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+Project Gutenberg's Memoirs of the Court of St. Cloud, Volume 2,
+by Lewis Goldsmith
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Memoirs of the Court of St. Cloud, Volume 2
+       Being Secret Letters from a Gentleman at Paris to a Nobleman in London
+
+Author: Lewis Goldsmith
+
+Release Date: December 4, 2004 [EBook #3893]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COURT OF ST. CLOUD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF ST. CLOUD
+
+By Lewis Goldsmith
+
+Being Secret Letters from a Gentleman at Paris to a Nobleman in London
+
+
+
+
+Volume 2
+
+
+
+LETTER XII.
+
+PARIS, August, 1805.
+
+MY LORD:--Bonaparte has been as profuse in his disposal of the Imperial
+diadem of Germany, as in his promises of the papal tiara of Rome.  The
+Houses of Austria and Brandenburgh, the Electors of Bavaria and Baden,
+have by turns been cajoled into a belief of his exclusive support towards
+obtaining it at the first vacancy.  Those, however, who have paid
+attention to his machinations, and studied his actions; who remember his
+pedantic affectation of being considered a modern, or rather a second
+Charlemagne; and who have traced his steps through the labyrinth of folly
+and wickedness, of meanness and greatness, of art, corruption, and
+policy, which have seated him on the present throne, can entertain little
+doubt but that he is seriously bent on seizing and adding the sceptre of
+Germany to the crowns of France and Italy.
+
+During his stay last autumn at Mentz, all those German Electors who had
+spirit and dignity enough to refuse to attend on him there in person were
+obliged to send Extraordinary Ambassadors to wait on him, and to
+compliment him on their part.  Though hardly one corner of the veil that
+covered the intrigues going forward there is yet lifted up, enough is
+already seen to warn Europe and alarm the world.  The secret treaties he
+concluded there with most of the petty Princes of Germany, against the
+Chief of the German Empire which not only entirely detached them from
+their country and its legitimate Sovereign, but made their individual
+interests hostile and totally opposite to that of the German
+Commonwealth, transforming them also from independent Princes into
+vassals of France, both directly increased has already gigantic power,
+and indirectly encouraged him to extend it beyond what his most sanguine
+expectation had induced him to hope.  I do not make this assertion from a
+mere supposition in consequence of ulterior occurrences.  At a supper
+with Madame Talleyrand last March, I heard her husband, in a gay,
+unguarded, or perhaps premeditated moment, say, when mentioning his
+proposed journey to Italy:
+
+"I prepared myself to pass the Alps last October at Mentz.  The first
+ground-stone of the throne of Italy was, strange as it may seem, laid on
+the banks of the Rhine: with such an extensive foundation, it must be
+difficult to shake, and impossible to overturn it."
+
+We were, in the whole, twenty-five persons at table when he spoke thus,
+many of whom, he well knew, were intimately acquainted both with the
+Austrian and Prussian Ambassadors, who by the bye, both on the next day
+sent couriers to their respective Courts.
+
+The French Revolution is neither seen in Germany in that dangerous light
+which might naturally be expected from the sufferings in which it has
+involved both Princes and subjects, nor are its future effects dreaded
+from its past enormities.  The cause of this impolitic and anti-patriotic
+apathy is to be looked for in the palaces of Sovereigns, and not in the
+dwellings of their people.  There exists hardly a single German Prince
+whose Ministers, courtiers and counsellors are not numbered, and have
+long been notorious among the anti-social conspirators, the Illuminati:
+most of them are knaves of abilities, who have usurped the easy direction
+of ignorance, or forced themselves as guides on weakness or folly, which
+bow to their charlatanism as if it was sublimity, and hail their
+sophistry and imposture as inspiration.
+
+Among Princes thus encompassed, the Elector of Bavaria must be allowed
+the first place.  A younger brother of a younger branch, and a colonel in
+the service of Louis XVI., he neither acquired by education, nor
+inherited from nature, any talent to reign, nor possessed any one quality
+that fitted him for a higher situation than the head of a regiment or a
+lady's drawing-room.  He made himself justly suspected of a moral
+corruption, as well as of a natural incapacity, when he announced his
+approbation of the Revolution against his benefactor, the late King of
+France, who, besides a regiment, had also given him a yearly pension of
+one hundred thousand livres.  Immediately after his unexpected accession
+to the Electorate of Bavaria, he concluded a subsidiary treaty with your
+country, and his troops were ordered to combat rebellion, under the
+standard of Austrian loyalty.  For some months it was believed that the
+Elector wished by his conduct to obliterate the memory of the errors,
+vices, and principles of the Duc de Deux-Ponts (his former title).  But
+placing all his confidence in a political adventurer and revolutionary
+fanatic, Montgelas, without either consistency or firmness, without being
+either bent upon information or anxious about popularity, he threw the
+whole burden of State on the shoulders of this dangerous man, who soon
+showed the world that his master, by his first treaties, intended only to
+pocket your money without serving your cause or interest.
+
+This Montgelas is, on account of his cunning and long standing among
+them, worshipped by the gang of German Illuminati as an idol rather than
+revered as an apostle.  He is their Baal, before whom they hope to oblige
+all nations upon earth to prostrate themselves as soon as infidelity has
+entirely banished Christianity; for the Illuminati do not expect to reign
+till the last Christian is buried under the rubbish of the last altar of
+Christ.  It is not the fault of Montgelas if such an event has not
+already occurred in the Electorate of Bavaria.
+
+Within six months after the Treaty of Lundville, Montgelas began in that
+country his political and religious innovations.  The nobility and the
+clergy were equally attacked; the privileges of the former were invaded,
+and the property of the latter confiscated; and had not his zeal carried
+him too far, so as to alarm our new nobles, our new men of property, and
+new Christians, it is very probable that atheism would have already,
+without opposition, reared its head in the midst of Germany, and
+proclaimed there the rights of man, and the code of liberty and equality.
+
+The inhabitants of Bavaria are, as you know, all Roman Catholics, and the
+most superstitious and ignorant Catholics of Germany.  The step is but
+short from superstition to infidelity; and ignorance has furnished in
+France more sectaries of atheism than perversity.  The Illuminati,
+brothers and friends of Montgelas, have not been idle in that country.
+Their writings have perverted those who had no opportunity to hear their
+speeches, or to witness their example; and I am assured by Count von
+Beust, who travelled in Bavaria last year, that their progress among the
+lower classes is astonishing, considering the short period these
+emissaries have laboured.  To any one looking on the map of the
+Continent, and acquainted with the spirit of our times, this impious
+focus of illumination must be ominous.
+
+Among the members of the foreign diplomatic corps, there exists not the
+least doubt but that this Montgelas, as well as Bonaparte's Minister at
+Munich, Otto, was acquainted with the treacherous part Mehde de la Touche
+played against your Minister, Drake; and that it was planned between him
+and Talleyrand as the surest means to break off all political connections
+between your country and Bavaria.  Mr. Drake was personally liked by the
+Elector, and was not inattentive either to the plans and views of
+Montgelas or to the intrigues of Otto.  They were, therefore, both doubly
+interested to remove such a troublesome witness.
+
+M. de Montgelas is now a grand officer of Bonaparte's Legion of Honour,
+and he is one of the few foreigners nominated the most worthy of such a
+distinction.  In France he would have been an acquisition either to the
+factions of a Murat, of a Brissot, or of a Robespierre; and the Goddess
+of Reason, as well as the God of the Theophilanthropists, might have been
+sure of counting him among their adorers.  At the clubs of the Jacobins
+or Cordeliers, in the fraternal societies, or in a revolutionary
+tribunal; in the Committee of Public Safety, or in the council chamber of
+the Directory, he would equally have made himself notorious and been
+equally in his place.  A stoic sans-culotte under Du Clots, a stanch
+republican under Robespierre, he would now have been the most pliant and
+brilliant courtier of Bonaparte.
+
+
+
+
+LETTER XIII.
+
+PARIS, August, 1805.
+
+MY LORD:--No Queen of France ever saw so many foreign Princes and
+Princesses in her drawing-rooms as the first Empress of the French did
+last year at Mentz; and no Sovereign was ever before so well paid, or
+accepted with less difficulty donations and presents for her gracious
+protection.  Madame Napoleon herself, on her return to this capital last
+October, boasted that she was ten millions of livres--richer in diamonds;
+two millions of livres richer in pearls, and three million of livres
+richer in plate and china, than in the June before, when she quitted it.
+She acknowledged that she left behind her some creditors and some money
+at Aix-la-Chapelle; but at Mentz she did not want to borrow, nor had she
+time to gamble.  The gallant ultra Romans provided everything, even to
+the utmost extent of her wishes; and she, on her part, could not but
+honour those with her company as much as possible, particularly as they
+required nothing else for their civilities.  Such was the Empress's
+expression to her lady in waiting, the handsome Madame Seran, with whom
+no confidence, no tale, no story, and no scandal expires; and who was in
+a great hurry to inform, the same evening, the tea-party at Madame de
+Beauvais's of this good news, complaining at the same time of not having
+had the least share in this rich harvest.
+
+Nowhere, indeed, were bribery and corruption carried to a greater extent,
+or practised with more effrontery, than at Mentz.  Madame Napoleon had as
+much her fixed price for every favourable word she spoke, as Talleyrand
+had for every line he wrote.  Even the attendants of the former, and the
+clerks of the latter, demanded, or rather extorted, douceurs from the
+exhausted and almost ruined German petitioners; who in the end were
+rewarded for all their meanness and for all their expenses with promises
+at best; as the new plan of supplementary indemnities was, on the very
+day proposed for its final arrangement, postponed by the desire of the
+Emperor of the French, until further orders.  This provoking delay could
+no more be foreseen by the Empress than by the Minister, who, in return
+for their presents and money almost overpowered the German Princes with
+his protestations of regret at their disappointments.  Nor was Madame
+Bonaparte less sorry or less civil.  She sent her chamberlain, Daubusson
+la Feuillad, with regular compliments of condolence to every Prince who
+had enjoyed her protection.  They returned to their homes, therefore, if
+not wealthier, at least happier; flattered by assurances and
+condescensions, confiding in hope as in certainties.  Within three
+months, however, it is supposed that they would willingly have disposed
+both of promises and expectations at a loss of fifty per cent.
+
+By the cupidity and selfishness of these and other German Princes, and
+their want of patriotism, Talleyrand was become perfectly acquainted with
+the value and production of every principality, bishopric, county, abbey,
+barony, convent, and even village in the German Empire; and though most
+national property in France was disposed of at one or two years'
+purchase, he required five years' purchase-money for all the estates and
+lands on the other side of the Rhine, of which, under the name of
+indemnities, he stripped the lawful owners to gratify the ambition or
+avidity of intruders.  This high price has cooled the claims of the
+bidders, and the plan of the supplementary indemnities is still
+suspended, and probably will continue so until our Minister lowers his
+terms.  A combination is supposed to have been entered into by the chief
+demanders of indemnities, by which they have bound themselves to resist
+all farther extortions.  They do not, however, know the man they have to
+deal with; he will, perhaps, find out some to lay claim to their own
+private and hereditary property whom he will produce and support, and who
+certainly will have the same right to pillage them as they had to the
+spoils of others.
+
+It was reported in our fashionable circles last autumn, and smiled at by
+Talleyrand, that he promised the Comtesse de L------ an abbey, and the
+Baroness de S-----z a convent, for certain personal favours, and that he
+offered a bishopric to the Princesse of Hon----- the same terms, but this
+lady answered that "she would think of his offers after he had put her
+husband in possession of the bishopric."  It is not necessary to observe
+that both the Countess and the Baroness are yet waiting to enjoy his
+liberal donations, and to be indemnified for their prostitution.
