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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Quacks and Grafters, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Quacks and Grafters
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: February 21, 2012 [EBook #38929]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK QUACKS AND GRAFTERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive.)
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+
+
+
+  QUACKS AND GRAFTERS
+
+
+  BY EX-OSTEOPATH
+
+
+  _BEING AN EXPOSE OF THE STATE OF
+  THERAPEUTICS AT THE PRESENT TIME,
+  WITH SOME REASONS WHY SUCH
+  GRAFTERS FLOURISH, AND SUGGESTIONS
+  TO REMEDY THE
+  DEPLORABLE MUDDLE_
+
+
+  PUBLISHED IN THE YEAR 1908 BY
+  THE CINCINNATI MEDICAL BOOK COMPANY
+  CINCINNATI OHIO
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHTED, 1908,
+  BY THE CINCINNATI MEDICAL BOOK CO.
+
+
+  THE LANCET-CLINIC PRESS,
+  CINCINNATI, OHIO.
+
+
+
+
+  TO THE
+  GREAT AMERICAN PUBLIC
+  IS DEDICATED
+  THIS BOOK, WITH EVERY
+  CONFIDENCE IN ITS PROVERBIAL COMMON SENSE AND
+  DISCRIMINATION, AND WITH THE HOPE OF
+  HAVING ADDED A MITE TOWARD GREATER
+  AND BETTER THINGS IN THE
+  ART OF AESCULAPIUS.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+There has been but one other period in the history of medicine when so
+many systems of the healing art were in vogue. In the seventeenth century,
+during the Reform Period, following the many epoch-making discoveries, as
+the blood and lymph circulation; when alchemy was abandoned and chemistry
+became a science; when Galileo regenerated physics, and zoology and botany
+were largely extended; when Newton enunciated the laws of gravitation;
+when cinchona bark, the great febrifuge, was introduced into Europe, and
+the cell doctrine was founded by Hooke, Malpighi and Grew, the old
+Hippocratic, Galenic and Arabic systems of medicine were undermined. In
+that transition period, when the medical profession was trying to adjust
+its practice with the many new theories, its authoritative voice was lost,
+and in the struggle for something tangible, innumerable new systems sprang
+up.
+
+Four systems stood out most prominently--the pietistically colored
+Paracelsism of Von Helmont, with its sal, sulphur and mercury; the
+chemical system of Sylvius and Willis, with its acid and alkali theory of
+cause and cure of disease; the iatro-chemical system, with its
+fermentation theory; and the iatro-physical system, which contended that
+health was dependent upon proper adjustment of physical and mechanical
+arrangements of the body. The old humoral theory of Galen had its
+adherents, influencing all of the newer systems. And suggestive
+therapeutics was rampant in most grotesque and fanciful forms. Witchcraft,
+superstition and cabalism were fostered even at the various European
+courts. As Roswell Park says in his History of Medicine: "With delightful
+satire Harvey divided the physicians of the day into six classes--the
+Ferrea, Asinaria, Jesuitica, Aquaria, Laniaria and Stercoraria--according
+as their favorite systems of treatment were the administration of iron,
+asses' milk, cinchona, mineral water, venesection or purgatives."
+
+That history repeats itself is a truism well illustrated in medicine
+to-day. The new cellular pathology, founded by Virchow and Cohnheim and
+elaborated by innumerable men since; the discovery of parasitism and the
+germ theory by Davaine, Pasteur and Koch; antisepsis by Lister; the
+introduction of anesthesia by Morton, Simpson and Koller; the application
+of more exact methods in diagnosis by Skoda and others, and many other
+innovations and discoveries have revolutionized medicine in the nineteenth
+century. The transition period of to-day is very analogous to that of the
+seventeenth century.
+
+Suggestive therapeutics has its advocates in the Emmanuel movement,
+Lourdes water, Christian Science, New Thought, faith cure and
+psycho-therapy. The uric acid theory is a curious survival of the old
+chemical system. The iatro-chemical system is the prototype of
+Metchnikoff's theory of longevity. And, strange to relate, despite the
+claims of wonderful discovery by A. T. Still and D. D. Palmer, the
+iatro-physical system of the seventeenth century was more complete as a
+guide to healing than is Osteopathy and Chiropractics to-day. Verily,
+there is nothing novel under the solar rays.
+
+That graft in surgery and shystering in internal medicine exists no one in
+the medical profession denies. It has come so insidiously that the
+profession itself was taken unawares. However, that sweeping denunciation
+of the entire profession should follow is unwarranted. Every other
+profession and calling has its black sheep, and it is the duty of the
+leaders in each to eliminate them. Elimination, however, cannot come
+entirely from within. The public has its share of responsibility and duty
+to perform, and the sooner this is realized, the better for all concerned.
+
+To aid in the work of obtaining better things in therapeutics, the
+establishment and extension of a national bureau or department of health
+is imperative. Any effort along this line will hasten the day of rational
+healing. Preventive medicine will then gradually supplant the present
+haphazard system of palliation and cure.
+
+And education is the watchword of the day!
+
+G. STROHBACH, M.D.
+
+Cincinnati, Ohio, 1908.
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHERS' NOTE.
+
+
+Though written in a satirical vein, this book is intended as a warning to
+the medical profession and the public alike. And, while amusing, the
+wealth of information and comment on certain abuses in the healing art
+should lead to serious consideration. This book is published without bias
+or prejudice toward any school of medicine or system of therapeutics as
+such. But that quackery and graft are rampant among those who pose as
+healers has become so apparent that we believe every influence to expose
+and weed out the pretenders is timely.
+
+The author is an Osteopath who abandoned the practice of Osteopathy after
+a few years' earnest endeavor, convinced of the untenable position of
+those professing the practice of this art. He returned to the more
+congenial profession of teaching. For obvious reasons he publishes this
+book under a _nom de plume_. He is abundantly fortified with facts to
+substantiate his criticism.
+
+That his effort may be of some service in clarifying the situation and
+lead to better therapeutics in the near future, is the sincere hope of
+
+THE PUBLISHERS.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  PART I--IN GENERAL.
+
+  CHAPTER I--BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION                                     17
+
+    The Augean Stables of Therapeutics--The Remedy--Reason for
+    Absence of Dignified Literary Style--Diploma Mills--"All
+    but Holy"--Dr. Geo. H. Simmons' Opinion--American Medical
+    Association Not Tyrannical--Therapeutics a Deplorable
+    Muddle.
+
+
+  CHAPTER II--GRAFT AND FAILUREPHOBIA                                   25
+
+    The Commercial Spirit--Commercialism in Medicine--Stock
+    Company Medical Colleges--Graft in Medicines, Drugs and
+    Nostrums--Encyclopedia Graft--"Get-Rich-Quick"
+    Propositions--Paradoxes in Character of Shysters--Money
+    Madness--Professional Failurephobia--The Fortunate Few and
+    the Unfortunate Many--A Cause of Quackery--The Grafter's
+    Herald--The World's Standard--Solitary Confinement--The
+    Prisoner's Dream--Working up a Cough--Situation Appalling
+    Among St. Louis Physicians--A Moral Pointed.
+
+
+  CHAPTER III--WHY QUACKS FLOURISH                                      37
+
+    American Public Generally Intelligent--But Densely
+    Ignorant in Important Particulars--Cotton Mather and
+    Witchcraft--A.B.s, A.M.s, M.D.s and Ph.D.s Espousing
+    Christian Science, Chiropractics and Osteopathy--
+    Gullibility of the College Bred--The Ignorant Suspicious
+    of New Things--The Educated Man's Creed--Dearth of
+    Therapeutic Knowledge by the Laity--Is the Medical
+    Profession to Blame?--Physician's Arguments
+    Controvertible--Host of Incompetents Among the Regular
+    Physicians--Report of Committee on Medical Colleges--The
+    "Big Doctors"--Doc Booze--The "Leading Doctor"--Osler's
+    Drug Nihilism--The X-Ray Graft.
+
+
+  CHAPTER IV--TURBID THERAPEUTICS                                       51
+
+    An Astounding Array of Therapeutic
+    Systems--Diet--Water--Optics--Hemotherapy--Consumption
+    Cures--Placebos--Inconsistencies and Contradictions--
+    Osler's Opinion of Appendicitis--Fair Statement of
+    Limitations in Medicine Desirable.
+
+
+  CHAPTER V--THE EXPERT WITNESS AND PROPRIETARY MEDICINES               57
+
+    The "Great Nerve Specialist"--The Professional Witness a
+    Jonah--The "Railway Spine"--Is it Lack of Fairness and
+    Honesty or Lack of Skill and Learning?--Destruction of
+    Fine Herds of Cattle Without Compensation--Koch's Dictum
+    and Denial--Koch's Tuberculin--The Serum Tribe--Stupendous
+    Sale of Nostrums--Druggist's Arguments--Use of Proprietary
+    Medicines Stimulates Sale of Nostrums.
+
+
+  CHAPTER VI--FAITH CURE AND GRAFT IN SURGERY                           62
+
+    Suggestive Therapeutics Chief Stock in Trade--Advice of a
+    Medical College President--Disease Prevention Rather than
+    Cure--Hygienic Living--The Medical Pretender--"Dangerous
+    Diagnosis" Graft--Great Flourish of Trumpets--No "Starving
+    Time" for Him--"Big Operations"--Mutilating the Human
+    Body--Dr. C. W. Oviatt's Views--Dr. Maurice H.
+    Richardson's Incisive Statements--Crying Need for
+    Reform--Surgery that is Useless, Conscienceless and for
+    Purely Commercial Ends--Spirit of Surgical Graft
+    Especially in the West--Fee-Splitting and Commissions--A
+    Nation of "Dollar-Chasers"--The Public's Share of
+    Responsibility--Senn's Advice--The "Surgical Conscience."
+
+
+  PART II--OSTEOPATHY.
+
+  CHAPTER VII--SOME DEFINITIONS AND HISTORIES                           79
+
+    Romantic Story of Osteopathy's Origin--An Asthma
+    Cure--Headache Cured by Plowlines--Log Rolling to Relieve
+    Dysentery--Osteopathy is Drugless Healing--Osteopathy is
+    Manual Treatment--Liberty of Blood, Nerves and
+    Arteries--Perfect Skeletal Alignment and Tonic,
+    Ligamentous, Muscular and Facial Relaxation--Andrew T.
+    Still in 1874--Kirksville, Mo., as a Mecca--American
+    School of Osteopathy--The Promised Golden Stream of
+    Prosperity--The "Mossbacks"--"Who's Who in Osteopathy."
+
+
+  CHAPTER VIII--THE OSTEOPATHIC PROPAGANDA                              88
+
+    Wonderful Growth Claimed to Prove Merit--Osteopathy is
+    Rational Physio-Therapy--Growth is in Exact Proportion to
+    Advertising Received--Booklets and Journals for Gratuitous
+    Distribution--Osteopathy Languishes or Flourishes by
+    Patent Medicine Devices--Circular Letter from Secretary of
+    American Osteopathic Association--Boosts by Governors and
+    Senators--The Especial Protege of Authors--Mark
+    Twain--Opie Reed--Emerson Hough--Sam Jones--The Orificial
+    Surgeon--The M.D. Seeking Job as "Professor"--The Lure of
+    "Honored Doctor" with "Big Income"--No Competition.
+
+
+  CHAPTER IX--THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF OSTEOPATHY                 97
+
+    Infallible, Touch-the-Button System that Always
+    Cured--Indefinite Movements and Manipulations--Wealth of
+    Undeveloped Scientific Facts--Osteopaths Taking M.D.
+    Course--The Standpatter and the Drifter--The
+    "Lesionist"--"Bone Setting"--"Inhibiting a
+    Center"--Chiropractics--"Finest Anatomists in the
+    World"--How to Cure Torticollis, Goitre and Enteric
+    Troubles--A Successful Osteopath--Timid Old
+    Maids--Osteopathic Philanthropy.
+
+
+  CHAPTER X--OSTEOPATHY AS RELATED TO SOME NOTORIOUS FAKES             111
+
+    Sure Shot Rheumatism Cure--Regular Practitioner's
+    Discomfiture--Medicines Alone Failed to Cure
+    Rheumatism--Osteopathy Relieves Rheumatic and Neuralgic
+    Pains--"Move Things"--"Pop" Stray Cervical Vertebrae--Find
+    Something Wrong and Put it Right--Terrible Neck-Wrenching,
+    Bone-Twisting Ordeal.
+
+
+  CHAPTER XI--TAPEWORMS AND GALLSTONES                                 119
+
+    Plug-hatted Faker--Frequency of Tapeworms--Some Tricks
+    Exposed--How the Defunct Worm was Passed--Rubber
+    Near-Worm--New Gallstone Cure--Relation to
+    Osteopathy--Perfect, Self-Oiling, "Autotherapeutic"
+    Machine--Touch the Button--The Truth About the Consumption
+    and Insanity Cures.
+
+
+  THE MORAL TO THE TALE                                                125
+
+  Honesty--Plain Dealing--Education.
+
+
+
+
+PART ONE
+
+IN GENERAL
+
+
+
+
+Quacks and Grafters
+
+By EX-OSTEOPATH
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION.
