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diff --git a/39135-0.txt b/39135-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6075820 --- /dev/null +++ b/39135-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3681 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, Number 107, +November 15, 1851, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, Number 107, November 15, 1851 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: March 14, 2012 [EBook #39135] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NOV 15, 1851 *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Library of Early Journals.) + + + + + +[Transcriber's note: Original spelling variations have not been +standardized. Equal signs indicate =bold= fonts in the original; +underscores have been used for _italic_ fonts. Characters with a +macron--if they are Latin scribal abbreviations--can be tentatively +expanded as in "nouā" for nouam, "recēter" for recenter, and +"continēt" for continent. A list of volumes and pages in "Notes and +Queries" has been added at the end.] + + + + +NOTES and QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION + +FOR + +LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + +VOL. IV.--No. 107. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 15. 1851. + +Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4_d._ + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + NOTES:-- Page + + Perkin Warbeck, by Sir F. Madden 377 + + A Hebrew Sermon in English Stone, by Rev. Moses + Margoliouth 378 + + Value of Shakspeare's League--Meaning of Ship--Log-ship 379 + + Donizetti 380 + + Folk Lore:--Ash Sap--The Ash--Souling 380 + + Minor Notes:--Pasquinade--Monk and Cromwell + Families--D'Israeli and Byron 381 + + QUERIES:-- + + Roman Funeral Pile 381 + + Dacres of the North 382 + + Minor Queries:--Etymology of Salter--Chattes of + Haselle--"Truth is that which a man troweth"--Religious + Statistics--Cross-legged Effigies--Verses + accidentally occur in Classical Prose often--Count + Maurice Tanner de Lacy, &c. 382 + + MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--Derivation of Æra--Tudur + Aled--Tonges of Tonge--Robert Hues on the Use of + the Globes 383 + + REPLIES:-- + + The Caxton Memorial, by Bolton Corney, &c. 384 + + Epigram ascribed to Mary Queen of Scots, by Rev. James + H. Todd 385 + + Stanzas in Childe Harold, by Samuel Hickson, &c. 386 + + Cagots 387 + + Texts before Sermons 387 + + The Rev. ---- Gay 388 + + Vermin, Payments for Destruction of, and Ancient + Names 389 + + Claims of Literature 390 + + Replies to Minor Queries:--Arbor Lowe--Stanton + Moor--Ayre Family--The Duke of Monmouth's + Pocket-books--Buxtorf's Translation of Elias Levita's + "Tov Taam"--Burke's "Mighty Boar of the Forest"--"Son + of the Morning"--"Perhaps it was right to + dissemble your love"--Anecdote of Curran--Sibi--Cassek + Gwenwyn--The Monumental Inscriptions of + the Bourchier Family, &c. 390 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 395 + + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 396 + + Notices to Correspondents 396 + + Advertisements 396 + + + + +Notes. + + +PERKIN WARBECK. + +In the _Minutes of Evidence_ taken by the Select Committee on the +British Museum, in May, 1836, p. 308., mention is made of "a paper +giving an account of the landing of Perkin Warbeck, signed by Sir Henry +Wentworth, and dated 16th [17th] Sept. 1497," as of historical value. +This "paper" was at that time in the possession of the late Mr. Upcott; +and when I drew up for the society of Antiquaries the article on "Perkin +Warbeck's History," printed in the _Archæologia_, vol. xxvii. pp. +153-210., I had no opportunity of seeing it, and therefore merely made a +brief reference to it in a foot-note. The document subsequently passed, +together with a large and valuable portion of Upcott's collection, into +the hands of M. Donnadieu, and at the recent sale of that gentleman's +collection of autographs was purchased for the British Museum. It is a +letter from Sir Harry Wentworth of Nettlested, co. Suffolk (ancestor of +the Barons Wentworth), addressed to Sir William Calverley, of Calverley +in Yorkshire, from whom descended the extinct baronets of that name. The +letter is not of great historical importance, yet, as furnishing some +notices of the measures taken by the king, on learning that Perkin had +landed in Cornwall, on the 7th of September (only ten days previous), it +will not be read without interest. The letter is written on a strip of +paper measuring eleven inches by four inches, and is signed only by Sir +Harry Wentworth. + + "Right wourshipfulle cosin, I recommend me vnto you. And where[1] + it fortuned me in my retourne home frome Westchestre, to meit my + lord Darby, my lord Strange, and other at Whalley abbey, by whome + I had the sight of suche lettres as were directed vnto theme frome + the kinges grace; apperceyuing by the same that Perkin Warbeke is + londid in the west parties, in Cornevelle, wherfore I wolle pray + you, and allso in the kinges name aduertise you, to be in + aredynes[2] in your owin persone, with suche company as you make, + to serue his highnes, vpon an our[3] warnyng, whan his grace + shalle calle vpone you. For the which I doubte not but his highnes + shalle geve you thankes accordinge. As our lord knoith, who + preserue you! Wretin in the kinges castelle of Knaresburght, the + xvij dey of Septembre. + + "your [frend] and cosyne, syr + + "Harry Wentworth. + + "Addressed + To his wourshipfulle cosin syr William + Caluerly, knight, in haste." + + [Footnote 1: whereas.] + + [Footnote 2: readiness.] + + [Footnote 3: hour's.] + +The Lord Strange mentioned in the above letter was the third son of the +Earl of Derby, and died at Derby House, London, on the 5th Dec. 1497, +less than three months after the letter was written. + + F. MADDEN. + + +A HEBREW SERMON IN ENGLISH STONE + +(_Alias, A Puzzle of long standing solved_). + +Some of the readers of the "NOTES AND QUERIES" may have chanced, as was +the case with the writer, to have enjoyed a ramble through the park and +village of Wentworth, in Yorkshire, one of Earl Fitzwilliam's estates. +Should such be the case, the ramblers could not have failed to halt half +an hour, probably an hour, before a neat house, now inhabited by one of +his lordship's agents, and wonder and ponder over the intent and purport +of a curious inscription, on a stone sun-dial, which is placed over the +door of the house. Such I have learned to be the case with every new +passer-by. Having spent some time in musing over the hitherto +inexplicable puzzle, I think that I am enabled at last to offer a sort +of solution of the same. I shall therefore at first give a simple +description of the contents of the stone, and then my version of it. + +In the centre of the slab, a dial plate is inserted; on its left are +carved three lines, running thus: + + "Bezaleel Benevent + Sculptor Israelite. Isaiah xliv. 5. + Maker. I am 58 years old. + +On its right, eight lines are carved, and run thus: + + "1740 years of + ממשיר + A stone of stumbling. + See Isaiah viii. 14, 15. + Ps. cxix. 165. Ezek. iii. 20 + A stumbling-block. + Beware of Him. + Mal. i. 11." + +There is scarcely any difficulty as regards the inscription on the left; +the purport being a brief and clumsy account of the sculptor himself. +The reason of the reference at the end of the second line may be a sort +of justification for suffixing "Israelite" to his name; the following +being the passage referred to: "One shall say, I am the Lord's; and +another shall call himself by the name of Jacob; and another shall +subscribe with his hand unto the Lord, and _surname himself by the name +of Israel_." The principal perplexity is presented by the inscription on +the right, and especially in the second line; containing, as it does, a +group of five Hebrew letters, so arranged as to defy the ingenuity of +the most erudite lexicographer; there being no word of such construction +in the whole range of Hebrew literature. + +I must premise, before I proceed any further, by stating that I +apprehend the sculptor to have been a zealous, though very eccentric, +Jewish convert to Christianity; to whom it seemed good to put up that +enigmatical sun-dial, with a view to attract the attention, and conduce +the inquiry of his Hebrew brethren; which would afford him an +opportunity of propounding his Christian views from his own design. + +I take the Hebrew letters מ מ ש י ר to be the +initials of the following words:[4] + +[Illustration: Hebrew letters] + + [Footnote 4: According to the first canon of cabbalistical + interpretation, called _Notricon_. See _The Fundamental Principles + of Modern Judaism Investigated_, pp. 13, 14.] + +"The King Messiah, the Shiloh, the Lord my Shepherd." Hence those +characters follow the A.D. date of the first line, and are followed by +the appropriate words in the third line, viz. "A stone of stumbling." +The fourth line then comes as a sort of explanation of the preceding +one: "And He shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone of stumbling, and +for a rock of offence, to both the houses of Israel; for a gin and for a +snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. And many among them shall +stumble, and fall, and be broken, and be snared, and be taken." "See +Isaiah viii. 14, 15." The fifth line, "Ps. cxix. 165. Ezek. iii. 20." +consists of scriptural references as to the cause and effect of loving +the law, and _vice versâ_; the first reference being, "Great peace have +they which love thy law, and no stumbling-block for them" [according to +the original]. The second reference being, "Again, when a righteous man +doth turn from his righteousness, and commit iniquity, and I lay a +stumbling-block before him, he shall die; because thou hast not given +him warning, he shall die in his sin, and his righteousness which he +hath done shall not be remembered; but his blood will I require at thine +hand." The words in the sixth line, "A stumbling-block," evidently refer +to 1 Cor. i. 23.: "But we preach Christ crucified; unto the Jews a +stumbling-block." The "sculptor Israelite" may have feared that a +reference to the New Testament would betray his motive, and therefore +judged it prudent and expedient to omit it. The supposition that +Bezaleel had 1 Cor. i. 23. in view is supported by the seventh line, +"Beware of Him." The last line appears to be an appropriate conclusion; +as the passage referred to describes the extent of the Lord's kingdom, +as well as his reception by "all nations, tongues, and kindreds." "For +from the rising of the sun, even unto the going down of the same, my +name shall be great among the Gentiles; and in every place incense shall +be offered unto my name, and a peace offering; for my name shall be +great among the heathen, saith the Lord of hosts." Mal. i. 11. + +One may well imagine an Israelite or two observing from the road the +Hebrew characters characters ר ש מ מ--for they are very +large, and are seen afar off--and after puzzling over their intent and +purport for some time, proceed to ask for an explanation from the +major-domo. The master, delighted that the bait caught, vouchsafes, in +his peculiarly eccentric style, to lecture on his own device, and thus +reads to his brethren A SERMON IN STONE.[5] + + MOSES MARGOLIOUTH. + + [Footnote 5: The writer was anxious to obtain some information + respecting that curious relic from the inhabitants of the place: + he was induced, therefore, to address a note of query to the + present resident, of the house in question, Mr. G. C. Hague; but + the following was the extent of the reply received:--"All I know + of the sun-dial is this: It is told that a Jew, who was a mason, + and assisted in putting up the front of Wentworth House, the + mansion of the Earl Fitzwilliam, made the thing, and put it up + during his leisure hours. This is all that I ever learned about + it. I should be greatly obliged to you If you would inform me what + the translation of the Hebrew characters is.--I am, Sir, yours, + &c.--G. C. HAGUE."] + + +VALUE OF SHAKSPEARE'S LEAGUE.--MEANING OF SHIP.--LOG-SHIP. + +So universal was Shakspeare's knowledge even of the arcana of other +men's pursuits, that his commentators, in their anxiety to reduce his +attainments to an ordinary standard, have attributed to him a sort of +ubiquitous apprenticeship to all manner of trades and callings,--now a +butcher,--now an attorney's clerk,--now a schoolmaster,--and anon a +holder of horses at the theatre door, where doubtless he acquired that +farrier-knowledge so profusely lavished upon Petruchio's charger in _The +Taming of the Shrew_. Dr. Farmer, amongst other atrocities which have +earned for him an unenviable immortality in connexion with Shakspeare's +name, had the incredible folly to recognise, in the splendid image-- + + "There's a divinity that shapes our ends, + Rough-hew them how we will," + +an allusion to _skewer making_! in which the rough-hewing was +Shakspeare's, while his more skilful sire _shaped the ends_! Even Dr. +Johnson cried "shop" at that passage of _The Winter's Tale_ where +Perdita, fearing lest Florizel's father might discover him "obscured +with a swain's wearing," exclaims-- + + "How would he look to see his work so noble + Vilely bound up." + +Whereupon the great critic utters this sapient apothegm, "It is +impossible for any man to rid his mind of his profession"--meaning of +course Shakspeare's profession of _book making_! + +It is therefore surprising that none of them should have discovered a +trace of Shakspeare in the occupation of _ship-boy_; since in no calling +has he shown a more accurate knowledge of technicalities; and his +seamanship has satisfied the strictest professional criticism. It is to +this circumstance my attention is more especially directed at present by +a singular blunder which I have observed in one of the illustrations to +Knight's _Illustrated Shakspeare_. + +The artist, W. Dicks, professes to illustrate Ægeon's description of his +shipwreck, taking for his text these lines in the first scene of the +_Comedy of Errors_: + + "We were encounter'd by a mighty rock, + Which being violently borne upon + Our helpful ship was splitted in the midst." + +But if he had studied the context he would have perceived that the +"helpful ship" was not a goodly argosy, as he has depicted it, but "a +small spare mast, such as seafaring men provide for storms." + +Now, it must not be said that the inadvertence is Shakspeare's, because +the term _helpful_, indicative of sudden resource, and these lines +immediately following-- + + "So, that in this unjust divorce of us + Fortune had left to both of us alike + What to delight in--what to sorrow for"-- + +prove that Shakspeare never for a moment lost sight of the circumstances +he was describing. + +I was endeavouring to discover what particular nautical technicality +might justify this application of _ship_ in the sense of _raft_ or +_float_, when I recollected that sailors call the little float by which +the log-line is held stationary in the water, by