was paying four and +a half per cent annually on the capital invested. The Earl +had much to do with the development of this suburb and, +if I mistake not, was chairman of the board at the time.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Straus and I were also invited to spend a week-end +with Earl and Lady Grey at Howick, their Northumberland +estate. Mrs. Straus, however, had planned to +take a cure at a German health resort, so my son Roger +was invited in her stead. The only other visitor was +Henry Vivian, M.P., who was associated with Earl Grey +in both the Hampstead Garden Suburb and the organization +of the coöperative societies, of which latter Earl +Grey was chairman. I participated in a meeting of the +Coöperative Society of Northern England and saw how +practical and inexpensively conducted they were, cheapening +merchandise of all kinds by eliminating the profits +of middlemen and the cost of distribution, and to that +extent lowering the cost of living. Along these lines we +have much to learn in our own country.</p> + +<p>Roger and I spent a delightful few days with Earl and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span> +Lady Grey. The Earl represented the finest type of English +nobleman. He was a man of the highest ideals, even +regarded by some as rather visionary in his various plans +for the betterment of economic conditions; a man who +recognized, as do so many of the British titled people, the +patriotic responsibilities attached to their position.</p> + +<p>I now proceeded to the northern part of Scotland to +spend a few days with Andrew Carnegie at Skibo Castle +in Sutherland. It was what Andrew Carnegie called +"university week" at Skibo, for in accordance with an +annual custom he had as his guests the provosts of the +several Scotch universities.</p> + +<p>Every morning we were awakened by the music of +several Scotch highlanders dressed in their kilts and playing +old native tunes on their bagpipes. Those were unique +and memorable awakenings in the steel-master's castle; +the bagpipes attuned the mind instantly to the Scotch +atmosphere and Scotch tradition. We started our day +invariably with a game of golf, at which we helped each +other out as caddies, for all of us, Mr. Carnegie included, +were indifferent players (beyond which stage I have not +even since progressed), so that we all felt quite at home +with one another on the links.</p> + +<p>We had hoped to test Carnegie's much-lauded and +far-famed salmon pond, but that season the fish were late +in coming up the run, so we were deprived of that pleasure +and had to console ourselves with a little trout fishing. +Two or three were put into each of our baskets for +breakfast, and the remainder were religiously restored +to the pond.</p> + +<p>At that time Skibo Castle had but recently been built, +but already it was noted for its generous hospitality, +which both the British and American friends of Mr. +Carnegie so much enjoyed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span>I had promised Mr. Carnegie that I would attend the +ceremonies opening the Peace Palace at The Hague, to +which all the members of the Hague Tribunal had been +specially invited. From Skibo, therefore, I returned to +London, to meet my old friend Hakki Pasha, who was +one of the Turkish members of the Tribunal, and together +we went on to The Hague.</p> + +<p>A word about the origin of the Peace Palace may not +prove tedious. Shortly after the close of the first Hague +Conference in 1899 the late Professor Martens, distinguished +Russian international jurist, had a talk with our +ambassador at Berlin, Andrew D. White, who had been +chairman of the American delegation at that conference. +Together they discussed the desirability of a building at +The Hague which should serve as a "palace of justice" +for the Permanent Court and as a place of meetings for +international conferences. Subsequently Ambassador +White presented the idea to Andrew Carnegie, and Carnegie +invited him to come to Skibo to discuss it. Ambassador +White records in his "Autobiography":</p> + +<blockquote><p>The original idea had developed into something far greater. +The Peace Palace at The Hague began to reappear in a new +glory—as a pledge and sign of a better future for the world. +Then there came from Carnegie the words which assured his +great gift to the nations—the creation of a center as a symbol +of a world's desire for peace and of good will to man.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The programme for the dedication was in keeping with +the occasion. The city itself was decorated with festive +drapery and floral arches. It was a beautiful day and +great crowds of people had gathered. The great conference +hall and the galleries of the Palace were filled with +representatives of the nations: the diplomatic corps; +about forty members of the Permanent Court; members +of the States General of Holland; the Queen; Prince<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span> +Henry; the Queen Mother, and many ladies; altogether +an imposing assembly.</p> + +<p>The ceremony opened with the singing of anthems by +the choir from Amsterdam. An historical address was +made by the former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jonkheer +van Karnebeek, president of the Carnegie Building +Foundation. His son, by the way, is Minister of Foreign +Affairs at this writing and was Holland's chief representative +at the Washington Conference of 1921. Mr. +Van Swinderen, the retiring Minister of Foreign Affairs, +made the address accepting the custody of the building.</p> + +<p>In the evening a banquet to Mr. Carnegie was given in +the Hall of Knights at Binnenhof by the Minister of +Foreign Affairs in the name of the Government, to which +were invited the nobility and all the high officials who had +attended the ceremony, and who thereafter were received +in audience by the Queen at the Royal Palace.</p> + +<p>The greatest possible distinction was shown to both +Mr. and Mrs. Carnegie, who were brimming over with +gratification. Well known as Carnegie was as one of the +greatest captains of industry, he is even better known, +and will be longer remembered throughout the world, +by the extent of his benefactions, in the distribution of +which he found his supreme happiness in the last two +decades of his life.</p> + +<p>When the World War began, the cartoonists made +much sport of the Peace Palace as the outstanding embodiment +of the irony of fate, and with the peace advocates +for the failure of their vision. But evidence is not +entirely lacking that the peace advocates may yet be able +to turn the laugh on the cartoonists. Some of the most +constructive features of the League of Nations were +formulated by commissions working under the roof of the +Peace Palace. The International Court of Justice, organized<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span> +under the provisions of the covenant of the League of +Nations, has its seat within the Palace and will soon be +ready to commence its constructive work. The Palace is +a contribution whose worth to civilization can hardly be +measured in a single generation.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In the fall of that year we returned to New York, but +only for a few months. When Kermit Roosevelt became +engaged to Miss Willard, charming daughter of our ambassador +to Spain, my wife promised him that unless +we were unavoidably prevented, we should be present at +his marriage in Madrid early in the following June. We +had become very much attached to our young friend, +whom we got to know so well during his stay with us at +Constantinople.</p> + +<p>On May 19, 1914, we returned to Europe on the S.S. +Lusitania. On board we were agreeably surprised to find +our long-time friend, Mrs. T. J. Preston, Jr., formerly +Mrs. Grover Cleveland, seated at our table in the dining-saloon. +She was traveling alone and was to meet her +husband and daughter in London. Naturally we spoke of +Cleveland and of his qualities as they had revealed themselves +to her and to his more intimate friends. When a +man is President and always in the limelight, people get +a perverted impression of him, a fact true more or less +since Washington's day, but perhaps to a greater degree +in the case of Cleveland. Mrs. Preston referred to many +incidents that illustrated his gentleness and consideration, +and she gave credit to his advice and guidance for +much of the tact she displayed as mistress of the White +House, for she was scarcely out of her teens when she +occupied that important post.</p> + +<p>In London I received a letter from Roosevelt saying he +would meet us in Paris on June 7th, and suggesting that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span> +I keep in touch with our embassy there. Miss Catherine +Page also was going to the wedding to be one of the +bridesmaids, and Ambassador Page asked us to take her +with us, which of course we were glad to do.</p> + +<p>We stayed in London for several days, and soon after +our arrival, there was a young people's dance at the embassy +to which the ambassador asked us to come if only +for a short stay. There we met Mr. and Mrs. Rudyard +Kipling. In the course of a pleasant chat, I asked Kipling +in what work he was then engaged.</p> + +<p>Kipling pointed to the next room at the dancing, and +said: "Sitting up late nights as I have a daughter in +society, which is my principal occupation at present."</p> + +<p>I spent an evening with Israel Zangwill, during which +he unfolded to me a plan he was formulating to call a +conference of representative Jews from various countries +to form a central committee which was to be more internationally +representative than the Alliance Israélite of +Paris, which is in reality dominantly French and therefore +does not represent the world of Israel in an international +sense. Such a body was to protect, defend, and +plead for the cause of the Jews wherever necessary and to +speak in behalf of the Jewry of the world. He said he +had talked it over with his colleagues and they wanted +me to take the presidency of such a body because of my +experience in statesmanship and world diplomacy. I +took care not to discourage him, but told him I should +have to consider the matter, because with me personality +sank out of sight when an important cause was to be +carried forward.</p> + +<p>When we arrived in Paris, a note awaited us from +Ambassador Herrick asking us to come to the embassy, +and informing us that Roosevelt was there. When I +arrived I found Roosevelt in the smoking-room engaged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span> +in an animated conversation with ex-Premier Hanotaux +regarding the physical characteristics of the races of +Europe, in which Henri Bergson also participated, and to +which the sculptor Rodin appeared to be a bored listener. +Roosevelt was talking French, and when he could not +find the word he wanted, he used an English term for +which Bergson would then give him the French equivalent.</p> + +<p>The next day our party left for Madrid—Roosevelt, +his daughter Alice, their cousin Philip, son of William +Emlen Roosevelt, Miss Page, Mrs. Straus, and myself. +We were a jolly party.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt and I, of course, talked politics, especially +the future of the Progressive Party. The State campaign +for Governor and United States Senator was being discussed +when Roosevelt left home, and he had given +out an interview before sailing regarding the sort of men +that should be chosen, in which he had kindly referred to +me as the standard of nominee for Senator. The press +had commented extensively and favorably upon such a +choice and there had appeared many articles and editorials +giving consideration to my name. Roosevelt had, of +course, referred to me only as the type of man to be +chosen, and believed that if the nominee for Governor +were chosen from New York City, it might be well to +choose the candidate for Senator from up-State. I told +him I had no personal vanity in the matter, that what +we wanted was the candidates that would best embody +the cause. He answered that he knew me well enough for +that, but that every one agreed that next to him I was +the most prominent Progressive, and in New York State +even stronger than he, as shown by the election of 1912. +Of course I did not agree with this generous statement, +which was another proof that figures do sometimes lie.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[361]</a></span>He expressed the hope that the Progressives and the +liberal wing of the Republicans might unite. He lamented +the difficulties for the party in the coming election, +and said he was reluctant to enter the campaign, +but, he added: "I must stand by the men who stood by +me." If Johnson was again to be the candidate of the +party for Governor of California and needed his help, he +would have to go there, though he could not overtax his +throat, which had been weakened by his fever in the +jungles of Brazil. He said if that fever had overtaken +him two weeks earlier, he would not have pulled through; +as it was, he had had a narrow escape.</p> + +<p>At Irun, the Spanish border, King Alphonso's private +car was hitched on to our train. From there on to the +King's summer palace, where he left the train, a small +guard of honor was drawn up at every stopping-place and +the chief officials of the district came to pay their respects +to their sovereign. The King was only twenty-eight +years old, but was generally conceded to be a man of +ability, with enlightened views, and highly regarded by +his subjects. However, among the random notes that I +made at the end of this visit to Spain, I wrote:</p> + +<blockquote><p>I very much doubt if monarchy will last another score of +years in Spain unless the King takes a lesson from Great +Britain and is content to have Parliament govern the country. +The democratic spirit is rapidly growing, but I very +much doubt if the people with their long traditions of monarchical +government, will be prepared for many years for a +democratic form of government.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The most powerful man in Parliament, though out of +the Ministry at the time, was the late Premier Maurer. +The Conservatives were in power, but their tenure was +precarious. It was said that Maurer's ancestors several +generations ago were Jews, which is also true of several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[362]</a></span> +members of the nobility, whose ancestors were converted +during the period of the Inquisition.</p> + +<p>Our ambassador and his staff of secretaries were at the +station in Madrid to meet us. The Roosevelts went to +the embassy and we went to the Ritz Hotel. At eleven +o'clock on the morning of June 10th, the civil marriage +took place in the Prefecture of Police before a district +judge. It was a simple proceeding, attended only by the +immediate family and a few intimate friends, perhaps a +dozen in all. The ceremony was read from a book in +which was included the marriage contract. The bride +and groom and four witnesses then signed the contract, +the witnesses on this occasion being the father of the +bride, the father of the groom, and two Spanish noblemen.</p> + +<p>The following day at high noon the religious ceremony +was performed in the chapel of the British embassy. +There were about seventy-five persons present: the diplomatic +corps, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and several +other Spanish officials, and some friends. After the ceremony, +there was a wedding breakfast at the embassy. +The Roosevelts left that same evening for Paris, and I +did not see them again in Europe.</p> + +<p>This was our second visit to Spain. In 1897 my wife +and I had been there for about a week, and many of the +men with whom we had spent pleasant hours at that +time were now no longer living. Chief among these were +Sir Henry Drummond Wolff and Signor Castelar. Sir +Henry, who was British ambassador to Spain at the time, +I had not seen since he was special envoy to Turkey in +1888, and I remember how delighted he was to see us +again and how very much at home he made us feel. We +also met Lady Wolff then, who, however, was not well. +She told us of some of her experiences in Persia; also that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span> +Sir Henry was very ill there, having been poisoned at a +dinner given by the Shah.</p> + +<p>Another colleague of my first Turkish mission whom +I had found at Madrid in 1897 was Herr von Radowitz, +German ambassador. He invited us to dine one evening +at the embassy, and after dinner showed us the throne +room in which hung a picture of the Kaiser. Radowitz +explained that it was painted by a friend of the Emperor, +"somewhat theatrical, you see, but he is fond of appearing +grandiose." He started to tell me how he came into +possession of the painting, that he had told the Emperor +that the embassy had no likeness of him, but he corrected +himself by saying: "No, I did not ask for the picture, my +wife did." He displayed rather a slighting estimate of his +sovereign. The fact was that he was a protégé of Bismarck, +and after the latter's retirement Radowitz was +transferred from Constantinople to Madrid, which was +regarded in the nature of a demotion, and that perhaps +largely accounted for his attitude.</p> + +<p>As we conversed after dinner, Radowitz made the +remark that in 1878 he was one of the secretaries to the +Berlin Congress and that there he met Disraeli. Disraeli +always made specially prepared speeches in English, +which Radowitz took down in French. Then Disraeli +would compliment him and say, "Did I really speak in +this nice way or did you only write me down so elegantly?" +When Radowitz replied, "Yes, this is what +you said," Disraeli would say, "So let it stand."</p> + +<p>This led me to draw out Sir Henry, who was also present, +regarding Disraeli. He had known Disraeli very well. +He told me that at the age of twelve he had met Disraeli +and had always had access to him. I asked Sir Henry +whether he had not kept a diary. He said he had not, +but wished that he had. "Dizzy," he said, was not a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[364]</a></span> +compromiser; if he had opponents, he recognized them as +such and never sought to placate them. When he first +entered Parliament he was a brilliant, flowery speaker, so +much so that his party, the Conservative, was afraid of +him. Afterward, when he became a member of the Ministry, +he had trained himself down to a rather prosy level, +yet now and again his speech would glow with brilliant +passages excoriating his opponent. He was quick at +repartee and often held up the other side to ridicule in +telling metaphor.</p> + +<p>I asked Sir Henry about Dizzy's loyalty to Judaism. +He said Dizzy never denied it, holding up especially +the race idea. I remarked that in reading such of Disraeli's +novels as "Coningsby" and "Tancred," and in +the Proceedings of the Berlin Congress, I was impressed +with his race loyalty and his purpose to secure equal +political rights for the oppressed members of his race in +the newly constituted Balkan States.</p> + +<p>Sir Henry answered me: "I don't recall the novels, but +what you say was true, although of course his loyalty +was to England first. Dizzy's idea was that the race +should amalgamate."</p> + +<p>I wanted to know whether he recollected when Disraeli's +novels first came out. He said he remembered all +but "Vivian Grey," which Dizzy wrote when he was +quite young. He added that Disraeli's writings made him +quite a lion among the literary set, but did not help him +politically. He wanted to count among the best socially, +and ever pointed his political guns toward that target.</p> + +<p>When I asked Sir Henry about Disraeli's personal +appearance, he said: "Lord Dufferin (Frederic Blackwood) +looked very much like him; so much so that he +might have been taken for Disraeli's son. Dizzy and Mrs. +Blackwood were said to be very good friends. He met her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span> +on many of his frequent visits to the home of Lady Blessington, +during the period when he was beginning to gain +popularity."</p> + +<p>Sir Henry had been rather critical of Disraeli, but he +ended by saying: "Taking Dizzy all in all, he was the +greatest English statesman I have ever known." And to +me Disraeli had always been a fascinating subject, so +much so, indeed, that at one time I had the intention +to write a biography of him.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>With Emilio Castelar I had come into correspondence +following the publication of the French edition of my +"Origin of the Republican Form of Government in the +United States," in which he was much interested. He +expressed the hope that the next time I came to Europe +we might meet, and when I came to Madrid, Mr. Reed, +for many years secretary of our legation there, made an +appointment for me, and accompanied Mrs. Straus and +me to his home.</p> + +<p>He was a short, rather stout man of sixty-five, bald, +with dark skin and sparkling brown eyes, and a gray +moustache. He was a bachelor. We spoke French, and +though it was an ordinary conversation he was quite +oratorical. He said he was a republican and believed +thoroughly in conservative republicanism such as we had +in the United States, but that Spain was not ripe for +republicanism, and that he had parted company with the +Spanish republicans because he could not endure their +principles; they were ready to pull down, but not to build +up; they were anarchists, and not republicans.</p> + +<p>He presented Mrs. Straus with his photograph, and +when she asked him to autograph it, he returned to his +study and wrote in Spanish on the back of it a charming +sentiment regarding us and our country. He was anxious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span> +to have us come and take Spanish dinner with him, +but unfortunately we were leaving that evening for +Seville.</p> + +<p>I was interested in some articles Castelar had written +for the "Century Magazine" in 1892-93 regarding Columbus, +and especially in those of the articles in which he +referred to the expulsion of the Jews from Spain. I asked +him whether he had finished the work, and he told me he +had brought it out complete in book form in Spanish, in +which he had dwelt more fully on the Jewish expulsion +and had published a number of facts from original research +made for the work, though not by himself. He +went to his study to give me a copy of the book, but +found that he had none on hand. He promised to send +me one in a few days through Mr. Reed, which he did.</p> + +<p>The expulsion of the Spanish Jews was of great interest +to me, and on this second visit to Madrid I took advantage +of the opportunity to see some of the historical relics +from that period. I got in touch with Dr. Angel Pulido, +life senator of Spain, and together with Professor A. S. +Yahuda, we visited the historic city of Toledo, about +two and a half hours by rail out of Madrid. Dr. Pulido +had for years advocated measures to induce Jews to +return to Spain, especially those who still retained the +Spanish language, as do many in Turkey and nearly all +those in Morocco who are the descendants of those driven +out of Spain.</p> + +<p>Toledo is one of the most ancient cities of Spain. It +was once the residence of the kings of Castile, and under +the Moors had a population of some two hundred thousand, +of whom seventy-five thousand were estimated to +have been Jews. The population now is about twenty +thousand, and the city is but the bedraggled remains of +its former grandeur. In its ancient glory it was noted for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[367]</a></span> +its silk and woolen industries and for the manufacture of +the famous Toledo steel from which were made swords +and other weapons that rivaled those of Damascus; and +it was the home of a number of Jewish scholars and noted +men, Eben Ezra (1119-74), for instance.</p> + +<p>There are two old synagogues in the city which I was +anxious to see. One was erected at the end of the twelfth +or beginning of the thirteenth century, and was converted +into a church in 1405. It is called Santa Maria la Blanca. +Its architecture is of the best Moorish style; the interior +has twenty-eight horseshoe arches borne by thirty-two +octagonal piers, and the elaborate capitals are ornamented +with pine cones.</p> + +<p>In the same district, near by, is the Sinagoga del Transito, +of similar style, erected about 1360. It was built at +the expense of one Samuel Levy, treasurer of Peter the +Cruel, who was afterward executed by order of his king. +The walls of the interior were decorated with Hebrew +writing, mainly passages from the Psalms. In 1492 this +synagogue was turned over to the Calatrava Order of +Knights, and many members of this order lie buried in +the body of the building. Later the synagogue was consecrated +to the death of the virgin.</p> + +<p>Near these synagogues also was the Casa del Greco +(House of the Greek), so called because the famous +Greek painter, Dominico Theotocopuli, forerunner of the +impressionists, lived there. Among his pictures is a large +one of an "auto da fé" which took place in the main +square of the city, and the square when I saw it still +looked much the same as in the painting. The picture +shows the balconies of the houses surrounding the square +filled with eager and gay spectators who had come to witness +and enjoy the burning of Jewish heretics. They +must have assembled in about the same spirit as fashionable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[368]</a></span> +people of a later day came to the bull fights. In the +picture the procession is entering the enclosure where are +seated the members of the Holy Office, or inquisitors, at +whose side stand the officers holding torches with which +to light the pyre on which the condemned victims were +bound. As I gazed at the square, I could graphically +visualize the scene portrayed in the picture. Such cruelty +and perversion inevitably presaged the spiritual as well +as the material decadence of the inhabitants of the Iberian +Peninsula.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>By the courtesy of Senator Pulido, I met and had +several conferences with the Marqués de Dosfuentes, +who several years before, as Fernando de Antón del +Olmet, had written an article entitled "La verdadera +patrio de Cristóbal Colón," which was published in "La +Espańa Moderna," a leading monthly of Spain.</p> + +<p>I was very much interested in the data that several +of the historians of Spain had unearthed regarding the +ancestry and place of origin of Columbus. The article by +the Marquis just mentioned was based on the research +made by Celso Garcia de la Riega, and both Olmet and +Riega came to the conclusion, based upon their examination +of records, that Columbus was not an Italian, but a +Spaniard, and that he was born in Pontevedra, Galicia, +in the northern part of Spain; that his father's name was +Colón (the Spanish for Columbus), and his mother's +name Fonterosa; and that he was of Jewish ancestry.</p> + +<p>In his article Olmet says, after going into detail regarding +the nationality of Columbus according to the documents +which he was able to examine:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Nothing seems more logical than the preceding reasoning, +and, moreover, this is the simplest method of explaining that +the Admiral's parents were a Colón and a Fonterosa, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span> +gives us a clue to the mystery of his life. From the document +under notice it is to be inferred that Domingo de Colón named +was a modest trader. If the admiral was his son, it would not +be absurd to suppose that, given the social prejudices of the +times, this should have been a sufficient motive for hiding his +origin and country. But there is still another reason that fully +justifies his secrecy and clears up all mystery. The patronymic +"Fonterosa" appears in the Province of Pontevedra connected +with the names of Jacob the elder, another Jacob, and Benjamin; +Colón's mother was called Susana. "If the admiral +belonged to this family, doubtless Jewish," says Sg. La Riega, +"since we may draw this inference from the Biblical names, or +if he belonged to a family of new Christians, should we not +forgive his action in the matter and declare him fully justified +in his resolution not to reveal such antecedents? We must bear +in mind the then existing hatred toward the Hebrew race and +the merciless fury let loose against it in the latter half of the +fifteenth century."</p></blockquote> + +<p>In another part of the article Olmet says:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Colón never mentioned any relative, paternal or maternal. +Even when Colón was at the zenith of his fame no one in Italy +came forward to claim relationship with him, although he was +the most famous personage of that time. Thus everything goes +to corroborate Don Fernando Colón's affirmation in his "Life +of the Admiral" that his father wished his origin and birthplace +to remain unknown.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The research of La Riega was continued to 1914 and +published in that year. The author died early in the +year, shortly before I arrived in Madrid. Other Spanish +historians also have published conclusions similar to +those of La Riega. There was, for instance, a brochure by +Enrique de Arribas y Turull, entitled "Cristóbal Colón, +Natural de Pontevedra," which was originally delivered +as a lecture before the Madrid Historical Society. This +also sums up, in nineteen points, the reasons for the conclusion +that Columbus was a Spaniard, and of Jewish +ancestry.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XV</h2> + +<h3>THE WORLD WAR</h3> + +<blockquote><p>Paris throbs with the <i>Marseillaise</i>—A British railway conductor refuses a five-pound +note—Americans panic-stricken in London—A special committee to +aid Americans in Europe—The embassy committee—Mr. and Mrs. Herbert +C. Hoover—Impressions of Earl Grey and Waldorf Astor—England's +"White Paper" is issued—Sir Edward Grey—Russian autocracy's effect on +Allied cause—I am urged to state British views to American newspapers—We +return home—James Speyer gives a dinner—I broach the subject of +mediation to Bernstorff—A flying trip to Washington; mediation interviews +with Bryan, Spring-Rice, and Jusserand—A letter from Earl Grey—Germany's +insincerity is exposed—New Year messages to warring nations—Roosevelt's +warnings—An effort to persuade President Wilson to confer with +ex-Presidents—Prominent Jews of German origin condemn Germany's attitude—America +enters war—Final visits with Theodore Roosevelt—His +death—Pilgrims to Sagamore Hill.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>Touring through Normandy late in July, 1914, we met +some friends who had just come from Paris who told us +that war was imminent and from best reports would +break out within a very few days. Accordingly we hurried +to Paris and in the course of twenty-four hours the whole +aspect of the city had changed. From the windows of our +hotel on the Place Vendôme and on the principal boulevards +of the city we saw youths of military age marching +to headquarters. The air throbbed with the <i>Marseillaise</i>. +Everywhere there were crowds, but they were neither +boisterous nor hilarious. Everywhere there was an air +of tension and determination, vastly unlike the usual +mood of jovial, happy Paris.</p> + +<p>Starting at once for London, we found the trains so +overcrowded that it was impossible to get accommodations, +so we motored to Dieppe and reached there in time +to take the boat that left at three o'clock in the morning +for Newhaven. The ordinary capacity of the boat was +five hundred passengers, but it was packed from stem to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[371]</a></span> +stern with some two thousand persons on this voyage, +mainly Americans. The Calais-Dover crossing of the +Channel had already been suspended.</p> + +<p>On board the train from Newhaven to London, a curious +incident occurred that indicated the derangement of +things. I had four fares to pay, amounting to about three +pounds. I handed the conductor a five-pound Bank of +England note. He took it, but shortly returned with it, +saying he could accept nothing but gold. I expostulated +with him, told him I had no gold, and since a bank note +was valid tender I insisted upon its acceptance. But the +upshot was that he preferred to take my card with my +London address!</p> + +<p>It would appear that my credit at that moment was +better than that of the Bank of England.</p> + +<p>We arrived in London on Sunday, August 2d. At the +Hyde Park Hotel, to which we went, a typewritten +notice was posted announcing a meeting on the following +day at the Waldorf Hotel on the Strand. The persons who +signed the notice were unknown to me, and at first I was +inclined to pay no attention to it. However, I did go, and +found gathered inside and in front of the hotel several +thousand stranded Americans. The main hall and all +approaches to it were packed. Several persons in the +crowd recognized me and made a passageway so that I +could get into the room where the meeting was being +held. Upon my entrance I was lifted upon a table that +served as a platform, and was asked to speak. I made a +short address to the panic-stricken assembly, assured them +they had nothing to fear and were as safe in London as if +they were in New York, and that our committee would +remain with them and help them get suitable transportation +as early as practicable. There was loud cheering and +my words seemed to have a comforting effect.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span>Immediately thereafter a group of us came together +and organized a special committee for the aid of Americans +in Europe. There were Frederick I. Kent, one of the +vice-presidents of the Bankers' Trust Company; W. N. +Duane, another vice-president of the Bankers' Trust +Company; Theodore Hetzler, a vice-president of the +Fifth Avenue Bank; Joseph P. Day, a prominent real +estate auctioneer of New York City; William C. Breed, +an officer of the Merchants' Association; Chandler P. +Anderson and James Byrne, prominent American lawyers, +several others, and myself. We arranged for headquarters +at the Hotel Savoy, where several of the largest +salons were placed at our disposal so that we had room +for the various departments that needed to be formed to +attend to the wants of the many terrified Americans who +were pouring into London from all over the Continent. +Mr. Hetzler was chairman of the general committee, Mr. +Duane secretary, and Robert W. DeForest, vice-president +of the American Red Cross, was member <i>ex-officio</i>. +I was made chairman of the embassy committee of which +Ambassador Page was honorary chairman, and the American +ambassadors to France, Germany, Austria, and the +ministers to Holland and Belgium were made advisory +members. We found many willing helpers, including a +number of professors from American universities and +other public-spirited men and women.</p> + +<p>The necessary sub-committees were speedily formed: +Mr. Day was made chairman of the transportation committee +and got in touch with the managers of all the +transatlantic steamship companies. Mr. Kent was chairman +of the finance committee, and through his banking +connections was able to get a limited amount of gold to +advance to those who could not convert their foreign +money, notwithstanding the moratorium that had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span> +declared which made it impossible for several days to get +ready money; foreign bills were not being accepted by +the banks. With the declaration of the moratorium we +at once called a meeting of the managers of the hotels +where most of the Americans were stopping, and without +exception these men were very accommodating. They +agreed not to require payment from their American +guests for the time being, and as far as possible to advance +them a little money to meet their immediate requirements.</p> + +<p>Our embassy was crowded from morning to night with +hundreds of citizens, most of whom wanted to make application +for passports, for the steamship companies required +the exhibition of passports before arranging for +transportation. The rooms at the embassy were not +large enough to accommodate the crowds that filled +them, so we transferred the passport division to the Hotel +Savoy, and Ambassador Page assigned to me several clerks +to facilitate the handling of our business. I am sorry to +say there was a tendency on the part of many American +travelers to find fault with our ambassador and the embassy. +This was not at all justified, and I took every occasion +to assure them that the ambassador was doing all +in his power with his limited staff, and that our committee +had his fullest coöperation and was getting his aid in +every possible way. I consulted with Ambassador Page +almost every day, and together we planned for arranging +for money and the many other requirements of our citizens.</p> + +<p>In those first hectic days, some of us worked all day +and far into the night, or rather into the next morning. +Many British friends who visited our rooms marveled at +the promptness and efficiency with which we dispatched +business under the circumstances, and were solicitous for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span> +the health of "the unofficial ambassador," as I was being +called, and his staff.</p> + +<p>After the committee had been going a few days, it secured +the coöperation of Mr. and Mrs. Herbert C. Hoover. +He was chairman of an American benevolent society, of +the woman's committee of which Mrs. Hoover was at +the head. As the members of our relief committee returned +home, the work was by degrees turned over to Mr. +and Mrs. Hoover and their associates, until by August +27th we put all of the remaining work and funds into the +hands of their society.</p> + +<p>One day Earl Grey paid me a visit at our headquarters, +and with him was Mrs. Waldorf Astor, now Viscountess +Astor, who reminded me that "all work and no play makes +Jack a dull boy," and insisted that Mrs. Straus and I +spend the week-end at Cliveden, their residence, a short +distance by rail out of London. Other guests were Earl +Grey, Geoffrey Robinson, editor of the London "Times," +and several others connected with the editorship of "The +Round Table," a political quarterly.</p> + +<p>Mr. Waldorf Astor was an earnest, modest young man, +then about thirty-four years old, unspoiled by his enormous +wealth. On the contrary, he was and still is devoting +much of his wealth as well as his parliamentary activities +to philanthropic work, including the treatment and +prevention of tuberculosis, and in this connection had +been in touch with my brother Nathan in regard to milk +pasteurization.</p> + +<p>There were several subsequent week-ends at Cliveden. +On one of these visits, a dozen or more young men were +there, members of England's foremost families. They +enjoyed themselves at tennis and other games and on +Monday were to join the colors. It is sad to record that +most of these fine fellows, with the exception of two or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span> +three, were killed or seriously wounded within the next +few months.