+
+Napoleon Bonaparte was attacked by a fit of jealousy at Mentz.  The young
+nephew of the Elector Arch-Chancellor, Comte de L----ge, was very
+assiduous about the Empress, who, herself, at first mistook the motive.
+Her confidential secretary, Deschamps, however, afterwards informed her
+that this nobleman wanted to purchase the place of a coadjutor to his
+uncle, so as to be certain of succeeding him.  He obtained, therefore,
+several private audiences, no doubt to regulate the price, when Napoleon
+put a stop to this secret negotiation by having the Count carried by
+gendarmes, with great politeness, to the other side of the Rhine.  When
+convinced of his error, Bonaparte asked his wife what sum had been
+promised for her protection, and immediately gave her an order on his
+Minister of the Treasury (Marbois) for the amount.  This was an act of
+justice, and a reparation worthy of a good and tender husband; but when,
+the very next day, he recalled this order, threw it into the fire before
+her eyes, and confined her for six hours in her bedroom; because she was
+not dressed in time to take a walk with him on the ramparts, one is apt
+to believe that military despotism has erased from his bosom all
+connubial affection, and that a momentary effusion of kindness and
+generosity can but little alleviate the frequent pangs caused by repeated
+insults and oppression.  Fortunately, Madame Napoleon's disposition is
+proof against rudeness as well as against brutality.  If what her friend
+and consoler, Madame Delucay, reports of her is not exaggerated, her
+tranquillity is not much disturbed nor her happiness affected by these
+explosions of passionate authority, and she prefers admiring, in
+undisturbed solitude, her diamond box to the most beautiful prospects in
+the most agreeable company; and she inspects with more pleasure in
+confinement, her rich wardrobe, her beautiful china, and her heavy plate,
+than she would find satisfaction, surrounded with crowds, in
+comtemplating Nature, even in its utmost perfection.  "The paradise of
+Madame Napoleon," says her friend, "must be of metal, and lighted by the
+lustre of brilliants, else she would decline it for a hell and accept
+Lucifer himself for a spouse, provided gold flowed in his infernal
+domains, though she were even to be scorched by its heat."
+
+
+
+
+LETTER XIV.
+
+LETTER XIV.
+
+PARIS, August, 1805.
+
+MY LORD:--I believe that I have mentioned to you, when in England, that I
+was an old acquaintance of Madame Napoleon, and a visitor at the house of
+her first husband.  When introduced to her after some years' absence,
+during which fortune had treated us very differently, she received me
+with more civility than I was prepared to expect, and would, perhaps,
+have spoken to me more than she did, had not a look of her husband
+silenced her.  Madame Louis Bonaparte was still more condescending, and
+recalled to my memory what I had not forgotten how often she had been
+seated, when a child, on my lap, and played on my knees with her doll.
+Thus they behaved to me when I saw them for the first time in their
+present elevation; I found them afterwards, in their drawing-rooms or at
+their routs and parties, more shy and distant.  This change did not much
+surprise me, as I hardly knew any one that had the slightest pretension
+to their acquaintance who had not troubled them for employment or
+borrowed their money, at the same time that they complained of their
+neglect and their breach of promises.  I continued, however, as much as
+etiquette and decency required, assiduous, but never familiar: if they
+addressed me, I answered with respect, but not with servility; if not, I
+bowed in silence when they passed.  They might easily perceive that I did
+not intend to become an intruder, nor to make the remembrance of what was
+past an apology or a reason for applying for present favours.  A lady, on
+intimate terms with Madame Napoleon, and once our common friend, informed
+me, shortly after the untimely end of the lamented Duc d' Enghien, that
+she had been asked whether she knew anything that could be done for me,
+or whether I would not be flattered by obtaining a place in the
+Legislative Body or in the Tribunate?  I answered as I thought, that were
+I fit for a public life nothing could be more agreeable or suit me
+better; but, having hitherto declined all employments that might restrain
+that independence to which I had accustomed myself from my youth, I was
+now too old to enter upon a new career.  I added that, though the
+Revolution had reduced my circumstances, it had not entirely ruined me. I
+was still independent, because my means were the boundaries of my wants.
+
+A week after this conversation General Murat, the governor of this
+capital, and Bonaparte's favourite-brother-in-law, invited me to a
+conversation in a note delivered to me by an aide-de-camp, who told me
+that he was ordered to wait for my company, or, which was the same, he
+had orders not to lose sight of me, as I was his prisoner.  Having
+nothing with which to reproach myself, and all my written remarks being
+deposited with a friend, whom none of the Imperial functionaries could
+suspect, I entered a hackney coach without any fear or apprehension; and
+we drove to the governor's hotel.
+
+From the manner in which Murat addressed me, I was soon convinced that if
+I had been accused of any error or indiscretion, the accusation could not
+be very grave in his eyes.  He entered with me into his closet and
+inquired whether I had any enemies at the police office.  I told him not
+to my knowledge.
+
+"Is the Police Minister and Senator, Fouche, your friend?"  continued he.
+
+"Fouche," said I, "has bought an estate that formerly belonged to me; may
+he enjoy it with the same peace of mind as I have lost it.  I have never
+spoken to him in my life."
+
+"Have you not complained at Madame de la Force's of the execution of the
+ci-devant Duc d'Enghien, and agreed with the other members of her coterie
+to put on mourning for him?"
+
+"I have never been at the house of that lady since the death of the
+Prince, nor more than once in my life."
+
+"Where did you pass the evening last Saturday?"--"At the hotel, and in
+the assembly of Princesse Louis Bonaparte."
+
+"Did she see you?"
+
+"I believe that she did, because she returned my salute."
+
+"You have known Her Imperial Highness a long time?"
+
+"From her infancy."
+
+"Well, I congratulate you.  You have in her a generous protectress.  But
+for her you would now have been on the way to Cayenne.  Here you see the
+list of persons condemned yesterday, upon the report of Fouche, to
+transportation.  Your name is at the head of them.  You were not only
+accused of being an agent of the Bourbons, but of having intrigued to
+become a member of the Legislature, or the Tribunate, that you might have
+so much the better opportunity to serve them.  Fortunately for you, the
+Emperor remembered that the Princesse Louis had demanded such a favour
+for you, and he informed her of the character of her protege.  This
+brought forward your innocence, because it was discovered that, instead
+of asking for, you had declined the offer she had made you through the
+Empress.  Write the Princess a letter of thanks.  You have, indeed, had a
+narrow escape, but it has been so far useful to you, that Government is
+now aware of your having some secret enemy in power, who is not delicate
+about the means of injuring you."
+
+In quitting General Murat, I could not help deploring the fate of a
+despot, even while I abhorred his unnatural power.  The curses, the
+complaints, and reproaches for all the crimes, all the violence, all the
+oppression perpetrated in his name, are entirely thrown upon him, while
+his situation and occupation do not admit the seeing and hearing
+everything and everybody himself.  He is often forced, therefore, to
+judge according to the report of an impostor; to sanction with his name
+the hatred, malignity, or vengeance of culpable individuals; and to
+sacrifice innocence to gratify the vile passions of his vilest slave. I
+have not so bad an opinion of Bonaparte as to think him capable of
+wilfully condemning any person to death or transportation, of whose
+innocence he was convinced, provided that person stood not in the way of
+his interest and ambition; but suspicion and tyranny are inseparable
+companions, and injustice their common progeny.  The unfortunate beings
+on the long list General Murat showed me were, I dare say, most of them
+as innocent as myself, and all certainly condemned unheard.  But suppose,
+even, that they had been indiscreet enough to put on mourning for a
+Prince of the blood of their former Kings, did their imprudence deserve
+the same punishment as the deed of the robber, the forger, or the
+housebreaker? and, indeed, it was more severe than what our laws inflict
+on such criminals, who are only condemned to transportation for some few
+years, after a public trial and conviction; while the exile of these
+unconvicted, untried, and most probably innocent persons is continued for
+life, on charges as unknown to themselves as their destiny and residence
+remain to their families and friends.  Happy England! where no one is
+condemned unheard, and no one dares attempt to make the laws subservient
+to his passions or caprice.
+
+As to Fouche's enmity, at which General Murat so plainly hinted, I had
+long apprehended it from what others, in similar circumstances with
+myself, had suffered.  He has, since the Revolution, bought no less, than
+sixteen national estates, seven of the former proprietors of which have
+suddenly disappeared since his Ministry, probably in the manner he
+intended to remove me.  This man is one of the most immoral characters
+the Revolution has dragged forward from obscurity.  It is more difficult
+to mention a crime that he has not perpetrated than to discover a good or
+just action that he ever performed.  He is so notorious a villain that
+even the infamous National Convention expelled him from its bosom, and
+since his Ministry no man has been found base enough, in my debased
+country, to extenuate, much less to defend, his past enormities.  In a
+nation so greatly corrupted and immoral, this alone is more than negative
+evidence.
+
+As a friar before the Revolution he has avowed, in his correspondence
+with the National Convention, that he never believed in a God; and as one
+of the first public functionaries of a Republic he has officially denied
+the existence of virtue.  He is, therefore, as unmoved by tears as by
+reproaches, and as inaccessible to remorse as hardened against
+repentance.  With him interest and bribes are everything, and honour and
+honesty nothing.  The supplicant or the pleader who appears before him
+with no other support than the justice of his cause is fortunate indeed
+if, after being cast, he is not also confined or ruined, and perhaps
+both; while a line from one of the Bonapartes, or a purse of gold,
+changes black to white, guilt to innocence, removes the scaffold waiting
+for the assassin, and extinguishes the faggots lighted for the parricide.
+His authority is so extensive that on the least signal, with one blow,
+from the extremities of France to her centre, it crushes the cot and the
+palace; and his decisions, against which there is no appeal, are so
+destructive that they never leave any traces behind them, and Bonaparte,
+Bonaparte alone, can prevent or arrest their effect.
+
+Though a traitor to his former benefactor, the ex-Director Barras, he
+possesses now the unlimited confidence of Napoleon Bonaparte, and, as far
+as is known, has not yet done anything to forfeit it,--if private acts of
+cruelty cannot, in the agent of a tyrant, be called breach of trust or
+infidelity.  He shares with Talleyrand the fraternity of the vigilant,
+immoral, and tormenting secret police; and with Real, and Dubois, the
+prefect of police, the reproduction, or rather the invention, of new
+tortures and improved racks; the oubliettes, which are wells or pits dug
+under the Temple and most other prisons, are the works of his own
+infernal genius.  They are covered with trap-doors, and any person whom
+the rack has mutilated, or not obliged to speak out; whose return to
+society is thought dangerous, or whose discretion is suspected; who has
+been imprisoned by mistake, or discovered to be innocent; who is
+disagreeable to the Bonapartes, their favourites, or the mistresses of
+their favourites; who has displeased Fouche, or offended some other
+placeman; any who have refused to part with their property for the
+recovery of their liberty, are all precipitated into these artificial
+abysses there to be forgotten; or worse, to be starved to death, if they
+have not been fortunate enough to break their necks and be killed by the
+fall.
+
+The property Fouche has acquired by his robberies within these last
+twelve years is at the lowest rate valued at fifty million livres--which
+must increase yearly; as a man who disposes of the liberty of fifty
+millions of people is also, in a great part, master of their wealth.
+Except the chiefs of the Governments and their officers of State, there
+exists not an inhabitant of France, Italy, Holland, or Switzerland who
+can consider himself secure for an instant of not being seized,
+imprisoned, plundered, tortured, or exterminated by the orders of Fouche
+and by the hands of his agents.
+
+You will no doubt exclaim, "How can Bonaparte employ, how dares he
+confide, in such a man?"  Fouche is as able as unprincipled, and, with
+the most unfeeling and perverse heart, possesses great talents.  There is
+no infamy he will not stoop to, and no crime, however execrable, that he
+will hesitate to commit, if his Sovereign orders it.  He is, therefore, a
+most useful instrument in the hand of a despot who, notwithstanding what
+is said to the contrary in France, and believed abroad, would cease to
+rule the day he became just, and the reign of laws and of humanity
+banished terror and tyranny.