+
+    The Augean Stables of Therapeutics--The Remedy--Reason for Absence of
+    Dignified Literary Style--Diploma Mills--"All but Holy"--Dr. Geo. H.
+    Simmons' Opinion--American Medical Association Not
+    Tyrannical--Therapeutics of To-day a Deplorable Muddle.
+
+
+In writing this booklet I do not pose as a Hercules come to cleanse the
+Augean stables of therapeutics. No power but that of a public conscience
+awakened to the prevalence of quackery and grafting in connection with
+doctoring can clear away the accumulated filth.
+
+Like Marc Antony, I claim neither wit, wisdom nor eloquence; but as a
+plain, blunt man I shall "speak right on of the things I do know" about
+quacks and grafters. In writing of Osteopathy I claim the right to speak
+as "one having authority," for I have been on the "inside." As to grafting
+in connection with the practice of medicine I take the viewpoint of a
+layman, who for years has carefully read the medical literature of the
+popular press, and of late years a number of representative professional
+journals, in an effort to get an intelligent conception of the theory and
+practice of therapeutics.
+
+I have not tried to write in a professional style. I have been reading
+professional literature steadily for some time, and need a rest from the
+dignified ponderosity of some of the stuff I had to flounder through.
+
+I have just read an exposition of the beautiful and rational simplicity of
+Osteopathy. This exposition is found in a so-called great American
+encyclopedia that has been put into our schools as an authoritative source
+of knowledge for the making of intelligent citizens of our children. It is
+written by a man whose name, like that of the scholar James Whitcomb Riley
+describes, is "set plumb at the dash-board of the whole indurin'
+alphabet," so many are his scholarly degrees.
+
+How impressive it is to look through an Osteopathic journal, and see
+exhaustive (and exhausting) dissertations under mighty names followed by
+such proof of profound wisdom as, A.M., M.S., D.O., or A.B., A.M., M.D.,
+D.O. Who could believe that a man with all the wisdom testified to by such
+an array of degrees (no doubt there were more, but the modesty that goes
+with great learning forbade their display) could be imposed upon by a fad
+or fake? Or would espouse and proclaim anything that was not born of
+truth, and filled with blessing and benefaction for mankind?
+
+Scholarly degrees should be accepted as proof of wisdom, but after reading
+such expositions as that in the cyclopedia, or some of those in the
+journals, one sometimes wonders if all the above degrees might not be
+condensed into the one--D.F.
+
+As for dignified style in discussing the subject before me, I believe my
+readers will agree that dignity fits such subjects about as appropriately
+as a ten-dollar silk hat fits a ten-cent corn doctor, or a hod-carrier
+converted into a first-class Osteopath.
+
+While speaking of dignity, I want to commend an utterance of the editor of
+the _Journal of the American Medical Association_, made in a recent issue
+of that journal. It was in reply to a correspondent who had "jumped onto"
+the editor of a popular magazine because in exposing graft and quackery he
+had necessarily implicated a certain brand of medical practitioners. The
+man who criticised the editor of the popular magazine impresses a layman
+as one of that class of physicians that has done so much to destroy the
+respect and confidence of intelligent students of social conditions for
+medical men as a class, and in the efficacy of their therapeutic agencies.
+Although the committee appointed by the great society, of which he is
+presumably a member, reported that more than half of the medical colleges
+in this country are utterly unfit by equipment to turn out properly
+qualified physicians; that a large per cent of these unworthy schools are
+little better than diploma mills conducted for revenue only, and in spite
+of the incompetency and shystering that reputable physicians, in
+self-defense and in duty to the public must expose, this man proclaims
+that the medical profession is "all but holy" in its care for the souls
+and minds as well as the bodies of the people. With all respect for the
+devoted gentlemen among physicians we ask, Is it any wonder that the
+intelligent laity smile at such gush? And this man goes on to say that
+"99 per cent. of the practicing physicians of the country belong to this
+genuine class."
+
+Members of the American Medical Association may think that such
+discussions are for the profession, and should be kept "in the family."
+Perhaps they should, and no doubt it would be much better for the
+profession if many of the things said by leading medical men never reached
+the thinking public. But the fact remains that the contradictory and
+inconsistent things said do reach the public, and usually in garbled and
+distorted form. The better and safer way is, if possible, to see to it
+that there is no cause to say such things, or if criticisms must be made
+let physicians be fair and frank with the people, and treat the public as
+a party deeply concerned in all therapeutic discussions and
+investigations. And here applies the utterance of the editor of the
+_Journal of the American Medical Association_ that I wanted to commend:
+
+    "The time has passed when we can wrap ourselves in a cloak of
+    professional dignity and assume an attitude of infallibility toward
+    the public. The more intelligent of the laity have opinions on medical
+    subjects, often _bizarre_, it must be admitted, but frequently well
+    grounded, and a fair discussion of such opinions can result only in a
+    greater measure of confidence in and respect for the medical
+    profession."
+
+Such honest, fair-minded declarations, together with expressions of
+similar import from scores of brainy physicians and surgeons in active
+practice, are the anchors that hold the medical ship from being dashed to
+wreckage upon the rocks of public opinion by the currents, cross-currents
+and counter-currents of the turbid stream of therapeutics.
+
+The people have strongly suspected graft in surgery, many of them know it,
+and nearly all have been taught by journals of the new schools that such
+grafting is a characteristic of medical schools, and is asserted to be
+condoned and encouraged by the profession as a whole. How refreshing,
+then, to hear a representative surgeon of the American Medical Association
+say:
+
+    "The moral standards set for professional men are going to be higher
+    in the future, and with the limelight of public opinion turned on the
+    medical and surgical grafter, the evil will cease to exist."
+
+Contrast such frankness with the gush of the writer who, in the same
+organ, said 99 per cent. of the medical men were "all but holy" soul
+guardians, and judge which is most likely to inspire confidence in the
+intelligent laity.
+
+Right here I want to say that since I have been studying through a
+cartload of miscellaneous medical journals, I have changed my opinion of
+the American Medical Association. It is a matter of little consequence to
+medical men, of course, what my individual opinion may be. It may,
+however, be of some consequence and interest to them to know that the
+opinion of multitudes are being formed by the same distorting agencies
+that formed the opinion I held until I studied copies of the _Journal of
+the American Medical Association_ in comparison with the "riff-raff,
+rag-tag and bob-tail" of the representative organs of the myriad cults,
+isms, fads and fancies that "swarm like half-formed insects on the banks
+of the Nile."
+
+As portrayed by the numerous new school journals I receive, the American
+Medical Association is a tyrannical monster, conceived in greed and
+bigotry, born of selfishness and arrogance, cradled in iniquity and
+general cussedness, improved by man-slaughter, forced upon the people at
+the point of the bayonet and maintained by ignorance and superstition.
+Most magazines representing various "drugless" therapies, I found, spoke
+of the American Medical Association in about the same way. And not only
+these, but a number of so-called regular medical journals, as well as
+independent journals and booklets circulated to boost some individual, all
+added their modicum of vituperation.
+
+When you consider that thousands of Osteopaths (yes, there are several
+thousand of them in the field treating the people) are buying some one of
+the various Osteopathic journals by the hundreds every month and
+distributing them gratis to the people until the whole country is
+literally saturated, and that other cults are almost as busy disseminating
+their literature, do you wonder that the people are getting biased notions
+of the medical profession in general and the American Medical Association
+in particular? While my faith in the integrity and efficacy of the "new
+school" remained intact and at a fanatical pitch, my sympathy was with the
+"independent" journals. The doctrine of "therapeutic liberty" seemed a
+fair one, and one that was only American. After studying both sides, and
+comparing the journals, I have commenced to wonder if the man who preaches
+universal liberty so strenuously is not, in most cases, only working for
+_individual license_.
+
+I wrote a paper some time ago, out of which this booklet has grown, and
+sent it to the editor of the _Journal of the American Medical
+Association_. He was kind enough to say it was full of "severe truth" that
+should be published to the laity. In that paper I diagnosed the
+therapeutic situation of to-day as a "deplorable muddle," and I am glad to
+have my diagnosis confirmed by a prominent writer in the _Journal_ of the
+Association. He says:
+
+    "Therapeutics to-day cannot be called a science, it can only be called
+    a confusion. With a dozen dissenting opinions as to the most essential
+    and efficacious therapeutic agents inside the school, and a horde of
+    new school pretenders outside, each with his own little system that he
+    heralds as the best and _only_ right way, and all these separated in
+    everything but their attack on the regulars, there certainly is a
+    'turbidity of therapeutics!'"
+
+And this therapeutic stream is the one that flows for the "healing of
+nations!" Should not its waters be pure and uncontaminated, so that the
+invalid who thirsts for health may drink with confidence in their healing
+virtues?
+
+If the stream shows turbid to the physician, how must it appear to his
+patient as he stands upon the shore and sees conflicting currents boil and
+swirl in fierce contention, forming eddies that are continually stranding
+poor devils on the drifts of discarded remedies, while streams of murky
+waters (new schools) pour in from every side and add their filth. To the
+patient it becomes "confusion, worse confounded."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+GRAFT AND FAILUREPHOBIA.
+
+    The Commercial Spirit--Commercialism in Medicine--Stock Company
+    Medical Colleges--Graft in Medicines, Drugs and Nostrums--Encyclopedia
+    Graft--"Get-Rich-Quick" Propositions--Paradoxes in Character of
+    Shysters--Money Madness--Professional Failurephobia--The Fortunate Few
+    and the Unfortunate Many--A Cause of Quackery--The Grafter's
+    Herald--The World's Standard--Solitary Confinement--The Prisoner's
+    Dream--Working up a Cough--Situation Appalling Among St. Louis
+    Physicians--A Moral Pointed.
+
+
+This chapter is not written because I possess a hammer that must be used.
+My liver is sound, and I have a pretty good job. Neither palpation nor
+"osculation" (as one of our bright Osteopathic students once said in
+giving means used in physical diagnosis) reveals any "lesion" in my
+domestic affairs.
+
+However, it doesn't take the jaundiced eye of a pessimist to see the graft
+that abounds to-day. The grafter is abroad in the land like a wolf seeking
+whom he may devour, and the sheep-skin (sometimes a diploma) that once
+disguised his wolfish character has become so tattered by much use that it
+now deceives only the most foolish sheep. Once a sheep-skin of patriotism
+disguised the politician, and people fancied that a public office was a
+public trust. The revelations of the last few years have taught us that
+too often a public office is but a public steal.
+
+The commercial spirit dominates the age. Nothing is too sacred for its
+defiling hands to touch. The church does not escape. Preachers accuse each
+other of following their Lord for the loaves and fishes. Lawyers accuse
+each other of taking fees from both sides. Leading physicians
+unhesitatingly say that commercialism is the bane of the medical
+profession. They say hundreds are rushing into medicine because they have
+heard of the large earnings of a few fortunate city physicians, and think
+they are going into something that will bring them plenty of "easy money."
+Stock company medical colleges have been organized by men whose main
+object was to get a share of the money these hosts of would-be doctors had
+to spend. Even the new systems of therapeutics such as Osteopathy, that
+have boomed themselves into a kind of popularity, have their schools that,
+to believe what some of them say of each other, are dominated by the
+rankest commercialism, being, in fact, nothing but Osteopathic diploma
+mills.
+
+Not alone has graft pervaded the schools whose business it is supposed to
+be to make capable physicians. The graft that has been uncovered lately in
+connection with the preparation and sale of medicines, drugs and nostrums
+is almost incredible when we think of the danger to health and human life
+involved. The same brand of ghouls who tamper with and juggle medicines
+for gain, do not hesitate to adulterate and poison food. With their
+inferior, filthy and "preserved" milk they slaughter the innocents to
+make a paltry profit. The story Sinclair wrote of the nauseating horrors
+of slaughter-houses was enough to drive us all to the ranks of vegetarians
+forever.
+
+Only recently I chanced to learn that even in the business of publishing
+there is a little world of graft peculiar to itself. I was told by a
+responsible book man that the encyclopedia containing a learned (?)
+exposition of the science of Osteopathy is the product of grafters, who
+took old material and worked in a little new matter, such as the
+exposition of Osteopathy, to make their work appear up to date to the
+casual observer. Then, to make the graft worse, for a consideration, it
+was alleged, a popular publisher let his name be used, and thus thousands
+were caught who bought the work relying on the reputation of the
+publisher, who, it appears, had nothing whatever to do with the
+encyclopedia.
+
+Physicians, school teachers and preachers, all supposedly poor financiers,
+know about the swarms of grafters who hound them with "get-rich-quick"
+propositions into which they want them to put their scant surplus of
+salary or income as they get it. A physician told me he would have been
+$2,000 better off if a year or two before he had been a subscriber to a
+certain medical journal that poses as a sort of "watch dog" of the
+physician's treasury.
+
+Pessimistic as this review may seem, there is yet room for optimism, and,
+paradoxical as it may sound, men are not always as bad as their business.
+I know of a lawyer who in his profession has the reputation of being the
+worst shyster that ever argued a case. No scheme is too dishonest for his
+use if it will win his case. Yet this man outside of his profession, in
+his home, and in his society, is as fine a gentleman as you would wish to
+meet--a model husband and father, a kind and obliging neighbor, a generous
+supporter of all that is for the upbuilding and bettering of society.