the term _log-ship_; +and, by a rather singular coincidence, the origin of this very word +_log-ship_ is made the subject of comment in a recent number of "NOTES +AND QUERIES" (p. 254.), by a West Indian correspondent, A. L., who +thinks the term log-_chip_. + +His story, however, if it be not altogether the offspring of his own +ingenuity, appears quite unsupported by evidence; nor, even if +authenticated, would it be conclusive of the inference he draws from it. +For, surely, the same origin might be attributed to _log_ itself, with +equal, or even with greater probability. The very nature of log is, not +only to float, but to remain sluggish or stationary in the water: and as +it might not be convenient to provide a fresh log (or chip) for every +occasion, there would be a clear advantage in tying a string to it, for +the purpose of hauling it inboard again, to serve another turn. +Moreover, I must remind A. L. that sailors do not say, "Heave the +_chip_," but "Heave the _log_." + +This same passage in the _Comedy of Errors_ suggests another +consideration; which is, that Shakspeare appears to have used _league_ +and _mile_ synonymously. When Ægeon's "helpful ship" was "splitted in +the midst," it was "ere the ships" (approaching to his rescue) "could +meet by thrice five leagues;" so that each ship must have been at least +five leagues distant when discovered. Now Shakspeare was too good a +sailor to suppose that a ship could be visible to a man on the surface +of the water a distance of _fifteen_ miles; but at _one-third_ of that +distance it might be so. Therefore it would be necessary to take +_league_ as synonymous with _mile_ in this instance, even if it were not +corroborated by the necessity for a similar understanding in other +places. + +But wherever Shakspeare uses the word _league_, its equivalence with +_mile_ is not only consistent with the sense, but, in some cases, +absolutely necessary to it. + +Thus, in the opening scene of the _Midsummer Night's Dream_, Lysander +appoints to meet Hermia "in the wood, a _league_ without the town," but, +in the next scene, Quince appoints the same place for the rehearsal, +calling it "the palace wood, a _mile_ without the town." + +Again, in the _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, when Silvia escapes with +Eglamour, the latter reassures her by reminding her that they will be +safe if they can "gain the forest, not three leagues off," which would +be but poor comfort if by three leagues the lady was to understand nine +miles. + +By the way, this forest is described in all the "stage directions," upon +what authority I cannot guess, as "a forest near Mantua;" whereas all +the circumstances concur to place it in the immediate vicinity of Milan. +There is nothing to warrant the supposition that any of the characters +had journeyed far from Milan when they were seized upon by the outlaws; +and it is to the Duke of Milan that the outlaws apply for pardon for +misdeeds done in his territories. + + A. E. B. + + Leeds. + + +DONIZETTI. + +The following very curious account of the ancestry of this very talented +individual is copied from the _Berwick Advertiser_--a paper confined to +the provinces, and not likely to reach the metropolis. It appeared +somewhere about four years ago; but in cutting the scrap from the paper +I incautiously omitted inserting the date. + + "NEW FACTS CONCERNING DONIZETTI THE COMPOSER.--We have learned + from authority not to be questioned, that the late Donizetti, + whose great talents as a composer are now beginning to be + appreciated, was of Scotch origin. His grandfather was a native of + Perthshire, of the name of Izett (or rather, I should think, + Izatt). He was a farmer under the Earl of Breadalbane, and his son + Donald was born at the farm. When very young the sprightly Donald + left his paternal home, having been enticed by the fascinating + address of a recruiting serjeant to enlist in the united services + of Mars and his Majesty, to the great grief of his mother, who did + not survive his departure many months. Young Donald soon got + discontented with his military duties; and having been taken + prisoner by General La Hoche during his invasion of Ireland, was + quite delighted with the easy mode which presented itself of + liberation from the unpleasant thraldom which he had been + suffering, and quickly embraced an offer made to him to enter the + General's service. With him he remained as private secretary till + his untimely death. Subsequently he married an Italian lady of + some fortune, and his name of _Donald Izett_ was easily + metamorphosed into _Donizetti_. The composer was the offspring of + this marriage; and it is remarkable that evidence of his Scottish + origin may be traced in many of his beautiful melodies. Thus, for + instance, in 'Don Pasquale,' the exquisite air of 'O Summer Night' + reminds us of some Highland strains sung to the bagpipe; and the + entire score of 'Lucia di Lammermoor' is replete with snatches and + fragments of the minstrelsy of Scotland." + +There is then added a few lines relative to Rossini, whose family is +also alleged to be Scotch. + +How far this legend is true I know not; but perhaps some of your +correspondents might throw light on the subject. But assuredly there +_did_ exist a Scotch family called _Izett_; and a lady of that name is +at present living in, or near, the romantic town of Stirling. What is +remarkable is this: that in the list of subscribers to the Edinburgh +Circus, afterwards better known as Corri's Rooms, and now the Adelphi +Theatre, occurs the name of _Izatt_ or _Izett_, who followed the calling +of a hatter. This was in 1790. On making inquiry, it has been +ascertained that he came from Perthshire; that his father was a farmer +there; and what is still more striking, that, having realised an ample +fortune, he retired from business and purchased an estate in that +county. It was also said, that he corresponded with some relative on the +Continent. All this is very inconclusive, but still it is worth +noticing. + + J. G. S. + + +FOLK LORE. + +_Ash Sap--The Ash_ (Vol. iv., p. 273.).--The reason for giving ash sap +to new-born children in the Highlands of Scotland is, first, because it +acts as a powerful astringent, and, secondly, because the ash, in common +with the rowan, is supposed to possess the property of resisting the +attacks of witches, fairies, and other imps of darkness. Without some +precaution of this kind, they would change the child, or possibly steal +it away altogether. The herd boys in the district of Buchan, in +Aberdeenshire, always prefer a herding stick of ash to any other wood, +as in throwing it at their cattle, it is _sure_ not to strike on a vital +part, and so kill or injure the animal, which they say a stick of any +other wood _might_ do. + + "Rowan, ash, and red thread, + Keep the devils frae their speed." + +It is common practice with the housewives in the same district, to tie a +piece of red worsted thread round their cows' tails, previous to turning +them out to grass for the first time in the spring. It secures their +cattle, they say, from an evil eye, from being elf-shot by fairies, &c. +&c. + + ABERDONIENSIS. + +_Souling._--On the 2nd of November, All Souls' Day, it is in Shropshire +the custom for the village children to go round to all their neighbours +souling, as they call it, collecting small contributions, and singing +the following verses, which I took down from two of the children +themselves:-- + + Soul! soul! for a soul-cake; + Pray, good mistress, for a soul-cake. + One for Peter, two for Paul, + Three for Them who made us all. + + Soul! soul! for an apple or two; + If you've got no apples, pears will do. + Up with your kettle, and down with your pan; + Give me a good big one, and I'll be gone. + Soul! soul! for a soul-cake; + Pray, good mistress, a soul-cake, &c. + + An apple or pear, a plum or a cherry, + Is a very good thing to make us merry. + Soul! soul! &c. + +The soul-cake referred to in the verses is a sort of bun, which until +lately it was an almost general custom for persons to make, and to give +to one another on the 2nd of November. Perhaps some of your readers can +state whether this custom prevails in other counties in England. It +seems to be a remnant of the practice of collecting alms, to be applied +to the benefit of the souls of the departed, for which especial masses +and services were formerly sung on All Souls' Day. + + W. FRASER. + + +Minor Notes. + +_Pasquinade._--To the "Pasquinades" adduced in Vol. iv., p. 292., I may +add one of a different character, though of older date, on a former +Cardinal. On the decease of Pope Clement IX. in 1669, Cardinal Bona was +named amongst those worthy of the tiara, when a French Jesuit (Père +Dangières), in reply to a line inscribed, as usual upon those occasions, +on the statue of Pasquin, "Papa Bona sarebbe un solecisma," made the +following epigram: + + "Grammaticæ leges plerumque Ecclesia spernit: + Fors erit ut liceat dicere Papa Bona. + Vana solæcismi ne te conturbet imago, + Esset Papa bonus, si Bona Papa foret." + +The successful candidate, however, was Cardinal Emilio Altieri, who +assumed the name of Clement X., in April, 1670: Bona (Giov.) died in +October, 1674. + + J. R. (Cork.) + +_Monk and Cromwell Families._--It is a singular fact, that an estate +granted to George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, for _restoring the monarchy_, +was by intermarriage eventually vested in Oliver Cromwell, Esq., of +Cheshunt, who died in 1821; being then the last male descendant of the +Protector. + + A SUBSCRIBER. + +_D'Israeli and Byron._--Lord Byron not only "deeply underscored," in +admiration, M. D'Israeli's sentence, as quoted Vol. iv., p. 99., but he +also reproduced the same idea in his Monody on Sheridan: + + "And Folly loves the martyrdom of Fame." + + ALFRED GATTY. + + + + +Queries. + + +ROMAN FUNERAL PILE. + +Did the Romans throw corn, pulse, or beans on the flames of the funeral +pile (_rogus_), or deposit them with the bones and ashes of the deceased +in their sepulchres? The Query is suggested by a quantity of, to all +appearance, calcined small field beans having recently been found by me, +in small heaps, among a deposit of ashes embedded in sand, in the +perpendicular cutting of a sand-pit at Comb Wood, near Kingston. The +deposit is black, reduced to a fine powder, and, with the exception of +the beans, homogeneous: it was perfectly distinct from the surrounding +sand, and was about two feet under the surface of the soil. For +centuries past Roman remains have been from time to time discovered at +Comb Wood, and it is known to have been a Roman station. The locality in +which I found the deposit is said to have been the sepulchre of the +station; and from an intelligent person, engaged in excavating the sand, +I learned that he occasionally came upon deposits similar to that in +question, containing baked, but unglazed, clay vessels; some, of an oval +form, about a yard in circumference and nearly a foot in depth, and +others of the size and somewhat of the form of a flower-pot. These +vessels fall to pieces after two or three days, through exposure to the +air. He had also found pieces of copper or brass about an inch square, +and of the thickness of a penny, as also coins. + +Authorities (Virg. _Æn._ VI. 225.; _Stat. Theb._ VI. 126.; Lucan, IX. +175.) may be cited, showing that perfumes, cups of oil, ornaments, +clothes, dishes of food, and other things supposed to be agreeable to +the deceased, were thrown upon the flames; but I do not find corn or +beans specifically mentioned as having been used on these occasions. + +I may add, that the field containing the sand-pit (which is the property +of His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge) is close to the road +leading by Putney Heath to Kingston, and on the brow of the declivity of +Comb Hill, overlooking that ancient Saxon seat of royalty which is +stated to have been built out of the remains of the adjoining Roman +station. + + JOHN AP WILLIAM AP JOHN. + + Inner Temple, Nov. 1. 1851. + + +DACRES OF THE NORTH. + +William Lord Dacre, of the North, had four sons: 1. Thomas; 2. Leonard; +3. Edward; 4. Francis. The eldest son Thomas married, and died in his +father's lifetime; leaving a son George, and three daughters, all under +age. This George, on his grandfather's death, became Lord Dacre; and was +in ward to the Duke of Norfolk during his minority, and his mother +became the Duke's second wife. George Lord Dacre was accidentally killed +before he attained his majority, leaving his three sisters his +coheiresses-at-law. Two of the coheiresses were married to the Duke's +two sons, the Earl of Arundel and Lord William Howard. Can any of your +readers state what became of the third sister? + +On the death of George Lord Dacre, the title and estates were claimed by +Leonard, the second son of William Lord Dacre, by virtue of an alleged +entail on the heirs male of William. Leonard, taking part in the +rebellion of 1569, was attainted and fled abroad; and soon afterwards +died, and is buried at Brussels, I think. The next brother, Edward, was +also implicated, and fled. Is it known when and where he died; and did +he leave any issue? + +Francis, the fourth son of William Lord Dacre, carried on a long contest +at law with the Earl of Arundel and the Lord William Howard for the +Dacre's estates; claiming, under the entail of his father William Lord +Dacre on the male line. He married, and had a son and a daughter. He +fell under suspicion of the government, and retired abroad about the +year 1588, and died there. His son is stated to have compromised his +claims to the estates with the Howards. + +I wish to ascertain, and possibly some of your readers may be able to +state, whom did Francis Dacre marry? What was the name of his son, and +was he married; and the name of his daughter, and whom did she marry; +and whether there are any descendants of this branch of the Dacre family +now in existence? + + ERCAD. + + +Minor Queries. + +270. _Etymology of Salter._--I wish to ascertain the precise etymology +of the word _salter_ as applied to localities far removed from the sea, +and from those districts in which the making of salt is carried on. It +seems to be applied in the north of England to places adjoining ancient +roads, or where these pass: _e.g._ part of the old highway from Rochdale +to Burnley is called the Salter's Gate. The old road from Rochdale to +Hebden Bridge crosses Salter Edge, on Blackstone Edge. The road from +Rochdale to Middleton crosses Salter Edge in Hopwood. The road from +Ashton to Peniston passes Salter's Brook in the woodlands of Cheshire. +It is somewhat remarkable that all these roads lead in direct lines to +the Cheshire salt works. + + F. R. R. + +271. _Chattes of Haselle._--Sir John Mandeville, in giving the account +of the growth of pepper in India, says: + + "The long Peper comethe first, whan the Lef begynnethe to come; + and it is lyche the _Chattes_ of Haselle, that cometh before the + Lef, and it hangethe lowe." + +Is