</p> + +<p>When England entered the war, the diplomatic correspondence +was published in what was called the British +"White Paper." Sir Edward Grey, now Viscount Grey, +had made a speech in Parliament, of which I read the +published version in this "White Paper." It happened +that on that very day Earl Grey, cousin to Sir Edward, +was lunching with me at my hotel, and I took the occasion +to point out to him the necessity of making clear, +especially for the American public, that the reason England +had joined the Allies was not only on Belgium's +account, but to uphold the sanctity of international obligations. +This concerned not alone the belligerent nations, +but all the nations. Without the sanctity of international +obligations the war, no matter how it ended, would cause +a reversion to a state of international barbarity. Earl +Grey suggested that I discuss the subject with his cousin, +and arranged for a meeting. A few days later we three sat +down to a simple and informal luncheon at Earl Grey's +home on South Street, in Park Lane.</p> + +<p>Sir Edward Grey spoke earnestly and frankly. He felt +the great responsibility of the decision that brought +England into the war, and said he had often asked himself +whether he could have done otherwise. There was +nothing chauvinistic in either his attitude or his arguments. +It was plain that he had weighed the entire +issue carefully. His open-mindedness, his simplicity and +straightforwardness of manner, his great ability and +humanitarian zeal, impressed me very much.</p> + +<p>I called his attention to the importance of having +Russia grant civil and religious rights to her subject +nationalities; the failure of such action would weaken +the moral cause of the Allies, and also from an American<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[376]</a></span> +point of view it was important that Russia give some +evidence of a liberal spirit, otherwise it might be feared +that victory for the Allies would redound mainly to the +advantage of autocracy in Russia. I contended that it +was not a question of humanity, but plain state policy, +and that it was important that the Governments of Great +Britain and France bring Russia, as their ally, into line. +I had received several cables from prominent men in New +York and Boston who had thus expressed the American +point of view.</p> + +<p>The conversation ran on for an hour and a half in a very +informal way. Earl Grey then made the suggestion, in +accordance with my remarks of a few days before about +the necessity of making clear England's position in entering +the war, that I give out an interview to the American +press covering the substance of our conversation. I +demurred. Naturally I hesitated to state publicly the +delicate and critical questions that the British Minister +of Foreign Affairs had so frankly discussed with me. +However, Sir Edward himself said he would appreciate +my doing so, for he had perfect confidence in my doing +it without embarrassment to his country. I therefore +agreed to it, with the proviso that he approve the interview +before it was released for publication.</p> + +<p>I got in touch with the representatives of the American +papers in London and that evening gave out the interview. +The next morning I sent a copy to Sir Edward, +who returned it to me without a single change, saying he +approved both its form and content. The matter was +then cabled to America, published in our leading papers +on August 15th, and cabled back for republication in the +British papers.</p> + +<p>Thereafter the London papers came to me for further +interviews, and in a subsequent statement I dwelt more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span> +specifically on the importance of Russia's fair treatment +of her subject nationalities, particularly the Jews, who +had suffered most. The press representatives asked +whether they might show my interview to Lord Weardale +and if possible get his comment, to which I gladly +consented.</p> + +<p>Lord Weardale had been head of the Parliamentary +deputation that visited Russia the year before and had +an intimate knowledge of Russian conditions. He told me +later that he had already written the Russian Minister +of Foreign Affairs, Sazonoff, along the identical lines of +my interview. He supplemented what I had stated, with +an interview, saying, among other things:</p> + +<blockquote><p>It would be an immense step in the path of progress of Russia +herself and would create a profound sentiment of satisfaction +in the civilized world if the Tsar at such a juncture were to give +emphatic endorsement to his already declared intention to give +full religious liberty to all his peoples. It is not enough to be +powerful in the battlefield; it is even more important to conquer +the approval of the human conscience.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Government and people of Great Britain were +very solicitous at that time regarding public opinion in +America and the probable attitude of our Government. +In many quarters there was a feeling of uncertainty and +even of misgiving toward the statement by President +Wilson respecting an offer of mediation at the opportune +moment, in accordance with the provisions of the Hague +Treaty. Because of this and other considerations, Sir +Edward Grey and others recognized the importance +of having Russia give evidence of a more enlightened +spirit.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>We left London at the end of August, and upon arrival +home went up to Hartsdale, a short distance out of New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span> +York, to visit with our son. A few days afterward Mr. +James Speyer, whose summer home was but a few miles +distant, at Scarboro, telephoned, inviting Mrs. Straus +and myself to dine with him. Mrs. Speyer had not +returned from abroad; the guests were Mr. and Mrs. +Frank A. Vanderlip and Count von Bernstorff. As Mrs. +Straus was rather worn out by her London experience, +I went alone. There were several other neighbors, +Mr. Frank H. Platt and Mr. Frank Trumbull and perhaps +one other, about eight of us, of whom Mrs. Vanderlip +was the only lady.</p> + +<p>Bernstorff I had known for a number of years. I had +first met him in 1888 when I was on my first mission to +Turkey and he was attaché of the German embassy. +Later he came to Washington as ambassador when I was +in the Cabinet, and we met frequently there.</p> + +<p>The conversation at dinner was general, although it +was inevitable that we discuss the war. Bernstorff voiced +the usual claim of the Germans, that they did not want +war, and that the Kaiser and the German Government +stood for peace. When he had dilated upon that theme I +asked him:</p> + +<p>"Is that the present sentiment and attitude of your +country?"</p> + +<p>He replied that it certainly was when he left Berlin +only two weeks before, on returning to America from his +leave of absence.</p> + +<p>Knowing how anxious President Wilson was to use any +proper opportunity that might present itself for ending +the war, I asked Bernstorff whether his Government +would entertain a proposition for mediation.</p> + +<p>He answered me promptly: "Speaking for myself, I +certainly would entertain such a proposition." But he +added that he could not speak officially, since cable communication<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span> +with his Government had been cut off for a +week or more.</p> + +<p>I asked him whether in his opinion his Government +would give favorable consideration to such a proposal. +He said that before leaving Berlin he had discussed with +the Chancellor the possibility of mediation, following +the report of President Wilson's statement that he was +ready to offer his services as mediator to both parties, and +the Chancellor had said that the war had but begun and +it was too early to instruct regarding mediation until the +offer was presented. On my questioning him further, the +ambassador said his personal opinion was that his Government +would accept an offer of mediation. I remarked +that I could not but regard his statement as significant, +and asked him if I might use it in such a manner as I saw +fit. He replied that he had no objection.</p> + +<p>As we rose from the table, I made sure of my understanding +of his statements, and then the thought occurred +to me that the best thing to do was to report the conversation +to Secretary of State Bryan, so that he might, if +he saw fit, bring it before the President. I so informed +Bernstorff, and again he told me he had no objection.</p> + +<p>I looked at my watch. It was ten-fifteen. I announced +that I would go to Washington on the midnight train. +My host suggested that I "sleep on it and don't hurry"; +but I concluded that if there was anything I could do to +shorten the war by even a few hours I would have to charge +myself with neglect of duty if on account of personal +convenience I had refrained from doing so. The next day +was Sunday; the day after was Labor Day; and all the +while thousands were falling on the battlefield. Several +of the guests agreed with my decision, so I bade them +good-night, called my motor, and caught the midnight +train for Washington.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span>Sunday morning I telephoned to Mr. Bryan at once +and made an appointment to meet him at his home. I +repeated my conversation with Bernstorff precisely as it +had occurred, and Bryan believed, as I did, that it might +pave the way to mediation. I suggested that he have the +German ambassador come to Washington and speak with +him. He communicated with the German embassy, and +Bernstorff arrived the following morning.</p> + +<p>Bryan presented the subject to the President, who expressed +himself as pleased with the possibility of a favorable +outcome. The Secretary advised me to have a +conference with the British ambassador, Sir Cecil Spring-Rice, +and with the French ambassador, M. Jusserand. +He had already informed them what had taken place and +of my presence in Washington. Sir Cecil asked whether +I would kindly come to the embassy, and I replied I +would do so, and suggested that he arrange to have the +French ambassador also present. This he did.</p> + +<p>When I reached the embassy, M. Jusserand had not +yet arrived, and Sir Cecil and I indulged in reminiscences. +He too had been in Constantinople during my first mission, +as secretary of the British embassy. Soon we were +joined by M. Jusserand, whom also I had known well for +many years, for he had been in Washington since 1902, +and I had seen much of him during my Cabinet days.</p> + +<p>When we took up the proposal regarding which we had +come together, both of these gentlemen agreed that it was +deserving of serious attention, but Sir Cecil had little +confidence in Bernstorff, who had been his colleague at +Cairo, where they had represented their respective Governments. +He asked whether I thought an ambassador +would make such a statement as Bernstorff's without +authority from his Government. I replied that both he +and M. Jusserand were better qualified to answer that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[381]</a></span> +question, upon which M. Jusserand said that he knew +that no ambassador under the German system would dare +make such remarks without previous authority from his +Government.</p> + +<p>"That is so much the better," I commented.</p> + +<p>Sir Cecil declared that German diplomacy was peculiar +and that the Foreign Office had no conscience in disavowing +statements by its ambassadors if it suited Germany's +purpose.</p> + +<p>After we had gone over the whole subject, both ambassadors +stated that if it held one chance in a hundred +of shortening the war, it was their duty to entertain it. +I replied that I hoped they would entertain it cordially.</p> + +<p>Jusserand in his usual happy manner said, "'Cordially,' +that is a little too strong."</p> + +<p>"Well, sympathetically, then," I said.</p> + +<p>"Yes, sympathetically, yes." And with that we parted, +both ambassadors expressing their thanks and appreciation +of my services.</p> + +<p>I had been scrupulously careful to be absolutely accurate +in all my statements, and it was therefore gratifying, +after the Bryan-Bernstorff conference, to have the +Secretary tell me that the ambassador's report of the +Scarboro incident was in every detail in accord with mine, +and to have the ambassador also confirm the correctness +of Mr. Bryan's understanding from my report. Naturally +I was anxious to avoid misunderstandings or misconceptions +of any kind. The issue was too important.</p> + +<p>Both Secretary Bryan and Ambassador Bernstorff +cabled to Berlin, and for the time the subject rested there. +My remaining in Washington was unnecessary, and I +returned to New York. But before leaving, I called by +appointment at both the French and British embassies, +which also had communicated events in detail to their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span> +Governments. Both ambassadors expressed their high +appreciation for my services and hoped I would keep in +close touch with them regarding the matter, both for +their sake and for the sake of our respective Governments. +I told them I would regard myself as "messenger boy" +for mediation. Sir Cecil replied, "Ambassador extraordinary." +He promised to keep me informed, and two +days later wrote me:</p> + +<blockquote><p>I have not yet received any intimation from my Government, +nor do I expect one unless something definite is before +them. But I need not tell you how heartily my sympathy is +with your humanitarian efforts, and you know Grey well +enough to be sure that, while scrupulously faithful to all his +engagements, he will do everything possible in the cause of +peace.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Throughout these negotiations we took great care to +keep the matter secret. Despite that fact it leaked out in +some way, and the correspondent of the London "Times" +reported it in such a way as to give the impression that +I had been duped by the wily German ambassador; and +there were one or two other papers which took that view. +Sir Cecil Spring-Rice was incensed at this interpretation +and wrote me on October 3d:</p> + +<blockquote><p>I am sure no one who knows you and knows the facts would +ever think that you were either duped or the secret agent of +Germany. I am quite positive that Sir Edward Grey would +never have such an idea. What you did—and what I hope you +will continue to do—is a work of pure philanthropy.</p></blockquote> + +<p>On October 15th he wrote me again on this subject, +saying that when the London "Times" representative +returned to Washington from New York, he would set +him right as to the facts with a view to having the report +corrected, and adding:</p> + +<blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span>We used to say at school, "Blessed are the peace makers, for +they get more kicks than half-pence!" It represents a melancholy +truth, but, however, I am sure every well-thinking person +must appreciate your beneficent efforts.</p></blockquote> + +<p>But in general the press of Great Britain expressed its +appreciation of the services I had rendered in lifting the +latch of the door to mediation.</p> + +<p>A letter from Sir Edward Grey concerning the negotiations +sheds important light upon the British attitude:</p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">Foreign Office, London, S.W.</span><br /> +<i>Saturday</i>, 26 <i>September</i>, 1914 +</div> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Dear Mr. Straus</span>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>Thank you for your letter of the 9th. I am so busy that I +have not time to write at any length; but do not let that make +you suppose that I am out of sympathy with what you say.</p> + +<p>First of all, however, we must save ourselves and the West +of Europe, before we can exercise any influence elsewhere. The +Prussian military caste has dominated Germany, and the whole +of the West of Europe is in danger of being dominated by it. +The German Government, in the hands of this military caste, +prepared this war, planned it, and chose the time for it. We +know now that the war has revealed how thoroughly the German +preparations had been made beforehand: with an organization +and forethought which is wonderful, and would have +been admirable had it been devoted to a praiseworthy purpose. +Not one of the other nations now fighting against Germany +is prepared in the same way.</p> + +<p>Now, we wish to have three things: Firstly, to secure our own +liberty as independent States, who will live and let live on equal +terms; secondly, the establishment somehow of a Germany not +dominated by a military caste; a nation who will look at liberty +and politics from the same point of view as we do, and who +will deal with us on equal terms and in good faith; thirdly, +reparation for the cruel wrongs done to Belgium; to get that is +a matter of honour and justice and right.</p> + +<p>The statements made by Wolff's Bureau in Europe deny that +Germany is yet ready for peace. If she is ready for peace, then +I think that her ambassador in Washington ought not to beat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[384]</a></span> +about the bush. He ought to make it clear to President Wilson +that he is authorized to speak on behalf of his Government; and +state to the President that Germany does wish to make peace. +In that case, President Wilson could approach all the others +who are engaged in this war and bring them into consultation +with one another and with him. But at present we have no +indication that Germany wishes to have peace, and no indication +that she would agree to any terms that would give reparation +to Belgium and security to the rest of Europe that the +peace would be durable.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Yours very truly</p> +<div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">E. Grey</span><br /> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>The history of those negotiations is presented somewhat +at length because my friend of many years, the late +Ambassador Page, in his recently published letters also +expressed the feeling that I had been used as a dupe to +throw the blame for continuing the war upon Great +Britain, though he expressed great confidence in me and +friendship for me. I may say I was not unmindful of +this contingency; but I felt that if the negotiations did +not result as we hoped, they would serve to expose the insincerity +of the German Government with regard to its +peace professions. And this is precisely what happened, +as the answer of the German Chancellor, received by the +State Department on September 22d, confirms:</p> + +<blockquote><p>The Imperial Chancellor is much obliged for America's +offer. Germany did not want war, it was forced upon her. +Even after we shall have defeated France we shall still have to +face England and Russia. England, France, and Russia have +signed a convention to make peace solely in mutual agreement +with each other. England, that is, Mr. Asquith, the London +Times, and English diplomatic officers, have on various occasions +... [sic] that England is determined to conduct the war +to the utmost and that she expects success from it lasting a long +time. It is therefore up to the United States to get our enemies +to make peace proposals. Germany can only accept the peace<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span> +which promises to be a real and lasting peace and will protect +her against any new attacks from her enemies. If we accepted +America's offer of mediation now our enemies would interpret it +as a sign of weakness and the German people would not understand +it. For the nation which has been willing to make such +sacrifices has a right to demand that there shall be guarantees +of rest and security.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Secretary Bryan, in his instruction to Ambassador +Page on September 8th, had anticipated Germany's +refusal to accept mediation. The instruction concluded:</p> + +<blockquote><p>We do not know, of course, what reply the German Emperor +will make, but this war is so horrible from every aspect that no +one can afford to take the responsibility for continuing it implacably. +The British and French ambassadors fear that Germany +will not accept any reasonable terms, but even a failure to +agree will not rob an attempt at mediation of all its advantages +because the different nations would be able to explain to the +world their attitude, the reasons for continuing the war, the end +to be hoped for and the terms upon which peace is possible. +This would locate the responsibility for the continuance of the +war and help to mould public opinion. Will notify you as soon +as answer is received from Bernstorff.</p></blockquote> + +<p>On September 29th all the British papers served by the +Central News War Service carried a cable from New York +detailing the negotiations, which ended:</p> + +<blockquote><p>It is believed by those concerned that an important step has +been taken to pave the way for mediation, when the opportune +moment arrives. In other words, the bolt on the door of mediation +has been thrown back so that it will be possible for the door +to be opened without either side being forced to take the initiative. +Time will doubtless show that the initiative so fortuitously +taken by Mr. Straus will prove of real service in the interests of +ultimate peace negotiations, and any endeavors to deprecate +those services as having been made in Germany's interests are +not only contrary to all the facts, but are most unfortunate.</p> + +<p><i>Note</i>: The censor does not object to the publication of the +foregoing details, but insists that publication should be accompanied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span> +by a footnote pointing out that since these occurrences +took place the German Government have disavowed +their ambassador.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Had Germany's oft-reiterated peace professions been +sincere, she would have accepted this offer for mediation. +By her refusal the falsity of her professions was exposed +not only in Great Britain and in our own country, but +in all the neutral countries; and the <i>exposé</i> served as +added proof to all peace-loving and neutrally-minded +persons that the responsibility for the war and its continuance +rested upon the German Government.</p> + +<p>In America many of us continued to hope that some +way might be found to bring the representatives of the +warring nations into a conference, thereby removing misunderstanding +and misconception and paving the way +for an early peace. On December 31st the New York +representative of the Central News of London asked +several Americans to write New Year's messages to the +warring nations of Europe, to be cabled to all the chief +newspapers of the continent. Messages were given by +Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, Andrew Carnegie, Bishop +David Greer, and myself, and they were all substantially +of the same tenor, as a passage from each will show:</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Bishop Greer</i>: It is the earnest hope and prayer of all Christian +people in America that the awful and deplorable war now +raging may soon reach an end which will insure lasting peace +and one satisfactory in character to all the nations involved.</p> + +<p><i>Andrew Carnegie</i>: I am convinced that the next effort of +lovers of peace should be to concentrate the world over in demanding +that this unparalleled slaughter of man by man shall +be the last war waged by civilized nations for the settlement of +international disputes. War dethroned—Peace enthroned.</p> + +<p><i>President Butler</i>: May it be in America's fortunate lot to +bind up the wounds of the war and to set the feet of her sister<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span> +nations once more in the paths of peace, international good-will +and constructive statesmanship.</p> + +<p>I said: For the past five months each of the nations has been +seeking victory in the trenches of death; but it has not been +found there. Only through wise counsels can the victory of +permanent peace be obtained. President Wilson and His Holiness +the Pope have offered their offices to open the door of +mediation. Will not the Kaiser and King George give the mandate +so that the door may be opened and this delusion be dispelled, +thereby earning the blessings of a bleeding and suffering +world?</p></blockquote> + +<p>These statements are cited as evidence of how slowly +we in America came to realize the ruthless designs for +conquest which the German militarists had prepared and +fostered for forty years, not only strategically, but even +in shaping the psychology of the child in school and the +man in the street to conform to their design.</p> + +<p>For a year or more events marched on, tragically, like +a malignant disease. On February 2, 1917, I lunched with +Roosevelt at the Hotel Langdon, on Fifth Avenue and +Fifty-Sixth Street, where Roosevelt was in the habit of +stopping when in New York. The German Government +two days before had announced her submarine blockade +of the British, French, and Dutch coasts, and our own +entrance into the war seemed likely.</p> + +<p>We were discussing the crisis, and Roosevelt said he did +not think we should be involved; the President would +probably find some way out and arrange to have Germany's +pledge, not to destroy merchant ships of neutrals +or belligerents without warning, whittled down so as to +apply only to ships flying the American flag. He told us +that he had engaged passage on one of the United Fruit +Company steamers to Jamaica for Mrs. Roosevelt and +himself. Mrs. Roosevelt needed a change, and they would +start in a few days. Regarding the war, he could do nothing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[388]</a></span> +more. He had done all he could. He had made an offer +to the Secretary of War to raise a division, and had a +whole card catalogue of names of men who had volunteered +to serve in it.</p> + +<p>His relations with the President were far from friendly. +He had violently criticized him in articles contributed to +the "Metropolitan Magazine" and in several public addresses +had urged preparedness and compulsory military +training. I asked him, in view of the German blockade, +what he would do if he were President. He said he would +promptly assemble our fleet, put marines on the interned +German ships, and show Germany that we were in dead +earnest; that unless she recalled her decision to sink +merchant ships without observing the rules of modern +warfare we should take immediate steps to protect our +rights.</p> + +<p>"If we continue to back down we will become Chinafied, +without any rights that other nations will respect," +said Roosevelt emphatically.</p> + +<p>In such critical times, personal differences might be +laid aside, I suggested, and I wanted him to write the +President and let him have the benefit of his views. I +went further: I suggested that I could write the President +about it. But in Roosevelt's opinion, Wilson would conclude +that Roosevelt had himself urged me to do this +because of my close association with Roosevelt.</p> + +<p>My own relations with the President were always agreeable, +I might even say most friendly. He had written me +sometime before, that he would consider it a favor if I +would keep him informed of developments that came +under my observation regarding important matters. It +occurred to me that on the eve of war it would be a fine +thing if he consulted with his two surviving predecessors, +as Monroe had done in consulting with Jefferson<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span> +and Madison before issuing the doctrine which bears his +name. In the crisis we were facing such a step would allay +partisan differences and serve to solidify the Nation. +With these ideas in mind I sent the President the following +telegram:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Every patriotic American should support you in this great +crisis in the history of our country. May I suggest the course +followed by Monroe under a crisis involving many of the same +principles, to confer with the two surviving ex-Presidents, +whose advice, I feel sure, will be most helpful and serve to +patriotically solidify the country behind you?</p></blockquote> + +<p>I informed Roosevelt of my action. He felt sure the +President wanted neither advice nor cooperation, though +he himself was ready to give him the fullest coöperation +should Wilson desire it. He thought the same was true on +the part of Mr. Taft. The telegram, to my surprise, was +given out at Washington to the press a day or two later, +but nothing ever came of it.</p> + +<p>On February 7th the country was more or less agreeably +surprised by the fact that Count von Bernstorff had +been given his passports and Ambassador Gerard at +Berlin had been instructed to demand his. I say the +country was surprised because the President had so long +delayed and avoided such a step—even after the sinking +of the Lusitania and the Sussex following his "strict accountability" +and other strong statements—that it was +generally believed he did not mean to take it.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt, of course, thought that we should have +taken such action long before. His contention was always +that had we taken prompt and decisive steps after the +Lusitania tragedy, we should have been spared the submarine +invasions. In fact, he thought we should have +acted when Germany announced her submarine blockade +and possibly saved ourselves from the Lusitania horror.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[390]</a></span> +Now that diplomatic relations were broken off, he canceled +his trip to Jamaica, not wishing to be out of the +country when war was likely to be declared at any moment.</p> + +<p>At about this time the impression was current that the +Jews of America were anti-Ally, a fact that had a prejudicial +effect in France and England. It probably grew out +of the fact that three of the largest Jewish banking houses +of the country were of German origin, and further that +the Yiddish press was anti-Russian in its sympathies as a +result of the treatment of Jews in Russia.</p> + +<p>After a careful investigation of these reports, a group +of us met at the home of Eugene Meyer, Jr., later chairman +of the War Finance Corporation. Among those I +recall at this meeting were: Fabian Franklin, of the "New +York Evening Post"; George L. Beer, the historian; +Rabbi Stephen S. Wise; Professor Richard Gottheil, of +Columbia University. M. Stephane Lauzanne, editor of +"Le Matin" of Paris, and Professor Henri Bergson, both +of whom were then in New York, had also been consulted. +It was decided that the most practical way of correcting +this erroneous impression was for me to write to the +French and British ambassadors at Washington.</p> + +<p>Accordingly I wrote to Ambassadors Spring-Rice and +Jusserand that the impression was unfounded, that our +investigations and observations showed a large preponderance +of pro-Ally sympathy among the Jews, and I cited +a number of leading citizens in business and the various +professions, who were representative of their class, whom +I knew personally to be pro-Ally. I stated further that in +one of the largest Jewish clubs, whose membership consisted +almost entirely of Jews of German origin, the pro-Ally +sentiment was so strong as to be practically unanimous.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[391]</a></span>The ambassadors were grateful for this information, +which they communicated to their Governments; and +through the agency of M. Lauzanne and with the consent +of the ambassadors, the letters were given in full to the +French and British press.</p> + +<p>On the very day that Congress declared war against +Germany, April 6, 1917, we were giving a dinner at our +home to Professor Henri Bergson. Among our guests +were James M. Beck, author of "The Evidence in the +Case" and "The War and Humanity"; ex-Senator Burton +of Ohio; former Governor and Mrs. John M. Slaton, +of Georgia; Adolph S. Ochs, of the "New York Times," +and Mrs. Ochs. Bergson was regarded as the unofficial +representative of France in our country at the time. Of +course, our thoughts and conversation were dominated +by the great event of the day. Professor Bergson and Mr. +Beck drank and responded to toasts with eloquent fervor. +It was felt by all that the entrance into the war of the +United States would prove a decided factor in winning it +for democracy and constitutional liberty.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Just before Christmas, 1918—to be specific, on December +22d—I called on Roosevelt at the Roosevelt +Hospital, where he was convalescing from his seven weeks' +illness, believed to have been inflammatory rheumatism. +He was dressed in his <i>robe de chambre</i> and was seated in an +armchair with a pile of books before him. He looked neither +enfeebled nor emaciated, though he showed signs of +illness. When I asked him how he had been since my last +visit, for I had called on him frequently during his illness, +he told me that he had had an attack of embolism—I +think that was the ailment—which showed in his +wrists, and that his fever had gone up to 104. But that +was all gone and he was again feeling fine. He was planning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[392]</a></span> +to return to Sagamore Hill to spend Christmas, +which he subsequently did.</p> + +<p>He inquired particularly about my son Roger, of whom +he was very fond, and who was then in Siberia, where he +had served for some months as captain and assistant intelligence +officer on the staff of General William S. Graves, +in command of the American Expeditionary Forces. I +told him we had had a cable from Roger from Blagoveschensk +that he was well. In his last letter he had expressed +a desire to come home, since the war was over. +Roosevelt agreed that that was right. He would not want +his own sons to endanger their lives in the civil war raging +in Russia, and he would not have Roger do so. "Let the +Russians settle their own internal affairs; that is not our +business," he added.</p> + +<p>By way of amusing and interesting Roosevelt, I told +him of a curious incident narrated in one of Roger's letters. +He had been sent as the official representative of the +army into the Amur Province, of which the governor was +Alexandre Alexiefsky, who had been a member of the +Constitutional Assembly of the Kerensky Government. +When Roger called, the governor repeated his name familiarly +and then asked: "Are you related to His Excellency +by that name in the Cabinet of President Roosevelt?" +When Roger told him he was my son, the governor immediately +expressed a readiness to help him in every possible +way, because as the latter said he owed his life to +me. As Roger expressed it, "He was courteous before, +but after that he was ready to give me his undershirt."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus434.jpg" width="450" height="676" alt="ROGER W. STRAUS" title="ROGER W. STRAUS" /> +<span class="caption">ROGER W. STRAUS <br /> +First Lieutenant, afterwards Captain, on the Staff of General W. S. +Graves, American Expeditionary Force in Siberia. Now Major in the +Reserve Corps, U. S. A."</span> +</div> + +<p>Alexiefsky had told Roger the story of his case. In the +autumn of 1908, several Russians whom the Czar had +exiled to Siberia as political prisoners made their escape +and came to the United States. The Russian Government +discovered this and engaged one of the leading New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span> +York law firms to secure the extradition of the refugees, +which was demanded on the specious charge of murder. +Secretary Root, in the midst of his many important duties, +favored the extradition, and the papers were referred +by the State Department to Attorney-General Bonaparte. +Application for deportation was also made to me under +the immigration laws.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile several prominent men and women interested +in the case—Miss Lillian Wald, of the Henry Street +Settlement House, New York, and James Bronson Reynolds, +chairman of the American Society for Russian +Freedom, foremost among these—supplied the intelligence +and the proof that these men were not criminals in +any sense, but political refugees. When Roosevelt spoke +to me about them, I told him that I had declined to deport +them because it was clear to me that they were +political refugees. At that moment Bonaparte joined us. +Roosevelt requested him to return the papers in the case, +and shortly directed that the men were not to be deported.</p> + +<p>Roosevelt said he vividly recalled all this. His face +beamed as he said: "Is n't that fine! Very fine! I'm +delighted to hear it!"</p> + +<p>"You did that," I said to him; "without your sustaining +me these men would have been either extradited or +deported, which would have meant death."</p> + +<p>"Both of us did it; it's fine! I'm delighted to hear it," +he commented, his face glowing with its usual vivacity.</p> + +<p>The next day Roosevelt left the hospital to return to +his home in Oyster Bay. He apparently gave every indication +that soon he would be entirely well again and be +with us for many years. Certainly that is what we all +expected. He was only sixty.</p> + +<p>Exactly two weeks later, on January 6, 1919, I received +a telephone call at seven o'clock in the morning from Miss<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[394]</a></span> +Striker, secretary to Mr. Roosevelt, announcing that he +had died early that morning. For thirteen years or more +he had had a large and affectionate share in our lives and +thoughts, and Mrs. Straus and I felt as though we had +been stricken with the loss of a member of our immediate +family. I can truly say that I never had a more loyal or a +dearer friend. He always treated me and mine as if we +were among his nearest relatives.</p> + +<p>On January 8th my wife, my son's wife, and I motored +to Oyster Bay to attend the funeral in the little Episcopal +Church. It had been Roosevelt's wish that he be buried +from the little church that was the place of worship of his +family. The building held only about three hundred and +fifty persons, so that none but his family and close friends +could be present. There was a committee from the United +States Senate headed by Vice-President Marshall; a committee +from the House; several former members of the +Cabinet—Elihu Root, Truman H. Newberry, Henry +L. Stimson, James R. Garfield, Mrs. Garfield, ex-President +Taft, Governor Hughes. William Loeb, Jr., and +Captain Archie Roosevelt were ushers. The other sons, +Theodore and Kermit, were still in France. The church +was filled with a company of sincere friends and bereaved +mourners. The regular Episcopal service was begun at +twelve-forty-five, and lasted about twenty-five minutes, +when we all accompanied the body to the little cemetery +on the side of the hill half a mile away.</p> + +<p>Hardly a day passes without its scores of pilgrims to +that grave. They come from near and far. Many lay +flowers on the grave. On holidays and Sundays they come +by the hundreds. Two years ago the intimate friends of +Roosevelt, who had been officially or personally associated +with him, formed the Roosevelt Pilgrimage, an association +whose purpose is to keep alive the ideals and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[395]</a></span> +personality of Theodore Roosevelt by an annual visit to +his grave and a simple ceremony. The idea and organization +originated with Mr. E. A. Van Valkenburg of +the Philadelphia "North American." On January 6, 1922, +some sixty persons made the pilgrimage, headed by Dr. +Lyman Abbott, permanent chairman of the association. +James R. Garfield read Roosevelt's Nobel Peace Prize +address, delivered in Christiania in 1910, at the conclusion +of which some wreaths were laid on the grave. Mrs. +Roosevelt invited us all to luncheon, and the old-time +hospitality and friendliness of the Roosevelt home brought +many memories of our departed leader.