+Strong case, do you say? I believe our country is full of such cases. And
+I believe the medical profession has thousands of just such men, men whose
+instincts are for nobility of character and whose moral ideals are high,
+but whose business standards are groveling.
+
+They live a sort of "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" life, and why? Are they not
+to blame? And are they not to be classed as scoundrels? Yes--and no. These
+men are diseased. Their contact with the world has inoculated them with
+the world's contagion. What is this disease? The diagnosis has been
+considered simple. So simple that the world has called it commercialism,
+or money madness, and treated the disease according to this diagnosis
+without studying it further. May it not be true that, for many cases at
+least, the diagnosis is wrong? Do men choose the strenuous, money-grabbing
+life because they really love it, or love the money? I believe thousands
+of men in professional life to-day, who are known as dollar-chasers,
+really long for a more simple life, but the disease they have has robbed
+them of the power to choose "that better part." And that disease is not
+money madness, but _failurephobia_.
+
+The fear of failing, or of being called a failure, dominates the
+professional world as no other power could. It claims thousands of poor
+fellows who were brought up to the active, worth-while life of the farm or
+of a trade, and chains them to a miserable, sham, death-in-life sort of
+existence, that they come to loathe, but dare not leave because of their
+disease, failurephobia.
+
+Success is the world's standard. Succeed in your business or profession,
+by honest means if you can, but _succeed_! At least, keep up the
+appearance of succeeding, and you may keep your place in society. It may
+be known that your business is poor, and that you go to your office and
+sit in solitude day in and day out, and that you starve and skimp at home,
+but so long as you keep up the _show_, you are a "professional man!" What
+mighty courage it takes to acknowledge what everybody else knows, and
+_quit_! A writer in a medical journal told of a young physician in Boston
+who put an ad. in a daily paper asking for a job in which a strong man
+could use the strength a manly man ought to be proud of, to earn an honest
+living. If men only had the courage, I wonder how many such ads. would
+appear in the columns of our papers!
+
+An old schoolmate, who is a lawyer in a Western city, told me that of the
+more than two hundred lawyers of that city, twenty had practically all the
+law business, and of that twenty a half dozen got the big cases in which
+there was most money. It is largely so in every city and town. And what
+applies to the lawyer applies to the physician, though perhaps not to so
+great an extent. And while the fortunate few get most of the practice,
+and make most of the money, what are the unfortunate many doing? Holding
+on, starving, skimping, keeping up appearances, and, while young, hoping
+against hope for better days. But when hope long deferred has made the
+soul sick, and hope itself dies, what then? Keep up appearances, you are a
+professional man. You can't be a quitter. It would be humorous, were it
+not so pathetic, to see the old doctor who has dragged along for years,
+barely eking out a living, put on the silk hat of his more ambitious days
+and wear it with dignity along with his shiny threadbare trousers and
+short coat, making a desperate spurt to keep up with the dashing young
+fellow just out of school.
+
+_Failurephobia!_ Among professional men what a terrible disease it is! I
+have known it to drive a young man, who might have been happy and useful
+as a farmer or mechanic, into a suicide's grave. Such cases are not
+uncommon. Who are the M.D.s whose pictures and glaring ads. appear in
+those 15-cent papers published in Augusta, Me., and in many daily and even
+religious papers? Are they men who took to graft and disgraced their
+profession because they loved that kind of life, and the stigma it brings?
+Not in many cases. Most of them perhaps come from the ranks of ambitious
+fellows who lost out in the strife for legitimate practice, but who would
+not acknowledge failure, so launched into quackery, and became _notorious_
+if they could not become noted.
+
+Strange as it may seem, the fact that a professional man is a notorious
+grafter abroad does not necessarily deprive him of social standing at
+home. I have in mind a man whose smug face appears in connection with a
+page of loud and lurid literature in almost every 15-cent _Grafters
+Herald_ from Maine to California; yet this man at home was pointed to with
+pride as an eminently successful man. He wore his silk hat to church, and
+the church of which he was a valued member was proud of the distinction he
+gave it. A Western city has an industry to which it "points with pride,"
+and the pictures of the huge plant appear conspicuously placed in
+illustrated boom editions of the city's enterprising papers. This octopus
+reaches out its slimy tentacles to every corner of the United States,
+feeling for poor wretches smitten by disease, real or fancied. When once
+it gets hold of them it spews its inky fluids around them until they
+"cough up" their hard-earned dollars that go to perpetuate this "pride of
+the West."
+
+The most popular themes of the preacher, lecturer and magazine writer
+to-day are Honesty, Anti-graft, Tainted Money, True Success, etc. You have
+heard and read them all, and have been thrilled with the stirring words
+"An honest man is the noblest work of God." The preacher and the people
+think they are sincere, and go home congratulating themselves that they
+are capable of entertaining such sentiment. When we observe their social
+lives we are led to wonder how much of that noble sentiment is only cant
+after all.
+
+  THE WORLD'S STANDARD.
+
+  The world will say that goodness is the only thing worth while,
+  But the man who's been successful is the man who gets the smile.
+  If the "good" man is a failure, a fellow who is down,
+  He's a fellow "up against it," and gets nothing but a frown.
+
+  The fellow who is frosted is the fellow who is down,
+  No matter how he came there, how honest he has been,
+  They find him just the same when being there's a sin.
+
+  A man is scarce insulted if you tell him he is bad,
+  To tell him he is tricky will never make him mad;
+  If you say that he's a schemer the world will say he's smart,
+  But say that he's a failure if you want to break his heart.
+
+  If you want to be "respected" and "pointed to with pride,"
+  "Air" yourselves in "autos" when you go to take a ride;
+  No matter how you get them, with the world that "cuts no ice,"
+  Your neighbors know you have them and know they're new and nice.
+
+  The preacher in the pulpit will tell you, with a sigh,
+  That rich men go with Dives when they come at last to die;
+  And men who've been like Lazarus, failures here on earth,
+  Will find their home in Heaven where the angels know their worth.
+
+  But the preacher goes with Dives when the dinner hour comes;
+  He prefers a groaning table to grabbing after crumbs.
+  Yes; he'll take Dives' "tainted money" just to lighten up his load.
+  Enough to let him travel in the little camel road.
+
+That may sound like the wail of a pessimistic knocker, but every observing
+man knows it's mostly truth. The successful man is the man who gets the
+world's smile, and he gets the smile with little regard to the methods
+employed to achieve his "success."
+
+This deplorable social condition is largely responsible for the
+multitudinous forms of graft that exist to-day. To "cut any ice" in
+"society" you must be somebody or keep up the appearance of being
+somebody. Even if the world knows you are going mainly on pretensions, it
+will "wink the other eye" and give you the place your pretensions claim.
+Most of the folk who make up "society" are slow to engage in stone
+slinging, for they are wise enough to consider the material of which their
+own domiciles are constructed.
+
+To make an application of all this, let us not be too hard on the quack
+and the shyster. He is largely a product of our social system. Society has
+placed temptations before him to get money, and he must keep up the
+appearances of success at any cost of honesty and independent manhood. The
+poor professional man who is a victim of that fearful disease,
+failurephobia, in his weakness has become a slave to public opinion. He is
+made to "tread the mill" daily in the monotonous round to and from his
+office where he is serving a life sentence of solitary confinement, while
+his wife sews or makes lace or gives music lessons to support the family.
+
+I say solitary confinement advisedly, for now a professional man is even
+denied the solid comfort of the old-time village doctor or lawyer who
+could sit with his cronies and fellow-loafers in the shade of the tavern
+elm, or around the grocer's stove, and maintain his professional standing
+(or rather sitting). In the large towns and cities that will not do
+to-day. If the professional man is not busy, he must _seem_ busy. A
+physician changed his office to get a south front, as he felt he _must_
+have sunshine, and he dared not do like Dr. Jones, get it loafing on the
+streets. Not that a doctor would not enjoy spending some of his long,
+lonely hours talking with his friends in the glorious sunshine, but it
+would not do. People would say: "Doctor Blank must not get much to do now.
+I see him loafing on the street like old Doc Jones. I guess Doctor
+Newcomer has made a 'has been' of him, too."
+
+I know a young lawyer who sat in his office for two long years without a
+single case. Yet every day he passed through the street with the brisk
+walk of one in a hurry to get back to pressing business. He was so busy
+(?) that he had to read the paper as he walked to save time to--wait!
+
+Did you ever sit in the office with one of these prisoners and watch him
+looking out of his window upon prosperous farmers as they untied fine
+teams and drove away in comfortable carriages? Did you know how to
+translate that look in his eye, and the sad abstraction of manner into
+which he momentarily sank, in spite of his creed, which taught him to
+always seem prosperous and contented? The translation was not hard. His
+mind was following that farmer out of town and along the green lanes,
+bordered by meadows and clover bloom, and on down the road through the
+cool twilight of the quiet summer evening, to where the ribbon of dark
+green forest, whose cool cadence had called to him so often, changed to
+groves of whispering trees that bordered the winding stream that spoke of
+the swimming holes and fishing pools of his boyhood. And on up the road
+again, across the fertile prairie lands, until he turns in at the gate of
+an orchard-embowered home. And do you think the picture is less attractive
+to this exile because it has not the stately front and the glistening
+paint of the smart house in town? Not at all. The smart house with
+glistening paint is the one he must aspire to in town, but his ideal home
+is that snug farmhouse to which his fancy has followed the prosperous
+farmer.
+
+That picture is not altogether a product of poetic fancy. We get glimpses
+of such pictures in confidential talks with lawyers and doctors in almost
+every town. These poor fellows may fret and sigh for change, "and spend
+their lives for naught," but the hunger never leaves them. Not long ago a
+professional man who has spent twenty-five years of his life imprisoned in
+an office, most of the time just waiting, spoke to me of his longing to
+"get out." His longing had become almost a madness. He forgot the creed,
+to always appear prosperous, and spoke in bitterness of his life of sham.
+He said he was like the general of the old rhyme who "marched up the hill
+and--marched down again." He went up to his office and--went home again,
+day in and day out, year in and year out, and for what? But
+_failurephobia_ held him there, and he is there yet.
+
+What schemes such unfortunates sometimes concoct to escape their fate! I
+was told of a physician who was "working up a cough," to have an excuse to
+go west "for his health." How often we hear or read of some bright doctor
+or lawyer who had a "growing" practice and a "bright future" before him,
+having to change his occupation on account of his health failing!
+
+This is not an overdrawn picture. I believe old and observing professional
+men will bear me out in it. Statistics of the conditions in the
+professions are unobtainable, but I feel sure would only corroborate my
+statement. In a recent medical journal was an article by a St. Louis
+physician, which said the situation among medical men of that city was
+"appalling." Of the 1,100 doctors there, dozens of them were living on
+ten-cent lunches at the saloons, and with shiny clothes and unkempt
+persons were holding on in despair, waiting for something better, or
+sinking out of sight of the profession in hopeless defeat.
+
+This is a discouraging outlook, but it is time some such pictures were
+held up before the multitude of young people of both sexes who are
+entering medical and other schools, aspiring to professional life. And it
+is time for society to recognize some of the responsibility for graft that
+rests on it, for setting standards that cause commercialism to dominate
+the age.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+WHY QUACKS FLOURISH.
+
+    American Public Generally Intelligent, but Densely Ignorant in
+    Important Particulars--Cotton Mather and Witchcraft--A.B.'s, A.M.'s,
+    M.D.'s and Ph.D.'s Espousing Christian Science, Chiropractics and
+    Osteopathy--Gullibility of the College Bred--The Ignorant Suspicious
+    of New Things--The Educated Man's Creed--Dearth of Therapeutic
+    Knowledge by the Laity--Is the Medical Profession to
+    Blame?--Physicians' Arguments Controvertible--Host of Incompetents
+    Among the Regular Physicians--Report of Committee on Medical
+    Colleges--The "Big Doctors"--Doc Booze--The "Leading Doctor"--Osler's
+    Drug Nihilism--The X-Ray Graft.
+
+
+In spite of the apparent prevalence of graft and the seemingly
+unprecedented dishonesty of those who serve the public, there are not
+wanting signs of the coming of better things. The eminent physician who
+spoke of the turbidity of therapeutics thought it was only that agitation
+that precedes crystallization and clarification that brings purity, and
+not greater pollution. May the seeming bad condition not be due in part
+also to the fact that a larger number of our American people are becoming
+intelligent enough to know the sham from the genuine, and to know when
+they are being imposed upon?
+
+That our American people are generally intelligent we know; but that a
+people may be generally intelligent and yet densely ignorant in important
+particulars has been demonstrated in all ages, and in no age more clearly
+than in our own. We wonder how the great scholar, Cotton Mather, could
+have believed in and taught witchcraft. What shall we think, in this
+enlightened age, of judges pleading for the healing (?) virtues of
+Christian Science, or of college professors taking treatment from a
+Chiropractor or magnetic healer; or of the scores of A.B.s, A.M.s, M.D.s,
+Ph.D.s, who espouse Osteopathy and use the powers of their supposedly
+superior intellect in its propagation?