this old name for "catkins" retained in any part of England, or is it +the same word? + + H. N. E. + +272. "_Truth is that which a man troweth._"--Would some one of your +correspondents furnish the authority for the saying, "Truth is that +which a man troweth?" + + Γ. + +273. _Religious Statistics._--Is there any work published, on which +reliance may be placed, which would give me the numbers, or supposed +numbers, of persons professing the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant, +Episcopal, and other varieties of religious worship? The number of +professing members of the Greek Church is given in various works, but I +have never seen any complete list of the numbers professing other +religions. + + Q. E. D. + +274. _Cross-legged Effigies._--What is the date of the _latest_ +cross-legged effigy known, and is the person commemorated known to have +been connected with the Crusades? Is there any cross-legged memorial +effigy with the hands in the attitude of drawing the sword of so late a +date as the fourteenth century? + +Dugdale and others say that persons pledged to join a crusade were +marked with the cross. How was this ceremony performed? + + W. H. K. + +275. _Verses accidentally occur in Classical Prose often._--Has a +collection of these ever been made? (I have a "Note" on the subject, but +do not send it, feeling sure I must have been anticipated.) + + A. A. D. + +276. _Count Maurice Tanner de Lacy._--From what family connexion did +"Count Maurice Tanner de Lacy," general in the Austrian service, and who +died in 1819, take the name of "Tanner?" What relative was General M. de +Lacy to Joseph Francis Maurice Count de Lacy, field marshal under Joseph +II., and who distinguished himself so highly during the Seven Years' +War; also who was mother of the latter? + + Ποθεω. + +277. _The Sinaitic Inscriptions._--Your correspondent E. H. D. D. (Vol. +iv., p. 332.) says that the Sinaitic inscriptions have been already +deciphered. May I ask, by whom? + + T. D. + +278. _Portrait of Dr. Bray._--Is any authentic portrait in existence of +Dr. Bray, to whom the venerable Society for the Propagation of the +Gospel owes its origin? + + C. + +279. _Peter Plancius' Map of the World._--In _M. Blundevill his +Exercises, containing Eight Treatises_, 6th edition, 4to., 1622, one of +the eight is described thus: + + Item. A plaine and full description of Peter Plancius his + universall Mappe lately set forth in the yeare of our Lord 1592, + containing more places newly found, as well in the East and West + Indies, as also towards the North Pole, which no other Mappe + heretofore hath." + +Where is this Peter Plancius' map to be found? + + J. O. M. + +280. _Derivation of Theodolite._--Can any of your correspondents give +the derivation of _theodolite_? I fear that θεάομαι δολος +might be considered a libel. + + J. S. WOOD. + +281. _Lycian Inscriptions._--I should be glad to hear what attempts have +been made, and with what success, to decipher the inscriptions upon the +Lycian monuments in the British Museum. Col. Mure, in his _History of +Grecian Literature_, vol. i. p. 84., speaks of them as at present +unintelligible. The character, he says, is a variety of the +Græco-Phoenician. I find several, if not the greater part, of the +letters in Gesenius's _Monumenta Phoenicia_, especially Tab. 11. and 12. +What is the language in which they are written? And if an aboriginal +tongue, over what portion of Asia did the stock to which it belongs +extend in the historical period, and what is that stock? Is it to that +class of dialects that the language of the Gods, as Homer distinguishes +a certain tongue from the language of men, belongs: which called the +"night-jar" χαλκίς, named by men κύμινδις (_Il._ 14. +291.); and "the giant" Βριάρεως, instead of Αἰγαίων +(_Il._ 1. 403.); and "the Xanthus, Ξάνθος, instead of +Σκάμανδρος; and, which is more remarkable still, "the hillock" on the +plain of Troy, the σῆμα πολυσκάρθμοιο Μυρίνης, while men named +it Βατίεια (_Il._ 2. 813.) I have hitherto been accustomed to +consider these names which the gods use to be the old Pelasgian names, +assured as I feel that the Pelasgi occupied the north-west corner of +Asia Minor before the Greeks (Hellenes) took Troy, which event I have +looked upon as one of many in which the energies and [ ... ] of the +young and vigorous Hellenic family were successfully exerted against +their contemporaries of the other less powerful descendants of the old +Pelasgic settlers in that part of the world. But I shall be thankful for +the information which others wiser than I can give, even if it be but a +theory: accompanied with the _facts_ on which it is based, it will be +worth attention. + + THEOPHYLACT. + +282. _Maltese Dialect._--Is it more reasonable to assign the Arabic +character of the Maltese dialect to the fact of its early occupation by +the Hebrew-speaking Phoenicians, or to the subsequent Saracen +occupation? or may its difference from Hebrew and from Arabic be +explained by the circumstances of its history, as having been twice, at +two very different periods, occupied by invaders belonging to two +branches of the same stock? Bochart, _Canaan_, i. 26., says that the +name "Melete" is Hebrew, meaning _refugium_; and Diodorus Siculus, v. +cap. 12., uses the term καταφυγή concerning it so pointedly, +that it would almost seem as though he knew that to be the reason why +the Phoenicians gave it its name. + + THEOPHYLACT. + +283. _Hobbes's "Leviathan"_ (Vol. iv., p. 314.).--You have inserted my +inquiry respecting the frontispiece to Hobbes's _Leviathan_; I should +also be glad to know the interpretation put by any of your readers on +the various other symbols in that plate. They are, on one side of the +title, a castle, a crown, a cannon, a pile of arms, and a field of +battle, in compartments one below another; and on the other side, a +church, a mitre, a thunderbolt, a collection of implements marked +_syllogism_, _dilemma_, &c., and a tribunal. + +I have my own view of the meaning of each part of this, which is at your +service when required. + + W. W. + + Cambridge. + +284. _Wigtoun Peerage._--Can any of your legal correspondents inform me +whether there exist any reports of the addresses of the Lord Advocate +for Scotland, the king's Attorney-General, or the Lord Chancellor, on +the hearing or decision of this case in the year 1782? + +The Lord Chancellor was Lord Thurlow; the Lord Advocate, Sir Henry +Dundas; the Attorney-General, Mr. Wallace. + + S. E. G. + +285. _Sale by Candle._--Forty or fifty years ago goods were advertised +for public sale "by the candle." Can any of your readers inform me of +the origin of this? + +I may remark that it was the custom then at some sales to have candles +marked with red circles; and the moment the candle burned down to the +mark, the lot put up was knocked down to the highest bidder; and, at +some sales, a common candle was burned during the sale. + + J. S. A. + + Old Broad Street. + + +Minor Queries Answered. + +_Derivation of Æra._--Will any of your correspondents inform me of the +derivation of the word _æra_, as, if derived from the Latin word _æra_, +no classical authority that I know of can be adduced. In Ainsworth I +find _æra_ signifies a kind of weed amongst corn; a mark upon money to +show the value; a remarkable period of time. + + J. N. G. G. + + [In Andrews' _Latin-English Lexicon_ our correspondent will find + the following as the second definition of _Æra_, "ÆRA, Æ, f. (from + _Æra_, the plural of _Æs_), a word belonging to Later Latin. 1. In + Mathem. _The given number, according to which a calculation is to + be made._ Vitruvius (Vetrubius) Rufus in Salmas. Exerc. I. p. 483. + 2. _The item of an account_ for which in the class. _per æra_, as + plur. of _æs_, came into use. Ruf. Fest. in Breviar. _in_. The + passage of Lucil. cited by Nonius, 2, 42., _æra perversa_, is + prob. also plur. 3. _The era or epoch_ from which time is + reckoned."] + +_Tudur Aled._--Can any of your Cambrian correspondents inform me when +Tudur Aled, a Welsh poet, flourished; and in what collection his works +are to be found? + + A STUDENT. + + [Tudur Aled, so called on account of his residence on the banks of + the Aled, in the county of Denbigh, flourished about the year + 1490, and was a friar of the Order of St. Francis. He wrote a + poetical account of the miracles reported to have been performed + at St. Winifred's Well, in the town of Holywell, as well as the + life of that saint. He was also one of the followers of Sir Rhys + ab Thomas, of Dinevor in Carmarthenshire, and wrote several poems + in praise of his great achievements. Some of our Cambrian readers + can probably state where his pieces are to be found.] + +_Tonges of Tonge._--Can any of your Lancashire correspondents furnish me +with information respecting the genealogy and family history of the +Tonges of Tonge, near Middleton in that county? This family appears to +have been of some consideration at an early period, and to have become +extinct at the commencement of the last century. + + J. B. (Manchester.) + + [Some notices of this family will be found in Baines's _History of + Lancaster_, vol. iii. p. 86.] + +_Robert Hues on the Use of Globes._--Is there any edition of this book +in English or Latin as early as 1595? + + J. O. M. + + [The Bodleian contains a copy printed in 1594:--"Robertus Hues, + Tractatus de globis et eorum usu, accommodatus iis qui Londini + editi sunt anno 1593, sumptibus Gul. Sandersoni. 8vo. Lond. in æd + Thomæ Dawson, 1594." Also another copy, "8vo. typ. G. Voegelini, + _s.a._"] + + + + +Replies. + + +THE CAXTON MEMORIAL. + +(Vol. iv., p. 283.) + +In forming a literary project, whether extensive or otherwise, it is +advisable to keep in view the humble science of arithmetic. Without that +precaution, it may become a source of vexation both to its projector and +its promoters; and, in some cases, the non-completion of it may be a +real injury to literature. + +When I proposed a typographic memorial of William Caxton, in preference +to an architectural memorial, and intimated that it might be compressed +into an octavo volume, and produced at a very moderate price, I +flattered myself with having made a more correct estimate than is +commonly made by designers and architects--Paxton, Cubitt, and Fox, +always excepted--and I venture to announce, on more mature reflection, +the same decided opinion. + +With thanks to MR. BOTFIELD for his enumeration of the translated works +of Caxton, I must remind him that the proposal was a collection of his +_original compositions_, with _specimens of his translations_. To +reprint the entire works which proceeded from his press was never my +project. I could not have entertained such an idea for one moment; nor +should I think the realisation of it desirable, even if it could be +effected by magic. I readily admit, however, that I have a liking for +_Fayts of armes and chyvalrye_--that _Thystorye of Reynard the foxe_ is +very attractive--and that the _Boke for travellers_ would be a choice +_morçeau philologique_. + +The publications of Caxton are about sixty in number, and I am sure that +more than six pages would seldom be required for any one work, and that +many articles might be properly treated in less than two pages each. A +short memoir of Caxton, a glossary of obsolete words and phrases, an +appendix of documents, and an index, are the only additions which I +should consider as essential to the completeness of the design. All this +might be comprised in an octavo volume of moderate extent. + +The _Typographical antiquities_ of Ames, as augmented by Dibdin, being +the accredited source of information on Caxton, and having misled some +superior writers, I shall presume to deliver my opinion of the _first_ +volume of that work--not having much acquaintance with the subsequent +volumes. Dibdin had formed, at the very outset, a most injudicious +resolution. Caxton was his hero; and he resolved, as he tells us in his +autobiography, to "devote the first volume entirely to the productions +of his press." In order to carry out this plan, he was led to introduce +much extraneous and useless matter. We have endless repetitions of what +_Lewis says_, and what _Ames says_, and what _Herbert says_, and even +what the dreamer _Bagford says_, instead of such information as should +have been derived from an examination of the books themselves. Moreover, +he is very deficient in the _logic of history_, in point of method, and +in point of accuracy; and the extracts, being in modern orthography, are +to philological students UTTERLY WORTHLESS. + +This, and perhaps more than this, I may hereafter have occasion to +prove; and should it seem to others that I express myself harshly, due +consideration shall be given to their objections. + +I must now assure MR. BOTFIELD that it gives me satisfaction to observe +him somewhat disposed to view my project with favour, and that I am not +less disposed to make such modifications of the conditions of +publication as may meet the wishes of himself and the other contributors +toward _The Caxton Testimonial_. Two modes of union suggest themselves, +which I submit to his consideration in the form of queries. + +1. If the preparation and impression of the intended volume should be +undertaken by a certain literary society, honourably distinguished by +the substantial character of the works which have been edited under its +sanction, would the committee of _The Caxton Testimonial_ engage to take +a certain number of copies, in case the council of the society alluded +to should assent to such a deviation from its usual course? + +2. If this arrangement should be objected to on either side, would the +committee of _The Caxton Testimonial_ undertake to produce a literary +memorial of Caxton on the plan before-described, or not much differing +from it, and under the editorship of persons to be named by themselves? + +If neither plan should be approved, I shall not abate _one jot of hope_ +as to the success of the project; but, by permission of the editor of +"NOTES AND QUERIES," proceed with my humble contributions to _The Caxton +Coffer_. + + BOLTON CORNEY. + +Might not the purpose be attained by the establishment of a club (on the +same principles as the Bannatyne, Maitland, and Spalding Clubs), for the +republication of the works of the first English printer? His works are +of such excessive rarity that they are inaccessible even to the most +devoted antiquary, and indeed many of them are scarcely known even by +name. They are principally thin quartos, and the actual expense of +reprinting them could not be heavy. The only trouble would be in +collating them; and if the matter was once set on foot, we have many +able typographical antiquaries who, I have no doubt, would assist in +editing them. Such a plan appears preferable, because in making the Club +open to any party who chose to pay the agreed-on subscription, it would +thus become better known throughout the kingdom, and consequently stand +a much better chance of support and, of course, success. + +The great object of the memorial, in addition to a just recognition of +the important services of Caxton, appears to be to revive his memory; +and this end can only be effectually gained by a republication of his +works, and the plan of a club appears to be the only way by which they +can be extensively circulated. + + PETRO-PROMONTORIENSIS. + + [Our correspondent has, he will perceive, misapprehended MR. + CORNEY'S suggestion; which is a far more practical one, than a + reprint of all the works which issued from the press of Caxton. In + the first of the modes which MR. CORNEY now suggests for carrying + out his views he appears to us to have hit upon a very happy + expedient; which we think may easily be accomplished in a way to + do credit to all parties concerned in it, and really to do honour + to the memory of William Caxton.] + + +EPIGRAM ASCRIBED TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. + +(Vol. iv., pp. 316. 