</p> + +<p>After luncheon the annual meeting of the Pilgrimage +took place in the great North Room, where Roosevelt had +so often received his friends and guests. Dr. Abbott made +a brief and feeling address, and Mrs. Richard Derby +(Ethel Roosevelt) read from original manuscript Roosevelt's +proclamation of 1912 which called into being the +Progressive Party. Hermann Hagedorn read a poem +entitled "The Deacon's Prayer," by Samuel Valentine +Cole, which had especially appealed to Roosevelt. The +last stanza of this poem is as follows:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +"We want a man whom we can trust<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To lead us where thy purpose leads;</span><br /> +Who dares not lie, but dares be just—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Give us the dangerous man of deeds!"</span><br /> +So prayed the deacon, letting fall<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each sentence from his heart; and when</span><br /> +He took his seat the brethren all,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As by one impulse, cried, "Amen!"</span> +</div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XVI</h2> + +<h3>PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE</h3> + +<blockquote><p>The League to Enforce Peace goes into action—Taft recalls that Roosevelt +favored a League of Nations—I sail for Europe as chairman of the overseas +committee—England's youthful Lord Chancellor—Bryce at the age of +eighty-two—On to Paris—Conferences with Colonel House—House declares +that the League of Nations is "on the rocks"—Bourgeois comes to our +apartment—He is persuaded to accept and support the Covenant as provisionally +presented—Wilson congratulates me—The President addresses +the correspondents—At the Plenary Session—An imposing spectacle—Clemenceau +brusquely opens the session—President Wilson speaks for 1,200,000,000 +people—Significance of the term "Covenant"—Bourgeois accepts +text as drafted, but offers amendments for political effect—Japan voices her +ancient grievance—The golden chapter in the history of civilization—Impressions +of General Smuts—Sir Robert Borden opens fire on Article X—At +a Washington's Birthday luncheon with General Pershing—The General's +nervousness at prospect of having to make a speech—Sazonoff tells me about +the Czar—A luncheon to Ambassador Sharp and myself—Concerning the +side-tracking of Secretary Lansing—Taft's efforts at home on behalf of a +League of Nations—Conferences with Venizelos—Serbia's claims—Meeting +in London of allied societies for a League of Nations—Religious liberty resolution +offered and adopted—I confer with President Wilson in Paris—A +luncheon with Russian refugee statesmen—Excitement regarding the Monroe +Doctrine article—My address at the Sorbonne—The Covenant of the League +of Nations—Colonel House urges me to return to America—Alexander +Kerensky—United States Senate vigorously debates the Covenant—Our +efforts to secure its adoption—World policies are subordinated to home politics—Conclusion.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>Now that the curtain of armistice had descended upon +the world's most devastating war, the League to Enforce +Peace was endeavoring to coöperate in every possible way +with President Wilson and the official delegates to the +Peace Conference, and with similar organizations in +Europe, to bring into existence a League of Nations.</p> + +<p>I had been made chairman of the overseas committee, +and on the afternoon of Theodore Roosevelt's funeral, +former President Taft and I met to confer regarding +the work to be done. Both of us were very much depressed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[397]</a></span> +by the death of our friend. Taft felt grateful that +"Theodore" (as he always called Roosevelt) and he had +some months earlier reëstablished their long-time former +friendship, which had unhappily been interrupted by +political events.</p> + +<p>Mr. Taft courteously told me that he was glad that I +was going to Paris, and that he believed I might render a +great service in helping to secure an effective League of +Nations. He hoped I would have conferences with Balfour, +Lloyd George, and Léon Bourgeois, and that I would +be able to show them what kind of a League we, and as +we thought, the American public generally, wanted. At +my request, Taft agreed to write me a letter, signed by +himself as president of the League to Enforce Peace, and +by A. Lawrence Lowell, chairman of the Executive Committee, +giving me full authority to take whatever action +in Europe I might consider wise. I told Taft that I +wanted a letter which should expressly state, among +other things, that I was to support our official delegates, +as it would not do for America to show a divided front. +He told me, what I also had known from conversations +with Roosevelt, that Roosevelt had latterly expressed +himself in favor of such a League of Nations as we stood +for. I reminded Taft that Roosevelt had been the first +in recent years to emphasize the subject of a League of +Nations, having done so in his Nobel Peace Prize address.</p> + +<p>The committee to represent at Paris the League to +Enforce Peace consisted of myself as chairman, Hamilton +Holt as vice-chairman, and such other members of the +League as might be in Paris at that time. Mr. Holt, after +consulting me as to methods and plan of action pending +my arrival, had left New York on December 28th. I had +postponed my departure for Paris until I could learn of my +son Roger's departure from Siberia.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[398]</a></span>On January 25, 1919, I left New York, reaching London +on February 4th, where I promptly conferred with the +members of the British League of Nations Union. Sir +Willoughby Dickinson, M.P., gave me full details of the +meetings that had been held by the English, French, and +Italian leagues in Paris, at which our League was represented +by Hamilton Holt. I also had a consultation with +Lord Shaw, the chairman of the conference of delegates, +who gave me a copy of the resolutions that had been +adopted.</p> + +<p>We remained in London several days, and while there +dined with our new ambassador, John W. Davis, formerly +the Solicitor-General of the United States. Both he +and Mrs. Davis, in the short time they had been in London, +had won the esteem of official England. At this dinner +I had a long conversation with the new Lord Chancellor, +Birkenhead, formerly Sir Frederick Smith, who held +a distinguished position at the British Bar, and had been +Attorney-General in the last Cabinet. In the latter part +of 1917 he had visited the United States, where I had met +him, and where he had made a number of addresses in the +leading cities, as well as in Canada. He was then only +forty-seven years of age, but looked much younger, and +therefore quite unlike the typical Lord Chancellor robed +in venerable dignity. He told me that he was the youngest +Lord Chancellor, with one exception, that had ever sat on +the woolsack. He had the youthful and vivacious face of +a man in the thirties. He said that nothing would please +him more than, when he was no longer Lord Chancellor, +to practice law in America, but he said that precedent +would not permit a former Lord Chancellor to return to +the bar and practice his profession.</p> + +<p>Birkenhead was very outspoken in his opposition to a +League of Nations, saying that it was a Utopian idea. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[399]</a></span> +asked whether I had seen his book which had recently +appeared, describing his visit to America. I told him I +had not, and on the next day he sent me a copy bearing +his inscription.</p> + +<p>The following day we lunched with Mr. and Mrs. Herbert +Samuel. He had held several Cabinet positions, and +had been Secretary of the Home Office in the last Cabinet. +He was defeated as candidate for Parliament in the +last election. He told me he had recently returned from +Paris from a Zionist Conference where his views and +advice were desired. He stated that he was not a Zionist, +but was in full sympathy with the Balfour Declaration to +secure a homeland in Palestine with equal civil and religious +rights for all nationalities. I told him that was +precisely my position. His son was present, who was +about twenty years of age, and had been in the British +army, and was later transferred to the Zionist Corps.</p> + +<p>That evening I dined with Sir Arthur Steele-Maitland, +M.P., Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office, where I +met my old friend Viscount Bryce, who was then about +eighty-two years of age. He was still in the best of +health and his mind was as alert as ever. He brought me +a copy of his recent brochure, "Proposals for the Prevention +of Future Wars," Maitland strongly favored a +League of Nations, and told me that after I arrived in +Paris, if I found it necessary for the committee of the +League of Nations Union to return there to reënforce the +official delegates, I should write or wire him, and several +of the members would go over to coöperate with our +committee; and that he would write Lord Robert Cecil +so that we might have a conference. I had similar letters +from Lord Shaw and Sir Willoughby Dickinson.</p> + +<p>We arrived in Paris on February 9th, where our friends, +Mr. and Mrs. Edward Mamelsdorf, had generously<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[400]</a></span> +placed at our disposal their comfortable apartment in the +rue Montaigne, which was most conveniently and centrally +situated, and saved us the necessity and difficulty +of securing accommodations, all the hotels being jammed +full. The following morning I met Mr. Holt, who had +admirably represented our committee at the several +conferences that were held prior to my arrival; also +Judge William H. Wadhams, Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews, +Arthur Kuhn, secretary and legal adviser of our committee, +besides several other members of our League.</p> + +<p>With Mr. Holt I went to the Crillon Hotel, headquarters +of the American Delegation, and had a conference +with Colonel House, with whom arrangements were made +for the fullest coöperation between our League and the +Official Commission. We also conferred with Mr. Gordon +Auchincloss, the son-in-law and secretary of Colonel +House, who, after consulting with the latter, gave me in +confidence a typewritten copy of the Articles of the +League entitled: "Draft as Provisionally Approved." +He said that the Colonel wanted me to have this, so that +I might study it. I was told at the same time that the +outlook for the adoption of a League was very discouraging +because the French Delegation, of which Léon Bourgeois +was the head, insisted upon the inclusion of two +additional clauses, (1) the control by the League of the +manufacture of all armaments and of all war industries, +and (2) an international military force to defend the +French frontier, which, Bourgeois insisted, quoting from +a former speech of President Wilson, "was the frontier of +civilization."</p> + +<p>President Wilson had emphatically objected to the +proposed additions.</p> + +<p>When I informed Colonel House that I was about to +call on Léon Bourgeois at his home across the Seine, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[401]</a></span> +said, "By all means, go," and added that Bourgeois's +attitude "had put the League on the rocks."</p> + +<p>Mr. Holt, Mr. Kuhn, and I proceeded to Bourgeois's +house, but when we arrived there late in the afternoon, +we were told that M. Bourgeois was out, that he was then +in the Senate and would not return until late. While +there, however, I met my friend and colleague on the +Hague Tribunal, Baron d'Estournelles de Constant. He +said he would see to it that we met Bourgeois that evening. +Mr. Holt, Mr. Kuhn, and I then returned to my +apartment, and had hardly arrived there when my telephone +rang and I was informed that M. Bourgeois and +Baron d'Estournelles were on their way to my residence. +They arrived promptly at seven o'clock.</p> + +<p>In the course of the discussion, Bourgeois presented the +interposing difficulties to which I have referred, giving +the divergence of views between him and President +Wilson and Colonel House. I explained to him, more fully +than he seemed to have appreciated before, that the war-making +power was lodged by our Constitution exclusively +in Congress, and that even if the President should agree +to the additional articles, if these articles would in any +way conflict with the war-making power as provided for +in the Constitution, President Wilson's assent would be +without effect, and would never be ratified by our Senate.</p> + +<p>At this point in our conversation, the telephone rang +and M. Bourgeois was informed that the President of the +Ministry, M. Clemenceau, desired to see him at once. +Bourgeois said he would shortly return and hurriedly left +us. In the meantime we continued the conversation with +d'Estournelles, who, being familiar with our American +system, was better able to appreciate the problem. I +told him plainly that Colonel House had said to me that +afternoon that "the League of Nations was on the rocks."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[402]</a></span>Bourgeois returned in half an hour and we resumed the +discussion. After explaining more at length our constitutional +provisions, I told him that if the proposed League +were made too strong it would be useless, so far as America +was concerned, since it would not be ratified by the +Senate. Knowing what a strong advocate he had always +been of the League of Nations, as he was and had been for +years past the president of the French League of Nations +Society, I asked him whether he would prefer having no +League rather than a League as drafted, without the two +articles he had proposed.</p> + +<p>He frankly replied that if that were the alternative, he +would prefer to have the League as drafted. He then +referred to the fact that at our last Congressional election, +the Administration had been defeated, and therefore, as +he understood it, the President represented a minority +party. I told him that, while such would be the case under +the European system, it was not so under our system, +and then read to him from my letter of credence "to support +the President," explaining that the president of our +League, Mr. Taft, along with Dr. Lowell, myself, and +many others, was not of the President's party, yet I was +authorized and instructed to support the President.</p> + +<p>Bourgeois replied that at the Plenary Session of the +Conference, which was to be held on the Friday following, +namely, on the 14th, at the Quai d'Orsay, in view of the +American position which I had made clear to him, he +would support the "Draft as Provisionally Approved," +but that he wanted me to appreciate that they had politics +in France as well as we had, and that therefore he +would, at any rate, have to present at the Conference the +two articles referred to, if for no other reason than for +their popular effect; but that I could rely on it that his +Government would in the final analysis accept the covenant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[403]</a></span> +or draft as provisionally presented by the representatives +of the fourteen nations which had participated in +its preparation and had preliminarily agreed to it.</p> + +<p>When Bourgeois and d'Estournelles departed, which +was at about ten o'clock, I called up Colonel House, and, +after briefly informing him what had taken place, I told +him that the League was "off the rocks." He expressed +his great gratification, and on the following morning when +I met him he said that he had informed the President, +who desired heartily to congratulate me.</p> + +<p>When Colonel House had informed me that "the +League was on the rocks," it was more real than figurative; +for at the session of the Commission on the League +held the evening before, the French members having insisted +among other provisions upon an international army +to guard the frontier, and President Wilson having point-blank +refused to agree to it, an <i>impasse</i> had been reached, +since neither side would give way. The Commission thereupon +adjourned, apparently without any possibility of +coming to an understanding. Considerable bitterness was +developed in the discussion, as I learned, between the +President and M. Bourgeois. It was at this stage that +I fortuitously arrived at the Crillon to report that our +committee, by calling on M. Bourgeois, had been able +unofficially to take up and discuss with him the situation, +which officially had apparently passed beyond the +stage of further discussion. Therefore it was, as Holt +and I were subsequently informed, a great relief to the +President and Colonel House, as well as to Clemenceau +and Bourgeois, that we had been able to remove the <i>impasse</i> +by inducing the French delegates to agree to support +the Covenant as preliminarily drafted.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Some months before, there had been organized in Paris<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span> +a luncheon club, the Cercle Interallié, as a comfortable +and convenient meeting-place for many officials and +others. Immediately upon my arrival, I was introduced +at the club, where I frequently took lunch and met many +people, officials and delegates of the allied nations. The +day following our conversation at my apartment, I met +Baron d'Estournelles by appointment at lunch, and he +informed me that Bourgeois had expressed himself +gratified with the clarification I had given him and that +I could rely upon the Covenant being adopted as we had +agreed.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 14th, while I was at Colonel +House's office, I received a copy of the Covenant which +had just been put in print, as reëdited by the Sub-Committee +of the League of Nations under the chairmanship +of Lord Robert Cecil. While I was there, President +Wilson came in to meet the representatives of the American +press. When he saw me, he expressed his high appreciation +for our services and helpfulness. The President +made a brief address to the correspondents, beginning in +a semi-humorous vein, and then giving a general description +of the Covenant as finally drafted, explaining that +where so many nations were involved, no one's individual +ideas could be fully satisfied, and that there had to be +yielding on all sides. Wilson added that he would have +liked to see some definite declaration regarding the protection +of religious minorities, and referred to several of +the other outstanding provisions.</p> + +<p>Colonel House asked me to see Bourgeois again before +the Plenary Session which was to take place that afternoon, +saying that he had heard that Bourgeois was going +to oppose the Covenant. I immediately called on Bourgeois +again, and told him precisely what the Colonel had +said, but Bourgeois assured me that there had been no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span> +change, and that the Covenant, or as it was styled in +French, <i>Le Pacte</i>, would not be opposed.</p> + +<p>That same afternoon, I went with former Ambassador +Henry White, one of our official delegates, to the Session +of the Plenary Conference at the Quai d'Orsay which +convened at 3.30 o'clock. I accompanied him into the +Conference room, a large, vaulted, ornate chamber known +as the Clock Room, where were seated, at the tables arranged +along three sides of a square, with an inner row +of seats arranged in the same way, the delegates of the +thirty nations.</p> + +<p>On the outside of the square were the tables for the +secretaries of the several nations. At the head of the table +sat M. Clemenceau; to his right was President Wilson, +and on his left was to be Lloyd George, but as he was not +present, Lord Robert Cecil sat in his place. Next on the +right was Mr. Lansing, and next on the left was Mr. Balfour, +and so on in order. In the rear of the chamber were +a number of distinguished persons and other officials of +the Powers. To one side was another large room with +arched entrances, occupied by the correspondents of the +press of the world. The proceedings began at four +o'clock. The ushers closed the large entrance doors leading +out into the foyer, and all was still and in expectancy +when Clemenceau rose and, in his usual brusque and +unceremonious manner, announced that "Monsieur +Wilson" would have the "parole," meaning the floor.</p> + +<p>President Wilson arose, calm, dignified, and entirely +self-possessed, and, after a few preliminary words, stated +that the representatives of the fourteen nations which +composed the League of Nations Committee had unanimously +agreed to the Covenant consisting of twenty-six +articles to be presented to the Conference, representing, +according to the estimate, 1,200,000,000 people.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span>He read the articles of the Covenant, one by one, interpolating +here and there brief explanations. The title +"Covenant" had been given the document by Wilson, a +designation he had previously used in one of his speeches. +This was regarded as most appropriate, since the pact +was not a treaty or convention, but something higher and +more sacred, hence the scriptural designation "Covenant," +such as God had made with Israel.</p> + +<p>After reading the articles, Wilson made an address of +about thirty minutes. It was clear, forceful, and in his +inimitable style. In closing he said: "Armed force is in +the background in this programme, but it is in the background, +and if the moral force of the world will not suffice, +the physical force of the world shall. But that is the +last resort, because this is intended as a constitution of +peace, not as a League of War. Many terrible things +have come out of this war, gentlemen, but some very +beautiful things have come out of it. Wrong has been +defeated, but the rest of the world has been more conscious +than it ever was before, of the majesty of right."</p> + +<p>Lord Robert Cecil then spoke briefly, and I will quote +a single passage from his address: "Finally, we have +thought that if the world is to be at peace, it is not enough +to forbid war. We must do something more than that. We +must try and substitute for the principle of international +competition that of international coöperation."</p> + +<p>Signor Orlando of Italy followed with a brief address, +then M. Léon Bourgeois rose and spoke somewhat at +length in French. He said that he proposed amendments +which he thought he ought to mention; that while his +country had accepted the text which had been read, the +amendments were mentioned so that, as the text went +before the world, the amendments might also be considered, +to the effect that we ought to have a permanent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[407]</a></span> +organization to prepare military and naval means of +execution and make them ready in case of emergency.</p> + +<p>Baron Makino, speaking with persuasive eloquence in +perfect English, maintained his previous amendments +which were as follows: "The equality of nations being a +basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting +Parties agree to accord, as soon as possible, to all +aliens, nationals of States, members of the League, equal +and just treatment in every respect, making no distinction +either in law or in fact on account of their race or +nationality." He then added: "I feel it my duty to declare +clearly on this occasion that the Japanese Government +and people feel poignant regret at the failure of the +Commission to approve of their just demand for laying +down a principle aiming at the adjustment of this long-standing +grievance, the demand that is based upon a +deep-rooted natural conviction. They will continue in +their insistence for the adoption of this principle by the +League in the future."</p> + +<p>George Barnes, the English labor leader, then spoke, +upholding the argument of Bourgeois for an international +force. After him Venizelos spoke, referring to the amendments +of France which had been held back because of +constitutional barriers of acquiescence on the part of certain +countries. He thought those countries should make +an effort to remove those barriers, but that, if they could +not do so, then France should recede from her position. +Mr. Hughes of Australia interposed a question, demanding +to know when and where the discussion of mandatories +would take place, to which Clemenceau replied that the +document would rest on the table and would be discussed +at a distant date. Thereupon, he abruptly adjourned the +session.</p> + +<p>As the delegates moved out, I met President Wilson,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[408]</a></span> +who asked me for my opinion about the Covenant. I +replied that it was much more comprehensive and forceful +than I had believed it possible for the nations preliminarily +to agree upon. He expressed himself as much +gratified. I believed then, and do yet, that but for Wilson's +prestige and dominant leadership of the Conference, +so far at least as the Covenant was concerned, it +would perhaps not have been formulated, if ever, until +after the Treaty of Peace was concluded. At any rate, I +very much doubt if an agreement could have been +arrived at.</p> + +<p>After my conversation with Wilson, Bourgeois said to +me that he hoped I was satisfied with his remarks in support +of the Covenant, that he had to refer to the amendments +he presented so that they might receive consideration. +I told him that he had followed the course he had +agreed to when he spoke to me two nights before, that +while he would refer to his amendments, he would nevertheless +support the Covenant.</p> + +<p>When I had returned to my apartment, I wrote in my +"Random Notes": "I regard this day and its happenings +as the golden chapter in the history of civilization." +Notwithstanding what has since happened, I have not +abandoned hope that such may yet prove true.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Two days before the meeting of the Conference, Hamilton +Holt and I had tea with General Smuts, the distinguished +South African delegate. He is a man of very +pleasant appearance, rather short in stature, and with his +florid complexion looks like a veritable Dutchman. He +was then apparently about fifty years of age. He would +hardly, from his appearance, be taken for a soldier, but +rather for a student. He had given much detailed study +to the subject of a League of Nations, and from his brochure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[409]</a></span> +"The League of Nations—A Practical Suggestion" +(1918) more of his suggestions as there set forth entered +into the articles of the Covenant than those proposed +by any other of the delegates, including Wilson. Smuts +advocated in this brochure that "the League should be +put in the very forefront of the programme of the Peace +Conference," the same position that Wilson afterward +successfully pushed forward. In the preface of his brochure, +dated December 16, 1918, Smuts says:</p> + +<blockquote><p>To my mind the world is ripe for the greatest step forward +ever made in the government of man. And I hope this brief +account of the League will assist the public to realize how great +an advance is possible to-day as a direct result of the immeasurable +sacrifices of this war. If that advance is not made, +this war will, from the most essential point of view, have been +fought in vain, and great calamities will follow.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Several days after the Conference, on February 17th, +my wife and I, Mr. and Mrs. Holt, and Arthur Kuhn of +our committee, attended the French Senate with Baron +d'Estournelles, who is a member thereof. He introduced +us to a number of Senators, with whom we had tea. I had +a talk with the venerable Alexandre Ribot, head of the +group of the Moderate Republican Party, a refined gentleman +of the old school, and of thoroughly statesmanlike +appearance. We also met Senator Paul Strauss, whom I +had known when he and his wife visited our country some +eighteen years before. He is the editor of the "Revue +Philanthropique," and is a member of the Academy of +Medicine. He said that he believed his family and mine +were connected. This may be so, but I have no definite +record.</p> + +<p>Dining with Sir Robert Borden, then Premier of Canada +and one of the British delegates, the following evening, +we met several of his colleagues. Balfour was expected,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span> +but he had been compelled to return to London +that day. Sir Robert was an important member of the +British Delegation and made some very helpful suggestions. +He opposed Article X of the Covenant which +provides that "the High Contracting Parties undertake +to respect and preserve as against external aggression the +territorial integrity and existing political independence of +all States, members of the League," etc., the same article +that eventually met with so much opposition in our Senate, +and doubtless was the principal cause for the Senate's +failure to ratify. At that time it was generally rumored +that Borden would be selected as ambassador to the +United States to succeed Lord Reading. He would +doubtless have made a most acceptable representative +in Washington of the British Government, exceptional +as it would have been to have the British Empire represented +by a colonial official. No one could have been sent +who understood our country and our people better.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Washington's Birthday was celebrated by the American +Society, which gave a luncheon at the Hôtel Quai d'Orsay, +which I attended. There were present about one hundred +and fifty Americans. It was a notable assembly, and I +had the pleasure of sitting next to General Pershing, with +whom I had a lengthy talk. We spoke, among other +things, of the proposal that our country should take a +mandate to govern the Ottoman Empire or any part of +Europe. Great propaganda had been made that we +should take a mandate for the Ottoman Empire. Pershing +agreed with me that this would lead to endless complications +and would not be approved at home. I also +talked with Colonel House upon the subject, who was of +the same opinion. Pershing was evidently quite nervous, +for he was expected to speak, and he was making some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span> +notes. It appeared to me he was more disturbed than if he +were about to enter into a serious military engagement.</p> + +<p>I had lunch the next day with Boris Bakhmeteff, the +Russian ambassador to the United States, at which I met +Sazonoff, former Minister for Foreign Affairs under the +Czar's régime. We naturally spoke about affairs in Russia +and the possibility of reconstruction. I was told that the +late Czar was kindly and humane, but that he had been +completely misled and dominated by crafty ministers who +were plotting and intriguing one against another; that +Russia was not, by reason of the ignorance of its people, +fitted to become a republic, but that it must have a government +powerfully centralized, and that its best hope +would be the restoration of the monarchy under Grand +Duke Nicholas as constitutional ruler. Sazonoff said it +was a pity that Petrograd was not taken by the Allied +fleet. I am told that, under the Czar, Sazonoff was the +leader of the liberal wing.</p> + +<p>A few days later I gave a little dinner at my apartment +to enable Mr. Vance McCormick, chairman of the War +Trade Board, to meet several prominent Russians, including +Ambassador Bakhmeteff and Sazonoff. Mr. +Hoover was also present. We discussed the rehabilitation +of commerce with Russia.</p> + +<p>On the 26th of February the Union of Associations for +the Society of Nations, together with the European +Bureau of the Carnegie Peace Foundation, gave a luncheon +in honor of Ambassador Sharp and myself at the +Cercle Interallié, at which M. Léon Bourgeois presided. +There were present some seventy-five guests, mostly +delegates and French officials, including Sir Robert +Borden; Venizelos, the Greek delegate; the Roumanian +minister; M. Vesnitch, the Serbian minister; and the +Brazilian ambassador. At the conclusion, M. Bourgeois<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[412]</a></span> +arose, and, although there were to be no set speeches, he +expressed the regret of the French nation that Ambassador +Sharp would in the near future relinquish his post, +and complimented his Administration upon its work of +the past four trying years. He praised my effective helpfulness +in regard to the League of Nations, and stated +that he not only greeted me as a twin, because he was +born in the same year as I was, but also as a Frenchman, +since my father, who was born in 1809, was a Frenchman +by birth, and because my great-grandfather was a delegate +to the Conference which was summoned by Napoleon +during the first decade of the past century.</p> + +<p>In reply, I stated that an American, to be truly patriotic, +should understand our early history, and that no +American with this knowledge could fail to have a love +and sense of gratitude for France, our ally in the establishment +of democracy, as we had so recently been her ally +for the liberation of the world.</p> + +<p>My various conferences regarding the League of Nations, +while it was under discussion and formulation by +the Committee of the Conference having charge of that +subject, were held with Colonel House and his secretary, +Mr. Auchincloss. On February 27th, I had lunch with +Secretary Lansing. It had been quite obvious to me that +even before this he had been practically side-tracked, +and that Colonel House had replaced him from the beginning, +doubtless by direction of the President. This +was very evident so far as the League of Nations was +concerned. Mr. Lansing informed me that he had pointed +out a number of technical objections to the Covenant as +formulated, which, he was sure, would prove a fruitful +source of difference and would make trouble. It seemed +to me that he was evidently not conversant with the +various stages of discussion regarding the articles of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[413]</a></span> +Covenant. I referred to the entire omission in the second +draft of the section respecting civil and religious liberty +and the protection of minorities, which was contained in +the tentative draft, but was finally omitted because Japan +had insisted that the equality of races be included, whereupon +the whole subject had been omitted. I suggested +that the entire subject, which was in fact a Bill of Rights, +now that it had been excluded from the Covenant, should +be incorporated in the treaties to be made with each of +the new nations. Lansing agreed with me that that +should be done and would under the circumstances be the +best plan.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>At this time, during February and March, 1919, the +League to Enforce Peace had organized numerous meetings +throughout the country from New York to San +Francisco, advocating a League of Nations. Mr. Taft +had spoken at many of these meetings for months past, +traveling untiringly and making most effective addresses. +At these meetings the Covenant was approved and resolutions +to that effect were passed. On February 25th and +28th I received cables briefly describing such meetings +and the substance of the resolutions passed. I received +cables to the same effect from Salt Lake City, from San +Francisco, and from New York. These I gave to Colonel +House, who in turn gave them to the press, and sometimes +they were cabled back through the Associated Press +to American newspapers.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>From time to time a number of the representatives of +the Balkan and East European nations came to my +apartment to confer with me, doubtless because of my +diplomatic experiences in that part of the world, and +because of my relationship with Colonel House and our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[414]</a></span> +official Commission. Among others who conferred with +me was M. Venizelos, who came to discuss the claims of +Greece to additional territory to the north, and on the +western littoral of Asia Minor, and to the islands adjacent. +He explained, as an ethnological basis for such a claim, +that the Greek race was purer and less mixed in that part +of Asia Minor and in the islands than in Greece proper. +He placed before me several brochures containing studies +of these points and sent me maps illustrating those claims, +also a document in English entitled: "Greece Before the +Peace Congress." He told me that, unless his presence +was imperatively demanded in Paris, he would attend +with me the London Conference of the Peace Societies of +the various nations which was to be held there March +11th.</p> + +<p>On March 7th M. Vesnitch, the chief delegate of Serbia, +came to see me about Serbia's claims to two towns, +Verschatz and Weisskirchen, which the sub-committee of +ten, under the chairmanship of M. Tardieu, had awarded +to Roumania. He claimed they were predominantly +Serbian as to sympathies and population, and that because +they happened to be on the railroad running +through Roumania was no valid reason for transferring +them under Roumanian sovereignty. He said Serbia +could never consent to such transfer, which would cause +not only dissatisfaction, but constant trouble.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The day after the Plenary Session of the Conference +and the preliminary adoption of the Covenant, President +Wilson returned to America. I talked with M. Bourgeois, +M. Vesnitch, M. Venizelos, and several of the chairmen +of the allied societies for a League of Nations, and we +agreed to hold a conference of the delegates of the various +societies. Chiefly because of our desire of having with us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[415]</a></span> +Sir Edward Grey, who was the chairman of the British Society, +and Lord Bryce, both of whom at that time were +not entirely well, we decided to hold the conference +in London instead of in Paris. It was subsequently decided +to hold it March 11th-13th for the purpose of discussing +the draft of the Covenant as preliminarily +adopted, and to consider such changes and amendments +as might be deemed advisable, which when acted upon +and adopted were to be presented to our respective official +delegates prior to the next meeting of the Plenary +Conference, to be held after President Wilson's return.</p> + +<p>Accordingly, on March 11th, the delegates representing +America, Great Britain, France, Greece, China, +Jugo-Slavia, and Roumania assembled in London, in all +about fifty in number. Besides myself as chairman, there +attended, from America, Hamilton Holt, Arthur Kuhn, +Dr. Henry Churchill King, Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews, +Raymond V. Ingersoll, Dr. Frederick Lynch, and Edward +Harding. Great Britain was represented by Lord +Shaw of Dunfermline, Sir W. H. Dickinson, Major David +Davies, M.P.; J. H. Thomas, M.P.; J. R. Clynes, +M.P.; Sir A. Shirley Benn, M.P.; Sir Arthur Steele-Maitland, +M.P.; Professor Gilbert Murray; Aneurin +Williams, M.P.; H. Wickham Steed, and others. From +France came M. Léon Bourgeois, Vice-Admiral Fournier, +General Léon Durand, Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, +and others. Greece was represented by M. Venizelos and +Professor Andreades. China was represented by Mr. +Chang and Mr. Cheng; Jugo-Slavia by M. Yovanovitch; +and Roumania by Professor E. Pangrati, Professor +Negulesco, and Miss Helene Vacaresco.