+
+It is reported that some person, pious or revengeful, presented some time
+ago to the devout mother of Napoleon a long memorial containing some
+particulars of the crimes and vices of Fouche and Talleyrand, and
+required of her, if she wished to prevent the curses of Heaven from
+falling on her son, to inform him of them, that he might cease to employ
+men so unworthy of him, and so repugnant to a Divinity.  Napoleon, after
+reading through the memorial, is stated to have answered his mother, who
+was always pressing him to dismiss these Ministers: The memorial, Madame,
+contains nothing of what I was not previously informed.  Louis XVI. did
+not select any but those whom he thought the most virtuous and moral of
+men for his Ministers and counsellors; and where did their virtues and
+morality bring him?  If the writer of the memorial will mention two
+honest and irreproachable characters, with equal talents and zeal to
+serve me, neither Fouche nor Talleyrand shall again be admitted into my
+presence.
+
+
+
+
+LETTER XV.
+
+PARIS, August, 1805.
+
+MY LORD:--You have with some reason in England complained of the conduct
+of the members of the foreign diplomatic corps in France, when the
+pretended correspondence between Mr. Drake and Mehee de la Touche was
+published in our official gazette.  Had you, however, like myself, been
+in a situation to study the characters and appreciate the worth of most
+of them, this conduct would have excited no surprise, and pity would have
+taken the place both of accusation and reproach.  Hardly one of them,
+except Count Philipp von Cobenzl, the Austrian Ambassador (and even he is
+considerably involved), possesses any property, or has anything else but
+his salary to depend upon for subsistence.  The least offence to
+Bonaparte or Talleyrand would instantly deprive them of their places;
+and, unless they were fortunate enough to obtain some other appointment,
+reduce them to live in obscurity, and perhaps in want, upon a trifling
+pension in their own country.
+
+The day before Mr. Drake's correspondence appeared in the Moniteur, in
+March, 1804, Talleyrand gave a grand diplomatic dinner; in the midst of
+which, as was previously agreed with Bonaparte, Duroc called him out on
+the part of the First Consul.  After an absence of near an hour, which
+excited great curiosity and some alarm among the diplomatists, he
+returned, very thoughtful and seemingly very low-spirited.
+
+"Excuse me, gentlemen," said he, "I have been impolite against my
+inclination.  The First Consul knew that you honoured me with your
+company today, and would therefore not have interrupted me by his orders
+had not a discovery of a most extraordinary nature against the law of
+nations just been made; a discovery which calls for the immediate
+indignation against the Cabinet of St. James, not only of France, but of
+every nation that wishes for the preservation of civilized society. After
+dinner I shall do myself the honour of communicating to you the
+particulars, well convinced that you will all enter with warmth into the
+just resentment of the First Consul."
+
+During the repast the bottle went freely round, and as soon as they had
+drunk their coffee and liqueurs, Talleyrand rang a bell, and Hauterive
+presented himself with a large bundle of papers.  The pretended original
+letters of Mr. Drake were handed about with the commentaries of the
+Minister and his secretary.  Their heads heated with wine, it was not
+difficult to influence their minds, or to mislead their judgment, and
+they exclaimed, as in a chorus, "C'est abominable!  Cela fait fremir!"
+
+Talleyrand took advantage of their situation, as well as of their
+indiscretion.  "I am glad, gentlemen," said he, "and shall not fail to
+inform the First Consul of your unanimous sentiments on this disagreeable
+subject; but verbal expressions are not sufficient in an affair of such
+great consequence.  I have orders to demand your written declarations,
+which, after what you have already expressed, you cannot hesitate about
+sending to me to-night, that they may accompany the denunciation which
+the First Consul despatches, within some few hours, to all the Courts on
+the Continent.  You would much please the First Consul were you to write
+as near as possible according to the formula which my secretary has drawn
+up.  It states nothing either against convenance, or against the customs
+of Sovereigns, or etiquettes of Courts, and I am certain is also
+perfectly congenial with your individual feelings."
+
+A silence of some moments now followed (as all the diplomatists were
+rather taken by surprise with regard to a written declaration), which the
+Swedish Ambassador, Baron Ehrensward, interrupted by saying that, "though
+he personally might have no objection to sign such a declaration, he must
+demand some time to consider whether he had a right to, write in the name
+of his Sovereign, without his orders, on a subject still unknown to him."
+
+This remark made the Austrian Ambassador, Count von Cobenzl, propose a
+private consultation among the members of the foreign diplomatic corps at
+one of their hotels, at which the Russian charge d'affaires, D'Oubril,
+who was not at the dinner--party, was invited to assist.  They met
+accordingly, at the Hotel de Montmorency, Rue de Lille, occupied by Count
+von Cobenzl; but they came to no other unanimous determination than that
+of answering a written communication of Talleyrand by a written note,
+according as every one judged most proper and prudent, and corresponding
+with the supposed sentiments of his Sovereign.
+
+As all this official correspondence has been published in England, you
+may, upon reading the notes presented by Baron de Dreyer, and Mr.
+Livingstone,
+
+[In consequence of this conduct, Livingstone was recalled by his
+Government, and lives now in obscurity and disgrace in America.  To
+console him, however, in his misfortune, Bonaparte, on his departure,
+presented him with his portrait, enamelled on the lid of a snuff-box, set
+round with diamonds, and valued at one thousand louis d'or.]
+
+the neutral Ambassadors of Denmark and America, form some tolerably just
+idea of Talleyrand's formula.  Their impolitic servility was blamed even
+by the other members of the diplomatic corps.
+
+Livingstone you know, and perhaps have not to learn that, though a stanch
+republican in America, he was the most abject courtier in France; and
+though a violent defender of liberty and equality on the other side of
+the Atlantic, no man bowed lower to usurpation, or revered despotism
+more, in Europe.  Without talents, and almost without education, he
+thinks intrigues negotiations, and conceives that policy and duplicity
+are synonymous.  He was called here "the courier of Talleyrand," on
+account of his voyages to England, and his journeys to Holland, where
+this Minister sent him to intrigue, with less ceremony than one of his
+secret agents.  He acknowledged that no Government was more liberal, and
+no nation more free, than the British; but he hated the one as much as he
+abused the other; and he did not conceal sentiments that made him always
+so welcome to Bonaparte and Talleyrand.  Never over nice in the choice of
+his companions, Arthur O'Connor, and other Irish traitors and vagabonds,
+used his house as their own; so much so that, when he invited other
+Ambassadors to dine with him, they, before they accepted the invitation,
+made a condition that no outlaws or adventurers should be of the party.
+
+In your youth, Baron de Dreyer was an Ambassador from the Court of
+Copenhagen to that of St. James.  He has since been in the same capacity
+to the Courts of St. Petersburg and Madrid.  Born a Norwegian, of a poor
+and obscure family, he owes his advancement to his own talents; but
+these, though they have procured him rank, have left him without a
+fortune.  When he came here, in June, 1797, from Spain, he brought a
+mistress with him, and several children he had had by her during his
+residence in that country.  He also kept an English mistress some thirty
+years ago in London, by whom he had a son, M. Guillaumeau, who is now his
+secretary.  Thus encumbered, and thus situated at the age of seventy, it
+is no surprise if he strives to die at his post, and that fear to offend
+Bonaparte and Talleyrand sometimes gets the better of his prudence.
+
+In Denmark, as well as in all other Continental States, the pensions of
+diplomatic invalids are more scanty than those of military ones, and
+totally insufficient for a man who, during half a century nearly, has
+accustomed himself to a certain style of life, and to expenses requisite
+to represent his Prince with dignity.  No wonder, therefore, that Baron
+de Dreyer prefers Paris to Copenhagen, and that the cunning Talleyrand
+takes advantage of this preference.
+
+It was reported here among our foreign diplomatists, that the English
+Minister in Denmark complained of the contents of Baron de Dreyer's note
+concerning Mr. Drake's correspondence; and that the Danish Prime
+Minister, Count von Bernstorff, wrote to him in consequence, by the order
+of the Prince Royal, a severe reprimand.  This act of political justice
+is, however, denied by him, under pretence that the Cabinet of Copenhagen
+has laid it down as an invariable rule, never to reprimand, but always to
+displace those of its agents with whom it has reason to be discontented.
+Should this be the case, no Sovereign in Europe is better served by his
+representatives than his Danish Majesty, because no one seldomer changes
+or removes them.
+
+While I am speaking of diplomatists, I cannot forbear giving you a short
+sketch of one whose weight in the scale of politics entitles him to
+particular notice: I mean the Count von Haugwitz, insidiously
+complimented by Talleyrand with the title of "The Prince of Neutrality,
+the Sully of Prussia."  Christian Henry Curce, Count von Haugwitz, who,
+until lately, has been the chief director of the political conscience of
+His Prussian Majesty, as his Minister of the Foreign Department, was born
+in Silesia, and is the son of a nobleman who was a General in the
+Austrian service when Frederick the Great made the conquest of that
+country.  At the death of this King in 1786, Count von Haugwitz occupied
+an inferior place in the foreign office, where Count von Herzburg
+observed his zeal and assiduity, and recommended him to the notice of the
+late King Frederick William II.  By the interest of the celebrated
+Bishopswerder, he procured, in 1792, the appointment of an Ambassador to
+the Court of Vienna, where he succeeded Baron von Jacobi, the present
+Prussian Minister in your country.  In the autumn of the same year he
+went to Ratisbon, to cooperate with the Austrian Ambassador, and to
+persuade the Princes of the German Empire to join the coalition against
+France.  In the month of March, 1794, he was sent to the Hague, where he
+negotiated with Lord Malmesbury concerning the affairs of France; shortly
+afterwards his nomination as a Minister of State took place, and from
+that time his political sentiments seem to have undergone a revolution,
+for which it is not easy to account; but, whatever were the causes of his
+change of opinions, the Treaty of Basle, concluded between France and
+Prussia in 1795, was certainly negotiated under his auspices; and in
+August, 1796, he signed, with the French Minister at Berlin, Citizen
+Caillard, the first and famous Treaty of Neutrality; and a Prussian
+cordon was accordingly drawn, to cause the neutrality of the North to be
+observed and protected.  Had the Count von Haugwitz of 1795 been the same
+as the Count von Haugwitz of 1792, it is probable we should no longer
+have heard of either a French Republic or a French Empire; but a
+legitimate Monarch of the kingdom of France would have ensured that
+security to all other legitimate Sovereigns, the want of which they
+themselves, or their children, will feel and mourn in vain, as long as
+unlimited usurpations tyrannize over my wretched country.  It is to be
+hoped, however, that the good sense of the Count will point out to him,
+before it is too late, the impolicy of his present connections; and that
+he will use his interest with his Prince to persuade him to adopt a line
+of conduct suited to the grandeur and dignity of the Prussian Monarchy,
+and favourable to the independence of insulted Europe.
+
+When his present Prussian Majesty succeeded to the throne, Count von
+Haugwitz continued in office, with increased influence; but he some time
+since resigned, in consequence, it is said, of a difference of opinion
+with the other Prussian Ministers on the subject of a family alliance,
+which Bonaparte had the modesty to propose, between the illustrious house
+of Napoleon the First and the royal line of Brandenburgh.
+
+On this occasion his King, to evince his satisfaction with his past
+conduct, bestowed on him not only a large pension, but an estate in
+Silesia, where he before possessed some property.  Bonaparte also, to
+express his regret at his retreat, proclaimed His Excellency a grand
+officer of the Legion of Honour.
+
+Talleyrand insolently calls the several cordons, or ribands, distributed
+by Bonaparte among the Prussian Ministers and Generals, "his
+leading-strings."  It is to be hoped that Frederick William III.  is
+sufficiently upon his guard to prevent these strings from strangling the
+Prussian Monarchy and the Brandenburgh dynasty.