356.) + +As your correspondent C. has noticed the copy of Sallust containing the +autograph of Mary Queen of Scots, which was presented to the library of +this University by our illustrious alumnus JOHN WILSON CROKER, I think +it right to send you the following account of it. + +The full title is as follows:-- + + _Opera Sallustiana._ + + _Caij Crispi Sallustij inter historicos_ + nominatissimi, ac veri cum _Iodoci Badij + Ascensij_ expositione perq[ue] familiari opera post nouā + limam et nonnulla nuperrime addita recēter: et subjecta + continēt + ¶ _Pomponij leti_ Sallustiana recognitio + _et ejusdem + vita_ et explanatis. + _Historicq[ue]_ descriptio: species et utilitas _ac viginti + styli historici precepta_. + +The words here printed in Italics are in rubric in the original. Then +follows on the title-page a table of contents of the volume, with +reference to the folio in which each piece is to be found. + +Then follows a small square woodcut, representing SS. Peter and Paul +holding the sacred handkerchief with the face of Christ impressed upon +it; and on each side of this is the date in rubric, thus, + + +--------+ + | | + M. CCCCC. | | XXIII. + | | + +--------+ + +The whole is surrounded with a framework formed of various woodcut +ornaments. One of these (on the left) represents Judas betraying our +Lord with a kiss; the other (on the right) our Lord bearing His cross. + +On the reverse of the title is a dedicatory letter from Iodocus Badius +Ascensius to Franciscus de Roban, Archbishop of Lyons. + +Then follows Tabula Alphabetica, occupying four pages. + +Then (on fol. A. iiij) a letter, "Aug. Mapheo rerū Ro. Thesaur. +Pōp. letus. S." beginning "Marcus Valerius probus unice vetustatis +amator." + +On the next page is 'Caij Crispi Sallustij vita per Pōpo. letū." + +On the next page begins "De historia et ea concernentibus collecta per +ascensium;" and in the blanks round the heading of this page is one of +the autographs of the unfortunate queen, in her large bold hand, + + _Maria_ _Regina_. + +On the next page begin "Viginti precepta pro historica lege," which are +continued on the next two pages. In the blank spaces left round the +titles of the ninth and tenth precepta, the queen has again written, + + _Ex libris_ _Mariæ_ + _Scotorum_ _Reginæ_ + +On the next leaf begin the works of Sallust, with the commentaries and +other apparatus. The sheets are in eights, so that the book is more +properly large 8o than 4o, signatures A--S(but S is only a half-sheet). +The prefatory matter (including the title) is contained on a single +sheet, sig. A, of six leaves only. This is expressed by the printer's +register at the end-- + + "Regestum huius operis + A . a . b . c . d . e . f . g . h . i . k . l . m . n . o . p . + q . r . s . + Oēs sunt quaterniones preter A [q]. est ternio . s . vero + duernio." + +The colophon has not been completely given by C.; it is as follows: + + "¶ Crispi Sallustii Catilina (_sic_) et Jugurthina cum reliquis + collectaneis ab Ascensio: ut cum[que] explanatis: hic suum capit + finem. Lugduni diligenti recognitione Impressus per Antoniū + Blachard[6] anno domini M. quingētesimo. xxiii. pridie Calend. + Sextiles." + + [Footnote 6: Not Blanchard, as C. has printed the name.] + +These particulars may enable your readers to identify this edition, +which is, I believe, very rare. + +After the colophon are two pages occupied by remarks on Sallust by +"Jacobus a cruce Bononiensis:" leaving the last page in the volume +blank, except that in the centre is a woodcut of larger size than that +already mentioned, which is on the title-page, but representing the same +subject, viz. SS. Peter and Paul holding the sacred handkerchief. + +On the upper right-hand corner of this last page are the verses quoted +by C., and correctly quoted, except that _meæ_ and _puellæ_ in the first +line are _mee_ and _puelle_ in the original. + +There is not the smallest shadow of probability for supposing these +verses, or any of the other MS. annotations which occur in the volume, +to be in the handwriting of Mary Queen of Scots. She wrote a large and +not by any means a scholarlike hand, which is very well known; whereas +these verses and the other annotations, are in a small and crampt +scholarlike hand of the sixteenth century, as unlike the handwriting of +Mary as any that can be imagined. In fact I was not aware, until I read +C.'s letter in "NOTES AND QUERIES," that anybody had ever supposed it to +be hers. + +The note recording the donation of this book by James I. to Bishop Hall, +occurs fol. xc. It is in a large schoolboylike hand, and is correctly +quoted by C. + +The book contains numerous woodcuts, which have no discoverable relation +to the text, and are inserted merely to mark the commencement of the +books, or different pieces of which the volume consists. Many of these +are repeated several times. + +The ornamental letter to which C. refers is the letter O, the first in +the book. The grotesque character of it noticed by C. would not be +easily observed except it were specially pointed out. C. may be assured +that it was not particularly pointed out to Her Majesty when she did us +the honour of inspecting this and some other literary treasures of our +library in 1849. + + JAMES H. TODD. + + Trinity Coll. Dublin. + + +STANZAS IN CHILDE HAROLD. + +(Vol. iv., pp. 223. 285. 323.) + +I trust that a few words more will not be deemed overmuch in pointing +out what I think will be found to be the source of T. W.'s difficulty. +We need not go to French or German translators, because it is reasonable +to suppose that where any sense can be made out of the text as it +stands, the last thing a foreigner would do would be to complete an +elliptical expression. I agree with MR. COLLINS, who says the expression +"is very good sense;" and from his adding "much more Byronic," I expect +he will agree with me in adding also, "but very bad taste." T. W. seems +to have felt this; and nothing can be more conclusive than his criticism +upon this point. I trust that there are few men of taste who have not as +utter an abhorrence of tyranny as Lord Byron; but I think that, strongly +as men of genius may be supposed to feel, few would have lugged in the +tyrants on such an occasion; as it seems to me it was just in the nature +of the noble poet, with or without cause, to do. What Byron says is +perfectly true; it is simply out of place: nevertheless, as the text +stands, it is said with force. But adopt T. W.'s variation, and can a +_flatter_ truism be conceived? And, after all, the objection not +removed; for the allusion would be equally out of place: unless, indeed, +your correspondent could make out of the text that + + "Thy waters wasted them while they were free," + And _wasted them_, _afterwards_, during their slavery, + Or, has continued _to waste them since_. + + SAMUEL HICKSON. + +I will not dwell on T. W.'s last remarks about Byron's "Address to the +Ocean," farther than to observe, that it is difficult to conceive how he +can understand the French translation which he quotes, in such a way +that it shall tally with the view which he has put forward. The +translation says, "the waves wasted their shores in the days of liberty, +as they have done since under many a tyrant." This is very different +from making the line mean either "the waves wasted the tyrants," as T. +W. thinks it means with Byron's punctuation, or "the shores obey the +tyrants," as T. W. would make it mean with his _amended_ punctuation. + +In a recent number (p. 325.) MR. M. COLLINS objects to-- + + "Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in _vain_!" + +and exclaims, "_In vain!_" Why, did not Columbus, &c.? But this +criticism also overlooks the meaning of the passage. The fleets traverse +the ocean quite in vain, as to producing any permanent traces, as is +explained in the very next words: + + "Man marks _the earth_ with ruin: his control + Stops with the shore," &c. + + W. W. + + Cambridge. + + +CAGOTS. + +(Vol. iv., pp. 190. 331.) + +A reference to Dr. Guggenbühl's _Letter to Lord Ashley on Cretinism_, +and to the reviews of the subject, of which I can name two in the +_Athenæum_, one in 1848, p. 1077., and another on June 21, 1851, will, I +think, show that there are no "races of Cretins," though the +disease--for it is nothing but a disease--will sometimes largely affect +even families. One of the principal characteristics of the disease is a +disgusting goître, enlarging the neck to such a size, that a part of it +becomes pendulous to the length of upwards of a foot, and can even be +flung over the shoulder, and is, indeed, often carried there. It is very +commonly accompanied by idiocy; and, in fact, the Cretin is one of the +most distressing objects that can be seen. The disease is very common in +some parts of Switzerland, especially, I believe, the Valais; some +attribute it to the water: and probably climatic influences, in +conjunction with the deleterious elements contained in the water, and +the frequent intermarriage of the villagers, and deficient or +unwholesome diet, are the chief sources to which it must be traced. It +is curable; at the institution on the Abendberg the treatment is very +successful. The disease never appears above a certain level, and +disappears when, under favourable circumstances, the patient is raised +to that level. Cases have been found in Lancashire, and at Chiselborough +in Somersetshire, and at other places which present predisposing causes +resembling those of Switzerland. + +I do not think that AJAX'S suggestion "credentes" as the derivation of +Cretin can be substantiated. Is it a term at all connected with +diversity of religious opinion and consequent persecution? In the Alps, +Cretinism is regarded with pity and kindness, as RUSTICUS truly remarks. +The term _cagot_ is current in the French with the meaning of an +impostor, a hypocrite; "celui qui a une dévotion fausse ou +mal-entendue," is the meaning in the _Dictionnaire de l'Académie_; also +a bigot. + +It is altogether a religious term. May I suggest that they are a relique +of the old population of the mountain vallies imperfectly Christianised, +therefore despised by the more enlightened population of the +neighbourhood,--half-civilised, perhaps, and physically degraded by the +same causes which have given the goître and the idiocy of the Cretin to +the inhabitants of the Valais. If so, they may be Iberian, or what is +commonly called Celtiberian, a term which I think there is reason for +abandoning. I shall be glad to hear more of these _Cagots_; about the +Cretins a good deal is known, and with much certainty, but nothing, as +far as I can learn, that tends to identify them historically with any +religious sect. + +I am able to add further information concerning the _Cagots_. They are a +miserable race, mostly beggars, or employed only about the meanest and +filthiest work, abounding in leprosy and other cutaneous diseases, and +in the most loathsome vermin; houseless, half-clad, inhabiting stables, +barns, or any casual place of shelter, generally mutilated and lame, +outcasts from society, reputed to lead infamous lives, indulging in the +most horrible practices, even of cannibalism, and worse offences than +that. Their brand used to be an eggshell on their clothes, and the +custom was to pierce their feet with an iron. Scaliger derived their +name from "Canis Gottus," and their origin has been assigned to some one +of the northern nations which penetrated into the south of France and +north of Spain in the third and fourth centuries before our era. + +On this may I be allowed to forward a Query or two? What is their +language? What are their own traditions concerning their origin? I am +confirmed in my opinion that they are no way analogous to the Cretins; +the latter being diseased, and Cretins because they are diseased; the +_Cagot_ being diseased and filthy, and despised because he is a _Cagot_, +an individual of a degraded and outcast race of men. + + THEOPHYLACT. + + +TEXTS BEFORE SERMONS. + +(Vol. iv., p. 344.) + +In the early church the sermon was delivered immediately after the +reading of the Scriptures (_Const. Apost._ lib. viii. c. 5.), and +sometimes preached without any text; at other times, upon more texts +than one; but most commonly the text was taken out of some paragraph of +the Psalms or Lessons, as they were read. Origen expressly calls +Sermons, _explanations of the Lessons_ (Orig. _cont. Cels._, lib. iii.). +The Fathers sometimes so ordered the matter, as to preach upon the +Psalm, the Epistle, and the Gospel all together, when they happened to +be on the same subject. Thus St. Augustine (_Serm._ x. t. x. p. 112.) +preached upon the subject of praise and thanksgiving, out of the +Epistle, the Psalm, and the Gospel together, because they each had +something relating to his subject. (_Bingham_, book xiv. ch. iv. § 17.) +This may have given rise to the present plan of textual preaching. +During the middle ages we frequently meet with the terms _postilla_, +_postillæ_, _postillare_, and the like (from _post illa verba Scripturæ +sacræ_), denoting sometimes merely expositions of Scripture, and +sometimes popular discourses founded upon a passage just before read. + +In England, about the year 957, Elfric, afterwards Archbishop of +Canterbury, required the priest in each parish to explain the Gospel of +the day, the Creed, and the Lord's Prayer, on Sundays and holydays. +(Canon XXIII. Ælfrica, Wilkins, _Concil._ tom. i. p. 253.) The same +person afterwards compiled Homilies in the Anglo-Saxon language, which +for some time continued to be read in the English Church. (Cave, +_Historia Literaria_, tom. ii.) + +During the reign of King John, A.D. 1204, the custom of preaching from a +text appears to have originated with Stephen Langton, Archbishop of +Canterbury, and adopted by some of the divines of the University of +Oxford. The practice, however, met with some opposition by the sages and +seniors of that seat of learning, as related by the author [Sir John +Peshall] of _The History of the University of Oxford, from the Death of +William the Conqueror to the Demise of Queen Elizabeth_, 4to. 1773, p. +7.:-- + + "The