</p> + +<p>A preliminary consultation was held on the 10th, with +Professor Gilbert Murray in the chair, and next morning +the first meeting of the conference was held at Caxton<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[416]</a></span> +Hall, Westminster. Lord Shaw was elected chairman, +and W. J. T. Griffith, secretary. The various articles of +the Covenant were discussed, together with the amendments +and changes proposed by the delegates from the +several countries. On behalf of our delegation, I offered +a resolution regarding the free exercise of religion as well +as freedom from civil and political discrimination because +of religion, which resolution after discussion was +unanimously adopted. Nine separate resolutions were +offered by the British delegates, some ten resolutions by +the French delegates, and others by the Roumanian and +the Chinese delegates. In all, there were three sessions, +and the resolutions that were adopted M. Bourgeois +was authorized to present to the allied prime ministers.</p> + +<p>On the evening of the 12th, Major David Davies, on +behalf of the League of Nations Union, gave a dinner at +the Criterion Restaurant to M. Bourgeois, Dr. Nansen, +M. Vandervelde, M. Venizelos, and me. Right Hon. H. +A. L. Fisher, Secretary for Education, was toastmaster. +Besides the delegates, a number of other prominent men +were present. Several speeches were made laudatory of +the Covenant and expressing high hopes for the new +world order. Emphasis was laid upon the necessity of +building up a body of opinion throughout the world to +support the ideals of the League and of international +peace.</p> + +<p>After adjournment, I returned to Paris, and on March +24th made a report to President Wilson, who, a few days +before, had returned from America, and sent him the +resolution proposed by the American delegates, namely, +to add a new article to the Covenant as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>The High Contracting Parties, realizing that religious discriminations +give rise to internal dissatisfaction and unrest +which militate against international concord, agree to secure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[417]</a></span> +and maintain in their respective countries, as well as in states +and territories under the tutelage of other states acting as +mandatories on behalf of the League, the free exercise of religion +as well as freedom from civil and political discrimination +because of adherence to any creed, religion or belief not inconsistent +with public order or with public morals.</p></blockquote> + +<p>To this proposal President Wilson replied, saying: "I +am indeed interested in a religious liberty article in the +Covenant, but am trying to reach the matter in another +way." He doubtless had in mind to cover it in treaties +with the new nations for the protection of minorities, as +was subsequently provided in the treaty with Poland and +with the Balkan States.</p> + +<p>At a luncheon on April 6th with the Russian group of +refugee statesmen in Paris, I again met M. Sazonoff; +M. de Giers, formerly ambassador at Constantinople; M. +Bark, formerly Minister of Finance under the Government +of the late Czar; and M. Boris Bakhmeteff, the +Russian ambassador to the United States. They all spoke +most disparagingly of Russian conditions at the time. +M. Sazonoff criticized and complained of the Peace Conference, +which, as he stated, had in no way condemned +Russian Bolshevism, and its failure in so doing had encouraged +the Bolsheviki. He said that had the Allies +taken Petrograd, which could have been done with very +little sacrifice, that would have been the beginning of the +end of Bolshevism and would have rallied the Russian +people, who would themselves have destroyed the Bolsheviki. +He added that Russia's cruel treatment of the +Jews under the Czar's Government was an indefensible +wrong, and doubtless contributed to driving some of +those who had suffered most into the ranks of the Bolsheviki.</p> + +<p>While Sazonoff was talking, I wondered why he and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[418]</a></span> +some of his colleagues in the Ministry had not prevented +the outrages against defenseless Jews, which resulted in +the horrible pogroms which shocked the moral sensibility +of the world.</p> + +<p>It is true that Sazonoff belonged to the so-called liberals +of Russia, and they did not have the courage to stand +up for the basic principles of humanity when in office, +which they now, doubtless, sincerely proclaim. Such is the +withering and dispiriting effect of autocratic government +upon its own highest officials, who often lack the courage, +even if they have the vision, to correct abuses; and because +of this moral cowardice they prepare the way and supply +the motive that sooner or later expresses itself in revolution. +Napoleon is reputed to have said that the treatment +of the Jews in every country is the thermometer of that +country's civilization.</p> + +<p>Several times a week, during this period, conferences +occurred in my apartment with representatives of the +Eastern and Balkan States. Information had reached +Paris that serious persecution of Jews was threatened in +Prague and throughout Tchecko-Slovakia; and on March +25th a conference was arranged between M. Edouard +Benčs, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Tchecko-Slovak +Republic, and several gentlemen representing the +American Jewish Committee and the American Jewish +and Zionist Committee, consisting of Julian W. Mack, +Judge of the United States Circuit Court; Professor Felix +Frankfurter, of Harvard University; Aaron Aaronson, +head of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Palestine; +Lewis L. Strauss, the assistant of Herbert Hoover; and +myself. Letters from Prague from two of the Food Administration +officials reported that a press propaganda +was carried on against Jews, and that several attacks +upon them had been made; that a movement was on foot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[419]</a></span> +to deport a number of them to Pressburg, the hot-bed of +Bolshevism.</p> + +<p>M. Benčs pointed out that if any pogroms occurred, +which these reports foreshadowed, it would seriously +prejudice his country and would alienate American sympathy, +which in turn might result in discontinuing food +shipments to his country. He stated that he was a disciple +of President Masaryk and always shared his liberal +social and political views; he said he would at once telegraph +President Masaryk, who he knew would do everything +in his power to suppress the anti-Semitic agitation. +We were very much impressed with the enlightened +statesmanship of M. Benčs, who, since then, has shown +himself to be one of the foremost statesmen in middle +Europe. He assured us at the time that any persecution +of minorities in his country would be contrary to its +organic laws, and in direct violation of the principles and +policies upon which it had been determined to organize +the State, and that we could rely on it that no efforts +would be spared in securing equal justice for all without +regard to race or religion.</p> + +<p>From Sir Robert L. Borden, the Premier of Canada +and one of the delegates of the British Empire to the +Peace Conference, I received on March 21st a copy of his +memorandum on the several articles of the Covenant. +I found them well conceived and in the main admirable. +He opposed Article X as drafted. He wanted it either +stricken out or clarified. I sent him a copy of a speech of +Mr. Taft's of March 5th referring to the same subject.</p> + +<p>At the request of Colonel House, on April 11th, I had +another conference with M. Bourgeois. The Commission +on the League of Nations of the fourteen nations, under +the chairmanship of President Wilson, had the night before +held a protracted session discussing the revision of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[420]</a></span> +the Covenant, at which President Wilson offered the revised +Article XXI containing the special provision regarding +the Monroe Doctrine, as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article XXI</span></p> + +<p>Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity +of international engagements such as treaties of arbitration +or regional understandings like the Monroe Doctrine for securing +the maintenance of peace.</p></blockquote> + +<p>M. Larnaud and M. Bourgeois, the French representatives, +both objected to specific reference to the Monroe +Doctrine, and made long speeches in support of such +objection. Colonel House desired me to impress upon M. +Bourgeois the reasons for this amendment and why it was +necessary specifically to mention the Monroe Doctrine, +because, without it, it would not be possible to have the +Covenant confirmed by the Senate. As I did not know +M. Larnaud, I thought it best to discuss the subject with +M. Bourgeois so that he might confer with his colleague. +In company with Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, I +called on M. Bourgeois at his residence. I soon learned +that M. Bourgeois did not object to specific reference to +the Monroe Doctrine, but he desired, in return for his +assent, to obtain President Wilson's assent to the amendments +Bourgeois had offered respecting a general staff +and control or supervision of the military force that each +of the States was to supply to support the League. As the +Commission was to meet again to finish the consideration +of the Covenant, he agreed to confer with M. Clemenceau, +saying he would have to learn the other's views. He +further said it must be determined how best to formulate +the article especially referring to the Monroe Doctrine so +as not to conflict with the general provisions.</p> + +<p>At the session of the Commission that evening at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[421]</a></span> +Crillon Hotel, which lasted until after midnight, the +article as quoted above, specifically mentioning the Monroe +Doctrine, was adopted. Colonel House gave me the +exact wording of the article, which I at once cabled to the +League to Enforce Peace in New York, with the request +that Mr. Taft be informed. The same day I received a +cable from Mr. Taft and Dr. Lowell, forwarded by Acting +Secretary of State Frank L. Polk, to the effect that, in the +opinion of the Executive Committee of the League, specific +reference to the exclusion of the Monroe Doctrine +from the jurisdiction of the Covenant of the League was +absolutely necessary to secure confirmation by the Senate. +On the following day Taft cabled me that the Monroe +Doctrine amendment was "eminently satisfactory."</p> + +<p>I immediately advised President Wilson, sending him +a copy of the cable. The following day, I received the +following letter from him:</p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature"> + +18 <i>April</i>, 1919 +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">My dear Mr. Straus</span>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>I have been very much cheered by your kind letter of yesterday, +with the message which it quotes from the League to Enforce +Peace and from Mr. Taft personally, and I want to thank +you very warmly for your own kind personal assurances of +satisfaction with the results of our work on the Covenant.</p> + +<div class="signature"> +Cordially and sincerely yours<br /> +<span class="smcap">Woodrow Wilson</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>On April 23d, on the invitation of Professor Stephen +Hayes Bush, of the State University of Iowa, who was in +charge of the Free Lecture Course of the American Expeditionary +Force, I delivered an address in the Grand +Amphitheatre of the Sorbonne. The great hall was filled +with about one thousand of our officers and men who were +taking courses at this ancient institution of learning. +There were two lectures that afternoon, the other by +M. Ferdinand Buisson, the noted educator. His subject<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[422]</a></span> +was "The Educational System of France," which he had +done so much to develop since the educational system had +been secularized by the separation of Church and State +in France. He described why education had been taken +from the control of the Catholic clergy, not out of hostility +to the Church, but in order not to prejudice the +religious scruples of non-clericals and non-Catholics.</p> + +<p>I took as my subject "America and the League of +Nations," and showed in what respect the Covenant provided +definite sanctions to make peace decisions effective. +I pointed out that following the war, for the first +time in history, the dominant power of the world rested in +democratically governed nations, and that theirs was the +opportunity and the responsibility to make provisions +that such a war shall never be waged again; and that now +it was the duty of statesmanship to translate the victory +won in war into greater security for the future peace and +happiness of the world. I quoted from the speech of +President Poincaré in welcoming the Peace Delegates, +in which he had described the reasons why America entered +the World War. He had said: "It was a supreme +judgment passed at the bar of history by the lofty conscience +of a free people to rescue her mother from the +humiliation of thralldom and to save civilization."</p> + +<p>That same evening, M. Nicolas W. Tchaikovsky, president +of the Archangel Government of Northern Russia, +called at my apartment to discuss with me conditions in +Russia. I had met him before when he was in Washington +in 1907, after his escape from prison in Siberia. During +several periods before that time he had lived in +western United States, where he had engaged in farming. +He had formerly belonged to the group of social revolutionists. +I spoke with him about the Hoover plan of +sending food into Russia, to which he replied that if an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span> +armed force could be sent there it would be better, but +that without an armed force the Bolsheviki would use the +provisions for their own red guard. I explained to him +that that could not be done, since the agents of the Food +Administration would themselves supervise the distribution, +just as was done in Belgium during the German occupation. +He did not seem to think well of the whole +plan and considered that it would be of advantage to the +Bolsheviki politically, and would make their people believe +it was a recognition of their régime. He seemed to think +that the Bolsheviki authorities could not stop fighting in +Russia even if they wanted to, as their several generals +acted independently.</p> + +<p>He spoke of Lenin as an honest, strong-headed, misguided +fanatic, who he believed would in time discover +his error and would have the moral courage and honesty +to throw up his hands. Trotsky, he said, was quite another +sort—an ambitious adventurer.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The Plenary Session of the Conference was called to +order at the Quai d'Orsay on April 28th, at 3 <span class="smcap"><small>P.M.</small></span> I again +attended with our official delegate, former Ambassador +Henry White. The representatives of the thirty nations +were seated as before. I was given a seat just behind the +American Commission. The Session was presided over +by M. Clemenceau, who showed no signs of the effects of +his recent wound by an assassin's bullet. He opened the +session with a few words, then called on President Wilson, +who declared in a matter-of-fact way that, since he had +read the articles of the Covenant to the Conference at +the previous session (February 14th), and since all the +delegates had the Covenant as amended before them, +he would confine himself to pointing out the amendments +and the reasons therefor.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[424]</a></span>The immense hall was packed as on previous occasions. +After President Wilson had made his statement, which +was rendered into French by the official interpreter, he +moved several resolutions, one nominating Sir James +Eric Drummond as Secretary-General of the League, and +one that Belgium, Brazil, Greece, and Spain should be +members of the Council pending the selection of the four +additional States by the Assembly of the League.</p> + +<p>As chairman of the League to Enforce Peace, I wrote +a letter to the President on the following day offering my +congratulations upon the adoption of the Covenant. To +this I received the following reply:</p> + +<blockquote><div class="signature"> + +<span class="smcap">Paris</span>, 1 <i>May,</i> 1919 +</div> +<p><span class="smcap">My dear Mr. Straus</span>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>Thank you with all my heart for your generous letter of the +29th. It has given me the greatest pleasure and encouragement, +and I want to take the opportunity to say how valuable in +every way your own support of and enthusiasm for the League +of Nations has been. It is a real pleasure to receive your unqualified +approbation.</p> + +<div class="signature"> +Cordially and sincerely yours<br /> +<span class="smcap">Woodrow Wilson</span> +</div></blockquote> + +<p>After the Plenary Session on April 28th and the adoption +of the Covenant of the League of Nations, I felt that +my duties in Paris were at an end. The winter had been +very strenuous, and the weather had been very inclement—much +rain and very little sunshine. I decided to +take a rest, and was advised, because of some slight ailment +in my left leg due to impeded circulation, to take +the baths at Bagnoles de l'Orne. The usual régime there +is to take twenty-one baths. After I had taken eight, I +received a letter from Colonel House saying that he would +regard it most helpful if I would return to America at as +early a date as possible. He informed me that the counsel +for the American Commission, David Hunter Miller, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[425]</a></span> +also returning; that passage had been secured for both of +us on the U.S.S. Mount Vernon which was sailing from +Brest on June 2d. He stated that it would be rendering a +valuable service if I would confer with some of the Senators, +so that they might be fully informed regarding the +discussions and details of the negotiations as they progressed.</p> + +<p>I accordingly returned to Paris, and on May 27th had +a conference with Colonel House, who again impressed +upon me the services I might render in returning to the +United States, since no one was more familiar than Mr. +Miller and I with the meaning and significance of the +articles of the Covenant; no one, therefore, was better +qualified to answer the criticisms and objections that +had been made.</p> + +<p>In the course of conversation, he said that in his opinion +Woodrow Wilson would not become a candidate again +for President unless the treaty were rejected, which might +force him to run against his will in order to save the treaty; +should the treaty, however, be ratified, there would be +no occasion for him to become a candidate.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The day before this, while I was paying a visit at the +Hotel Continental, I met Jane Addams and Lillian Wald, +and with them was Alexander Kerensky, the former +Premier of Russia, They asked me to meet Kerensky, +which I did. He proved to be not at all the kind of man in +appearance that I had pictured. He did not resemble the +Russian type. He was clean-shaven, rather spare, a little +above medium height, and seemed about forty years of +age. He looked more like a student than like a leader who +had stood in the storm-center of political turmoil.</p> + +<p>Kerensky told me that he did not believe in Kolschak, +principally because he regarded him as a tool of the Britain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[426]</a></span> +and Russian nobility. Kerensky expressed himself +as opposed to having the Allies recognize Kolschak unless +it was conditioned on definite guarantees that a free +democratic election be held so that the people might +decide what form of government they desired.</p> + +<p>The following day, Dr. Dluski, the Polish peace delegate, +together with M. Lieberman, a Jewish member of +the Polish Diet, called upon me to explain, if not justify, +the Polish pogroms, evidently because of the great publicity +that had been given thereto by the mass meeting in +New York. The resolutions passed by that meeting, and +presented to the President, had appeared in dispatches to +European papers.</p> + +<p>We left Paris for Brest on May 30th. The Mount +Vernon, which was scheduled to sail on the following day, +had postponed sailing until June 3d. It carried some +five thousand officers and men of the Sixth Division. Dr. +Mezes and his wife were also on board. Dr. Mezes, who +is a brother-in-law of Colonel House, organized the group +of experts, of which he was chairman, which had rendered +such valuable service to the Commission. We were +all very comfortably provided for on the ship, and it was +most interesting to observe the system and order with +which the five thousand officers and men were taken +care of. They were a jolly lot, happy to return home, and +without exception conducted themselves in a correct and +orderly manner. We had a delightful crossing; the +weather was fine and the sea was calm.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Shortly after my return to the United States, the +League to Enforce Peace called a meeting of the Executive +Council to determine what action it could best take to +further the ratification of the treaty which was now being +vigorously debated in the Senate. It was decided that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[427]</a></span> +Mr. Vance McCormick and I should be a committee to +confer with the President. We subsequently desired to +add Dr. A. Lawrence Lowell, president of Harvard University, +to our number, provided it would be agreeable to +the President, which Mr. McCormick was to ascertain +when arranging for the appointment. The President +designated August 6th as the day on which he would see +us, and accordingly Dr. Lowell, Mr. McCormick, the +Secretary of the League, Dr. Short, and I went to the +White House.</p> + +<p>President Wilson assured us that, while he was somewhat +tired, he felt in good condition. He said he had had +a number of conferences with individual Senators who +had objected to the ratification of the treaty, and that he +had given them explanations regarding the main points +in dispute, namely, Article X, guaranteeing against external +aggression; Article XXI, providing that nothing in +the Covenant should be deemed to affect the validity of +the Monroe Doctrine; and Article I, providing that any +member of the League may, after two years' notice, withdraw +from the League. These were the main subjects +covered by the reservations formulated by the moderate +group headed by Senators Kellogg and McCumber.</p> + +<p>We suggested that it might be of good result if the +President could in some public and formal way make his +explanations and interpretations regarding these points. +The question was how this could best be done. The +President believed it would be preferable if one of the +Senators of the opposition addressed to him a letter of +inquiry, so framed as to enable the President to give his +views. It was then understood that Dr. Lowell, Mr. McCormick, +and I should confer with Senator Hitchcock, +the Democratic leader of the minority of the Committee +on Foreign Relations, who could advise us as to what<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[428]</a></span> +member of the Republican majority on the committee it +would be best for us to confer with.</p> + +<p>After our conference with the President, we went to the +Senate and found the Committee on Foreign Relations in +session, examining Secretary of State Lansing. Senator +Hitchcock suggested that we call on Senator McCumber, +but as he was not then in Washington, Dr. Lowell and +I called on Senator Kellogg. The latter told us what we +already knew, namely, that he was in favor of the League +and was scheduled to make his speech in the Senate advocating +the ratification of the treaty with the reservations +his group had formulated, which reservations he +felt confident were not in the nature of amendments, but +interpretative only, and therefore would not require resubmission +either to the Plenary Session or to Germany. +Dr. Lowell and I outlined our plan regarding the letter +to the President, asking for his interpretation of the articles +above referred to. While Senator Kellogg personally +favored this plan, he said he would first have to confer +with the members of his group, and he believed they +would be favorably inclined. We then inquired whether +the President's interpretations and clarifications might +not serve the purpose of making the reservations unnecessary. +The Senator said "no," but that the reservations +could recite the fact that they were based upon the +President's interpretations. We arranged that Senators +Kellogg and Hitchcock should confer upon the subject +with a view of preparing such a tentative letter of inquiry +which might be shown to the President in advance, and +to which the President could reply, giving his interpretations.</p> + +<p>After leaving Senator Kellogg, we again called on +Senator Hitchcock. In all of these conferences between +the Senators of the various groups, we acted as the "honest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[429]</a></span> +brokers" for the League. Senator Hitchcock thought +very favorably of our plan and believed it would work +out advantageously. Dr. Lowell and I felt gratified with +our day's work, though, as matters developed, nothing +came of this plan.</p> + +<p>In this connection I cannot refrain from quoting a story +which Dr. Lowell told apropos of the problem. The story, +as I recall it, was that a noted colored preacher was holding +a service in which he read a chapter from Isaiah referring +to the Seraphim. After the service one of the colored +brethren asked the preacher what was "the difference between +a Seraphim and a terrapin." The latter, rubbing his +head, replied: "My son, I grant you there is a difference, +but they have made it up."</p> + +<p>Unfortunately, while there was, in words at least, if not +in context, a difference between the reservations offered +by the Administration group, the group of mild reservationists, +and the majority group, yet, for reasons that I +need not enter into here, they did not "make it up."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In concluding this chapter and in closing these memoirs, +I cannot resist reflecting how much wiser the Allied +Powers and America were in the conduct of the war than +in the making of peace, and afterwards. In war they +finally pooled their strength and won; in the peace terms +they again drew measurably apart. The men who framed +the peace terms subordinated world policies to home politics. +The United States, by reason of a contest between +the Administration and the majority group in the Senate, +allowed its sense of world responsibility to be negated +by partisan differences. Reconstruction is being halted. +And why? Because the leading statesmen of the Entente +Powers still lack the economic wisdom, or, what is the +equivalent, the courage, to shape their international policies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[430]</a></span> +along world economic lines. My own country, in +withholding its coöperation, is equally culpable. The result +is tension and derangement in the relationship of +nations.</p> + +<p>As the malady from which this and other countries are +suffering is world-wide, so must the remedy be world-wide. +And America cannot free herself from the responsibility +by isolating herself and refusing to do her part in +applying the remedial measures necessary to restore normal +conditions. The remedy does not consist in the lessening +or weakening of sovereignty by individual states. +It consists in the enlargement of their sovereign functions +in concert with and in just relations to other states for +the administration of common interests. It requires no +surrender of sovereignty for individual states to conform +their policies to the world's common needs.</p> + + +<p class="center">THE END</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431"> </a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX</h2> + +<h3>Throughout the index, <i>S.</i> stands for the author.</h3> + + + + + +<div> +Aaronson, Aaron, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Abbott, Ernest, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Abbott, Lawrence F., <i>Impressions of Theodore Roosevelt</i>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>; <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Abbott, Lyman, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Abdul Aziz, Sultan, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Abdul Hamid II, Sultan, difficulty of obtaining audience with, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Selamlik, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">feared assassination, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i>'s long-delayed audience, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">physical aspect of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">and Baron de Hirsch, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i> again received by, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">permits excavations in Babylonia, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his obligation to <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i>'s farewell audience, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">decorates Mrs. Straus, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">welcomes return of <i>S.</i>, as minister, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">does not favor raising U.S. mission to embassy, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"the whole show," <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives German Emperor, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the indemnities due to missionaries, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Mohammedans in the Philippines, <a href="#Page_143">143</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instructs them to submit to U.<i>S.</i> army, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and foreign visitors, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">increased power of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his gift to <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Abraham, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Adams, John, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Adams, John Quincy, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Addams, Jane, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Adee, Alvey A., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Adler, Cyrus, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Africa, Northern, Italy seeks territory in, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Aguinaldo, Emilio, fails to arouse Sulu Mohammedans to revolt, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ahmed Riga Bey, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alaska salmon fisheries, protection of, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alaskan boundary question, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alexiefsky, Alexandre, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Algeciras Conference, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Algiers, motoring through, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alliance Israélite (Paris), <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Allied Societies for a League of Nations, conference of, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alphonso XIII, of Spain, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +<br /> +American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and <i>S.</i>'s appointment to Turkey, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +American citizens, naturalized, rights of, in foreign countries, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> +<br /> +American College for Girls, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.<br /> +<br /> +American diplomats, meager salaries of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +American Jews in Turkey, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>American Journal of International Law</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>; <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br /> +<br /> +American politics, two main currents in, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.<br /> +<br /> +American Society of International Law, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>-<a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Americanism, Roosevelt quoted on, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Americans, stranded in London, committee for relief of, <a href="#Page_371">371</a> <i>ff.</i><br /> +<br /> +Ames, James B., <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Amos, Morris S., <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Anarchists, exclusion and deportation of, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defined in Act of 1907, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Anderson, Chandler P., <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Andreades, Professor, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Andrews, E. Benjamin, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Andrews, Fannie Fern, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Angell, James B., resigns Turkish mission, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Anglo-Japanese Alliance, automatically ended by Four-Power Treaty, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Anthon, Charles, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Aoki, Mr., Japanese Ambassador, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Arbitration, as a remedy for industrial disputes, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Arbitration treaties, failure of, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Armenians, massacres of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Artin Effendi, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[434]</a></span>Asquith, Herbert H., <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Asquith, Margot, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Astor, Waldorf, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Astor, Mrs. Waldorf (Viscountess), <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Astor, William, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Athens, <i>S.</i>'s visits to, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Athletics in the universities in 1870, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Auchincloss, Gordon, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Augusta Victoria, German Empress, in Constantinople, <a href="#Page_136">136</a> <i>ff.</i><br /> +<br /> +Austria-Hungary, and the Keiley episode, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in sympathy with Germany (1909), <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Authors' Club, dinner to <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Avigdor, Isaac S. d', <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Avigdor, Jules d', <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Babylonia, excavations in, <a href="#Page_97">97</a> <i>ff.</i><br /> +<br /> +Bacon, Rev. Dr., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bagdad railway, concession for building, and the World War, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> Persian Gulf.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bakhmeteff, Boris, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Balfour, Arthur J., Palestine for the Jews, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>; <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Balkan Wars (1912 and 1913), <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baring, Sir Evelyn, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> Cromer, Lord.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bark, M., <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barlow, Joel, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barnard, Frederick A. P., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barnes, A. S., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barnes, George, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barnum, H. S., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baron de Hirsch Fund and Trade School, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bartholdt, Richard, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bates, General, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bavaria, Jews of Palatinate of, <a href="#Page_1">1</a> <i>ff.</i><br /> +<br /> +Bayard, Thomas F., and the Keiley episode, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of, at the Berlin Congress (1878), <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sir H. D. Wolff on, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his loyalty to Judaism, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his novels, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Beale, Joseph H., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beck, James M., <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beecher, Henry Ward, urges appointment of <i>S.