+
+
+
+
+LETTER XVI.
+
+PARIS, August, 1805.
+
+MY LORD:--Upwards of two months after my visit to General Murat, I was
+surprised at the appearance of M. Darjuson, the chamberlain of Princesse
+Louis Bonaparte.  He told me that he came on the part of Prince Louis,
+who honoured me with an invitation to dine with him the day after. Upon
+my inquiry whether he knew if the party would be very numerous, he
+answered, between forty and fifty; and that it was a kind of farewell
+dinner, because the Prince intended shortly to set out for Compiegne to
+assume the command of the camp, formed in its vicinity, of the dragoons
+and other light troops of the army of England.
+
+The principal personages present at this dinner were Joseph Bonaparte and
+his wife, General and Madame Murat, the Ministers Berthier, Talleyrand,
+Fouche, Chaptal, and Portalis.  The conversation was entirely military,
+and chiefly related to the probable conquest or subjugation of Great
+Britain, and the probable consequence to mankind in general of such a
+great event.  No difference of opinion was heard with regard to its
+immediate benefit to France and gradual utility to all other nations; but
+Berthier seemed to apprehend that, before France could have time to
+organize this valuable conquest, she would be obliged to support another
+war, with a formidable league, perhaps, of all other European nations.
+The issue, however, he said, would be glorious to France, who, by her
+achievements, would force all people to acknowledge her their mother
+country; and then, first, Europe would constitute but one family.
+
+Chaptal was as certain as everybody else of the destruction of the
+tyrants of the seas; but he thought France would never be secure against
+the treachery of modern Carthage until she followed the example of Rome
+towards ancient Carthage; and therefore, after reducing London to ashes,
+it would be proper to disperse round the universe all the inhabitants of
+the British Islands, and to re-people them with nations less
+evil-disposed and less corrupted.  Portalis observed that it was more
+easy to conceive than to execute such a vast plan.  It would not be an
+undertaking of five, of ten, nor of twenty years, to transplant these
+nations; that misfortunes and proscription would not only inspire courage
+and obstinacy, but desperation.
+
+"No people," continued he, "are more attached to their customs and
+countries than islanders in general; and though British subjects are the
+greatest travellers, and found everywhere, they all suppose their country
+the best, and always wish to return to it and finish their days amidst
+their native fogs and smoke.  Neither the Saxons, nor the Danes, nor
+Norman conquerors transplanted them, but, after reducing them,
+incorporated themselves by marriages among the vanquished, and in some
+few generations were but one people.  It is asserted by all persons who
+have lately visited Great Britain, that, though the civilization of the
+lower classes is much behind that of the same description in France, the
+higher orders, the rich and the fashionable, are, with regard to their,
+manners, more French than English, and might easily be cajoled into
+obedience and subjection to the sovereignty of a nation whose customs, by
+free choice, they have adopted in preference to their own, and whose
+language forms a necessary part of their education, and, indeed, of the
+education of almost every class in the British Empire.  The universality
+of the French language is the best ally France has in assisting her to
+conquer a universal dominion.  He wished, therefore, that when we were in
+a situation to dictate in England, instead of proscribing Englishmen we
+should proscribe the English language, and advance and reward, in
+preference, all those parents whose children were sent to be educated in
+France, and all those families who voluntarily adopted in their houses
+and societies exclusively the French language."
+
+Murat was afraid that if France did not transplant the most stubborn
+Britons, and settle among them French colonies, when once their military
+and commercial navy was annihilated, they would turn pirates, and,
+perhaps, within half a century, lay all other nations as much under
+contribution by their piracies as they now do by their industry; and
+that, like the pirates on the coast of Barbary, the instant they had no
+connections with other civilized nations, cut the throats of each other,
+and agree in nothing but in plundering, and considering all other people
+in the, world their natural enemies and purveyors.
+
+To this opinion Talleyrand, by nodding assent, seemed to adhere; but he
+added: "Earthquakes are generally dreaded as destructive; but such a
+convulsion of nature as would swallow up the British Islands, with all
+their inhabitants, would be the greatest blessing Providence ever
+conferred on mankind."
+
+Louis Bonaparte then addressed himself to me and to the Marquis de F----.
+"Gentlemen," said he, "you have been in England; what is your opinion of
+the character of these islanders, and of the probability of their
+subjugation?"
+
+I answered that, during the fifteen months I resided in London I was too
+much occupied to prevent myself from starving, to meditate about anything
+else; that my stomach was my sole meditation as well as anxiety.  That,
+however, I believed that in England, as everywhere else, a mixture of
+good and bad qualities was to be found; but which prevailed, it would be
+presumption in me, from my position, to decide.  But I did not doubt that
+if we cordially hated the English they returned us the compliment with
+interest, and, therefore, the contest with them would be a severe one.
+The Marquis de F---- imprudently attempted to convince the company that
+it was difficult, if not impossible, for our army to land in England,
+much more to conquer it, until we were masters of the seas by a superior
+navy.  He would, perhaps, have been still more indiscreet, had not Madame
+Louis interrupted him, and given another turn to the conversation by
+inquiring about the fair sex in England, and if it was true that handsome
+women were more numerous there than in France?  Here again the Marquis,
+instead of paying her a compliment, as she perhaps expected, roundly
+assured her that for one beauty in France, hundreds might be counted in
+England, where gentlemen were, therefore, not so easily satisfied; and
+that a woman regarded by them only as an ordinary person would pass for a
+first-rate beauty among French beaux, on account of the great scarcity of
+them here.
+
+"You must excuse the Marquis, ladies," said I, in my turn; "he has not
+been in love in England.  There, perhaps, he found the belles less cruel
+than in France, where, for the cruelty of one lady, or for her
+insensibility of his merit, he revenges himself on the whole sex:
+
+"I apply to M. de Talleyrand," answered the Marquis; "he has been longer
+in England than myself."
+
+"I am not a competent judge," retorted the Minister; "Madame de
+Talleyrand is here, and has not the honour of being a Frenchwoman; but I
+dare say the Marquis will agree with me that in no society in the British
+Islands, among a dozen of ladies, has he counted more beauties, or
+admired greater accomplishments or more perfection."
+
+To this the Marquis bowed assent, saying that in all his general remarks
+the party present, of course, was not included.  All the ladies, who were
+well acquainted with his absent and blundering conversation, very
+good-humouredly laughed, and Madame Murat assured him that if he would
+give her the address of the belle in France who had transformed a gallant
+Frenchman into a chevalier of British beauty, she would attempt to make
+up their difference.  "She is no more, Madame," said the Marquis; "she
+was, unfortunately, guillotined two days before----" the father of Madame
+Louis, he was going to say, when Talleyrand interrupted him with a
+significant look, and said, "Before the fall of Robespierre, you mean."
+
+From these and other traits of the Marquis's character, you may see that
+he erred more from absence of mind than any premeditation to give
+offence.  He received, however, the next morning, a lettre de cachet from
+Fouche, which exiled him to Blois, and forbade him to return to Paris
+without further orders from the Minister of Police.  I know, from high
+authority, that to the interference of Princesse Louis alone is he
+indebted for not being shut up in the Temple, and, perhaps, transported
+to our colonies, for having depreciated the power and means of France to
+invade England.  I am perfectly convinced that none of those who spoke on
+the subject of the invasion expressed anything but what they really
+thought; and that, of the whole party, none, except Talleyrand, the
+Marquis, and myself, entertained the least doubt of the success of the
+expedition; so firmly did they rely on the former fortune of Bonaparte,
+his boastings, and his assurance.
+
+After dinner I had an opportunity of conversing for ten minutes with
+Madame Louis Bonaparte, whom I found extremely amiable, but I fear that
+she is not happy.  Her husband, though the most stupid, is, however, the
+best tempered of the Bonapartes, and seemed very attentive and attached
+to her.  She was far advanced in her pregnancy, and looked,
+notwithstanding, uncommonly well.  I have heard that Louis is inclined to
+inebriation, and when in that situation is very brutal to his wife, and
+very indelicate with other women before her eyes.  He intrigues with her
+own servants and the number of his illegitimate children is said to be as
+many as his years.  She asked General Murat to present me and recommend
+me to Fouche, which he did with great politeness; and the Minister
+assured me that he should be glad to see me at his hotel, which I much
+doubt.  The last words Madame Louis said to me, in showing me a princely
+crown, richly set with diamonds, and given her by her brother-in-law,
+Napoleon, were, "Alas!  grandeur is not always happiness, nor the most
+elevated the most fortunate lot."
+
+
+
+
+LETTER XVII.
+
+PARIS, August, 1805.
+
+My LORD:--The arrival of the Pope in this country was certainly a grand
+epoch, not only in the history of the Revolution, but in the annals of
+Europe.  The debates in the Sacred College for and against this journey,
+and for and against his coronation of Bonaparte, are said to have been
+long as well as violent, and arranged according to the desires of
+Cardinal Fesch only by the means of four millions of livres distributed
+apropos among its pious members.  Of this money the Cardinals Mattei,
+Pamphili, Dugnani, Maury, Pignatelli, Roverella, Somaglia, Pacca,
+Brancadoro, Litta, Gabrielli, Spina, Despuig, and Galefli, are said to
+have shared the greatest part; and from the most violent
+anti-Bonapartists, they instantly became the strenuous adherents of
+Napoleon the First, who, of course, cannot be ignorant of their real
+worth.
+
+The person entrusted by Bonaparte and Talleyrand to carry on at Rome the
+intrigue which sent Pius VII. to cross the Alps was Cardinal Fesch,
+brother of Madame Letitia Bonaparte by the side of her mother, who, in a
+second marriage, chose a pedlar of the name of Nicolo Fesch, for her
+husband.
+
+Joseph, Cardinal Fesch, was born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, on the 8th of
+March, 1763, and was in his infancy received as a singing boy (enfant de
+choeur) in a convent of his native place.  In 1782, whilst he was on a
+visit to some of his relations in the Island of Sardinia, being on a
+fishing party some distance from shore, he was, with his companions,
+captured by an Algerine felucca, and carried a captive to Algiers.  Here
+he turned Mussulman, and, until 1790, was a zealous believer in, and
+professor of, the Alcoran.  In that year he found an opportunity to
+escape from Algiers, and to return to Ajaccio, when he abjured his
+renegacy, exchanged the Alcoran for the Bible, and, in 1791, was made a
+constitutional curate, that is to say, a revolutionary Christian priest.
+In 1793, when even those were proscribed, he renounced the sacristy of
+his Church for the bar of a tavern, where, during 1794 and 1795, he
+gained a small capital by the number and liberality of his English
+customers.  After the victories of his nephew Napoleon in Italy during
+the following year, he was advised to reassume the clerical habit, and
+after Napoleon's proclamation of a First Consul, he was made Archbishop
+of Lyons.  In 1802, Pius VII. decorated him with the Roman purple, and he
+is now a pillar of the Roman faith, in a fair way of seizing the Roman
+tiara.  If letters from Rome can be depended upon, Cardinal Fesch, in the
+name of the Emperor of the French, informed His Holiness the Pope that he
+must either retire to a convent or travel to France, either abdicate his
+own sovereignty, or inaugurate Napoleon the First a Sovereign of France.
+Without the decision of the Sacred College, effected in the manner
+already stated, the majority of the faithful believe that this pontiff
+would have preferred obscurity to disgrace.