ancient practice of explaining considerable portions of + Scripture first showed itself openly in this University. This was + to name a thesis or text from the Scripture, and make divisions + upon it; which method is said to have been adopted by Stephen + Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, who therefore divided the + Scriptures into chapters. The people at their religious assemblies + much approved of this way, in preference to the raw discourses of + young and ignorant preachers. Yet others, rejecting new customs + and innovations, chose to follow their old way, which was that of + the Saints Austin, Jerome, Barnard, &c.; and Robert Grostest, D.D. + (whose word was a law with the university), was among the + opposers. This was _postillando_, i.e. by expounding the words of + Scripture as they stood in order, by inferences drawn from them. + They took no text, but began in this manner: 'I intend, by the + grace of God, in my following discourse, to treat of certain + matters; and in these matters I intend to draw certain and true + conclusions, for I intend now to speak of the fear of God. First, + concerning fear,' &c. And so far down as the fifteenth century + this kind of preaching continued: for so Vascanius, doctor and + chancellor of the university, relates of himself: 'Anno 1450, in + the octaves of St. John the Evangelist, on the Lord's Day, I + showed in my sermon, preached at Oxford, in St. Martin's Church at + Carfax, that Dr. Augustine preached four hundred sermons to the + clergy and people without any thesis, and without taking a text at + the beginning of his discourse. And so I (says he) preached the + day and year above mentioned, in Oxford, by taking no theme or + text; but I administered to the people profitable matters, without + repeating of any text, but only words pertinent to matters + proposed or declared.'" + +The ancient practice of explaining considerable portions of Scripture to +the people was revived by our reformers. Before them Colet had employed +many years in publicly expounding all the Epistles of St. Paul. +Archbishop Cranmer expounded Hebrews; as Bishops Hooper, Latimer, and +Jewel, did Jonah, the Lord's Prayer, many of the Epistles, and all the +Epistles and Gospels on Sundays and holydays. + + "From the practice of Ambrose, Origen, Chrysostom, and Austin, + among the ancients, and of our reformers, and more modern divines, + we may safely affirm (says Mr. Shepherd in his _Elucidation of the + Morning and Evening Prayer_) that explaining and applying portions + of Scripture read in the Lessons, is a very beneficial mode of + preaching to ordinary congregations." + + J. Y. + + Hoxton. + + +THE REV. ---- GAY. + +(Vol. iii., pp. 424. 508.) + +Through the kindness of a friend, who takes an interest in the pedigree +of the _Gay_ family, I am enabled to offer the following information to +MR. TAGART. + +In Paley's Life of Law, prefixed to the _Theory of Religion_, mention is +made of Gay's dissertation; and the author is there stated to be of +"Sidney College." Inquiry was accordingly made in that quarter, and the +following answer was returned:-- + + "I find there have been four persons of the name of Gay educated + at Sidney College; three of them _certainly_--and in _all + probability_ the fourth--members of the same family. As I shall + have occasion to refer to them subsequently, I will give you their + several entries in the College Register: + + "'1. _Johannes_, fil. Jacobi _Gay_, clerici, natus apud Meath in + com. Devon. lit. gram. instit. per quinquennium apud Torrington + sub M'ro Reynolds, deinde per biennium sub M'ro Rayner, apud + Tiverton in com. prædicto. Adm. est Pens. min. anno æt. 18'mo sub + tut. M'ro Nath. Popple, S.T.B., et M'ro Laur. Jackson, M.A., 7'mo + Nov. 1717.' + + "'2. _Nicholas_, fil Jacobi _Gay_, clerici, natus apud Meath in + com. Devon. lit. gram. instit. per quinquennium apud Torrington + sub M'ro Reynolds, deinde per triennium sub M'ro Rayner apud + Tiverton, in com. prædicto. Adm. est Sizator 20'mo Oct. 1718, anno + æt. 17'mo, Tut. Laurentio Jackson, A.M.' + + "'3. _Jacobus_, fil. natû max. Rev'di Joannis _Gay_, hujus + Coll'ii quondam Socii, posteà Vicarii de Wilshamstead, natus apud + Wilshamstead, in com. Bedf. lit. gr. instructus apud Bampton in + com. Devon. sub M'ro Wood. Adm. est Sizator 24'to Aug. 1752, annum + agens 17'mo, Tut. J. Lawson et J. Cranwell.' + + "'4. _Johannes_, fil. natû max. Nicolai _Gay_, de Newton St. Cyres + in com. Devon. Vicarii, ibidem natus, lit. verò gram. inst. apud + South-Molton per sexennium, et apud Ottery St. Mary per triennium + sub viro rev'do Joanne Colridge. Adm. est Sizator 15'to Junii + 1762, annum agens 19'mo, Tut. Gul. Elliston, M'ro C'i et Joh. + Hey.' + + "Gay (1.) was a scholar of Peter Blundell's foundation, and in + 1724 succeeded to a fellowship on the same foundation. This + fellowship, of which there are two at this college, is tenable for + ten years; and all our fellows are compelled to proceed regularly + to the degree of B.D. (seven years after they have taken that of + M.A.). Mr. Gay was M.A. in 1725, and might have proceeded to B.D. + in 1732: but he never took any higher degree than M.A. He must + therefore have vacated his fellowship before 1732. I find no + mention of his name in our College Office-book later than 7th May, + 1730. He was probably presented during that year to the vicarage + of Wilshamstead (which of course would render void his + fellowship), and subsequently entered upon another kind of + fellowship, one of the results of which was Gay (3.). + + "Of Gay (2.) I find it recorded that he was appointed Chapel Clerk + in 1719; that he was B.A. 1722, and M.A. 1731. As far as dates are + concerned, it might be questioned which of the brothers (1. or 2.) + was the author of the 'Preliminary Dissertation.' In our + University Library I can find only two editions of Law's + translation of Archbishop King's work, viz. the 2nd edit., 1732, + which contains the 'Preliminary Dissertation,' but no mention of + its author; and the 4th edit., Camb. 1758, at the end of the + Preface to which are these words: 'The following Dissertation was + composed chiefly by the _late_ Rev. Mr. Gay.' The author of the + Dissertation must therefore have died in or before 1758. But in + the entry of Gay (4.) 1762 (who was without doubt nephew of 1.), I + do not find 'defuncti' attached to his father's name, which it has + always been usual to add, in the case of the father being + deceased. + + "I am convinced in my own mind that the Mr. Gay of Sidney College, + mentioned by Paley in his life of Bishop Law, was Gay (1.). There + would be no difficulty, I should think, in ascertaining the time + of Mr. John Gay's decease. The present vicar of Wilshamstead could + no doubt readily inform you. If it should be found that Mr. John + Gay died before 1758, then there can be no question but that he is + Bishop Law's _late_ Mr. Gay. + + "Fellow of Sidney College." + + +VERMIN, PAYMENTS FOR DESTRUCTION OF, AND ANCIENT NAMES. + +(Vol. iv., p. 208.) + +The 8 Eliz. c. 15. and 14 Eliz. c. 11. provide that in every parish the +churchwardens with six other parishioners shall yearly on one of the +holydays in Easter week, and at every other time when needful, tax and +assess every land and tithe-owner within the parish to pay such sums of +money as they shall think meet according to the quantity of such their +lands or tithes, and on nonpayment thereof within fourteen days after +demand to forfeit five shillings, which, together with the sum assessed +shall be levied by distress on the goods and chattels of such land or +tithe-owner; and as well the said sums as penalties shall be delivered +to two honest and substantial persons of the parish eligible by the +churchwardens, to be named "The distribution of the provisions for the +destruction of noisome fowl and vermin." Such is the authority required +by J. B. (Manchester), by which churchwardens in old times paid sums of +money for the destruction of vermin in the several parishes of England. +It will, however, be observed that their authority was not confined to +"vermin," but extended to the "fowls of the air;" and the "old volumes +of churchwardens' accounts," to which your correspondent has access, +amply testify to the fact that those churchwardens were fully alive to +their duty, powers, and authority, under the above-named statutes; +inasmuch as two, at least, of the _ancient names_ belong to the +_feathered tribe_; _glead_ being identical with _kite_, and _ringteal_ +or _ringtail_ (_subbuteo_) with a species of _hawk_, in some districts +more commonly called the _hobby_. _Greas' head_ I must leave to some +other _head_ to determine, unless indeed is meant the _great-shrike_ or +_butcher-bird_ belonging to the same order (_accipitres_) as the _kite_ +and _ringtail_ or _hobby_. Notwithstanding J. B.'s diffidence, I am much +inclined to adopt his surmise, that the worthy churchwarden really +intended _badger_ when he wrote _baggar_. + + FRANCISCUS. + +It is hardly so impossible to identify the animals mentioned by your +correspondent J. B. as he supposes. _Glead_ is the A.-S. _glida_ or +_kite_, though, in our version of Deut. xiv. 13., both _glede_ and +_kite_ are mentioned. _Ringteal_ or _ringtail_ is the female of the +_Circus cyaneus_ or hen-harrier, another species of falcon. _Greas' +head_ and _baggar_ refer to the same animal (the badger), for there is +no wonder that a scribe who writes _greas' head_ for _gray's head_ +should write also _baggar_ for _badger_. This latter animal has a +variety of names by which he is known in one and the same district, e.g. +_gray_ or _graye_, _bawson_ or _bowson_, _brock_ and _badger_, and in +_our_ churchwardens' accounts these names occur indiscriminately. I hope +some one will be able to point out the origin of paying for the +destruction of these animals out of the parochial funds; I have +frequently searched without success such authorities as I have access +to. The earliest entry of the kind in the books of this parish (which +date from 1520) is in 1583. + +I subjoin a few extracts, which afford a curious instance of the +respective prices put upon the heads of these animals at a time when +such entries occur; as, + + "1587 for ij dyverse p'achers for iij sermones iijs iiijd. + + 1583 It[=m] for iiij fox heads xvjd + 1586 -- ij fox heads ijs + 1589 -- catte heades iiijd + 1590 -- xij bulspyncke (bulfinch) heades. vjd + " -- vj crowe heades jd + " -- an urchen (hedghog) heade ijd + 1596 -- a grayes head vjd + 1620 -- a bawson head xijd + 1621 -- tow fox cub heads xijd + " -- vij hedghoge heads xiiijd + 1626 -- a wylde catt head ijd + 1736 -- an otter head xijd + 1741 -- a fulmart's head iiijd + " -- a ffoomard's head iiijd + 1744 -- 3 marts heads is" + +These entries are very numerous in our books with every variety of +spelling, though the prices remain very much the same. I have found no +entries of the kind after 1744, but that may be owing to the accounts +being not entered fully in every case after that period; but I cannot +agree with J. B. in his assertion that these animals are now considered +innocuous; witness the vulgar error with regard to the hedgehog's +sucking the teats of cows, an error which no process of reasoning can +induce the farmers about here to renounce; moreover, I know for a fact +that not more than a dozen years ago the farmers near Wakefield used to +give a halfpenny per head for every unlucky sparrow (fledged or +unfledged) that was brought to them by any bird-nesting youngster. + + J. EASTWOOD. + + Ecclesfield, Sheffield. + + +THE CLAIMS OF LITERATURE. + +(Vol. iv., p. 337.) + +There is the more pressing need, in our day, of an _Order of Victoria_, +or _of Civil Merit_--such as you justly and feelingly contend for and +describe in the "NOTES AND QUERIES"--from the great and increasing +numbers of our literary and scientific men, who are acutely sensible of +the undeserved stigma and ban under which they lie, by being often +excluded from the intellectual society so congenial to them, owing to +their not possessing some recognised badge of honour and passport in +life, equivalent to the degrees or distinctions so justly conferred upon +those who have studied at our Universities, or are awarded to men who +have won eminence in the Naval, Military, or Civil Service of the Crown. +An honourable title, proceeding from the Sovereign herself, and bestowed +alike on _both sexes_ (for who would think--certainly not our beloved +Queen--of wounding the delicate female mind by excluding a Somerville, a +Hannah More, a Joanna Baillie, or a Felicia Hemans--the three latter not +needing now our poor applause--from the cheering honours due to their +genius, their talents, and their virtues?) would be a fitting tribute +from a British, a Christian Monarch to that intellectual superiority and +moral worth which are the immortal distinctions of our race. At present +many individuals who have raised themselves by their native force of +mind and acquirements to a position of honour and respectability as +literary and scientific men, are yet looked upon and treated as pariahs +by those who are the bestowers and guardians of national distinctions. +The just pride and self-respect of such men will forbid their courting, +by any unworthy advances, an introduction to society, from which, by +their position, they stand excluded; and it would be a truly royal +exercise of her sovereign rights, for Queen Victoria to extend, beyond +the present line of demarcation, the barriers that now prevent those +from meeting together, who, if they were better acquainted, would learn +to value and esteem each other: while society at large would be an +immense gainer in all its relations--scientific, literary, and +artistic--by the honours and distinctions thus conferred upon a most +worthy, but most contemned and neglected portion of the educated +community. + + A CONTRIBUTOR TO "NOTES AND QUERIES." + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_Arbor Lowe_--_Stanton Moor_--_Ayre Family_ (Vol. iv., p. 274.).--In +Rhodes's _Peak Scenery_, p. 228, it is said: + + "Near Middleton, by Youlgrave, we found the celebrated Druidical + monument of Arbor Low, one of the most striking remains of + antiquity in any part of Derbyshire. This circle includes an area + of from forty to fifty yards diameter, formed by a series of large + unhewn stones, not standing upright, but all laid on the ground, + with an inclination towards the centre; round these the remains of + a ditch, circumscribed by a high embankment, may be traced. Near + the south entrance into this circle there is a mound, or + burial-place, in which some fragments of an urn, some half-burnt + bones, and the horns of a stag, were found." + +In the same work, at pages 236, 237., is an account of the Druidical +remains at Stanton Moor. And at page 224. are the following remarks:-- + + "The Eyres is one of the oldest families in Derbyshire, where they + have continued to reside through the long lapse of more than seven + hundred years, as appears from the following curious extract from + an old pedigree which is preserved at Hassop. 