+
+We can only come to this conclusion: The college education of to-day does
+not necessarily make one proof against graft. In fact, it seems that when
+it comes to belief in "new scientific discoveries," the educated are even
+more easily imposed upon than the ignorant. The ignorant man is apt to be
+suspicious of new things, especially things that are supposed to require
+scientific knowledge to comprehend. On the other hand, the man who prides
+himself on his learning is sure he can take care of himself, and often
+thinks it a proof of his superior intelligence to be one of the charter
+members of every scientific fad that is sprung on the people by some
+college professor who is striving for a medal for work done in original
+research.
+
+Whatever the reason may be, the fact remains that frauds and grafts are
+perpetrated upon educated people to-day. In the preceding chapter I tried
+to tell in a general way what some of the grafts are, and something of the
+social conditions that help to produce the grafters. I shall now give some
+of the reasons why shysters find so many easy victims for their grafts.
+
+When it comes to grafting in connection with therapeutics, the layman's
+educational armor, which affords him protection against most forms of
+graft in business, seems utterly useless. True, it affords protection
+against the more vulgar nostrum grafting that claims its millions of
+victims among the masses; but when the educated man meets the "new
+discovery," "new method" grafter he bares his bosom and welcomes him as a
+friend and fellow-scientist. It is the educated man's creed to-day to
+accept everything that comes to him in the name of science.
+
+The average educated man knows nothing whatever of the theory and _modus
+operandi_ of therapeutics. He is perhaps possessed of some knowledge of
+everything on the earth, in the heaven above, and in the waters beneath.
+He is, however, densely ignorant of one of the most important things of
+all--therapeutics--the matter of possessing an intelligent conception of
+what are rational and competent means of caring for his body when it is
+attacked by disease. A man who writes A.M., D.D., or LL.D. after his name
+will send for a physician of "any old school," and put his life or the
+life of a member of his family into his hands with no intelligent idea
+whatever as to whether the right thing is being done to save that life.
+
+Is this ignorance of therapeutics on the part of the otherwise educated
+the result of a studied policy of physicians to mystify the public and
+keep their theories from the laity? I don't know. Such accusations are
+often made. I read in a medical magazine recently a question the editor
+put to his patrons. He told them he had returned money sent by a layman
+for a year's subscription to his journal, and asked if such action met
+their approval. If the majority of the physicians who read his journal do
+approve his action, their motives _may_ be based on considerations that
+are for the public good, for aught I know, but as a representative layman
+I see much more to commend in the attitude of the editor of the _Journal
+of the A. M. A._ on the question of admitting the public to the confidence
+of the physician. As I have quoted before, he says: "The time has passed
+when we can wrap ourselves in a cloak of professional dignity and assume
+an attitude of infallibility toward the public." Such sentiment freely
+expressed would, I believe, soon change the attitude of the laity toward
+physicians from one which is either suspicion or open hostility to one of
+respect and sympathy.
+
+The argument has been made by physicians that it would not do for the
+public to read all their discussions and descriptions of diseases, as
+their imagination would reproduce all the symptoms in themselves. Others
+have urged that it will not do to let the public read professional
+literature, for they might draw conclusions from the varied opinions they
+read that would not be for the good of the profession. Both arguments
+remind one of the arguments parents make as an excuse for not teaching
+their children the mysteries of reproduction. They did not want to put
+thoughts into the minds of their children that might do them harm. At the
+same time they should know that the thoughts would be, and were being, put
+into their children's minds from the most harmful and corrupting sources.
+
+So in therapeutics. Are not all symptoms of disease put before the people
+anyway, and from the worst possible sources? If medical men do not know
+this, let them read some of the ads. in the _Grafter's Herald_. And are
+the contradictions and inconsistencies in discussions in medical journals
+kept from the public? If medical men think so, let them read the
+Osteopathic and "independent" journals. The public knows too much already,
+considering the sources from which the knowledge comes. Since people will
+be informed, why not let them get information that is authentic?
+
+Before I studied the literature of leading medical journals I believed
+that the biggest and brainiest physicians were in favor of fair and frank
+dealing with the public. I had learned this much from observation and
+contact with medical men. After a careful study of the organ of the
+American Medical Association my respect for that organization is greatly
+increased by finding expressions in numbers of articles which show that my
+opinion was correct. In spite of all the vituperation that is heaped upon
+it, and in spite of the narrowness of individual members, the American
+Medical Association does seem to exist for the good of humanity. The
+strongest recommendation I have found for it lies in the character of the
+schools and individuals who are most bitter against it. It is usually
+complimentary to a man to have rascals array themselves against him.
+
+There are many able men among physicians who feel keenly their
+limitations, when they have done their best, and this class would gladly
+have their patients understand the limitations as well as the powers of
+the physician. In sorrow and disgust sometimes the conscientious physician
+realizes that he is handicapped in his work to either prevent or cure
+disease, because he has to work with people who have wrong notions of his
+power and of the potency of agencies he employs. With shame he must
+acknowledge that the people hold such erroneous ideas of medicine, not
+because of general ignorance, but because they have been intentionally
+taught them by the army of quacks outside and the host of grafters and
+incompetents _inside_ the regular medical profession.
+
+Incompetent physicians, to succeed financially (and that is the only idea
+of success incompetents are capable of appreciating), must practice as
+shysters. They fully understand how necessary it is to the successful
+working of their grafts to keep the people in ignorance of what a
+physician may legitimately and conscientiously do.
+
+Our medical brethren who preach the "all but holy" doctrine, and want to
+maintain the "attitude of infallibility toward the public," will disagree
+with me about there being "a host" of incompetents in the regular school
+of medical practice. I shall not ask that they take the possibly biased
+opinion of an ex-Osteopath, but refer them to the report of the committee
+appointed by the American Medical Association to examine the medical
+colleges of the United States as to their ability to make competent
+physicians. "One-half of all the medical schools of our country are
+utterly unfit to turn out properly qualified physicians, and many of them
+are so dominated by commercialism that they are but little better than
+diploma mills"! That's what the committee said.
+
+It has been argued that the capable physician need not fear the
+incompetent pretender, for, like dregs, he must "settle to the bottom" and
+find his place. This might be true if the people had correct notions of
+the true theory of therapeutics. As it is, the scholarly, competent
+physician knows (and intelligent laymen often know) that the pretenders
+too often are the fellows who get the reputations of being the "big
+doctors." Why? I think mainly because, being ignorant, they practice
+largely as quacks, and by curing (?) all kinds of dangerous (on their own
+diagnosis) diseases quickly, "breaking up" this and "aborting" that
+unbreakable and unabortable disease (by "hot air" treatment mainly), they
+place the whole system upon such a basis of quackery that the deluded
+masses often pronounce the best equipped and most conscientious physician
+a "poor doctor," because he will not pretend to do all that the
+wind-jamming grafter claims _he has_ done and _can_ do.
+
+Here is a case in point which I know to be true. The farce began some
+years ago in a small college in Oregon. A big, awkward, harmless-looking
+fellow came to the college one fall and entered the preparatory
+department. At the end of the year, after he had failed in every
+examination and shown conclusively that he had no capacity to learn
+anything, he was told that it was a waste of time for him to go to school,
+and they could not admit him for another year. Was he squelched? Not he.
+The fires of ambition yet burned in his breast, and the next year he
+turned up at a medical college. I presume it had the same high educational
+requirements for admission that some other medical colleges have, and
+enforced them in about the same way. At any rate he met the requirements
+($$$), and pursued his medical researches with bright visions of being a
+doctor to lure him on. But his inability to learn anything manifested
+itself again, and, presumably, his money gave out. At any rate he was sent
+away without a diploma. Still the fire of ambition was not extinguished in
+his manly bosom. Regulations were not strict in those days, so he went to
+a small town, wore fine clothes, a silk hat and a pompous air, and--within
+a short time was being called for forty miles around to "counsel little
+doctors" in their desperate cases. Such cases are all too common, as
+honest physicians know.
+
+How humiliating to the conscientiously equipped doctor to hear people say
+of a man who never had more brains than he needed, and had hopelessly
+muddled what he had by using his own dope and stimulants: "I tell you Doc
+Booze is the best doctor in town yet when he's half sober!" Strange, isn't
+it, that in many communities people have an idea that an inclination on
+the part of a physician toward whisky or dope indicates some peculiar
+mental fitness for a doctor? "Poor fellow, he formed the habit of taking
+stimulants to keep up when he had to go night and day during the big
+typhoid epidemic, you know." For what per cent. of cases of medical
+dipsomaniacs this constitutes a stock excuse, only medical men know. As an
+Osteopathic physician I was never rushed so that I felt the necessity for
+"keeping up on stimulants." If I had been, to be consistent, I should have
+had to stimulate (?) mechanically, of course.
+
+Not only do shysters and pretenders abuse the confidence of the masses in
+matters of diagnosis and medication, but of late years they are working
+another species of graft that is beginning to react against the
+profession. This graft consists in the over-use of therapeutic appliances
+that are all right in their place when legitimately used.
+
+By what standard is the physician judged by the people who enter his
+office? It used to be the display of medical literature. Sometimes some of
+it was pseudo-medical literature. Did you ever know a shyster to pad his
+library with Congressional reports? I have. The literature used to be
+conspicuously placed in the waiting-room, with a ponderous volume lying
+open on the desk.
+
+Have you a "leading doctor" in your town? Often he is not only in the lead
+but has flagged all the others at the quarter post--put them all into the
+"has been" class. What an elegant office he has! Plush rugs and luxurious
+couches in the waiting-room. Double doors into the private and
+operating-rooms, left open when not in actual use to give impressive
+glimpses of glass cases filled with glittering instruments, any one of
+which would give the lie to Solomon's declaration that "there is nothing
+new under the sun." An X-ray machine fills a conspicuous corner. In the
+same room are tanks, tubes, inhalers, hot-air appliances, vibrators, etc.
+One full side of the room is filled with shelves that groan under a load
+of the medicines he "keeps and dispenses." What are all of these hundreds
+of bottles for if it is true, as many of our greatest physicians say, that
+a comparatively few people are benefited by drugs? These numerous bottles
+may contain placebos. I do not know as to that, but I do know something of
+the impression such a display makes on the mind of an intelligent layman.
+The query in his mind is how much of that entire display is for its
+legitimate effect on the minds of the patients, and how much of it is to
+impress the people with the powers of this physician, with his "wonderful
+equipment" to cope with all manner of disease?
+
+If there is any doubt in the minds of physicians that laymen do know and
+think well over the sayings of drug nihilists, let them talk with
+intelligent people and hear them quote from the editorial page of a great
+daily such sentiments as this (from the Chicago _Record-Herald_):
+
+    "Prof. William Osier, the distinguished teacher of medicine, who was
+    taken from this country a few years ago to occupy the most important
+    medical chair in Great Britain, has shocked his profession repeatedly
+    by his pronouncements against the use of drugs and medicines of almost
+    every kind. Only a few days ago he made an address in which he
+    declared that even though most physicians will be deprived of their
+    livelihood, the time must soon come when sound hygienic advice for the
+    prevention of disease will take the place of the present system of
+    prescription and _pretense of cure_. The most able physicians agree
+    with him, even when they are not frank enough to express themselves to
+    the same effect."
+
+Medical men need not think, either, that the people who happened to read
+the editorial pages referred to are the only ones who know of that
+declaration from Osier. Osteopathic journals, Christian Science journals,
+health culture journals, and all the riff-raff of journals published as
+individual boosters, are ever on the watch for just such things, and when
+they find them they "roll them under their tongue as sweet morsels." They
+chew them, as Carleton says, with "the cud of fancy," and hand them along
+as latest news to tens of thousands of people who are quick to believe
+them.
+
+Going back to the physician who has the well-equipped office, is he a
+grafter in any sense? I shall not give my opinion. Perhaps every thing he
+has in the office is legitimate. In the opinion of the masses of that
+community he is the greatest doctor that ever prescribed a pill or
+purloined an appendix. Taking the word of the physicians whom he has put
+into the "has been" class for it, he is the greatest fake that ever fooled
+the people. Most of those outclassed doctors will talk at any time, in any
+place, to any one, of the pretensions of this type of physician. They will
+tell how he dazzles the people with his display of apparatus "kept for
+show;" how he diagnoses malarial fever as typhoid, and thus gets the
+reputation of curing a larger per cent. of typhoid than any other doctor
+in town; how he gets the reputation of being a big surgeon by cutting out
+healthy ovaries and appendices, and how he assists with his knife women
+who do not desire Rooseveltian families. They point to the number of
+appendectomies he has performed, and recall how rare such cases were
+before his advent, and yet how few people died with appendicitis. Is it to
+be wondered that intelligent laymen sometimes lose faith in and respect
+for the profession of medicine and surgery?
+
+To show that people may be imposed upon by illegitimate use of legitimate
+agencies I call attention to an article published recently in the _Iowa
+Health Bulletin_. The Iowa Medical Board is winning admiration from many
+by conducting a campaign to educate the people of the State in matters
+pertaining to hygienic living. In line with this work they published an
+article to correct the erroneous idea the laity have of the X-ray. They
+say:
+
+    "The people think that with the X-ray the doctor can look right into
+    the body and examine any part or organ and tell just what is the
+    matter with it, when the fact is all that is ever seen is a lot of dim
+    shadows that even the expert often fails to understand or recognize."
