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diff --git a/39010-8.txt b/39010-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..011b8c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/39010-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5733 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Historical View of the Philippine +Islands, Vol I (of 2), by Martinez de Zuniga + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: An Historical View of the Philippine Islands, Vol I (of 2) + Exhibiting their discovery, population, language, + government, manners, customs, productions and commerce. + +Author: Martinez de Zuniga + +Translator: John Maver + +Release Date: February 29, 2012 [EBook #39010] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORICAL VIEW--PHILIPPINE ISLANDS *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project +Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously +made available by the Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan +State University Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + AN + HISTORICAL VIEW + OF THE + PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: + + EXHIBITING + THEIR DISCOVERY, POPULATION, LANGUAGE, + GOVERNMENT, MANNERS, CUSTOMS, + PRODUCTIONS AND COMMERCE. + + + FROM THE SPANISH OF + Martinez de Zuñiga. + + + PUBLISHED AT MANILA, 1803. + + IN TWO VOLUMES. + + WITH + A NEW AND ACCURATE MAP OF THE ISLANDS, + FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. + + + TRANSLATED + BY JOHN MAVER, ESQ. + + + + VOL. I. + + LONDON: + PRINTED FOR J. ASPERNE, CORNHILL; AND NONAVILLE + AND FELL, NEW BOND-STREET: + By T. Davison, Whitefriars. + + 1814. + + + + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +The original, of which the following translation is offered to the +English reader, is, probably, the only copy which has yet reached this +country. Whether the chance which threw it in the way of the translator +may be deemed fortunate or otherwise must be left to the decision +of the candid public; but it appeared to him that the information +it contains respecting a Spanish colony, the most interesting of any +other to a British subject, supplies that desideratum so much wanted +in our language;--a correct view down to a very late period of the +Spanish establishments in the Philippines. + +The position of these islands, and, indeed, that of the eastern +Archipelago generally, whether considered in a political or commercial +point of view, is sufficiently important. They form the entrepôt +of Europe, India, China, the immensely extended regions of Spanish +America, the north-western coasts of the new, and north-eastern coasts +of the old world; and in the storms which at present convulse the +political atmosphere of Europe, as well as that of both the Americas, +it is not easy even to conjecture what may be their fate. + +The productions of these islands are various, and of a value and +importance unquestionably high. In the hands of an industrious +population, and under a fostering government, there is scarcely any +vegetable substance which, by slender exertion, they may not be made +to yield, whilst the choicest treasures of the mineral kingdom, lodged +beneath their irregular surface, minister largely to the cupidity, +and furnish materials for the more enterprising labours of man. + +Gold is in abundance; iron, steel, copper, lead, pitch and tar, hemp, +cotton, indigo, sugar, cocoa, pepper, betel, cowries, tortoiseshell, +mother of pearl and pearls, hides, coyar, tobacco, corn and rice +excellent and abundant, with a variety of other productions, contribute +to the wants of commerce; while in this enumeration will be found all +the articles which, with the aid of the finest building timber in the +world, are requisite for the construction and complete equipment of +ships of every description. + +The established intercourse of these islands with Japan and +China offers a ready transit for manufactures; and although it is +understood that the East India Company furnishes an adequate supply +of our woollen staple to the China market, we may yet fairly expect +that British enterprize will not overlook the advantages which the +opening of the India trade holds out in this quarter; nor will the +introduction of British manufactures into these islands, either with +an ultimate view to the above markets, or to those of Spanish America, +in any material degree interfere with the staple trade of the Company: +there is full scope for adventure in this new vineyard, and labourers +will not be wanting. + +The political jealousy, and the national and religious prejudices +of the Spaniards, have till lately opposed a bar to an extended +intercourse with the Philippines; but the tide which hitherto +has flowed in that direction seems of late to have commenced its +ebb. The events of the last twenty years have been in their nature +so extraordinary, and in their effects so powerful a solvent of all +the prejudices, fostered by ignorance and superstition, that the dawn +of a new day seems to open upon mankind. Let us hope that while these +clouds vanish before the morning sun, the great bonds of society will +remain unbroken, and that the liberties of Europe, and consequently +those of the world, will be fixed on a permanent foundation. + +The well-wisher to the temporal and eternal felicity of the human +race will hail, with becoming exultation, the opportunity which +it is hoped will now be offered of spreading the Christian faith, +and amicably and peaceably lending the reformed religion in aid of +the Catholic missions, to civilize the population of this extensive +portion of the eastern hemisphere. + +As a literary production, the original has probably little claim to +merit, the author conveying his matter in a style more monastic than +flowing; at the same time that he seems to be generally under the +influence of that bias, which an early seclusion from life entails +upon the mind, and upon which even his official opportunities of +intercourse with the best society in Manila seem to have had a very +limited effect. The translator has found him too often occupying +his pages with contentions between the respective religious orders, +insignificant in their nature even to a Spaniard, and so much more so +to the English reader, that he has taken the liberty of altogether +omitting them in the translation, except where connected with the +political affairs of the settlement; and although by these means +several of the chapters are reduced to almost nominal importance; +yet considering the division of the subject in this form as adopted +on fair grounds by the author, he hopes he will be deemed justifiable +in retaining it even with the sacrifice of something of appearance. + +Having said as much as he hopes can be urged against the original +production, the translator willingly advocates Zuñiga's cause +in respect to its intrinsic value, as giving to the public the +only correct view of this interesting settlement, purporting to be +brought down to the peace of 1763; but in fact, as we may reasonably +conclude, extended to the period of publication at Manila in 1803. From +information which may be fully relied on, it appears that Zuñiga may, +with more propriety, be deemed the editor than the author, as he was in +Manila, and superintended the publication in 1803; with the credit of +having only arranged for the press the papers of a deceased collector; +a conclusion justified by the circumstance of the work closing with +the peace of 1763, for there could not be any very solid reason for his +declining an account of the forty years intervening between that event +and the period of publication, had he himself been the author. If, +however, we are by these means without a detail of the actual events +which took place, it is probable we may have less cause for regret on +account of the very limited progress which we well know improvement, +or even amelioration, have been suffered to make under the Spanish +monarchy during the period in question. At any rate, we have grounds +for supposing that if any alteration, favourable or unfavourable, has +taken place, Zuñiga has contrived to weave it into the work; for it is +asserted by those whose residence renders them competent judges, that +the view he gives of the settlement is correct to the latest period. + +The origin and language of these islanders have engaged the attention +of our ablest orientalists. From certain similar characteristics in +the persons of the inhabitants of the interior, or aborigines of the +islands, they have hitherto had an African origin assigned to them; +and nearly from the same source (Madagascar), it has been supposed that +the Malay population has flowed, which has in a great measure inundated +the Archipelago, as well as some parts of the continental coasts. + +Similarity, or even approximation of language and manners +unquestionably offer great facilities in enquiries of this nature, +and they have accordingly been resorted to by all our oriental +physiologists in their researches respecting the eastern Archipelago; +and so far as regards the Malays and Malayan language, these researches +have been attended with corresponding success; but in respect to the +aboriginal language, or Tagalic, very slight attempts have been made +to trace it beyond the quarter in which it was found to prevail. Our +author has not failed to enter into the discussion, and from the +premises he lays down, not unreasonably, draws the conclusion that the +Tagalic language and original population of all the islands westward +of the coast of South America derive from that continent. + +It is certainly consonant to reason to presume that the aborigines, +or mountaineers of the interior of these islands, in their primitive +state, were more likely to change their residence (if intentionally) by +committing themselves to a favourable breeze blowing pretty constantly +in one direction from the eastward; or if in consequence of misfortune, +by finding their efforts unavailing to encounter an adverse wind, and +again reach their own coasts; than to suppose even with all the aid +the monsoons could afford them in an erratic navigation from Africa +through the Indian ocean to the Archipelago, that they should diffuse +themselves from that point in every direction over the South Sea, in +the face of an almost constant current of wind, blowing occasionally +with extreme violence. + +The Malay population most probably had its origin as stated. The +superior acquirements of that nation doubtless might enable them to +encounter those difficulties which have been mentioned, and either +by their extensive conquests, or acknowledged commercial activity, +to induce their language to be received as the general medium of +intercourse. On the subject of this language, and its different +dialects in these islands, some variety of opinion may be fairly +allowed to prevail; and Sir W. Jones, Dr. Wilkins, Mr. Marsden, +Mr. Raffles, and other authorities, may not be decided as to its +source; but it is generally allowed that the language spoken by +the Papuans, Samangs, and Negritos of the Philippines, and adjacent +islands, is totally different from the Malayan; and as Mr. Marsden +expresses himself, "presents a subject of research as curious as it +is obscure." + +This latter gentleman, in the ingenious introduction to his valuable +grammar of the Malayan language, says, that the large islands of this +archipelago have their own peculiar language spoken by the inhabitants +of the interior, while the Malayan is generally used in the districts +bordering on the coasts, at the mouths and on the banks of navigable +rivers, and has thence acquired the appellation of the Lingua Franca of +the east. The antiquity of this insular or original language, we are, +he says, without the means of ascertaining; but he well supports its +stability by the strong proof he adduces of Pigafetta's Vocabulary of +the Tidore language, in 1521, differing in no respect from that of the +present day. Mr. Marsden seems to conclude that the Malay population +of this archipelago has its root in Sumatra, the inhabitants of which +island claim immediate descent from some of the companions of Noah, +landed there from the ark; and both Mr. Marsden, and Mr. Raffles, +the present Governor of Java, assert, that the language spoken +in Sumatra differs in no material respect from that spoken in the +Malayan peninsula. + +Upon any occasion where additional light could be thrown upon the +subject of these islands, the translator has not scrupled to avail +himself of the best authorities for that purpose. The Voyage de +Sonnerat aux Indes orientales et a la Chine, edited and enlarged by +Sonnini, has been of great service in this respect, as containing +the most authentic information which was possible to be procured +by a foreigner, aided by every facility which the influence of the +court of France over that of Madrid could furnish, and entering upon +the undertaking with the express intention of seconding the views of +France on the colonial establishments of her European neighbours. + +The translator hopes that, on the whole, the notes and extracts will +not be found unimportant or useless. + +On the subject of the map of the Philippines, accompanying this +work, the translator trusts he will be excused expressing the +gratification he feels in presenting it to the world as the only +correct delineation of these islands in existence. A collection of +the existing authorities he found answered no purpose, as being at +variance not only with each other, but still more with the unpublished +manuscript, and other authentic information he derived from the most +competent private sources. To John Barrow, Esq. second Secretary, and +Captain Hurd, Hydrographer to the Admiralty, he feels greatly indebted +for the communications they favoured him with, and for amenity and +politeness which accompanied them. To the first eastern scholar in +this country, probably in Europe, Dr. Wilkins, Librarian to the East +India Company, he owes more obligations than he can express. He takes +this opportunity of expressing his gratitude for the kind assistance +afforded by Captain Horsburgh, Hydrographer to the East India Company, +who has had full opportunity, for the exercise of his practical and +theoretical acquirements as a navigator in the eastern Archipelago, +and who surveyed the western coasts of these islands, and in particular +the northern extremity of the island of Luzon; to him he owes the +correction of many errors, in respect to latitude and longitude, +which disgrace the existing charts; and to him likewise the map is +indebted, for a more perfect delineation of the coasts, and for the +disappearance of certain dangerous rocks which he has ascertained +to have no existence. From these sources, aided by the suggestions +of commanders in the India service, in regard to the nautical part, +and from John Guise, Esq. of Baker-street, whose residence of nine +years in Manila afforded him ample means of information respecting +the interior of Luzon, the map, it is presumed, may be deemed the +most correct extant. To this latter gentleman he has to acknowledge +further obligations on the score of the general information he has +kindly furnished. To his friend, John Jackson, Esq. whose literary +attainments do him so much honour, the translator is under particular +obligations for the kind assistance afforded him in regard to the +map. To Peter Guichenet, Esq. he feels particularly indebted, as well +as to another friend, for the permission to extract from his excellent +manuscript translation of Sonnerat as much as answered his purpose. + +The merit of a translator is very limited. He is answerable for +little beyond the actual transfusion of his author's meaning in +appropriate language: whatever the present translator has attempted +beyond this is contained in the notes, and is added with the hope of +rendering the publication as valuable as possible, and as replete with +information on the religious, moral, political, and commercial state +of these dependencies on the Spanish crown as the existing sources are +capable of furnishing. He lays it before the public with diffidence, +but with the hope that it will add to the stock of general knowledge; +equally useful to the moralist, the politician, and the merchant. + + + + + + + +PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. + + +CHAPTER I. + + Their Description--Productions and Commerce. + + +The Philippine Islands were so named by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, +in compliment to Philip the Second, when Prince of Asturias. They +originally were called the Western Isles, or the Archipelago of Saint +Lazarus, the name which Magellan gave them when first discovered by +him. These islands are numerous; their appearance on the map is that +of a large blanket full of holes and rents. The principal of them is +Luzon, so called, because at the doorway of each house stands a large +wooden mortar, which, in the language of the country, is called Losong, +and in which the Indians wash their rice. This island resembles the +arm a little bent, and in the part which corresponds to the elbow +is situated the city of Manila, on the shore of a fine bay, thirty +leagues in circumference, and which receives some considerable rivers, +among others the Pasig, which flowing from a large lake, situated +to the east of Manila, at the distance of three leagues, washes its +walls on the north side: its water is very soft and salubrious. + +Before the Spaniards arrived this district was occupied by the nation +Tagala, inhabiting many towns and mud villages, governed by petty +chiefs. It is now divided into various provinces, under the government +of their respective Alcaldes Mayores, who collect the royal tribute, +and administer justice among the Indians. At three leagues distance +from Manila, to the south-west, lies the port of Cavite, so called +from the word cauit, a fish-hook, to which the tongue of land on +which it stands bears a strong resemblance. Cavite is defended by an +indifferent fort, the governor of which is nominated by the court +of Madrid. It is likewise provided with a complete arsenal for the +accommodation, as well of the Acapulco ships, and a few small vessels +for the defence of the islands from the Moors, as for general use. + +To the north from the nation Tagala, we found the nations Pampanga, +Zambales, Pangasinan, Ylocos, and Cagayan. Each of these nations +formed a distinct community, with a distinct language, or dialect of +the same language, and was distributed in mud villages, having no +king or supreme head to govern them; but in lieu of that, a number +of petty chiefs, or rajahs, whose authority scarcely extended over +fifty or an hundred families respectively: after the conquest, each of +these nations was constituted into a province, governed by a Spanish +Alcalde Mayor. To the east from the nation Tagala are the Camarines, +whose district has been divided into two provinces, that of Camarines, +and that of Albay, each under an Alcalde Mayor. The greater part of +the island is mountainous; it is crossed from the north to the south +by an immense chain, from which diverge those ramifications that +spread through the whole island, in many cases even forming detached +mountains, like insulated cones in the midst of extensive plains. The +whole of this elevated part of the country occupying nearly all +the interior, is either a desert, or inhabited by a set of wretched +people who do not acknowledge the Spanish government. There are in +this island several volcanos, as that of Mayon, which is between the +provinces of Albay and Camarines. It has a sugar-loaf figure, and is +of such altitude that it may be discovered at an immense distance at +sea. The de Taal is of a similar form, and stands in the middle of a +large lake, called de Bombon; it exhibits sufficient proof that the +mountain in whose top the volcano was, while in its active state, +has sunk, remaining, however, still pretty much elevated above the +water. There are other volcanos, and many warm springs, indicating +the fermentation in the bowels of this island, from which, no doubt, +arise those earthquakes to which it is subject, and which, one day, +may produce new eruptions. We know that these volcanos at times throw +out ashes, stones, sand, water, and lava, inundating and destroying +the habitations, and rendering the fields a desert. + +To the south of Luzon lie the principal islands of Mindoro, Panay, +Marinduque, Negros, Masbate, Zebu, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, besides some +very small ones, the whole of which we denominate Bisayas, or Islas de +Pintados, Painted Islands, their inhabitants having been accustomed +to paint their bodies before our arrival in this quarter. All these +islands acknowledge the Spanish government, and pay tribute to the +king, which the corregidores, or Alcaldes Mayores of the provinces +into which they are divided, collect. More to the south from these +islands are Mindanao and Jolo. In Mindanao the provinces of Misamis +and Caraga are subject to the Spaniards: the rest of the island has +not submitted, and is engaged with Jolo and other islands in constant +hostility against them; and although there have been occasional +intervals of peace, they have been of short duration. + +For these two centuries past these islanders have been plundering +the coasts of our provinces, have taken an immense number of vessels, +pillaged many villages, burnt many towns, destroyed many inhabitants, +and made slaves of a very great number of the clergy, both Spaniards +and Indians [1]. + +We have in Mindanao the garrison of Zamboanga, with a Spanish governor, +to check these depredations; but as yet we have found little benefit +from this establishment. + +To the east of these islands, at the distance of three hundred leagues, +are found las Marianas, las Carolinas, and the islands de Palaos, +or Pelew. Of these, the Marianas alone are under the dominion of the +Spaniards. Here there is a governor, with a detachment of troops, +to overawe the Indians, and three Franciscan friars to instruct them +in the Christian religion. + +These islands have no other communication with the rest of the world +than what is afforded by the Acapulco ship, which, in returning to +Manila, touches there, with the portion of the revenue appropriated +to the support of this presidency. By this opportunity they likewise +receive wine for mass, grain, furniture, clothing, and a few other +necessaries; this obscure corner producing only horned cattle, hogs, +fowls, and a few vegetables, such as the bread-fruit and others, +which serve the inhabitants instead of bread. These supplies are +annually imported by the governor; and as there is no other store in +the island than his, the price he fixes is at his own option. From +this commerce he draws all his income; and under such oppression it is +not to be wondered at that this colony is as poor as the first day it +was discovered [2]. Rice, Indian corn, and wheat would grow abundantly +in these islands, but every attempt to raise them in any quantity, +has been rendered of no avail by the swarms of rats, which pour down +from the mountains, and sweep all before them. From the combination of +these political and natural causes, the situation of the inhabitants +of these islands is so miserable, that some of our historians would +persuade us, they entertain no wish to propagate the species, that +their children may avoid their unhappy lot. On this account, it is +added, the Indians diminish considerably in number; but this seems +to be a mistake, as the diminution of the Indians, if it may be so +called, may be rather attributed to the following cause. + +The population of the Marianas, independent of the native Indians, +consists of many from New Spain, some Philippine Indians, and some +Chinese, who come in the suite of the governors. These men being +married to women of the country, the children born of these marriages, +are registered by the friars on a list of casts, distinguished from +the Indian casts, from which it clearly appears that, in proportion +as these mixed casts have increased, the Indian casts must have +diminished, and, in all probability, in a short time this latter +cast will be annihilated, as has already happened in some of the +Spanish settlements. This being the case, we ought not to say the +Indians diminish but change their cast. With all these casts united, +our historians would wish us to believe, that there are, at present, +fewer inhabitants in the Marianas than formerly; but that cannot be +the case, since the Jesuits, in quitting these islands, left a greater +population than they found in the year 1738; and the Franciscans +report that that has increased progressively since. It is certain +the population does increase, as is clearly shewn by the lists of +the casts. Indeed the inhabitants of the Philippines have doubled +every century; and I believe it is the case with all the population of +America, although foreigners charge us, with occasioning the diminution +of the Indian population, by our oppressive and bad management, +quoting our own historians in support of the charge. It ought to be +recollected, however, that by these, the number of inhabitants which +the Spaniards found on their arrival, is considerably exaggerated, +whenever they are desirous of giving additional splendor to the +actions of the heroes they celebrate; and, on the contrary, when it +is their object to detract, they draw a very opposite picture, and, +attempting to diminish their numbers, assert that their diminution +is the consequence of oppression. From the amount of the tributes, +however, referred to by these historians, and levied at different +times, the evident conclusion is, that the Spaniards did not find +the tenth part of the inhabitants, which are now in existence. + +The geographical description of the Philippines is, that they are +in the torrid zone, between five and nineteen degrees of northern +latitude; the sun twice passes its zenith, and produces those vapours +which, descending in copious showers, and being again absorbed by the +earth, form fountains, hot springs, and large lakes. This rainy or wet +season lasts while we have the Sun to the north, that is, from about +May till September, and at times till the beginning of December, from +which latter period till May there is continual spring. The regular +winds are the north, the east, and the south-west, and they each +prevail between three and four months at a time, the change of one wind +for another, being attended with violent storms of thunder, lightning, +and, at times, whirlwinds. Indeed these storms are complete hurricanes, +which run all round the compass in less than twenty-four hours, tearing +up trees by the roots, and laying waste the whole country. These are +so frequent, that we may justly complain, considering our proximity +to the line, of the want of sufficient solar influence, to render +the climate of these islands more agreeable. It cannot be said that +we have oppressive heat in the Philippines [3]; there reigns throughout +the greater part of the year, a most beautiful spring, and if the +atmosphere were less moist, it would be the most delicious climate in +the world. To this moist atmosphere, and moderately warm temperature, +is joined of course a great fertility. The trees are always covered +with leaves, and the soil with vegetation. The harvests of rice are +most abundant; the plants shoot up with great beauty immediately, +but the luxuriance of the soil renders it necessary, continually to +clear away the weeds, which harbour many insects of a destructive +kind, and others so dangerous as to diminish greatly the comforts +and enjoyments of a country, which, in point of fertility, returns +one hundred fold of rice, the common food of the Indians. + +Rice is the principal production of these islands, and it was +cultivated to much greater extent before the Spaniards arrived here [4]. +They have likewise some pulse, as mongos, patani, kidney-beans, +and millet. The inhabitants breed up, under the same roof with +themselves, pigs, fowls, ducks, goats, and even buffaloes. In the +mountains there are many deer, and the woods and fields produce +all sorts of pigeons, small birds, quails, a species of partridge; +woodcocks, &c. Few are disposed to indulge themselves in this latter +kind of sporting; they apply themselves ardently to hunting the deer, +to which they are particularly partial. The sea abounds with very rich +fish, such as the pargo, the eel, the sole, the pampano, the mojarra, +the garropa, the shad, the tunny, the corvina, the tanguingui, and an +infinite number of others, caught either with hooks or common nets, +and likewise with a species of net very much used in these rivers, +and even out at sea, so constructed that the fish may enter, but are +unable to escape [5]. + +In this occupation the inhabitants of these islands take more +delight than in any thing else, as it is a pursuit which at once +indulges their indolent habits, and gratifies their partiality +to fish in preference to animal food. Throughout the country are +found many other productions, contributing to the support of life, +and which, though not so relishing as those enumerated above, are +probably better suited to their relaxed habits; and the pith of the +palm, shoots of the sugar-cane, green withs, and other succulent +productions, serve for food to those, who have no desire to labour +for their subsistence. They cultivate the bread-fruit, beans, the +cacauate, &c. and they pay particular attention to the palm tree, +from which they procure both a spirit and an oil, together with a +sweet-meat, which they call chancaca. There are few fruit-trees, +and those are bad, with the exception of the plantain, of which +there is a great variety, and all excellent and fine flavoured, +and the orange, of which there are two kinds. The mango, a very rich +fruit, it is imagined, the Spaniards imported from the coast of South +America. We finish our enumeration with the cultivation of a species +of the palm tree, which bears a very hard, little fruit of the form +of a green nut. This being cut, a highly scented kernel, or eye, +is found enclosed, which is called Itmo. This is laid in lime, to +make what they call Buyo, which being chewed, produces a red saliva, +together with a disorder in the mouth, to which they are so habituated, +that they are uneasy when without it. This custom prevails generally, +and even many Spaniards adopt it with great avidity. There are in +this country mines of iron and gold, but of little value, either from +the indolence of the natives, or the insignificance of these objects +to the Spaniards, affording too little profit in their commerce with +Acapulco to deserve attention. Gold is likewise, by washing, separated +from the sand, which the waters bring down from the mountains. + +In Paracale they work the mines in the same manner as they do in New +Spain, but the natives are so addicted to sloth, it is not possible to +render them so productive as those of South America. In the mountains +there is excellent timber for building ships or houses, and the canes +are of an immense size, very long, and as thick as a man's thigh; of +these latter the Indians construct their houses, covering them with +the leaf of the palm. They raise cotton for clothing, which they dye +various colours with logwood, indigo, and the achiote, a large tree, +whose seed is used for that purpose. There is great abundance of wax +and wild honey, amber, pearls, mother of pearl, marble, tar, brimstone, +and many other objects of less value in a commercial point of view. + +To these productions the Spaniards have added horses and horned +cattle, which have multiplied so much that they are to be found in the +mountains without an owner, and where those that want may supply their +wants at pleasure. They likewise introduced sheep, geese, grapes, figs, +wheat, pepper, coffee, cocoa, sugar, tobacco, and various species of +plants, which thrive so well, and produce so much, that the Indian, +with all his sloth, acknowledges the utility of cultivating them. + +There are, in these islands, some natural curiosities deserving +particular notice, such as the paxarillo, a species of small swallow, +which forms its nest chiefly of the froth of the sea [6], and which is +held in such estimation by the Chinese, as a principal dish at their +table, that they purchase it at any price. + +The Balate is a species of sea worm, which, likewise, is sold in +China at a high price. The Siguey, is a small shining shell [7], which +forms the current money of the Malays. The Tabon, is a bird, which +lays eggs similar to those of the turkey, burying them very deep in +the sand on the sea shore, and when hatched by the heat of the sun, +it tears away the sand that covers them, and the young come out. The +Caiman, is a species of crocodile; a large and uncouth animal, +the more curious in this respect, that it is produced from an egg, +of the same size as that of the duck. The Chacon, is a lizard, which +takes up its abode in the houses, and repeatedly articulates clearly +the word toco. The Calo, is a bird, which has a kind of hollow shell +in his head, and crows, at certain hours of the day, the same as the +cock. The Taclobo, is a large species of the oyster, the shell of which +will hold a pitcher of water; indeed they are used as vessels for holy +water in the churches. Our historians mention many curiosities even +more rare than these, but I do not enumerate them, as they seem to +have been ill informed on the subject, and I fear with good reason, +having been too much under the influence of the marvellous, they have +given credit to the Indians, who are always desirous of distinguishing +themselves by the relation of something very uncommon. + +With all these productions, the Indians formed a species of +commerce, or barter, among each other, still considering gold as +the representative of general value, or medium of exchange; they +were likewise in the habit of trading with the Chinese, and with +the Moors of Borneo, for flag-stones, copper, articles of furniture, +&c. but in very small quantities, their wants being necessarily few, +going almost naked, baking their rice in green canes, and eating it +with the leaf of the plantain. + +The Spaniards, soon after they came into possession of these islands, +commenced an extended commerce with India and China, which brought to +New Spain, a proportionable increase of profit; and in a little time, +Manila became so rich a colony, that it created a jealousy among +the merchants of Seville, and, in consequence of their petition, +its commerce was restricted. From this period it began to decline, +and to the great detriment of these islands, which cannot subsist +by the exchange of their own productions alone, these being very +limited in their nature, and incapable of much extension, surrounded +as they are by other nations, more industrious, and who can work at +a cheaper rate [8]. + +The luxuriant nature of the soil of these islands, has been much and +justly extolled, but, proper allowance has not been made, for the sloth +of the Indians, the hurricanes or tempests, which sweep every thing +before them, the destructive insects, the rats, and many other things, +which diminish greatly the fertility of these beautiful islands [9]. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER II. + + Of the Inhabitants the Spaniards found in the Philippines--their + Language, Customs, and Religion. + + +Our historians, affecting always the marvellous, divide into different +classes, the inhabitants the Spaniards found, on their first arrival +in the Philippines. They denominate them satyrs, men with tails, +sea monsters, and whatever else of the fabulous, is calculated to +raise wonder in the human mind. In reality, however, they found +only two classes, that which we know by the appellation of Negroes, +and that of the Indians. The Negroes are very small in stature, +and more of a copper colour than those of Guinea, with soft hair and +flat noses. They lived in the mountains, almost in a state of nature, +merely covering the forepart of the body, with a piece of the bark of +a tree; and they subsisted upon roots, and such deer, as in hunting, +they could kill with the bow and arrow, at which they were very +dexterous. They slept where night overtook them, and they possessed +no idea of religion or civilized habits, rather, indeed, ranking with +beasts than as human beings. The Spaniards, have at length succeeded, +in domesticating many of them, and converting them to christianity, +to which they give no opposition, so long as they get subsistence, +but if they are obliged to labour, for the maintenance of their family, +they return again to the mountains. + +The Negroes, without doubt, were the primitive inhabitants of +these islands, and they retired to the mountains, on the arrival +of the Indians. These latter, settling on the sea shore, continual +hostility prevailed between them, but the Indians were never able, +to establish themselves sufficiently, to be permitted, even to cut +wood in the mountains, without paying a tribute for it. At present, +the influence of the Negroes is very limited, but their antipathy to +their first invaders, continues unabated; for, if a Negro is killed, +or dies suddenly, it is customary for another, to bind himself to +his countrymen by an oath, that he will disappear from among them, +and that he will not return, until he has avenged the death of his +friend, by killing three or four Indians, to accomplish which, he +watches their villages, and the passes in the mountains, and if any +unfortunately stray from their companions, he murders them. + +The origin of these Negroes, some believe to be, from Angola [10], +though they are not so black as their ancestors, which it is pretended, +proceeds from the temperature of these islands being milder, and less +scorching than that of Africa. This possibly may be so, for it is +well known, that by changing, from a sultry to a temperate climate, +the blackness of the Negro may be diminished, in the course of a long +series of generations; yet, the flat nose, and using a dialect of the +same language, which the Indians of these isles speak, appears to +prove satisfactorily enough, that the origin of one and the other, +is nearly the same. The reason assigned, for their not being more +numerous, is, the influence of the rain, wind, sun, and all those +inclemencies natural to the climate, to which they are exposed; +the errors of the government, having reduced them to the condition, +almost, of wild beasts, in which we now see them [11]. The Indians +whom the Spaniards found here, were of regular stature, and of an olive +complexion, with flat noses, large eyes, and long hair. They all +possessed some description of government better or worse, and each +nation was distinguished by a different name; but, the similarity +of their dress and manners, proves that the origin of all of them is +the same. + +They had chiefs, who held their situations, either on account of +personal valour, or by succession to their fathers, where they +had abilities to retain it. Their dominion extended over one or two +villages, or more, according to the means they possessed, of extending +protection. They were continually at war with the neighbouring +villages, and continually making each other slaves. Out of these +wars, arose three classes of people; the chiefs or masters of the +villages, the slaves, and those whom the chiefs had enfranchised, +with their descendants, and who, to this day, are called Timavas, +properly signifying children of liberty. In some places, were found +Indians whiter than others, descended, without doubt, from Chinese +or Japanese, who had been shipwrecked on these coasts, and whom the +Indians, naturally hospitable, received, and allowed to intermarry with +them; and it is generally believed that the Ygorrotes of Ylocos, whose +eyes resemble the Chinese, must have originated from the companions of +Limahon, who fled to those mountains, when Juan de Salcedo compelled +him to his disgraceful retreat, from the province of Pangasinan. + +It is not, however, after all, easy to ascertain the origin of +these people, but their idiom throws some degree of light on the +subject. Although the languages these Indians speak, are many and +different, they have so much intercourse one with another, that it +may clearly be discovered, they are dialects of the same language, as +the Spanish, French, and Italian, are derivatives from the Latin. The +prepositions and pronouns, are nearly the same in all of them; the +numeral characters, differ very little, and they have many words in +common, and of one and the same structure. + +No doubt can be entertained, that the radical language, from which all +those dialects spring, prevails from Madagascar to the Philippines, +with local shades of difference. It is spoken too in New Guinea, +and in all the islands to the southward, in the Marianas, in the +islands of San Duisk, in those of Otaheite, and in almost all the +islands in the South Sea. In one collection of voyages, there are +given various vocabularies, with such corresponding terminations, +as the respective travellers, were able to distinguish among these +islands. It is remarkable, that in these almost all the pronouns, are +the same with those of the nation Tagala; the numerals, are common +to all the dialects, used in these islands, and most of the words +are the same, and with the same signification, as in the language +Tagala. But, I am the more inclined to believe the identity of +the dialects, from a conversation which I had with Don Juan Hovel, +an Englishman, who spoke that of San Duisk, and who had a slave, +a native of one of those islands. The structure, appeared to be the +same, as that of the languages spoken in the Philippines; and on the +whole, I feel confident in the opinion, that they are all dialects of +the same language, so widely diffused over so large a portion of the +earth. It is ascertained, that this language, is in common use for +many thousand leagues, extending from Madagascar to the isles of San +Duisk, Otaheite, and the isle of Pasquas, which latter, is not more +than six hundred leagues distant, from the coast of South America. Yet, +the Indians of the Philippines, do not understand the people of these +last mentioned islands, when they have occasional intercourse with +them; nor, even in these islands, do the inhabitants of one province, +understand those of another. So neither does the Spaniard understand +the Frenchman, nor the Frenchman the Italian. + +In the same collection of voyages, already referred to, we find +a vocabulary of only five terminations, which the Spaniards have +distinguished on the coast of Patagonia, and which they have been +able to assimilate to the language of these islands, and one of +those is the word balay, which in that country signifies a house; +and by this same word they designate a house among the Pampangos, and +the inhabitants of the Bisayas in general. This may be more matter of +accident than of proof, that the languages of one and the other is the +same; but on observing, besides this, that the proper names of places +about the middle of the continent of South America are very similar +to those of the Philippines, I endeavoured to procure a vocabulary +of this country, and did not fail to examine, with great diligence +and attention, the few words of the language of Chili which Ercilla +mentions in his Araucana, and which I found perfectly conformable to +the language Tagala. The name Chili is a derivation from this language: +the Cormorant is called Cachile, and this is a name which the Malays +give to the sons of their kings. Chilian, which is a town of Chili, +is a compound from the language of Tagala, in which language the +termination an gives the signification town. Thus from Cachile we +draw Cachilian, meaning a town, where there are cormorants. Mapocho, +which is the situation where the city of Santiago stands, is another +word of Tagalic composition, signifying a town, and pocquiot being a +kind of herb, we form the name Mapocquiot, a town in which there is +abundance of this herb. + +In Chili they frequently double the syllables in forming a word, +as ytayta, biobio, lemolemo, colocolo, &c. and this occurs in the +Tagala language; for instance, we say ataata, bilobilo, lebomlebom, +colocolo. A great many other words are either actually of Tagalic +derivation, or assimilate closely to that language. In examining the +structure of these two languages we are compelled to conclude that +they flow from one and the same source, and I dare affirm that the +Indians of the Philippines are descended from the aborigines of Chili +and Peru, and that the language of these islands derives immediately +from the parent source, those of the neighbouring islands being +dialects of this. Many will urge the absurdity of this supposition, +on the plea that the more immediate vicinity of the Philippines to +Malacca must have occasioned them to be colonized by the Malays, as +our historians generally assert. I do not deny that these islands +could easily have been peopled by the Malays, but how could they +colonize the Isles de Palaos and Marianas, which are distant more +than three hundred leagues? and it is still more improbable that +they colonized the islands of San Duisk and Otaheite, which are +distant two thousand leagues from the Philippines. All these people, +however, have the same language, the same manners and customs, and +consequently the same origin as our Indians. There is, in my opinion, +this other reason for supposing these latter islands could not be +peopled from the westward, viz. that in all the torrid zone the east +wind generally prevails, which being in direct opposition to the course +from Malacca and the adjacent islands, it is fair to conclude that the +inhabitants of all the islands of the South Sea came from the east, +sailing before the wind; for we have seen it often happen, that the +Indians from the Palaos have arrived at the Philippines, precisely +under those circumstances. On the contrary, we have no instance on +record, of any of the Philippine Indians having been, even by accident, +carried by the winds to the islands to the eastward. Indeed we know +the reverse of this to be true, since at times the most experienced +pilots, in attempting this navigation, have been compelled to return, +without falling in with the islands they went in search of, from the +necessity there is in the voyage of being provided with proper nautical +instruments. Here, therefore, we appear to have found the most probable +solution of our difficulties, that is, that the first settlers came +out of the east, we may presume from the coast of South America, +and proceeding gradually to the westward through the Pacific Ocean, +studded as we find it with islands, and clusters of islands, at no very +great distance from each other, and of course of easy access before +the wind, it follows that to whatever point, in an eastern direction, +we can trace the Tagalic language, we may conclude that at that point +emigration must have commenced. Some however dissent from this, on the +ground, that the mode of writing in use among the Malays, is similar +to that practised by the inhabitants of the Philippines. This consists +in forming the lines from the right to the left, like the Arabians, +Persians, &c. and not like the Chinese, Tartars, and Japanese, from +top to bottom. Their characters are totally different from ours; they +have only three vowels, a, e, u, and by placing a point, either above +or below the consonant, or leaving it without one, the corresponding +vowel is readily known, and equal facility given as if the vowels +were specifically inserted. Although they can write, they have no +written laws; decisions are made on traditionary law generally, but +too often by the right of the strongest. The Rajah, or chief, with +the assistance of some of the elders, decides in all civil cases; +but in criminal cases, the kinsmen are accustomed to compound with +the aggressor, for a sum in gold, unless in cases of murder, when the +only atonement admitted, is retaliation; and if the murderer is of a +different tribe or village, all the community of which the deceased was +a member, make a common cause, against the tribe or community of the +murderer, and numbers are generally made slaves on both sides. When +it is suspected that one man has robbed another, he is obliged to +draw a stone, from the bottom of a cauldron full of boiling water, +and if he does not accomplish this, which is the vulgar test, he is +fined in a certain quantity of gold, the greater part of which goes +to the Rajah or chief. Adultery is likewise punished with a pecuniary +fine [12], as is the crime of disrespect to the elders, but for fraud, +and cheating in their dealings, there is no punishment, and usury +is very general among them. Their matrimonial customs are peculiar; +they are allowed to marry only one woman, and although the principal +people have several concubines, yet they commonly are slaves. They +are accustomed to marry a relation (not a sister), with whom if they +find themselves unable to live, or if they become tired of her, they +return her to her parents, without their being required to assign a +cause for the divorce. The dowry given on the day of marriage is merely +restored: this dowry is of two kinds, and which the bridegroom always +pays. The one is called bigay suso, and is paid to the mother, as a +compensation for the milk, with which she nourished her daughter. The +other is called bigay caya, or green dowry, which is set apart for the +maintenance of the newly married couple, although very often, by the +expenses of the wedding and apparel, there remains little or nothing +for this desirable end. Besides these dowries paid by the bridegroom, +he is obliged, for some years, to serve the parents of the bride [13], +and assist them on certain days, particularly at the sowing of the +rice, and getting in the harvest. It is incumbent likewise, on all +the relations of the bridegroom, to behave with courtesy and respect +to the bride, and her parents and family, during these years of +service, and if they are guilty of any lapse in this respect, the +marriage is declared to be annulled, which is always very agreeable +to the parents of the woman, as a new suitor presents himself, and +they reap the benefit of a new service. The bridegroom, to console +himself for his sufferings, as soon as the term closes, and his +service is at an end, treats his wife as a slave; she is obliged +to work for the maintenance of the family, whilst the husband is +quite idle, and thinks herself happy, if, after having done this, +she is not beaten. The interest which the parents of the girl, +thus have in her disposal, is highly pernicious to morals; and we +have not succeeded to this hour, in the abolition of it, either by +the influence of royal edicts, or the regulations of the bishops, +by both of which, it is discouraged and prohibited. The ceremony of +marriage is performed, by sacrificing a hog, which a priestess slays +with a thousand grimaces; after which, she bestows many benedictions +on the parties, and an old woman presenting them with some food, +the ceremony is closed by many obscenities. Dancing, according to +their fashion, succeeds, and drinking the rest of the day ends the +feast, which is always proportionate to the circumstances of the +newly married pair. The principal contributions to this feast, arise +from presents made to the bride and bridegroom by their friends, +of which particular notice is taken, in order that similar presents +may be returned to the parties on a like occasion. + +In their religious ceremonies, they use neither idols nor temples; +their sacrifices are offered in arbours, which they raise for that +purpose. They have priestesses, whom they call babailanas or catalonas, +to whose function it belongs, to perform the sacrifices. The priestess, +taking a lance in her hand, with extravagant and ridiculous gestures, +works herself up to apparent frenzy, accompanied by foaming at +the mouth, when uttering something, which is received as prophecy, +she pierces the hog with the lance, and immediately distributes the +carcase among those present: the ceremony, as usual, is closed by +dancing and drinking. + +These sacrifices are offered to the infernal deities, as well as to the +souls of their ancestors, who they are taught to believe inhabit very +large trees, rocks of uncommon appearance, or any natural object which, +in point of magnitude or form, varies from the usual course. They are +so fully persuaded of this, that they never pass any object of this +description, without first asking the permission of its visionary +inhabitant, and to this hour the custom prevails. When any person was +dangerously ill, his friends offered up to their deities rice, wine, +and flesh, which was then given to the sick person, and which they were +of opinion would effect his cure, a custom even yet followed by some +people. They have many other superstitions, as that of the patianac, +a spirit or ideal being, whose employment or amusement consists in +preventing, by certain means peculiar to itself, the delivery of +a woman in labour. To counteract the malignity of this spirit, the +husband, fastening the door, reduces himself to a state of complete +nudity, lights a fire, and arming himself with his sword, continues to +flourish it furiously, until the woman is delivered. The tigbalang is +another object of which they stand in great awe. It is described as +a phantom, which assumes a variety of uncouth and monstrous shapes, +and interposes its authority, to prevent their performing the duties, +prescribed by our religion. + +These and other superstitions, formerly had extensive influence, +and are still resorted to by impostors, who find their account in +persuading those, who are silly enough to listen to them, that they +are able to cure them of dangerous illness, or to recover any thing +they may have lost, by having recourse to such absurdities; and so +much do the love of life, and our own individual interests prevail, +that although they believe these customs sinful, and although they +do not entirely give credit to their efficacy, yet they put them in +practice, because, they say, chance may be in their favour: this is +a proof that as yet they are very superficial christians [14]. Indeed, +all their religious impressions, seem rather the result of a slavish +dread, than the effect of rational piety. + +They practise no external adoration, and have no other form of address +to their gods, than what has been mentioned. They do not believe, +that the good will be rewarded, or the wicked punished, but they +acknowledge the immortality of the souls of the deceased, and that +they are capable of doing them mischief. They persuade themselves, +that these retain all the natural wants incident to the mortal state, +and accordingly, place on their tombs, clothes, arms, and food, and +on the fourth day, when the funeral ceremony is performed, a vacant +seat is left at the table for the deceased, whom they believe to be +actually present, though not obvious to sight. To prove this, sand is +strewed on the floor, on which the prints of the feet of the deceased +are often found. This may be presumed, to be the pious trick of some of +the friends, but it answers the purpose, of inducing a belief in the +actual presence of the party; and in order to deprecate the injury he +may do, offerings of eatables are made to him, and which ceremony, +is perfectly conformable, to the cowardly and timorous nature of +the Indians. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +ANNO DOM. 1519 to 1564. + + Comprising the Discovery of the Philippines. + + +After the conquest of the Americas, and discovery of the South +Sea, Hernando de Magellan, a Portuguese, affirmed there must be a +communication with that sea by the antarctic pole, and proposed to his +sovereign, to make the discovery by the route of the Moluccas. The +king, Don Manuel of Portugal, either not believing there was such +a passage, or prejudiced against Magellan, received his proposal +with contempt. This disgusted him, and he came into Spain, where, +at Saragossa, he was presented to Charles V., to whom he promised +the complete discovery of the Moluccas, and the adjacent islands, +within the Spanish line of demarcation, by a distinct route from +that used by the Portuguese, pursuing his object by the expected +antarctic passage to the South Sea. By the brief of Pope Alexander +VI., expedited at Rome the 4th of May 1493, Magellan secured a +patent, attaching such discoveries to the crown of Castile. This +brief enjoined, that the globe should be equally divided, by a line +drawn from the north, by the isles of the Azores, towards the south, +embracing the conquests, which formed the western boundaries of the +Atlantic; the portion to the west, to belong to the crown of Spain, +and leaving to the crown of Portugal, the hemisphere to the eastward +of this line. Having discovered the Brazils, however, and the king of +Portugal being desirous of preserving it, he requested his Holiness, +that the line might be drawn, four hundred and sixty leagues more +to the westward of the Azores, in order, that no other power, might +interfere with that valuable acquisition. The line was so drawn on +the map, and the Moluccas, were accordingly, placed out of the line +of territory, thus appropriated to the Portuguese, and within that +of Spain[15]: they were not able, however, at that time, to adjust the +other point as to the route; but the Cape of Good Hope, interposing +in their voyages to India, it was not doubted, that America might +be like this hemisphere, and finish also in a cape, and passage to +the South Sea. The desire of the Spaniards to take possession of the +Spice Islands, or, as they were called, the Moluccas, instigated them +to ascertain the truth of this conjecture; and a squadron of five +ships, was fitted out for that purpose, viz. La Trinidad, in which +Magellan himself embarked; San Antonio, La Concepcion, Santiago, and +La Victoria; the whole manned with two hundred and thirty-four men, +and paid and victualled for two years. + +Magellan sailed from Seville with this armament on the 10th of August +1519, and on the 13th of December he arrived at the Brazils, and +coasting the land in quest of the expected passage to the South Sea, +on Easter day, he entered the Bay of Saint Julian, in fifty degrees +of south latitude, where he intended remaining, finding the winter +had commenced in those regions. Here his people mutinied, upon an +idea that their provisions were exhausted, and that it was impossible +to discover the pass they were in search of. Magellan quelled this +mutiny; but immediately after understood, that another had broken out +in the ship San Antonio, and that the crew had murdered the commander, +and confined his cousin Alvaro de Mesquita, who was made captain +on the arrest of Juan de Cartagena. The leader on this occasion +was Gaspar de Quezada, whom he ordered to be hanged; and setting on +shore a Franciscan friar and Juan de Cartagena, on account of their +turbulent disposition, he sailed in prosecution of his voyage, by +the much desired pass to the South Sea. On the 1st of November 1520, +he discovered the straits which bear his name; and having occupied +twenty days in passing through them, he found himself in the South +Sea with three ships, the Santiago having been wrecked, and having +separated from the San Antonio, which his cousin commanded, and which, +by the route of the coast of Guinea, returned to Spain. Magellan, with +fair winds and pleasant weather, ploughed that sea, which never before +had been navigated. Uninterrupted in the pursuit of his object, he +discovered, on the Sunday of Saint Lazarus, a great number of islands, +which he named the Archipelago of Saint Lazarus; and on Easter Day, +he arrived at the island of Mindanao, where he ordered the first +mass which was said in the Philippines. This took place in the town +of Batuan, in the province of Caraga, where he set up the cross, +and took possession of these islands, in the name of the King of Spain. + +From Batuan, Magellan proceeded to Zebu, and, in passing the island +of Dimasaua, he formed an alliance with its chief, who accompanied +him to Zebu. The inhabitants of Zebu, received him with such kindness, +that their king, Hamabar, his whole family, with the chief of Dimasaua, +and many of the people of the island, were baptized. The King of Mactan +alone, a very small island in front of the town of Zebu, resisted +the Spaniards, and was sufficiently confident in his strength, to +challenge Magellan, who was weak enough to accept the challenge. He +selected for the enterprize fifty Spaniards, who attacked the Indians +in morasses, the water up to their breasts, and approached so near +them, that Magellan was wounded with an arrow, and died on the field +with six other Spaniards, the rest saving themselves by flight. + +The friar Calancha, an Augustine, remarks in his history of Peru, +that all those engaged in the discovery of the South Sea, came to no +very enviable end: for, that a seaman of the name of Lopez, who was +the first that beheld it from the mast-head, renounced his faith, +and turned Moor. Basco Nunez de Balbua, who took possession of those +regions, lost his head; and Magellan himself, finished his days in the +abovementioned manner. I can add, that almost all those, who have been +concerned in the discovery of the Philippines, have suffered so much, +that the history of these islands, forms a tissue of tragedies. + +On the death of Magellan, the Spaniards chose Juan Serrano as +Commander of the expedition; and, alarmed at their defeat at Mactan, +they remained on board their ships, apprehensive of the treachery of +the other Indians. In fact, the people of Zebu, began to think lightly +of the strangers, whom they had hitherto considered as invincible, +and proceeded to plan their destruction. Abundantly deceitful by +nature, they concealed their designs, and succeeded in persuading +our General to be present, with twenty-four Spaniards, at a feast, +which the chief of Zebu had prepared for him. In the middle of the +feast, a great number of armed Indians, whom Hamabar had concealed, +rushed in, and murdered them all, Serrano alone excepted, who escaped +to the sea side, and implored the assistance of his companions; but +they, fearful of some new treason, were witnesses of his massacre, +which the Indians effected in view of the squadron, without their +attempting to relieve him, or revenge the injury. Juan Carvallo now +became General of the armament, and he resolved to go from thence, +in search of the Moluccas: he burned the ship Concepcion, as he had +not men sufficient to man her, and sailed from Zebu with the Trinidad +and the Victoria. On the 8th of November he arrived at Tidore, one +of the Moluccas, and was well received by its chief, who granted him +a factory for the purpose of collecting cloves, &c.; and on the 21st +of December, he loaded the two ships with spices, preparing for the +return to Spain. Gonzalo Gomez de Espimosa commanded the Trinidad, and +it was his intention to proceed to Panama, but he was captured by the +Portuguese. Sebastian del Cano, went in the Victoria, by the way of the +Cape of Good Hope, and, after losing many of his crew on the voyage, +arrived at San Lucar de Barrameda, with only eighteen people, on the +7th of September 1522, three years from the time of their departure +from Seville. He was thus the first, who had sailed round the world; +and on this account, among other honours, the Emperor gave him for +his arms, a terrestrial globe, with this motto, Hic primus geometros. + +The account which Sebastian del Cano gave of the expedition, induced +the Emperor, to send other armaments to the Moluccas. The first was +that of Esteban Gomez, who proposed, by the way of Newfoundland, to +discover a shorter passage to the South Sea. A squadron was accordingly +despatched in the year 1524; but in a little time, news was received of +its dispersion by bad weather. In the year following, Don Fray Garcia +Jofre de Loaysa, was despatched from Corunna with seven ships, well +appointed with good officers, and four hundred and fifty picked men; +among these was Andres de Urdaneta, who afterwards became a friar of +the order of San Augustine, and directed the expedition of Legaspi +to these islands. They passed the Straits of Magellan, with the loss +of one ship, and entering the South Sea, they encountered so severe +a storm, that the whole squadron was separated. Loaysa pursued his +course; and in a short time afterwards died. By order of the Emperor, +Sebastian del Cano was to succeed to the command, but he surviving +only a few days, it devolved on Martin Yañez, a Biscayan. They arrived +at Tidore on the 31st of December 1526, as did, in a short time, the +remainder of the squadron, with few men, and those unserviceable. Here +they found, that the Portuguese had declared war against the chief +of Tidore, for having entertained the squadron of Magellan, and it +was deemed on our part proper, to undertake the defence of those +benefactors of the Spaniards. They had several encounters with the +Portuguese, but of no moment, and few were killed on these occasions; +but the number of sick increased considerably, from the length and +hardships of the voyage; and from the humid nature of the climate, +the whole were threatened with rapid dissolution; being therefore +already reduced to one hundred and twenty, they constructed a fort, +and surrounding it with a palisade, placed themselves under the +command of Hernando de la Torre, who was chosen General after the +death of Martin Yañez. + +In this situation, were the remains of the armament under Loaysa +found, when the Viceroy of Mexico, by orders from court, despatched +to Molucca three ships, under the command of Alvaro de Saavedra, +who arrived at these islands, by the route of the Ladrones, now +called Marianas, of which he took possession, in the name of his +Majesty the King of Spain, in the year 1528. Saavedra pursued his +voyage to Tidore, where he found the hundred and twenty Spaniards, +shut up in their fortress. They considered him, as an angel sent +to their relief, in the extremity of misery: but this joy was of +short duration, new quarrels springing up with the Portuguese, who +had succeeded in destroying, nearly all the Spanish ships. They at +last, however, commenced their voyage to New Spain. Twice they made +the attempt, twice they were driven back; and they suffered so much, +that the General, with many of the crews, fell a sacrifice; the few +that remained, being compelled to submit to the Portuguese. This +was a most lamentable conclusion of the expedition; but all our +squadrons, having represented the Moluccas as extremely valuable, +on account of their spices, war was on the point of being declared, +between the two kingdoms, about the possession of them. The Spaniards +alleged, that it could not be denied, these islands were in the line +of demarcation of Spain; and the Portuguese, were unwilling to quit +the spice trade, of which they were in possession, and which so much +enriched the mother country. These differences were adjusted about +the year 1529, the Emperor, renouncing his right to the Moluccas, +for three hundred and fifty thousand ducats, by way of loan, advanced +by the King of Portugal. + +Thus abandoning the Moluccas, the Emperor turned all his thoughts +to the conquest of the Western Isles, or Philippines. He despatched +instructions to the Viceroy of Mexico, to send a squadron for that +purpose, with directions not to stop at the Moluccas, in order to +avoid creating jealousy among the Portuguese. In obedience to these +orders from court, the Viceroy immediately fitted out five ships in +the Puerto de Natividad, and nominated as Commander of the expedition, +Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, directing him, to take with him four Augustine +friars, for the conversion of the conquered inhabitants. The squadron +sailed on the day of All Saints, in the year 1542, and arrived safe +off the Philippines; but they were driven so much to leeward, by the +south-west monsoon, prevalent at that time, that they were compelled +to anchor at the island of Sarragan, which lies on the opposite coast +of Mindanao, and at forty leagues distance. In this miserable island, +they suffered so much from hunger, that Villalobos sent some of the +smaller vessels, in search of provisions, to the other islands: but, +their return being delayed beyond his expectation, he resolved to sail +for the Moluccas, though it was in direct opposition to his orders, +without having effected any other object, than administering baptism to +one child. The Portuguese received him very ungraciously, and compelled +him, immediately to make the best of his way to Spain. In passing +Amboyna, he died of a deep melancholy, arising out of the disasters +of the expedition, and the idea of having disobeyed the orders of +his sovereign, which were, on no account to visit the Moluccas. By +the death of the General, the whole armament was deranged; indeed it +was, eventually, almost all annihilated; and the few Spaniards who +remained, found means to embark in different Portuguese ships. The +Augustine friars went to Goa, from whence they found a passage to +Europe, and arrived at Lisbon in August 1549, seven years after they +had departed from the Puerto de Natividad. + +As his Catholic Majesty, was fully determined on the conquest of the +Philippines, it is necessary to notice the title, by which he laid +claim to them. Our writers have brought forward a number of arguments, +to prove the right, which the Kings of Spain have to the Americas, +and the islands they have conquered; but I find them very superficial, +and only one incontestable document, by which our sovereigns hold +these dominions, that is, the concession of the Roman Pontifs. It +is now the received opinion of churchmen, that the Popes have not +the power to make such grants, but at the period in question, the +contrary opinion prevailed, and was generally acknowledged in the +schools. Supported by this idea, then so universal, the Papal See, +granted to the respective Kings, not only what they conquered, but, +as we have seen, assumed the right, of even partitioning the globe. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +ANNO DOM. 1564 to 1565. + + Of the Conquest of Zebu, and Discovery of the Route to New Spain. + + +The glory of conquering the Philippines, was reserved for his Catholic +Majesty Philip II., by means of, the valour of Miguel Lopez de +Legaspi, the prudence of the Augustine friars, and the skill of one +of those friars, Andres de Urdaneta, who had been a captain in the +armament of Loaysa, but subsequently took the habit of San Augustine +in Mexico, in the year 1552. His Majesty issued an edict, encouraging +and recommending an expedition, to be sent by the Viceroy of Mexico, +to the western isles. Friar Urdaneta acquiesced in the will of his +sovereign, and the Viceroy chose five other religious of the same +order, viz. Andres de Aguirre, Martin de Rada, Lorenzo Ximenes (who +died in the Puerto de Natividad), Diego Herrera, and Pedro Gamboa, +with the view to a spiritual, as well as temporal conquest. This +squadron was composed of two ships, one small galleon, and a patache +(a vessel so called). The command was given to Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, +a noble Biscayan, from whose valour and prudence, the Viceroy expected +greater results, than had been obtained from the other expeditions. The +fleet sailed from Puerto de Natividad on the 21st November, 1564, +with sealed orders; and when about a hundred leagues from the coast, +the seals being broken, they found directions to proceed to these +islands. Urdaneta had formed his plan, on the idea conceived by the +Viceroy of first making New Guinea, but, obliged to conform to the +royal instructions, he shaped his course nearly due west, in order to +arrive at the ninth degree of latitude, and from thence to run direct +west, to demand the submission of those islands, which lie between +the ninth and tenth degree, passing by the islands of Arrecifes and +Matalotes, together with those of La Nublada and Rocapartida, the two +latter being too far out of the track. On the 31st of December, the +patache separated, as if by accident, and never rejoined the squadron; +Don Alonzo de Arellano was her commander, and Lopez Martin, a Mulatto, +the pilot; and there was reason to believe that the separation was +intentional, as it afterwards proved, that they went to Mindanao, +where, taking in a cargo of gold and spices, they proceeded to New +Spain. The squadron pursued its course, and on the 9th of January, +1565, discovered an island, which Legaspi called Barbudos, because +the inhabitants wore longer beards than the other Indians. On the +22d they discovered the islands Ladrones, where they remained some +days, taking in water and purchasing fresh provisions, which they +procured from the Indians, in exchange for European commodities, +especially iron, an article in great esteem with them. These Indians +pilfered whatever they could lay their hands on, and assaulted our +people while procuring water; yet, many Spaniards were desirous of +remaining among them, and petitioned the General to found a colony +there, and despatch a ship to Acapulco for that purpose; but having no +orders to that effect, he prosecuted his route on the 3d of February, +and on the 13th discovered the Philippines. At Tandaya, and Abuyo, +he attempted to make an amicable arrangement with the inhabitants, +for provisions, making presents to them, and promising, that he would +pay liberally for every thing; but he could only procure one fowl +and one egg. The stock of provisions, was now, however, becoming so +short, that he deemed it necessary, to run in more among the islands, +in search of a supply. They arrived at Bohol, and found the Indians +had retired to the mountains. They had behaved so kindly, in selling +provisions to those, whom Ruy Lopez de Villalobos had sent for that +purpose, that Legaspi was astonished at their reserve, and could not +conceive the cause of this change, until the pilot of a Bornean vessel +discovered it. This vessel was taken by Colonel Matheo del Sauz, +in the following manner. The General, had sent him to reconnoitre +the vessel, and the Borneans, little acquainted with Europeans and +their customs, and believing they came to make prisoners of them, +received them in a hostile manner with their cannon [16], killing one +soldier, and wounding twenty. The Colonel returned their fire, and +killed their captain; when part of the crew escaped, in a small boat, +which they carry in the prow of their junk (the name they give their +vessels), and the pilot, with six men, delivered themselves up, without +further resistance. All this having taken place, without the knowledge +or participation of the General, he was extremely solicitous, to do +away the ill impression, which the transaction might make, and ordered +them to restore the junk, with all the effects which they had taken; +and which conduct so satisfied the Borneans, that they immediately +declared publicly, they should interest themselves particularly, in +favour of the squadron. They informed Legaspi, among other matters, +that about two years since, some Portuguese of the Moluccas, had +landed on their island, had been guilty of great extortion, and had +done considerable injury to the inhabitants; and as they could not +distinguish between the two nations, they had imagined that the people +of his squadron were Portuguese. + +Legaspi was aware, that it was necessary, above all things, to +undeceive the Indians in this respect; he, therefore, earnestly +requested the pilot of the Bornean vessel, to go on shore, and effect a +reconciliation with the natives of Bohol, bringing on board the Rajah +of the island, if possible. The Moor, in gratitude to the Spaniards, +exerted himself, and returned on board with the Rajah, Sicatuna, who +was persuaded to enter into an amicable understanding with them, to be +consecrated and confirmed, in the manner usual with these islanders, +which is thus; the parties entering into a treaty of friendship being +bled at the arm, and the blood mixed with a little water, or spirit, +they reciprocally drink each other's blood, so diluted, in token of +amity. Legaspi, with this view, sent a soldier of the name of Santiago +on shore, to go through the ceremony with Sicatuna; but the latter, +thinking it below his dignity, to allow his blood to be drawn, with any +but that of the General, ordered his son to take his place, promising, +that the day following, he would proceed on board, and be bled with +the General. Sicatuna, jealous of the intentions of the Spaniards, +requested, that whilst he was on board, two Spaniards and two Moors of +Borneo, might be sent on shore, as hostages for his safety; on this +being likewise adjusted, he allowed them to cut wood in the mountains +of Bohol, for refitting their ships; and in ratification of the whole, +he was bled with the General the following day. Legaspi, in the belief +that Sicatuna was King of the island, on this account consented to the +ceremony; and although he afterwards understood, that the dominion of +the Rajahs of this country, extended over a few small villages only, +where they exercised the power, their valour gave them over their +countrymen, he had no reason to repent of what he had done; for, +in consequence of it, the Indians became free from apprehension, +and supplied the squadron with the refreshments, it stood so much in +need of. + +Legaspi paid well for every thing they brought; and, at length, +procured sufficient provisions, to be in a situation to despatch one +ship to New Spain, but was unable to accompany it; and he did not wish +to have recourse to violence, to procure a larger supply, thinking +that unjustifiable and unwise, except in case of extremity. With the +people of Zebu, he was inclined to conclude, he should be obliged to +have recourse to arms, unless they supplied him, on friendly terms, +with provisions; and he intended to use, as a pretext for hostilities, +their treachery against the squadron of Magellan. He resolved, +therefore, to go to this island, in quitting that of Bohol, with the +inhabitants of which, a cordiality had subsisted from the first; and +as a proof of his sense of their conduct, he settled every account +with them, most honourably. To this justice and prudence of Legaspi, +may be attributed the easy conquest, the Spaniards made of this island, +against whose natives, they seldom have been obliged to use fire-arms. + +On Easter day, the 22d of April, Legaspi accordingly sailed from +Bohol, and on Friday the 27th, he arrived at Zebu, when he immediately +despatched an interpreter named Pacheco, to propose amity with the +natives, and that the Rajah might be sent to conclude the terms. Tupas, +who was then King of Zebu, immediately sent some of the chief men, +requesting Legaspi would not fire his artillery, which would alarm +the town: and he promised to see the General, although he had no such +intention, merely wishing to gain sufficient time, for the inhabitants +to retire into the mountains, with all their moveables. It appearing +the following day, that Tupas did not comply with his promise, three +notifications were, in the space of two hours, sent