+
+While Joseph Fesch was a master of a tavern he married the daughter of a
+tinker, by whom he had three children.  This marriage, according to the
+republican regulations, had only been celebrated by the municipality at
+Ajaccio; Fesch, therefore, upon again entering the bosom of the Church,
+left his municipal wife and children to shift for themselves, considering
+himself still, according to the canonical laws, a bachelor.  But Madame
+Fesch, hearing, in 1801, of her ci-devant husband's promotion to the
+Archbishopric of Lyons, wrote to him for some succours, being with her
+children reduced to great misery.  Madame Letitia Bonaparte answered her
+letter, enclosing a draft for six hundred livres--informing her that the
+same sum would be paid her every six months, as long as she continued
+with her children to reside at Corsica, but that it would cease the
+instant she left that island.  Either thinking herself not sufficiently
+paid for her discretion, or enticed by some enemy of the Bonaparte
+family, she arrived secretly at Lyons in October last year, where she
+remained unknown until the arrival of the Pope.  On the first day His
+Holiness gave there his public benediction, she found means to pierce the
+crowd, and to approach his person, when Cardinal Fesch was by his side.
+Profiting by a moment's silence, she called out loudly, throwing herself
+at his feet: "Holy Father! I am the lawful wife of Cardinal Fesch, and
+these are our children; he cannot, he dares not, deny this truth.  Had he
+behaved liberally to me, I should not have disturbed him in his present
+grandeur; I supplicate you, Holy Father, not to restore me my husband,
+but to force him to provide for his wife and children, according to his
+present circumstances."--"Matta--ella e matta, santissimo padre!  She is
+mad--she is mad, Holy Father," said the Cardinal; and the good pontiff
+ordered her to be taken care of, to prevent her from doing herself or the
+children any mischief.  She was, indeed, taken care of, because nobody
+ever since heard what has become either of her or her children; and as
+they have not returned to Corsica, probably some snug retreat has been
+allotted them in France.
+
+The purple was never disgraced by a greater libertine than Cardinal
+Fesch: his amours are numerous, and have often involved him in
+disagreeable scrapes.  He had, in 1803, an unpleasant adventure at Lyons,
+which has since made his stay in that city but short.  Having thrown his
+handkerchief at the wife of a manufacturer of the name of Girot, she
+accepted it, and gave him an appointment at her house, at a time in the
+evening when her husband usually went to the play.  His Eminence arrived
+in disguise, and was received with open arms.  But he was hardly seated
+by her side before the door of a closet was burst open, and his shoulders
+smarted from the lashes inflicted by an offended husband.  In vain did he
+mention his name and rank; they rather increased than decreased the fury
+of Girot, who pretended it was utterly impossible for a Cardinal and
+Archbishop to be thus overtaken with the wife of one of his flock; at
+last Madame Girot proposed a pecuniary accommodation, which, after some
+opposition, was acceded to; and His Eminence signed a bond for one
+hundred thousand livres--upon condition that nothing should transpire of
+this intrigue--a high price enough for a sound drubbing.  On the day when
+the bond was due, Girot and his wife were both arrested by the police
+commissary, Dubois (a brother of the prefect of police at Paris), accused
+of being connected with the coiners, a capital crime at present in this
+country.  In a search made in their house, bad money to the amount of
+three thousand livres was discovered; which they had received the day
+before from a man who called himself a merchant from Paris, but who was a
+police spy sent to entrap them.  After giving up the bond of the
+Cardinal, the Emperor graciously remitted the capital punishment, upon
+condition that they should be transported for life to Cayenne.
+
+This is the prelate on whom Bonaparte intends to confer the Roman tiara,
+and to constitute a successor of St. Peter.  It would not be the least
+remarkable event in the beginning of the remarkable nineteenth century
+were we to witness the papal throne occupied by a man who from a singing
+boy became a renegade slave, from a Mussulman a constitutional curate,
+from a tavern-keeper an archbishop, from the son of a pedlar the uncle of
+an Emperor, and from the husband of the daughter of a tinker, a member of
+the Sacred College.
+
+His sister, Madame Letitia Bonaparte, presented him, in 1802, with an
+elegant library, for which she had paid six hundred thousand livres--and
+his nephew, Napoleon, allows him a yearly pension double that amount.
+Besides his dignity as a prelate, His Eminence is Ambassador from France
+at Rome, a Knight of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece, a grand
+officer of the Legion of Honour, and a grand almoner of the Emperor of
+the French.
+
+The Archbishop of Paris is now in his ninety-sixth year, and at his death
+Cardinal Fesch is to be transferred to the see of this capital, in
+expectation of the triple crown and the keys of St. Peter.
+
+
+
+
+LETTER XVIII.
+
+Paris, August, 1805.
+
+MY LORD:--The amiable and accomplished Amelia Frederique, Princess
+Dowager of the late Electoral Prince, Charles Louis of Baden, born a
+Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, has procured the Electoral House of Baden
+the singular honour of giving consorts to three reigning and Sovereign
+Princes,--to an Emperor of Russia, to a King of Sweden, and to the
+Elector of Bavaria.  Such a distinction, and such alliances, called the
+attention of those at the head of our Revolution; who, after attempting
+in vain to blow up hereditary thrones by the aid of sans-culotte
+incendiaries, seated sans-culottes upon thrones, that they might degrade
+what was not yet ripe for destruction.
+
+Charles Frederick, the reigning Elector of Baden, is now near fourscore
+years of age.  At this period of life if any passions remain, avarice is
+more common than ambition; because treasures may be hoarded without
+bustle, while activity is absolutely necessary to push forward to the
+goal of distinction.  Having bestowed a new King on Tuscany, Bonaparte
+and Talleyrand also resolved to confer new Electors on Germany.  A more
+advantageous fraternity could not be established between the innovators
+here and their opposers in other countries, than by incorporating the
+grandfather-in-law of so many Sovereigns with their own revolutionary
+brotherhood; to humble him by a new rank, and to disgrace him by
+indemnities obtained from their hands.  An intrigue between our Minister,
+Talleyrand, and the Baden Minister, Edelsheim, transformed the oldest
+Margrave of Germany into its youngest Elector, and extended his dominions
+by the spoils obtained at the expense of the rightful owners.  The
+invasion of the Baden territory in time of peace, and the seizure of the
+Duc d'Enghien, though under the protection of the laws of nations and
+hospitality, must have soon convinced Baron Edelsheim what return his
+friend Talleyrand expected, and that Bonaparte thought he had a natural
+right to insult by his attacks those he had dishonoured by his
+connections.
+
+The Minister, Baron Edelsheim, is half an illuminato, half a philosopher,
+half a politician, and half a revolutionist.  He was, long before he was
+admitted into the council chamber of his Prince, half an atheist, half an
+intriguer, and half a spy, in the pay of Frederick the Great of Prussia.
+His entry upon the stage at Berlin, and particularly the first parts he
+was destined to act, was curious and extraordinary; whether he acquitted
+himself better in this capacity than he has since in his political one is
+not known.  He was afterwards sent to this capital to execute a
+commission, of which he acquitted himself very ill; exposing himself
+rashly, without profit or service to his employer.  Frederick II.,
+dreading the tediousness of a proposed congress at Augsburg, wished to
+send a private emissary to sound the King of France.  For this purpose he
+chose Edelsheim as a person least liable to suspicion.  The project of
+Frederick was to idemnify the King of Poland for his first losses by
+robbing the ecclesiastical Princes of Germany.  This, Louis XV. totally
+rejected; and Edelsheim returned with his answer to the Prussian Monarch,
+then at Freyburg.  From thence he afterwards departed for London, made
+his communications, and was once again sent back to Paris, on pretence
+that he had left some of his travelling trunks there; and the Bailli de
+Foulay, the Ambassador of the Knights of Malta, being persuaded that the
+Cabinet of Versailles was effectually desirous of peace, was, as he had
+been before, the mediator.  The Bailli was deceived.  The Duc de
+Choiseul, the then Prime Minister, indecently enough threw Edelsheim into
+the Bastille, in order to search or seize his papers, which, however,
+were secured elsewhere.  Edelsheim was released on the morrow, but
+obliged to depart the kingdom by the way of Turin, as related by
+Frederick II. in his "History of the Seven Years' War."  On his return he
+was disgraced, and continued so until 1778; when he again was used as
+emissary to various Courts of Germany.  In 1786 the Elector of Baden sent
+him to Berlin, on the ascension of Frederick William II., as a
+complimentary envoy.  This Monarch, when he saw him, could not forbear
+laughing at the high wisdom of the Court that selected such a personage
+for such an embassy, and of his own sagacity in accepting it.  He quitted
+the capital of Prussia as he came there, with an opinion of himself that
+the royal smiles of contempt had neither altered nor diminished.
+
+You see, by this account, that Edelsheim has long been a partisan of the
+pillage of Germany called indemnities; and long habituated to affronts,
+as well as to plots.  To all his other half qualities, half modesty can
+hardly be added, when he calls himself, or suffers himself to be called,
+"the Talleyrand of Carlsrhue."  He accompanied his Prince last year to
+Mentz; where this old Sovereign was not treated by Bonaparte in the most
+decorous or decent manner, being obliged to wait for hours in his
+antechamber, and afterwards stand during the levees, or in the
+drawing-rooms of Napoleon or of his wife, without the offer of a chair,
+or an invitation to sit down.  It was here where, by a secret treaty,
+Bonaparte became the Sovereign of Baden, if sovereignty consists in the
+disposal of the financial and military resources of a State; and they
+were agreed to be assigned over to him whenever he should deem it proper
+or necessary to invade the German Empire, in return for his protection
+against the Emperor of Germany, who can have no more interest than intent
+to attack a country so distant from his hereditary dominions, and whose
+Sovereign is, besides, the grandfather of the consort of his nearest and
+best ally.
+
+Talleyrand often amused himself at Mentz with playing on the vanity and
+affected consequence of Edelsheim, who was delighted if at any time our
+Minister took him aside, or whispered to him as in confidence.  One
+morning, at the assembly of the Elector Arch-Chancellor, where Edelsheim
+was creeping and cringing about him as usual, he laid hold of his arm and
+walked with him to the upper part of the room.  In a quarter of an hour
+they both joined the company, Edelsheim unusually puffed up with vanity.
+
+"I will lay and bet, gentlemen," said Talleyrand, "that you cannot, with
+all your united wits, guess the grand subject of my conversation with the
+good Baron Edelsheim."  Without waiting for an answer, he continued: "As
+the Baron is a much older and more experienced traveller than myself, I
+asked him which, of all the countries he had visited, could boast the
+prettiest and kindest women.  His reply was really very instructive, and
+it would be a great pity if justice were not done to his merit by its
+publicity."
+
+Here the Baron, red as a turkey-cock and trembling with anger,
+interrupted.  "His Excellency," said he, "is to-night in a humour to
+joke; what we spoke of had nothing to do with women."
+
+"Nor with men, either," retorted Talleyrand, going away.
+
+This anecdote, Baron Dahlberg, the Minister of the Elector of Baden to
+our Court, had the ingenuity to relate at Madame Chapui's as an evidence
+of Edelsheim's intimacy with Talleyrand; only he left out the latter
+part, and forgot to mention the bad grace with which this impertinence of
+Talleyrand was received; but this defect of memory Count von Beust, the
+envoy of the Elector Arch-Chancellor, kindly supplied.
+
+Baron Edelsheim is a great amateur of knighthoods.  On days of great
+festivities his face is, as it were, illuminated with the lustre of his
+stars; and the crosses on his coat conceal almost its original colour.
+Every petty Prince of Germany has dubbed him a chevalier; but Emperors
+and Kings have not been so unanimous in distinguishing his desert, or in
+satisfying his desires.
+
+At Mentz no Prince or Minister fawned more assiduously upon Bonaparte
+than this hero of chivalry.  It could not escape notice, but need not
+have alarmed our great man, as was the case.  The prefect of the palace
+was ordered to give authentic information concerning Edelsheim's moral
+and political character.  He applied to the police commissary, who,
+within twenty hours, signed a declaration affirming that Edelsheim was
+the most inoffensive and least dangerous of all imbecile creatures that
+ever entered the Cabinet of a Prince; that he had never drawn a sword,
+worn a dagger, or fired a pistol in his life; that the inquiries about
+his real character were sneered at in every part of the Electorate, as
+nowhere they allowed him common sense, much less a character; all blamed
+his presumption, but none defended his capacity.