</i> to Turkey, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>; <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beer, George L., <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beiram, feast of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beirut, schools in, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Belmont, August, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Benedict XV, Pope, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Benčs, Edouard, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Benn, A. Shirley, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bent, Theodore, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bergson, Henri, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Berlin, Treaty of, violated by Roumania, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>; <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Berlin, Congress of (1878), <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bernays, Michael, and the Queen of Roumania, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bernstorff, Count von, on the origin of the war, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on U.S. mediation, <a href="#Page_378">378</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i> said to have been duped by, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">given his passports, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Berr, Michael, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bethmann-Hollweg, Chancellor von, reply of, to offer of mediation, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beveridge, Albert J., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bible societies, troubles of agents of, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Biddle, James, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bien, Julius, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Birkenhead, F. E. Smith, Baron, sketch of, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposed to League of Nations, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bissinger, Erhard, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Blaine, James G., and Dr. Burchard, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Blanc, Baron, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bliss, Cornelius N., <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bliss, Daniel, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bliss, Edwin E., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bliss, George, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bliss, Howard S., and the Syrian Protestant College, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bliss, Isaac, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bliss, William G., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> +<br /> +B'nai B'rith Order, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boardman, Mabel T., <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boker, George H., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bonaparte, Charles J., <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bonetti, Monsignor, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bonney, Mr., <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Borden, Sir Robert L., <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bosnia and Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[435]</a></span>Bosphorus, the, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Bosses," the, Roosevelt's attitude toward, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boulanger, Georges E. J. M., "the second Napoleon," <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boulangist movement, collapse of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boulé (Greek Parliament), <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bourgeois, Léon, proposes additional articles in League Covenant, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>-<a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>; <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brandes, Georg, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brann, Father, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Breckenridge, Clifton R., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Breed, William C., <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brewer, David J., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bridges, Robert, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<br /> +British League of Nations Union, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brittain, Sir Harry, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brittain, Lady, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown, William Haig, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown University, gives <i>S.</i> honorary degree, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Browning, Oscar, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bryan, William J., letter of Roosevelt to, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the offer of U.S. to mediate, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his instructions to Mr. Page, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>; <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bryce, James, Viscount, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bryce, Lady, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Buchanan, James, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Budros Pasha, Roosevelt's denunciation of murder of, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Buisson, Ferdinand, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bullock, Seth, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burchard, Samuel D., and his "rum, Romanism, and rebellion" speech, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burns, John, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burton, Theodore E., <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bush, Stephen H., <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Butler, Charles H., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Butler, Nicholas M., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Buyukdereh, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Byrne, James, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Cabinet, routine of meetings of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cairo, <i>S.</i>'s visit to, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with Roosevelt at, <a href="#Page_287">287</a> <i>ff.</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Calice, Baron de, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +California, Japanese in, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">outbreak against Japanese in, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anti-Japanese legislation in, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nullifies "Gentlemen's Agreement," <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">general sentiment of, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cambon, Jules, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cambon, French Ambassador to Turkey, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Campbell, Timothy, anecdote of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Canadians, and the Alaskan boundary, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cannon, Joseph G., <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Capitulations, the, <a href="#Page_86">86</a> <i>ff.</i><br /> +<br /> +Cardwell, John, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carlisle, John G., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carlisle, Mrs. John G., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Carmen Sylva." <i>See</i> Elizabeth of Roumania.<br /> +<br /> +Carnegie, Andrew, and the Homestead Labor leaders, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">President of National Civic Federation, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his character, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his <i>Autobiography</i>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entertains <i>S.</i> at Skibo Castle, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Peace Palace, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>; <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Carnegie, Mrs. Andrew, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carol, King of Roumania, <i>S.</i> entertained by, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on economic questions, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">admired Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his attitude toward Jews, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Carranza, President of Mexico, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carter, George R., Governor of Hawaii, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carter, Mrs. George R., <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carter, J. Ridgely, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cassel, Sir Ernest, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cassini, Count, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Castelar, Emilio, sketch of, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the expulsion of Jews from Spain, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Catholics, Roosevelt's attitude toward, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>-<a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cavass, the, functions of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cecil, Lord Robert, quoted, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>; <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cena, Signor, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Central News War Service, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Century Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Cercle Interallié</i>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chadwick, French E., <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chaffee, Adna R., <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chamber of Commerce of the U.S., <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chamberlain, Leander, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chang, Mr., <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chapman, John, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[436]</a></span>Chapman, Mrs. John, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charterhouse School and Roger Williams, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cheng, Mr., <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chevket Pasha. <i>See</i> Mahmoud.<br /> +<br /> +Chicago, campaign to purify primaries in, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chicago <i>Record</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +China, and the open door, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Choate, Joseph H., <i>S.</i>'s friendship with, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Christianity, few conversions to, in Turkey, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Christians, in Turkey, resent visit of German Emperor, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cilicia, massacre of Armenians in, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cincinnati <i>Times-Star</i>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Civic Federation of Chicago, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Civil service, Roosevelt on, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Civil War, the, results of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clemenceau, Georges, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cleveland, Frances (Folsom), <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> Preston, Frances.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cleveland, Grover, elected President (1884), <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i> recommended to, as minister to Turkey, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_46">46</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and appointed, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Keiley episode, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview of <i>S.</i> with, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters of, to <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the silver question, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his tariff message (1887), <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">popular esteem for, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations with <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Lakewood, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Isidor Straus, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Van Alen appointment, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the bond loans, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his address at the Beecher Memorial, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and C. F. Murphy, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">failing health, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death and burial, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">address at meeting of protest against Kishineff massacre, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>; <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cleveland-Blaine campaign, the, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clynes, J. R., <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coastwise shipping and Canal tolls, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Colby, Bainbridge, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cole, Samuel V., "The Deacon's Prayer," <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Collinsworth Institute, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cologna, Abraham de, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Colombia, Republic of, and the Panama revolution, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Columbia College, <i>S.</i> a student at, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Columbia Grammar School, <i>S.</i> a pupil at, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Columbia Law School, <i>S.</i> a student at, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">faculty of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Columbus, Christopher, was he a Spaniard, of Jewish ancestry? <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Columbus, Ga., Straus family settles in, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">life in, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured and looted by Union forces, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dinner to <i>S.</i> at, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Commerce and Labor, Department of, <i>S.</i> appointed head of, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">its scope, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i>'s method of conducting, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his staff, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">civil service in, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">division of, opposed by <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Commercial bodies, relations of, with the Government, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>-<a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Commission to investigate treatment of Jews in Russia, report of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Congress, jingo agitation in, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Constantinople, first impressions of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">custom regarding official calls at, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conditions of life in, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ceremony of Selamlik in, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second arrival at, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visit of German Emperor to, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-<a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visitors to, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>-<a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in 1909, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Contract labor law, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coons, Joseph D., <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cooper, Peter, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coöperation Society of Northern England, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Corbin, Henry C., <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cortelyou, George B., <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Corwine, William R., <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coszta, Martin, case of, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coudert, Frederick R., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cowles, Lieut.-Commander, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cox, Samuel S., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cramp Shipbuilding Co., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cravath, Paul D., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crete, Greek designs on, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Venizelos in charge of affairs in, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Criminals, exclusion and deportation of, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Croker, Richard, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cromer, Evelyn Baring, Lord, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[437]</a></span>Cromwell, Oliver, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crum, Mr., colored, appointed Collector at Charleston by Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cuba, trouble with Spain over, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cullom, Shelby M., <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Curley, Captain, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Curtis, William E., <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cutting, Robert F., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cyprus, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Daniel, John W., <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davenport, Frederick M., <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davies, David, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davis, Cushman K., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davis, John C., <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davis, John W., <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davis, Mrs. John W., <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Day, Joseph P., <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Day, William R., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De Forest, Robert W., <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Democratic State Convention (N.Y., 1891), silver question in, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">adopts sound-money plank, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Depew, Chauncey M., <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Derby, Ethel (Roosevelt), <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dewey, George, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dews, Dr., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Diaz, Porfirio, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dickinson, J. M., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dickinson, Sir Willoughby H., <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dillon, Count, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dillon, Countess, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Diplomatic corps, at Constantinople, official calls among, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Diplomatic romance, a, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-<a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Diplomatic service of U.S., suggestions for improving, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +D'Israeli, Mrs. Benjamin, the elder, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Disraeli, Benjamin. <i>See</i> Beaconsfield.<br /> +<br /> +Dixon, Joseph M., <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Djavid Bey, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dluski, Dr., <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dodge, Cleveland H., <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dodge, William E., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Donald, Robert, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dosfuentes, Marqués de. <i>See</i> Olmet.<br /> +<br /> +Dougherty, Daniel, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Drago, Luis M., <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Draper, William F., Ambassador to Italy, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Draper, Mrs. William F., <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Drummond, Sir J. Eric, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Duane, W. N., <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dufferin, F. T. H. Blackwood, Earl and Marquis of, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dunnell, E. G., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Durand, Léon, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dwight, Charles A. S., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dwight, Henry O., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dwight, Theodore W., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Earl, Charles, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Easley, Ralph M., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eastern Question, possibilities of trouble in, <a href="#Page_327">327</a> <i>ff.</i><br /> +<br /> +Eben Ezra, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Edward VII, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Egypt, status of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a> <i>ff.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conditions in, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Eidlitz, Otto M., <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eight-hour law, favored by Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Einstein, G. F., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eitel Friedrich, Prince, <i>S.</i>'s impression of, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eitel Friedrich, Princess, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Electoral reform, campaign for, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eliot, George. <i>See</i> Evans, Mary Ann.<br /> +<br /> +Elizabeth, Queen of Roumania, aspect and accomplishments of, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">genesis of her pen-name, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her study, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her gifts to <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Hay's hymn, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Prof. Bernays, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Employer and employees, change in relations between, and the result, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br /> +<br /> +English chapel, Constantinople, service in, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Erb, Professor, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Erdman Act, the, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Estournelles de Constant, Baron d', <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eulenburg, Count, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Evans, Mary Ann, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Expatriation, right of, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ezekiel, Moses, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Fairbanks, Charles W., Vice-President, and Pius X, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Constantinople, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>; <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fairbanks, Mrs. C. W., <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Falconio, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Federated unions, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[438]</a></span>Ferrero, Guglielmo, <i>Greatness and Decline of Rome</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ferrero, Madame, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Filipinos, McKinley and <i>S.</i> on granting independence to, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Finch, George A., <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Finley, John H., <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Finley, John P., quoted, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fish, Hamilton, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fish, Stuyvesant, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fisher, H. A. L., <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Flour, question of shipments of, to Turkey, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Flower, Walter C., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Flynn, Mr., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort, Governor, of New Jersey, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fortescue, Lieutenant Granville, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Foster, John W., <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fouad, Pasha, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Foulke, William D., <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fournier, Vice-Admiral, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Four-Power Treaty (1921) effect of, on relations of U.S. with Japan, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Anglo-Japanese alliance, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +France. <i>See</i> Great Powers.<br /> +<br /> +Frankfurter, Felix, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Franklin, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Franklin, Fabian, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frederic, Harold, <i>The New Exodus</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frederick III, German Emperor, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +French delegation to Peace Conference. <i>See</i> Bourgeois.<br /> +<br /> +French Senate, <i>S.</i> attends session of, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Freycinet, Charles L. de S. de, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frick, Henry C., <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frye, William P., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fuller, Melville W., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fulton, Senator Charles W., <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Furtado, Abraham, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Furth, Jacob, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Gage, Lyman J., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gager, O. A., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Garfield, James R., <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, +<a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gargiulo, dragoman, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Garretson, Joseph, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gates, C. F., <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gaynor, William J., <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.<br /> +<br /> +General Slocum, steamboat, explosion on, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br /> +<br /> +George V, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.<br /> +<br /> +George, King of Greece, receives <i>S.</i> in audience, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">admired Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>; <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Georgia Military Academy, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gerard, James W., Ambassador to Germany, demands his passports, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.<br /> +<br /> +German Government, and U.S. offer of mediation, <a href="#Page_380">380</a> <i>ff.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">its insincerity exposed, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +German influence in Turkey, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Germany, and Venezuela, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roosevelt on attitude of, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chevket Pasha on attitude of, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sells warship to Turkey, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attitude of, at Hague conferences, <a href="#Page_328">328</a> and <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>; <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ghika, Prince and Princess, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Giers, N. K. de, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gilder, Richard W., <i>Grover Cleveland</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>; <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gillman, Henry, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gilmore's Garden, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gladstone, William E., <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gneist, Rudolf von, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gompers, Samuel, and the reinstatement of Miller, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gorman, Arthur P., and the Turkish mission, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gorst, Sir Eldon, <i>S.</i> entertained by, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gorst, Lady, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gottheil, Richard, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gould, Jay, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Government Printing Office, and non-union printers, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Governors, the, of certain States, appeal to Roosevelt to accept renomination (1912), <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grace, William R., Mayor of New York, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Graetz, Heinrich, <i>History of the Jews</i>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grant, Ulysses S., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Graves, William S., <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gray, George, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Great Britain, and Venezuela, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">remonstrance from society in, against lynchings, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Lynch affair, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her reasons for entering the war, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">solicitude in, regarding action of U.S., <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> Great Powers.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[439]</a></span>Great Powers, the, alignment of, in 1909, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">effect of jealousy of, on Turkey, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seek concessions then, under new régime, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Crete affair, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Balkan disturbances, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Greece, conditions in (1910), <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">designs of, in Crete, <a href="#Page_293">293</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">buys warship from Italy, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">territorial claims of, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Greeks, fail to appreciate Venizelos, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Greene, Joseph K., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Greer, David H., <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gregory, Charles N., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grenfell, Sir Francis, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grey, Albert H. G., Earl, entertains <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>; <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grey, Lady, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grey, Sir Edward, on England's reasons for entering the war, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the proposed mediations of the U.S., <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters of, to <i>S.</i>, on the negotiations, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>; <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Grey of Fallodon, Edward, Viscount. <i>See</i> Grey, Sir Edward.<br /> +<br /> +Griffith, W. J. T., <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Griggs, John W., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Griscom, Lloyd C., <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grosvenor, Edward A., <i>History of Constantinople</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Günzburg, Baron, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gutmann, Ritter von, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Hagedorn, Hermann, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hague, the, opening of Peace Palace at, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hague Court of Arbitration, <i>S.</i> appointed to, by Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Russia and Japan decline to go before, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moroccan question and, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hague Peace Conferences, participation of U.S. therein, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">results of, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hakki Pasha, Grand Vizier, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hale, Edward E., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hale, Archdeacon, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hamburg-American S.S. Co., <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hamdy Bey, and the proposed excavation in Babylonia, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death and funeral, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>; <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hamlin, Cyrus, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hampstead Garden Suburb, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hanna, Marcus A., career and character of, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hannibal, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hanotaux, Gabriel, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harding, Edward, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harlan, John M., <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Harper's Weekly</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harpoot, massacres at, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">building at, rebuilt, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Harriman, E. H., <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Benjamin, President, appoints commission on condition of Jews in Russia, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_108">108</a>; <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Charles C., <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Haupt, Professor, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Havelock, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hawaii, use of, by Japanese immigrants, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>-<a href="#Page_225">225</a>; conditions in, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distribution of population of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hay, John, <i>S.</i> confers with, in London, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and <i>S.</i>'s resignation, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of, to <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Roumanian note, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Kishineff protest, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the treaty with New Granada, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the arbitration treaties, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>; <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hayward, William, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Head-tax, representatives of foreign governments relieved from, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Heard, John, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hedges, Job E., <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Heilprin, Michael, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henderson, Mrs. John B., <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henry, Prince (Holland), <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henry, Sir Charles, entertains <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henry, Lady, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hepburn, A. Barton, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hepburn Committee, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Herrick, Myron T., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hertzl, Theodor, on Zionism, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his character, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hervey, Charles E., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Herzegovina. <i>See</i> Bosnia.<br /> +<br /> +Hetzler, Theodore, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hewitt, Abram S., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hill, David J., <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hill, J. Wesley, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hinricks, Frederic W., <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[440]</a></span>Hirsch, Baron Maurice de, Turkey's claim against, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_94">94</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his philanthropy, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hirsch, Baroness de, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hitchcock, Frank H., <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hitchcock, Gilbert N., <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hitt, Robert, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hockstader, Leonard, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hodge, William H., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hofmann, Josef, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holls, Frederick W., <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holt, Hamilton, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holt, Mrs. Hamilton, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holt, Henry, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Homer, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Homestead (Pa.) riots, responsibility for, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Honolulu, <a href="#Page_222">222</a> <i>ff.</i><br /> +<br /> +Hoover, Herbert, his plan for sending food into Russia, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>; <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hoover, Mrs. Herbert, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Horowitz, Leopold, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hotchkiss, William H., <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br /> +<br /> +House, Edward M., at the Paris Conference, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<br /> +House of Lords, proposed reform of, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Howick Castle, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hudson, James A., first law partner of <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hudson and Straus, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Huerta, President of Mexico, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hughes, Charles E., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hughes, Mrs. Charles E., <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hughes, William Morris, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Humphreys, Andrew B., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hunt, Gaillard, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hussein Hilmi Pasha, Grand Vizier, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lynch affair causes his resignation, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>-<a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Iddings, Mr., Consul-General at Cairo, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Iddings, Mrs., <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ignatieff laws, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Immigration, questions relating to, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>. And <i>see</i> Head-tax, Japanese immigration.