+
+Why do the people have such erroneous conceptions of the X-ray? Is it
+accidental, or the result of their innate stupidity? Certainly it is not.
+The people have just such conceptions of the X-ray as they receive from
+the faker who uses it as he uses his opiates and stimulants--to get an
+effect and give the people wrong ideas of his power.
+
+A lady of a small town who was far advanced in consumption was taken to a
+city to be examined by a "big doctor" who possessed an X-ray. He
+"examined" her thoroughly by the aid of the penetrating light made by his
+machine, and sent them home delighted with the assurance that his
+wonderful instrument revealed no tuberculosis. He assured her that if she
+would avail herself of his superior skill she might yet be restored to
+health. She died within a year from the ravages of tuberculosis.
+
+A boy of four had an aggravated attack of bronchitis. His symptoms were
+such that his parents thought some object might have lodged in his
+trachea. A noted surgeon who had come one hundred miles from a hospital to
+see another case was consulted. He told the parents that the boy had
+sucked something down his windpipe, and advised them to bring him to the
+hospital for an operation. They did so, and a $100 incision was made
+after the X-ray had located (?) an object lodged at the bifurcation of the
+trachea. The knife found nothing, however, and the boy still had his
+bronchitis, and the parents had their hospital and surgeon's bills, and,
+incidentally, their faith in the X-ray somewhat shattered.
+
+The X-rays, Finsen rays, electric light and sunlight have their place in
+therapy. Informed people do not doubt their efficacy. However, the history
+of the use of these agents is a common one. A scientist, after possibly a
+lifetime of research, develops a new therapeutic agent or a new
+application of some old agent. He gives his findings to the world.
+Immediately a lot of half-baked professional men seize upon it, more with
+the object of self-laudation and advertisement than in a true scientific
+spirit. Serious study in the application of the new agent is not thought
+of. The object is rather to have the reputation of being an up-to-snuff
+man. The results obtained are not what the originator claimed, which is
+not to be wondered at. The abuse of the remedy leads to abuse of the
+originator, which is entirely unfair to both.
+
+This state of affairs has grown so bad that scientists now are beginning
+to restrict the application of their discoveries to their own pupils. A
+Berlin _savant_, assistant to Koch, has developed the use of tuberculin to
+such a point as to make it one of the most valuable remedies in
+tuberculosis. It is manufactured under his personal supervision, and sold
+only to such physicians as will study in his laboratory and show
+themselves competent to grasp the principles involved.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+TURBID THERAPEUTICS.
+
+    An Astounding Array of Therapeutic
+    Systems--Diet--Water--Optics--Hemotherapy--Consumption
+    Cures--Placebos--Inconsistencies and Contradictions--Osler's Opinion
+    of Appendicitis--Fair Statement of Limitations in Medicine Desirable.
+
+
+To be convinced that therapeutics are turbid, note the increasing numbers
+of diametrically opposed schools springing up and claiming to advocate the
+only true system of healing. Look at the astounding array:
+
+Allopathy, Homeopathy, Eclecticism, Osteopathy, Electrotherapy, Christian
+Science, Emmanuel movement, Hydrotherapy, Chiropractics, Viteopathy,
+Magnetic Healing, Suggestive Therapeutics, Naturopathy, Massotherapy,
+Physio-Therapy, and a host of minor fads that are rainbow-hued bubbles for
+a day. They come and go as Byron said some therapeutic fads came and went
+in his day. He spoke of the new things that astounded the people for a
+day, and then, as it has been with
+
+  "Cowpox, tractors, galvanism and gas,
+  The bubble bursts and all is air at last."
+
+One says he has found that fasting is a panacea. Another says: "He is a
+fool; you must feed the body if you expect it to be built up."
+
+One says drinking floods of water is a cure-all. Another says the water is
+all right, but you must use it for the "internal bath." Still another
+agrees that water is the thing, but it must be used in hot and cold
+applications.
+
+One faker says _he_ has found that most diseases are caused by defective
+eyes, and proposes to cure anything from consumption to ingrown toe-nails
+with glasses. Another agrees that the predisposing cause of diseases is
+eye strain, but the first fellow is irrational in his treatment. Glasses
+are unnatural and therefore all wrong. To cure the eyes use his wonderful
+nature-assisting ointment; that goes right to the optic nerve and makes
+old eyes young, weak eyes strong, relieves nerve strain and thereby makes
+sick people well.
+
+Another has found that "infused" blood is the real elixir of life. He
+reports 100 per cent. of twenty cases of tuberculosis cured by his
+beneficent discovery. I wonder why we have a "Great White Plague" at all;
+or why we have international conventions to discuss means of staying the
+ravages of this terrible disease; or why State medical boards are devoting
+so much space in their bulletins to warn and educate the people against
+the awful fatality of consumption, when to cure it is so easy if doctors
+will only use blood?
+
+Even if the hemotherapist does claim a little too much, there is yet no
+cause for terror. A leading Osteopathic journal proclaims in large
+letters that the Osteopath can remove the obstruction so that nature will
+cure consumption.
+
+Christian Scientists and Magnetic Healers have not yet admitted their
+defeat, and there are many regulars who have not surrendered to the
+plague. So the poor consumptive may hope on (while his money lasts). Our
+most conscientious physicians not only admit limitations in curing
+tuberculosis, but try to teach the people that they must not rely on being
+"cured" if they are attacked, but must work with the physician to prevent
+its contagion. The intelligent layman can say "Amen" to that doctrine.
+
+The question may be fairly put: "Why not have more of such frankness from
+the physician?" The manner in which the admissions of doctors that they
+are unable to control tuberculosis with medicine or surgery alone has been
+received by intelligent people should encourage the profession. It would
+seem more fair to take the stand of Professor Osler when he says that
+sound hygienic advice for the prevention of diseases must largely take the
+place of present medication and pretence of cure.
+
+As a member of the American Medical Association recently said, "The
+placebo will not fool intelligent people always." And when it is generally
+known that most of a physician's medicines are given as placebos, do you
+wonder that the claims of "drugless healers" receive such serious
+consideration?
+
+The absurd, conflicting claims of quack pretenders are bad enough to
+muddle the situation and add to the turbidity of therapeutics; but all
+this is not doing the medical profession nearly as much harm, nor driving
+as many people into the ranks of fad followers, as the inconsistencies and
+contradictions among the so-called regulars.
+
+This was my opinion before I made any special study of therapeutics, and
+while studying I found numbers of prominent medical men who agree with me.
+One of them says that the "criticisms," quarrels, contradictions, and
+inconsistencies of medical men are doing more to lower the profession in
+the estimation of the intelligent laity and to cause people to follow the
+fads of "new schools" than all else combined.
+
+Think for a moment of some of these inconsistencies and contradictions.
+One doctor in a town tells the people that he "breaks up" typhoid fever.
+His rival, perhaps from the same college, tells the people that typhoid
+must "run its course" and cannot be broken up, and that any man who claims
+the contrary is a liar and a shyster. One surgeon makes a portion of the
+people believe he has saved dozens of lives in that community by surgical
+operations; the other physicians of the town tell the people openly, or at
+least hint, that there has been a great deal of needless butchery
+performed in that community in the name of surgery. And then the people
+see editorials in the daily press about the fad of having operations
+performed, and read in their health culture or Osteopathic journals from
+articles by the greatest M.D.s, in which it is admitted that surgery is
+practiced too largely as a graft. Professor Osler is quoted as saying:
+
+    "Surgeons are finding altogether too many cases of appendicitis these
+    days. Appendicitis is becoming so common and so easily detected that
+    the physician's wife can diagnose a case of it over the telephone."
+
+One leading physician says medical treatment has little beneficial effect
+on pneumonia; another claims to be able to cure it, and lets the friends
+of his patient rely entirely on his medicine in the most desperate cases.
+Another says the main reliance should be heat. Another says ice-packs.
+Another says Antiphlogistine. Another says, "All those clay preparations
+are frauds, and the only safe way to treat pneumonia is by blood letting."
+Thus it goes, and this is only a sample of contradictions that arise in
+the treatment of diseases.
+
+Nor is the above an overdrawn picture. Most of it was from the journal of
+the editor who said he refused to send it to a layman who had sent his
+money in advance. But all that same stuff has been hashed and rehashed to
+the people through the sources I have already mentioned. There are not
+only these evidences of inconsistencies to edify (?) the people, but
+constantly recurring examples of incompetency and pretensions.
+
+There is no doubt a middle ground in all this, but it is not evident to
+the casual observer. If the true physician would honestly admit his
+limitations to the intelligent laity, much of this muddle would be
+avoided. While by such a course he may occasionally temporarily lose a
+patient, in the end both the public and profession would gain. The time
+has gone by to "assume an air of infallibility toward the public."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE EXPERT WITNESS AND PROPRIETARY MEDICINES.
+
+    The "Great Nerve Specialist"--The Professional Witness a Jonah--The
+    "Railway Spine"--Is it Lack of Fairness and Honesty or Lack of Skill
+    and Learning?--Destruction of Fine Herds of Cattle Without
+    Compensation--Koch's Dictum and Denial--Koch's Tuberculin--The Serum
+    Tribe--Stupendous Sale of Nostrums--Druggist's Arguments--Use of
+    Proprietary Medicines Stimulates Sale of Nostrums.
+
+
+I wonder what the patrons of the sanitarium of the "great nerve
+specialist" thought of his display of knowledge of the nervous system when
+he was on the witness stand in a recent notorious case? A lawyer tangled
+him up completely, and showed that the doctor had no accurate knowledge of
+the anatomy of the nervous system. When asked the origin of the
+all-important pneumogastric nerve, he _thought_ it originated in a certain
+segment of the spinal cord! This noted "specialist" was made perfectly
+contemptible, and the whole profession must have blushed in shame at the
+spectacle presented. And that spectacle was not unnoticed by the
+intelligent laity.
+
+The professional witness has in most cases been a Jonah to the profession.
+It is about as easy to get the kind of testimony you want from a
+professional witness in a suit for damages for personal injuries as it is
+to get a doctor's certificate to get out of working your poll-tax, or a
+certificate of physical soundness to carry fraternal life insurance.
+
+Let me recall the substance of a paper read a few years ago by perhaps the
+greatest lawyer in Iowa (afterward governor of that State). He told of a
+trial in which he had examined and cross-examined ten physicians. It was a
+trial in which suit was brought to recover damages for personal injury, a
+good illustration of the "railway spine." One physician testified that the
+patient was afflicted with sclerosis of the spinal cord; another said it
+was a plain case of congestion of the cord; another diagnosed degeneration
+of the cord; yet another said it was a true combination of all the
+conditions named by the first three. They all said there was atrophy of
+the muscles of the left leg, and predicted that complete paralysis would
+surely supervene.
+
+On the other side five noted physicians testified as positively that
+neither the spinal cord nor any nerve was injured; that there was no sign
+of atrophy or loss of power in the leg; and they seemed to think the
+disease afflicting the patient was due to a fixed desire to secure a
+verdict for large damages from the railway company. One eminent specialist
+made oath that the electrical test showed the partial reaction of
+degeneration; another as famous challenged him to make the test again in
+the presence of both. After it was made this second specialist went before
+the jury and positively declared that there was no trace whatever of the
+reaction of degeneration, and that the muscles responded to the current
+precisely as healthy muscles should.
+
+Then this eminent attorney adds: "If the instances of such diversity were
+rare they might pass unnoticed, but they occur and re-occur as often as
+physicians are called to the temple of justice for the expression of
+opinions."
+
+The lay mind imputes this clash of opinions either to lack of fairness and
+honesty or lack of skill and learning. In either case the profession
+suffers great injury in the estimation of those who should have for it
+only the profoundest admiration and the most implicit faith. Again I ask,
+Is it any wonder people have lost implicit faith when they read many
+reports of similar cases rehashed in the various yellow journals put into
+their hands?
+
+Farmers submitted with all possible grace to the decrees of science when,
+by the authority of such a great man as Koch, their fine herds of cattle
+were condemned as breeders and disseminators of the great white plague and
+destroyed without compensation. But how do you think these same farmers
+feel when they read in yellow journals that Koch has changed his mind
+about bovine and human tuberculosis being identical, and has serious
+doubts about the one contracting in any way the disease of the other.
+People read with renewed hope the glowing accounts of the wonderful
+achievements of Dr. Koch in finding a destroyer for the germ of
+consumption. Somehow time has slipped by since that renowned discovery,
+with consumption still claiming its victims, and many physicians are
+saying "Koch's great discovery is proving only a great disappointment."
+
+Drugless therapy journals are continually pouring out the vials of their
+wrath upon vaccination, antitoxin and all the serum tribe, and their
+vituperation is even excelled by vindictive denunciations of the same
+things by the individual boomer journals that flood the land.