+
+After the perusal of this report, Bonaparte asked Talleyrand: "What can
+Edelsheim mean by his troublesome assiduities?  Does he want any
+indemnities, or does he wish me to make him a German Prince?  Can he have
+the impudence to hope that I shall appoint him a tribune, a legislator,
+or a Senator in France, or that I shall give him a place in my Council of
+State?"
+
+"No such thing," answered the Minister; "did not Your Majesty condescend
+to notice at the last fete that this eclipsed moon was encompassed in a
+firmanent of stars.  You would, Sire, make him the happiest of mortals
+were you to nominate him a member of your Legion of Honour."
+
+"Does he want nothing else?"  said Napoleon, as if relieved at once of an
+oppressive burden.  "Write to my chancellor of the Legion of Honour,
+Lacepede, to send him a patent, and do you inform him of this favour."
+
+It is reported at Carlsruhe, the capital of Baden, that Baron Edelsheim
+has composed his own epitaph, in which he claims immortality, because
+under his Ministry the Margravate of Baden was elevated into an
+Electorate!!!
+
+
+
+
+LETTER XIX.
+
+PARIS, August, 1805.
+
+MY LORD:--The sensation that the arrival of the Pope in this country
+caused among the lower classes of people cannot be expressed, and if
+expressed, would not be believed.  I am sorry, however, to say that,
+instead of improving their morals or increasing their faith, this journey
+has shaken both morality and religion to their foundation.
+
+According to our religious notions, as you must know, the Roman pontiff
+is the vicar of Christ, and infallible; he can never err.  The atheists
+of the National Convention and the Theophilanthropists of the Directory
+not only denied his demi-divinity, but transformed him into a satyr; and
+in pretending to tear the veil of superstition, annihilated all belief in
+a God.  The ignorant part of our nation, which, as everywhere else,
+constitutes the majority, witnessing the impunity and prosperity of
+crime, and bestowing on the Almighty the passions of mortals, first
+doubted of His omnipotence in not crushing guilt, and afterwards of His
+existence in not exterminating the blasphemous from among the living.
+Feeling, however, the want of consolation in their misfortunes here, and
+hope of a reward hereafter for unmerited sufferings upon earth, they all
+hailed as a blessing the restoration of Christianity; and by this
+political act Bonaparte gained more adherents than by all his victories
+he had procured admirers.
+
+Bonaparte's character, his good and his bad qualities, his talents and
+his crimes, are too recent and too notorious to require description.
+Should he continue successful, and be attended by fortune to his grave,
+future ages may perhaps hail him a hero and a great man; but by his
+contemporaries it will always be doubtful whether mankind has not
+suffered more from his ambition and cruelties than benefited by his
+services.  Had he satisfied himself by continuing the Chief Magistrate of
+a Commonwealth; or, if he judged that a monarchical Government alone was
+suitable to the spirit of this country, had he recalled our legitimate
+King, he would have occupied a principal, if not the first, place in the
+history of France,--a place much more exalted than he can ever expect to
+fill as an Emperor of the French.  Let his prosperity be ever so
+uninterrupted, he cannot be mentioned but as an usurper, an appellation
+never exciting esteem, frequently inspiring contempt, and always odious.
+
+The crime of usurpation is the greatest and most enormous a subject can
+perpetrate; but what epithet can there be given to him who, to preserve
+an authority unlawfully acquired, asssociates in his guilt a Supreme
+Pontiff, whom the multitude is accustomed to reverence as the
+representative of their God, but who, by this act of scandal and
+sacrilege, descends to a level with the most culpable of men?  I have
+heard, not only in this city but in villages, where sincerity is more
+frequent than corruption, and where hypocrites are as little known as
+infidels, these remarks made by the people:
+
+"Can the real vicar of Christ, by his inauguration, commit the double
+injustice of depriving the legitimate owner of his rights, and of
+bestowing as a sacred donation what belongs to another; and what he has
+no power, no authority, to dispose of?  Can Pius VII. confer on Napoleon
+the First what belongs to Louis XVIII.?  Would Jesus Christ, if upon
+earth, have acted thus?  Would his immediate successors, the Apostles,
+not have preferred the suffering of martyrdom to the commission of any
+injury?  If the present Roman pontiff acts differently from what his
+Master and predecessors would have done, can he be the vicar of our
+Saviour?"
+
+These and many similar reflections the common people have made, and make
+yet.  The step from doubt to disbelief is but short, and those brought up
+in the Roman Catholic religion, who hesitate about believing Pius VII. to
+be the vicar of Christ, will soon remember the precepts of atheists and
+freethinkers, and believe that Christ is not the Son of God, and that God
+is only the invention of fear.
+
+The fact is, that by the Pope's performance of the coronation of an
+Emperor of the French, a religious as well as a political revolution was
+effected; and the usurper in power, whatever his creed may be, will
+hereafter, without much difficulty, force it on his slaves.  You may,
+perhaps, object that Pius VII., in his official account to the Sacred
+College of his journey to France, speaks with enthusiasm of the
+Catholicism of the French people.  But did not the Goddess of Reason, did
+not Robespierre as a high priest of a Supreme Being, speak as highly of
+their sectaries?  Read the Moniteur of 1793 and 1794, and you will be
+convinced of the truth of this assertion.  They, like the Pope, spoke of
+what they saw, and they, like him, did not see an individual who was not
+instructed how to perform his part, so as to give satisfaction to him
+whom he was to please, and to those who employed him.  As you have
+attended to the history of our Revolution, you have found it in great
+part a cruel masquerade, where none but the unfortunate Louis XVI.
+appeared in his native and natural character and without a mask.
+
+The countenance of Pius VII. is placid and benign, and a kind of calmness
+and tranquillity pervades his address and manners, which are, however,
+far from being easy or elegant.  The crowds that he must have been
+accustomed to see since his present elevation have not lessened a
+timidity the consequence of early seclusion.  Nothing troubled him more
+than the numerous deputations of our Senate, Legislative Body, Tribunate,
+National Institute, Tribunals, etc., that teased him on every occasion.
+He never was suspected of any vices, but all his virtues are negative;
+and his best quality is, not to do good, but to prevent evil.  His piety
+is sincere and unaffected, and it is not difficult to perceive that he
+has been more accustomed to address his God than to converse with men. He
+is nowhere so well in his place as before the altar; when imploring the
+blessings of Providence on his audience he speaks with confidence, as to
+a friend to whom his purity is known, and who is accustomed to listen
+favourably to his prayers.  He is zealous but not fanatical, but equally
+superstitious as devout.  His closet was crowded with relics, rosaries,
+etc., but there he passed generally eight hours of the twenty-four upon
+his knees in prayer and meditation.  He often inflicted on himself
+mortifications, observed fast-days, and kept his vows with religious
+strictness.
+
+None of the promises made him by Cardinal Fesch, in the name of Napoleon
+the First, were performed, but all were put off until a general
+pacification.  He was promised indemnity for Avignon, Bologna, Ferrara,
+and Ravenna; the ancient supremacy and pecuniary contributions of the
+Gallican Church, and the restoration of certain religious orders, both in
+France and Italy; but notwithstanding his own representations, and the
+activity of his Cardinal, Caprara, nothing was decided, though nothing
+was refused.
+
+By some means or other he was made perfectly acquainted with the crimes
+and vices of most of our public functionaries.  Talleyrand was surprised
+when Cardinal Caprara explained to him the reason why the Pope refused to
+admit some persons to his presence, and why he wished others even not to
+be of the party when he accepted the invitations of Bonaparte and his
+wife to their private societies.  Many are, however, of opinion that
+Talleyrand, from malignity or revenge, often heightened and confirmed His
+Holiness's aversion.  This was at least once the case with regard to De
+Lalande.  When Duroc inquired the cause of the Pope's displeasure against
+this astronomer, and hinted that it would be very agreeable to the
+Emperor were His Holiness to permit him the honour of prostrating
+himself, he was answered that men of talents and learning would always be
+welcome to approach his person; that he pitied the errors and prayed for
+the conversion of this savant, but was neither displeased nor offended
+with him.  Talleyrand, when informed of the Pope's answer, accused
+Cardinal Caprara of having misinterpreted his master's communications;
+and this prelate, in his turn, censured our Minister's bad memory.
+
+You must have read that this De Lalande is regarded in France as the
+first astronomer of Europe, and hailed as the high priest of atheists; he
+is said to be the author of a shockingly blasphemous work called "The
+Bible of a People who acknowledge no God."  He implored the ferocious
+Robespierre to honour the heavens by bestowing, on a new planet pretended
+to be discovered, his ci-devant Christian-name, Maximilian.  In a letter
+of congratulation to Bonaparte, on the occasion of his present elevation,
+he also implored him to honour the God of the Christians by styling
+himself Jesus Christ the First, Emperor of the French, instead of
+Napoleon the First.  But it was not his known impiety that made
+Talleyrand wish to exclude him from insulting with his presence a
+Christian pontiff.  In the summer of 1799, when the Minister was in a
+momentary disgrace, De Lalande was at the head of those who imputed to
+his treachery, corruptions, and machinations all the evils France then
+suffered, both from external enemies and internal factions.  If
+Talleyrand has justly been reproached for soon forgetting good offices
+and services done him, nobody ever denied that he has the best
+recollection in the world of offences or attacks, and that he is as
+revengeful as unforgiving.
+
+The only one of our great men whom Pius VII. remained obstinate and
+inflexible in not receiving, was the Senator and Minister of Police,
+Fouche.  As His Holiness was not so particular with regard to other
+persons who, like Fouche, were both apostate priests and regicide
+subjects, the following is reported to be the cause of his aversion and
+obduracy:
+
+In November, 1793, the remains of a wretch of the name of
+Challiers--justly called, for his atrocities, the Murat of Lyons--were
+ordered by Fouche, then a representative of the people in that city, to
+be produced and publicly worshipped; and, under his particular auspices,
+a grand fete was performed to the memory of this republican martyr, who
+had been executed as an assassin.  As part of this impious ceremony, an
+ass, covered with a Bishop's vestments, having on his head a mitre, and
+the volumes of Holy Writ tied to his tail, paraded the streets.  The
+remains of Challiers were then burnt, and the ashes distributed among his
+adorers; while the books were also consumed, and the ashes scattered in
+the wind.  Fouche proposed, after giving the ass some water to drink in a
+sacred chalice, to terminate the festivity of the day by murdering all
+the prisoners, amounting to seven thousand five hundred; but a sudden
+storm prevented the execution of this diabolical proposition, and
+dispersed the sacrilegious congregation.
+
+
+
+
+LETTER XX.
+
+PARIS, August, 1805.
+
+MY LORD:--Though all the Bonapartes were great favourites with Pius VII.,
+Madame Letitia, their mother, had a visible preference.  In her
+apartments he seemed most pleased to meet the family parties, as they
+were called, because to them, except the Bonapartes, none but a few
+select favourites were invited,--a distinction as much wished for and
+envied as any other Court honour.  After the Pope had fixed the evening
+he would appear among them, Duroc made out a list, under the dictates of
+Napoleon, of the chosen few destined to partake of the blessing of His
+Holiness's presence; this list was merely pro form, or as a compliment,
+laid before him; and after his tacit approbation, the individuals were
+informed, from the first chamberlain's office, that they would be
+honoured with admittance at such an hour, to such a company, and in such
+an apartment.  The dress in which they were to appear was also
+prescribed.  The parties usually met at six o'clock in the evening.  On
+the Pope's entrance all persons, of both sexes, kneeled to receive his
+blessing.  Tea, ice, liqueurs, and confectionery were then served.  In
+the place of honour were three elevated elbow-chairs, and His Holiness
+was seated between the Emperor and Empress, and seldom spoke to any one
+to whom Napoleon did not previously address the word.  The exploits of
+Bonaparte, particularly his campaigns in Egypt, were the chief subjects
+of conversation.  Before eight o'clock the Pope always retired,
+distributing his blessing to the kneeling audience, as on his entry. When
+he was gone, card-tables were brought in, and play was permitted. Duroc
+received his master's orders how to distribute the places at the
+different tables, what games were to be played, and the amount of the
+sums to be staked.  These were usually trifling and small compared to
+what is daily risked in our fashionable circles.