<br /> +<br /> +Immigration acts: of 1903, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of 1906, questionnaire of aliens under, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1907, "limited passports" provision of, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anarchists defined in, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Imperiali, Marquis, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"In God We Trust," omitted from gold coins, and restored, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ince, Howard, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Industrial Conference (1919-20), work of, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Industrial peace, and the National Civic Federation, <a href="#Page_195">195</a> <i>ff.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roosevelt dedicates Nobel Prize to promotion of, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ingersoll, Raymond V., <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +International arbitration, results of Hague Conferences concerning, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>. And <i>see</i> Lake Mohonk.<br /> +<br /> +International Court of Justice, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br /> +<br /> +International law, naval officers should be conversant with, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> +<br /> +International peace congress, conference regarding, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Interstate Commerce Commission, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Interstate Commerce law, and the trusts, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ireland, John, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Isaacs, Isaac S., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Isaacs, Meyer S., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Isaacs, Sir Rufus, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>. And <i>see</i> Reading, Earl.<br /> +<br /> +Isaacs, Lady, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ishii, Viscount, <i>S.</i>'s interview with, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ismail Pasha, Khedive, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Italy, and A. M. Keiley, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">neutral attitude of, in 1909, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her purpose in declaring war on Turkey, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Prof. Luzzatti, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>. And <i>see</i> Great Powers.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> +<br /> +James, Darwin, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Japan, and Russia, Roosevelt negotiates peace between, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Gentlemen's Agreement" with, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nullified by legislation in California, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">danger of strained relations with, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed treaty with, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">present relations of U.S. with, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">voyage of U.S. fleet, how interpreted by, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">amendments of League Covenant desired by, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Japanese, in California, question of naturalization of, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, +<a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[441]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">outbreak against, in San Francisco, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">transit of, between Mexico and Canada, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Japanese immigration to Pacific coast, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>-<a href="#Page_221">221</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the "Gentlemen's Agreement," <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">executive regulations concerning, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">question of, studied by <i>S.</i> in Hawaii, <a href="#Page_222">222</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">further consideration of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">statistics of (1907), <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jefferson, Joseph, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jerusalem, <i>S.</i>'s visit to, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">restrictions on sojourn of Jews in, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jessup, Henry H., <i>Fifty-Three Years in Syria</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jewish Colonization Association, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jewish question in Roumania, King Carol on, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jews, persecution of, in Alsace, etc., <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">council of, convened by Napoleon I, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">foreign, in Turkey, negotiations concerning, <a href="#Page_80">80</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Russia, persecution of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Kishineff massacre, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count Witte and, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">troubles of, in Roumania, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and emigration of, to U.S., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">immigration of, into Palestine, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roosevelt's attitude toward, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor Emmanuel on, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zangwill's project concerning, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expulsion of, from Spain, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in U.S., unjustly charged with being anti-Ally, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balfour Declaration regarding home in Palestine for, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">threatened persecution of, after the war, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> American Jews.</span><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Hiram W., nominated for Vice-President by Progressives, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Johnstown flood, Abdul Hamid contributes to relief fund, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jones, George, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Journal of Race Development, The</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Judaism, Disraeli's loyalty to, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Judson, Frederick N., <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jussen, Edmund, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jussen, Mrs. Edmund (Schurz), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jusserand, Jules, and mediations by U.S., <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>; <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Kaufmann, Isidor, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kaufmann Brothers, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Keefe, Daniel J., <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Keiley, Anthony M., and the Austro-Hungarian mission, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Egypt, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Keiley, Mrs. A. M., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kellogg, Frank H., <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kempster, Walter, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kennedy, Monsignor, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kent, Frederick I., <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kerensky, Alexander, interview with, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kiamil Pasha, Grand Vizier, and the mission schools, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Bible society agents, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unofficial negotiations with, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and foreign Jews in Turkey, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the proposed Bagdad railroad, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the excavations in Babylonia, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his character and political views, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>; <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +King, Henry C., <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +King, Pendleton, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +King, W. L. Mackenzie, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kipling, Rudyard, quoted, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kipling, Mrs. Rudyard, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kirchwey, George W., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kishineff massacre, and its sequel, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<a href="#Page_173">173</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and lynchings in U.S., <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +"Kitchen cabinet," the, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Knapp, Martin A., <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Knox, Philander C., letter of, to <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i> offended by instructions from, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>; <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Kohlsaat, H. H., <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kolschak, General, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kraus, Adolph, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kuhn, Arthur, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kuroki, Tamemoto, entertained in New York, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +La Follette, Robert M., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Labor, Roosevelt's attitude toward, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Labor, Department of, created, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Labor representatives, conference with, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Labor unions, and the teamsters' strike, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lake Mohonk Conferences on international arbitration, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lamont, Daniel S., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Langley, S. P., and his flying machine (1900), <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[442]</a></span>Lansing, Robert, side-tracked, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his objections to the Covenant, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</span> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Larnaud, M., <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lauzanne, Stephane, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lavanburg, Hannah S., mother of Mrs. Straus, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lavanburg, Sarah, marries <i>S.</i> And <i>see</i> Straus, Sarah (Lavanburg).<br /> +<br /> +Laveleye, Emile L. V. de, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Law of Associations (Turkish), all foreign institutions subject to, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i> secures certain exemptions from, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lazar, Jacob. <i>See</i> Straus, Jacob I.<br /> +<br /> +Lazard, Eli, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lazard Frčres, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +League to Enforce Peace, committee to represent, at Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meetings of, in U.S., approve League Covenant, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seeks to secure ratification of the treaty, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>-<a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +League of Nations, a, American desire for, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">initial discouraging outlook for, at Paris, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +League of Nations, the, and the Peace Palace, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Draft of, as Provisionally Approved," <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">additional clauses insisted upon by France, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and discussed by Bourgeois, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>-<a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Covenant of, discussed in Plenary Conference, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>-<a href="#Page_407">407</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lansing's objections to Covenant of, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no provision concerning civil and religious liberty, and why, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Article X, objections to, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Article XXI, revised by Wilson, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">these two articles in U.S. Senate, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lebowich, Mr., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lecky, W. E. H., <i>Democracy and Liberty</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lee, Robert E., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lee, Sir Sidney, his lives of Shakespeare and Edward VII, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leishman, John G., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leo, Simeon N., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leopold II, of Belgium, death of, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Levi, Leo N., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Levy, Samuel, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewes, George H., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewis, William D., <i>Life of Theodore Roosevelt</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewisohn, Adolf, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lichnowsky, Prince, <i>My London Mission</i>, the most convincing indictment of Germany, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lidhold, Dr., on William II, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lieber, Francis, his life and character, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lieberman, Mr., <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Liliuokalani, Queen, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lincoln, Abraham, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Littauer, Lucius N., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Little White House," at Lakewood, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lloyd George, David, on divers Liberal measures, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>; <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lodge, Henry Cabot, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Loeb, William, Jr., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +London, <i>S.</i>'s visits to, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>-<a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from Paris to (July, 1914), <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">August 2 in, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Long, Albert L., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Long Island Historical Society, <i>S.</i>'s address before, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Longworth, Alice (Roosevelt), <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Longworth, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Low, Seth, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lowell, A. Lawrence, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lowther, Gerard, British Ambassador to Turkey, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lubin, David, character and career of, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>; <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lusitania tragedy, the, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Luther, Martin, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Luzzatti, Luigi, <i>S.</i> and, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his <i>Liberty of Conscience</i>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span> <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lynch, Frederick, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lynch Company, affair of, and its result, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>-<a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lynchings in the U.S., and Kishineff, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">remonstrance against, from Great Britain, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +McCarroll, William, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McCormick, Vance, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McCumber, Porter J., <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McGee, John C., nominates <i>S.</i> for Governor, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>-<a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mack, Julian W., <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McKelway, St. Clair, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mackenzie, P. R., <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McKinley, William, President, advises<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[443]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">with <i>S.</i> on Cuba, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and on Turkey, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of <i>S.</i> to, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appoints <i>S.</i> ambassador to Turkey, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, on the appointment, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and <i>S.</i>'s resignation, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commends his services, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">thinks of offering him State portfolio, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on granting independence to the Philippines, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">why he did not appoint <i>S.</i> on Hague Tribunal, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appoints a commission on naturalization, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McLane, Robert M., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +MacNamara, Thomas J., <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> +<br /> +MacVeagh, Wayne, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McVickar, Rev. Dr., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Madison, James, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Madrid, Kermit Roosevelt married at, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mahmoud Chevket Pasha, Turkish Minister of War, impressions of, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on conditions in Turkey, and her foreign relations, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Crete affair, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">urges sale of warship by U.S., <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assassinated, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Maine, battleship, blown up, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Makino, Baron, quoted on the League Covenant, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Manning, Mrs. Daniel, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marash, massacres at, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Margherita, Queen of Italy, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maria Christina, Regent of Spain, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marix, Adolph, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marks, Marcus M., <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marschall von Bieberstein, Baron, <i>S.</i>'s relations with, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>; <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marshall, Louis, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marshall, Thomas R., <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Martens, Fedor F., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Martin, J. C., letter of Roosevelt to, on Taft's religion, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>-<a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Masaryk, Thomas G., <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maspero. Sir Gaston, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Massingham, H. W., <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Matthews, Brander, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maurer, Seńor, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mavroyeni Bey, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mazzini, Giuseppe, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mediation of neutral powers and the Hague Conferences, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mehmet, <i>cavass</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Merry del Val, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mesopotamia, as a place for colonization of Jews, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Metcalf, Victor H., <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Methodist missions in Rome, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Metropolitan Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mexico, relations of U.S. with, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Meyer, Eugene, Jr., <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Meyer, George von L., U.S. Ambassador to Russia during Japanese war, Roosevelt quoted on, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mezes, Dr., <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mezes, Mrs., <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miller, Charles R., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miller, David H., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miller, Joaquin, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miller, non-union printer, discharge of, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reinstated by Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mission schools in Turkey, negotiations concerning closing of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a> <i>ff.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Missionaries, relations of, with Turkish government, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ground of government's hostility to, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Turkish passport regulations, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">question of indemnities due to, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mitchell, John, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mitchell, S. Weir, in Constantinople, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attends Mme. Tewfik, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his "Ode to a Lycian Tomb," <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mitchell, Mrs. S. W., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mohammed V, Sultan, receives <i>S.</i> in audience, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">described, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>; <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mohammedans, and Christianity, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">funerals of, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mohammedans in the Philippines. <i>See</i> Sulu Islands.<br /> +<br /> +Mohsin Khan, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Monroe, James, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Monroe Doctrine, why specifically referred to in Covenant of League, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Montebello, Comte de, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moody, William H., <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moore, Charles A., <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moore, John Bassett, quoted, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moore, J. Hampton, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morgan, J. P., & Co., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morocco. <i>See</i> Algeciras.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[444]</a></span>Morris, E. J., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morrissey, P. H., quoted, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>; <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morrow, W. W., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morse, Samuel F. B., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moses, Adolf, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moses, George H., <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Munir Pasha, Grand Master of Ceremonies, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Munkacsy, Mihaly, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Munkacsy, Madame, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Münz, Sigmund, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Murphy, Charles F., <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Murray, Gilbert, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Murray, Lawrence O., <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Nagel, Charles, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nansen, Dr., <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Napoleon I, and the Jews, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">convokes council of Jews at Paris, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathan, Ernesto, Mayor of Rome, relations of <i>S.</i> with, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his descent, career, and character, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>; <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Nathan, Mr., father of Ernesto N., <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nathan, Mr., brother of Ernesto, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> +<br /> +National Association of Manufacturers, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.<br /> +<br /> +National Civic Club, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +National Civic Federation, conference of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">industrial department of, its scope, and plan, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">its work, <a href="#Page_195">195</a> <i>ff.</i></span><br /> +<br /> +National Council of Commerce, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> Chamber of Commerce of the U.S.</span><br /> +<br /> +National Insurance Act (Great Britain), <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> +<br /> +National Primary Election League, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nationalists, Egyptian, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Naturalization, careless administration of laws relating to, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report of commission on, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaties of, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> Turkey.</span><br /> +<br /> +Naval War College, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Navoni, dragoman, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Negro question, the, Roosevelt on, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Negulesco, Professor, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Neill, Charles P., <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New Granada, treaty of U.S. with (1846), construction of, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New York Chamber of Commerce, annual meeting of (1910), <a href="#Page_308">308</a>; <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New York Peace Society, reception to <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New York Public Service Commission, <i>S.</i> chairman of, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>-<a href="#Page_206">206</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New York <i>Sun</i>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New York <i>Times</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New York <i>World</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Newberry, Truman H., <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nicholas II, Czar, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nicholas, Grand Duke, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nicolaiovitch, Grand Duke, death of, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nicoll, Sir W. Robertson, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nobel Peace Prize, awarded to Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his disposition of the fund, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the foundation dissolved, and the fund distributed, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<i>North American Review</i>, "The First Year of Taft's Administration," <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.<br /> +<br /> +North German Lloyd S.S. Co., <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nubar Pasha, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Oahu Island, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<br /> +O'Brien, Thomas J., <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ochs, Adolph S., <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ochs, Mrs. A. S., <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ochs, George W., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +O'Conor, Charles, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br /> +<br /> +O'Conor, Sir Nicholas R., British Ambassador to Turkey, asks aid of <i>S.</i> in protecting orphanages, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Offley, David, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ohio Society of New York, Taft's address to, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Olmet, Fernando del, writes on birthplace and nationality of Columbus, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Olney, Richard, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Orlando, Signor, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Orphanages, British, in Turkey, closing of, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Osman Pasha, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ottendorfer, Oswald, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Otterberg, ancestral home of the Strauses, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ottolenghi, Israel, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ottolenghi, General, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ottoman American Development Co., <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Outlook, The</i>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[445]</a></span>Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, convention for, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Page, Catherine, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Page, Walter Hines, on <i>S.</i>'s activities in project of mediation, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bryan's instructions to, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>; <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Paine, Robert Treat, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Paine, Thomas, <i>Common Sense</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Palestine, restriction on residence of Jews in, <a href="#Page_80">80</a> <i>ff.</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a> <i>ff.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">immigration of Jews into, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Balfour Declaration, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Panama, revolution in, and the treaty of 1846 with New Granada, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">question of freedom of transit, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">army of, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Panama Canal, question of remission of tolls, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tolls-exemption bill repealed, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>; <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pangrati, E., <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pansa, Signor, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Paris, <i>S.</i>'s visits to, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in July, 1914, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> Peace Conference.</span><br /> +<br /> +Parker, Alton B., <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Parker, Mrs. A. B., <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Parliamentary systems of Great Britain and U.S., compared, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Parsons, Herbert, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Peace Conference at Paris, proceedings of, <a href="#Page_400">400</a> <i>ff.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">failure of, to condemn Bolshevism, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> League of Nations, Plenary Conference.</span><br /> +<br /> +Peace Palace, at The Hague, opening of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">future of, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Peck, Ferdinand W., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pepper, William, favors retention of <i>S.</i> as minister to Turkey, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pera, conditions in, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Perkins, George W., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pershing, John J., <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Persia, Shah of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Persian ambassador to Turkey, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Persian ambassadress, a former Circassian slave, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Persian Gulf, proposed railroad to, from Constantinople, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Persons, Henry, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Peter the Cruel, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Peters, John P., and the proposed excavations in Babylonia, <a href="#Page_97">97</a> <i>ff.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Nippur</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pettibone, I. F., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Phelan, James D., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Phelps, Edward J., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Philip, Hoffman, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Philippines, <i>S.</i>'s advice concerning, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mohammedans in the, <a href="#Page_143">143</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ignorance in U.S. concerning, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed punitive expedition against Mohammedans, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Co., <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pineapples, in Hawaii, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pius IX, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pius X, why he did not receive Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Platt, Frank H., <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Platt, Thomas C., <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Plenary Conference, sessions of, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>-<a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pogroms in Poland, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Politzer, Adam, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Polk, Frank L., <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Porter, David, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Porter, Horace, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Porter, Governor James Davis, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Portsmouth Conference (1905), <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Powderly, Terence V., <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Prague, attacks on Jews in, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Prendergast, William A., <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Preston, Frances (Folsom-Cleveland), on Cleveland's character, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Primaries. <i>See</i> Electoral reform.<br /> +<br /> +Pringle, J. Lynch, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Progressive Party, genesis of, <a href="#Page_309">309</a> <i>ff.</i><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Convention of, nominates Roosevelt and Johnson, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York State Convention of, nominates <i>S.</i> for Governor, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>-<a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">poorly organized, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">not a party, but a crusade, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roosevelt on the future of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>; <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Progressive Republicans seat a candidate for nomination in 1912, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pulido, Angel, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pullman Car Co., strike of employees of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Quail, Egyptian, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Quincy, Josiah, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Radowitz, Herr von, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rafail Meir Panisel, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Railroads, complaints against, of<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[446]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">discrimination, etc., investigated by Hepburn Committee, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Interstate Commerce law, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Railway Labor Arbitration Board, jurisdiction of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">membership of, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i> chairman of, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hearings and decision of, in matter of Eastern roads and their employees, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>-<a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ramazan, month of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rampolla, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Reading, Rufus D. Isaacs, Earl, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Reclus, Jean Jacques, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Reconstruction, why being halted, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Reed, Mr., at Madrid, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Reid, Whitelaw, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Reis Effendi, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Republican Party disrupted in 1910, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Republicans of New York offer to nominate <i>S.