'The first of the + Eyres came in with King William the Conqueror, and his name was + Truelove; but in the battle of Hastings (14 Oct. 1066) this + Truelove, seeing the king unhorsed, and his helmet beat so close + that he could not breathe, pulled off his helmet and horsed him + again. The king said, Thou shalt hereafter from Truelove be called + _Air_ or _Eyre_, because thou hast given me the air I breathe. + After the battle the king called for him, and being found with his + thigh cut off, he ordered him to be taken care of; and being + recovered, he gave him lands in the county of Derby, in reward for + his services, and the seat he lived at he called Hope, because he + had hope in the greatest extremity; and the king gave the leg and + thigh cut off in armour for his crest, and which is still the + crest of all the Eyres in England.'" + +A descendant of this person is the present Earl of Newburgh, of Hassop +Hall. + +At page 240. is an account of the village of Birchover, and also of the +Rowter Rocks, but no mention is made of the family of the Ayres, or of +the ruins of any house formerly belonging to them. + + JOHN ALGOR. + + Sheffield. + +_The Duke of Monmouth's Pocket-books_ (Vol. iv., p. 3.).--The paragraph +quoted by SIR F. MADDEN out of _Prayers after the confession of sins, +and the sense of pardon obtained_, and well called by him "striking," is +a _verbatim_ copy of a passage in "A Guide for the Penitent," published +at the end of Jeremy Taylor's _Golden Grove_. + +The short preface, by a nameless hand, which precedes this division of +the _Golden Grove_, would lead one to suppose that "A Guide for the +Penitent" was a posthumous work of Jeremy Taylor; but this is not +exactly stated. The prayers, however, have the same spirit and grandeur +of piety which characterise those which are the acknowledged +compositions of Bishop Taylor. Monmouth was beheaded eighteen years +after Taylor died. It would be interesting to identify the author of "A +Guide for the Penitent" (should there be any doubt on the subject): +also, to ascertain how far Monmouth _quoted_, in his "prayers," from +Taylor or any other divine. + + MARGARET GATTY. + + Ecclesfield. + +_Buxtorf's Translation of Elias Levita's "Tov Taam._"--Your +correspondent T. T., in reply to my Query respecting this work, says +(Vol. iv., p. 328.) that it "was printed in Venice, 1538, in 4to." This +is impossible: for the elder Buxtorf was born in 1564; and it would be +singular if he had translated R. Elias' work, and printed it at Venice, +twenty-six years before he was born. + +T. T. seems not to have observed that my inquiry related to Buxtorf's +_translation_, not to the original work of Elias Levita, which, although +now rare, is sufficiently well known to Rabbinical scholars. I must +therefore renew my inquiry (Vol. iv., p. 272.): has Buxtorf's +_translation_ ever been printed, or does it now exist in MS.? + + JAMES H. TODD. + + Trin. Coll. Dub. + +_Burke's "Mighty Boar of the Forest"_ (Vol. iii., p. 493.).--Idomeneus +awaiting the attack of Æneas could hardly be compared with Junius +attacking every body in his way. Burke more probably borrowed his boar +from even a greater poet than Homer. See Psalm lxxx. verses 8 to 13 +(Common Prayer Version), and the context before and following, which +contains perhaps the most picturesque and beautiful, as well as +practical, allegory in the compass even of sacred literature. "The wild +boar out of the wood doth root it up, and the wild beasts of the field +devour it." + + J.M.G. + + Hallamshire. + +"_Son of the Morning_" (Vol. iv., pp. 209. 330.).--I have always +understood Byron's apostrophe "Son of the morning, rise! approach you +here!" to be merely an appeal to one of the _Orientals_ who then ruled +in that region. And this appears to me to be confirmed by the suggestion +which follows that the creed of Mahomet shall pass away as that of Jove +has done. The words "Come--but molest not yon defenceless urn," did not +appear to me to have any reference to the iconoclastic propensities of +the person addressed. But this notice of your correspondent is +ingenious. + + W.W. + + Cambridge. + +"_Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love_" (Vol. iv., p. +72.).--This quotation, the author of which was inquired for,-- + + "When first I attempted your pity to move," &c. + +is from a comedy in three acts called the _Panel_, altered from +Bickerstaff's comedy _'Tis well it's no worse_. + + M.W.B. + + Burges, Sept. 26. 1851. + +_Anecdote of Curran_ (Vol. iv., p. 173.).--This anecdote, I beg to +observe, is incorrectly represented; and surely presents to the reader +no adequate provocation for the sharp retort on him attributed to the +hostess, on his offering her a glass of wine. But the fact is, that the +circumstance occurred, not at a small country inn, but in the city of +Galway; nor solely in company with a brother advocate, as stated by +M.W.B., but at the general bar-mess. The Connaught circuit was not +Curran's, who had been called there _specially_, and who, having heard +of the barmaid's ready wit, was determined to test it. Her name, I well +recollect, was Honor Slaven; and her quick repartee to the not very +delicate jokes constantly practised on her by the gentlemen (?) of the +bar, had spread her fame beyond the province. Curran, however, was far +superior to those whom she had foiled in these too often unseemly +combats, and was expected to prove that superiority in this contest. +Among the customary toasts of that time was a succession of three +alliterative ones, of which the last was of flagrant indecency; and this +Curran resolved should fall to Honor's turn to give in due rotation. +Making her take a seat, with one interposed between them, he began with +the first:--"Honor (directing himself to _her_) and Honesty," followed +by "Love and Loyalty" from his next neighbour; when, ordering a bumper, +he said, "Come Honor, you know the next toast; be not squeamish, and let +us have it." "No, Sir," replied she, with an arch smile, "but I will +pledge you in your own toast--'Honor and Honesty, or, _your absent +friends_.'" These last words were uttered with special emphasis, and, in +their provoked application, well sustained the barmaid's reported +character; as, indeed, promptly acknowledged by Curran himself. I have +more than once heard similar retorts from her when thus assailed. + + J. R. + + Cork. + +_Sibi_ (Vol. iv., p. 327.).--The erroneous use of the reflective +pronoun, of which MR. FORBES gives an example in a quotation from the +_Legenda Aurea_, is common in monkish writings. I have an instance +before me, in a charter of Cnut (Kemble's _Codex Dipl. Anglo-Sax._, vol. +iv. p. 28.): + + "Eius (_i.e._ Christi) quippe largiflua bonitate regia dignitate + subtronizatus, ego Knu[d] rex Angligenæ nationis, pro nauciscendo + eius immensitatis misericordiæ dono, concedo _sibi_ de suo proprio + quæ mihi gratuito concessit, villam," &c. + + C. W. G. + +_Cassek Gwenwyn_ (Vol. iv., p. 269.).--I learn from the dictionaries of +Walters and Owen, that _casec gwanwyn_, mare of spring, means a +woodpecker. And the more curious part of the name is confirmed by Llwyd, +who calls a woodpecker _casec drychin_, mare of storms. But here I read +that _casec gwenwyn_, mare of poison, means a screech-owl. Of this I +have not elsewhere found anything. Therefore I ask for more information; +to save me from the heresy of thinking that that woman was turned into a +woodpecker. In what country and language does _mara_ mean a screech-owl? + + A. N. + +_The Monumental Inscriptions of the Bourchier Family_ (Vol. iv., p. +233.).--Your inquirer L. M. M. will most probably meet with the +information he desires in the county of Essex, of which portion of the +kingdom they were Earls, and held immense possessions from the early +part of the fourteenth to the sixteenth century. Their principal estates +were in the parishes of Moreton, Tollesbury, Chingford, Little Laver, +Greensted, Ramsden, South Church, Wakering, Maldon, North Farnbridge, +Lachingdon, Mayland, Langford, Great Totham, Bentley, Wickes, Tendring, +Great Holland, Beaumont, Ramsey, Bromfield, Rivenhall, Halsted, +Hanningfield, Chicknall, Ulting, Messing, Hedingham Sibil, Ballington, +Foxearth, Belchamp, Toppesfield, Braintree, Little Easton, Chickney; +Broxted, Roding Aythorp, Little Hallingbury, Walden, and Farnham. In all +these parishes they held manors, with the advowsons of several of the +churches. Many of the manors are called after the family, _Bourchier's +Hall_; some members of the family were buried in Bilegh Abbey, which +stood in the west part of the town of Maldon. In Halsted they founded a +chantry for a master and eight priests; and adjoining Little Easton +church still remains a fine chapel, known as Bourchier's chapel, where +there are tombs to some of the family in fine preservation. By a visit +to the churches of the parishes above enumerated, much information may +probably be obtained, for there can be little doubt but so powerful a +family were great benefactors to the churches of the several parishes +where their estates and mansions were situated; and most probably many +members of the family were interred in them, and had tombs to their +memory. + + J. R. J. + +_Test of the Strength of a Bow_ (Vol. iv., p. 56.).--TOXOPHILUS will +find all his Queries well answered in Hansard's _Book of Archery_. The +modern method of proving a bow is very different from that quoted by +PHILOSOPHUS from Ascham, p. 211. A bow is now, I believe, tested by +placing the bow across a piece of stout timber made for the purpose, and +hanging weights to the string till it reaches about twenty-seven or +twenty-eight inches. The weight necessary to do this determines the +power of the bow. + + H. N. E. + + Bitton Vicarage, Oct. 1851. + +_Stillingfleet, Bishop of Worcester_ (Vol. iv., p. 274.).--Is it worth +while, in reference to SIGMA'S inquiry as to the name of the author of +one of the Bishop of Worcester's works, to tell you a droll mistake on +that point, which I have before my eyes? I have the work in a fine old +binding, which in the gilt _lettering_ on the back, states it to be by +_Ed. Wigorn_. This reminds me of another similar _naïveté_. When the +late Bishop Prettyman, then Bishop of Winchester, wrote to propose to +Mr. Murray to publish his life of Pitt, Mr. Murray, following the +signature too literally, addressed his answer to _George Winton, Esq._ + + C. + +_Yankee Doodle_ (Vol. iv., p. 344.).--During the attacks upon the French +outposts in 1755 in America, Governor Shirley and General Jackson led +the force directed against the enemy lying at Niagara and Frontenac. In +the early part of June, whilst these troops were stationed on the banks +of the Hudson, near Albany, the descendants of the "Pilgrim fathers" +flocked in from the eastern provinces; never was seen such a motley +regiment as took up its position on the left wing of the British army. +The band played music some two centuries of age, officers and privates +had adopted regimentals each man after his own fashion; one wore a +flowing wig, while his neighbour rejoiced in hair cropped closely to the +head; this one had a coat with wonderful long skirts, his fellow marched +without his upper garment; various as the colours of the rainbow were +the clothes worn by the gallant band. It so happened that there was a +certain Dr. Shuckburgh, wit, musician, and surgeon, and one evening +after mess he produced a tune, which he earnestly commended as a +well-known piece of military music, to the officers of the militia. The +joke succeeded, and Yankee Doodle was hailed by acclamation "their own +march." During the unhappy war between the American colonies and the +mother country, that quaint merry tune animated the soldiers of +Washington; it is now the national air of the United States. + + MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A. + +_General Wolfe_ (Vol. iv., pp. 271. 323.).--Some of the inquiries made +at p. 271. respecting General Wolfe have been subsequently answered, I +find, in p. 323., but no mention appears of his family beyond his father +and mother; a deficiency which I can in some degree supply by ascending +to his great-grandfather, Captain George Wo_u_lfe (sic), of whom we are +told by Ferrar, in his _History of Limerick_, there printed by A. +Watson, in 1787,-- + + "That on the capitulation of the city of Limerick in October, + 1651, to the Parliamentarian general Ireton, twenty of the most + distinguished of its defenders were excepted from pardon, and + reserved for execution. Amongst them were two brothers, George and + Francis Woulfe: the former, a military officer; the latter, a + friar, who was hanged,--but the captain made his escape. He fled," + says Ferrar (p. 350.), "to the north of England, where he settled; + and his grandson, General Edward Woulfe, was appointed colonel of + the 8th regiment of foot in the year 1745. He transmitted his + virtues with additional lustre to his son Major-General James + Woulfe, whose memory will be for ever dear to his country, and + whose name will be immortalised in history." + +Captain Woulfe married, and changed his religion; to which his brother +the friar fell a martyr, exhibiting on the scaffold, it is related, far +more intrepidity than many of his fellow sufferers of military rank. +Ireton, however, finally pardoned several of those originally excepted +from the capitulation. Woulfe's family was at that period one of the +most eminent in the county of Clare, where it still retains a +respectable rank; and one of its members was the late Chief Baron, +Stephen Woulfe, a gentleman equally beloved in society as respected on +the bench. Another was a chemist of some eminence in London, at the +close of the past century. They retained the _u_ in the name, which most +others, like the captain's descendants, laid aside; as Bonaparte did +during his triumphant campaign in Italy, in order to un-Italianise and +Frenchify his patronymic B_u_onaparte. The Chief Justice Wolfe, who was +so barbarously murdered in Dublin at the outbreak of young Emmet's +rebellion in 1803, was of a different branch. Edward, the general's +father, had distinguished himself under Marlborough, as did the son in +1747, at the battle of Lawfelst on the continent. My own family, I may +add, has been brought into close connexion with that of the subsisting +Irish branch of the general's stock by intermarriage. + + J. R. (Cork.) + +_The Violin_ (Vol. iv., p. 101.).--This article reminds me of a distich +said to have been inscribed on the violin of Palestrina, the "Musicæ +Princeps" of the sixteenth century:-- + + "Viva fui in sylvis; sum dura occisa securi; + Dum vixi tacui; mortua dulce sona." + +Thus translated into French: + + "La hache m'arracha mourant du ford des bois; + Vivant, j'étais muet; mort, on vante ma voix." + +Palestrina's violin was made by a great musical instrument maker at +Bologna, who had the same lines graven on his lutes, bass-viols, &c. + + J. R. (Cork.) + +_Earwig_ (Vol. iv., p. 274.).