to him by a notary, +accompanied by Friar Urdaneta, who had the title of Protector of the +Indians; but he paid no attention to this, and placed troops on the +shore, and in canoes, to resist the landing of the Spaniards. Legaspi +then determined on the assault, and ordered his men to fire on the +canoes and Indians, who were posted to oppose them; but they retreated +with such rapidity, that when the Spaniards leaped on shore, no enemy +was to be seen. They followed them to the town, and found it in flames, +the moveables having been taken away, and carried to the mountains, and +little of any value remaining. The soldiers plundered those houses, +which as yet, were not on fire, and among some things of little +importance, they found a jewel, consisting of the image of a child, +which they understood, was an object of adoration with the Indians, +and which is at this day, in the church of San Augustine de Santo +Niño of Zebu. The Indians, it appeared, had been in possession of +this image, from time immemorial; and they were accustomed, when they +wanted rain, to make a solemn feast, and public supplication to it, +and, carrying it to the sea side, they immersed it in the water until +it rained; honours or stripes, followed the concession or refusal, +of what they had petitioned for, and it was believed among them, that +this Santo Niño was the cause of the disgrace of Magellan. At first, +the Spaniards found very few eatables in Zebu, but continuing their +search, they stumbled upon thirty fanegas of rice, and some millet. In +returning from the town, they encountered three hundred armed Indians; +but upon our musquets being fired, they fled immediately. The General +established his camp on the sea shore, and took out the Royal treasure +which came in the Capitana, in order to be enabled to examine her +bottom, and put her in a proper state, for her return to New Spain. The +Spaniards found themselves perfectly secure in this encampment, in +the day-time, because the Indians dared not attempt to molest them, +through fear of their fire-arms; but at night, they occasioned them +continual alarms, and on several occasions, set fire to their camp, +doing however, little damage to the soldiers, who were defended by the +palisades. The General however, in consequence of this, ordered the +whole to be destroyed, and built a fort, which at once checked all +further attempts. As yet, Legaspi kept on the defensive, expecting +that Tupas would soon arrive, with whom he was desirous of being in +amity, with a view to the conquest of the island by fair means. After +repeated messages he at last appeared, accompanied by another chief, +called Tamayan. Legaspi received them with cordiality, treated them +handsomely, and, in the name of his sovereign, forgave the treachery, +they had been guilty of towards Magellan. They made many excuses for +their conduct, and promised that in three days they would return, with +all the principal people, and establish a friendly intercourse with +the Spaniards. These people will readily promise, whatever is demanded +of them, but without any intention of performing their promise. Tupas, +though King of the island, did not appear better entitled to respect, +than any of the rest, and thought nothing of breaking his word, +always, however, making some excuse on the succeeding visit. + +Notwithstanding the peaceable demeanor of the Indians, the General +ordered, that no one should be permitted to quit the camp, as he +apprehended an ambuscade, which might have a fatal issue. This, +in fact, happened to Pedro de Arana, one of Legaspi's aides-de-camp, +who, disregarding this order, passed the lines alone with his gun, and +before he was able to save himself, he was run through with a lance, +and his head cut off, and carried on board a parao, which was lying at +a little distance. The General felt the loss of Pedro de Arana much, +and gave orders to the Colonel, to chastise the insolence of the +Indians, and reduce them. Whilst the Colonel was employed in this +expedition, the General, who had been accustomed to sleep on board +ship, determined to pass his nights on shore in future, through some +distrust he entertained, of the officers of the navy, and ordered, +that his aides-de-camp should keep guard over him. They did not +relish the thoughts of this, persuading themselves, they would be +degraded, by obeying the orders. The day following therefore, at a +general review of the force, Pedro Mena, in the name of the whole, +came forward, and, with very little ceremony, intimated that they +would not keep guard, as it was the duty of the privates. The Colonel +reprehended them sharply, suspended them, and struck them out of +the list of aids-de-camp of the General. This punishment for their +insolence, though fully merited, exasperated them to such a degree, +that they set fire to their tents, and had nearly burnt all the effects +belonging to his Majesty. The principal perpetrators of this crime, +were Pedro de Mena, and Terresan, who were executed the following day, +and by this act, the subordination of the rest was secured. + +The ship Capitana, was by this time prepared, for her voyage to New +Spain. Her commander was Phelipe de Salcedo, grandson of the General; +and there went in her, the friars Andres de Urdaneta, to conduct her +to New Spain, and Martin de Aguirre, to solicit assistance for the +conversion of these islanders. They sailed from Zebu on the 1st of +June, 1565, and reaching the 36th degree of latitude, in search +of the north-west winds, they directed their course to Puerto +de la Natividad, where they arrived, after a four months voyage; +but considering the distance of this port from Mexico, they pushed +forwards to Acapulco, which was nearer, and they arrived there on the +30th of October. In Mexico, their arrival occasioned much exultation, +as they were considered to be lost, by the accounts which had been +given, by the Captain Arellano and the pilot Lope Martin, who, three +months before, had arrived at Puerto de la Natividad. The friars +Urdaneta and Aguirre went to Madrid, where they met with Arellano, +who was soliciting a reward, for the discovery of the track from the +Philippines to New Spain. He had persisted in his pretensions, till +the arrival of these friars, when he altered his tone; he was put in +confinement, and ordered to Mexico, to be from thence sent to Manila, +to be punished by Legaspi as his conduct deserved. The Mexicans, +however, were of opinion, that he should not be sent to Manila, until +the death of Legaspi was ascertained. The friars Urdaneta and Aguirre, +having favourably completed their mission, embarked for Mexico, where +Urdaneta died on the 3d of June, 1568, in the 70th year of his age. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +ANNO DOM. 1565. + + Of the complete Conquest of the Island of Zebu, and of some Towns + in other Islands. + + +The day following that, on which the Capitana sailed, a Moor of Borneo, +called Cid Hamal, established in this island, arrived in our camp. He +recommended it to the General, to invite Tupas to a conference; +and upon this being done, he accordingly presented himself a second +time, with some of the chief men of the island, and the conference +terminated, in their resolution to preserve a good understanding with +the Spaniards. They paid homage to the king of Spain, promising, that +the squadron should be supplied with provisions, at the price usual +among themselves, and granting land, and every means of founding a +Spanish city, with fortifications for its defence. Amity thus restored, +the Indians began to re-build their town, and a very short time, +exhibited the pleasing sight, of the individuals of two different +nations, establishing themselves at a little distance from each other. + +The Zebuans lost all apprehensions of the Spaniards, and came to +their town to sell fruit, goats, and provisions. Among the least +reserved was Tupas, who, under the pretext of accompanying other +chiefs, visited the General, making him presents; and so contrived +that his women should visit him likewise, dressing themselves in rich +clothes, with ear-rings and bracelets of gold on the feet and arms, +and accompanied by a great concourse of men and women; which visit was +not ill received, the General always treating them handsomely. Tupas +likewise, gave Legaspi his niece, who was a widow, and other women to +attend him. The General directed them to be instructed in the Christian +doctrine, and they embraced our religion, and were baptized. The +niece of Tupas, had the name of Isabel given her, in memory of the +deceased lady of the General, whose name this was, and in a little +time she was married to Maestre Andrea, an officer of the squadron. + +The provisions which they had in the island of Zebu, were not +sufficient for the Indians and their numerous guests; in consequence +of which, Legaspi directed Tupas, to send two chiefs to the island +of Panay, to purchase rice. Whilst these men were on their mission, +the Spaniards sailed, in vessels which they had constructed at Zebu, +on an expedition against some towns, belonging to the enemies of the +Zebuans, and were enabled to send some rice to those in the camp. The +Moors likewise of the island of Luçon, who came for commercial purposes +to Zebu, sold them two hundred baskets of this grain; but as the +return of the two ships which had gone to Panay, was still delayed +beyond the expected time, Legaspi was compelled to put every man +on an allowance, which produced great discontent among the people, +and some even adopted the resolution of escaping with the patache +San Juan, with the intention of lying in wait behind the islands, +to rob the small barks that came there for commerce, and with their +spoils to retire to France. The authors of this conspiracy were Pablo +Hernandez and Juan Maria Venecianos; and they were joined in it by +the pilot Francis Pierres Plin, Jorge el Griego, Maestre Andrea, the +husband of Tupas's niece, Geronimo Foxa, and some foreigners. They +fixed on the 26th of November, 1565, for their undertaking, intending +previously to endeavour to disable all the ships, in order that they +might not be pursued. It pleased Heaven to retard their scheme one +day beyond the time fixed, and Juan Maria Venecianos repenting of his +treason, discovered the conspiracy to Colonel Matheo del Sauz. The +conspirators were immediately all apprehended, except Pablo Hernandez, +who escaped into the country among the Indians. The whole underwent +an examination, and Legaspi ordered that Francis Pierres Plin, +and Jorge el Griego, should be hanged by break of day. It was his +intention to have followed up the punishment of the conspirators, +and he was proceeding to hang Maestre Andrea. The clergy, however, +entreated him to pardon him, on account of his near relationship +to Tupas, to which he assented. Pablo Hernandez, pressed by hunger, +was compelled to deliver himself up, and as he was the ringleader, +he was executed in the middle of the day by proclamation, and his head +placed on a pole, as a warning to others. A pardon was granted to all +the rest in the name of the King, and by this due mixture of severity +and lenity, the minds of the General and the friars were tranquillized. + +Famine, at this time, was likely to be the lot of the Spaniards, +as the chiefs who had been sent to Panay had not appeared; and as +six more paraos had been despatched for the same purpose, it was +apprehended that they had entered into a combination with the first, +to reduce the Spaniards by famine. In this situation, Captain Martin +de Goite set sail, with the intention of taking by force, from the +enemies of the Zebuans, as much provision as could be procured, and +executed his plan with so much success, that by Christmas he sent +to the camp a small vessel laden with borona (bread made of Indian +corn and millet). This proved the most acceptable new year's gift, +which could have been offered under their circumstances; by degrees +provisions became more plentiful, and the people began to revive, +and forget the famine they had endured. The chiefs now made their +appearance from Panay with the rice, but they assigned little of it +to the Spaniards, and the largest quantity to the Indians. + +The General was well aware of the treachery of the Zebuans, of the +little faith to be placed in them, and their doubtful intentions; +but he dissembled his sentiments, as they were necessary to his +views, and our camp was tolerably well supplied. By the expeditions, +which Martin de Goite and others made round the adjacent islands, +it was discovered that some of the towns courted the friendship of +the Spaniards, while others planned their destruction by famine, for +which purpose all the provisions were conveyed to the mountains. The +Moors of Luzon, however, found it their interest to bring sufficient +rice to Zebu, and Legaspi, who did not wish to see a recurrence +of the same danger as had happened, sent the Colonel in search +of provisions to the neighbouring islands; but here he encountered +another inconvenience, in leaving too small a force for the defence of +Zebu; the consequence of which was, that a plot was formed to seize a +vessel belonging to the Moors of Luzon, at that time trading at Zebu, +to murder all on board, and escape with the vessel to the Moluccas, +where the Portuguese would willingly receive them. Juan Nunes de +Carrion, and Miguel Gomez Cavecillas, were executed for this piece +of treason, after due repentance of their villainy. Captain Martin de +Goite, with the provisions he forwarded, at length sent information, +that many nations were desirous of becoming vassals of the King of +Spain, and the Colonel soon after arrived with above one thousand +fanegas of rice, after having stopt at the islands of Mindanao, +Negros, and Panay, where he ransomed a Mexican Indian, who had been +in the squadron of Villalobos, and had been taken prisoner. Captain +Juan de la Jela, who had likewise gone out in search of provisions, +had the good fortune to discover the ship San Geronimo, which he +conducted to Zebu; a circumstance which filled every one with joy, +mingled with regret, at the thoughts of the tragic scenes which had +been acted on board that ship. + +The Royal Audience of Mexico had despatched the ship San Geronimo from +Acapulco to relieve those at Zebu, and to advertise them of the arrival +of the Capitana at that port. They sent as captain of the ship Pedro +Sanchez Pericon; as second in command, Juan Ortez de Mosquera, and as +pilot the mulatto Lope Martin, who was sent for the express purpose +of being punished by Legaspi, for having separated, intentionally, +from the squadron in the patache San Lucas. Pericon and Mosquera had +been, before the commencement of the voyage, inimical to each other, +and in its progress their mutual antipathy was augmented. The pilot, +Martin, dreading the idea of being confronted with Legaspi, entered +into a plot with Mosquera, and they gained over to their party most +of the crew, among whom was Philip de Ocampo, a brave man, but of the +worst character. Thinking their strength sufficient, they commenced +their operations by being insolent to the commander, and one night +they killed a horse which he had brought in the galleon. The friends +of Pericon conjured him to be on his guard, as they concluded that +those who had begun by killing the horse, would end in murdering him, +if he was not sufficiently vigilant. But Pericon's confidence was too +great, and he slighted the advice of his friends. The conspirators by +this forbearance increasing every day in boldness, at last resolved to +put in practice their diabolical design of murdering the commander, and +getting possession of the vessel; accordingly one night, after having +placed guards on those of the crew whom they could not confide in, +Mosquera entered the captain's bedroom, accompanied by two seamen, +one of the name of Bartolome de Lara, and the other Morales, and +ordered them to stab Captain Pericon and his son, a young man about +twenty-five years of age, who had a sub-command in the ship. They +effected their purpose, and threw the bodies overboard; and placing +some chests on the deck for the accommodation of the people, Mosquera +thus harangued them: "Gentlemen, let us recommend to Heaven the souls +of Captain Pericon and his son; they came by their death for reasons +which, when we arrive at Zebu, shall be given to General Legaspi; +every thing shall remain unaltered, and I, as a good subject of his +Majesty, will conduct the ship to that island." + +Many days had not elapsed before Mosquera and the pilot quarrelled; +it was a difficult task for the latter to reconcile himself to his +situation, and put on the mask of friendship to the former. He +whispered to Mosquera in confidence, that the people were much +irritated at the murders which had been committed, and among other +things, he proposed to tranquillize them, by putting in irons some +person who had been concerned in the affair, and afterwards to +discharge him, under the authority of a notarial process, drawn up +for that purpose, declaring his innocence. This appearing a plausible +measure enough, Mosquera, with this view, foolishly convened the ship's +company, and the pilot seized upon him, and put him in confinement. The +day following he ordered breakfast, of which Mosquera partook in +his irons, and when finished, he requested the pilot would set +him at liberty, as there had been time sufficient allowed for the +ceremony. The views of the mulatto, however, were very different; +he ordered him to be hung at the yard-arm, without giving him time +to confess, observing, that Divine Providence had ordered he should +die without partaking the sacrament, as had been the case with the +two whom he had murdered. The mulatto now remaining captain of the +ship, Philip de Ocampo, who was his favourite, made a speech to his +companions, telling them, "That Captain Lope Martin did not intend +going to Zebu; that those who were desirous of accompanying him, +should go to a part of the world where all might acquire great +riches, but that those who were of a different opinion, should be +set on shore on an island in the immediate neighbourhood of Zebu, +from whence they might easily reach Legaspi." All were silent, and +nothing was done till they arrived at the islands of Barbudos; when +Lope Martin landing on one which was desolate, gave out that it was +necessary to careen the ship there, but his real intention was to +leave most of his companions on this island, exposed to famine. + +He was not, however, able sufficiently to conceal his intentions. The +Friar Capellan, a venerable priest, suspected him, and consulted +with Juan de Vivero on some means of averting this blow. Rodrigo de +Angle, the mate of the ship, a man of approved courage, determined +to appeal to his Majesty, if it cost him his life, broke the matter +to others, and eventually drew to his party Bartholome de Lara, +by promising to make him captain of the ship, although he had no +such intention. Rodrigo finding he had gained most of the crew on +board to his side, weighed anchor, and hallooed to those on shore, +that all the true and faithful vassals of his Majesty might embark +immediately, and that the ship belonged to the King. By this means +all were received on board but Lope Martin and Philip de Ocampo, +and about twenty-five others, among whom were some loyalists, who +were unable to reach the ship in time. + +Bartholome de Lara, disappointed in his expectations of being made +captain of the ship, began to form a party, and was joined more from +necessity than otherwise by Hernando de Morales, his accomplice in +the murder of Pericon and his son; but the new captain contrived +means to try and hang them, after which the crew remained free from +further molestation, and they arrived at Zebu. The General Legaspi, to +deter others, hanged the notary Juan de Zaldivar, for being accessory +to the aforesaid murder. He rewarded Rodrigo del Angle, Garnica, +and Juan Enriquez, with all the loyalists, and granted a pardon, +in the name of the King, to all those who had acted any subordinate +part in this transaction. + +The Colonel, at this time, had gone to ratify a treaty of peace +with some of the towns, and falling in with a small Portuguese +galleon of superior force, which bore down upon his patache, he +was compelled to escape as well as he could. About the same time, +two Portuguese vessels having appeared off Zebu, Legaspi ordered +them to be acknowledged as friends, and invited into the harbour, +but they excused themselves, and prosecuted their route. These proved +afterwards to be ships belonging to the squadron of Pereyra, which +was coming against the Spaniards, but being dispersed by storms, +they could not pursue their first intentions. The General fortified +his camp, and entertaining no fears of the Portuguese, he despatched +Martin de Goite on an amicable treaty with some adjacent towns, +and to receive the tribute of those who had already submitted. He +likewise sent the Colonel to Mindanao, for the purchase of cinnamon, +to be shipped to New Spain. This expedition was unfortunate in the +death of this great man, who was a severe loss to the Spaniards. He +caught a fever, and being in great danger, he told Morones, his second +in command, and to whom he entrusted the ship before he died, that he +suspected an intention of mutiny among the crew; the object of which +was, to go off with the patache, because they had not been allowed to +purchase cinnamon for themselves, and which being the only valuable +object for which the voyage was undertaken, belonged to the King, as +being the first purchase made of that article. Legaspi paid him the +usual funeral honours in Zebu, and punished those who were found to +be concerned in this mutiny. He likewise named as his successor Martin +de Goite. The General sent Morones to Caraga, and Pedro de Herrera to +Leyte, for tar, for careening the ships. The Indians of this island are +excellent porters and labourers, and our soldiers had such confidence +in them, that leaving their arms, and relying on their friendship, they +received the tar in an unguarded manner. This, however, in the end, +cost them dear, as on a sudden they found themselves surrounded in an +ambuscade, by eight or ten Indians to one Spaniard; and Matheo Sanchez +Gaditano not being able to extricate them, the Indians murdered all but +one Spaniard, who escaped to relate the news of this tragedy. Whilst +this was passing up the country, others came down to plunder the ship, +who finding our people in unsuspecting security, possessed themselves +of their arms, and destroyed every thing they could not take away. + +On the 10th of June, 1567, there arrived at Zebu two Portuguese +caracoas, with letters from Captain Pereyra to Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, +in which he observed, that he supposed they were the Spaniards who had +taken refuge in Zebu, in consequence of bad weather, and were unable +to return to New Spain, as had happened to those of the other Spanish +squadrons which had navigated those seas; and on this supposition he +invited them to the Moluccas, where he promised to receive them with +every degree of friendship, and furnish them with proper necessaries +to prosecute their voyage. + +Such were the contents of his letter on the occasion, but some invalid +Spaniards who came with the messenger, affirmed that Pereyra had +been despatched by the Viceroy of India to drive the Spaniards out +of Zebu, and not being able last year to effect it, in consequence +of the storms they had encountered, they had remained in Tidore with +the intention of completing it this year. Our General, aware of the +snare which Pereyra was laying for him, answered this specious letter +with corresponding dissimulation, and that he had given notice to his +court of the capture of these islands, and was in daily expectation +of hearing from his sovereign. Surrounded by these interruptions and +difficulties, the General sent to Acapulco the patache San Lucas, +Captain Juan de la Isla, requesting such assistance as might prevent +the threatened suspension of their intercourse with New Spain, and +which appeared highly probable. The Augustine friars sent, on this +occasion, Friar Pedro de Gamboa to solicit some additional aid for the +conversion of these infidels, who had already begun to be baptized, +and which, they urged, would securely establish the authority of the +Spaniards in the Philippines, but the friar never arrived, having +died on the voyage. + +On the 20th of August, this year, Philip de Salcedo arrived with two +ships, and accompanied by his brother Juan de Salcedo, who had been +of great use in the first conquest of these islands. The General was +rejoiced at the arrival of such considerable relief, at a period when +he had reason to think Pereyra intended to attack Zebu. When Legaspi +saw, however, that the Portuguese did not make their appearance as he +expected, he despatched his grandson, Philip de Salcedo, to Acapulco, +with directions to go by the route of the Ladrone Islands, where he +was shipwrecked; but, all the people being saved, he built another +vessel, and returned to Zebu in such happy time, that he made up +for his disappointment, by the importance of his appearance, at the +period of Pereyra's arrival, on the 30th of September 1568, with a +squadron of three galleons, two galeots, three fustas, and twenty +smaller vessels. Every thing, however, on this occasion, indicated +perfect amity; the Generals visited reciprocally, and held meetings, +to ascertain whether these islands were in the line of demarcation of +Spain, or not, with the view of avoiding hostilities. Pereyra, by an +artful line of conduct, protracted these discussions, in order to gain +time, if possible, by stratagem, to get possession of the port and of +our camp, as he found it could not be effected by force. Disappointed, +however, in his views, he returned on Christmas-eve to the Moluccas, +having been dismissed with great civility by Legaspi. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +ANNO DOM. 1569 to 1571. + + Of the Conquest of Manila. + + +The supply of provisions having been very short, in consequence of +the Portuguese, in some measure, blockading the port, the General, +to guard against being exposed to the same danger a second time, +determined to change his position, and establish himself in a more +fertile country than that he then occupied. He ordered the camp to +be immediately removed to the island of Panay: with this commission +he charged his grandson, Philip de Salcedo, who was very cordially +received by the natives, because he had formerly assisted them against +their enemies, and enabled them to make many prisoners. Captain Luis de +la Haya was ordered to go with his detachment, to the river Araut in +the same island; Captain Andres de Ybarra to the island of Masbate; +and the Colonel was ordered to remain in Zebu. In the interim the +camp was established in Panay, and the patache San Lucas remained at +Zebu, preparing to depart for New Spain. Juan de Salcedo ordered his +brother Philip to Panay with another vessel, which conveyed the books +and effects of his grandfather, all of which were lost in a storm; +which loss, although he felt it severely, Legaspi bore with exemplary +patience and fortitude. + +Philip de Salcedo having loaded the patache San Lucas, sailed from +Zebu, and, in a few days after her departure, fell in with the San +Juan, which had sailed from Acapulco, and was commanded by Captain +Juan Lopez de Aguirre; Salcedo returned with her to Zebu, and, on +the 10th of July, sailed a second time on his voyage. By the San +Juan the Augustine fathers had sent Friar Herrera, having appointed +him a provincial, or clerical head of a province, which was the +first they had established in the Philippines. Their intention was +by this appointment, to increase the importance of the religious +orders, and induce higher respect from the new converts; the effect, +accordingly, was the addition of many to the number, stimulated too, +by the example of Tupas and his son: Legaspi stood godfather to Tupas, +who was christened Philip, in compliment to the King of Spain; +and his son was christened Charles, and had, as his godfather, +Juan de Salcedo. The feasts which were held on the day these two +new Christians were baptized, contributed, at the same time, to the +conversion of many others. This was a measure of great expediency, +although the duty of the fathers became necessarily so much more +enlarged. It was determined that a friar, whose name was Juan Alba, +should be sent to attempt the conversion of the isle of Masbate; +and another, by the name of Alonzo Ximenes, to the river Araut, in +the island of Panay, where he made many converts. Friar Martin de +Rada remained in Zebu, and the rest of the clergy accompanied the +General in the conquest of Manila. + +The General Legaspi arrived at Panay, accompanied by the Colonel, +who, however, immediately returned to his command at Zebu, together +with his wife, who had just arrived from New Spain with Captain Juan +Lopez de Aguirre, in the ship San Juan. Legaspi was received by the +natives of Panay with every demonstration of joy, and they appeared +more sincere in their professions than those of Zebu. He constructed, +with all expedition, some works, to enable him to resist the attempts +of the squadron of Pereyra, and check the proceedings of a swarm of +pirates, which had issued from Jolo and Borneo in twenty vessels, +called vireyes, and had captured a Spanish vessel, with the crew. The +Colonel attacked these pirates with nine proas: he took four vireyes, +and would have taken the whole, had not seven of his vessels been too +much astern. Having forwarded the account of this engagement to the +General, he was now at liberty to assist the inhabitants of Aclan, +who had sustained considerable injury from the pirates of Mindoro. In +the month of January, 1570, Juan de Salcedo sailed on this expedition +with thirty Spaniards and many friendly Indians. He entered the town +of Mamburao, and, having made himself master of it, compelled the +inhabitants to ransom themselves with gold; after which he proceeded +to the isle of Lucban, where the pirates of Mindoro had taken refuge, +and had protected themselves by some indifferent works; he, with +ease, forced their intrenchments, attacked them with fire-arms, +and, as they were unable to resist this mode of warfare, they agreed +to ransom themselves with gold, as the inhabitants of Mamburao had +done. Salcedo divided the spoil among his soldiers and the Indians, +and returned to Panay, to give an account of this expedition. + +The General, who was determined above all things on the conquest +of Manila, named the Colonel as commandant, and sent with him his +grandson, Juan de Salcedo, with an hundred and twenty Spaniards, +and many friendly Indians, to accomplish it. They sailed from Panay +the beginning of May 1570. The Colonel went directly against Manila, +but Juan de Salcedo turned aside to the country about the lake of +Bombon, which is now called the Province of Batangas, to treat with +the natives. He sent the usual peace-offerings, but they answered +him with their arms. He engaged them, and would have succeeded, +but received so severe a wound in his leg from an arrow, that he +was compelled to abandon his enterprise, and follow the Colonel to +Manila. The Colonel made terms with the Rajah, who was a good old +man, and whom history calls Raxa Matanda, that is, the old Rajah; he +had a nephew of the name of Raxa Soliman, who, likewise, made terms +with the Colonel; but little dependence could be placed on him, as he +evidently was no friend to the Spaniards, and had, as it was supposed, +secreted provisions. He was accused, likewise, of exciting the Indians +to murder the Spaniards, while on shore, which obliged our people to +behave with great circumspection toward them. One day Raxa Soliman +even ordered his men to fire upon our shipping, and, after having done +us considerable damage, he embarked on board a large junk, and left +the river, firing at us as he passed [17]. The Colonel instantly landed, +leaving Juan de Salcedo in charge of the ships, and, with eighty men, +stormed the fort which the Indians had at the mouth of the river, and +where at present stands the fort of Santiago. He ordered his soldiers +to attack the guns, and they were so fortunate in their attack, +as in their first onset to kill the principal artillery officer, +who appeared to be an European, as he was seen to cross himself +before he died [18]; the remainder, were by the vigour of the assault, +compelled to fly towards the town, which they burnt in their retreat, +that the Spaniards might not profit by their success. Among other +things, a foundery for cannon was destroyed, and it was supposed +they had thrown many pieces of artillery into the sea, as only +twelve, and a few falconets (a piece so called), were found in the +place. The old Rajah was not a party in this disturbance, as neither +he nor any of his people were engaged; and his fidelity was proved, +by his having displayed from his house a white flag, during the time +the action lasted. The Colonel, fearing that if he remained longer, +he should encounter the south-west monsoon, and be unable to return, +retired immediately to Cavite, to do the needful repairs to his ships, +and in two days sailed for Panay. + +On the 23d of June of this year, Captain Juan de la Isla arrived +with three vessels, in which came the Friar Perrera with two other +religious, viz. Friar Diego Orduñez, and Friar Diego de Espinar, who +came to labour in this new vineyard. Despatches were brought by them +from his Majesty, by which Miguel Lopez de Legaspi was constituted +President of the islands of the Ladrones, and he was recommended to +settle the Philippines; at the same time his Majesty bestowed portions +of lands, with their inhabitants, on all who might be engaged in the +conquest. With a view to put these orders in execution, Legaspi first +despatched from Panay, the same Captain Juan de la Isla, with two ships +to Acapulco, and sailed for Zebu, where he ordered it to be proclaimed, +that he intended to erect the town which had been built into a +city, and to give every encouragement to increase the population, +directing those who wished to settle in it to go before the notary, +to be enrolled by five hundreds. On New Year's day, 1571, he named +two ordinary alcaldes, six regidores, a notary, and two alguazils, +who immediately took the customary oath on entering their office, and +he strictly enjoined them the discharge of their respective duties. He +likewise directed that the town, which had till then been called San +Miguel, should be named the City del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus, in +memory of the discovery of the sacred child, as before related. He +settled the manner, in which rewards should be distributed among +the tributary Indians, who were in the neighbourhood of the city, +and left them under the care of the treasurer, Guido de Labezares, +in order that he might have the opportunity of finishing a stone fort, +which he had ordered to be constructed. All these and many subordinate +objects, being attained by the end of January, he returned to Panay, +to attempt from thence the conquest of Manila. + +Immediately after the President arrived at Panay, the Colonel, +attended by all the officers and soldiers, joined him, leaving in +Masbate the Padre Alba with six men, and in Dumangas Padre Ximenes, in +charge of the new conquests. The Padre Herrera, with other religious, +accompanied the General in his expedition against Manila, on which he +sailed the 15th of April; and in the island of Lutaga he reviewed his +force, and found they amounted to two hundred and eighty soldiers, +consisting partly of his own people, of those of the Colonel, of +Captains Andres de Ybarra, Luis de la Haya, and Juan de Salcedo. He +passed by the island of Mindoro, and settled the tribute which the +natives were to pay to the King of Spain. Here he had the opportunity +of saving a Chinese vessel called a Sampan, from foundering; and +he received the crew, with that kindness and warmth of feeling, +so natural to the Spaniards. + +The Chinese acknowledged the kindness of the Spaniards, and formed +a friendly connection with them. The President continued his voyage, +and entered Cavite, where he waited the arrival of those who had fallen +astern; meantime he treated with the natives of the place, and received +them as vassals of the King of Spain. Two days after he arrived, he +entered with all his squadron into the river of Manila. The Indians, +thinking the Spaniards had returned, to punish them for the resistance +they had made to the Colonel, set fire to the town, and with their +effects fled to Tondo. The President sent the Colonel to bring them +to terms, who, arriving at their camp, gave them to understand, by +means of an interpreter, that the Spaniards had not come with the +intention of doing them any injury. On learning this, some began +to quench the flames, and others went in search of the old Rajah; +and Lacandola, the chief of Tondo, immediately went with others to +wait on Legaspi. He received them with a smiling countenance, and +told them that he came as a friend, provided they acknowledged the +King of Spain, as their king and natural lord and master, who would +receive them under his protection, and relieve their distresses. The +principal motive, he said, which induced his Majesty to send him there, +was to propagate the true worship of one all powerful God; that he +had brought several sacred characters with him for that purpose, and +shewing them Padre Herrera, said that he was the principal of those, +who were to be their teachers. They promised to become vassals of the +King of Spain, and hear the law which they were to be taught; he hinted +to them that he did not see Rajah Soliman with them: they replied, +that he dared not appear after what had happened with the Colonel on +the first expedition; but if he would pardon him, he would immediately +appear, and promise obedience, as the rest had done. The General not +only promised to pardon him, but sent him a message to that effect, +without, however, being able to remove his apprehensions at that time. + +But on the 18th of May, Rajah Soliman arrived, accompanied by his +uncle Rajah Matanda and Lacandola, making many apologies for what +had passed. The General pardoned and received him as a vassal of +his Majesty, and as such he was registered by the notary, Hernando +Riguel. Legaspi immediately commenced his arrangements for founding a +new city, and directed the Indians to finish the fort they had begun +in the mouth of the river. Behind this he erected a large building, +which served as a palace, with a church and convent for the religious, +and an hundred and twenty smaller houses for the remainder of the +Spaniards, intending this city to be the seat of government, both +spiritual and temporal, of the islands. The whole of this, the Indians +engaged to accomplish with great despatch, but it was found necessary, +to employ the Spaniards to assist them in it. A good understanding +being thus established, between the natives of Manila and Tondo and +the Spaniards, Manila was taken possession of on the day following, +the 19th of May, 1571, when, in a temporary church, the feast of +the blessed Virgin Mary was celebrated, who, from that circumstance, +was named the patroness of the new city. + +The peace which Rajah Soliman and Lacandola had made, was, on their +part, by no means sincere, for the Indians of Macabebe and Hagonoy, +appearing at the mouth of the harbour of Bancusay, with forty caracoas +(an Indian vessel), proceeded to the house of Lacandola. These +men jeered at and reproached the Indians, for submitting with such +readiness, to such an insignificant number of Spaniards, promising, +if they were disposed to shake off the yoke, that they should be +assisted from Tondo and the neighbouring country, and not leave one +Spaniard alive. The President, supposing those Indians who had arrived, +had come to solicit peace, sent two Spaniards to assure them that they +might present themselves to him without fear. The chief of the Indians, +after listening to these ambassadors, leaped on his feet, and drawing +and flourishing his cimeter, he said, "The sun gave me life, and I +must not be disgraced in the eyes of my women, who would detest me, +if they thought I was capable, of being on friendly terms with the +Spaniards." With this speech he quitted the house, without waiting +to go down by the ladder, for, with great boldness, he leaped out of +the window into his caracoa, calling out to the Spaniards, "I expect +you in the bay of Bancusay." Legaspi determined upon punishing such +conduct, and sent against him the Colonel Martin de Goite with eighty +Spaniards, in some newly constructed small vessels. The Indian chief +was true to his word, and waited for them where he had said, with his +squadron. The battle began, and he fought with great valour; but, +in a short time, being killed by a musket shot, the rest dismayed, +fled with great precipitation; our people pursued, and made many +prisoners, among whom were the son of Lacandola, and his nephew, +by which his deceit and dissimulation were sufficiently manifest; +the President, however, sent them home, without the punishment they +merited for their treason. After this engagement, the natives became so +much afraid of the Spaniards, that many chiefs came to Manila begging +peace, and offering to become vassals of the king of Spain. By this +time, the works which had been ordered in Manila were considerably +advanced, and, on the day of St. John the Baptist, the President, +Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, founded the city as the metropolis of the +Philippine Islands, appointing two ordinary alcaldes, twelve regidores, +an alguazil mayor, and a notary, who all took the customary oaths, to +discharge the duties of their respective offices with justice. This +ceremony took place while Philip II. was King of Spain, and Pius +V. was in the fifth year of his pontificate, the first governor +being the President, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. The public square was +now marked out, with the situation of the convent of San Augustine, +and the subordinate arrangements were left to the magistracy. Legaspi +ordered the city to be called Manila, of which his Majesty approved, +giving it a coat of arms. This city is placed in fourteen degrees +and a half of north latitude, and is thought to be the antipodes of +the river Saint Ann, in Brazil, which is in the same latitude in the +opposite tropic of Capricorn. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +ANNO DOMINI, 1571. + + Of the Government of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. + + +Manila being founded, and most of the towns of the surrounding +district, in amity with the Spaniards, the Governor sent the Colonel +to Pampanga, to reduce that province to the Spanish yoke, but he +had no sooner arrived at the river Betis, on his way thither, than +he was compelled to return, without being able to reduce either the +town of Betis or that of Lubao; for it appeared that Rajah Soliman and +Lacandola, who had gone with him to serve as interpreters between the +Indians and him, had conducted themselves treacherously. This fully +appeared by Lacandola leaving the Colonel, and returning to Manila +without leave, for which the Governor ordered him to be put in irons, +and, to increase his punishment, told his relations that he would +not let him at liberty but at the Colonel's request; even then he did +not accede to it without confiscating all his artillery, consisting +of fifteen pieces of cannon, large and small. About this time Rajah +Matanda fell sick, and requesting to be baptized, a clergyman of +the name of Juan de Vivero administered this sacrament to him by +the name of Philip: he died of his disorder, and was buried with +great solemnity. On the 17th of July, Don Diego Legaspi, a nephew +of the Governor, arrived; he was sent by Captain Juan de Aguirre to +the aid of his uncle, having a short time before come to Panay with +two ships, which the Viceroy of Mexico had sent to these islands as a +reinforcement. The Governor ordered the Colonel to proceed to Panay, +and despatch these ships to Manila, and afterwards go to Zebu, and +bring his family to the capital. Whilst the Colonel was executing this +commission, Juan de Salcedo was sent to reduce the people of Cainta and +Taytay, two small towns high up the river Pasig, which had refused to +acknowledge the Spanish authority, and had strengthened their position +by some fortifications covering their towns. He carried Cainta by +assault, with the loss of only two killed and five wounded, but with +great slaughter on the part of the Indians, upon hearing which, the +inhabitants of Taytay immediately surrendered. He afterwards marched +to a town on the borders of the lake Bay, and of the same name, and +summoned the inhabitants, but they answered him with their arms in +their hands. He had with him Padre Friar Alonso de Albarado, who had +accompanied Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in his expedition; had returned +a second time to Mexico; and again had accompanied the other five +religious, of the order of San Augustine, to Manila. This venerable +person the Colonel sent, to assure the Indians, that he did not wish to +employ his arms against them, and that he had commissioned the Padre +Friar Alonso, to accommodate matters, requesting them immediately to +deliver up their town of Bay. This in the end was acceded to, and was +followed, by the submission of many small towns, on the borders of +the lake. Juan de Salcedo went further up the country behind them, +and found the people of Mahayhay, fortified by nature so securely +on a hill, that they could defend themselves against a great force, +with no difficulty, by rolling down immense stones. Having, however, +reconnoitred it, he perceived a path less rugged than the rest, +and where they seemed more negligent. By this path he surmounted +the difficulty, and appeared above them, when they were seized +with such a panic, that they fled precipitately, without making +any resistance. For two days more, Juan de Salcedo was detained +in this part of the country, passing through the villages, which, +however, he found deserted, the inhabitants having taken refuge in the +mountains. He in consequence returned to Bay, where he had left most of +his people. It was understood, that in the country of the Camarines, +there was a town called Paracale, where there were mines of gold. He +sent back to Manila Padre Albarado, and some of the Spaniards; and +having a few soldiers only, he encountered a great many difficulties, +in undertaking the conquest of this town. Many days having elapsed, +without hearing from them at Manila, the Governor despatched Major +Antonio Hurtado in search of them, and he found Juan de Salcedo in +Paracale, with all his people, very much weakened, in consequence of +the hardships they had been exposed to, and the sickness with which +they had been attacked. Salcedo returned with Hurtado to Manila, on +which occasion there were great rejoicings, as he had been supposed +dead, and the loss of a man so much loved and respected would have +been severely felt. + +About this time the Colonel returned from Zebu, having first subdued +the province of Pampanga. The Governor now apportioned the conquered +districts and towns, among the respective officers, who had so well +earned that reward, reserving to his Majesty the usual tribute +only. He directed, that the Indians should pay a moderate rent, +to those new proprietors of land, and the Spaniards were enjoined, +not to exact any thing above the rent so settled. In a little time +it was discovered, that the Indians would not pay the tribute; and +that the Spanish proprietors, had been guilty of many vexatious acts +against them, which had produced revolts in various places. In Bohol, +Panay, and in Marinduque, the Indians had killed several Spanish +factors and soldiers. To prevent these disturbances from spreading, +the Governor sent Captain Luis de la Haya, to examine into the matter, +and to punish the aggressors. He executed his commission with such +prudence, that, without exasperating the Indians, he chastised the +murderers, and left the towns in complete subordination. + +At the beginning of the year 1572, there arrived, with a great deal +of rich merchandize, those Chinese whom the Spaniards had saved from +shipwreck, in the island of Mindoro, together with many others of that +nation, who brought damasks, satins, taffeties, silks, porcelain, +and other things, with which the foundation of a lucrative commerce +with Acapulco was laid. These Chinese, whom we call Sangleyes, +from two Chinese words, hiang, lay, which signifies travelling +merchants, continue to this day the commerce with Manila, and many +have settled in these islands, where, however, they have frequently +been troublesome, as will be seen in the sequel. About the time these +merchants arrived, the Augustine friars intended to hold their second +provincial chapter, and the first which had been celebrated at Manila; +and at this it was determined, to send some of their order to China, +to establish a religious intercourse between the two nations. The +Governor agreed to this, and was desirous, at the same time, to send +an embassy to the Emperor; but the Chinese would not agree to take it +to China. The Friar Alvarado, however, who was the most desirous of +the undertaking, began to study the language, that he might be able +to convert and baptize the Chinese merchants, who seemed disposed +to settle in Manila; this plan he had adopted in Tondo, where he had +administered the sacrament to numbers. In this provincial chapter it +was agreed, that Padre Herrera should be sent a second time to Mexico, +in order to bring more clerical aid to this province; they likewise +chose as provincial, the Padre Friar Martin de Rada, and elected a +capitular of the convent of Manila; they established clergy in Zebu, +Masbate, Otong, Mindoro, Tondo, Calumpit, and Lubao. Soon after this, +convents were founded in the districts of Taal, Bay, and Pasig, and +many visitations were made, by which it was ascertained, that the +number of the clergy increased so much, that it became necessary, +to separate the parish priests from the friars. + +The greater part of this quarter of the island, being reduced to +complete obedience, to the King of Spain, and nothing being known of +the northern part of it, Juan de Salcedo offered to make the discovery, +at his own risk. He collected men and ships, the Governor allowing +him forty-five soldiers, with necessary ammunition. He sailed from +Manila on the 20th of May, 1572; on the third day, he arrived at +Cape Bolinao, in the province of Zambales, where he found a Chinese +junk or sampan, and a party of Chinese, who had got possession of a +chief and some Indians, with an intent to carry them to China. Juan +de Salcedo re-took them from the Chinese, and gave them their liberty, +which action so gratified the feelings of the natives, that they became +immediately vassals of the King of Spain, and solicited to be placed +on the same footing, as the people of the other districts. Passing +from thence to Pangasinan, he coasted the whole of that province, +and that of Ylocos, until he arrived at Cape Boxeador, examining all +the ports, bays, and landing places, near which his squadron was able +to approach, and it consisted of many, but very small vessels. He +was desirous, of preserving a good understanding with the Indians, +and most of the towns on the coast, received him in a very friendly +manner, and supplied him with provisions, which he stood in need of; +but on his entering the rivers and creeks, he found great resistance +from the inhabitants of the districts bordering on them. He attacked +them on several occasions, putting them to flight with great ease, +and sent to them, desiring them to leave the mountains, with a promise +of his friendship. Some, however, not relying on the promises of the +Spaniards, could not divest themselves of their apprehensions, while +others readily came down, submitted, and agreed to pay the tribute. In +this manner he was proceeding, and had almost subdued these two large +provinces [19], intending to pass on to Cagayan; but he was opposed by +his own people, who became weary of the expedition. His second in +command, Antonio Hurtado, proposed that he should go on, and prosecute +his original plan, but Juan de Salcedo, although he desired it much, +thought it better to accede to the representations of his soldiers, +and they returned by the same route, confirming in their obedience +the towns which had submitted. On his arrival at Bigan, the natives +received him with so much cordiality, that he prudently determined +on the step of founding there a Spanish city, for the purpose of +controlling the neighbouring country. + +Having, with this view, ordered the natives to cut sufficient timber +to build a fort, and accommodations for those who chose to remain, +he became desirous of executing the original project, which he had +abandoned, of passing on to Cagayan. He left in Bigan his second +in command, with twenty-five soldiers, and, with the seventeen that +remained, he commenced this arduous undertaking, departing in three +vessels on the 24th of July. Having passed Cape Boxeador, he entered +a river where he found a mud village of salt-makers; he desired them +to call their chiefs, as he wished to be on good terms with them, +and after many messages they appeared with their Rajah, who was a +very handsome man, and whiter than the rest of the Indians. Juan de +Salcedo came up to him with open arms, intending to embrace him; but +the barbarian, unaccustomed to such a mode of salutation, believing +that he wanted to catch him, took to his heels and fled, and on +no entreaty would he be prevailed on, to leave the mountains. Our +people, therefore, hoisted their sails, and arrived at the river of +Cagayan. They sailed up this river a considerable way, and found a +populous district; but they dared not attempt any hostility against +the inhabitants, as they were so few in number in comparison to +the natives, and they resolved to return to Manila by that side of +the island, in order completely to ascertain the whole extent of +Luzon. They proceeded about one hundred leagues, without discovering +any population, or any thing but a rocky shore. They coasted it +until they arrived at a bay, which Juan de Salcedo thought had been +named Amanto, having been there when he went to Paracale. In this, +however, he was mistaken, but as that bay was very near, he arrived +in a few days at it. Here he went on shore; and travelled on till +he came to the towns on the lake, where he embarked on board a small +boat with only four rowers. The boat was on the point of foundering +during the passage, and the Indians deserting her by swimming away, +he would inevitably have been lost, had not a proa, with some friendly +Indians, passing by, immediately relieved him. Arriving at Manila, he +received the melancholy intelligence of the death of his grandfather, +on the 20th of August, 1572, accelerated much by the vexatious and +multifarious duties of his office. He was interred in the church of +the Augustines, with the magnificence due to his character and station. + +By the death of Legaspi, the treasurer, Guido de Labezares became +governor ad interim, by a decree of the Royal Audience of Mexico, +and which decree was found among the papers of the deceased. A few +days after Labezares had succeeded to the government, Manila suffered +severely from a hurricane, which destroyed almost all the houses, +these being built of canes, and drove back the two ships which +had been sent to Acapulco, but which, after the storm subsided, +sailed again for New Spain, carrying accounts of the death of +Legaspi. The new Governor sent Colonel Martin de Goite, to reduce +the revolted natives of Ylocos, which was done with little trouble, +and he brought away the tribute of the king in gold, compelling them +to ransom themselves, for a sum far exceeding that amount. This he +was enabled so easily to do, by the exertions of Juan de Salcedo, +who, at his own cost, had subdued nearly all this province, and who, +as the Colonel represented, ought to be allowed to reap the fruits +of his labours; but Guido de Labezares was prejudiced against him, +and would not employ him until he was undeceived as to his merits. He +then sent him to the conquest of the Camarines, which he effected with +ease, and founded near the river of Vicol a Spanish city, calling it +Santiago de Libon. He appointed as chief judge Captain Pedro de Chaves, +with eighty soldiers. While Juan de Salcedo was making these conquests, +the governor ad interim was exploring the whole of the Bisayas: he +attempted to restrain within proper bounds the avarice of the factors, +but it was without effect, as the moment he was gone they returned to +their old practices. Meanwhile a ship from Acapulco arrived with three +Augustine friars, men who were much required, not only for the purpose, +of converting to the Christian religion, the natives of the conquered +countries, but likewise to preserve the tranquillity of the different +towns, and which could not be effected solely by force of arms. + +When the Governor ad interim returned to Manila, he sent an embassy +to the Rajah of Borneo, but without effect, as he had no wish to +be on terms with the Spaniards. He likewise divided the province +of Ylocos between the Colonel and Juan de Salcedo, who had been +employed in that expedition. In the beginning of the year 1574, Juan +de Salcedo sailed to take possession of his portion; he founded in +the district of Bigan the city Fernandina, where he built a house for +himself. While he was accomplishing this object, a large squadron of +vessels passed by, which had taken a galeot and twenty men he had sent +in search of provisions; and presuming that their intention was to +attack him, he began to fortify the town, but seeing they prosecuted +their route, he took it for granted they were going against Manila; +and having collected together all the Spaniards he had in Ylocos, +he embarked for the capital to the assistance of the Governor. This +was the famous expedition of Limahon, by which Manila was nearly lost, +but a short time after its foundation. + +Limahon was a pirate of such renown, that the Emperor of China had +sent against him three different squadrons, and he was in fact so +pressed on all sides by this force, that having captured a Chinese +junk coming from Manila, who informed him of the new conquests +by the Spaniards, he determined to sail for this country, and be +crowned King of these islands, in order to be secure, by this means, +from the Emperor's attacks. He arrived at the island of Corregidor, +which is in the mouth of the bay, the 29th of November 1574, with +sixty-two junks, in which he brought one thousand five hundred women, +two thousand soldiers, and a great many seamen, sufficient artillery, +muskets, and swords. The Spaniards had no intimation of his arrival +at Corregidor, and the same night his second in command, who was a +Japanese of the name of Sioco, landed with six hundred men, with which +he entered, and attempted to take possession of Manila. In the attempt +to land his men he lost three boats, which were swamped by the surf; +but he effected his object, without being at all discovered by our +people. He first landed at Parañaque, supposing it to be Manila, but +soon finding out his mistake, he began his march to it by the beach, +his vessels following him, and at day-break he arrived at Manila, where +he was discovered by the Indians. They made all haste to the Colonel, +who lived close to the royal gate, where the college of St. Joseph +now stands, and informed him, that there was an immense body of Moors +of Borneo coming by the sea side. The Colonel, however, as he had no +reason to conclude, that the Borneans considered themselves, in direct +hostility with the Spaniards, gave no credit to it, till he saw the +Chinese enter by the gate, close to his house. Three soldiers, who +were placed as guards there, attempted to resist them, but they were +soon overpowered by multitudes, and one only escaped, severely wounded. + +The wife of the Colonel looking out of the window, thought they were +Indians come against them, and called out, "Here the dogs come, we +are all dead." The Portuguese interpreter, who accompanied Sioco, +enraged at this reproachful epithet of the lady, ordered the house +to be set on fire. The Colonel, who was ill, immediately on this got +up, put on his armour, and unsheathing his sword, leapt out of the +window in the midst of his enemies, who received him on their swords, +and cut him to pieces. They killed the wife of a common soldier, whom +they found in the house, and left for dead Dona Lucia Corral, the wife +of the Colonel, but she afterwards recovered from her wounds. Sioco +pursuing his march, encountered some Spaniards who were on their way +to assist the Governor, and seeing that there were few opposed to +him, he formed his men into a half moon, and charged the centre of +the Spaniards. The engagement was long doubtful, when eight soldiers +being killed, the rest must have shared their fate, had they not been +joined by twenty more, under the command of Captain Alonso Velasquez, +the aid-de-camp of General Amador de Arriaran, and Gaspar Ramirez, +aid-de-camp of the Colonel, who charged the Chinese so furiously, +that Sioco was obliged to retire to his boats and join Limahon, who had +anchored in Cavite. Sioco justified his ill success in this action, by +saying, that the people were tired by their long march along the beach, +which excuse Limahon admitted, and determined on another assault on +the third day. This affair having happened on St. Andrew's day, the +Spaniards attributed it to the intercession of that Saint, that they +had not all fallen into the hands of the Chinese, and expressed their +gratitude, by choosing him patron of Manila, instituting an annual +solemn feast on the occasion. Limahon's delay of the second attack, +was the means of saving all, as it gave time to Juan de Salcedo, to +join with his force from Ylocos. He arrived in the bay, in the night +of the same day of St. Andrew, and understanding that Limahon was in +Cavite, he did not attempt to enter there, but landed on the Pampanga +side of the bay. The day following, in the evening, he met with two +Indians, who had escaped from the engagement, and informed him of all +that had happened; he immediately made sail, and entered Manila that +night. When he was at the mouth of the river, he ordered the trumpets +to be sounded, and placed a great number of lights about his ship, +to induce the enemy to believe, the approach of considerable relief +to the Spaniards, who saluted him in form, all of which caused great +alarm to the Chinese. The Governor ad interim, was so pleased with +the diligence of Juan de Salcedo, that he appointed him Colonel, +in the room of Martin de Goite. + +The same night, Limahon weighed anchor from Cavite, and pressed on to +Manila, and Sioco disembarked the following morning, after having sworn +by an oath to his General, that he would either die in the attempt, +or that day be in possession of the house of the Governor. He directed +his march to the fort, which our people had constructed of timber, +faggots, and barrels of earth, and he divided his troops into three +bodies. He ordered one to march down, through the principal street of +the city, to the square, where he expected the Spaniards would sally +out of the fort, and engage them; and in this expectation, he sent +another body, by the side of the river round the fort, and the third, +which he commanded himself, he led along the beach. The division which +had been ordered down the principal street, arrived in the square, +and in order to induce the Spaniards to sally from the fort, they +set fire to the houses. Fortunately the Spaniards did not quit the +fort, though they saw their houses burning, but contented themselves +with playing their artillery upon the Chinese, doing a great deal +of mischief. Sioco, finding that it was not possible, to draw the +Spaniards from their fortifications, and having lost many of his men, +ordered the division that had arrived at the square, to assault the +fort, at the same time leading on his own. Such was the multitude of +the Chinese, against so few on our part, that the palisade was forced, +and they entered through a part, which Ensign Sancho Ortez defended, +and in which he was killed, performing prodigies of valour. Immediately +the Governor heard of this, he repaired to the fort, attended by the +Colonel; they cut their way through the Chinese, and having entered it, +repulsed the invaders with great loss. The Chinese, panic struck at +this, retiring by degrees towards the shore, the Spaniards followed +them close, making great slaughter among them; but, to our great +misfortune, our people suddenly abandoned their advantage, at the +sight of Limahon's squadron, which had just entered the river, but +had not been able hitherto, to take part in the action. + +Limahon observing this, ordered his ships off, in order that his +men might become desperate, on finding themselves deprived of all +protection from him: the contrary effect, however, was produced by +it, as they were seized with such a panic, that they could not face +their enemies, but formed themselves on the shore, and received the +fire of our artillery, which was discharged repeatedly upon them, +determined rather to wait death with firmness, than return into the +engagement. In this they would have persisted, had not Limahon arrived +with four hundred fresh men. As all was not lost, he ordered some of +his people to burn a ship and galley, which, with a few other small +vessels, were drawn up on the beach, and which, when they had destroyed +the houses, they had forgot to burn with the rest, and he made a false +attack on the fort, in order to compel the Spaniards to sally out, to +hinder the operation. The Colonel guessed his intention: he, however, +sallied out with fifty men, against those only who were proceeding +to pillage the city, and put them to flight precipitately. Limahon +seeing that his plan had not succeeded, having lost many men, +and finding that his principal captain, Sioco, had been killed, +he embarked his troops, and, under favour of the night, returned +to the river Parañaque, where he killed all the Indians, he found +assembled in any hostile way, and, before day-break, he set sail, +and did not bring to, until he came to the province of Pangasinan; +where he entered into an amicable arrangement with the chief, forming +an encampment, and fortifying it with a strong palisado on an inlet of +the river Lingayen. The Governor was determined to follow him into the +province, but he found it necessary first to restore the fortifications +of the city, and likewise to quell a sedition of the Indians, who, +on this occasion, shewed how little they could be depended upon. + +The natives of Manila, whilst the Spaniards were engaging the Chinese, +robbed their houses and maltreated their slaves; those of Tondo killed +some Sachristans belonging to a convent, and they would have done the +same with the clergy, but that they could not have concealed it. Those +of the island of Mindoro, however, imprisoned the friars, and took them +to the mountains, where they were not bold enough to murder them, till +they saw how the action with Limahon would terminate, and how things +would be adjusted. Rajah Soliman and Lacandola, the chief of Manila +and Tondo, apprehensive that the Governor would punish them for this +ill conduct, retired to Navotas, where they fomented a rebellion. In +order to quell this the Colonel, accompanied by Friar Marin, set out +immediately, and when Lacandola understood they had arrived, he sent +to them to request the friar would repair to a station about three +leagues distant, where all the chiefs were assembled, and where they +were desirous of treating of a reconciliation with the Spaniards. The +friar Marin determined to proceed to the station which they mentioned, +and there he met all the chiefs, who received him with much joy, +but they could not be persuaded to see the Colonel. Lacandola alone +abandoned his fears, in consequence of the promise the friar had made +him, and left Navotas with an intention to present himself, but he +found that Juan de Salcedo had returned, and directed his way to his +house. Salcedo encountered two ranks of armed men on the banks of the +river, near the house of Lacandola; he boldly went up to them, and +took away their lances and arrows; when, Lacandola arriving, he said, +"What is the meaning of this? why are these men armed?" The Indian made +many excuses, and promised to wait on the Governor the day following, +in company with the friar Marin. The Governor admitted the excuses, +and presented Lacandola with a silk mantle and a gold chain. Won over +by this treatment, Rajah Soliman, in four days, presented himself to +the Governor, and the sedition was thus terminated. Captain Rivera +subdued the people of Mindoro with the same facility. + +The Governor being relieved from the anxiety, which the restlessness +of the Indians had occasioned, determined to follow Limahon to +Pangasinan. He found, on mustering, that the soldiers in Manila +amounted to two hundred, and about two hundred more were scattered +through the provinces of Bisayas and Camarines; from among these +he manned the squadron, with two hundred and fifty Spaniards, and +he added one thousand five hundred friendly Indians. On the 22d of +March 1575, the Colonel sailed with this armament to Pangasinan, +and, on the 29th of the same month, in the night, arrived in the +river Lingayen. The day following he sent Captain Pedro de Chaves to +take possession of the ships belonging to the corsair, and Captain +Gabriel de Rivera to reconnoitre his fortifications. Chaves executed +his commission with ease, as the Chinese fled from their ships, the +moment he boarded them. Rivera attacked the works, firing upon them, +and making a dreadful carnage. Limahon, observing what passed, ordered +his men under cover of a grove of date trees, where they might defend +themselves more easily. Captain Chaves sent assistance to Rivera, +and a most sanguinary engagement commenced. Rivera at last routed +the Chinese, compelling them to retire to their fort, which he would +have scaled, but, finding the palisade too lofty, he had recourse +to the expedient of ordering his men to rush in a body against it, +formed as it was of date trees driven into the earth. This they did +with such force, that they broke through, opened the gate, and entered +the fort. The Chinese then retired within the second palisade, which +was the quarter of Limahon. The Spaniards ought to have attacked the +inner fort, before the Chinese had recovered from their panic; but +their avarice prevailed, and they dispersed themselves through the +different houses, which had been built within the first palisade, +plundering them, without attempting any thing else. Limahon was +not slow in taking advantage of this error of the Spaniards, and, +attacking them with four hundred men, he drove them out of the works +with great loss, thus paying dearly for the indulgence of their habits +of plunder. Ashamed of this defeat, our people returned a second time +to the assault, when they retook the first line of works, but being +unable to force the inner one, they burnt the houses of the Chinese, +and going on board their boats, they retired to where Pedro de Chaves +was posted. Here, finding one of the junks unserviceable, she was +set fire to, and a retreat of the whole body was made good, to the +post where the Colonel was stationed, with the rest of the armament. + +Juan de Salcedo, convinced of the difficulty of taking the fort by +storm, and desirous of being as sparing as possible, of the lives of +his Spaniards, considering the difficulties they had to encounter, +determined on attempting to reduce Limahon by fair means. Having in +his army a Chinese who had been established in Manila, he ordered +him to write to Limahon; but this letter having no effect, he wrote a +second to the same purpose. Limahon replied, that he was considered a +savage tiger, whom all were desirous of catching; but he assured them, +that he should either kill them, or they him. The Chinese, therefore, +thus declining every amicable proposal, the Colonel resolved to +throw up works near to their works, but at such a distance as to +be without the range of the enemy's artillery. Upon his beginning +accordingly to pitch his camp, however, a shot was fired which passed +close to him, and wounded his aid-de-camp in the leg, affording him a +convincing proof that their artillery could reach all over the small +island. It was, therefore, deemed necessary to remove the camp to +another position, and to blockade the mouth of the river to prevent +Limahon from escaping, until the Governor of Manila should determine, +whether he would have the works taken by assault, or that, by means of +a blockade, the Chinese should be starved into submission. Upon this +retreat of the Spaniards, Limahon collected the remaining fragments of +the junks, which had been burnt, and with these built some boats within +the fort. Four months passed in this manner, when, finding he had no +other resource, Limahon opened a canal to the river, and, in the night, +escaped with all his people in the small vessels he had constructed. To +deceive the Spaniards, and conquer the difficulties opposed to him in +the mouth of the river, he set fire to a few small vessels filled with +combustibles, and, ordering a false attack to be made on the guard, +he, in the meantime, escaped; and, without any obstruction, on the +3d of August 1575, prosecuted his voyage. During these transactions +between Juan de Salcedo and Limahon, the Augustine friars held a +chapter, and appointed priests in the towns of Candaba and Macabebe, +in the province of Pampanga, in Bizan, in the province of Ylocos, and +in the island of Negros. They were not satisfied with the innumerable +converts, they made in these islands, but they became desirous of +attempting the spiritual conquest of the empire of China. There was +at that time in Manila, a Chinese of the name of Aumon, who had been +sent by the viceroy of Fouquien, in search of Limahon, to promise him +pardon, on the part of the Emperor of China, if he would cease his +depredations. This Chinese had been to Pangasinan, and told Juan de +Salcedo, that he wished to see the pirate; but as Salcedo distrusted +the nature of his mission, Aumon deemed it prudent to return to Manila, +where he paid his court so well to the Governor, that he delivered +him up fifty captives which had been taken from Limahon. Aumon was now +desirous of returning to China, and the Augustine friars conceived this +would be a good opportunity, to attempt an establishment there. With +this view they endeavoured to persuade him, to take two friars under +his protection, which request the Governor seconded; and, as the news +of Salcedo's success against Limahon had, by this time, reached them, +Aumon determined to comply with the request. The friars Martin de +Rada, and Geronimo Marin, were nominated for this undertaking, and, +at the same time, as ambassadors from the Governor, were the bearers +of a letter to the Viceroy of Fouquien, and another to the Emperor, +which they were ordered to deliver to the Viceroy, as their directions +were not to proceed beyond that point. But as it was intended, +that these religious should remain in the province of Fouquien, to +propagate the Christian faith, two Spaniards were sent to bring back +the answer to the embassy. They left Manila on the 2d of July 1575, +and before they returned, the new Governor of these islands arrived. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +ANNO DOM. 1575. + + Of the Administration of Don Francisco La Sande, second Governor + of Manila. + + +Doctor Don Francisco La Sande, born at Caceres in Estremadura, +and Oidor of Mexico, took possession of this government on the +24th of August 1575. He instituted an inquiry into the conduct of +his predecessor, and acquitted him of any misapplication of his +authority. At the commencement of La Sande's government, the embassy +returned from China, and proved to have had a favourable issue, +as the Viceroy of Fouquien received them with great respect; and +although he could not permit the friars to remain in the province, +as he had no orders to that effect, he forwarded the letter, which the +Governor of Manila had written to the Emperor of China, contributing +all in his power to second his views: and this fully appeared by the +answer, which the Chinese brought in the month of February, the year +following, by which the Emperor appointed one port in his dominions, +for commercial intercourse with the Spaniards. The Chinese brought +considerable presents, which they would not deliver to the actual +Governor, but to Guido de Labexares, who, as Governor ad interim, +had despatched the embassy. This affront Don Francisco La Sande felt +so severely, that he behaved to them with great coolness, and made +them no presents when they returned. The unhandsome conduct of the +Governor, frustrated those expectations, which had been raised by +the defeat of Limahon, and the subsequent mission; by making a most +unfavourable impression on the minds of the Chinese, who discharged +their whole vengeance, on the heads of the two Augustine friars. They +landed them in the province of Zambales, scourged them most cruelly, +murdered, before their eyes, their interpreter and slaves, and left +them bound fast to trees; in which situation they must have perished, +had not, providentially, Morones been passing that way, who released +them, and cured their wounds. + +This year, 1576, was unpropitious to the Spaniards in the Philippines; +for, independent of this disgrace, they had the misfortune to lose +Juan de Salcedo, who died on the 11th of March, and who had been a +second Pizarro, or Cortes, in this conquest. He was seized with a +fever while in Ylocos, and when in that state, visiting a mine in his +domains, he drank some cold water, which operated so powerfully on the +intestines, that he died in three hours. On the island of Catanduanes, +likewise, a party of Augustine missionaries was shipwrecked: this +was a public loss, and most severely felt, as, without the labours +of the religious, the military exploits of the Spaniards, would have +been of little avail, in securing the subjection of these islands. + +This loss was repaired the following year, by the arrival of some more +friars, and seventeen Franciscans, whom the Augustines received in +their convents, and assigning to them the ecclesiastical authority +over a number of towns, the Franciscans began their labours with +indefatigable zeal. + +About this time, Queen Elizabeth of England, sent the famous Drake with +a considerable squadron, for the purpose of subduing the Moluccas. In +passing the Straits of Magellan, he lost several of his ships; +but he pursued his course in his own ship, committing many acts of +hostility on the voyage, and giving a name to several islands which +he discovered, such as St. Bartholomew, St. James, and New Albion, +a large island, where he was detained six weeks. Arriving at Tidore, +he began to gather cloves, without permission from the King of the +island, at which the latter took great offence; but Drake having +made him presents, he stipulated for the assistance of their arms, +in case he should require it, permitting the English to establish +factories for collecting cloves and nutmegs, and, in token of his +amity, sent a most superb ring to the Queen of England. Richly laden +with spices and Chinese merchandize, which he had captured in several +of our vessels, on their voyage to New Spain, Drake proceeded on his +return to England, where, after a variety of disasters, he arrived, +filling all Europe with admiration of the valuable nature of his +cargo. That strangers might not, by such means, acquire a footing in +the Moluccas and neighbouring islands, the Governor sent an expedition +against the island of Borneo, which, by the following circumstances, +became a matter of easy conquest. Sirela, King of Borneo, had come to +Manila, to solicit the assistance of the Spaniards, in the recovery of +his kingdom, of which he had been unjustly deprived by his brother; +and he promised, in the event of his success, that the whole of this +large island, should become tributary to Spain. Don Francisco La Sande, +conceiving this a most desirable object, and that it would necessarily +lead to the conquest of all the Archipelago of Maluco, determined to go +in person, that he might not lose the favourable opportunity, which now +presented itself, by replacing Sirela in the possession of his kingdom. + +He sailed from Manila in thirty vessels, with a large body of Spaniards +and friendly Indians, and arrived safely at Borneo. Having entered +the river, he proceeded along it, until he arrived at the residence +of the usurper, upon which he immediately directed his artillery. The +King, however, with his troops, gallantly attacked the Spaniards, +but in a short time, fled in great disorder, and took refuge in the +mountains. The Governor placed his deposed brother on the throne, and +returned to Manila, where he planned several other expeditions. He sent +a squadron to Jolo and Mindanao, which reduced these two islands, +and compelled them to pay the customary tribute to the King of +Spain; but from the great distance they were at from Manila, and +the very limited number of clergy then in the seat of government, +a sufficiency could not be spared, for the purpose of converting the +natives to Christianity, during the short time these islands were +held. He completed the conquest of the province of Camarines by means +of Captain Chaves, who founded the city of Nueva Caceres, close to the +town of Naga. The Augustine friars began their spiritual conquest, +but finding their number unequal to the task, of duly attending the +undertaking, they called in to their assistance the Franciscans, +to whom eventually they ceded this district. + +Towards the close of La Lande's government, an unpleasant disagreement +arose between the clergy and laity. The factors had introduced into +their respective districts, several abuses, which the clergy would +not countenance. Certain services were required of the Indians, beyond +the stipulated rents, which were extremely vexatious, and which little +accorded with the Christian character. The friars began by preaching +against these abuses, but this had little effect, and in the end, +so many complaints were made, that it reached the ears of the King +(Philip the Second), who issued an order, in which he reproved the +conduct of the factors, and enjoined them, to pay strict obedience to +the instructions they had received, to confine their imposts to the +stipulated rents alone. The Governor gave every aid to the order of +his Majesty, making regulations, by which the Indians might be secured +against such encroachments in future. This, in some respect, abated +the gathering storm, but tranquillity was never completely restored, as +the avarice of the factors set at defiance all laws, human and divine. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +ANNO DOM. 1580. + + The Administration of Don Ronquillo de Penalosa, third Governor + of Manila. + + +In April 1580, Don Gonzalo Ronquillo de Penalosa arrived at the +port of Cavite, as Governor of Manila. He was a nephew of the famous +Judge Ronquillo, who hanged the Bishop of Zamora. He brought to his +predecessor, the appointment of Oidor of Mexico, with orders for +him to sail by the first ship, destined for Acapulco. On his taking +possession of his government, his first step was, to mark out the +Chinese quarter of the town, under the guns of the fort of Santiago, +on the other side of the river. He sent Captain Rivera to Borneo, +again to re-establish on his throne the legitimate King Sirela, +who had a second time been deprived of it by his brother, with the +assistance of a Portuguese Captain, of the name of Brito. Rivera +executed his commission without delay, and returned to Manila, after +having placed Sirela in peaceable possession of his kingdom. This was +judged to be the fittest opportunity, for bringing the Moluccas under +the Spanish dominion, and the Governor began to make preparations for +the enterprize, for, in addition to the customary enmity between the +courts of Portugal and Castile, he had received positive instructions +from Philip the Second, to effect this object. Circumstances, however, +compelled him to postpone it till the year following, as several +matters of consequence, in these islands, required his presence, +particularly in the province of Cagayan, where a Japanese pirate had +established himself, with a great many followers and vessels. Pablo +Carrion dislodged the Japanese, but not without great loss on the +side of the Spaniards, as the former, rather than be taken prisoners, +preferred dying bravely, with arms in their hands. The pirate thus +dislodged, the Governor founded the city of Nueva Segovia, close to +the Indian town of Lalo, and the city of Arivalo, in the island of +Panay, in memory of his native province. + +The year following, 1582, an expedition sailed to the Moluccas, +commanded by Don Sebastian Ronquillo, a nephew of the Governor, who +took with him Pablo de Lima, married to a niece of the King of Tidore, +and who, in her right, laid claim to several towns, of which she had +been unjustly deprived by the King of Ternate. De Lima was likewise +appointed Governor of Ternate, when it should be subdued by the +Spaniards, and all these considerations contributed, to induce him to +give every aid to this expedition. The squadron arrived at the island +of Motiel, and making an easy conquest of it, the natives recognized +Pablo de Lima as their chief. From this island, the Spaniards proceeded +on their voyage to Ternate, where the Indians seemed determined, +to throw every impediment in the way of their disembarkation; but +the resistance was of short duration, as the Spaniards contrived to +draw them into the interior, and to plant their artillery against +the town, without which expedient nothing could have been done. They +laid regular siege to the town, and were on the point of taking it, +when a disorder in the intestines began to rage among them, which +occasioned such mortality, that they were compelled to break up their +enterprize, and return to the Philippines. During these transactions +in Ternate, the Christians in Manila, found out new objects for mutual +hostility. Besides the provinces which I have mentioned, which the +Augustine friars had been the means of reducing to obedience, they +had distributed priests in Pangasinan, in Cagayan, and in the two +provinces of Misames and Caraga, in the island of Mindanao, which are +the only two in this large island, acknowledging subjection to the +Spaniards. The factor of Mindanao, whose name was Blas de la Serna, +treated the Indians with great severity, and lived a scandalous life, +highly prejudicial to the cause of Christianity. + +The friar whom the Augustines had placed there, admonished him +repeatedly to alter his course of life; but as his conduct became +more reprehensible every day, the friar, unable to bear it longer, +was under the necessity of excommunicating him. The factor, in revenge +for (as he termed it) his impudence, publicly beat him. At this time +the Bishop of Manila was Don Fr. Domingo de Salazar, who had arrived +at Manila in March, 1581, with two Jesuits, who were the first of +the order in these islands. On the 21st of December, he erected the +church into a cathedral, appointing proper prebends and dignitaries, +and forming municipal authorities for its due government. This +nobleman was highly attentive to the rights of the clergy. He took +up the affair with the factor very warmly, and did not relax in his +exertions, until he saw him at Manila undergo the punishment, imposed +on him by the sentence of the church, and which he had so well merited. + +The whole body of factors being alarmed, and fearing this would be +much to their prejudice, persuaded the Governor, to withdraw from the +clergy, the Indians who had been given to them for their own service, +and that of the church. The Spaniards well inclined to the factors, +seconded this advice, and they, in conjunction, commenced a cruel +persecution against the Augustine and Franciscan friars. But Pedro de +Chaves, Amador de Arriaran, Juan de Morenos, Antonio Savedra, Miguel +de Lorca, Francisco de la Cueba, Esteban Rodrigueze de Figueroa, +and other factors, who had seen, of how much importance the friars +were, in the conquest and retention of these islands, came over to +their party, and defended them against the attack thus made on them, +proving satisfactorily, that without the assistance of the clergy, +the factors would never have received even their rents. + +The Governor, Don Gonzalo Ronquillo, was deeply afflicted at those +disputes, so much at variance with his character, and with the anxiety +of his views, for the happiness and prosperity of these islands. His +whole mind, indeed, was occupied in the consideration, of what might +contribute to these ends, and to the aggrandizement of the Spanish +name; but unhappily persuading himself, that his honour was committed +by these dissensions, he became affected by a deep melancholy, +to which he was a prey during six months, and to which he fell a +sacrifice in the month of March, 1583, before he completed his third +year as Governor. He was interred in the church of St. Augustine, +and to do him honour, more tapers than usual being burnt, the roof +of the church was set on fire, which in a few hours communicated +so generally, that the greater part of the city was destroyed, with +immense loss of lives and property. + +By the death of Don Gonzalo, his kinsman, Don Diego Ronquillo, +succeeded as Governor ad interim, being nominated as such in the +royal order. The new Governor directed all his attention, to the +rebuilding of the city, assisting personally in the public works, +and paying particular attention, to the restoration of the houses, +belonging to the inhabitants. Such diligence was used, that in a short +time, the city was completely re-established. Many of the inhabitants, +lost almost all their property in this fire; and the disaster, though +of sufficient magnitude, was swelled into a most dreadful picture, +by the ship going to Acapulco, but which had been forced by stress +of weather into China. It is inconceivable, in what consternation, +the inhabitants of the islands in the neighbourhood of Manila, +arrived to their assistance. Don Diego Ronquillo immediately sent +to China the factor of the royal works, Juan Bautista Roman, with +orders to chastise those, who had been the cause of spreading this +report, and to despatch, at any expense, a ship to New Spain, with a +true statement of the extent of the mischief. The factor performed +his commission with such efficacy, that the ship he despatched, +returned the year following from Acapulco, in company with another; +and in these ships came the new Governor and the Royal Audience. The +government of Don Diego had lasted only one year, but, though short, +it was of great importance to the settlement. + +He reduced to obedience in the island of Layte, and the province of +Pangasinan, some towns which refused to pay the usual tribute, and he +effectually suppressed symptoms of sedition in the other provinces, +and which took their rise in the ill treatment of the factors. The +factors entertained the idea, that the Indians whom they had found on +their lands, ought to be considered in the light of slaves in every +respect, and compelled them to work, appropriating all the wages of +their labour to their own use, by which means they enjoyed all the +luxuries of life, and even accumulated fortunes. To such a height had +these abuses been raised, that a reform was absolutely necessary. The +Governor bestowed particular attention on this subject, punishing +those who were culpable, and watching over the general good. The result +of this was, that many Indians who before had fled to the mountains, +returned to the towns, and paid the tribute settled by the government, +either in silver, or in the produce of the land they cultivated. By +these desirable arrangements, the royal revenue was improved, and +the interest of the factors so much injured by their own avarice, +that from hence arose the proverb, "Avarice bursts the sack." + + + + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +ANNO DOM. 1584. + + The Administration of Don Santiago de Vera, fourth Governor of + Manila. + + +The Governor, Don Gonzalo Ronquillo, had sent to Madrid Captain +Gabriel Rivera, to solicit several objects, necessary to the general +welfare of these islands, and in particular, that a Royal Audience +should be established there, as it was extremely disadvantageous and +embarrassing, to be obliged to have recourse to that of Mexico. + +The King granted this request, and sent Don Santiago de Vera, of +Alcala de Henares, as Governor and President of the Royal Audience; and +Don Melchor de Avalos, and Don Pedro de Rosas, as oidores of it. The +third oidor, Don Antonio Rivera, arrived two years afterwards. Don +Gaspar de Ayala was nominated fiscal. Don Santiago took possession of +his government May, 1584, and immediately formed the Royal Audience, +bearing the royal signet with much ostentation, under a canopy, from +the convent of St. Augustine, to the palace. The Chancellor was Gabriel +de Rivera, who arrived this year, with the title of Mariscal of the +lake of Bombon. Immediately that Don Santiago took possession of his +government, he put in force the orders which he had received from +the King, to chastise those factors, who had abused the authority, +they derived from the possession of the lands granted them. He +began, by dispossessing Bartoleme de Ledesma, factor of Abuyo, and +others the most culpable, punishing the rest in proportion to their +irregularities, after full conviction of their delinquency. + +In the following year, 1585, he sent Juan de Morones and Pablo de +Lima, with a powerful squadron, to reduce the Moluccas under the +Spanish dominion, but it returned to Manila with similar disgrace +to the preceding one, without being able to take possession of the +fortifications of Ternate. The Governor was much chagrined at the +ill success of this expedition, and was desirous of repeating the +attempt, conformable to the positive instructions received from +the King to that effect; but he was not able to execute it, as the +troops from New Spain had not arrived, and, independent of this, +the insurrections of the Indians were of too formidable a nature, +for they lost no opportunity which presented itself of breaking the +yoke of the Spaniards. Those of Pampangos and Manila entered into a +conspiracy with the Moors of Borneo, who had ostensibly come there +for the purpose of traffic. They formed the plan of traitorously +entering the town in the night, setting fire to it, and killing in +the confusion all the Spaniards. This conspiracy was discovered by +a female Indian, married to a Spanish soldier. The Governor checked +it in its commencement, imprisoning many, and severely punishing +others by way of example. The islands of Samar, Ybabao, and Leyte, +were likewise far from being in a state of tranquillity, and the +factor of Dagami, a town of Leyte, had nearly lost his life by the +Indians, in the collection of the tribute paid in wax, and which +he had attempted to levy by a measure, containing double the usual +quantity. This compelled him to fly for safety to the mountains, and +he passed from thence in a boat to the island of Zebu. The Governor +sent Captain Lorenzo de la Mota to quell these disturbances, which +he soon did by promising to punish the delinquent. + +Among the calamities which happened during this government, the +loss of the ship Santa Anna was not the least; she was on her way, +richly laden, to Acapulco, and was taken by the English. Cavendish, +an English pirate, emulous of the fame of Drake, having equipped five +ships, with the assistance of Queen Elizabeth, took his departure +for this quarter of the world; and having committed many acts of +hostility on the coasts of Brazil and Peru, he arrived at Molucca, +where he procured every information respecting the produce of the +Philippines, and the rich cargoes which every year were sent from +these islands to Acapulco. Well instructed, likewise, in the tract +observed by our galleons, he sailed for the coast of California, to +lie in wait for the annual ship destined for New Spain. In due time +the Santa Anna, as is customary, made her appearance on that coast, +in prosecution of her voyage to Acapulco, and fell into the hands of +the English without any resistance, being quite unprepared. + +The English having made themselves masters of this valuable prize, +directed their course to the Philippines, and arriving at the island +of Panay, where we had a ship in the dock of Yloylo, an attempt was +made to burn her, but it was rendered ineffectual by Captain Lorenzo de +Limas, who made a vigorous resistance, with such soldiers and Indians, +as he was able to collect in the province. Abandoning this object, +the English commander sent a letter to the Governor, to apprize him +of the capture he had made of the Santa Anna, and to inform him he +should return frequently to those seas. He departed from Panay for +the Cape of Good Hope, from whence he sailed for England, and arrived +laden with such riches, that his name became more renowned than ever +was that of Francis Drake. + +In the year 1589 no ship was despatched to New Spain; for two which +had been equipped for this voyage, were lost in the port of Cavite +in a dreadful storm, which happened on St. Peter's Day. About the +same time many insurrections of the Indians took place, and in +particular, those of Cagayan, who were always very troublesome, +murdered many Spaniards. Those likewise, in the valley of Dingras, +in the province of Ylocos, resisted the collections of tribute, and +murdered six people from the city of Fernandina, who were travelling +through their towns. Don Santiago quelled these tumults, and restored +tranquillity, by duly mingling punishment with clemency. He likewise +constructed a strong fort of stone, where the royal gate now stands; +he removed to Manila the foundery which was hitherto in Santa Anna; and +cast some artillery, with the assistance of an Indian of Pampango. He +founded an hospital for the Spaniards: but the principal mover of +this pious act was Don Luis de Vivanco, who, jointly with his wife, +endowed it, and appropriated it to the reception and cure of the +sick. The Governor divided several portions of land among those +soldiers and sailors who deserved it most, and conducted himself in +the exercise of his authority, so much to the general satisfaction, +that his character as an excellent Governor was established by the +declaration of the licentiate Herber del Corral, who was chief judge +on the occasion of passing his trial of approbation. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +ANNO DOM. 1590. + + The Administration of Gomez Perez Dasmariñas, the fifth Governor + of Manila. + + +The clergy of Manila about this period, sent to the court of Madrid +and Rome the Friar Sanches, a Jesuit, under the pretence of soliciting +some objects, for the spiritual as well as temporal welfare of these +islands. Arriving at Madrid, he petitioned that the Royal Audience +should be removed, and that Gomez Perez Dasmariñas, a noble Galician +knight of the order of Santiago, Corregidor of Logrono, should +be sent as Governor. This nobleman arrived at Manila in May 1590, +in one of the two ships which the Viceroy of Mexico had despatched, +and in which he had sent four hundred troops, a supply, by this time +highly requisite in the islands. The other ship which accompanied +her struck on a shoal, close in with the land of Maranduque, and was +lost, but all the people were saved. The King gave the new Governor, +as a salary, ten thousand Castile ducats out of the royal revenue of +New Spain, and which was remitted annually to the Philippines. + +He brought an order that the proceedings of the Royal Audience +should be suspended; and in performance of this, the year following, +the Oidores composing it embarked for Mexico; the Oidor Roxas alone +remaining, as the ad interim successor of the Governor. The Bishop, who +had some disagreement with the Governor, feeling the importance of the +Royal Audience, as the only tribunal capable of curbing the power of +the Governor, and persuading himself it was not safe, to trust in the +hands of one man, the uncontrolled exercise of authority, in a country +so remote from the seat of government, it was his intention to proceed +to New Spain, with a view to procure the re-establishment of the Royal +Audience in Manila, and on various, affairs of his bishopric. The +Governor, that he might not effect his purpose, would not allow him +to embark with the Oidores; and the Bishop in the mean time contented +himself, with giving full powers and instructions to the Augustine +Friar Ortiga, who was going to Madrid, to appear to any allegations +which might be preferred against him. In the short time this government +lasted, great undertakings were performed; such as building a wall +of stone round Manila, erecting the fort of Santiago, and furnishing +it with good artillery. The royal magazines in Manila and Cavite +were built; and the asylum of Santa Potenciana was erected for the +maintenance, at the cost of the state, of a certain number of young +persons, daughters of deceased military officers, until they should be +married. The Governor established among the different religious orders, +a salutary ecclesiastical control over the Indians, assigning to each +order their different towns and provinces, and converting the colony +into a complete republic; supplying every defect in the government; +and putting the whole in a respectable state of defence, by means of +his four hundred regular soldiers, divided into detachments. + +Among the natives of many adjacent islands which traded with Manila, +those of Japan, in particular, brought the richest merchandize for the +consumption of the colony, and for the commerce with Acapulco. A keen +and able man of this nation, named Faranda Kicmon, who had renegaded +from the faith, persuaded Taycosama, Emperor of Japan, to send an +embassy to Manila; and promised him, that if he would give him the +commission, he would procure him to be acknowledged King of Manila, +and that a regular and lucrative commerce, might be established between +the two nations. The Emperor gave credit to his representations, and +despatched him with letters to the Governor, claiming the vassalage of +the Philippines. The Governor received this embassy, and replied to it +immediately, without bringing into question the point of vassalage, +by proposing to establish a commercial intercourse; sending for this +purpose, the Franciscan Friars Pedro Bautista, Francisco de San Miguel, +Bartholome, and Gerardo de San Miguel, who likewise had determined to +avail themselves of this opportunity, to establish themselves in that +kingdom to preach the gospel: he likewise sent with them a Portuguese +of the name of Carvallo, and they bore a handsome present to the +Emperor. Notwithstanding many malicious falsehoods which Faranda +had circulated, Taycosama received the friars with much courtesy, +and granted them permission to remain in his kingdom, treating them +with much respect in the first instance, although, at a subsequent +period, he murdered them. About this time ambassadors from the King +of Camboa arrived, with two elephants, as a present to the Governor; +and endeavoured to engage him, to grant them assistance against +the King of Siam, who had commenced hostilities against them. The +Governor answered the King of Camboa with another present, giving +them great hopes, but evading immediate assistance, on the plea that +his projected expedition to the Moluccas, required all his resources, +however desirous he was of giving the aid they demanded. + +That this expedition might not turn out as the former had done, Gomez +Perez Dasmariñas determined to accompany it in person. He sailed +from Cavite on the 19th of October 1593, and arriving off Santiago, +encountered a strong gale from the eastward, and the whole of the +fleet was separated, his own ship alone remaining: this compelled +him to anchor at Brimstone Cape, to effect which he was obliged +to have recourse to his boats, on account of the great variety +of currents. The Chinese, to the number of one hundred and fifty, +though able to pull at the oar, assisted but very little; and the +Governor abused them for the little exertion they made. These people +resented this ill-treatment; and considering themselves as superior +in force to the few Spaniards in the ship, conceived the design of +murdering them the same evening. Whilst the Spaniards took their +siesta (or afternoon nap), little dreaming of the designs of the +Chinese, the latter commenced their carnage by killing the Governor, +and all those who were not able to effect their escape in the launch, +or by swimming, sparing only Friar Montilla, a Franciscan, and Juan de +Cuellar, secretary to the Governor, whom they took with them. After +this massacre they sailed for China, and passing by Ylocos, they +entered the port of Sinay to water, where the Indians fell on them, +and killed twenty of their number. The following day they disembarked +in another port; and actuated by superstitious motives, sacrificed +one of the native converts, in revenge for the slaughter the Indians +had made the day before, and by which sacrifice, they expected to +propitiate their gods in favour of their voyage. They tied him to a +cross, and opening his chest, took out his heart, which they offered +to their idols. They then made sail, and coasted for several days: +they resolved to set on shore Friar Montilla, Secretary Cuellar, +and those Philippine Indians who had been their shipmates. They +then proceeded to Cochin China, where, in the end, they received the +punishment due to their crimes. + +On the death of the Governor, the Licentiate Rosas succeeded to the +Command, and immediately despatched two ships in search of the Chinese, +under the command of Don Juan Ronquillo. They made enquiry in several +ports; but not being able to gain information respecting their route, +they returned without effecting their object. That they might not, +however, remain without punishment for such atrocious crimes, and +supposing that the Chinese might have taken shelter in the province of +Chancheo in China, of which they were natives, he sent Don Fernando de +Castro, to solicit of the Viceroy of that province, due satisfaction +against the aggressors. Unable, however, to reach that destination, +he was, by the interposition of divine Providence, compelled to bear +away for Cochin China, where, on his arrival, he found the murderers +had retired. He communicated his business to the King, and the whole +of them were imprisoned and executed. Some of those, likewise, whom +the Portuguese Governor of Molucca, had sent on the expedition with +the Chinese, were hanged in Manila. The whole, however, affording +small consolation for the melancholy catastrophe which had taken place. + +Forty days after the death of the Governor, Friar Montilla and +Secretary Cuellar arrived at Manila, after having suffered many severe +hardships, and being brought out for death repeatedly, whilst they were +with the Chinese. The deceased Governor had given in charge to these +gentlemen a trunk, to be delivered to his son Luis Perez Dasmariñas; +and on opening it, papers of great importance were found: among +the rest, a royal order, by which he had the power to nominate his +successor, in virtue of which he named his own son Luis. At first Luis +found some difficulty in being acknowledged as such, the Licentiate +Roxas being firmly seated; and unwilling to deliver up his authority, +for which he had begun to entertain a great attachment; he, however, +on the 3d of December, in the same year, left Luis in quiet possession. + +The new Governor was desirous of sending another expedition to Molucca, +but desisted from it at that time from prudential motives. It +was fortunate that he formed this resolution, as in this case, +Manila would have been left with only a few troops, and exposed to +another attack from the Chinese, on whom little reliance could be +placed. Indeed, there was reason to suspect they had something of +that nature in contemplation, as many junks about this time arrived +with Mandarins in them, and the cause of their appearance was never +ascertained. They landed very frequently, and visited the Governor, +but did not attempt any thing, nor could he comprehend their object; +most fortunately, however, at this moment, arrived the two ships which +sailed this year from Acapulco, bringing a sufficient force with them, +to resist enemies more powerful than the Chinese. + +Our historians have, with great minuteness, stated the losses and +arrivals of the ships which are sent to New Spain, on account of their +being so interesting to these islands, which depend upon them for +their subsistence, and, of course, their loss or arrival occasions +a very general sensation. There is no reason to think, that these +misfortunes are to be attributed to the difficulty of the passage, +nor to stormy weather, so much as to the ignorance of the pilots, +who are chosen without examination as to their nautical skill, the +bad construction of the ships, their sailing out of season, and too +heavily laden. These are, unquestionably, the principal causes of +their failure; and it is a pity it is not remedied, for it is with +justice affirmed, that the avarice and knavery of some rich people, +have buried in the ocean many millions of dollars. + +In the year following, the same two vessels again made this voyage, +and Señor Morga came in one, as successor to the late Governor, +but this nobleman was afterwards promoted to be Oidor of Mexico, +where he wrote the history of the Philippines. There came likewise +in these ships, a sufficient number of troops, sent by the Viceroy +of Mexico. Don Luis Dasmariñas was now, therefore, enabled to give +the King of Camboxa that relief which his father had promised. He +likewise despatched an expedition to the island of Mindanao; and +he quelled an insurrection in some of the provincial towns which +had revolted, and refused to pay the tribute, particularly those in +Cagayan and Zambales. He did many praiseworthy actions, and governed +with more approbation than his father, possessing greater abilities, +at the same time that he was more affable to all. + +In the month of February 1596, the flag ship of the squadron of Alvaro +Mendana de Neyra arrived at Cavite. He had sailed from Callao, the +port of Lima, with four ships, to colonize the islands of Salmon; +and having begun his new settlement in the island of Negros, near +New Guinea, he died there, and his wife, Doña Isabela Barreto, at the +instigation of the people, left the colony, and came in his ship to +Manila. The Governor received her with great attention, and gave her +every assistance, to enable her to return to New Spain. + +An important establishment was now founded here, called the Pious +Work of Mercy, which originated with a clergyman of the name of Losa, +and who, together with Captain Esquerra, an inhabitant of Manila, +employed themselves in collecting donations for this purpose; and +their exertions were so successful, that they were soon enabled to +build the college of Santa Isabel, where many female orphans are +maintained, and on whom marriage portions are bestowed. In emulation +of this pious work, many others were endowed in the convents, and +in the cathedral. The projectors traded with their funds to China, +Batavia, the coast of Coromandel, and Acapulco, the produce of which +was destined to be employed in like manner as above, in hospitals, +dowers to orphan females, in ransoming children in China [20], and +for masses for souls in purgatory, reserving part of it for the +annual increase of the funds of these pious establishments, and to +alleviate the distresses occasioned by the losses of the annual ships, +of which they thus became the assurers to a certain extent. Such +establishments may be useful to new settlers, since the parties +desirous of commercial pursuits, may, if they possess any credit, +be certain of meeting in these resources a capital with which they +may trade. I am not of opinion, however, that they are very useful +to these islands, generally speaking, because the rich merchants, who +have sufficient capital, employ it in objects attended with no risk, +and in their store-houses, and trade with that which they draw from +this charity, by which they escape the chance of loss. If there had +not, unfortunately we may say, been this resource, no doubt some mode +would have been resorted to, of insuring the Acapulco adventures, at +less than the pious foundations have been in the habit of contributing, +and which often exceeds fifty per cent., and never falls below twenty +per cent. Like all other adventures managed by a public body, there is +never such strict oeconomy as when under the control of individuals, +whose interests are involved in the result. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +ANNO DOM. 1596. + + The Administration of Don Francisco Tello de Gusman, the fourth + Governor of Manila. + + +The news of the death of Dasmariñas, reached Madrid through the +medium of India, and immediately the King sent as his successor Don +Francisco Tello de Gusman, Knight of the order of Santiago, born at +Seville, who had been treasurer of the Indies. He arrived at Manila +the 1st of June 1596, and the following month despatched the ship San +Philip to Acapulco; but she encountered in her voyage heavy gales, +was dismasted, and lost her rudder, and having no other resource, bore +away for Japan, where the relief she sought was denied, except on the +condition of her entering the port of Urando; in effecting which she +touched on a sand bank, and made so much water, that she was under the +necessity of being unloaded. The Governor, allured by the prospect of +such rich booty, immediately conceived the design of making himself +master of the vessel and cargo, and accordingly secured it in the +royal store-houses, sending information to the Emperor Taycosama, +that the Captain having given a false representation of the matter, +he had proceeded against him according to law, and had secured the +whole of the property. By this means he so warped the whole affair, +that the cargo was condemned, and a prosecution was commenced, in the +progress of which those Franciscan friars fell martyrs, who had come +to this kingdom in quality of ambassadors. + +Taycosama named one of the four principal Governors of his kingdom, +called Uximonoxo, to take charge of the ship, in order that the +cargo might be delivered up; for our Captain, Don Mathias Landecho, +had petitioned the Emperor, sending two Spaniards and two friars, of +those he had in the ship, with a present worth twenty thousand dollars, +to soften him, and, if possible, to obtain justice. Upon their arrival +at Meaco, the court of the Emperor, they applied to the Franciscan +friars, who, by their experience in this city, they conceived, could +procure a favourable reception to their application. The Franciscans +judged it better to apply to Ximonoxo, another of the four Governors; +but this crafty Japanese, possessing more abilities than the friars, +deceived the whole of them, found means to make them deliver up +the present of the Emperor to him, offering to give them a letter +to Uximonoxo, which they agreed to, and acceded to his wish. The +Spaniards returned quite content with this letter; but it was the +letter of Uriah, the Hittite, for immediately they delivered it, +Uximonoxo imprisoned them. When they found out the deceit, they +sent the Friar Guivara to Meaco, to procure their liberty from the +other Governors, and, with the assistance of the Franciscan friars, +attempted to get an audience of the Emperor, to explain to him the +conduct of his Governors; but Uximonoxo was too crafty for them, +prejudicing the Emperor against the friars, through the medium of +the Bonzos, who are priests of their idols, to whom he suggested the +propriety of complaining against them, because they propagated a new +doctrine against the gods, which must be prejudicial to the state. + +Taycosama, who began to be desirous of keeping possession of the +merchandize of the wrecked vessel, imprisoned the Franciscan friars, +on pretence of their having preached the gospel of Christ against +his command; and likewise pretended that they were employed as spies +by the Spaniards, and that, with these views, they had quitted their +own country. He now openly seized the property saved, and condemned +the friars to death. With them the following were comprehended in +this sentence; the Friars Pedro Bautista, Francisco Blanco, Gonsalo +Garçia, Francisco de San Miguel, Martin de la Asumpcion, together +with Phelipe de Jesus, who was going in that ship to New Spain to +be ordained, and had resided with his brethren since his arrival in +Japan. These six Franciscan friars, with three Japanese Jesuits, and +seventeen Japanese laymen, who professed Christianity, all shared the +same fate. They were paraded through the streets of Meaco, with their +left ears cut off, and then marched above two hundred leagues into +Nangasaqui, where they suffered martyrdom, by being placed on crosses, +and put to death with lances. This transaction took place on the 5th +of February 1597, in the presence of Señor Martinez, a Jesuit Bishop, +many other Jesuits and Franciscan friars, and the Spaniards lately +arrived in that ship, and who returned to Manila, after suffering +many hardships, and certified what they had witnessed on this occasion. + +Immediately on the death of these martyrs being made known in Manila, +the Governor sent two Spaniards and an Augustine friar, to solicit +their bodies, and complain to the Emperor of the ill treatment which +the Spaniards had experienced in regard to their ship, contrary to +the treaty which had been made with the government of Manila. They +likewise had instructions, to procure the establishment of commercial +regulations for the future; and to pave the way for these views, they +took with them a present of an elephant, an animal seldom seen in +Japan. Taycosama was delighted with this present, and he esteemed it +the more, as it knelt three times in his presence, on a certain signal +being made to it. He received the ambassadors with great cordiality, +and pleaded the laws of the empire, in justification of the conduct +which had been observed, with regard to the ship and cargo; but made +a promise, for the second time, of protection to the commerce of the +Spaniards, assuring them that these vexations should never be repeated, +and despatched them with a present to the Governor, together with the +relicts of the martyred saints. The Spaniards had little confidence +in the duration of this good understanding, for Faranda incessantly +instigated the Emperor to commence hostilities on Manila, promising to +reduce the whole of the islands to his obedience. The four Governors +of the kingdom seconded the representations of Faranda, and measures +were adopted with the view of carrying them into effect by collecting +an armament; but the chief men of the country, who considered Faranda +as a despicable character, much retarded this scheme. It was at +first understood in Manila, that this armament was directed against +the island of Formosa, as the first step towards the conquest of the +Philippines. Our Governor took every precaution, and among others, +sent an embassy to Canton, as the Chinese were the ancient enemies +of the Japanese; and it was their interest to prevent the latter +from making this conquest: nothing of this, however, was eventually +necessary, as Taycosama died, and peace immediately followed. + +While this was passing in Japan, the two expeditions which Luis +Dasmariñas had sent to Camboxa and Mindanao were proceeding in their +operations; that which went to Camboxa began successfully, but it was +afterwards completely ruined by Major Juan Gallinato, and returned to +Manila without effecting any thing. Don Luis Dasmariñas having pledged +himself for the success of this expedition, armed, at his own cost, +two ships and a galiot, and with the approbation of the Governor, +left Manila for Camboxa, and in a little time after arrived at China, +at the port of Pinae, twelve leagues distant from Canton, where he +encountered the Governor of Malacca, took him prisoner, and returned +to Manila. His galiot arrived at Cagayan, and proceeded on his voyage +to Camboxa, where he found the King re-established on his throne +by the Portuguese, Cabos Diego Belloso and Blas Ruiz. The other two +Spanish ships also arrived there, and an attempt was made to establish +themselves in that kingdom; but although the King seemed to desire it, +they were compelled to abandon the project, as it was opposed by his +step-mother, and the Malays had already freed themselves from the +control of the Portuguese by the murder of Belloso and Ruiz; indeed +a few only had escaped, with Captain Juan de Mendoza in his ship. + +In Mindanao, Captain Figueroa, who had the charge of this expedition, +and who bore, by the King's order, the title of Marquis of what +he might conquer, arrived at Buhayen, where the Moors had some +fortifications, from whence he retired to the kingdom of Tamoncaca, +whose King was in amity with the Spaniards. The Señor Salazar having +come out about this time to see the Royal Audience re-established, +the ecclesiastical establishment was likewise arranged, the first +Archbishop being the Señor himself. He, however, scarcely enjoyed +his dignity three months, as, in August in the same year, he died of +a dysentery. There had come with him Friar Pedro de Agurto, of the +order of St. Augustine, first Bishop of Zebu, and Señor Benevides, +of the order of the Dominicans, first Bishop of New Segovia. In the +same year the Oidores arrived, who were to form the Royal Audience, +the President of it being the Governor. The chief Oidor was Morga, +nominated as successor ad interim to the Governor. The others were Don +Christoval Telles Almanza, Alvaro Zambrano, and Geronimo de Salazar. In +eight days after their arrival, the Royal seal being carried with +much pomp to the cathedral, and from thence to the palace, the Royal +Audience was, by this ceremony, considered as fully established. + +In the garrison of Caldera, Juan Pacho had remained as Governor, and +being of an active disposition, he attempted to reduce the natives of +Jolo, on which island he landed immediately after a storm of rain, and +attacking them, was killed, with the greater part of his people. The +residue retreated to Caldera; but in consequence of this defeat, +the natives of Jolo and of Mindanao, with fifty Caracoas, invaded the +islands of Zebu, Negros, and Panay, pillaging and burning the towns, +and making many prisoners. In the following year, 1590, they repeated +the attack, and the natives retiring to the mountains, refused to quit +them again, as the Spaniards were unable to protect them. Those in +particular of the island of Panay were most pertinacious, and would +not come near the town, as one of their priestesses had asserted, +that the Spaniards were in league with the Moors, and had been the +cause of these hostilities for years back. It cost the friars a great +deal of trouble, to eradicate the effects of the impression, made by +this means on the minds of the Indians, but at length they succeeded, +and the towns were re-occupied. + +To chastise these insults of the Moors, the Governor sent Juan +Gallinato, with two hundred Spaniards, to Jolo; but after making an +attempt to possess himself of a fort, which the King of Jolo had on a +lofty hill, he returned to Manila, without having effected any thing +of consequence. + +From that time to the present, the Moors have not ceased to infest our +colonies. It is incredible what a number of Indians they have made +prisoners, what towns they have plundered, what villages they have +annihilated, and what ships they have taken. I am inclined to think, +that Providence permits this as a punishment on the Spaniards, for +delaying the conquest for no less a period than two hundred years [21], +notwithstanding the expeditions and fleets, that have almost annually +been sent to attempt it. On the first arrival of the Spaniards in +those seas, they conquered, in a short time, all the Philippines, +excepting the small island of Jolo, part of Mindanao, and a few other +very insignificant islands near them, which, to this period, have +not submitted. These Moorish Indians are certainly very valiant, and +their enmity has been drawn upon us by our own conduct; for instead of +following the laudable example of the first settlers in these islands, +who brought the natives under subjection, principally by the mild +interference of the friars, it seems, of late years, to have been the +object of the Spaniards, since the great increase of the lucrative +commerce of Manila, to acquire, by oppression and force, lands and +establishments on these islands, without any view to conciliate the +natives. Those, therefore, who have been sent on different occasions to +reduce the country, have, instead of attending to the object of their +mission, been solicitous only to serve their own purposes, considering +that as a primary, which ought to have been a secondary object; and +the natives profiting by constant experience in warfare, during which +they discovered that the Spaniards were mortal like themselves, have +at last become very formidable. There can be no doubt these Indians +may be reduced by the same means employed with the others, that is, +by sending missionaries amongst them, and a sufficient number of +Spanish stations might be established, to command respect. These +garrisons ought to be independent of the Governor of Manila, and +ought to have a chief, who should reside there, directing his whole +attention to the improvement of the settlement, by the extension in +the country of the Spanish influence, by temperate measures. + +As the matter is now ordered, these appointments are made with no +other view than to enrich, by any means, the individuals sent there as +Governors. Such, too, is the situation of the Governors of Zamboanga +and Marianas; who appropriate to their own use all the revenue sent +by his Majesty's Governors for public purposes, and then return to +Manila, leaving the colonies as poor and miserable as the first day +they were established. + +In October 1600, two Dutch pirates took their station at the entrance +of Marivelez, waiting for the ship Saint Thomas, which was expected +to return from New Spain about this time. The Governor sent against +them the Oydor Morga with two galleons, an English patache which had +come from Malacca, a galiot, and other small vessels. On the 12th of +December an engagement took place, when Morga took one ship, and the +other fled, very much disabled; but he was incapable of pursuing his +advantage, for his ship had suffered so much that she foundered, and +fifty of the crew were drowned, the rest being saved on the island +of Fortune. The ship which he had taken from the Dutch had on board +twenty-five men, whom the Governor ordered to be hanged, as a warning +to other pirates. During this year, two ships sailed for Acapulco; one +was lost on the island of Catanduanes, but all the people were saved; +the other took shelter in one of the Marianas, where she was seized by +the Indians, who murdered most of the Spaniards, reserving only a few, +whom the ship Saint Thomas rescued on her return to New Spain; but the +various disasters which had befallen Manila during this government, +were far surpassed by a terrible earthquake, in which many houses, +and the church of the Jesuits, were destroyed. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII. + +ANNO DOM. 1602. + + The Administration of Don Pedro de Acuña. + + +In May 1602, four ships from New Spain arrived at Cavite, in one +of which came the new Governor, Don Pedro Brabo de Acuña, Knight of +the order of San Juan, and who had been Governor of Carthagena. In +passing by the Marianas, he had the good fortune to rescue twenty-five +Spaniards, who had been shipwrecked in the St. Margarita. Immediately +on taking possession of his government, he gave audience to the +ambassadors of Dayfusama, Emperor of Japan, who had succeeded to the +kingdom, on the death of Taycosama, and requested that the commerce +with his kingdom might be continued; and that shipwrights might be +sent from Manila to build vessels for him. Without touching on this +last subject, the Governor dismissed the Japanese with a magnificent +present, which was all lost, as they were shipwrecked on the island of +Formosa. With these ambassadors, friars from all the orders in Manila +entreated the Governor to be allowed to proceed to Japan, in order to +make converts, even at the risk of martyrdom. These good dispositions +and intentions the Governor encouraged, and by his assistance, they +were able to establish themselves in that kingdom, where in a short +time they founded several convents. In 1603, the Augustine friars +already possessed one, and the Captain of the ship Espiritu Santo, +who put in there in distress, applied to the friars, requesting them +to interest themselves with the Emperor, as the Japanese, conformable +to their regulations, would not permit the ship to remain. Dayfusama +received the application with courtesy, and punished those who had +been the cause of it, sending the Spaniards who had accompanied +the friars back to Manila, with great honours, giving at the same +time strict orders, that all Spanish vessels arriving in future, +in his ports, should be treated as friends; the ship, however, +in the meantime had made her escape, fearing the same ill success, +as had attended a similar application to Taycosama. + +A short time after the arrival of Acuña, he made a voyage through +the Bisayas (or Islas de Pintados), to inspect the garrisons, and to +make preparations for an expedition, which he intended against the +Moluccas; and whilst he was employed in building the fort of Yloylo, +the Moors took the opportunity offered by his absence, of seizing +all the ships they met with, burning the towns, and endeavouring to +take possession of Balayan; but the Alcalde Mayor of the province +opposed them; and upon receiving assistance from Manila, pursued +them to a desert island, off which he fell in with the Governor on +his return to the capital. Orders were issued to attack them; but +the Moors making all the sail they could, he was able only to take +two, and sink five others, out of seventy vessels, of which their +force consisted. On his arrival at Manila, the Governor received the +melancholy intelligence of the death of Señor Tello, his deputy, who +had discharged his trust with great zeal and probity. He was buried +in the church of St. Augustine, to which he had left considerable +donations. Soon after this a great fire happened in Manila, which +burnt two hundred and fifty houses, the convent of St. Domingo, +and the hospital for the reception of the Spaniards. + +In May 1603, three Chinese Mandarins arrived, on the extraordinary +mission of discovering, whether the port of Cavite was composed of +gold, as a Chinese, called Tiongon, had reported to his Emperor, +by whom he was imprisoned, until the truth of his assertion should +be ascertained, this man having promised to conquer it or lose his +life. It was believed that this was a mere stratagem, to reconnoitre +the country, as it was understood, that the Emperor intended to land +an hundred thousand men, in the following December, with the view of +becoming master, of the whole of the Spanish possessions. The Governor +treated these Mandarins, with the most flattering distinction, shewed +them the island of Cavite, and undeceived them in regard to the opinion +propagated by their countryman, assuring them that the island was +termed the Golden Island, on account of its lucrative commerce only. + +The expected armament of the Emperor did not make its appearance; +but an insurrection of the Chinese inhabitants of Manila followed, +which had been in a state of preparation during the embassy, and now +broke out. There was a Chinese in Manila of the name of Engcan, who +had remained there since the time of Limahon, who had been baptized, +was very rich, and was in intimacy with many Spaniards. He offered to +his countrymen, to build a wall round their quarter of the town: the +work was commenced; but the fidelity of the Chinese beginning to be +suspected, the Governor endeavoured to ascertain their intentions, +through the medium of their enemies, the Japanese, from which +circumstance the Chinese entertained a belief, that the Governor +proposed to massacre them, with the assistance of these people; +and they resolved, among themselves, to enter Manila on the eve of +St. Francis, and murder every Spaniard in the place. Twenty-five +thousand Chinese were concerned in this plot, which was discovered +by an Indian having given notice of it to the curate of Quiapo, +through whose means the information was instantly communicated +to the Governor. There were two classes of Chinese at that time in +Manila. Those who came annually for the purposes of commerce, and those +who had long been residents, in a quarter of the town called Parian, +outside of the walls of the city, and whom the Dominican friars had +endeavoured to convert. + +The first step the Governor took, was to attempt to reconcile the +annual Chinese merchants, who were very numerous; but he failed in +the attempt, as they had collected in a large body in open rebellion, +in a town within half a league of Manila, the others remaining in +Parian. The Governor made a confidant of Engcan, and sent him, in +company with some Spaniards, to endeavour to bring them back to a +sense of their duty, but without effect, as the works they had raised +in their defence would, in their opinion, protect them. In the night, +some of them sallied out, burned the towns of Quiapo and Tondo, and +killed many Indians. They were opposed by one hundred and thirty +Spaniards, almost all of whom perished: among them were Don Luis +Dasmariñas, Don Thomas Brabo, and Don Juan de Alcega, whose heads +the Chinese sent to Parian, as an incitement for their countrymen +to follow their example. Upon examination, it being discovered that +Engcan was the principal abettor of these men, he was imprisoned, +which had such an effect upon many of his countrymen, that they hanged +themselves in despair. + +The Spaniards, finding that they could do nothing by means of mild +measures, commenced their operations, and fought with such determined +resolution, that the slaughter was immense. So general was the spirit +of loyalty, that even the friars took up arms, and, in particular, +Antonio Flores, who had been a soldier in Flanders and Italy, and had, +in the battle of Lepanto, been ensign under Bernardino de Meneses, but +afterwards took the habit of St. Augustine. The position he took was on +the river, close to which the rebels were obliged to pass to join the +Chinese of Parian; from this he sallied out, and made great slaughter +among them. They made good their retreat, however, to Parian and Dilao, +where they threw up works, but Captain Gallinato burned Parian, and +laid waste Dilao; and Captain Luis de Velasco pursued them to Tabuco, +which we now call Cabuyao. The Chinese not being able to maintain +themselves here, passed on to the town of St. Pablo in the mountains, +where Velasco, who had pursued them, fell, together with two Franciscan +friars. Here the insurgents fortified themselves so strongly, that it +was deemed necessary to send a greater force from Manila against them. + +Major Christoval de Acuña was charged with the expedition. He cut +off their supply of provisions, and reduced them to such distress, +that their only alternative was, to abandon their position or starve. + +They availed themselves of the cover of night, and made the best +of their way to Batangas, where the Spaniards pursued them, and +completed their destruction, having killed in different engagements, +twenty-three thousand men, one hundred alone, who were rowers in the +galleons, remaining of their whole number; and as a warning to their +countrymen, to abstain from insurrection in future, Engcan was ordered +to be hanged, and his head to be placed on the gaol. The Governor sent +two Augustine friars to Spain, to inform his Majesty of the rebellion, +and to enable them to arrive in a shorter time, he sent them by India; +but they encountered so many difficulties in their passage through Goa, +Persia, Turkey, and Italy, that it was three years before they arrived +at the court of Madrid. This has always been a dangerous journey, +and was particularly so to Friar Nicholas Milo, an Augustine, who, +a few years before, had been sent the same route with a lay brother, +born in Japan, and who, after having been exposed to great misery +in many countries, fell a martyr in Muscovy with his companion. The +Emperor of China sent ambassadors to Manila respecting the rebellion, +requesting to know the meaning of the slaughter, which had been made +among his subjects. The Governor justified himself amply, and the +commerce remained on the same footing as before. + +In March 1604, eight hundred troops arrived from New Spain, with which +relief Don Pedro de Acuña was enabled to fit out a fleet of thirty +sail, in the port of Yloylo, for the conquest of the Moluccas. He +sailed at the head of this armament on the 15th of January, 1606; and +upon his arrival at Ternate, he sat down before the place, to which +the King of the island had retired, and took it on the 1st of April, +with the loss of fifteen Spaniards. The King of Ternate, who had fled +with some of his subjects, intimated a desire to enter into amicable +terms with the Spaniards, proposing to deliver up all his fortresses, +the towns in Batoquina, which were anciently peopled by Christians +(either Dutch captives, or Spanish deserters), all his Christian +prisoners, the islands of Marotay and Herrao, with all his artillery +and ammunition; and which terms were acceded to. He was not, however, +left in possession of his kingdom, but accompanied the Governor to +Manila, with some of his chiefs, who were not allowed to remain, +from an apprehension of their fomenting disturbances. + +The Colonel, Don Martin Esquival, was appointed Governor of Ternate, +with six hundred men; and in Tidore, the King of the island requested, +that Captain Alarcon might remain with one hundred troops, which was +acceded to. During these transactions, and while this armament was +at Ternate, and few troops remained at Manila, the Japanese who lived +behind the city, availed themselves of these circumstances, and took +up arms against the Spaniards. This rebellion was soon put a stop to, +through the mediation of the friars, who persuaded the insurgents to +lay down their arms, and submit quietly. By this species of management, +time was gained for the arrival of the Governor, to whom information +had been sent. He arrived at Manila, banished the ringleaders to +their own island, and obliged the rest to live in the town of Dilao, +where they would be always under our guns; and by this means, kept in +obedience. The Governor reaped little benefit from these successes, +as he was immediately afterwards, seized with a complaint in the +intestines, which carried him off on St. John the Baptist's day. On +the death of the Governor, Don Christoval Telles de Almanza, as chief +Oidor, became Military Governor ad interim. The rebellion, which lay +smothered in the breasts of the Japanese, on this occasion, broke +out afresh. They engaged the Spaniards, and many fell on both sides, +as the Japanese were very brave, and were called the Spaniards of +Asia. In the end, however, they were conquered, and were not permitted +to live together in any considerable number till the year 1621, when +Pelayo Hernandez built shops on their old quarter, which were hired +out for the benefit of the Franciscan friars. + +Some of the Spaniards of the Moluccas took prisoner Pablo Blancardo, +the Dutch commander at Malacca, and brought him in his galley to +Ternate. The Governor there, in consideration of fifty thousand +dollars, set him and all his people at liberty, which, when it was +known in Manila, was stigmatized as an act of great baseness; and this +public censure affected the Governor's mind to that degree, that he +died of grief soon afterwards. The second in command succeeded; and to +give satisfaction to the Royal Audience, despatched two ships in search +of General Blancardo, who, it was supposed, had gone towards Maquien, +in a patache; they took him prisoner a second time, and sent him with +all his people, to Manila, where he was some time afterwards repaid +from the Royal coffers, the amount of his ransom. Pablo Blancardo +died of grief in prison at Manila, where he had been confined until +the arrival of twenty-two Spaniards, who had been taken at Amboyna +by the Dutch, and for whom it was intended he should be exchanged. + +The Royal Audience conducted themselves with great approbation in the +civil administration, until the year 1608, when Don Rodrigo Vivero of +Laredo, who was named by the Viceroy as Governor ad interim, arrived +at Manila, and having had great experience in the management of the +Indians in New Spain, he availed himself of it on this occasion, giving +instructions to that effect to the chief judges, and other ministers +of justice. He governed with much satisfaction for one year, when he +delivered up the insignia of his office, and returned to Mexico. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV. + +ANNO DOM. 1609. + + Of the Administration of Don Juan de Silva. + + +When the account of the death of Acuña reached Madrid from New +Spain, the government was bestowed on Don Juan de Silva of Truxillo, +Knight of the order of Santiago, who, at that time, was serving in +Flanders. He arrived at Cavite in Easter, and took possession of +his government, bringing with him six companies of soldiers, which +addition to our force was of great importance at this period, as, +in the month of October, the Dutch squadron which has been mentioned, +appeared off the port of Yloylo. It was composed of six ships and a +considerable military force, which it was intended to disembark in +this province, but they were repulsed by the Alcalde Mayor. It then +appeared off Marivelez, with the view of preventing ships from going +to Manila, and of seizing all merchantmen. Don Juan de Silva fitted +out an armament, with which, in the month of April, he attacked and +defeated them on the day of St. Mark. He took two ships, the Captains +of which had been killed, with many of the crews; a third fled, and +the other two which had been separated the day before from the fleet, +and were returning with great booty, retired with such despatch, that +the Spanish squadron was unable to come up with them. He, however, +seized those ships which they had taken. Among others was a Japanese +vessel, in which were embarked those Spaniards, who had been wrecked +on the coast of that island in the ship St. Francis. + +The Archbishop of Manila, Benavides, having died on the 26th of +July, 1605, his Majesty named as his successor, Don Diego Vasques +Mercado of Arevalo, in Old Castile. This year, 1610, he arrived at +the Philippines, and discharged his functions with great approbation, +until the year 1616, when he died, and the Bishop of Zebu succeeded +him in the Archbishopric. + +The Dutch being settled in the island of Java, and possessing +fortifications in Malacca and other parts of India, our Governor +had little relish for such a neighbourhood, and as they had at +times infested our seas, and attacked our islands, he determined, +in person, to destroy the forts they had in Malacca, which being so +close in his vicinity, he was the more jealous of. He fitted out a +squadron of six ships and two galleys, and sailed for Ternate, where +he intended to take on board some linguists, and to arrange all his +other operations. He understood, in Ternate, that the Dutch hearing of +this expedition, had fortified themselves in such a manner in Malacca, +that it was impossible to make an impression upon them, and that he +might not entirely lose the benefit of the armament he had prepared, +he attempted to reduce the forts in Gilolo and Bataquina, but was +obliged to retreat to Manila, with the loss of three hundred men, +when he immediately began to make preparations of men and ships for +another expedition of the same nature. These islands, at this time, +received considerable aid in the arrival from Spain, by the way of +India, of five caravelas out of seven, which in April, 1613, had +sailed from Cadiz, commanded by Ruy Gonzalez de Segueira, having on +board three hundred and fifty soldiers, two hundred and forty seamen, +and a hundred Portuguese landsmen. + +Upon the arrival of this relief, the Governor determined to +proceed to Malacca against the Dutch, whose position he ordered to +be reconnoitred, but he found them so powerful in ships, which had +arrived by the Straits both of Magellan and Sunda, that he deemed it +necessary to use his utmost exertions, to enable him to cope with +such powerful enemies. With this view he sent a despatch to the +Viceroy of India, requesting he would unite the forces of the two +kingdoms; but while he was preparing his armament at Cavite, ten Dutch +vessels arrived at Panay. They landed a number of men, and marched +for the city of Arivalo, burning the churches and the convents of +the Augustine friars, in the towns of Ogtong and Xaro. The Indians, +aware of the inadequate force the Spaniards possessed, fled to the +mountains, and although the Dutch retired immediately, it cost the +friars a great deal of labour, to bring them back to their towns, +where they could not persuade themselves they were secure. + +By the end of the year 1616, Don Juan de Silva had collected the +greatest armament, that had been seen in the Philippines; it consisted +of ten galleons, four galleys, a patache, and many smaller vessels, +with all necessary supplies, and five thousand men, two thousand being +Spaniards and Portuguese. He sailed with this formidable armament, +on the last day of this year, to attack the forts of Malacca; but +as the galleons had not arrived which were expected from India, +and which he imagined had wintered in the Straits of Malacca, and +it was known that the Dutch kept some vessels in these Straits, +in expectation of the ships from China which passed by here, the +Governor thought it most adviseable, to attack these ships in the +first instance, and after he had destroyed them, he should be able +to join the galleons from India, and proceed to the Dutch forts in +Malacca. The reasoning was good, but it failed in the execution, +the galleons of India having been burnt, in an engagement they had +with the Dutch, and the latter having quitted the Straits eight days +before the Spaniards arrived, flying with all their effects, as they +had received secret intelligence of their route. At the same time that +the Spanish galleons entered the Straits, two Malay merchantmen from +China arrived very richly laden; by saving which, the inhabitants +of Malacca called Don de Silva their preserver, received him on +shore under a canopy, and expected from his valour, and the powerful +fleet he brought, that India would be freed from those freebooters, +the Dutch; but he was seized with a fever, and died in eleven days, +on the 19th of April, 1616. He had ordered his body to be embalmed, +and directed it should be carried to Xerez de los Cavalleros, to +a convent of bare-footed carmelites, and buried there. Before he +died, he gave the command of the armament to Don Alonzo Henriquez, +who brought it back to Manila, without effecting any thing else. + +By the death of the Governor, the command devolved on Don Andres +Alcaraz, the oldest Oidor, who had been left in charge of the +government by Don Juan de Silva, when he sailed with the armament +for Malacca. About the same time our squadron sailed from the bay, +another Dutch squadron, which had lately arrived by the Straits of +Magellan, entered the mouth of the harbour, and lay a month close to +Marivelez. There were only four ships and two pataches laying before +Manila, and it was without artillery, ammunition, or soldiers. The +Governor ad interim was not dismayed at this; he armed those few ships +he possessed, fortified certain positions, and was encouraged in the +undertaking by the people, who took up arms, not only the laity, but +even the ecclesiastics also. The Dutch commander wrote two letters +to the Royal Audience, and one to General Pablo Blancardo, whom the +Spaniards had carried prisoner to Manila; but as soon as he learned +that Blancardo had died in prison, he made sail to the Moluccas. + +Upon the death of Silva, the Dutch came with ten ships against Oton, +where they were gallantly repulsed by the commandant of the Pintados, +Don Diego de Quiñones, who, in a wooden fort, sustained a siege of +ten days, during which time the Dutch made four assaults, in which +many were killed, but at last they were compelled to re-embark, and +they retired to Malacca. The following year the same armament of ten +ships came against Playa Honda. The Governor despatched against them, +the Colonel Don Juan Ronquillo, with six galleons and two galleys; they +came to an action on the 14th of April, 1617, and the two commodores +being engaged, Don Juan Ronquillo sunk his adversary's ship, called +the Sun of Holland; two other ships were burnt, and the rest fled +with precipitation. The Spaniards, however, were not able to pursue +them, as they had suffered much in the engagement, and had lost the +galleon St. Mark. After this action, Don Geronimo de Silva returned +from Molucca, and the Oidor Alcarez resigned to him his office, the +duties of which he had discharged with great applause. In October, +Don Geronimo ordered the seven galleons that had been so severely +handled in the last engagement, to be laid up in Marinduque. The two +ships for Acapulco were despatched in the worst season of the year, +during the hurricane months, and they were both lost, one on the +coast of Lobo, and the other on that of Galban. This reflected no +great credit on the wisdom and prudence of the Governor. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER XV. + +ANNO DOM. 1618. + + The Administration of Don Alonzo Faxardo. + + +On the 2d of July, 1618, arrived Don Alonzo Faxardo, of the order of +Alcantara, of Murcia, and on the day following he took possession +of the government of these islands. His Majesty had appointed him +chief of an armament which he had intended to send by the Straits of +Magellan, to the relief of Don Juan de Silva, to drive the Dutch from +these seas; but it was delayed by his sending the forces destined for +the Philippines, to the relief of the Emperor of Germany, Ferdinand +the Second. The voyage on this account did not take place, until the +death of Silva was known, when his Majesty named Faxardo as Governor, +charging him to be careful of the interests of the Indians, who had +suffered much in the late struggles, and promising ample rewards +to those Spaniards, who should make this an object of their special +attention. + +A short time after his arrival, the Dutch appeared in those seas, +not with the intention of attempting Manila, as they were aware of +the difficulty of the undertaking, but to intercept the galleons from +Acapulco, richly laden with bullion. For this purpose they cruized +with three ships off Cape Espiritu Santo, taking their station in the +strait of St. Bernardino, as the galleons coming from Acapulco were +in the constant habit of taking that route. On the 25th of February +the Dutch got sight of them; they bore up, and ordered them to strike +their colours, when a severe engagement took place. The Spaniards, +under the veil of night, and in the confusion which prevailed, +separated and escaped, one arriving at Palapag, and the other at +Borongo, on the coast of Ybabao, where the cargoes were all saved, +though the ships were lost. That the same misfortune might not occur +again, the Governor ever after gave the commanders secret instructions, +changing their route each voyage. On the 24th of August, this year, +Friar Miguel Garcia Serrano, of the order of St. Augustine, late +Bishop of New Segovia, took possession of the Archbishopric of Manila. + +In the year 1623, upon the canonization of St. Ignacio and +St. Francisco Xavier, the friars of that order celebrated a grand +festival, and those of Zebu, desirous of imitating them, likewise +celebrated one, at which all the Jesuits of the island of Bohol were +present, leaving very few Spaniards in that island. The defenceless +state of it induced two or three Indians to persuade the rest to rebel, +assuring them that the Devil had appeared, ordering them not to pay +tribute to the Spaniards, but to retire to the mountains, and erect a +chapel, where they should worship him, and he would give them every +thing they required, and defend them from the Spaniards. This was +quite sufficient to set all the island in a flame, two towns alone +remaining faithful to the Spaniards. The Alcalde Mayor of Zebu, +immediately upon notice of this insurrection, sent fifty Spaniards, +and one thousand friendly Indians to Bohol, who attacked the rebels +with great vigour, made considerable slaughter, and completely routed +them. This ought to have undeceived them, but they were obstinate, +and fortified themselves on a rock, which, however, afforded them +little defence, as our people being protected by their shields from +the arrows and stones they hurled down, gained the height, and made +great havock among them, making prisoners all that were not able +to save themselves by flight. The Alcalde Mayor hanged some of the +ringleaders, and pardoned the remainder; but insensible to this favour, +they spurned at the proffered pardon, and fled to the mountains, +to which, six months after, the Alcalde returned, and thoroughly +quelled the insurrection. + +The bad example of the people of Bohol was followed by those of the +island of Leyte, and was fomented by an Indian who was not suspected +of disaffection. This was Bancao, a petty chief of Dimasava, who had +received Legaspi with great attention, and had accompanied him to Zebu, +where he was baptized, for which conduct Philip the Second had sent +him a royal order, granting him many privileges. He had been very +faithful to the Spaniards in his youth, but turned traitor in his +old age. In imitation of those of Bohol, he raised an insurrection +among the Indians in the island of Leyte, so that it became necessary +to send a force against them. Although they saw the Spaniards were +superior in numbers to them, they were not dismayed, and received +them firmly; but in a short time they fled with precipitation. In +this flight Bancao was killed, having been transfixed by a lance: +his head was placed on a pole, to serve as a warning to others, +which had so good an effect, that order was immediately restored. + +This year an expedition was sent to the mountains of Igorrotes, +where there were mines of gold, and where the Indians were of fairer +complexion, with the small eyes of the Chinese. It was imagined that +when Limahon was in Pangasinan, many of his people, pressed by hunger, +fled to the mountains, and mixed with the inhabitants, from which +intercourse resulted this cast, so different from the rest. + +This expedition, under charge of Francisco Carriño de Valdes, head +of the provinces of Pangasinan and Ylocos, marched in good order +seven days, and on the eighth arrived in the town of the mines, +where the natives received them well; but the Spaniards placed too +much confidence in them. The Igorrotes, when least expected, rose on +them, and treacherously murdered the chief of the friendly Indians, on +which de Valades retired, to wait a better opportunity. The following +year the expedition was expected to be repeated, but it was not, as +it became necessary for the troops to march to Cagayan, to quell an +insurrection among the Indians of that province. Many expeditions have +since taken place to these mountains, but with such ill success, that +the Indians of this district remain independent to this hour. They, +however, trade with the Spaniards in gold, wax, and tobacco, in return +for cattle; and the Augustine friars have succeeded, in converting +to Christianity, a few who live in the towns near the mountains. + +The Governor persevered in pacific measures as much as possible, +although those measures were deemed disgraceful. He had much +domestic uneasiness on account of his wife, Dona Catalina Zembrano, +who had an illicit connection, and was accustomed to steal out from +the palace to a particular house, where she was at last discovered +with her lover by Faxardo, who going his rounds through the city, as +was his custom, from information, no doubt, which he had received, +entered into the house in which this lady was with her paramour, +and found her in a situation, which rendered her guilt sufficiently +manifest. Don Alonzo, a man of high honour, severely felt this injury, +and was determined to take proper vengeance. He ordered a confessor +to be called to her; and the ceremony at an end, unmoved by the +tears and persuasion of the priest to the contrary, he stabbed her +with his own hand. The unworthy paramour saved his life by flight, +and thus escaped the vengeance of the Governor. Don Alonzo soon after +fell into a profound melancholy, of which he died in two years, and +was buried in the church of the Franciscans, August, 1624. By his +death Don Geronimo de Silva succeeded to the military government, +and the civil government became vested in the Royal Audience. In a +short time after, a fleet of seven Dutch men of war appeared off Playa +Honda, and many of their soldiers landed on the island of Corrigidor, +and took prisoners or killed such Indians as fell in their way. The +Governor proceeded against them with five galleons and two large +galleys, and fell in with them on the coast of Playa Honda, when the +Dutch attempted to escape; but our commander's ship, by superiority +of sailing, prevented it, when a warm engagement took place, and a +Spaniard was killed close to the Governor. It is necessary to mention +this accident, as he thought himself in great danger, and was so +alarmed by it, that he ordered the ships to retire to Cavite, where +he was received with the contempt he merited; the people imputing +the loss of the victory to his cowardice. Complaints were made to +the Royal Audience, who confined him in the fort of Santiago, where +he remained until he was released by the Governor who succeeded him, +ad interim, Don Fernando de Silva, knight of the order of Santiago. + +Don Fernando had been in Manila before this time, having there made a +most honourable matrimonial connection; and having accumulated a good +fortune, he went with his wife to Mexico, and from thence to Madrid, +having been sent thither by his near relation, the Viceroy of New +Spain, Marquis de Cerralbo. Having returned to Mexico and this vacancy +in the government of Manila occurring, it was given to him ad interim, +and he arrived there in June 1625. + +He was received in Manila with great satisfaction, as they knew he +was prudent, and well acquainted with these islands: this he had +sufficiently shewn in the measures he had adopted for the protection +of our commerce, by means of the ships he had built at Cavite for +that purpose. He ordered the Alcalde Mayor of Cagayan to land on the +island of Formosa, and fortify it in that part of Fanchuy which was +the nearest to Cagayan, in order, with greater facility to oppose the +Dutch, who, the year before, had raised forts on the opposite side, +called Tayguan, with the intention of obstructing the commerce of +China with Manila. The Alcalde Mayor executed his commission, and +constructed works sufficiently extensive to accommodate the troops, +and the Dominican friars, who had gone there to convert the natives; +and who exerted themselves with such zeal, that in a short time they +built several towns, and were able to number the greater part of the +natives, among the professors of our faith. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI. + +ANNO DOM. 1626. + + Of the Administration of Don Juan Niño de Tabora. + + +Don Juan Niño de Tabora, knight of the order of Calatrava, was named +as Governor of the Philippines. He embarked for his government with +six hundred troops, and several officers, who had served with him +in Flanders, among whom were Don Lorenzo Olaso y Ochotegui, who came +with the appointment of Colonel. Tabora arrived safely at Manila, and +entered upon his government on the 29th of June, 1626. He possessed +a fund of military knowledge, which was of great importance, at this +period, to the Philippines, and he immediately provided a sufficient +force to protect their commerce, and secure the respect of their +neighbours. In ten months after his arrival, he had collected eight +large ships of war, four smaller for the commerce of Acapulco, and two +still smaller for the protection of the intercourse with Molucca. With +this armament, and with two ships, which were expected from New Spain +with men and money, he determined to attack the Dutch on the island +of Formosa; but the arrival of the two ships being retarded very +considerably, he was not ready to proceed with the expedition, until +the middle of August. The Royal Audience, considering the approach +of the monsoon, and apprehensive of the loss of the squadron, and +that the object of the expedition might be thus defeated, represented +their fears to the Governor, and passed an order that it should not +sail. Having no faith, however, in what he considered as idle chimeras, +Tabora left Cavite, and arrived at Cape Boxeador; where, finding the +north winds had set in, and that it was impossible to make head against +them, after repeated unsuccessful attempts, he bore away for Cavite; +and the only advantage resulting, from his pertinacious opposition +to the opinion of the Royal Audience, was the relief he sent in some +small vessels, to the Spaniards in the island of Formosa. + +A vessel soon after arrived from China, and gave the intelligence that +the Dutch were lying in wait at Macao, for the merchantmen expected +from Manila in China. The Portuguese requested, that part of the +armament might be allowed to convoy them, offering to contribute to +the expenses. The Governor, accordingly, sent with them two large +galleons, with a patache, ordering the commodore, after he had seen +the Portuguese safe, to run up the coast from Macao to Sincapura +in search of the Dutch, wintering at Siam, for which indulgence he +was ordered to make the necessary presents to the King. Don Juan +de Alcaraz, who was the commodore, punctually obeyed his orders: he +arrived at Macao, and not meeting with the Dutch, who had quitted it +precipitately, on notice of his appearance in this quarter, he passed +on to Siam, where, finding the Dutch protected by the Siamese, he +burned some of their junks, and made prisoners the ambassadors whom +the Siamese were accustomed, at certain periods, to send to China, +with their acknowledgment of the sovereignty of the Emperor. Upon this +occasion our arms acquired such credit, that, during the whole of this +government, the Dutch made no further attempt against these islands. + +In the year 1628 two ships arrived with the usual supplies from +Acapulco, and in them came Friar Hernando Guerrero, of the order of +St. Augustine, Bishop of Cagayan, and the Governor's intended bride, +Doña Magdalena Zaldivar y Mendoza, with whom he had entered into a +treaty of marriage while at Mexico, and had obtained leave from the +King for that purpose. The wedding feasts, however, were no impediment +to the operations of the government. The Moors of Jolo continually +infested these islands; those, in particular, which were the more +remote from the capital, were kept in perpetual alarm, and nothing was +talked of but the depredations committed, and the prisoners taken. To +chastise these insults, a squadron was sent against Jolo, under the +command of Don Christoval de Lugo. He arrived safe, and landed all +his people without any resistance, the Indians having, in a cowardly +manner, abandoned their town, and retired, with their King, to a fort +situated on the top of a hill. The Spaniards plundered these houses, in +which the friendly Indians diligently assisted, enriching themselves by +the spoils, which consisted of rice, gunpowder, brimstone, small-arms, +&c. They did not pursue them to the fort on the top of the hill, in +which they had taken refuge; but, after having completely destroyed the +town, they embarked for Manila. In passing by the island of Basilan, +they landed, burned the principal town, and destroyed all the trees, +as a punishment for the aid which these Indians had afforded to those +of Jolo, in the last incursions they made. + +The following year, a sacrilege was committed in the cathedral, which +affected the mind of the Archbishop to that degree, that he died of +melancholy. He was one of the most devout prelates who had occupied +the archbishopric. He was interred in the church of St. Augustine. + +After his death, there was a dispute between the ecclesiastical +Cabildo and the Bishop of Zebu, as to who should succeed ad interim +to the archbishopric, when the Royal Audience determined in favour of +the Bishop, conformable to the bull of Pius V. The Moors in Jolo and +Caumocones again commenced their ravages in the islands: nothing was +secure in the towns on the coasts; neither friars, Indians, churches, +or ornaments; all were objects of their enmity. Notice was, without +loss of time, given to the Governor; he despatched a fleet, commanded +by Don Lorenzo Olaso, for the double purpose of making peace with the +Indians of Mindanao, as they requested, and to retaliate upon those +of Jolo. He arrived at Jolo, landed his people, and marched up to the +fort on the hill, to which, as usual, the Indians had retired. The +General believed it no difficult matter to reduce the fort, and +gave orders to attack it accordingly; he shewed, in the attack, +great personal valour, and acting the part of a common soldier, +as well as a general, was, with two of his captains, killed. As no +officer remained to command them, the men retired to their ships; +and, without doing anything else than laying waste the country, they +returned to Manila in haste, and in disgrace, the Moors becoming more +insolent than they were before. The Indians of the province of Caraga, +in Mindanao, observing that the Spaniards were unable to subdue their +countrymen, put to death some of the friars and Spaniards who were +living among them, and declared open rebellion in most of the towns of +the province.--The remaining friars and Spaniards, took refuge in the +towns which continued faithful to their cause; and, in a short time, +relief arriving from Manila, order was again restored. + +This year several embassies arrived at Manila: one from Japan +from the Governor of Nangasaquy; and the King of Saxuma, likewise, +sent ambassadors, seeking redress for the ravages our galleons had +committed in the harbour of Siam, on two junks of his nation, and +out of which had been taken some of the royal merchandize, which +they considered a great sacrilege, and which had so irritated them, +that the real object of the embassy was to reconnoitre the place, +with a view to take vengeance for this insult. A Governor of one of +the Chinese provinces, sent an embassy to request the continuation of +the commercial intercourse; and the King of Cambodia, who was at war +with the King of Siam, sent to request the protection of the Spaniards, +offering the commerce of his kingdom, and liberty to form a dock for +the building of ships. The Governor received all these with presents, +and dismissed them with urbanity and kindness: he accepted the offer +of the King of Cambodia, and sent some ship-builders for the purpose +of constructing a vessel there: with them went four Dominicans to +preach the gospel; but when they arrived, finding the King dead, and +little disposition in his son, who succeeded him, to admit the catholic +religion, they all returned to Manila without effecting any thing. + +The Governor, who was determined to lose no opportunity that offered +to build ships, finished one in the port of Cavite; but so badly +constructed, that, at the commencement of her voyage for Acapulco, +she foundered in the port: she was, however, hove up, and sufficiently +repaired to proceed on her voyage the following year. By this means, +and the arrival here of the other ships in 1631, no ship remained +in Acapulco to send to the Philippines; and the Viceroy of Mexico +despatched two pataches with the ordinary relief. In one of these came +Don Francisco Roxas y Oñate, Oidor of Mexico, as inspector of the +Royal Audience, and other tribunals; and his office to continue two +years. He was well received, and the Governor supported his authority +whilst he lived; by means of which, he made his visit pleasant, +although he suspended two Oidors. His Excellency, on the 22d of July +1632, died of a dysentery, occasioned by being exposed to the rain +and sun, during his visits to and from Cavite, in the performance of +his office, in which he was extremely diligent, having made a bridge +over the river of Manila, repaired the fortifications of the town, +and constructed several works in Cavite. + +Don Lorenzo Olaso had been named by the Viceroy of Mexico to succeed +him pro tempore. Nothing particular occurred under his administration, +which only lasted a year, when Don Juan Zerezo of Salamanca was +appointed to succeed as Governor ad interim. Immediately on his arrival +at Manila, with a view to repress the insults of the Moors, and on +the representation of the Jesuits, he determined to form a garrison +at Zamboanga. He appointed Don Juan de Chaves to the command, with an +adequate force, and orders, after destroying the towns of the Moors, +to erect a fort in the situation which Friar Vera had pitched upon, +a little distant from the port of Caldera, where it was necessary +to maintain a detachment to guard the shipping. This situation is +most beautiful; but, having no water, the defect was supplied by +digging a channel from the river, through which the water flows in +great abundance, and, passing by the wall of the fort, falls into +the sea. The first stone of the fort was laid on the 23d of June, +1635. Many of the Spaniards opposed this plan under different pretexts, +and experience has shewn what little purpose this fort has answered, +its only use being to enrich one military man, who is Governor for +three years, and who draws twenty or thirty thousand dollars profit +from the supplies furnished the soldiers. The Moors, not in the +least checked by the fort of Zamboanga, have continued, to this hour, +committing the same ravages as before; and the Indians, who are each +taxed a measure of rice for its maintenance, have received neither +security or benefit from it. + +It has been too justly observed by Señor Solorzano, that whatever is +established with a view to benefit the Indians, universally fails of +attaining that end; nor is this to be wondered at, as every regulation +brought forward with this avowed intention is always so contrived, +as to contribute not to the advantage of the oppressed Indian, but +solely to that of the person exercising the chief authority. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII. + +ANNO DOM. 1635. + + The Administration of Don Sebastian Corcuera. + + +On the 25th of June, 1635, Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, who had +been Governor of Panama, took possession of this government, and the +same day Señor Guerrero took possession of the archbishopric, although +the bulls had not yet arrived. Dissensions immediately begun between +these two, originating between the Dominicans and bearded friars, +respecting the division of their provinces, and on which account +his Excellency was determined to be revenged of the Archbishop, +the very first opportunity. An occasion very soon presented itself: +the Archbishop having taken a female slave from an artilleryman, +because he had an illicit intercourse with her, the artilleryman met +her one day in the street, and, for some unknown cause, murdered her, +taking refuge in the church of St. Augustine. + +The Governor ordered the troops to seize him in the church, without +first applying to the friars; they obeyed their orders, seized +the criminal, and delivered him up to their commanding officer, +who sentenced him to death. The sentence was executed in front of +the church of St. Augustine, a place which had never been used for +public punishment: the Archbishop attempted to prevent the violation +of the church privileges, but his attempt proved ineffectual. + +During the disputes between the Governor and the Archbishop, the +Moors were ravaging our towns, and for the space of eight months +committed horrible atrocities. His Excellency determined to go in +person to chastise them. He sailed from Manila with a squadron on the +2d of February, 1637, and having arrived at Lamitan, the residence of +Corralat, petty sovereign of Mindanao, he possessed himself of it with +ease. Corralat retired to a hill well defended by batteries, and the +best troops he had. The Governor attacked him, but after losing many +Spaniards, he sounded a retreat. The day following he renewed the +attack by a road more accessible, when he possessed himself of the +fort, and made great slaughter of the Moors, who threw themselves +headlong over the precipice in their confusion. The Governor now +retired to Zamboanga, where he received the chief of Buhayen, and those +of the island of Basilan, upon both of whom their fears had operated +to beg for peace, promising to consider Corralat as a common enemy, +and receive Friars into their dominions. + +From Zamboanga he passed to Jolo, and sat down before the famous +hill fort of the island, and which the Spaniards had never been able +to possess themselves of. He found it, however, so well fortified, +that after attempting to batter it, he was obliged to have recourse +to some other mode of attack. He prepared five mines, and springing +them at the time of assault, he blew up part of the works, with +fifty men; but the Spaniards advanced so slow, that the Moors had +time to recover themselves, and returning to the charge, repulsed +them effectually. The next day two more mines were sprung, which did +great damage. The Spaniards then advanced rapidly to the remaining +fortification, but behind the rampart which had been blown up, contrary +to their expectation, they found another work erected, and by which +means they were repulsed. The Governor observing the little effect +produced by these assaults, determined to surround the hill, though a +league in circumference, with a wall and forts, converting the siege +into a strict blockade. This measure, however, proved by no means +adequate to the end in view, the besieged defending themselves with +great resolution, and destroying numbers of the assailants. It was, +therefore, resolved to construct a battery on a position completely +commanding the hill. The Moors on this were desirous of capitulating, +but the Governor commanded them to surrender at discretion. Thinking +these terms harsh, they became desperate, and assaulted the Spanish +camp; but not being able to force it, they took the opportunity of +quitting the hill by the back part of it, which had been left for +the time lightly guarded. + +His Excellency found himself in possession of the enemies position, +and all their riches, with the Queen and her nephew, Tancun. The +Queen requested permission to bring the King and his chiefs into the +presence of the Governor; he consented, and she took that opportunity +of escaping. The Governor then sent Tancun for the same purpose, and he +returned with the keys of the royal coffers; but by the carelessness +of the guard, being left too much at liberty, he contrived to get +possession of all the treasure, with which he secured his retreat. His +Excellency leaving a garrison of two hundred Spaniards, and two hundred +Pampangos in Jolo, returned to Manila, where he was received with +great honours, as conqueror of Jolo and Mindanao. It is undeniable +that Señor Corcuera reduced the inhabitants of Jolo and Mindanao, and +would have retained his conquest, had greater harmony subsisted between +the Jesuits, and the commanders of the different garrisons. He was +successful as a soldier, but unfortunate in his choice of the means +to secure his acquisition. The dissensions between the Jesuits and +the military rose to such a pitch, that at last all the positions were +abandoned, and all our exertions, and sacrifices of men and resources, +rendered of no avail. + +By the year 1639, the number of Chinese in these islands had +increased to thirty thousand, most of them cultivators in Calamba +and in Biñan. Among these began a disaffection, which spreading to +those of Santa Cruz, Parian, and Manila, they at last converted the +church of St. Peter Macati into a kind of strong hold, in which they +established their head-quarters. The Governor sent against them two +hundred Spaniards, and a large body of Indians, who easily dislodged +them from this position. Dispersed into separate bands, they plundered +the houses of the Spaniards, and some Indian towns, committing great +atrocities. The Spaniards followed them, making dreadful havock among +them, from November 1639, to March following, when being reduced in +number to seven thousand, they surrendered. Very few of our people +were killed, but Manila was reduced to great distress, by the loss of +so many of its useful class of citizens, as unquestionably the Chinese +were. The Indians fortunately had remained perfectly tranquil, which +was rather to be attributed to their fixed hatred of the Chinese, +than their attachment to the Spaniards. + +In the year 1642, the Archbishop Guerreo visited his diocese, and in +the harbour of Naryan, in Mindoro, a pirate seized his vessel, with +all his equipage, he himself, with great difficulty, saving himself by +flight. This disaster had such an effect upon him, that he died on the +2d of July at Manila, and was buried in the church of St. Augustine. + +The kingdom of Portugal, which had been united to the crown of +Castile in 1640, shook off the Spanish yoke, and electing the Duke of +Braganza King, the possessions of that nation in India immediately +followed the example of the mother country, and declared for that +family. This year the Dutch reduced Malacca, and by this conquest, +and the separation of the Spanish and Portuguese interest, it was +apprehended they would renew their attempts on the Philippines, which +had now, for many years, remained unmolested by them. This conjecture +proved true; they commenced their operations by stationing, for two +successive years, a squadron in the route of the ships from Acapulco, +but the Jesuits, in the island of Samar, frustrated their design. They +then planned the capture of the island of Formosa, with a view to +interrupt the commerce to China, and as a ladder for the conquest of +the Philippines. They proceeded on the enterprize in the year 1642, +with four ships, a patache, and several smaller vessels, and in a few +days succeeded in their object, the island having surrendered. Great +consternation prevailed at Manila on information of this conquest, +as it was expected that the Dutch would follow up their success by +an attack on that capital; but the glory of repelling these intruders +was reserved for the successor of Señor Corcuera. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII. + +ANNO DOM. 1644. + + The Administration of Don Diego Faxardo. + + +Don Diego Faxardo, Knight of the order of Santiago, took possession +of his government on the 11th of August, 1644, and immediately gave +proof of his unrelenting disposition by his conduct towards Señor +Corcuera, by confining him in the fort of Santiago, in which he +remained five years. + +The new Governor found these islands infested by Dutch squadrons, and +to enable himself to meet them with effect, he deemed it necessary +to unite the whole of the Spanish force, dispersed through the +different garrisons. He directed the officer in command at Zamboanga, +to enter into an amicable arrangement with Corralat, King of Mindanao, +which was effected very satisfactorily, through the mediation of a +friar. He likewise directed the officer commanding at Jolo to adopt +similar measures with the King of that island, and evacuating all +the forts, to bring all the Spaniards to Manila; but this was not to +be effected so easily, Salicala, hereditary Prince of the kingdom, +having gone to Batavia, soliciting assistance from the Dutch, to +drive the Spaniards from the island. They, however, spared him only +two ships, with which trifling aid, having made many attempts against +our principal position, which was defended vigorously by Don Estevan +Ugalde, a valiant Biscayan, the Dutch retired to Batavia, promising +the Moors to return next year, with a more effective force. The +Jesuit friar was, in the mean time, commissioned to make peace with +them; which he effected on very advantageous terms. Jolo being thus +evacuated, the Dutch arrived at the appointed time with the promised +assistance; and finding that the Spaniards had retired to Zamboanga, +they determined on attempting the capture of the fort of Caldera, +in Mindanao, but they were repulsed with such loss, that they made +a rapid retreat to Batavia. + +The following year, the Dutch again appeared in these seas, with a +squadron of twelve ships, when eleven of them remaining on the coast of +Batan, the commodore came forward alone, to reconnoitre Cavite. Señor +Corcuera, who was in confinement in the fort, as already mentioned, +immediately saw the error the Dutch commander had committed, in not +making the attack with his whole force, while the place was in an +unguarded and defenceless state. Every advantage was taken of the +error, and Cavite was furnished, without delay, with the necessary +reinforcements, and supplies of ammunition and provisions. On the +third day the Dutch squadron made their attack, but the Governor, +Andras Azaldegui, a very active man, defended the place so effectually, +that great slaughter ensued, and the Dutch General received a wound, +of which he died. On this they retired, and disembarked in Pampanga, +where the Alcalde Mayor of the province having collected six hundred +Pampangos, and fortified himself as well as possible in the convent +of Abucay, the Dutch assaulted him, when the Indians fled in such +disorder, and with such precipitation, that four hundred of them were +killed in the pursuit. The Dutch not deeming it prudent to remove +far from their ships, returned on board, and disembarked a second +time in the town of Samal, where the Spaniards having gone to Manila, +the Indians alone remained, who repulsed them, and compelled them to +take refuge in their ships. + +They then took their station close to Mareveles, to intercept our +commerce, and while here they had information that a galleon, built at +Leyte, was on her way to Manila. They despatched six ships to take her, +but the commander understanding that the Dutch were in these seas, +put into a harbour, and fortifying the entrance with batteries, +remained perfectly secure from all insult, and the Dutch deeming +the attempt unjustifiable, returned to Batavia, without reaping any +advantage from their expedition. + +Salicala, son of the King of Jolo, a turbulent character, +notwithstanding the peace he had concluded with the Spaniards, begun +to infest our seas with a squadron, which committed great depredations +in every quarter; and Cachile, Lord of Tup Tup, in Borneo, having +followed his example, it was found necessary to send against them an +adequate force. The Spaniards encountered the squadron of Cachile +between Masbate and Burias, and an engagement took place, in which +he was killed, and his fleet dispersed. Immediately on this Salicala +retired to Jolo, where his attention became sufficiently occupied, in +disputes respecting the succession to the throne. The Moors of Borneo, +imitating the conduct of the Indians of Jolo in their piracies, the +Governor sent Major Monforte with orders to chastise them severely, +as a warning to the rest. Monforte landed in Borneo, burning and +destroying all the towns within his reach, together with great +quantities of provisions, and a number of vessels, and making about +two hundred prisoners, thus retaliating on them for their piratical +attacks on us. Exclusive of these continual depredations of the Moors +and Dutch, the provinces in Luzon were by no means in a tranquil state. + +A commotion, likewise, was begun in Palapag, by murdering the Jesuit +friar, who was the curate of the place; and, to enhance the criminality +of the action, and comprehend every one in the rebellion, Sumoroy, who +was the assassin, was for two days parading the town, avowing publicly +that he killed the friar; and, setting at liberty two insurgents, +whom the Jesuits had confined, he ordered the people to plunder the +church and convent: from this source, the insurrection spread through +the whole island. The Camarines imitated the conduct of the people of +Palapag, in every thing but the murder of the friars. The island of +Zebu, likewise, notwithstanding its garrison, wavered in its loyalty; +and, indeed, all the islands were ripe for rebellion: the people of +Caraga, however, were the most violent, having murdered many Spaniards +and Friars. There is no question that the Bisayas would have been +lost on this occasion, had not a stop been put to these atrocities +in due time. + +The Governor sent a force to Palapag, and ordered that four hundred +Indians of Lutao, who had been lately converted from Mahometanism, +should be incorporated with this force sent from Manila, and +jointly attack the rebels. The Jesuit friar, Vincente Damian, +took compassion on the misguided Indians, and attempted to persuade +them to return to their obedience; but, thinking themselves strong +enough to overcome the Spaniards, they would not listen to reason, +and fortified themselves on a hill, which Sumoroy had made his head +quarters. Captain Roxas commanded the Spaniards, Don Andres Azaldeguy, +who was the proper commanding officer, having had orders from the +government, to go and secure the property, in a ship which had been +lost on the coast of Camarines. Roxas was a man of ability and bravery, +and came to the resolution of assaulting the hill in the night, when +the rebels would be less on their guard. The Spaniards arrived at the +outposts, when they were discovered, and notice given to Sumoroy. The +precipitation with which the Indians fled is incredible: it resembled +that of a flock of goats, our people following them, and making great +slaughter. Sumoroy attempted to escape; but his people killed him, +with the view of ingratiating themselves with the Spaniards, and +delivered up his head to Roxas, who placed it on a pole as a warning +to the rest. The friars being now able to return to their duty, +in the respective towns, soon reduced the discontented to obedience. + +The ringleader of the rebellion in Caraga was an Indian, named Dabao, +who was not in the least suspected of disaffection. He entered +one day into the fort, bringing with him eight men with their hands +bound, apparently with the view of surrendering them; but yet, at the +same time, so loosely bound, as to escape when they chose. When the +Spanish officer came out to receive them, Dabao struck him on the head +with his sword, and the eight men, immediately releasing themselves, +unexpectedly attacked the people in the fort. They made such carnage, +that only one friar and five soldiers escaped, by throwing themselves +from the wall, and retiring to the convent, where they fortified +themselves. The Indians immediately forsook the town and fled to the +mountains, when the friar, and the Spaniards who were in the convent, +built a boat, and retired along the coast to another town, to which +the insurrection had not spread. + +The Governor sent them relief from Manila, and offered a pardon +to those who should return to their towns, and their allegiance as +before. The Spaniards, however, broke their word, and hanged many of +the ringleaders. + +On the day of Saint Andrew, which was the anniversary of the victory +the Spaniards obtained over Limahon, about eight o'clock at night, +an earthquake happened, which destroyed almost all Manila, with the +exception of the church and convent of St. Augustine. The public +edifices, in particular, were nearly all thrown down and destroyed, +and more than six hundred people buried in the ruins: some were found +alive between the stones and the wood, who had remained there even +three days. The calamity reached the towns of the islands; in Cagayan, +a hill was rased from its foundation, and fell on a town, burying in +its fall all the inhabitants. In some parts the earth sunk; and, in +others, torrents of sand burst out, overwhelming man and beast. Many +other extraordinary changes occurred in the course of sixty days, +during which a succession of earthquakes prevailed. The people of +Manila left the city to live in huts in the fields, until it was +ascertained that they might return in safety to their houses. It +was said that the image of St. Francis, placed in the house of an +Indian of Dilao, sweated most copiously during this calamity, and +shed abundance of tears; in consequence, he was elected patron of +earthquakes, and is designated St. Francis of Tears. + +As a proof of that harshness which characterized Señor Faxardo, +it will be sufficient to mention his conduct to Christoval Romero, +whom the Viceroy of Mexico had sent, to bring him intelligence of the +state of these islands, two years having elapsed without the usual +ship having appeared at Acapulco. He arrived at the port of Lampon, +and, understanding that the Dutch were infesting these seas, he landed +the silver, and despatched it to Manila, in order that he might with +less risk get round. Soon after he had sent away the silver, the Dutch +arrived, and entered the port with their launches. Romero being far +inferior in force to the enemy, burnt his vessel, as he saw no chance +of saving it, and came to Manila by land. Everybody considered this +man as entitled to great praise for his conduct on the occasion, +and expected that he would be well received and rewarded; but the +rigorous Governor, on the plea that the burning of the launch was +an act of cowardice, imprisoned him, and condemned him to lose his +head. All Manila clamoured against this sentence; and the object of +it appealed to the Royal Audience, who revoked it. This rigour of the +Governor was imputed to his not having been duly bribed by Romero; +but nothing of that nature could be absolutely proved against him. + +About this time, the hospital or college of St. Juan de Letran was +founded by Juan Geronimo Romero, who compassionating the situation of +unfortunate orphans, took them into his house, and carefully brought +them up. His Majesty being informed of this praise-worthy conduct, by a +royal order protected the establishment; but granted so little in aid +of it, that recourse was necessarily had to the contributions of the +well disposed, in order to render it of more general use. It was, at +length, removed to a spot behind the city: the boys were allowed a blue +coat, cap, &c., and were supported, as in others, with the additional +aid of a college pension, to enable them to pursue their studies at +the university; the college having no establishment of this nature. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX. + +ANNO DOM. 1653. + + The Administration of Don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara. + + +The ship San Francisco Xavier arrived in Cavite in July, 1653, bringing +the new Governor, Don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara; the Archbishop +of Manila, Don Miguel Poblete; the Bishop of Ylocos, Don Rodrigo de +Cordinas, a Dominican; and the Oidor, Don Juan Bolivar. The Governor +immediately, as was usual, sat in judgment on his predecessor, who, +apprehensive that he might be deprived of his liberty, retired into +the college of Jesuits, securing his personal safety in this sacred +asylum. The Archbishop fixed the month of March for a jubilee, on +which occasion an immense concourse of people assembled, and he, with +great solemnity, invoked the blessing of the Almighty on these islands. + +Many calamities occurred during this administration, such as the +small-pox, famine, and a dreadful earthquake, which ruined many +edifices, and did much injury; but what affected the Governor much +more than all these, was the revolt of the Indians and Chinese, and the +ravages committed by the Moors of Mindanao. The Spaniards were at peace +with Corrolat, King of Mindanao, and he appeared perfectly satisfied; +but the chief men, turbulent and warlike, urged him to break it. + +The Governor sent two Jesuits and some Spaniards, in the nature of an +embassy, to strengthen our existing amity with the King: when, without +any respect for their characters as ambassadors, and, listening to +the representations of his nephew Balatamay, he murdered them all, +and excused his atrocity to the Governor of Zamboanga, throwing the +blame on his nephew, whom, he alleged, he could not punish, on account +of his great power in the state. + +In the letter which he wrote to the Governor of Manila, he laid +the blame on the Jesuit, who was at the head of the embassy; thus +indicating his intention, by these contradictory falsehoods, of +gaining time to draw to his party the King of Jolo, and other chiefs +of the Moluccas. + +Don Francisco Esteyvar, who was Governor of Zamboanga, despatched +against him an armament of ten carracoas, whose rowers were Indians +of Lutao, and who, though they had been converted to Christianity, +felt for Corrolat as a countryman. Nothing could persuade them to row +against the Moors, excusing themselves under various pretexts; and, +although they could have been compelled, yet Don Fernando Bobadilla, +who commanded the expedition, fearing that they would desert him in +the time he most wanted them, and not desirous of exposing himself +to such a risk, returned to Zamboanga. + +As the Spaniards had delayed the chastisement of the Moors for the +murder of their ambassadors, they were induced, as might be expected, +to commit still greater ravages than those they had yet been guilty of, +and Don Sabiniano de Lara sent against them a considerable squadron, +under the command of a man, valiant in the cabinet, but who proved the +reverse in the field. He repeatedly showed a disposition to attack the +Moors; but, on various pretexts, avoided coming to an engagement, and +at last retired to Zebu, abandoning the cause, and leaving the Moors +to return quietly to their own country. The Governor of Zamboanga, +however, acting a different part, and determined to chastise the Moors, +collected some vessels, and retaliated on their country, the ravages +they had committed on ours. + +A slight disturbance, about this time, took place in the province of +Pampanga, the cause of which was as follows: the late Governor having +ordered a ship to be built in Camboxa, sent all the necessary workmen +in a vessel, which he patched up, and launched for the purpose. After +having completed their work, and when they were on their return from +Camboxa to Manila, they encountered a storm, so violent, that the +vessel was wrecked, and almost all the people perished. The galleon, +San Francisco Xavier, was lost in the same storm on the coast of Samar, +and two other ships which were going to Acapulco were forced back. The +galleon, La Concepcion, too, was so unfortunate as to be driven back +twice, having suffered severely in her rigging. To repair these losses, +it was necessary that a greater quantity of wood should be cut than +was customary, and that with unusual expedition. The Indians suffered +always severely in these undertakings, as they were obliged to leave +their towns for the mountains, where, their wages being very small, +and their treatment very bad, they too often fell a sacrifice to +sickness. The overseer of the present wood cutting was a man of +great severity, and, as the wood was to be cut with all despatch, +he had recourse, with the poor Indians, to measures which humanity +could not justify, in order to expedite the work. Resisting this +oppressive conduct, they mutinied, and the mutiny extended through +all the towns, although they did not behave with disrespect to the +church or friars. To quell this sedition before it took a wider +range, the Governor took up his residence in Macabebe, which is the +first town in the province, from Manila, taking with him some troops, +and ordering into his presence some of the ringleaders. The Indians, +naturally timid, had already repented of this disturbance, when the +friars interfering, it was completely quelled, and the principal +ringleader, an Indian named Maniago, was conveyed to Manila, being +considered as too dangerous an inhabitant of the province. + +The bad example of those in Pampanga, induced the Indians of Pangasinan +to rebel, electing as their King an Indian, called Marlong. They +murdered the Alcalde Mayor of the province, with all his family, and, +upon this being known in Manila, the Governor sent troops by sea +and land to quell the sedition; but the Dominican friars possessed +such power over the Indians, that they were restored to their duty +without firing one gun; and their King, Marlong, was delivered up +and hanged immediately. + +When the Indians of Pangasinan began their rebellion, they had sent +emissaries to the provinces of Cagayan, Ylocos, and Zambales. In +this last they made