</i> for Governor, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">why they did not, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Revolution of 1848, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Reynolds, James B., <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rhind, Charles, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ribot, Alexandre, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Riddle, John W., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Riega, Celso G. de la, on the birthplace and ancestry of Columbus, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rifaat Pasha, Minister of Foreign Affairs, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robert College, <i>S.</i> presides at Commencement exercises of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robinson, Corinne (Roosevelt), <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robinson, Geoffrey, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robinson, Stewart, death of, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rockwood, photographer, and Cleveland, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rodin, Auguste, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rome, <i>S.</i>'s visits to, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>-<a href="#Page_349">349</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">modernization of, by Mayor Nathan, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, Alice, quoted, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> Longworth, Alice (Roosevelt).</span><br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, Mrs. Alice Lee, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, Archie, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, Mrs. Edith Carow, her character, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Kaiser's invitation, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, Ethel, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> Derby, Ethel (Roosevelt).</span><br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, George E., <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, Kermit, <i>S.</i> attends his marriage to Miss Willard at Madrid, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>; <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, Philip, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, Quentin, death of, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>; <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, Theodore, appoints <i>S.</i> to Hague Tribunal, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Kishineff massacre, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Alaskan boundary question, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Venezuelan dispute, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Panama revolution, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">divers personal traits and characteristics, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted on <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his attitude toward Jews, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted on discharge of Miller, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his policy with regard to labor, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted on religious freedom, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and on Americanism, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the negro question, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Annual Message of 1904, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>-<a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">favors eight-hour law, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on trusts, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiates between Russia and Japan, <a href="#Page_188">188</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of, to Count Witte, on plight of Jews in Russia, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of, to <i>S.</i>, on Germany's attitude and purposes, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his "kitchen cabinet," <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his miscalled "impulsiveness," <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">preparedness his outstanding characteristic, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his public addresses, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">makes <i>S.</i> Secretary of Commerce and Labor, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Japanese immigration, <a href="#Page_217">217</a> <i>ff.</i>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reappoints commission on naturalization, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">awarded Nobel Peace Prize, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his initial and final distribution of the prize fund, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his parting gift to <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">favors Taft for President in 1908, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and uses his influence in that sense, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declines renomination, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed African trip, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>African Game Trails</i>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invited to lecture at Oxford, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Taft campaign, <a href="#Page_253">253</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of, to Bryan, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invited to speak at the Sorbonne, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">preparing his Oxford address, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his relation to Taft's success, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[447]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">his administration again a new era in history of U.S., <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his relations with his cabinets, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Taft's religion, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>-<a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">omits motto on gold coins, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assures <i>S.</i> of Taft's purpose to reappoint him, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">one cause of his break with Taft, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his speech at dinner to Sherman, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>-<a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the last Cabinet meeting, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at inauguration of Taft, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>-<a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his personal following, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of, to <i>S.</i>, on his reappointment to Turkish Embassy, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i> on administration of, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposition in Congress to his policies, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cairo with <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Taft's failure to reappoint <i>S.</i> and others to Cabinet, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his address in Cairo, and the murder of Budros Pasha, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">why he was not received by Pius X, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">policies of, and Taft's administration, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence of, not dead in 1910, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his attitude toward renomination, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the "bosses," <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appeal of the governors to, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">agrees to accept nomination if demanded by people, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his speech at Columbus, O., <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">did his advocacy of the recall of judicial decisions defeat him? <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his speech at Carnegie Hall, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nominated by Progressives, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of, to <i>S.</i>, and interview, on <i>S.</i>'s nomination for Governor, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>-<a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the campaign, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>-<a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his heroism when shot, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">speaks at Madison Square Garden, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of, to <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">believes in the efficacy of strong armaments to ensure peace, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends a fleet round the world, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>-<a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the future of the Progressive Party, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the probability of the U.S. being involved in the World War, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his offer to raise a division, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticizes the President, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">but is ready to coöperate, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his last illness, death, and funeral, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>-<a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Nobel Prize address, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>; <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His <i>Autobiography</i> quoted, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, William E., <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt Pilgrimage, the, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Root, Elihu, and Japanese immigration, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rosebery, Archibald P., Primrose, Earl of, conversation with, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rosen, Baron, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rothschild, Alfred, on the Triple Entente, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rothschild, Alfred Charles de, Baron, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rothschild, Lord, on the Triple Entente, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roumania, and the Jews, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">restrictions on, and oppression of Jews in, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">emigration of Jews from, to U.S., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hay's note to the Powers concerning, and its effect, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations of U.S. with, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>-<a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Roumeli-Hissar, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Round Table, The</i>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rowe, Leo S., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rush, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Russia, and Russian Jews in Turkey, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Jews, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">laws against Jews in, and the Kishineff massacre, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations of U.S. with, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Japan, Roosevelt brings about Portsmouth Conference between, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count Witte and the Jews in, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attitude of, toward Turkey, after 1905, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">duty of, at outbreak of war, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">present conditions in, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> Great Powers.</span><br /> +<br /> +Russian emigrants, and Baron de Hirsch, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Russo-Japanese War, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rustem Pasha, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ryan, Thomas F., <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Sabbataď Zevi, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sage, William H., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Said Pasha, Minister of Foreign Affairs, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salant, Samuel, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[448]</a></span>Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salmon, Adolph, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salmon, Mrs. Adolph, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salonica, visited by <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Samuel, Herbert L., <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Samuel, Mrs. H. L., <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sapelli, Marquis and Marchioness, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Savannah Board of Trade, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sayce, Archibald H., <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sazonoff, M., <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schaeffer, Mr., labor leader, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schiff, Jacob H., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schurman, Jacob G., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schurz, Carl, criticizes appointment of Van Alen, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schuyler, Philip, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schuyler, Mrs. Philip, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schwab, Gustav H., <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scipio Africanus, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scott, James B., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seasongood, Lewis, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Selamlik, ceremony of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seligman, Isaac, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seligman, Isaac N., <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seligman, Jesse, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seligman, William, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seligman, Mrs. William, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seligman Frčres, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Senate of U.S., refuses to ratify naturalization treaty with Turkey, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Treaty of Paris, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>-<a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Serbia, claims towns awarded to Roumania, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seward, George F., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shakespeare, General, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sharp, William G., U.S. Ambassador to France, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shaw, Albert, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shaw of Dunfermline, Thomas, Lord, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sheffield, James H., <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shepard, Edward M., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sherman, James S., Roosevelt's speech at dinner to, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>-<a href="#Page_267">267</a>; <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sherman, William T., <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sherman Anti-Trust Act, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sherman Silver Coinage Act, repeal of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Short, Dr., <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sicily, Greek and Roman remains in, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sidon, tombs unearthed at, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sieghortner, August, restaurant of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sigel, Franz, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Simon, Sir John, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sinaia, summer capital of Roumania, <a href="#Page_300">300</a> <i>ff.</i><br /> +<br /> +Sinzheim, Joseph, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Skibo Castle, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Slaton, John M., <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Slaton, Mrs. John M., <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Slavery, question of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Slaves, condition of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Slicer, Thomas R., <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smiley, Messrs., <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, Charles Emory, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, Hope, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smuts, Jan, sketch of, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>The League of Nations</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Smyrna, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Solomon, Solomon B., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sonnenthal, Adolf von, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sorbonne, the, Roosevelt invited to lecture at, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i> delivers address at, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +South, the, conditions in, in 1850's, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> <i>ff.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the Civil War, <a href="#Page_15">15</a> <i>ff.</i></span><br /> +<br /> +South American republics, development of U.S. relations with, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br /> +<br /> +South Carolina, imports skilled labor, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Southern Commercial Congress, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Southerners, white, Roosevelt's attitude toward, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spain, strained relations of U.S. with, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_124">124</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U.S. at war with, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">political conditions in (1910), <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Spanish American Peace Commission, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sperry, Admiral, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Speyer, James, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Speyer, Mrs. James, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spooner, John C., criticizes Roosevelt's policies, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>; <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil, and proposed mediation of U.S., <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stahl, General, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Steamboat inspection, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stedman, Edmund C., <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Steed, H. Wickham, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Steele-Maitland, Sir Arthur, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stefanovich-Schilizzi, Dmitri, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stefanovich-Schilizzi, Paul, <i>S.</i> visits, at Athens, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[449]</a></span>Stein, Adolph, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sterne, Simeon, law partner of <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">counsel for N.Y. Chamber of Commerce before Hepburn Committee, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sterne, Hudson & Straus, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sterne, Straus & Thompson, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stiassny, Wilhelm, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stimson, Henry L., <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stone, Melville E., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stone, Nahum I., <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stone, Warren S., <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stratton, Samuel W., <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Aline, <i>S.</i>'s daughter, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Hermina, <i>S.</i>'s sister, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Isidor, <i>S.</i>'s brother, in Congress, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Mrs. Isidor, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Jacob I, <i>S.</i>'s great-grandfather, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Jacob II., <i>S.</i>'s paternal grandfather, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Lazarus I., <i>S.</i>'s uncle.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Lazarus II., <i>S.</i>'s father, in the troubles of 1848, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">comes to America, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a peddler in Georgia, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">settles in Talbotton, Ga., and opens shop there, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joined by his family, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a student of the Bible, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">views of, on slavery, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in business in New York, after the Civil War, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his high sense of honor, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>; his death, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>; <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Straus, Mildred, <i>S.</i>'s daughter, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Nathan, <i>S.</i>'s brother, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Oscar S., ancestry, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">joins his father at Talbotton, Ga., <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">religious instruction, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Collinsworth Institute, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">memories of life in the South, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> <i>ff.</i>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">and of the Civil War, <a href="#Page_15">15</a> <i>ff.</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">early schooling in Columbus, Ga., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in New York City, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Columbia Grammar School, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Columbia College, <a href="#Page_25">25</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Dr. McVickar, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">class poet, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>; decides to study law, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Columbia Law School, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">practicing law, <a href="#Page_32">32</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">helps to organize Young Men's Hebrew Association, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">an original poem, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">friendship with J. H. Choate, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">abandons the law to enter his father's firm, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries Sarah Lavanburg, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">enters politics in N.Y. mayoralty campaign, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">in Cleveland-Blaine campaign, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">address on the "Origin of the Republican Form of Government," <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">published in book form, and translated into French, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">suggested for appointment as Minister to Turkey, and recommended to President Cleveland, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">favorable attitude of Protestant bodies, and of H. W. Beecher, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nominated by Cleveland, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">impressions of the Clevelands, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The journey to Turkey: in London, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview with Rustem Pasha, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Paris, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">General Boulanger, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Munkacsy, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Vienna, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">arrival in Constantinople, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">many postponements of audience with the Sultan, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">official calls among the diplomatic corps, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">life in Constantinople, <a href="#Page_61">61</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Selamlik, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Sir H. D. Wolff, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Therapia, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">presides at commencement of Robert College, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his first audience with the Sultan, to present credentials, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">negotiations concerning the Mission schools, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visits Palestine, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the agents of Bible societies, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">unofficial dealings with Kiamil Pasha, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Egypt, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Khedive Tewfik, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">and Nubar Pasha, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">question of expulsion of foreign Jews from Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the vali, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">procures release of Jewish immigrants, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">memorial presented to, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">question of limitation of sojourn of Jews in Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">question of Turkish jurisdiction over American citizens under treaty of 1830, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-<a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fails to obtain ratification of Treaty of Naturalization and Extradition, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Turkey's claim against Baron de Hirsch, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">declines honorarium, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[450]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">friendship with the de Hirsches, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">assists de Hirsch in organizing his philanthropic work in N.Y., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the proposed Bagdad railway, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the proposed excavations in Babylonia, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">the Sultan's obligation to, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">resigns, after Cleveland's defeat, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">the question of salary, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">farewell audience, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">expressions of regret on his leaving his post, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">farewell to Turkey, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reënters business in N.Y., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on committee of protest against treatment of Jews in Russia, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">delegate to Democratic State Convention (1891), <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stands for sound-money plank in platform, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letters of Cleveland to, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>; relations with Cleveland, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on the appointment of Van Alen to Italian mission, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of Cleveland to, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">entertains Cleveland, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Roger Williams, the Pioneer of Religious Liberty</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Development of Religious Liberty in the United States</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his interest in Roger Williams, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">places tablet to him in Charterhouse School, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">president of National Primary Election League, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">why he voted for McKinley (1896), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">consulted by McKinley on Spain and Cuba, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">the suzerainty plan, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">consulted by McKinley on affairs in Turkey, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">appointed Minister to Turkey by McKinley, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">the appointment favorably received, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and John Bassett Moore, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">disapproves sending warships to Turkey, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; McKinley's confidence in, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The second mission to Turkey, <a href="#Page_130">130</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">confers with Hay and others in London, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">suggests need of coördination and coöperation among representatives of U.S. in Europe, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Baroness de Hirsch, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Constantinople, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his return welcomed by Government officials, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">received by the Sultan, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">diplomatic colleagues, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the visit of the Kaiser, <a href="#Page_136">136</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">negotiations concerning right of American citizens to travel in Turkey, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the question of naturalization, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the question of indemnities due to missionaries <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the Mohammedans of the Sulu Islands, <a href="#Page_143">143</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the admission of American flour, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">assists British ambassador in matter of closing of orphanage schools, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conversation with Lord Rosebery, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">secures Dr. Mitchell's services for Madame Tewfik, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visits Stefanovich-Schilizzi, in Athens, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Therapia, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on leave of absence, <a href="#Page_155">155</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conversation with Dr. Hertzl on Zionism, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visits Rome, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Queen Margherita, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reports to Secretary Hay, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">resigns his post, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">commended by McKinley, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">who contemplates offering him the State portfolio, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on the granting of independence to the Philippines, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on the open-door policy in China, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">commendatory letter of Hay, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His address on "The United States Doctrine of Citizenship and Expatriation," <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">appointed member of Hague Court of Arbitration by Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">why he was not appointed by McKinley, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">opposes sending punitive expedition against Mohammedans in Philippines, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">prepares brief on condition of Jews in Roumania, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">discusses situation of Jews in Russia with Roosevelt and others, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">advises against arbitration of Venezuela dispute by Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interprets the treaty of 1846 with New Granada, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">impressions of Mrs. Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">the conference societies in Washington, and Roosevelt's complimentary address, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Roosevelt on attitude of, on Jewish questions, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in the campaign of 1904, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at the conference on Roosevelt's Annual Message (1904), <a href="#Page_184">184</a>-<a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on the eight-hour law, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at conference with Witte and Rosen, at Portsmouth, on the condition of Jews in Russia, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conversation with Martens, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">impressions of Roosevelt's political action, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[451]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the work of the National Civic Federation, industrial department, <a href="#Page_195">195</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on the method of securing permanent industrial peace, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the Homestead troubles, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">result of his studies of the relations between labor and capital, etc., <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on Board of Railway Labor Arbitration, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>-<a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">member of Wilson's Industrial Conference (1919-20), <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">chairman of New York Public Service Commission, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">services of, in that capacity, in adjusting labor difficulties, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A member of Roosevelt's "kitchen cabinet," <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on Roosevelt's "impulsiveness," <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">and his public addresses, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">invited by Roosevelt to join the Cabinet, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">a personal selection, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">prepares to quit business, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">appointed Secretary of Commerce and Labor, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">plans conduct of the Department, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his official staff, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">social life in Washington, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his first official dinner-party, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the importation of skilled labor into South Carolina, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">action of, on divers questions relating to immigration, <a href="#Page_216">216</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Japanese immigration on the Pacific coast, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on the naturalization of Japanese, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">confers with Root on revision of Executive regulations, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the visit of General Kuroki, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on anti-Japanese agitation in California, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visits Hawaii, to study the Japanese question, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>-<a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">replies to Japanese editors, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">confers with Viscount Ishii, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">suggests negotiation of new naturalization treaty with Japan, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">gives out statistics of Japanese immigration, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the head-tax, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the naturalization laws, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the exclusion and deportation of criminals and anarchists, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Roosevelt's comment on leanings of, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the inspection of passenger steamboats, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">orders closing of rivers to salmon fishing, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">seeks to establish closer relations between commercial bodies and the Government, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">organizes National Council of Commerce, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">recommends extension of Postal Subsidy Act, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">complimentary resolution of the Council, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">calls conference on coöperation between his Department and labor organizations, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">draws preamble and bill for creating foundation to administer Roosevelt's Nobel Prize, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">made a trustee of the foundation, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">addresses on divers subjects, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">revisits early homes in the South, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his change of politics, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">addresses Southern Commercial Congress on the old and the new South, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Quentin Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">gives last Cabinet dinner to Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Roosevelt's parting official gift to, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">impressions of Taft, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview with Taft on articles in his brother's paper, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">takes part in campaign of 1908, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">answers Olney on question of prosecution of trusts, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on sectarian and hyphenated politics, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Roosevelt on Taft's declared purpose to retain <i>S.