--The allusion to the word "Earwig" induces +me to repeat a _charade_ on it, not without merit, though the last lines +appear more responsive to the rhyme than to the fact:-- + + "My _first_, if lost, is a disgrace, + Unless misfortunes bear the blame; + My _second_, though it can't efface, + The dreadful loss, yet hides the shame. + + "My _whole_ has life, and breathes the air, + Delights in softness and repose; + Oft, when unseen, attends the fair, + And lives on honey, and the rose." + + J. R. (Cork.) + +_Prophecies of Nostradamus_ (Vol. iv., pp. 86. 140. 258. 329.).--In +answer to MR. DE ST. CROIX'S fair inquiry of the source whence I derived +my assertion of the existence of the first edition of Nostradamus (at p. +329.), I have to say, that it was from the very intelligent +bibliographer, A. A. Renouard. I had known him in Paris at his dwelling +in the _Rue de Tournon_ (where my friend, the celebrated Arthur +O'Connor, with his wife, the daughter of Condorcat, had apartments), and +I afterwards had some interviews with him in London at my own house; +when, on observing in his _Catalogue d'un Amateur_ the Elzevir edition +of 1668, we entered into some conversation on the subject; and, in +reference to the original edition, not much valued indeed as very +imperfect, he said, that though now rare, because long, as not worth +preserving, neglected, it still may, and must be, in the Royal Library; +"il doit nécessairement s'y trouver, et non-seulement là, mais +ailleurs." I too certainly thought that the great national repository +must contain it, but I made no inquiry; and as MR. DE ST. CROIX so +diligently pursued the search without discovering it, I conclude, of +course, that it is not there; but if he authorises M. Renouard's son, +who resides in the _Rue Garancière_, or any respectable bookseller, to +provide the little volume for him, I feel confident of his success. Nor +do I apprehend that the price will correspond with its rarity, like the +works of so many other writers; such even as the prophecies of Merlin, +as stated in the article referred to by MR. DE ST. CROIX, without +recurring to our Shakspeare's early editions, or to those of Ariosto, +Cervantes, Boccacio, Molière, Froissart, Le Roman de la Rose, Amadis de +Gaule, the _Romances of Chivalry_ in various languages, and the +editiones principes of the classics, &c. &c., a comparison of the value +of which two centuries or less ago, as we find them in old catalogues, +with their present cost, so strikes the reader. Numerous books, on the +other hand, have experienced a proportionally equal depreciation: + + "Sic volvenda ætas commutat tempora rerum; + Quod fuit in pretio, fit nullo denique honore," &c. + + _Lucretius_, lib. v. 1276. + + J. R. (Cork.) + +_Expressions in Milton_ (Vol. iii., p. 241.).--If this Query has already +met with an answer, my apology for troubling you with this must be, that +it has escaped my notice. + +R. is undoubtedly right in supposing that a "toothed sleck stone" means +a toothed or jagged whetstone; the word _sleck_ preserving a greater +resemblance to its Danish cousin _slecht_ than the modern _slick_. + +For "bullish," Milton shall be his own interpreter. "I affirm it to be a +_bull, taking away the essence of that which it calls itself_." + +The phrase "bid you the base" is apparently taken from the old game of +Prisoner's Base, for which, if necessary, reference may be made to the +_Boy's Own Book_. I am inclined to think that the very phrase was, in my +school days, used in the game; but if wrong in any remembrance, I may +still be right in my conjecture, and then the phrase would be equivalent +to, "I challenge you to follow me," as one boy follows another in +Prisoner's Base; and we should then have a curious illustration of the +antiquity of the game. + + PHILIP HEDGELAND. + +_The Termination "-ship"_ (Vol. iv., p. 153.).--A. W. H. is referred to +Dr. Latham's _English Language_, § 294. p. 372., ed. 2. The Dutch +termination _-schap_, e.g. _vriendschap_, may be added. + + CHARLES THIRIOLD. + +"_A little Bird told me_" (Vol. iv. p. 232.).--The following are merely +a few rough notes made from time to time on this saying. I have tried to +put them into some kind of order but they are too trivial, and too +easily verified by reference, to deserve more space in print than they +have hitherto had in writing:-- + +1. Last lines of _King Henry IV._ Part II., and Steevens's note. + +2. The "pious lie" of Mahomet's pigeon. See Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_, +chap. 1. Marg. lemma--"His character," the note beginning--"The +Christians, rashly enough," &c. And--"Life of Mahomet" [_Library of +Useful Knowledge_] note on p. 19. For line from--_Dunciad_--[a slovenly +reference] see book iv. 358. + +3. From the Greek? See Potter's _Gr. Antiquities_, book ii. chap. +xv.--or Robinson's _Antiq. Greece_, book iii. chap. xv. _ad init._ as +both refer to _Aristoph. Aves._ [600. 601. Bekker.] + +4. _Ecclesiastes_, chap. x. 20. + +To these I may add the origin assigned to the saying by Mr. Bellenden +Ker, in his _Essay on the Archæology of our Popular Phrases and Nursery +Rhymes_, 1837, vol. i. p. 63., viz.:-- + + "A LITTLE BIRD. + + "A good humoured way of replying to, _who told you this story?_ + And imparting you don't mean to inform him, that you have a good + reason for not letting him know. _Er lij t'el baerd_; q. e. _by so + doing_ [telling] _I should betray_ [do wrong to] _another_," &c. + + C. FORBES. + +_Mark of Reference in Bible_ (Vol. iv., p. 57.).--May not this originate +in the Hebrew Keri, used for the same purpose, and of nearly the same +shape? + + F. J. + + Bradford. + +For the purpose of expounding the law in the Jewish assemblies, the +Pentateuch was divided into fifty-four sections (on account of the +intercalary year), that the whole might be read over once annually. The +sections were distinguished, as they still continue to be, in the Hebrew +copies, by the letter _Pe_, or _Phe_, the initial of _Pharasha_, which +signifies separation or division. This probably was the original reason +for adopting the inverted black P [¶] which is retained in our +translation of the Bible to mark paragraphs or transitions. The division +of the Old and New Testament into chapters is a modern practice, and the +subdivision of chapters into verses still more modern. See Shepherd on +the _Morning and Evening Prayer_. + + J. Y. + +_King Charles II. and Written Sermons_ (Vol. iv., p. 9.).--The document +inserted at this place is quoted with some variations, and the omission +of the part referring to periwigs by the late Mr. Grimshawe, in his +_Life of the Rev. Leigh Richmond_, p. 157. 4th edit. There is added the +date, "Oct. 8, 1674;" and the following foot-note is appended, "See +_Statute Book of the University of Cambridge_, p. 301." Car. II., Rex. +Mr. Grimshawe's version is printed without any break or asterisks, as if +entire. + + W. S. T. + +_Walpole and Junius_ (Vol. iv., p. 161.).--CLERICUS quotes some +paragraphs from the letters of Horace Walpole, dated 1764, wherein +Walpole threatens vengeance for the dismissal of Conway; and CLERICUS +concludes by asking, "If these extracts do not _prove_ Horace Walpole to +be Junius, &c., &c., _what can_ he allude to?" Why, to the pamphlet +which he was then writing, and which he immediately published, entitled +_A Counter Address to the Public, on the late Dismission of a General +Officer_. + + W. J. + +_Fermilodum_ (Vol. iv., p. 345).--I suspect H. E. has not read his seal +quite correctly. I surmise it is _Fermelioduni_. However, no doubt +Dunferline is meant; and the literal translation of the legend is, "Seal +of the city of Dunferline." This place was a royal burgh, with a palace; +and the word _civitas_ was not then confined to towns which were +Bishop's sees. + + W. S. W. + + Middle Temple. + +_Finger Stocks_ (Vol. iv., p. 315.).--In Littlecote Hall, the fine old +seat of the Pophams, in Wiltshire, one of these machines was preserved, +and I doubt not but that it is still to be seen there. + +It is of oak, and stands upon a pillar and base like those of a small +round table. I always understood that it was employed as an instrument +of domestic punishment. + + W. J. BERNHARD SMITH. + + Temple. + +_Lord Hungerford_ (Vol. iv., p. 345.).--The story of the device of a +toad having been introduced into the armorial bearings of the +Hungerfords, in memory of the degradation of some member of the family, +is, in every way, nonsensical. "Argent, three toads sable" is certainly +one of their old quarterings; as may be seen upon one of the monuments +in the chapel at Farleigh Castle near Bath. But it was borne by the +Hungerfords for a very different reason. Robert, the second Lord, who +died A.D. 1459, had married the wealthy heiress of the Cornish family of +_Botreaux_: and this has one of the shields used by _her_ family, being +in fact nothing more than an allusion, not uncommon in heraldry, to the +name. This was spelled variously, _Botreaux_ or _Boterelles_: and the +device was probably assumed from the similarity of the name of the old +French word _Botterol_, a toad: (see Cotgrave) or the old Latin word +_Botterella_. The marriage with the Botreaux heiress and the assumption +of her arms, having taken place _many years before_ any member of the +Hungerford family was attainted or executed (as some of them afterwards +were), Defoe's story falls to the ground. + +I take this opportunity of adding, that, having been for many years a +collector of materials for a more methodical and accurate account of the +Hungerford family and their property, than has hitherto appeared, and +having completed the arrangement of what I have been able to collect, if +any of your readers or correspondents should have it in his power to +refer me to any sources of illustration, or to inform me of the +existence of anything that might throw light on the subject--such as old +deeds, seals, wills, entries in parish registers, family portraits, or +the like--they would be rendering a kind service. + + J. E. JACKSON. + + Rectory, Leigh-Delamere, Chippenham. + + + + +Miscellaneous. + + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +The _Salisbury Volume_ of the Archæological Institute, which has just +been issued, contains some extremely interesting communications, among +which we must particularise for its agreeable character Mr. Hunter's +Reminiscences of the _Topographical Gatherings at Stourhead_,--for its +learning and originality, Mr. Guest's Memoir on the _Early English +Settlements in South Britain_.[7] Mr. Smirke contributes a valuable +notice of the _Custumal of Bleadon_,--Mr. Newton, _Notes on the +Sculptures at Wilton_,--Mr. Hawkins on _The Mints of Wiltshire_; and not +the least interesting portion of the volume consists of notices +respecting _Silbury and Avebury_, by the late excellent and lamented +Dean of Hereford. The volume contains many other instructive memoirs, +and is well calculated to advance archæological knowledge. + + [Footnote 7: Mr. Guest's suggestion (p. 30.), that _Grimsditch_ + means a boundary, deserves the attention of our correspondents.] + +The new volume of Bohn's _Standard Library_ is the fourth of Mrs. +Foster's excellent translations of _Vasari's Lives of the most Eminent +Painters, Sculptors, and Architects_. It contains no fewer than nineteen +lives, including, among many whose names are less familiar to English +amateurs, those of Sebastian del Piombo, and that admirable scholar of +Raphael, whom Shakespeare has helped to immortalise by designating him +that "rare Italian master Giulio Romano." All lovers of art are under +great obligations to the publisher for placing this translation within +their reach.--Mr. Cyrus Redding's _History and Description of Modern +Wines_ is the new volume of Bohn's _Illustrated Library_; and, as the +author describes "the art of taking wine" as "the science of exciting +agreeable conversation and eliciting brilliant thoughts," and discourses +learnedly upon the subject, his book may well find friends.--_Lucretius +on the Nature of Things, literally translated into English Prose_, by +the Rev. J. S. Watson, M.A., _to which is added the Poetical Version_, +by J. M. Good, is another volume of Bohn's _Classical Library_; and the +scholarship of Mr. Watson affords a sufficient justification for his +prefatory remark, "that he who wishes to know what is in Lucretius +without perusing the original, will learn it from this volume with +greater certainty than from any other previously offered to the English +reader." Every page bears evidence of the pains and ability displayed by +Mr. Watson in his endeavour to clothe Lucretius in an English garb. + +There is no Query so frequently put and so rarely answered to the +satisfaction of the Querist as _What is the fare?_ Walker's _Cab Fare +and Guide Map of London_, in which all the leading streets and +thoroughfares are marked off in half-miles, being so small that it may +be carried in a pocket-book, yet so distinct as to admit of no doubt, +will however put an end to the very unpleasant state of uncertainty and +dispute in which all who ride in cabs are apt to find themselves +involved. + +CATALOGUES RECEIVED.--W. Waller & Son's (188. Fleet Street) Catalogue of +Choice, Useful, and Interesting Books; W. Heath's (497. New Oxford +Street) Catalogue No. 6. for 1851 of Valuable Second-hand Books; G. +Honnor's (304. Strand) List No. 7. of Cheap Second-hand Books; J. +Chapman's (142. 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By + JAMES ORCHARD HALLIWELL, F.R.S., F.S.A., &c. 2 vols. 8vo. + containing upwards of 1,000 pages, closely printed in double + columns, cloth, 1_l._ 1_s._ + +It contains about 50,000 Words (embodying all the known scattered +Glossaries of the English language), forming a complete key to the +reading of the works of our old Poets, Dramatists, Theologians, and +other authors, whose works abound with allusions, of which explanations +are not to be found in ordinary Dictionaries and books of reference. +Most of the principal Archaisms are illustrated by examples selected +from early inedited MSS. and rare books, and by far the greater portion +will be found to be original authorities. + +A DELECTUS IN ANGLO-SAXON, intended as a First Class-book in the +Language. By the Rev. W. BARNES, of St. John's College, Cambridge, +author of the Poems and Glossary in the Dorset dialect. 12mo. cloth, +2_s._ 6_d._ + + "To those who wish to possess a critical knowledge of their own + native English, some acquaintance with Anglo-Saxon is + indispensable; and we have never seen an introduction better + calculated than the present to supply the wants of a beginner in a + short space of time. The declensions and conjugations are well + stated, and illustrated by references to the Greek, Latin, French, + and other languages. A philosophical spirit pervades every part. + The Delectus consists of short pieces on various subjects, with + extracts from Anglo-Saxon History and the Saxon Chronicle. There + is a good Glossary at the end."