+
+Often, after the Pope had returned to his own rooms, Madame Letitia
+Bonaparte was admitted to assist at his private prayers.  This lady,
+whose intrigues and gallantry are proverbial in Corsica, has, now that
+she is old (as is generally the case), turned devotee, and is surrounded
+by hypocrites and impostors, who, under the mask of sanctity, deceive and
+plunder her.  Her antechambers are always full of priests; and her closet
+and bedroom are crowded with relics, which she collected during her
+journey to Italy last year.  She might, if she chose, establish a
+Catholic museum, and furnish it with a more curious collection, in its
+sort, than any of our other museums contain.  Of all the saints in our
+calendar, there is not one of any notoriety who has not supplied her with
+a finger, a toe, or some other part; or with a piece of a shirt, a
+handkerchief, a sandal, or a winding-sheet.  Even a bit of a pair of
+breeches, said to have belonged to Saint Mathurin, whom many think was a
+sans-cullotte, obtains her adoration on certain occasions.  As none of
+her children have yet arrived at the same height of faith as herself, she
+has, in her will, bequeathed to the Pope all her relics, together with
+eight hundred and seventy-nine Prayer-books, and four hundred and
+forty-six Bibles, either in manuscript or of different editions.  Her
+favourite breviary, used only on great solemnities, was presented to her
+by Cardinal Maury at Rome, and belonged, as it is said, formerly to Saint
+Francois, whose commentary, written with his own hand, fills the margins;
+though many, who with me adore him as a saint, doubt whether he could
+either read or write.
+
+Not long ago she made, as she thought, an exceedingly valuable
+acquisition.  A priest arrived direct from the Holy City of Jerusalem,
+well recommended by the inhabitants of the convents there, with whom he
+pretended to have passed his youth.  After prostrating himself before the
+Pope, he waited on Madame Letitia Bonaparte.  He told her that he had
+brought with him from Syria the famous relic, the shoulder-bone of Saint
+John the Baptist; but that, being in want of money for his voyage, he
+borrowed upon it from a Grecian Bishop in Montenegro two hundred louis
+d'or.  This sum, and one hundred louis d'or besides, was immediately
+given him; and within three months, for a large sum in addition to those
+advanced, this precious relic was in Madame Letitia's possession.
+
+Notwithstanding this lady's care not to engage in her service any person
+of either sex who cannot produce, not a certificate of civism from the
+municipality as was formerly the case, but a certificate of Christianity,
+and a billet of confession signed by the curate of the parish, she had
+often been robbed, and the robbers had made particularly free with those
+relics which were set in gold or in diamonds.  She accused her daughter,
+the Princesse Borghese, who often rallies the devotion of her mamma, and
+who is more an amateur of the living than of the dead, of having played
+her these tricks.  The Princess informed Napoleon of her mother's losses,
+as well as of her own innocence, and asked him to apply to the police to
+find out the thief, who no doubt was one of the pious rogues who almost
+devoured their mother.
+
+On the next day Napoleon invited Madame Letitia to dinner, and Fouche had
+orders to make a strict search, during her absence, among the persons
+composing her household.  Though he, on this occasion, did not find what
+he was looking for, he made a discovery which very much mortified Madame
+Letitia.
+
+Her first chambermaid, Rosina Gaglini, possessed both her esteem and
+confidence, and had been sent for purposely from Ajaccio, in Corsica, on
+account of her general renown for great piety, and a report that she was
+an exclusive favourite with the Virgin Mary, by whose interference she
+had even performed, it was said, some miracles; such as restoring stolen
+goods, runaway cattle, lost children, and procuring prizes in the
+lottery.  Rosina was as relic-mad as her mistress; and as she had no
+means to procure them otherwise, she determined to partake of her lady's
+by cutting off a small part of each relic of Madame Letitia's principal
+saints.  These precious 'morceaux' she placed in a box upon which she
+kneeled to say her prayers during the day; and which, for a
+mortification, served her as a pillow during the night.  Upon each of the
+sacred bits she had affixed a label with the name of the saint it
+belonged to, which occasioned the disclosure.  When Madame Letitia heard
+of this pious theft, she insisted on having the culprit immediately and
+severely punished; and though the Princesse Borghese, as the innocent
+cause of poor Rosina's misfortune, interfered, and Rosina herself
+promised never more to plunder saints, she was without mercy turned away,
+and even denied money sufficient to carry her back to Corsica.  Had she
+made free with Madame Letitia's plate or wardrobe, there is no doubt but
+that she had been forgiven; but to presume to share with her those sacred
+supports on her way to Paradise was a more unpardonable act with a
+devotee than to steal from a lover the portrait of an adored mistress.
+
+In the meantime the police were upon the alert to discover the person
+whom they suspected of having stolen the relics for the diamonds, and not
+the diamonds for the relics.  Among our fashionable and new saints,
+surprising as you may think it, Madame de Genlis holds a distinguished
+place; and she, too, is an amateur and collector of relics in proportion
+to her means; and with her were found those missed by Madame Letitia.
+Being asked to give up the name of him from whom she had purchased them,
+she mentioned Abbe Saladin, the pretended priest from Jerusalem.  He, in
+his turn, was questioned, and by his answers gave rise to suspicion that
+he himself was the thief.  The person of whom he pretended to have bought
+them was not to be found, nor was any one of such a description
+remembered to have been seen anywhere.  On being carried to prison, he
+claimed the protection of Madame Letitia, and produced a letter in which
+this lady had promised him a bishopric either in France or in Italy. When
+she was informed of his situation, she applied to her son Napoleon for
+his liberty, urging that a priest who from Jerusalem had brought with him
+to Europe such an extraordinary relic as the shoulder of Saint John,
+could not be culpable.
+
+Abbe Saladin had been examined by Real, who concluded, from the accent
+and perfection with which he spoke the French language, that he was some
+French adventurer who had imposed on the credulity and superstition of
+Madame Letitia; and, therefore, threatened him with the rack if he did
+not confess the truth.  He continued, however, in his story, and was
+going to be released upon an order from the Emperor, when a gendarme
+recognized him as a person who, eight years before, had, under the name
+of Lanoue, been condemned for theft and forgery to the galleys, whence he
+had made his escape.  Finding himself discovered, he avowed everything.
+He said he had served in Egypt, in the guides of Bonaparte, but deserted
+to the Turks and turned Mussulman, but afterwards returned to the bosom
+of the Church at Jerusalem.  There he persuaded the friars that he had
+been a priest, and obtained the certificates which introduced him to the
+Pope and to the Emperor's mother; from whom he had received twelve
+thousand livres for part of the jaw bone of a whale, which he had sold
+her for the shoulder-bone of a saint.  As the police believe the
+certificates he has produced to be also forged, he is detained in prison
+until an answer arrives from our Consul in Syria.
+
+Madame Letitia did not resign without tears the relic he had sold her;
+and there is reason to believe that many other pieces of her collections,
+worshipped by her as remains of saints, are equally genuine as this
+shoulder-bone of Saint John.
+
+
+
+
+LETTER XXI.
+
+PARIS, August, 1805.
+
+MY LORD:--That the population of this capital has, since the Revolution,
+decreased near two hundred thousand souls, is not to be lamented.  This
+focus of corruption and profligacy is still too populous, though the
+inhabitants do not amount to six hundred thousand; for I am well
+persuaded that more crimes and excesses of every description are
+committed here in one year than are perpetrated in the same period of
+time in all other European capitals put together.  From not reading in
+our newspapers, as we do in yours, of the robberies, murders, and frauds
+discovered and punished, you may, perhaps, be inclined to suppose my
+assertion erroneous or exaggerated; but it is the policy of our present
+Government to labour as much as possible in the dark; that is to say, to
+prevent, where it can be done, all publicity of anything directly or
+indirectly tending to inculpate it of oppression, tyranny, or even
+negligence; and to conceal the immorality of the people so nearly
+connected with its own immoral power.  It is true that many vices and
+crimes here, as well as everywhere else, are unavoidable, and the natural
+consequences of corruption, and might be promulgated, therefore, without
+attaching any reproach to our rulers; but they are so accustomed to the
+mystery adherent to tyranny, that even the most unimportant lawsuit,
+uninteresting intrigue, elopement, or divorce, are never allowed to be
+mentioned in our journals, without a previous permission from the prefect
+of police, who very seldom grants it.
+
+Most of the enormities now deplored in this country are the consequence
+of moral and religious licentiousness, that have succeeded to political
+anarchy, or rather were produced by it, and survive it.  Add to this the
+numerous examples of the impunity of guilt, prosperity of infamy, misery
+of honesty, and sufferings of virtue, and you will not think it
+surprising that, notwithstanding half a million of spies, our roads and
+streets are covered with robbers and assassins, and our scaffolds with
+victims.
+
+The undeniable TRUTH that this city alone is watched by one hundred
+thousand spies (so that, when in company with six persons, one has reason
+to dread the presence of one spy), proclaims at once the morality of the
+governors and that of the governed: were the former just, and the latter
+good, this mass of vileness would never be employed; or, if employed,
+wickedness would expire for want of fuel, and the hydra of tyranny perish
+by its own pestilential breath.
+
+According to the official registers published by Manuel in 1792, the
+number of spies all over France during the reign of Louis XVI. was
+nineteen thousand three hundred (five thousand less than under Louis
+XV.); and of this number six thousand were distributed in Paris, and in a
+circle of four leagues around it, including Versailles.  You will
+undoubtedly ask me, even allowing for our extension of territory, what
+can be the cause of this disproportionate increase of distrust and
+depravity?  I will explain it as far as my abilities admit, according to
+the opinions of others compared with my own remarks.
+
+When factions usurped the supremacy of the Kings, vigilance augmented
+with insecurity; and almost everybody who was not an opposer, who refused
+being an accomplice, or feared to be a victim, was obliged to serve as an
+informer and vilify himself by becoming a spy.  The rapidity with which
+parties followed and destroyed each other made the criminals as numerous
+as the sufferings of honour and loyalty innumerable; and I am sorry to
+say few persons exist in my degraded country, whose firmness and
+constancy were proof against repeated torments and trials, and who, to
+preserve their lives, did not renounce their principles and probity.
+
+Under the reign of Robespierre and of the Committee of Public Safety,
+every member of Government, of the clubs, of the tribunals, and of the
+communes, had his private spies; but no regular register was kept of
+their exact number.  Under the Directory a Police Minister was nominated,
+and a police office established.  According to the declaration of the
+Police Minister, Cochon, in 1797, the spies, who were then regularly
+paid, amounted to one hundred and fifty thousand; and of these, thirty
+thousand did duty in this capital.  How many there were in 1799, when
+Fouche, for the first time, was appointed a chief of the department of
+police, is not known, but suppose them doubled within two years; their
+increase since is nevertheless immense, considering that France has
+enjoyed upwards of four years' uninterrupted Continental peace, and has
+not been exposed to any internal convulsions during the same period.