+
+Another bitter contention that is confusing some, and disgusting others,
+is the acrimonious strife between users and non-users of proprietary
+medicines. This usually develops into a sort of "rough house" affair, the
+druggist mixing up as savagely as the doctors before the fight is
+finished. I know nothing of the rights or wrongs of the case nor of the
+merits or demerits of proprietary medicines, but I do know this, however:
+The stupendous sale of nostrums that in 1907 represented a sum of money
+sufficient to have provided every practitioner of medicine in the United
+States with a two thousand dollar salary, has been helped by the use of
+proprietary medicines. I am aware that my position is likely to be called
+in question by many physicians. But they should hear druggists arguing
+with people who hesitate about buying patent medicines because their
+physicians tell them they should seldom take medicine unless prescribed by
+a doctor. They would hear him say: "Your doctor gives you medicines that
+are put up in quantities for him just as these patent medicines are put up
+for us." He then produces literature and proves it--at least beyond the
+refutation of the patient. Physicians would then realize, perhaps, how the
+use of proprietary medicines stimulates the sale of nostrums.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+FAITH CURE AND GRAFT IN SURGERY.
+
+    Suggestive Therapeutics Chief Stock in Trade--Advice of a Medical
+    College President--Disease Prevention Rather than Cure--Hygienic
+    Living--The Medical Pretender--"Dangerous Diagnosis" Graft--Great
+    Flourish of Trumpets--No "Starving Time" for Him--"Big
+    Operations"--Mutilating the Human Body--Dr. C. W. Oviatt's Views--Dr.
+    Maurice H. Richardson's Incisive Statements--Crying Need for
+    Reform--Surgery that is Useless, Conscienceless and for Purely
+    Commercial Ends--Spirit of Surgical Graft, Especially in the
+    West--Fee-Splitting and Commissions--A Nation of "Dollar-Chasers"--The
+    Public's Share of Responsibility--Senn's Advice--The "Surgical
+    Conscience."
+
+
+I think we have enough before us to show why intelligent people become
+followers of fads. Seeing so many impositions and frauds, they forget all
+the patient research and beneficent discoveries of noble men who have
+devoted their lives to the work of giving humanity better health and
+longer life. They are ready at once to denounce the whole medical system
+as a fraud, and become victims of the first "new system" or healing fad
+that is plausibly presented to them.
+
+And here a question arises that is puzzling to many. If these systems are
+fads and frauds, why do they so rapidly get and retain so large a
+following among intelligent people? The answer is not hard to find. The
+quacks of these fad schools get their cures, as every intelligent doctor
+of the old schools knows, in the same way and upon the same principle that
+is so important a factor in medical practice, _i. e._, _faith cure_--the
+psychic effect of the thing done, whether it be the giving of a dose of
+medicine, a Christian Science pow-wow, the laying on of hands, the
+"removal of a lesion" by an Osteopath, the "adjustment" of the spine by a
+Chiropractor, or what not.
+
+The principles of mind or faith cure are legitimately used by the honest
+physician. Suggestive therapeutics is being systematically studied by many
+who want to use it with honesty and intelligence. They realize fully that
+abuse of this principle figures largely in the maintenance of the shysters
+in their own school, and it is the very foundation of all new schools and
+healing fads. The people must be made to know this, or fads will continue
+to flourish.
+
+The honest physician would be glad to have the people know more than this.
+He would be glad to have them know enough about symptoms of diseases to
+have some idea when they really need the help of a physician. For he knows
+that if the people knew this much all quacks would be speedily put out of
+business.
+
+I wonder how many doctors know that observing people are beginning to
+suspect that many physicians regulate the number of calls they make on a
+patient by motives other than the condition of the patient--size of
+pocketbook and the condition of the roads, for instance. I am aware that
+such imputation is an insult to any physician worthy of the name, but the
+sad fact is that there are so many, when we count the quacks of all
+schools, unworthy of the name.
+
+The president of a St. Louis medical college once said to a large
+graduating class: "Young men, don't go to your work with timidity and
+doubts of your ability to succeed. Look and act your part as physicians,
+and when you have doubts concerning your power over disease _remember
+this_, ninety-five out of every hundred people who send for you would get
+well just the same if they never took a drop of your medicine." I have
+never mentioned this to a doctor who did not admit that it is perhaps
+true. If so, is there not enough in it alone to explain the apparent
+success of quacks?
+
+Again I say there are many noble and brainy physicians, and these have
+made practically all the great discoveries, invented all the useful
+appliances, written all the great books for other schools to study, and
+they should have credit from the people for all this, and not be
+misrepresented by little pretenders. Their teachings should be applied as
+they gave them. The best of them to-day would have the people taught that
+a physician's greatest work may be done in preventing rather than in
+curing disease. Physicians of the Osler type would like to have the people
+understand how little potency drugs have to cure many dangerous diseases
+when they have a firm hold on the system. They would have some of the
+responsibility removed from the shoulders of the physician by having the
+people understand how much they may do by hygienic living and common-sense
+use of natural remedies.
+
+But the conscientious doctor too often has to compete with the pretender
+who wants the people to believe that _he_ is their hope and their
+salvation, and in him they must trust. He wants them to believe that he
+has a specific remedy for every disease that will go "right to the spot"
+and have the desired effect. People who believe this, and believe that
+without doctoring the patient could never get well, will sometimes try, or
+see their neighbors try, a doctor of a "new school." When they see about
+the same proportion of sick recover, they conclude, of course, that the
+doctor of the "new school" cured them, and is worthy to be forever after
+intrusted with every case of disease that may arise in their families.
+
+This is often brought about by the shyster M.D. overreaching himself by
+diagnosing some simple affection as something very dangerous, in order to
+have the greater credit in curing it. But he at times overestimates the
+confidence of the family in his ability. They are ready to believe that
+the patient's condition is critical, and in terror, wanting the help of
+everything that promises help, call in a doctor of some "new school"
+because neighbors told how he performed wonderful cures in their families.
+When the patient recovers speedily, as he would have done with no
+treatment of any kind, and just as the shyster M.D. thought he would, the
+glory and credit of curing a "bad case" of a "dangerous disease" go to the
+new system instead of redounding to the glory of Dr. Shyster, as he
+planned it would.
+
+Is it any wonder true physicians sometimes get disgusted with their
+profession when they see a shyster come into the town where they have
+worked for years, patiently and conscientiously building up a legitimate
+practice that begins to promise a decent living, and by such quack methods
+as diagnosing cases of simple fever, such as might come from acute
+indigestion or too much play in children, as something dangerous, typhoid
+or "threatened typhoid," or cases of congestion of the lungs as "lung
+fever," and by "aborting" or "curing" these terrible diseases in short
+order and having his patients out in a few days, jumps into fame and
+(financial) success at a bound? Because the typhoid (real typhoid)
+patients of the honest doctor lingered for weeks and sometimes died, and
+because frequently he lost a case of real pneumonia, he made but a poor
+showing in comparison with the new doctor. "He's just fresh from school,
+you know, from a post-graduate course in the East." Or, "He's been to the
+old country and _knows_ something." Just as if any physician, though he
+may have been out of school for many years, does not, or may not, know of
+all the curative agencies of demonstrated merit!
+
+Would a medical journal fail to keep its readers posted concerning any new
+discovery in medicine, or helpful appliance that promises real good to the
+profession? Yet people speak of one doctor's superior knowledge of the
+best treatment of a particular disease as if that doctor had access to
+some mysterious source of therapeutic knowledge unknown to other
+physicians. It is becoming less easy to work the "dangerous diagnosis"
+graft than formerly, for many people are learning that certain diseases
+must "run their course," and that there are no medicines that have
+specific curative effects on them.
+
+There is another graft now that is taking the place of the one just
+mentioned, to some extent at least. In the hands of a fellow with lots of
+nerve and little conscience it is the greatest of them all. This is the
+graft of the smart young fellow direct from a post-graduate course in the
+clinics of some great surgeon.
+
+He comes to town with a great flourish of trumpets. Of course, he observes
+the ethics of the profession! The long accounts of his superior education
+and unusual experience with operative surgery are only legitimate items of
+news for the local papers. Certainly! It is only right that such an
+unusual doctor should have so much attention.
+
+There is no "starving time" for him. No weary wait of years for patients
+to come. At one bound he leaps into fame and fortune by performing "big
+operations" right and left, when before his coming such cases were only
+occasionally found, and then taken to surgeons of known ability and
+experience. The reputable physician respects surgery, and would respect
+the bright young fellow fresh from contact with the latest approved
+methods who has nerve to undertake the responsibility of a dangerous
+operation when such an operation is really indicated. But when it comes to
+mutilating the human body by cutting away an appendix or an ovary because
+it is known that to remove them when neither they nor the victim are much
+diseased is a comparatively safe and very _quick_ way to get a big
+reputation--that is the limit of quackery. And no wonder such a man is so
+cordially hated by his brethren. He not always hated because he mutilates
+humanity so much, as because his spectacular graft in surgery is sure to
+be taken as proof conclusive that he is superior in all other departments
+of therapeutics.
+
+And it puzzles observing laymen sometimes to know why all the successful
+(?) operations are considered such desirable items of news, while the
+cases that are not flattering in their outcome pass unmentioned.
+
+I find most complete corroboration of my contention in the president's
+address, delivered before the Western Surgical and Gynecological
+Association at St. Louis, in 1907, by Charles W. Oviatt, M.D. This address
+was published in the _Journal of the American Medical Association_, and I
+herewith reprint it in part:
+
+    "The ambitious medical student does not usually get far into college
+    work before he aspires to become a surgeon. He sees in the surgical
+    clinics more definite and striking results than are discernible in
+    other branches. Without being able to judge of his own relative
+    fitness or whether he possesses the special aptitude so essential to
+    success, he decides to become a surgeon. There will always be room for
+    the young surgeon who, fitted by nature for the work, takes the time
+    and opportunity to properly prepare himself. There is more good
+    surgery being done to-day than ever before, and there are more good
+    surgeons being educated to do the work. If, however, the surgeon of
+    the future is to hold the high and honorable position our leaders have
+    held in the past, there must be some standard of qualification
+    established that shall protect the people against incompetency and
+    dishonesty in surgeons.
+
+    "That there is much that passes under the name of surgery being done
+    by ill-trained, incompetent men, will not be denied. What standard,
+    then, should be established, and what requirement should be made
+    before one should be permitted to do surgery? In his address as
+    chairman of the Section on Surgery and Anatomy of the American Medical
+    Association, at the Portland (1905) meeting, Dr. Maurice H. Richardson
+    deals with this subject in such a forceful, clear-cut way, that I take
+    the liberty to quote him at some length:
+
+        "'The burden of the following remarks is that those only should
+        practice surgery who by education in the laboratory, in the
+        dissecting-room, by the bedside, and at the operating-table, are
+        qualified, first, to make reasonably correct deductions from
+        subjective and objective signs; secondly, to give sound advice for
+        or against operations; thirdly, to perform operations skillfully
+        and quickly, and, fourthly, to conduct wisely the after-treatment.
+
+        "'The task before me is a serious criticism of what is going on in
+        every community. I do not single out any community or any man.
+        There is in my mind no doubt whatever that surgery is being
+        practiced by those who are incompetent to practice it--by those
+        whose education is imperfect, who lack natural aptitude, whose
+        environment is such that they never can gain that personal
+        experience which alone will really fit them for what surgery means
+        to-day. They are unable to make correct deductions from histories;
+        to predict probable events; to perform operations skillfully, or
+        to manage after-treatment.
+
+        "'All surgeons are liable to error, not only in diagnosis, but in
+        the performance of operations based on diagnosis. Such errors must
+        always be expected and included in the contingencies of the
+        practice of medicine and surgery. Doubtless many of my hearers can
+        recall cases of their own in which useless--or worse than
+        useless--operations have been performed. If, however, serious
+        operations are in the hands of men of large experience, such
+        errors will be reduced to a minimum.
+
+        "'Many physicians send patients for diagnosis and opinion as to
+        the advisability of operation without telling the consultant that
+        they themselves are to perform the operation. The diagnosis is
+        made and the operation perhaps recommended, when it appears that
+        the operation is to be in incompetent hands. His advice should be
+        conditional that it be carried out only by the competent. Many
+        operations, like the removal of the vermiform appendix in the
+        period of health, the removal of fibroids which are not seriously
+        offending, the removal of gall-stones that are not causing
+        symptoms, are operations of choice rather than of necessity; they
+        are operations which should never be advised unless they are to be
+        performed by men of the greatest skill. Furthermore, many
+        emergency operations, such as the removal of an inflamed appendix
+        and other operations for lesions which are not necessarily
+        fatal--should be forbidden and the patient left to the chances of
+        spontaneous recovery, if the operation proposed is to be performed
+        by an incompetent.
+
+        "'And is not the surgeon, appreciating his own unfitness in spite
+        of years of devotion, in the position to condemn those who lightly
+        take up such burdens without preparation and too often without
+        conscience?
+
+        "'In view of these facts, who should perform surgery? How shall
+        the surgeon be best fitted for these grave duties? As a matter of
+        right and wrong, who shall, in the opinion of the medical
+        profession, advise and perform these responsible acts and who
+        shall not? Surgical operations should be performed only by those
+        who are educated for that special purpose.