--_Athenæum, Oct. 20, 1849._ + + GUIDE TO THE ANGLO-SAXON TONGUE, with Lessons in Verse and Prose, + for the Use of Learners. By E. J. VERNON, B.A., Oxon. 12mo. cloth, + 5_s._ 6_d._ + + [Star symbol] This will be found useful as a Second Class-book, or + to those well versed in other languages. + + BOSWORTH'S (REV. DR.) COMPENDIOUS ANGLO-SAXON AND ENGLISH + DICTIONARY. 8vo. closely printed in treble columns, cloth, 12_s._ + + "This is not a mere abridgement of the large Dictionary, but + almost an entirely new work. In this compendious one will be + found, at a very moderate price, all that is most practical and + valuable in the former expensive edition, with a great accession + of new words and matter."--_Author's Preface._ + + ANALECTA ANGLO-SAXONICA. Selections in Prose and Verse from + Anglo-Saxon Literature, with an Introductory Ethnological Essay, + and Notes, critical and explanatory. By LOUIS F. KLIPSTEIN, of the + University of Giessen, 2 thick vols. post 8vo. cloth, 12_s._ + (original price 18_s._) + + A LITTLE BOOK OF SONGS AND BALLADS, gathered from Ancient Musick + Books, MS. and Printed. By E. F. RIMBAULT, LL.D., &c. Post 8vo. + pp. 240, half-bound in morocco, 6_s._ + + ---- Antique Ballads, sung to crowds of old, + Now cheaply bought for thrice their weight in gold. + + BIBLIOTHECA MADRIGALIANA; a Bibliographical Account of the Music + and Poetical Works published in England in the Sixteenth and + Seventeenth Centuries, under the Titles of Madrigals, Ballets, + Ayres, Canzonets, &c. By DR. RIMBAULT. 8vo. cloth, 5_s._ + + CONSUETUDINES KANCIÆ. A History of GAVELKIND, and other remarkable + Customs in the County of KENT, by CHARLES SANDYS, Esq., F.S.A. + (Cantianus), illustrated with fac-similes, a very handsome volume, + 8vo. cloth, 15_s._ + + BRUCE'S (REV. J. C.) HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL ACCOUNT OF THE + ROMAN WALL FROM THE TYNE TO THE SOLWAY. Thick 8vo. 35 plates and + 194 woodcuts, half morocco 1_l._ 1_s._ + + +LEXICA + + ON SALE AT + WILLIAMS & NORGATE'S, + 14. HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. + + =Anglo-Saxon.=--ETTMUELLER (L.), LEXICON ANGLO-SAXONICUM cum + Synopsis Grammatica. Royal 8vo. 1851, 12_s._ + + =Arabic.=--FREYTAG (G. W.), LEXICON ARABICO-LATINUM acced. Index + Vocum Latinarum. 4 vols. 4to. 2_l._ 5_s._ + + ---- Abridged in one Volume. 4to. 16_s._ + + =Armenian.=--AZARIAN (A. and S.), ARMENIAN, ITALIAN, GREEK, and + TURKISH DICTIONARY. Royal 8vo. 1848. 18_s._ + + =Bohemian= and GERMAN POCKET DICTIONARY, by JORDAN. 18mo. 1847. + 8_s._ 6_d._ + + =Chinese.=--SCHOTT, VOCABULARIUM SINICUM. 4to. 1844. 4_s._ + + =Coptic.=--PARTHEY (G.), VOCABULARIUM COPTICO-LAT. et LAT.-COPT. + 8vo. 1844. 16_s._ + + ---- PEYRON, LEXICON LING. COPTICÆ. 4to. 1835. 2_l._ 2_s._ + + =Danish.=--FERRALL and REPPS, DANISH and ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Sq. + 8vo. 1845. 7_s._ + + ---- ENGLISH and ENGLISH-DANISH POCKET DICTIONARY. 18mo. 3_s._ + 6_d._ + + =Dutch.=--BOMHOFF, DICTIONARY of the DUTCH and ENGLISH LANGUAGES. 2 + thick vols. 12mo. boards, 1851. 20_s._ + + ---- The same abridged in one volume. 1848. 15_s._ + + ---- PICARD, ENGLISH and DUTCH POCKET DICTIONARY. 12mo. cloth. + 8_s._ + + =Finnish.=--RENWALLI (G.), LEXICON LINGUÆ FINNICÆ cum interpret. + Latin copios. brev. German. 2 vols. in 1, 4to. Aboæ, 1826. 21_s._ + + =Flemish.=--OLINGER, DICTIONNAIRE FLAMAND-FRANCAIS et + FRANCAIS-FLAMAND. 2 vols. royal 8vo. 1842. 24_s._ + + =French.=--BOISTE, DICTIONNAIRE UNIVERSELLE de la LANGUE + FRANCAISE, avec le Latine et l'Etymologie. 4to. 1847. 18_s._ + + ----FLEMMING AND TIBBINS, GRAND ENGLISH and FRENCH, and FRENCH and + ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 2 thick volumes, imp. 4to. 2_l._ 12_s._ 6_d._ + + =Frisian.=--RICHTHOFEN (K. v.), ALTFRIESISCHES WÖRTERBUCH. 4to. + 1840. (Published at 20_s._), 8_s._ + + ---- OUTZEN, GLOSSARIUM der FRIESISCHEN SPRACHE, 4to. 1837. 12_s._ + + =German.=--ADELUNG, WÖRTERBUCH der HOCHDEUTSCHEN MUNDART. 4 vols. + royal 8vo. 1793-1802. (Published at 37_s._), 21_s._ + + ---- HUSSE, HANDWÖRTERBUCH der DEUTSCHEN SPRACHE. Complete in 3 + thick vols. 8vo. 1833-49. 24_s._ + + =German-English.=--HILPERT'S GERMAN and ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 4 + vols. 4to. Strongly half-bound morocco (publ. at 4_l._ 12_s._), + 3_l._ 12_s._ + + ---- The ENGLISH-GERMAN PART. 2 vols. 4to. Half-bound morocco, in + one volume, 1_l._ 8_s._ + + ---- The GERMAN-ENGLISH PART. 2 vols. 4to. Half-bound morocco, in + one volume, 2_l._ 8_s._ + + ----FLUGEL'S OWN ENLARGED GERMAN and ENGLISH DICTIONARY, + containing Forty Thousand Words more than the late London or any + other edition. 2 very thick vols. 8vo. Cloth lettered. Leipsic. + (Published in Germany at 2_l._ 5_s._), 1_l._ 11_s._ 6_d._ + + =Gothic.=--GABELENTZ u. LOEBE, GLOSSARIUM der GOTHISCHEN SPRACHE. + 4to. 1843. 13_s._ 6_d._ + + ---- SCHULZE, GOTHISCHES GLOSSAR mit Vorrede v. JAC. GRIMM. 4to. + 1848. 18_s._ + + =Greek.=--BENFEY, GRIECHISCHES WURZEL-LEXICON. 2 vols. 8vo. + 1839-42. (Publ. at 27_s._), 13_s._ 6_d._ + + ---- PLANCHÉ, DICTIONNAIRE GREC-FRANCAIS. Composé s. l. Thesaurus + de H. Etienne. Royal 8vo. cloth, 1845. 17_s._ 6_d._ + + =Greek (Modern).=--SCHMIDT, DICTIONNAIRE + GREC-MODERNE--FRANCAIS--ALLEMAND. 8vo. 1838. 8_s._ + + ---- KIND, NEUGRIECH. u. DEUTSCH TASCHENWÖRTERBUCH. 18mo. 1842. + 3_s._ 6_d._ + + =Hebrew; Chaldae.=--GESENIUS, LEXICON MANUALE HEBRÆIC. et CHALD. + Ed. 2. Royal 8vo. 1848. 14_s._ 6_d._ + + ---- GESENIUS, THESAURUS PHILOLOG. CRIT. LING. HEBRÆÆ et CHALDEÆ. + Vols. I. to III. Part I. (all out). 4to. 1828-42. (Publ at 3_l._ + 4_s._) 1_l._ 15_s_. + + ---- KIMCHI (RAB. DAV.) RADICUM LIBER, seu Hebræum Bibliorum + Lexicon. 4to. 1848. 15_s._ + + WILLIAMS & NORGATE'S GERMAN BOOK CIRCULAR No. 28. contains New + Books and Books at reduced prices in all Languages. + + WILLIAMS AND NORGATE'S COMPLETE LINGUISTIC CATALOGUES.--A. + European Languages; B. Oriental Languages, are preparing for + publication. + + WILLIAMS & NORGATE have a very extensive collection of Grammars, + Dictionaries, and other Books for the study of all Languages. All + new works in this class of literature are imported immediately, + marked at the lowest prices, and are communicated to purchasers + for inspection where it is desired. + + 14. HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. + + + + +Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London: and +published by George Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan in the West, in the City of London. Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, November 15, 1851. + + + + + [List of volumes and pages in "Notes and Queries", Vol. I-IV] + + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Notes and Queries Vol. I. | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 1 | November 3, 1849 | 1 - 17 | PG # 8603 | + | Vol. I No. 2 | November 10, 1849 | 18 - 32 | PG # 11265 | + | Vol. I No. 3 | November 17, 1849 | 33 - 46 | PG # 11577 | + | Vol. I No. 4 | November 24, 1849 | 49 - 63 | PG # 13513 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 5 | December 1, 1849 | 65 - 80 | PG # 11636 | + | Vol. I No. 6 | December 8, 1849 | 81 - 95 | PG # 13550 | + | Vol. I No. 7 | December 15, 1849 | 97 - 112 | PG # 11651 | + | Vol. I No. 8 | December 22, 1849 | 113 - 128 | PG # 11652 | + | Vol. I No. 9 | December 29, 1849 | 130 - 144 | PG # 13521 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 10 | January 5, 1850 | 145 - 160 | PG # | + | Vol. I No. 11 | January 12, 1850 | 161 - 176 | PG # 11653 | + | Vol. I No. 12 | January 19, 1850 | 177 - 192 | PG # 11575 | + | Vol. I No. 13 | January 26, 1850 | 193 - 208 | PG # 11707 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 14 | February 2, 1850 | 209 - 224 | PG # 13558 | + | Vol. I No. 15 | February 9, 1850 | 225 - 238 | PG # 11929 | + | Vol. I No. 16 | February 16, 1850 | 241 - 256 | PG # 16193 | + | Vol. I No. 17 | February 23, 1850 | 257 - 271 | PG # 12018 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 18 | March 2, 1850 | 273 - 288 | PG # 13544 | + | Vol. I No. 19 | March 9, 1850 | 289 - 309 | PG # 13638 | + | Vol. I No. 20 | March 16, 1850 | 313 - 328 | PG # 16409 | + | Vol. I No. 21 | March 23, 1850 | 329 - 343 | PG # 11958 | + | Vol. I No. 22 | March 30, 1850 | 345 - 359 | PG # 12198 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 23 | April 6, 1850 | 361 - 376 | PG # 12505 | + | Vol. I No. 24 | April 13, 1850 | 377 - 392 | PG # 13925 | + | Vol. I No. 25 | April 20, 1850 | 393 - 408 | PG # 13747 | + | Vol. I No. 26 | April 27, 1850 | 409 - 423 | PG # 13822 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 27 | May 4, 1850 | 425 - 447 | PG # 13712 | + | Vol. I No. 28 | May 11, 1850 | 449 - 463 | PG # 13684 | + | Vol. I No. 29 | May 18, 1850 | 465 - 479 | PG # 15197 | + | Vol. I No. 30 | May 25, 1850 | 481 - 495 | PG # 13713 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Notes and Queries Vol. II. | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 31 | June 1, 1850 | 1- 15 | PG # 12589 | + | Vol. II No. 32 | June 8, 1850 | 17- 32 | PG # 15996 | + | Vol. II No. 33 | June 15, 1850 | 33- 48 | PG # 26121 | + | Vol. II No. 34 | June 22, 1850 | 49- 64 | PG # 22127 | + | Vol. II No. 35 | June 29, 1850 | 65- 79 | PG # 22126 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 36 | July 6, 1850 | 81- 96 | PG # 13361 | + | Vol. II No. 37 | July 13, 1850 | 97-112 | PG # 13729 | + | Vol. II No. 38 | July 20, 1850 | 113-128 | PG # 13362 | + | Vol. II No. 39 | July 27, 1850 | 129-143 | PG # 13736 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 40 | August 3, 1850 | 145-159 | PG # 13389 | + | Vol. II No. 41 | August 10, 1850 | 161-176 | PG # 13393 | + | Vol. II No. 42 | August 17, 1850 | 177-191 | PG # 13411 | + | Vol. II No. 43 | August 24, 1850 | 193-207 | PG # 13406 | + | Vol. II No. 44 | August 31, 1850 | 209-223 | PG # 13426 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 45 | September 7, 1850 | 225-240 | PG # 13427 | + | Vol. II No. 46 | September 14, 1850 | 241-256 | PG # 13462 | + | Vol. II No. 47 | September 21, 1850 | 257-272 | PG # 13936 | + | Vol. II No. 48 | September 28, 1850 | 273-288 | PG # 13463 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 49 | October 5, 1850 | 289-304 | PG # 13480 | + | Vol. II No. 50 | October 12, 1850 | 305-320 | PG # 13551 | + | Vol. II No. 51 | October 19, 1850 | 321-351 | PG # 15232 | + | Vol. II No. 52 | October 26, 1850 | 353-367 | PG # 22624 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 53 | November 2, 1850 | 369-383 | PG # 13540 | + | Vol. II No. 54 | November 9, 1850 | 385-399 | PG # 22138 | + | Vol. II No. 55 | November 16, 1850 | 401-415 | PG # 15216 | + | Vol. II No. 56 | November 23, 1850 | 417-431 | PG # 15354 | + | Vol. II No. 57 | November 30, 1850 | 433-454 | PG # 15405 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 58 | December 7, 1850 | 457-470 | PG # 21503 | + | Vol. II No. 59 | December 14, 1850 | 473-486 | PG # 15427 | + | Vol. II No. 60 | December 21, 1850 | 489-502 | PG # 24803 | + | Vol. II No. 61 | December 28, 1850 | 505-524 | PG # 16404 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Notes and Queries Vol. III. | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 62 | January 4, 1851 | 1- 15 | PG # 15638 | + | Vol. III No. 63 | January 11, 1851 | 17- 31 | PG # 15639 | + | Vol. III No. 64 | January 18, 1851 | 33- 47 | PG # 15640 | + | Vol. III No. 65 | January 25, 1851 | 49- 78 | PG # 15641 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 66 | February 1, 1851 | 81- 95 | PG # 22339 | + | Vol. III No. 67 | February 8, 1851 | 97-111 | PG # 22625 | + | Vol. III No. 68 | February 15, 1851 | 113-127 | PG # 22639 | + | Vol. III No. 69 | February 22, 1851 | 129-159 | PG # 23027 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 70 | March 1, 1851 | 161-174 | PG # 23204 | + | Vol. III No. 71 | March 8, 1851 | 177-200 | PG # 23205 | + | Vol. III No. 72 | March 15, 1851 | 201-215 | PG # 23212 | + | Vol. III No. 73 | March 22, 1851 | 217-231 | PG # 23225 | + | Vol. III No. 74 | March 29, 1851 | 233-255 | PG # 23282 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 75 | April 5, 1851 | 257-271 | PG # 23402 | + | Vol. III No. 76 | April 12, 1851 | 273-294 | PG # 26896 | + | Vol. III No. 77 | April 19, 1851 | 297-311 | PG # 26897 | + | Vol. III No. 78 | April 26, 1851 | 313-342 | PG # 26898 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 79 | May 3, 1851 | 345-359 | PG # 26899 | + | Vol. III No. 80 | May 10, 1851 | 361-382 | PG # 32495 | + | Vol. III No. 81 | May 17, 1851 | 385-399 | PG # 29318 | + | Vol. III No. 82 | May 24, 1851 | 401-415 | PG # 28311 | + | Vol. III No. 83 | May 31, 1851 | 417-440 | PG # 36835 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 84 | June 7, 1851 | 441-472 | PG # 37379 | + | Vol. III No. 85 | June 14, 1851 | 473-488 | PG # 37403 | + | Vol. III No. 86 | June 21, 1851 | 489-511 | PG # 37496 | + | Vol. III No. 87 | June 28, 1851 | 513-528 | PG # 37516 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Notes and Queries Vol. IV. | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol. IV No. 88 | July 5, 1851 | 1- 15 | PG # 37548 | + | Vol. IV No. 89 | July 12, 1851 | 17- 31 | PG # 37568 | + | Vol. IV No. 90 | July 19, 1851 | 33- 47 | PG # 37593 | + | Vol. IV No. 91 | July 26, 1851 | 49- 79 | PG # 37778 | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol. IV No. 92 | August 2, 1851 | 81- 94 | PG # 38324 | + | Vol. IV No. 93 | August 9, 1851 | 97-112 | PG # 38337 | + | Vol. IV No. 94 | August 16, 1851 | 113-127 | PG # 38350 | + | Vol. IV No. 95 | August 23, 1851 | 129-144 | PG # 38386 | + | Vol. IV No. 96 | August 30, 1851 | 145-167 | PG # 38405 | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol. IV No. 97 | Sept. 6, 1851 | 169-183 | PG # 38433 | + | Vol. IV No. 98 | Sept. 13, 1851 | 185-200 | PG # 38491 | + | Vol. IV No. 99 | Sept. 20, 1851 | 201-216 | PG # 38574 | + | Vol. IV No. 100 | Sept. 27, 1851 | 217-246 | PG # 38656 | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol. IV No. 101 | Oct. 4, 1851 | 249-264 | PG # 38701 | + | Vol. IV No. 102 | Oct. 11, 1851 | 265-287 | PG # 38773 | + | Vol. IV No. 103 | Oct. 18, 1851 | 289-303 | PG # 38864 | + | Vol. IV No. 104 | Oct. 25, 1851 | 305-333 | PG # 38926 | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol. IV No. 105 | Nov. 1, 1851 | 337-358 | PG # 39076 | + | Vol. IV No. 106 | Nov. 8, 1851 | 361-374 | PG # 39091 | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol I. Index. [Nov. 1849-May 1850] | PG # 13536 | + | INDEX TO THE SECOND VOLUME. MAY-DEC., 1850 | PG # 13571 | + | INDEX TO THE THIRD VOLUME. JAN.-JUNE, 1851 | PG # 26770 | + +------------------------------------------------+------------+ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, Number +107, November 15, 1851, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NOV 15, 1851 *** + +***** This file should be named 39135-0.txt or 39135-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/1/3/39135/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Library of Early Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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