+
+You may, perhaps, object that France is not rich enough to keep up as
+numerous an army of spies as of soldiers; because the expense of the
+former must be triple the amount of the latter.  Were all these spies,
+now called police agents, or agents of the secret police, paid regular
+salaries, your objection would stand, but most of them have no other
+reward than the protection of the police; being employed in
+gambling--houses, in coffee--houses, in taverns, at the theatres, in the
+public gardens, in the hotels, in lottery offices, at pawnbrokers', in
+brothels, and in bathing-houses, where the proprietors or masters of
+these establishments pay them.  They receive nothing from the police, but
+when they are enabled to make any great discoveries, those who have been
+robbed or defrauded, and to whom they have been serviceable, are, indeed,
+obliged to present them with some douceur, fixed by the police at the
+rate of the value recovered; but such occurrences are merely accidental.
+To these are to be added all individuals of either sex who by the law are
+obliged to obtain from the police licenses to exercise their trade, as
+pedlars, tinkers, masters of puppet-shows, wild beasts, etc.  These, on
+receiving their passes, inscribe themselves, and take the oaths as spies;
+and are forced to send in their regular reports of what they hear or see.
+Prostitutes, who, all over this country, are under the necessity of
+paying for regular licenses, are obliged also to give information, from
+time to time, to the nearest police commissary of what they observe or
+what they know respecting their visitors, neighbours, etc.  The number of
+unfortunate women of this description who had taken out licenses during
+the year 12, or from September, 1803, to September, 1804, is officially
+known to have amounted to two hundred and twenty thousand, of whom forty
+thousand were employed by the armies.
+
+It is no secret that Napoleon Bonaparte has his secret spies upon his
+wife, his brothers, his sisters, his Ministers, Senators, and other
+public functionaries, and also upon his public spies.  These are all
+under his own immediate control and that of Duroc, who does the duty of
+his private Police Minister, and in whom he confides more than even in
+the members of his own family.  In imitation of their master, each of the
+other Bonapartes, and each of the Ministers, have their individual spies,
+and are watched in their turn by the spies of their secretaries, clerks,
+etc.  This infamous custom of espionage goes ad infinitum, and appertains
+almost to the establishment and to the suite of each man in place, who
+does not think himself secure a moment if he remains in ignorance of the
+transactions of his rivals, as well as of those of his equals and
+superiors.
+
+Fouche and Talleyrand are reported to have disagreed before Bonaparte on
+some subject or other, which is frequently the case.  The former,
+offended at some doubts thrown out about his intelligence, said to the
+latter:
+
+"I am so well served that I can tell you the name of every man or woman
+you have conversed with, both yesterday and today; where you saw them,
+and how long you remained with them or they with you."
+
+"If such commonplace espionage evinces any merit," retorted Talleyrand,
+"I am even here your superior; because I know not only what has already
+passed with you and in your house, but what is to pass hereafter.  I can
+inform you of every dish you had for your dinners this week, who provided
+these dinners, and who is expected to provide your meats to-morrow and
+the day after.  I can whisper you, in confidence, who slept with Madame
+Fouche last night, and who has an appointment with her to-night."
+
+Here Bonaparte interrupted them, in his usual dignified language: "Hold
+both your tongues; you are both great rogues, but I am at a loss to
+decide which is the greatest."
+
+Without uttering a single syllable, Talleyrand made a profound reverence
+to Fouche.  Bonaparte smiled, and advised them to live upon good terms if
+they were desirous of keeping their places.
+
+A man of the name of Ducroux, who, under Robespierre, had from a barber
+been made a general, and afterwards broken for his ignorance, was engaged
+by Bonaparte as a private spy upon Fouche, who employed him in the same
+capacity upon Bonaparte.  His reports were always written, and delivered
+in person into the hands both of the Emperor and of his Minister.  One
+morning he, by mistake, gave to Bonaparte the report of him instead of
+that intended for him.  Bonaparte began to read: "Yesterday, at nine
+o'clock, the Emperor acted the complete part of a madman; he swore,
+stamped, kicked, foamed, roared--", here poor Ducroux threw himself at
+Bonaparte's feet, and called for mercy for the terrible blunder he had
+committed.
+
+"For whom," asked Bonaparte, "did you intend this treasonable
+correspondence?  I suppose it is composed for some English or Russian
+agent, for Pitt or for Marcoff.  How long have you conspired with my
+enemies, and where are your accomplices?"
+
+"For God's sake, hear me, Sire," prayed Ducroux.  "Your Majesty's enemies
+have always been mine.  The report is for one of your best friends; but
+were I to mention his name, he will ruin me."
+
+"Speak out, or you die!" vociferated Bonaparte.
+
+"Well,'Sire, it is for Fouche--for nobody else but Fouche."
+
+Bonaparte then rang the bell for Duroc, whom he ordered to see Ducroux
+shut up in a dungeon, and afterwards to send for Fouche.  The Minister
+denied all knowledge of Ducroux, who, after undergoing several tortures,
+expiated his blunder upon the rack.
+
+
+
+
+LETTER XXII.
+
+PARIS, August, 1805.
+
+MY LORD:--The Pope, during his stay here, rose regularly every morning at
+five o'clock, and went to bed every night before ten.  The first hours of
+the day he passed in prayers, breakfasted after the Mass was over,
+transacted business till one, and dined at two.  Between three and four
+he took--his siesta, or nap; afterwards he attended the vespers, and when
+they were over he passed an hour with the Bonapartes, or admitted to his
+presence some members of the clergy.  The day was concluded, as it was
+begun, with some hours of devotion.
+
+Had Pius VII. possessed the character of a Pius VI., he would never have
+crossed the Alps; or had he been gifted with the spirit and talents of
+Sextus V. or Leo X., he would never have entered France to crown
+Bonaparte, without previously stipulating for himself that he should be
+put in possession of the sovereignty of Italy.  You can form no idea what
+great stress was laid on this act of His Holiness by the Bonaparte
+family, and what sacrifices were destined to be made had any serious and
+obstinate resistance been apprehended.  Threats were, indeed, employed
+personally against the Pope, and bribes distributed to the refractory
+members of the Sacred College; but it was no secret, either here or at
+Milan, that Cardinal Fesch had carte blanche with regard to the
+restoration of all provinces seized, since the war, from the Holy See, or
+full territorial indemnities in their place, at the expense of Naples and
+Tuscany; and, indeed, whatever the Roman pontiff has lost in Italy has
+been taken from him by Bonaparte alone, and the apparent generosity which
+policy and ambition required would, therefore, have merely been an act of
+justice.  Confiding foolishly in the honour and rectitude of Napoleon,
+without any other security than the assertion of Fesch, Pius VII., within
+a fortnight's stay in France, found the great difference between the
+promises held out to him when residing as a Sovereign at Rome, and their
+accomplishment when he had so far forgotten himself and his sacred
+dignity as to inhabit as a guest the castle of the Tuileries.
+
+Pius VII. mentioned, the day after his arrival at Fontainebleau, that it
+would be a gratification to his own subjects were he enabled to
+communicate to them the restoration of the former ecclesiastical domains,
+as a free gift of the Emperor of the French, at their first conference,
+as they would then be as well convinced of Napoleon's good faith as he
+was himself.  In answer, His Holiness was informed that the Emperor was
+unprepared to discuss political subjects, being totally occupied with the
+thoughts how to entertain worthily his high visitor, and to acknowledge
+becomingly the great honour done and the great happiness conferred on him
+by such a visit.  As soon as the ceremony of the coronation was over,
+everything, he hoped, would be arranged to the reciprocal satisfaction of
+both parties.
+
+About the middle of last December, Bonaparte was again asked to fix a day
+when the points of negotiation between him and the Pope could be
+discussed and settled.  Cardinal Caprara, who made this demand, was
+referred to Talleyrand, who denied having yet any instructions, though in
+daily expectation of them.  Thus the time went on until February, when
+Bonaparte informed the Pope of his determination to assume the crown of
+Italy, and of some new changes necessary, in consequence on the other
+side of the Alps.
+
+Either seduced by caresses, or blinded by his unaccountable partiality
+for Bonaparte, Pius VII., if left to himself, would not only have
+renounced all his former claims, but probably have made new sacrifices to
+this idol of his infatuation.  Fortunately, his counsellors were wiser
+and less deluded, otherwise the remaining patrimony of Saint Peter might
+now have constituted a part of Napoleon's inheritance, in Italy.  "Am I
+not, Holy Father!" exclaimed the Emperor frequently, "your son, the work
+of your hand?  And if the pages of history assign me any glory, must it
+not be shared with you--or rather, do you not share it with me?  Anything
+that impedes my successes, or makes the continuance of my power uncertain
+or hazardous, reflects on you and is dangerous to you.  With me you will
+shine or be obscured, rise or fall.  Could you, therefore, hesitate (were
+I to demonstrate to you the necessity of such a measure) to remove the
+Papal See to Avignon, where it formerly was and continued for centuries,
+and to enlarge the limits of my kingdom of Italy with the Ecclesiastical
+States?  Can you believe my throne at Milan safe as long as it is not the
+sole throne of Italy?  Do you expect to govern at Rome when I cease to
+reign at Milan?  No, Holy Father! the pontiff who placed the crown on my
+head, should it be shaken, will fall to rise no more."  If what Cardinal
+Caprara said can be depended upon, Bonaparte frequently used to
+intimidate or flatter the Pope in this manner.
+
+The representations of Cardinal Caprara changed Napoleon's first
+intention of being again crowned by the Pope as a King of Italy.  His
+crafty Eminence observed that, according to the Emperor's own
+declaration, it was not intended that the crowns of France and Italy
+should continue united.  But were he to cede one supremacy confirmed by
+the sacred hands of a pontiff, the partisans of the Bourbons, or the
+factions in France, would then take advantage to diminish in the opinion
+of the people his right and the sacredness of His Holiness, and perhaps
+make even the crown of the French Empire unstable.  He did not deny that
+Charlemagne was crowned by a pontiff in Italy, but this ceremony was
+performed at Rome, where that Prince was proclaimed an Emperor of the
+Holy Roman and German Empires, as well as a King of Lombardy and Italy.
+Might not circumstances turn out so favourably for Napoleon the First
+that he also might be inaugurated an Emperor of the Germans as well as of
+the French?  This last compliment, or prophecy, as Bonaparte's courtiers
+call it (what a prophet a Caprara!), had the desired effect, as it
+flattered equally Napoleon's ambition and vanity.  For fear, however, of
+Talleyrand and other anti-Catholic counsellors, who wanted him to
+consider the Pope merely as his first almoner, and to treat him as all
+other persons of his household, His Eminence sent His Holiness as soon as
+possible packing for Rome.  Though I am neither a cardinal nor a prophet,
+should you and I live twenty years longer, and the other Continental
+Sovereigns not alter their present incomprehensible conduct, I can,
+without any risk, predict that we shall see Rome salute the second
+Charlemagne an Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, if before that time
+death does not put a period to his encroachments and gigantic plans.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Bestowing on the Almighty the passions of mortals
+Bow to their charlatanism as if it was sublimity
+Cannot be expressed, and if expressed, would not be believed
+Feeling, however, the want of consolation in their misfortunes
+Future effects dreaded from its past enormities
+God is only the invention of fear
+Gold, changes black to white, guilt to innocence
+Hail their sophistry and imposture as inspiration
+Invention of new tortures and improved racks
+Labour as much as possible in the dark
+Misfortunes and proscription would not only inspire courage
+My means were the boundaries of my wants
+Not suspected of any vices, but all his virtues are negative
+Nothing was decided, though nothing was refused
+Now that she is old (as is generally the case), turned devotee
+Prelate on whom Bonaparte intends to confer the Roman tiara
+Saints supplied her with a finger, a toe, or some other parts
+Step is but short from superstition to infidelity
+Suspicion and tyranny are inseparable companions
+Two hundred and twenty thousand prostitute licenses
+Usurped the easy direction of ignorance
+Would cease to rule the day he became just
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Court of St. Cloud,
+Volume 2, by Lewis Goldsmith
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