+
+        "'I have no hesitation in saying that the proper fitting of a man
+        for surgical practice requires a much longer experience as a
+        student and assistant than the most exacting schools demand. A man
+        should serve four, five or six years as assistant to an active
+        surgeon. During this period of preparation, as it were, as much
+        time as possible should be given to observing the work of the
+        masters of surgery throughout the world.'
+
+    "While Dr. Richardson's ideal may seem almost utopian, there being so
+    wide a difference between the standard he would erect and the one
+    generally established, we must all agree that however impossible of
+    attainment under present conditions, such an ideal is none too high
+    and its future realization not too much to hope for.
+
+    "While there is being done enough poor surgery that is honest and well
+    intended, there is much being done that is useless, conscienceless,
+    and done for purely commercial ends. This is truly a disagreeable and
+    painful topic and one that I would gladly pass by, did I not feel that
+    its importance demands some word of condemnation coming through such
+    representative surgical organizations as this.
+
+    "The spirit of graft that has pervaded our ranks, especially here in
+    the West, is doing much to lower the standard and undermine the morals
+    and ethics of the profession. When fee-splitting and the paying of
+    commissions for surgical work began to be heard of something like a
+    decade ago, it seemed so palpably dishonest and wrong that it was
+    believed that it would soon die out, or be at least confined to the
+    few in whom the inherited commercial instinct was so strong that they
+    could not get away from it. But it did not die; on the other hand, it
+    has grown and flourished.
+
+    "In looking for an explanation for the existence of this evil, I think
+    several factors must be taken into account, among them being certain
+    changes in our social and economic conditions. This is an age of
+    commercialism. We are known to the world as a nation of "dollar
+    chasers," where nearly everything that should contribute to right
+    living is sacrificed to the Moloch of money. The mad rush for wealth
+    which has characterized the business world, has in a way induced some
+    medical men, whether rightfully or wrongfully, to adopt the same
+    measures in self-protection. The patient or his friends too often
+    insist on measuring the value of our services with a commercial
+    yard-stick, the fee to be paid being the chief consideration. In this
+    way the public must come in for its share of responsibility for
+    existing conditions. So long as there are people who care so little
+    who operates on them, just so long will there be cheap surgeons, cheap
+    in every respect, to supply the demand. The demand for better
+    physicians and surgeons must come in part from those who employ their
+    services.
+
+    "Another source of the graft evil is the existence of low-grade,
+    irregular and stock-company medical schools. In many of these schools
+    the entrance requirements are not in evidence outside of their
+    catalogues. With no standard of character or ethics, these schools
+    turn out men who have gotten the little learning they possess in the
+    very atmosphere of graft. The existence of these schools seems less
+    excusable when we consider that our leading medical colleges rank with
+    the best in the world and are ample for the needs of all who should
+    enter the profession. Their constant aim is to still further elevate
+    the standard and to admit as students only those who give unmistakable
+    evidence of being morally and intellectually fit to become members of
+    the profession.
+
+    "Enough men of character, however, are entering the field through
+    these better schools to ensure the upholding of those lofty ideals
+    that have characterized the profession in the past and which are
+    essential to our continued progress. I think, therefore, that we may
+    take a hopeful view of the future. The demand for better prepared
+    physicians will eventually close many avenues that are now open to
+    students, greatly to the benefit of all. With the curtailing of the
+    number of students and a less fierce competition which this will
+    bring, there will be less temptation, less necessity, if you will, on
+    the part of general practitioners to ask for a division of fees. He
+    will come to see that honest dealing on his part with the patient
+    requiring special skill will in the long run be the best policy. He
+    will make a just, open charge for the services he has rendered and not
+    attempt to collect a surreptitious fee through a dishonest surgeon for
+    services he has not rendered and could not render. Then, too, there
+    will be less inducement and less opportunity for incompetent and
+    conscienceless men to disgrace the art of surgery.
+
+    "The public mind is becoming especially active just at this time in
+    combating graft in all forms, and is ready to aid in its destruction.
+    The intelligent portion of the laity is becoming alive to the patent
+    medicine evil. It is only a question of time when the people will
+    demand that the secular papers which go into our homes shall not
+    contain the vile, disgusting and suggestive quack advertisements that
+    are found to-day. A campaign of reform is being instituted against
+    dishonest politicians, financiers, railroad and insurance magnates,
+    showing that their methods will be no longer tolerated. The moral
+    standards set for professional men and men in public life are going to
+    be higher in the future, and with the limelight of public opinion
+    turned on the medical and surgical grafter, the evil will cease to
+    exist. Hand in hand with this reform let us hope that there will come
+    to be established a legal and moral standard of qualification for
+    those who assume to do surgery.
+
+    "I feel sure that it is the wish of every member of this association
+    to do everything possible to hasten the coming of this day and to aid
+    in the uplifting of the art of surgery. Our individual effort in this
+    direction must lie largely through the influence we exert over those
+    who seek our advice before beginning the study of medicine, and over
+    those who, having entered the work, are to follow in our immediate
+    footsteps. To the young man who seeks our counsel as to the
+    advisability of commencing the study of medicine, it is our duty to
+    make a plain statement of what would be expected of him, of the cost
+    in time and money, and an estimate of what he might reasonably expect
+    as a reward for a life devoted to ceaseless study, toil and
+    responsibility. If, from our knowledge of the character, attainments
+    and qualifications of the young man we feel that at best he could make
+    but a modicum of success in the work, we should endeavor to divert his
+    ambition into some other channel.
+
+    "We should advise the 'expectant surgeon' in his preparation to follow
+    as nearly as possible the line of study suggested by Richardson. Then
+    I would add the advice of Senn, viz: 'To do general practice for
+    several years, return to laboratory work and surgical anatomy, attend
+    the clinics of different operators, and never cease to be a physician.
+    If this advice is followed there will be less unnecessary operating
+    done in the future than has been the case in the past.' The young man
+    who enters special work without having had experience as a general
+    practitioner, is seriously handicapped. In this age, when we have so
+    frequently to deal with the so-called border-line cases, it is
+    especially well never to cease being a physician.
+
+    "We would next have the young man assure himself that he is the
+    possessor of a well-developed, healthy, working 'surgical conscience.'
+    No matter how well qualified he may be, his enthusiasm in the earlier
+    years of his work will lead him to do operations that he would refrain
+    from in later life. This will be especially true of malignant disease.
+    He knows that early and thorough radical measures alone hold out hope,
+    and only by repeated unsuccessful efforts will he learn to temper his
+    ambition by the judgment that comes of experience. Pirogoff, the noted
+    surgeon, suffered from a malignant growth. Billroth refused to operate
+    or advise operation. In writing to another surgeon friend he said: 'I
+    am not the bold operator whom you knew years ago in Zurich. Before
+    deciding on the necessity of an operation, I always propose to myself
+    this question: Would you permit such an operation as you intend
+    performing on your patient to be done on yourself? Years and
+    experience bring in their train a certain degree of hesitancy.' This,
+    coming from one who in his day was the most brilliant operator in the
+    world, should be remembered by every surgeon, young and old."
+
+Oh, surgery! Modern aseptic surgery! In the hands of the skilled,
+conscientious surgeon how great are thy powers for good to suffering
+humanity! In the hands of shysters "what crimes are committed in thy
+name!"
+
+With his own school full of shysters and incompetents, and grafters of
+"new schools" and "systems" to compete with on every hand, the
+conscientious physician seems to be "between the devil and the deep sea!"
+
+With quacks to the right of him, quacks to the left of him, quacks in
+front of him, all volleying and thundering with their literature to prove
+that the old schools, and all schools other than theirs, are frauds,
+impostors and poisoners, about all that is left for the layman to do when
+sick is to take to the woods.
+
+
+
+
+PART TWO
+
+OSTEOPATHY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+SOME DEFINITIONS AND HISTORIES.
+
+    Romantic Story of Osteopathy's Origin--An Asthma Cure--Headache Cured
+    by Plowlines--Log Rolling to Relieve Dysentery--Osteopathy is Drugless
+    Healing--Osteopathy is Manual Treatment--Liberty of Blood, Nerves and
+    Arteries--Perfect Skeletal Alignment and Tonic, Ligamentous, Muscular
+    and Facial Relaxation--Andrew T. Still in 1874--Kirksville, Mo., as a
+    Mecca--American School of Osteopathy--The Promised Golden Stream of
+    Prosperity--Shams and Pretenses--The "Mossbacks"--"Who's Who in
+    Osteopathy."
+
+
+The story of the origin of Osteopathy is romantic enough to appeal to the
+fancy of impressionists. It is almost as romantic as the finding of the
+mysterious stones by the immortal Joe Smith. In this story is embodied the
+life history of an old-time doctor and pioneer hero in his restless
+migrations about the frontiers of Kansas and Missouri. His thrilling
+experiences in the days of border wars and through the Civil War are
+narrated, and how the germ of the idea of the true cause and cure of
+disease was planted in his mind by the remark of a comrade as the two lay
+concealed in a thicket for days to escape border ruffians. Then, later,
+how the almost simultaneous death of two or three beloved children, whom
+all his medical learning and that of other doctors he had summoned had
+been powerless to save, had caused him to renounce forever the belief that
+drugs could cure disease. He believed Nature had a true system, and for
+this he began a patient search. He wandered here and there, almost in the
+condition of the religious reformers of old, who "wandered up and down
+clad in sheep-skins and goat-hides, of whom the world was not worthy." In
+the name of suffering humanity he desecrated the grave of poor Lo, that he
+might read from his red bones some clue to the secret.
+
+One Osteopathic journal claims to tell authentically how Still was led to
+the discovery of the "great truth." It states that by accidentally curing
+a case of asthma by "fooling with the bones of the chest," he was led to
+the belief that bones out of normal position cause disease.
+
+Still himself tells a rather different story in a popular magazine posing
+of late years as a public educator in matters of therapeutics. In this
+magazine Still tells how he discovered the principles of Osteopathy by
+curing a terrible headache resting the back of his neck across a swing
+made of his father's plowlines, and next by writhing on his back across a
+log to relieve the pain of dysentery. Accidentally the "lesion" was
+corrected, or the proper center "inhibited," and his headache and flux
+immediately cured.
+
+You can take your choice of these various versions of the wonderful
+discovery.
+
+Ever since Osteopathy began to attract attention, and people began to
+inquire "What is it?" its leading promoters have vied with each other in
+trying to construct a good definition for their "great new science."
+
+Here are some of the definitions:
+
+"Osteopathy is the science of drugless healing." For a genuine "lesion"
+Osteopath that would not do at all. It is too broad and gives too much
+scope to the physicians who would do more than "pull bones."
+
+"Osteopathy is practical anatomy and physiology skillfully and
+scientifically applied as _manual_ treatment of disease." That definition
+suits better, because of the "manual treatment." If you are a true
+Osteopath you must do it _all_ with your hands. It will not do to use any
+mechanical appliances, for if you do you cannot keep up the impression
+that you are "handling the body with the skilled touch of a master who
+knows every part of his machine."
+
+"The human body is a machine run by the unseen force called life, and that
+it may run harmoniously it is necessary that there be liberty of blood,
+nerves, and arteries from the generating point to destination." This
+definition may be impressive to the popular mind, but, upon analysis, we
+wonder if any other string of big words might not have had the same
+effect. "Liberty of blood" is a proposition even a stupid medical man must
+admit. Of course, there must be free circulation of blood, and massage, or
+hot and cold applications, or exercise, or anything that will stimulate
+circulation, is rational. But when "liberty of blood" is mentioned, what
+is meant by "liberty of arteries"?
+
+"Osteopathy seeks to obtain perfect skeletal alignment and tonic
+ligamentous, muscular and facial relaxation." Some Osteopaths and other
+therapeutic reformers (?) have contended that medical men purposely used
+"big words" and Latin names to confound the laity. What must we think of
+the one just given as a popular definition?
+
+A good many Osteopaths are becoming disgusted with the big words,
+technical terms and "high-sounding nothings" used by so many Osteopathic
+writers. The limit of this was never reached, however, until an A.B.,
+Ph.D., D.O. wrote an article to elucidate Osteopathy for the general
+public in an American encyclopedia. It takes scholarly wisdom to simplify
+great truths and bring them to the comprehension of ordinary minds. If
+writers for the medical profession want a lesson in the art of simplifying
+and popularizing therapeutic science, they should study this article on
+Osteopathy in the encyclopedia.
+
+A brief history of Osteopathy is perhaps in place. The following summary
+is taken from leading Osteopathic journals. As to the personality and
+motives of its founders I know but little; of the motives of its leading
+promoters a candid public must be the judge. But judgment should be
+withheld until all the truth is known.
+
+The principles of Osteopathy were discovered by Dr. Andrew T. Still in
+1874. He was at that time a physician of the old school practicing in
+Kansas. His father, brothers and uncles were all medical practitioners. He
+was at one time scout surgeon under General Fremont. During the Civil War
+he was surgeon in the Union army in a volunteer corps. It was during the
+war that he began to lose faith in drugs, and to search for something
+natural in combating disease.
+
+Then began a long struggle with poverty and abuse. He was obstructed by
+his profession and ridiculed by his friends. Fifteen years after the
+discovery of Osteopathy found Dr. Still located in the little town of
+Kirksville, Mo., where he had gradually attracted a following who had
+implicit faith in his power to heal by what to them seemed mysterious
+movements.