little progress, but in Ylocos, an Indian called +Manzano, headed the rebellion, and, having collected a number of +malcontents, he attacked the Spaniards, murdered the Friar Bacarra, and +ill treated the Bishop Cardinas, on which the Alcalde Mayor and some +friars fled to Manila; but the province of Pangasinan being by this +time reduced to subjection, the troops were sent against Manzano, and +soon reduced him likewise; and the ringleaders of both were executed. + +The civil wars of China were the cause of the conquest of that country +by the Tartars. A Chinese named Ly, having urged the provinces +remote from the court to revolt, and meeting with no opposition, +arrived at the capital (Pekin), on which occasion, either from +treason or cowardice, all abandoned the Emperor, who, seeing himself +thus forsaken, cut off, according to their usual custom, the head of +his daughter, that she might not fall into the hands of the rebels, +and afterwards hanged himself on a tree, to avoid a similar disgrace. + +All acknowledged the authority of Ly, except the army, which had +been opposed to the Tartars, and which, fearing the result of this +rebellion, made peace with them, and they united against the common +enemy, Ly, whom they soon drove from Pekin. Nothing more was ever +heard of this rebellion; but, the Tartars having by this means got +into the interior of China, though they met with some opposition, +yet, finally, they reduced the whole of the empire, and it continues +still under the Tartar dynasty. + +A poor Chinese, who had fled from Macao to Manila, where he was +baptized by the name of Nicolas, and where he became a shop-keeper, +afterwards went to Japan, where he married; but finding that he did +not acquire riches quick enough, he entered the Chinese army, where he +rose very high, being appointed General against the rebels. Zunchin, +who was the last Emperor of the Chinese race, having hanged himself, +as already noticed, Nicolas sided with the Tartars, by whom he was +apparently well received. The Tartar Emperor heaped favours upon him, +and named him as one of his tributary monarchs, under the title of +Pignan, which signifies, conqueror of the south. By these means he +lulled him into security; and having at last imprisoned him and all +his family, completed his treachery by blowing him, and the greater +part of them, up with gunpowder. + +His son, Cogseng, after this disgraceful transaction, turned pirate, +and sufficiently revenged the death of his father by ravaging the +Chinese coasts and islands. He was the conqueror of the island of +Formosa, and the first who triumphed over the arms of Europeans. The +Dutch, at this time, were complete masters of the island, they +possessed two thousand Europeans, with sufficient artillery and ships; +when hearing that the Chinese intended to attack them, they united +all their forces in Tayguan; but the pirate, who came with about one +hundred thousand men, landed on the opposite coast of the island, +and immediately entered on the cultivation of the soil. A short time +after, he invested the fort of Tayguan, and the Dutch capitulated, +after a seven months siege, by which they were allowed to leave the +island, with the ships they had in the port. + +Cogseng, elated with this success, determined to become master +of the Philippines, for which purpose he sent the Friar Victorio +Riccio, a Dominican, with the title of his Ambassador, to Manila, +with a letter to the Governor, in which he required him to recognize +him as Sovereign, and pay him tribute, threatening, if he refused, +to ravage his coasts with his fleet. On the 18th of May, 1662, the +friar arrived on this embassy at Manila, and delivered his letter +with great secrecy, which, however, was not long withheld from the +public. The Governor without delay began to levy troops, repair the +fortifications, and recall all the forces to the capital; and in order +to be as secure as possible, he sent away all the Chinese merchants, +and others that were established in the islands. Upon this being +known, it was whispered that the Governor intended to decapitate +all the Chinese, who, being naturally cowards, believed the knife +already at their throats, and retired to the mountains, from whence +some passed, with great risk, in small boats to Formosa. The day on +which the Governor called the Chinese chiefs before him, in order +to intimate to them that they must retire, the remaining Chinese +believing that they were all to be murdered, took up arms; but the +Dominicans had sufficient influence to prevail on them to remain +quiet. The Governor now sent back Friar Riccio to Cogseng with an +answer to his letter, but, on Riccio's arrival, he found the pirate +dead of a fever, Manila being by this means released from the danger +with which she was threatened. The Chinese who had fled to Formosa, +circulated a thousand calumnies, which would have cost Friar Riccio +his life, if he had not been saved by the son of Cogseng, who had +succeeded his father in power; but not possessing the warlike spirit +of his father, he sent an Ambassador to Manila, to make a treaty +of amity and commerce with the Spaniards. Although the expedition +of Cogseng had not reached Manila, the place of its destination, +the effects of it had fallen very heavy on the islands, as all the +churches and convents near Manila were destroyed, to prevent the +enemy from converting them into military stations. + +The Governor of Ternate had abandoned that station, by no means +easy to be recovered, as the garrison was, in its retreat to Manila, +accompanied by the Indians, called Mahhicas, who were the best friends +to the Spanish cause, and who were then settled at the mouth of the +river Marigondon, where their descendants remain to this hour. The +garrisons too of Calamianes and Zamboanga evacuated these stations; +and as they had always been a check on the Moors of Jolo and Mindanao, +opportunities were by this means offered of committing with impunity +such ravages in the Bisayas, that the friars were compelled to abandon +the province of Calamianes. + +Don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara had governed these islands with great +prudence, but notwithstanding this, several articles of impeachment +were preferred against him, and he was fined seventy thousand +dollars. On appealing, however, to the council of the Indies, the +sentence was reversed, and the fine remitted; but disgusted with +the world, he retired to Malaga, his native country, and took the +monastic habit. + + + + + + + +CHAPTER XX. + +ANNO DOM. 1663. + + The Administration of Don Diego Salcedo. + + +Don Diego de Salcedo not being able, by the prevalence of the +south-west-monsoon, to reach Manila by the ordinary route of the +straits of Bernardino, he made Cagayan, where he landed, and travelled +across the island to the city, and took possession of his government +in September, 1663. Immediately on his arrival, he held out every +encouragement to commerce, and preparation was made for sending the +usual ship to Acapulco as early in the season as possible, in order +to avoid those misfortunes which had too frequently taken place. + +This conduct of the Governor at first gave great satisfaction to +the merchants of Manila; but they began very soon to discover his +diligence was directed only to his own individual benefit, or that of +his friends, as due care had been taken by them to buy up all the best +goods, leaving in the market only those of inferior quality; and that +no opportunity might be afforded to the merchants to procure a fresh +supply of the different articles from the coast, he despatched the +ship before the coasters could possibly arrive. By this means almost +all the commerce of Acapulco, for that season, centered in him and +his friends. About this time the news arrived of the death of Philip +the Fourth, and the Archbishop was attacked with protracted illness, +which ended in extreme debility, of which he died, 1667. The attention +of Salcedo had been completely occupied by the violent disputes, which, +during the whole period of his government, subsisted between him and +the ecclesiastical authorities, and which terminated in the Commissary +of the Inquisition of Mexico ordering him to be seized, and conveyed on +board the patache destined for Acapulco, in which ship he died, 1669. + + + END OF VOL. I. + + + + + + + +NOTES TO VOLUME I. + + +Note I.--Page 6. + +Were it not that we have this strong corroborative evidence of the +veracity of other travellers on this subject, we should be inclined +to attach a degree of impossibility to the existence of an European +power of the first distinction, in an insular situation, similar to +that of the Philippines, established there for nearly three centuries; +yet through the whole of that period incessantly exposed to the inroads +and depredations of the surrounding savage nations. But in the perusal +of the following pages it will appear sufficiently manifest that the +system of colonization pursued by the Spanish monarchy. From the first +discovery of the New World, and without little, if any, amelioration, +practised at this time, is least of all calculated for either the +extension of permanent national dominion, the enlargement of the +human mind, or the general dissemination of commercial industry. The +discovery of the Cape of Good Hope and America produced a revolution +among the European nations, which, aided by the phenomenon of the +magnetic needle, stimulated the human mind to exertions far more +arduous than had been effected by the Crusades; but the same spirit +that animated Peter the Hermit seems to have presided over the counsels +of the Spanish monarchy and directed its researches. To whatever +cause it may be imputed, whether political, moral, or physical, this +nation, so justly celebrated about this period, seems to have had +little progressive tendency to improvement, and till within these few +years the Spanish colonists of the eighteenth, in point of information +and commercial enterprize, differed in no respect from those of the +sixteenth century. The general dissemination of science, the gradual +dispersion of prejudice, the consequent expansion of the human mind, +and the example of surrounding nations, will doubtless have due +effect on those noble qualities which characterized the Spaniard of +the sixteenth century; and which, though enchained for succeeding +ages by the peculiarity of their internal politics, still exist in +the Spaniard of the nineteenth. No doubt, indeed, can be entertained +that the changes likely to be produced during the present eventful +period, will convert the reign of Ferdinand the VIIth into the æra of +Spanish regeneration, in all that can be considered steady in council, +great in arms, liberal in sentiment, and energetic in social as well +as commercial intercourse. And we fully trust that the blind and +persecuting influence which dictated the expulsion of the Chinese +from the Philippines, and produced consequences nearly bordering on +the annihilation of all industry and all commerce in the Islands, +no longer disgraces their counsels or finds an advocate in the breast +of one true Spaniard. + + +Note II.--Page 8. + +We are well aware that at a distance from the seat of even an energetic +government, abuses will exist which may sometimes be beyond its +reach; but the instance before us, gives us at once an insight into +that system of oppression and abuse of power which prevails in the +Spanish settlements, and originated in the invariable practice of the +Spanish court, of furnishing the opportunity to their dependants in +the mother country to enrich themselves during a temporary residence +in the colonies. + + +Note III.--Page 12. + +The most authentic communications on this subject to the translator, +are, that during the months of March, April, and May, the heat is +sometimes oppressive; June, July, August, and September, forms the +rainy season; the month of October of a doubtful character; November, +December, January, and February, a heavenly spring: and that the +climate in the whole is uncommonly healthy, the natives living to a +great age. + + +Note IV.--Page 13. + +If it were not sufficiently ascertained that the author of this work +was not a foreigner, but a monastic Spaniard, it might be concluded +from this expression, that he meant to cast a strong reflection on +the Spanish government; but in the progress of the work the reader +will discover that he is fully justified. + + +Note V.--Page 14. + +"The fishermen place their net zig-zag-ways in from eight to eighteen +fathom water; at each angle they have several chambers, and over every +angle they have a boat moored, with two or three fishermen in it, who +are always watching the fish when they enter the chambers, and with +a line, supported on the surface by a buoy, they draw a net across +the chamber door." Vide Jackson's Mediterranean Commerce, p. 103-4. + + +Note VI.--Page 18. + +The diversity of opinion as to the substance of which these nests are +composed, is such, that to this hour we are left on the wide field +of conjecture, and without any clue which may be absolutely relied on +for unravelling the mystery. The intelligent Sonnerat, as a judicious +naturalist, is entitled to every attention on the subject, and he, +by admitting into his work the following quotation from "Transactions +philosophiques de la société Batave, établie dans l'isle de Java pour +l'avancement des arts et des sciences, vol. iii." gives us reason to +suppose that he adopts the opinion of that writer. He prefaces his +introduction of the subject by the following scientific description +of the bird: + +"La salangane (hirundo esculenta, Lath. sp. 26. Lin. Rumph. herb. +vi. pag. 183. tab. 75. fig. 4. Forster.)" + +And then proceeds with the extract thus: + +"The salanganes are of a blackish grey colour, somewhat inclining +to green; but on the back, down to the tail, as well as under the +breast, the colour is mouse grey. The whole length of the bird, from +the back to the tail, is about four inches and a half; and its height, +taken from the beak to the extremity of the foot, three and a quarter +inches: its girt is ten and a quarter inches: the longest feathers of +the wing are about four inches. The head is flat; but the thickness +of the downy feathers which cover it make it appear round, and rather +large in proportion to the rest of the body. The beak is large, ending +in a sharp point, but hooked like that of a nocturnal bird of prey; +its size is augmented by the addition of a naked membrane, similar to +parchment, which folds inwards when the beak is shut, but expands with +the opening of it, and enables the bird, while on the wing, to seize +with greater facility the insects which constitute its food. The eyes +are black, and very large; and the tongue not forked, but of the form +of an arrow. The ears flat and round, with a small oblong opening, +and entirely covered by the downy feathers of the head. The neck very +short, as are the legs, and bones of the wings. The thighs entirely +covered with feathers; and the lower and more delicate parts of the +legs, as well as the feet, provided with a black skin resembling +parchment: each foot has four toes, three pointing forwards and one +backwards; they are separated from each other even to the root, and +the middle one, including the claw, is at least as long as the lower +part of the leg; each toe is furnished with a black claw, pointed, +hooked, and very long, by means of which it attaches itself, with great +facility, to the juttings of the rocks. The tail is at least as long +as the body, even including the neck and the head; when it is spread +out it has the shape of a wedge, and has ten large feathers; the four +first on each side are the longest, and when the tail is closed they +extend beyond the others about an inch; the others diminish towards +the middle of the tail, and nearly equal the length of the body. This +bird is extremely light and delicate; ten of these swallows will only +weigh about two ounces and a half. The inhabitants of Java call them +lawit, and the mountaineers give them the names of berongdagæ or waled. + +"There are two places in the neighbourhood of Batavia where they +are found in great abundance; the one, Calappa-Nongal, is about ten +miles to the south of the town; the other, Sampia, is a little more +distant towards the south-west, but both lie in that elevated range +which takes its direction by the sea coast, and which appears to be +different from the great chain which pushes itself into the country, +and traverses the whole island. Besides these principal places, +there are many others, both in the same district, and at a very great +distance from the coast, where these birds are found, though in fewer +numbers; and there are even some which are carefully concealed by +those of the inhabitants who are acquainted with them. + +"There are two bird mountains, called Goa (caverns) by the inhabitants +of Java, which are insulated rocks, hollow in the middle, and pierced +by a great number of openings, for the most part of sufficient size +easily to admit a man; others are more difficult of access, and some +so small that nature seems to have intended them for the security of +those little animals. These rocks are composed of a grey calcareous +stone and white marble, and are covered with a multitude of lofty trees +of different kinds. To the interior of these caverns the birds fix +their nests in horizontal ranges, and so close to each other, that, +generally speaking, they join; they build them at different heights, +from fifty to three hundred feet, higher or lower as they can find +a berth; there is not a single hole, or convenient spot sufficiently +dry and proper, which is not occupied; but if the surface is in the +smallest degree wet, or even damp, the birds immediately abandon it. + +"At break of day the whole of the birds take wing with a great noise, +and in the dry season immediately shoot up so high in the atmosphere, +in search of their food, as to be soon lost to the sight: they return +about four in the afternoon, and again take shelter in their holes, +to which they confine themselves during the rest of the day, those +excepted which are hatching. On the other hand, during the rainy +season, it has been often remarked that they never ramble very far +from their holes, particularly in the government of Java, where the +rocks even border close on the sea. + +"They feed on all the varieties of insects which are found hovering +over stagnated waters, and they easily secure them by means of the +extended opening of which their beak is capable. Their most formidable +enemy is a bird of prey, which catches them in great numbers as they +escape from their holes, and which the inhabitants are very careful +to keep at a distance as much as possible by shooting them. + +"They prepare their nests with the more solid parts of their food, +and by no means with the froth of the sea or marine plants, as has +been asserted [1]. This opinion is the more founded in probability, +as it is ascertained by experience that those birds which build on +the rocks, already mentioned, have never been seen on the coast, +and that they could not repair thither and return in any reasonable +time on account of the lofty chains of mountains they would have to +traverse, and the tempestuous winds which prevail there. The great +difference, then, in the colour and value of these nests, is a proof +that their quality depends solely on the nature and abundance of the +insects which form their food; perhaps, likewise, on the more or less +perfect solitude of the places they resort to for it. + +"The nests collected in the territory of Calappa-Nongal and of Goadja +are quite grey, and are of one-third less value than those of the +territory of Sampia. These last again are in far less estimation +than the excellent sort sent every year from Ternate and Passir, +or those found in the islands immediately adjoining, and on that of +Borneo in particular. + +"These birds require two months to prepare their nests; they +immediately after lay their eggs, and sit fifteen or sixteen days. As +soon as the young take flight, the gathering of the nests commences, +and is repeated every four months: it is the harvest of the proprietors +of those rocks. This is performed by men accustomed from their infancy +to clamber among these precipices: with reeds and bamboos they provide +themselves with ladders, with which they mount up to the holes; but +when the depth of the caves is too great, they have recourse to ropes. + +"When at the bottom of these caverns, they place against the inside +notched bamboos, which answer the purpose of ladders, to enable them to +reach the nests, and if these are beyond their immediate reach, they +detach them with bamboo poles; there are likewise holes, but in very +limited numbers, which may be got at by means of ladders of bamboo. + +"This employment, which is attended with very great risk, costs the +lives of many human beings, and particularly of those who attempt +to steal the nests. For their preservation, guards are placed here +and there. + +"The mountaineers usually employed in collecting the nests never +undertake it till they have sacrificed a buffalo, the usual prelude, +with the Javanese, of all their enterprizes; they mutter a few +prayers, anoint their bodies with aromatic oils, and fumigate the +caverns with incense, a precaution, according to them, absolutely +necessary. The principal of these caverns lie in the island of Java, +where a female deity, under the appellation of Raton laut Ridaud, +or Princess of the South Sea, is held in high veneration. A small +hut, containing a covered bed, is prepared for her, together with +several elegant dresses, and which no person but a Princess dare +approach. Every Friday, during the period of collecting the nests, +incense is burnt in it, and the bodies and clothes of all those who +propose to mount the rocks ought to be exposed to this fumigation. The +rest of the Javanese are not so superstitious, and attach much less +importance to ceremonies. These caverns are lighted, on such occasions, +by torches made with the rosin of a large tree, called the cavet, +and of the inner bark of the areka. + +"The collection of the nests does not last more than a month, and, as +has been said, may be repeated three times annually. Some think that +it might even be extended to a fourth, but that is not very probable, +as all the people employed in this work affirm that a nest, as long as +it remains entire, is constantly augmented or thickened by the bird, +which never totally abandons it till it becomes dry and woolly in +the inside. + +"After the nests are gathered, nothing remains to be done but to dry +and clean them, and they are then packed in baskets and sold to the +Chinese. The price varies, as depending on their whiteness and degree +of perfection; some are grey, and others reddish, while those of the +best sort are extremely rare. They are sold on the spot for from eight +hundred to one thousand four hundred rixdollars for one hundred and +twenty-five pounds weight. This price, and the insatiable avarice +of the Chinese, often produce cheating, and an adulteration of the +article. They have no hesitation in corrupting the guards with money, +opium, or clothes; and deceits are practised, against which the most +extreme vigilance is often unavailing. + +"The two places we have already mentioned, Calappa-Nongal and +Sampia, belonged formerly to the Dutch East India Company, but as +the advantages resulting from the possession of them were partly +unknown, or diminished in value by the dexterity of the Javanese, the +company formed the resolution of letting them by public auction, and +nearly one hundred thousand rixdollars is drawn from them, a sum far +exceeding their utmost expectations. In the same range of mountains +there are besides these other places of the same description, but +of less importance. There are likewise two or three in the interior, +and some others, which are concealed with great care. + +"There are in the government of Samarang, in the island of Java, +three mountains celebrated for their birds, called Goadaher, Gede, +and Nangasari. The sea washes their base, and flows so far into the +interior of the latter, that it may be said they can catch fish in +the body of the mountain. The nests in these districts are of an +excellent quality, but very difficult to collect, on account of the +precipitous nature of the rocks, and the violent beating of the surge +against them, which renders it necessary for those employed to suspend +themselves from the top by ladders of bamboo. In the island of Java, +about twenty-five quintals of these nests are collected annually. + +"There are likewise swallow caverns in the island of Bantam, and in +Sumatra; but the inhabitants of the former are so indolent, and the +government so detestable, that they are not even at the trouble to +sow rice, nor do they cultivate any one article which contributes to +human existence. The Chinese have never attempted to penetrate into +the interior of this kingdom, and they have no commerce whatever with +the mountaineers; indeed they have very little intercourse even with +the coast. + +"The Javanese and Europeans established in India eat even the birds +themselves when young, but it is difficult to procure them; they are +considered as a very luscious food. The nests, on the contrary, when +stewed as a soup, and afterwards exposed to the dew, and sweetened +with sugar, are said to be highly cooling, and the Javanese administer +them successfully in violent fevers. The author of this memoir has +had occasion to observe that, prepared in the manner which will be +subsequently mentioned, they have been useful in disorders of the +throat, and in hoarseness. Most probably this remedy has been borrowed +from the Chinese, who (according to information furnished to the author +by a man who was in the habit of dealing largely in these nests) use +them most generally in the winter, because disorders of the throat +are very common at that season in the southern regions of the empire, +on account of the habits the Chinese are in of indulging themselves +over the fire. + +"But though the author has repeatedly eat these nests, prepared in +various ways, he has not been able to bring himself to put much faith +in the very nutritive and strengthening property attributed to them. He +has had them analyzed by good chemists, but the result has been only a +gummy solution, of rather a disagreeable taste, which might, however, +be of service in certain disorders of the chest. + +"These nests are, in fact, only articles of luxury or ornament on +the tables of the rich. The Chinese are passionately fond of them: +after well soaking and cleaning them, they are put with a fat capon +or a duck into an earthen pot, closely covered; they are simmered +for twenty-four hours over a small fire, which is called timmen; +thus prepared, this eatable acquires a relish infinitely more rich, +and a more nourishing quality. + +"The trade in these nests, which some years ago was of little +importance, has been greatly on the increase for some time. The price +is constantly rising in China, and Batavia is the principal market +for them. The company having abandoned it, the inhabitants derive +sufficient advantage from it to diminish the exportation of specie, +which is highly prejudicial. It is now very well ascertained that +the species of swallow which builds these nests is not to be found +in China. + +"Linnæus, in his Systeme Naturel, characterizes this swallow, which he +calls the hirundo esculenta, by white spots only on the feathers of the +tail. But those birds of Java, which construct the nests in question, +have no spots either on their tail or elsewhere. The feathers of the +tail are entirely of one colour, that is, grey, approaching to black +on the upper, and a lighter grey on the under surface. + +"Rumph says, in speaking of these apodes marinæ, that the feathers of +their tail are spotted, and that the breast has black and white spots. + +"Valentyn in his description of the small swallow which builds the +eatable nests, says nothing of spots, and only states that the body +is veined white and black. + +"If these differences are allowed to be essential, it will follow +that there must be two kinds of these swallows, the one with a +spotted breast, and having white spots on the tail, the other without +either. It is possible, even, that there may be a third variety, that +called momos, or bocrongitams. These likewise form their nests of +part of their food; but mixed with so much impure matter that no use +can be made of them. Care is taken, therefore, to drive them away, +that they may not injure the nests of the better species. They are +readily known from these latter by their superior size, and their +legs being provided with small feathers down to the feet. + +"In the kingdom of Tonquin, and in China, there is a great demand for +these nests of the salanganes. They form their most exquisite food, +and they attribute to them the property of strengthening the stomach, +and of being a powerful aphrodisiac. They are preserved for the tables +of the King, and those of the principal nobles who are able to procure +them. They are diluted, made into gravy or soup, and mixed with all +sorts of choice aliment, and every kind of taste is imputed to them. + +"In the state in which the salanganes are sold, they bear a close +resemblance to the half of a preserved citron, both in size and +shape. They are put into small boats, which the people of the country +are sufficiently dextrous in piloting through the rocks where the +nests are found. The King of Cochin-China retains in his own hands, +exclusively, the portion of this trade which belongs to him, as the +most precious production of his dominions, and of which the sale is +most to be relied on." + + +Note VII.--Page 18. + +This shell, which even here, as every where else, bears the name of +cowrie, forms likewise the currency of Africa, as it formerly did +that of India; and this may probably furnish an argument in favour +of the Malay origin. + + +Note VIII.--Page 21. Note IX.--Same page. + +Two causes are here assigned for the wretched state of these +dependencies, apparently different, but in fact flowing from the same +source. We are told that the surrounding nations are more industrious, +and can work at a cheaper rate, and that the insects and rats destroy +the produce of the soil. Were the encouragement of agriculture and +manufactures an object of importance in the colonial system of the +Philippines, the extension and protection of the former would soon +circumscribe the dominion of the rats, its most destructive enemy; +and if the productions of the soil were, as they ought to be, in as +great plenty, and at as low a rate as on the neighbouring islands, +manufactures, particularly with the aid of machinery, would be afforded +at a profit adequate to the exertions of industry. But the truth +is, that the Spanish government is rather desirous of considering +the Philippines as the grand depot of the commerce of South America +with India and China, and it may be presumed that, on this account, +not only is its industry repressed, but the very heavy expense of the +settlement submitted to and annually sent from New Spain. The revenue +stated to be collected in the islands amounts to about one million of +dollars, and this, together with about the same sum remitted by the +Acapulco ships, enable the government to defray the annual charges +of the colonial establishment. + + +Note X.--Page 24. + +The Spanish author, on the subject of the origin of these Negroes, +forms a conclusion directly at variance with what he afterwards says +with regard to the origin of the Indians. He admits that the similarity +of the former to those of Angola, with the exception of only a shade +in colour, carries sufficient conviction as to their parent stock, +and of course allows the islands to have been originally colonized +from Africa, and by a people infinitely less advanced in cultivation +than the Indians, setting aside at once his own very well founded +subsequent conclusion, that the colonization of all the islands of the +South Sea, with the Marianas, Philippines, &c. must have originated in +South America, and proceeded gradually before the wind. The constant +course of easterly winds in the Pacific, joined to the instances he +adduces of similitude of language, unquestionably aid his hypothesis, +which, though probably more curious than practically useful, is yet +deserving of attention. There is not, indeed, a more embarrassing +subject than that frequently proves to be, which treats of the origin +and ancient connexion of distant nations, and after all, as in this +case, we are too often left on the field of conjecture. + + +Note XI.--Page 25. + +The reason here given for the wretched condition of these people +seems more candidly than might be expected from a Spaniard, to take +the load of responsibility from them and cast it on the government; +and the perusal of the succeeding pages will but too well confirm +the propriety of the censure. + + +Note XII.--Page 36. + +Sonnerat asserts, that among the mild inhabitants of the fertile +plains on the west border of the Lake Bay, adultery is the only crime +punished with death; but it seems more reasonable to conclude, that +of the two the Spaniard is most to be relied on. + + +Note XIII.--Page 37. + +The striking resemblance of this to the price exacted by Laban from +Jacob for his two daughters, will not be passed over by the reader +unnoticed; and we are obliged to conclude either that such similarity +of customs must originate in a common source, or that a certain state +of social life, in certain climates, will produce manners mutually +approximating. + + +Note XIV.--Page 42. + +Without, in any respect, detracting from the merit of the propagators +of the Christian faith in these islands, or claiming any superiority +for our own tenets or practice, I fear we need not travel beyond the +pillars of Hercules to the southward, and the Ultima Thulé to the +northward, to discover such perversion of human intellect, although, +I trust, it is no proof that we are very bad Christians. + +The influence of traditional superstitions is too generally known +and admitted to require to be descanted on. Its operation commences +with the first dawn of reason, and very rarely is it found that even +all the strength of the human mind, aided by religion and philosophy, +can thoroughly eradicate the impressions it makes. The water kelpie +of the north of Scotland differs from the Patianac and Tigbalang, only +as being a good natured and very useful being; and we are all familiar +with the mythologic machinery of our ancestors, for we will take leave +to entertain a belief that Fingal and Ossian did once exist, and that +the latter pourtrayed the manners, customs and opinions of his time. + + +Note XV.--Page 46. + +It is curious to observe the progress of science and discovery, and +still more deserving our notice is the transitory nature of power. The +magisterial authority assumed by the Pontiff on this occasion might +possibly have saved the effusion of human blood, and its interposition +at that crisis, as a mediator between the most powerful nations then +in existence, if it was beneficial in no other respect, seems to have +stimulated the Spaniards to attempt the discovery of a passage into +the Pacific by the southern coast of America. + + +Note XVI.--Page 65. + +This must either be a mistake, or we must conclude that the intercourse +of the Portuguese with these islands had furnished them with the +European improvements. + + +Notes XVII. and XVIII.--Pages 106-7. + +The circumstances stated on both these occasions, incontestably prove +that the energy and exertions of the Portuguese in establishing their +own exclusive dominion in the eastern Archipelago, even in defiance of +the fiat of his Holiness, had led them to impart to the natives that +knowledge which they themselves had been but lately possessed of; +for the use of cannon, on board ships, did not come into practice +till about the year 1539. + + +Note XIX.--Page 129. + +Thus it is that the Spaniards appear even to have deceived themselves +in subduing those islands. In the course of this work, the reader +will be enabled to appreciate the nature of what the Spaniards called +a conquest. The progress of a few men into the interior of a country +under the protection of fire-arms, and the baptism of some individuals, +to whose language the Spaniards were perfect strangers, and who of +course could form no idea of the obligations imposed by the ceremony, +seem to constitute their notion of conquest. Thus it is too that their +authority extends over so small a portion of these delicious islands. + + +Note XX.--Page 197. + +The inhuman custom of infanticide is not only practised with impunity +in China, but seems even countenanced as the readiest means of +limiting a population which would otherwise be superabundant, and in +time exceed the productive powers of the country. By the narrative of +Lord Macartney we learn, that in the tract of country through which +the embassy passed, the population appeared excessive; at the same +time that cultivation and industry seemed to be extended to their +utmost limits. All the accounts we possess of that extraordinary empire +concur in this representation. What effect the very pious application +of the funds of the eleemosynary establishments at Manila may have +in checking this savage custom is not noticed by the author; and we +have reason to fear the practice is so general, that any attempt to +check it by this means might rather tend to stimulate the avarice +of the parents, and produce an opposite effect. The Chinese are as +yet but in a half civilized state, and while they continue so we can +entertain but slender hopes of any alteration more consistent with +the feelings of humanity. + + +Note XXI.--Page 211. + +The whole of this paragraph comprises a more virulent Philippic against +the Spanish government than we could have expected from a Spaniard; +but which the reader is by this time convinced is no less just than +spirited. That the mild measures the author recommends would have +the desired effect may be fairly doubted. He appears to write as a +monk rather than as a statesman; but it cannot admit of a question, +that if it were possible to combine with such measures a military +establishment, under the control of wise laws, whose mild influence +might be generally felt, and equally protect the native as the +Spaniard, the unstable authority of that nation upon these islands +would soon assume a different character, and reduce the quantum of +human misery which their present system is calculated to perpetuate. + + + + + + T. DAVISON, Lombard-street, + Whitefriars, London. + + + + + + + +NOTE + + +[1] This is an opinion very generally received, and naturalists, +in copying one from another, have stamped a credit upon it. Houttyn +himself, in his Natural History, vol. i. part v. page 607, gives a +description of this bird, and of its manners, very different from +the above. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Historical View of the Philippine +Islands, Vol I (of 2), by Martinez de Zuniga + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORICAL VIEW--PHILIPPINE ISLANDS *** + +***** This file should be named 39010-8.txt or 39010-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/0/1/39010/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project +Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously +made available by the Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan +State University Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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