</i> in Cabinet, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Taft writes of his uncertainty as to retaining him, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at the last Cabinet meeting, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Taft's inauguration, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>-<a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Banquet to, on returning to New York, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Turkish Embassy offered to, by Taft, with promise of transfer, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of Knox to, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">operated on, for appendicitis, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of Roosevelt to, on his appointment, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">address on "The Spirit of the Roosevelt Administration," <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purpose of the address, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Paris with Mrs. Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Constantinople, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">received by Sultan Mohammed, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">diplomatic colleagues, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">observes signs of development of Triple Entente, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">goes to Cairo, to meet Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Salonica, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Athens, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">received by King George, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Cairo with Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>-<a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">consulted by Roosevelt on his remarks about the murder of Budros Pasha, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">entertained by Sir E. Gorst, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Princess Eitel Friedrich, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[452]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">relations with Chevket Pasha, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">advises sale of warship to Turkey, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on Venizelos, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">secures exemption of certain institutions from the Law of Associations, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">obtains charter for Syrian Protestant College, etc., <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Knox's offensive instructions regarding a shift of activities from educational to commercial ends, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">entertains Vice-President Fairbanks and others, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">requests leave of absence, intending to retire, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Sinaia in Roumania, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conversations with "Carmen Sylva," <a href="#Page_300">300</a>-<a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">discusses Roumanian Jewish question with King Carol, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; in Vienna, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">entertained by Ambassador Reid and others in London, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview with the Rothschilds, on the Triple Entente, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">resigns, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purpose to transfer to another post dropped, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Speaks on "American Prestige" at dinner of N.Y. Chamber of Commerce, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">arouses enthusiasm by mention of Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">consulted by Roosevelt on his proposed speech, "The Charter of Democracy," <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">objects to recall of judicial decisions, but not to the breaking-point, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">believes that that statement caused Roosevelt's defeat, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">made permanent chairman of N.Y. State Progressive Convention, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">impressions of the body of delegates, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nominated for Governor by "Suspender Jack," <a href="#Page_314">314</a>-<a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">the nomination made unanimous, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of Roosevelt to, on his nomination, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Roosevelt's interview on the same topic, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">is offered the Republican nomination, but declines for cause, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in the campaign, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>-<a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fills some of Roosevelt's engagements after the shooting at Milwaukee, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Roosevelt's commendatory speech at final rally, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of Roosevelt to, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on the Progressive organization, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">and the result, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attempts to improve arbitration treaties, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">speaks on "The Threatening Clouds of War," at reception given him by the N.Y. Peace Society, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">speaks on "World Peace" at dinner of Authors' Club, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at peace meeting in Carnegie Hall, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on the right of expatriation, denied by European countries, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">addresses at Naval War College, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">chairman of conference at Lake Mohonk (1905), <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">which resulted in the formation of the American Society of International Law, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">favors repeal of act exempting U.S. coastwise shipping from tolls on Panama Canal, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">urges sending commission to Mexico, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">writes in <i>The Outlook</i> on the Italo-Turkish War and the Hague Treaty, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">motor-tour in Algeria and Tunis, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Sicily, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Rome, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>-<a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">received in audience by Victor Emmanuel, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">friendship with Mayor Nathan, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Professor Luzzatti, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interviews with Cardinals Falconio, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">and Rampolla, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">relations with D. Lubin, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in London, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>-<a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">entertained by William Watson, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Sir Charles Henry, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">meets Lloyd George, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sir Rufus Isaacs, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Herbert L. Samuel, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">and John Burns, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">entertained by the Brittains, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">and Earl Grey, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visits the Hampstead Garden Suburb, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">entertained by Mr. Carnegie at Skibo Castle, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attends opening of Peace Palace at The Hague, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">journeys to Madrid for the marriage of Kermit Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_358">358</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">meets Kipling in London, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">and I. Zangwill, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">with Roosevelt in Paris, and travels to Madrid with him, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">declared by Roosevelt to be the type of man for U.S. Senator, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on the prospects of the monarchy in Spain, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">renews acquaintance with Sir H. D. Wolff, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">and von Radowitz, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview with E. Castelar, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visits Toledo, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>-<a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In Paris, in July, 1914, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>; the difficult journey to London, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[453]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the demand for gold, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">assists in relieving Americans stranded in London, <a href="#Page_371">371</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">chairman of the embassy committee, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Cliveden, with the Astors, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">impresses on Sir E. Grey the necessity of making clear Great Britain's reasons for entering the war, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on Russia's duty to her subjects, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">gives out an interview to American correspondents, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">with Bernstorff at J. Speyer's, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">negotiations with Bernstorff on the possible mediation of the United States, <a href="#Page_378">378</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reports to Bryan thereon, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">consults with Spring-Rice and Jusserand, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">said to have been duped by Bernstorff, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">defended by Spring-Rice, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sir E. Grey to, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">negotiations result in exposure of German insincerity, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">New Year's message (1915), <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conversation with Roosevelt on Wilson's course and duty, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">urges Wilson to seek cooperation of Taft and Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and the report that Jews in U.S. were anti-Ally, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>-<a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">last meeting with Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>-<a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Roosevelt's funeral, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chairman of overseas committee of League to Enforce Peace, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">confers with Taft, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his associates on the committee, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conversation with Lord Chancellor Birkenhead, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Sir A. Steele-Maitland, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview with Léon Bourgeois on additional clauses to the League Covenant, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>-<a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">commended for favorable results of the interview, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attends sessions of Plenary Conference, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>-<a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on Wilson's prestige and leadership, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and General Smuts, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attends session of French Senate, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">talk with Pershing, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">and with Sazonoff, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">praised by Bourgeois, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">talk with Lansing, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conferences with divers representatives of Balkan countries, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at meeting of allied societies for a League of Nations, proposes resolution regarding free exercise of religion, etc., <a href="#Page_416">416</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reports to Wilson, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wilson's reply to, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">discusses with Bourgeois revised draft of Article XXI, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">which is adopted, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of Wilson thereon, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">address at the Sorbonne, on "America and the League of Nations," <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of Wilson to, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">requested by House to return to U.S., <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">meets Kerensky, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">confers with Wilson on measures to secure ratification of treaty, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conferences with Senators on reservations, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>-<a href="#Page_429">429</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reflections on the failure of the U.S. to act her part in world-reconstruction, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Straus, Percy, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Roger W., <i>S.</i>'s son, in Siberia, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>; <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Mrs. Roger W., <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Salomon, <i>S.</i>'s maternal grandfather, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Sara, <i>S.</i>'s mother, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, Sarah (Lavanburg), decorated by Abdul Hamid, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and William II, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Straus, Sissy, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus, L., & Sons, <i>S.</i> becomes a member of, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Straus family, the, comes to America, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Talbotton, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Columbus, Ga., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Strauss, Lewis L., <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Strauss, Paul, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Striker, Miss, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Strong, William L., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sublime Porte. <i>See</i> Turkey.<br /> +<br /> +Sullivan, Algernon S., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sultan's mosque, the, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sulu Islands, Mohammedans of, submit to U.S. army, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-<a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sulzburger, Solomon, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sulzer, William, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Supreme Court of the U.S., and the trusts, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[454]</a></span>"Suspender Jack," <i>See</i> McGee, John C.<br /> +<br /> +Sussex, the, sinking of, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Suttner, Baroness Bertha von, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Syria, mission schools in, closed, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Syrian Protestant College, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Taft, Charles P., <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Taft, Hulbert, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Taft, William H., favored by Roosevelt for President, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nominated, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his qualifications, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his contagious laugh, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">overshadowed by Roosevelt in campaign, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">elected, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his chief source of strength, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his religion, attempt to make it an issue, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roosevelt's letter to Dixon thereon, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>-<a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his failure to reappoint <i>S.</i>, and others to the Cabinet, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his address to Ohio Society, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signs of departure from Roosevelt's policies, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggests to <i>S.</i> embassy to Japan, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his inauguration, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>-<a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers <i>S.</i> Turkish mission, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i>'s relations with, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rumors of break with Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">growing rift between his administration and Roosevelt's policies, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his position in 1912, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Winona speech and the Norton letter, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and a League of Nations, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Covenant of the League, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>; <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Taft, Mrs. W. H., <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Talaat Bey, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Talbotton, Ga., <i>S.</i>'s father settles in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a> <i>ff.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Straus family at, <a href="#Page_9">9</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">revisited by <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tammany Hall, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tanaka, Captain, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tardieu, André, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tchaikovsky, Nicolas, on sending food into Russia, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Lenin and Trotzky, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tcheragan (Turkish Chamber of Deputies), burning of, how regarded, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tewfik Pasha (Mohammed), Khedive, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tewfik Pasha, Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the closing of British orphanages, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tewfik, Madame, attended by Dr. Mitchell, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tezkirahs (passports), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thackeray, W. M., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Theotocopuli, Dominico, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Therapia, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thomas, J. H., <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Daniel G., law partner of <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tilden, Samuel J., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Times, The</i>, on <i>S.</i> as mediator, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Toledo, Spain's objects of interest in, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tombs unearthed at Sidon, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Toombs, Robert, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Trade unions, organization of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Treaty of Paris, measures to secure ratification of, by Senate, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reservations offered, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Trent, William P., <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Triple Entente, development of, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>; <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tripoli, treaty of U.S. with, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Trotzky, M., <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Trumbull, Frank, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Trusts, question of, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tucker, Henry H. G., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tunis, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Turkey, mission to, <a href="#Page_42">42</a> <i>ff.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i> thrice appointed minister or ambassador to, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a> <i>ff.</i>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his arrival in, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations about mission schools in, <a href="#Page_70">70</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hostility to missionaries in, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations concerning persecution of Jews in, <a href="#Page_83">83</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">permanent settlements with impossible, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interpretation of treaty of 1830 with, <a href="#Page_87">87</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty of 1862, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">slight regard of, for terms of treaties, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty of Naturalization and Extradition, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">claim against de Hirsch, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposal to send warships to, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U.S. mission to, authorized to be raised to embassy, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i>'s negotiations concerning passport regulations in, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the question of indemnities to missionaries, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">question of shipments of flour to, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i> resigns as minister, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[455]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">his reception on his third appointment, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the government of Young Turks, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">German influence in, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">promises Germany the concession for building railroad to Bagdad, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attitude of Russia toward, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">effect on, of mutual jealousy of the Great Powers, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chevket Pasha on conditions in, and attitude of Powers toward, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Crete affair, <a href="#Page_293">293</a> <i>ff.</i>:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U.S. refuses to sell warship to, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">buys one from Germany, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Italy's war on, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed mandate of U. S. over, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <i>see</i> Law of Associations, Young Turks.</span><br /> +<br /> +Turks, the, characteristics of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Turull, Enrique de Arribas y, on the ancestry and nationality of Columbus, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Uhler, George, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Union and Progress," party of. <i>See</i> Young Turks.<br /> +<br /> +United States, treaty of 1830 with Turkey, interpretation of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a> <i>ff.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty of 1862 with Turkey, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty of Naturalization and Extradition, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attitude of, toward Sulu Mohammedans, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roosevelt's administration the beginning of a new era in history of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attitude of toward international affairs, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Hague Peace conferences, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">effect on, of sending fleet round the world, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed mediation of, at outbreak of World War, <a href="#Page_378">378</a> <i>ff.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hopes of bringing about a peace conference between belligerents, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the mandate for Turkey, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">responsibility of, for withholding coöperation in world-reconstruction, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +University of Pennsylvania, confers honorary degree on <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ure, Sir Alexander, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Vacaresco, Helene, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vali, the, of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Van Alen, James J., and the Italian mission, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Van Dyke, Henry, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Van Hise, Charles R., <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Van Karnebeek, Dr., <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Van Karnebeek, Jonkheer, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Van Rensselaer, Henry, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Van Swinderen, Mr., <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Van Tetz, Baron and Baroness, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Van Valkenburg, E. A., <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vanderbilt, William K., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vanderlip, Frank A., <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vanderlip, Mrs. F. A., <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vandervelde, M., <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Varna, to Constantinople, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Venetian Palace," <i>S.</i>'s home in Washington, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Venezuelan controversy (1902), <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Venizelos, Eleutherios, his rank as a statesman, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">maltreated by Greeks, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>; <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Venizelos, Mme., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vermilye, Joseph F., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Very, Rear-Admiral, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vesnitch, M., <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Victor Emmanuel II, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Victor Emmanuel III, Roosevelt received by, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i> received by, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Victoria, Queen, Jubilee of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vienna, <i>S.</i>'s visits to, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Villard, Henry, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vivian, Henry, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Wadhams, William H., <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wadsworth, James W., <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wald, Lillian M., <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wallace, Lew, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ward, John E., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ward, William H., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washburn, George, President of Robert College, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Fifty Years in Constantinople</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>; <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Washington, Booker T., entertained by Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washington, George, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washington, Rev. George, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washington Conference on Limitation of Armaments (1921), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Watchorn, Robert, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Watson, William, why he missed the laureateship, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Weardale, Philip J. Stanhope, Baron, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Weber, John B., <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Webster, Charles B., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Webster, Daniel, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[456]</a></span>Westminster, Hugh R. A. Grosvenor, Duke of, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Westminster Hall, John Burns on, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Westminster Review</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wheeler, Everett P., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +White, Andrew D., <i>Autobiography</i>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>; <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +White, Edward D., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br /> +<br /> +White, Henry, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br /> +<br /> +White, Horace, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.<br /> +<br /> +White, Sir William A., British ambassador to Turkey, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br /> +<br /> +White, Lady, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +White House, luncheons at, in Roosevelt's day, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christmas tree at, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Year's reception at, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">official functions at, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Whitman, Charles S., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Whitney, Traverse H., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Whitney, William C., <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wighe, Mr., labor leader, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilhelmina, Queen, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Willard, Daniel, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Willard, Joseph, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Willard, Miss, marries Kermit Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Willcocks, Sir William, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> +<br /> +William II, German Emperor, visit of, to Constantinople, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-<a href="#Page_139">139</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his visit resented by Christians in Turkey, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Zionism, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Mrs. Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Williams, Aneurin, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Williams, Roger, <i>S.</i> places memorial tablet to, in Charterhouse School, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilson, George G., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilson, James, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilson, James H., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilson, William L., <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilson, Woodrow, reappoints <i>S.</i> on Hague Court, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Panama Canal tolls, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his offer to act as mediator at outbreak of war, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roosevelt on his proper course, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i>'s relations with, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>S.</i> advises him to invite coöperation of Taft and Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">objects to proposed additions to draft of League Covenant, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposes French demand for international army to guard frontier, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">address to American correspondents, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the Plenary Conference, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>-<a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early adoption of Covenant due to, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to U.S., <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters of, to <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the treaty debate and reservations, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>; <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wilson, Judge, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wise, Stephen S., <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Witte, Count Sergius, and the question of Jews in Russia, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of Roosevelt to, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wolf, Simon, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wolfe, Catherine L., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wolff, Sir Henry D., career of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advises <i>S.</i>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Madrid, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reminiscences of Disraeli, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>-<a href="#Page_365">365</a>; <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wolff, Lady, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Woodford, Stewart L., U.S. Minister to Spain, and Sir H. D. Wolff, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seeks to avert war, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Woodruff, Timothy L., <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Woolsey, Theodore S., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wordsworth, William, "The Happy Warrior," <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.<br /> +<br /> +World War, the, outbreak of, <a href="#Page_371">371</a> <i>ff.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sir E. Grey on Great Britain's reasons for entering, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposed mediation of U.S., <a href="#Page_378">378</a> <i>ff.</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Wright, Luke V., <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wu Ting Fang, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Yahuda, A. S., <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Yale College Kent Club, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Yates, William F., <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Yenikeui, <i>S.</i>'s residence at, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Yildis Palace, <i>S.</i> received in audience at, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Young Men's Hebrew Association, founded by <i>S.</i> and others, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Young Turks, government of, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fall of their first ministry due to Lynch affair, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>-<a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Young Women's Hebrew Association, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Yovanovich, M., <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Zangwill, Israel, his project concerning the Jews, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Zionism, Hertzl on, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Zorn, Professor, <a href="#Page_328">328</a> <i>n.</i><br /> +</div> + + + + + + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>Grover Cleveland</i>, <i>A Record of Friendship</i>, p. 33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Andrew D. White, chairman of the American delegation, states in his diary: +</p><p> +"It now appears (June 9, 1899) that the German Emperor is determined to +oppose the whole scheme of arbitration, and will have nothing to do with any +plan for a regular tribunal whether as given in the British or the American +scheme. This news comes from various sources and is confirmed by the fact +that in the sub-committee one of the German delegates, Professor Zorn of +Königsberg, who had become very earnest in behalf of arbitration, now says +that he may not be able to vote for it. There are also signs that the German +Emperor is influencing the minds of his allies, the sovereigns of Austria, Italy, +Turkey, and Roumania, leading them to oppose it." (<i>Autobiography of Andrew +Dickson White</i>, vol. II, pp. 293-94.)</p></div> + +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="tn"><h3>Transcriber's Note:</h3> +<p>Punctuation has been normalized and obvious printer errors have been corrected. Variations in spelling and hyphenation have been retained.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Under Four Administrations, by Oscar S. Straus + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UNDER FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS *** + +***** This file should be named 39144-h.htm or 39144-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/1/4/39144/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Julia Neeufeld and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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