+
+His fame spread beyond the town, and chronic sufferers began to turn
+toward Kirksville as a Mecca of healing. Others began to desire Still's
+healing powers. In 1892 the American School of Osteopathy was founded,
+which from a small beginning has grown until the present buildings and
+equipment cost more than $100,000. Hundreds of students are graduated
+yearly from this school, and large, well-equipped schools have been
+founded in Des Moines, Philadelphia, Boston and California, with a number
+of schools of greater or less magnitude scattered in other parts of the
+country. More than four thousand Osteopaths were in the field in 1907, and
+this number is being augmented every year by a larger number of physicians
+than are graduated from Homeopathic colleges, according to Osteopathic
+reports.
+
+About thirty-five States have given Osteopathy more or less favorable
+legal recognition.
+
+The discussion of the subject of Osteopathy is of very grave importance.
+Important to practitioners of the old schools of medicine for reasons I
+shall give further on, and of vital importance to the thousands of men and
+women who have chosen Osteopathy as their life work. It is even of greater
+importance in another sense to the people who are called upon to decide
+which system is right, and which school they ought to rely upon when their
+lives are at stake.
+
+I shall try to speak advisedly and conservatively, as I wish to do no one
+injustice. I should be sorry indeed to speak a word that might hinder the
+cause of truth and progress. I started out to tell of all that prevents
+the sway of truth and honesty in therapeutics. I should come far short of
+telling all if I omitted the inconsistencies of this "new science" of
+healing that dares to assume the responsibility for human life, and makes
+bold to charge that time-tried systems, with their tens of thousands of
+practitioners, are wrong, and that the right remedy, or the best remedy
+for disease has been unknown through all these years until the coming of
+Osteopathy. And further dares to make the still more serious charge that
+since the truth has been brought to light, the majority of medical men are
+so blinded by prejudice or ignorance that they _will_ not see.
+
+This is not the first time I have spoken about inconsistencies in the
+practice of Osteopathy. I saw so much of it in a leading Osteopathic
+college that when I had finished I could not conscientiously proclaim
+myself as an exponent of a "complete and well-rounded system of healing,
+adequate for every emergency," as Osteopathy is heralded to be by the
+journals published for "Osteopathic physicians" to scatter broadcast among
+the people. I practiced Osteopathy for three years, but only as an
+Osteopathic specialist. I never during that time accepted responsibility
+for human life when I did not feel sure that I could do as much for the
+case as any other might do with other means or some other system.
+
+Because I practiced as a specialist and would not claim that Osteopathy
+would cure everything that any other means might cure, I have never been
+called a good disciple of the new science by my brethren. I would not
+practice as a grafter, find bones dislocated and "subluxated," and tell
+people that they must take two or three months' treatment at twenty-five
+dollars per month, to have one or two "subluxations" corrected. In
+consequence I was never overwhelmed by the golden stream of prosperity the
+literature that made me a convert had assured me would be forthcoming to
+all "Osteopathic physicians" of even ordinary ability.
+
+As I said, this is not the first time I have spoken of the inconsistencies
+of Osteopathy. While yet in active practice I became so disgusted with
+some of the shams and pretences that I wrote a long letter to the editor
+of an Osteopathic journal published for the good of the profession. This
+editor, a bright and capable man, wrote me a nice letter in reply, in
+which he agreed with me about quackery and incompetency in our profession.
+He did not publish the letter I wrote, or express his honest sentiments,
+as I had hoped he might. If what I wrote to that editor was the truth, as
+he acknowledged in private, it is time the public knew something of it. I
+believe, also, that many of the large number of Osteopaths who have been
+discouraged or disgusted, and quit the practice, will approve what I am
+writing. There is another class of Osteopathic practitioners who, I
+believe, will welcome the truth I have to tell. This consists of the large
+number of men and women who are practicing Osteopathy as standing for all
+that makes up rational physio-therapy.
+
+Speaking of those who have quit the practice of Osteopathy, I will say
+that they are known by the Osteopathic faculties to be a large and growing
+number. Yet Osteopathic literature sent to prospective students tells of
+the small per cent. of those who take the course who fail. It may not be
+known how many fail, but it is known that many have quit.
+
+A journey half across one of our Western States disclosed one Osteopath in
+the meat business, one in the real estate business, one clerking in a
+store, and two, a blind man and his wife, fairly prosperous Osteopathic
+physicians. This was along one short line of railroad, and there is no
+reason why it may not be taken as a sample of the percentage of those who
+have quit in the entire country.
+
+I heard three years ago from a bright young man who graduated with honors,
+started out with luxurious office rooms in a flourishing city, and was
+pointed to as an example of the prosperity that comes to the Osteopath
+from the very start. When I heard from him last he was advance
+bill-poster for a cheap show. Another bright classmate was carrying a
+chain for surveyors in California.
+
+I received an Osteopathic journal recently containing a list of names,
+about eight hundred of them, of "mossbacks," as we were politely called. I
+say "we," for my name was on the list. The journal said these were the
+names of Osteopaths whose addresses were lost and no communication could
+be had with them. They were wanted badly, it seemed. Just for what, aside
+from the annual fee to the American Osteopathic Association, was not
+clear.
+
+I do know what the silence of a good many of them meant. They have quit,
+and do not care to read the abuse that some of the Osteopathic journals
+are continually heaping upon those who do not keep their names on the
+"Who's Who in Osteopathy" list.
+
+There is a large percentage of failures in other professions, and it is
+not strange that there should be some in Osteopathy. But when Osteopathic
+journals dwell upon the large chances of success and prosperity for those
+who choose Osteopathy as a profession, those who might become students
+should know the other side.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE OSTEOPATHIC PROPAGANDA.
+
+    Wonderful Growth Claimed to Prove Merit--Osteopathy is Rational
+    Physio-Therapy--Growth is in Exact Proportion to Advertising
+    Received--Booklets and Journals for Gratuitous
+    Distribution--Osteopathy Languishes or Flourishes by Patent Medicine
+    Devices--Circular Letter from Secretary of American Osteopathic
+    Association--Boosts by Governors and Senators--The Especial Protege of
+    Authors--Mark Twain--Opie Reed--Emerson Hough--Sam Jones--The
+    Orificial Surgeon--The M.D. Seeking Job as "Professor"--The Lure of
+    "Honored Doctor" with "Big Income"--No Competition.
+
+
+But what about Osteopathy? Why has it had such a wonderful growth in
+popularity? Why have nearly four thousand men and women, most of them
+intelligent and some of them educated, espoused it as a profession to
+follow as a life work? These are questions I shall now try to answer.
+
+Osteopathic promoters and enthusiasts claim that the wonderful growth and
+popularity of Osteopathy prove beyond question its merits as a healing
+system. I have already dealt at length with reasons why intelligent people
+are so ready to fall victims to new systems of healing. The "perfect
+adjustment," "perfect functioning" theory of Osteopathy is especially
+attractive to people made ripe for some "drugless healing" system by
+causes already mentioned. When Osteopathy is practiced as a combination of
+all manipulations and other natural aids to the inherent recuperative
+powers of the body, it will appeal to reason in such a way and bring such
+good results as to make and keep friends.
+
+I am fully persuaded, and I believe the facts when presented will
+establish it, that it is the physio-therapy in Osteopathy that wins and
+holds the favor of intelligent people. But Osteopathy in its own name,
+taught as "a well-rounded system of healing adequate for every emergency,"
+has grown and spread largely as a "patent medicine" flourishes, _i. e._,
+in exact proportion to the advertising it has received. I would not
+presume to make this statement as merely my opinion. The question at issue
+is too important to be treated as a matter of opinion. I will present
+facts, and let my readers settle the point in their own minds.
+
+Every week I get booklets or "sample copies" of journals heralding the
+wonderful curative powers of Osteopathy. These are published not as
+journals for professional reading, but to be sold to the practitioners by
+the hundreds or thousands, to be given to their patients for distribution
+by these patients to their friends. The publishers of these "boosters"
+say, and present testimonials to prove it, that Osteopaths find their
+practice languishes or flourishes just in proportion to the numbers of
+these journals and booklets they keep circulating in their communities.
+Here is a sample testimonial I received some time since on a postal card:
+
+    "Gentlemen: Since using your journals more patients have come to me
+    than I could treat, many of them coming from neighboring towns. Quite
+    a number have had to go home without being treated, leaving their
+    names so that they could be notified later, as I can get to them. Your
+    booklets bring them O. K."
+
+The boast is often made that Osteopathy is growing in spite of bitter
+opposition and persecution, and is doing it on its merits--doing it
+because "Truth is mighty and will prevail." At one time I honestly
+believed this to be true, but I have been convinced by highest Osteopathic
+authority that it is not true. As some of that proof here is an extract
+from a circular letter from the secretary of the American Osteopathic
+Association:
+
+    "Now, Doctor, we feel that you have the success of Osteopathy at
+    heart, and if you realize the activity and complete organization of
+    the American Medical Association and their efforts to curb our
+    limitations, and do not become a member of this Association, which
+    stands opposed to the efforts of the big monopoly, we must believe
+    that you are not familiar with the earnestness of the A. O. A. and its
+    efforts. We must work in harmonious accord and with an organized
+    purpose. _When we rest on our oars the death knell begins to sound._
+    Can you not see that unless you co-operate with your
+    fellow-practitioners in this national effort you are _sounding your
+    own limitations_?"
+
+This from the _secretary_ of the American Osteopathic Association, when we
+have boasted of superior equipment for intelligent physicians.
+Incidentally we pause to make excuse for the expressions: "Curbing our
+limitations" and "sounding your own limitations."
+
+But does the idea that when we quit working as an organized body "_our
+death knell begins to sound_," indicate that Osteopathic leaders are
+content to trust the future of Osteopathy to its merits?
+
+If Osteopathic promoters do not feel that the life of their science
+depends on boosting, what did the secretary of the A.O.A. mean when he
+said, "Upon the success of these efforts depends the weal or woe of
+Osteopathy as an independent system"? If truth always grows under
+persecution, how can the American Medical Association kill Osteopathy when
+it is so well known by the people?
+
+Nearly four thousand Osteopaths are scattered in thirty-six States where
+they have some legal recognition, and they are treating thousands of
+invalids every day. If they are performing the wonderful cures Osteopathic
+journals tell of, why are we told that the welfare of the system depends
+upon the noise that is made and the boosting that is done?
+
+Has it required advertising to keep people using anesthetics since it was
+demonstrated that they would prevent pain?
+
+Has it required boosting to keep the people resorting to surgery since the
+benefits of modern operations have been proved?
+
+Does it look as if Osteopathy has been standing or advancing on its
+merits? Does it not seem that Osteopathy, as a complete system, is mostly
+a _name_, and "lives, moves, and has its being" in boosting? It seems to
+have been about the best boosted fad ever fancied by a foolish people.
+Governors and senators have boosted for it. Osteopathic journals have
+published again and again the nice things a number of governors said when
+they signed the bills investing Osteopathy with the dignity of State
+authority.
+
+A certain United States senator from Ohio has won more notoriety as a
+champion of Osteopathy than he has lasting fame as a statesman.
+
+Osteopathy has been the especial protege of authors. Mark Twain once went
+up to Albany and routed an army of medical lobbyists who were there to
+resist the passage of a bill favorable to Osteopathy. For this heroic deed
+Mark is better known to Osteopaths to-day than even for his renowned
+history of Huckleberry Finn. He is in danger of losing his reputation as a
+champion of the "under dog in the fight." Lately he has gone on the
+warpath again. This time to annihilate poor Mother Eddy and her fond
+delusion.
+
+Opie Reed is a delightful writer while he sticks to the portrayal of droll
+Southern character. Ella Wheeler Wilcox is admirable for the beauty and
+boldness with which she portrays the passions and emotions of humanity.
+But they are both better known to Osteopaths for the bouquets they have
+tossed at Osteopathy than for their profound human philosophy that used to
+be promulgated by the _Chicago American_.
+
+Emerson Hough gave a little free advertising in his "Heart's Desire."
+There may have been "method in his madness," for that Osteopathic horse
+doctoring scene no doubt sold many a book for the author.
+
+Sam Jones also helped along with some of his striking originality. Sam
+said, "There is as much difference between Osteopathy and massage as
+between playing a piano and currying a horse." The idea of comparing the
+Osteopath's manipulations of the human body to the skilled touch of the
+pianist upon his instrument was especially pleasing to Osteopaths.
+However, Sam displayed about the same comprehension of his subject that
+preachers usually exhibit who try to say nice things about the doctors
+when they get their doctoring gratis or at reduced rates.
+
+These champions of Osteopathy no doubt mean well. They can be excused on
+the ground that they got out of place to aid in the cause of "struggling
+truth." But what shall we say of medical men, some of them of reputation
+and great influence, who uphold and champion new systems under such
+conditions that it is questionable whether they do it from principle or
+policy?
+
+Osteopathic journals have made much of an article written by a famous
+"orificial surgeon." The article appears on the first page of a leading
+Osteopath journal, and is headed, "An Expert Opinion on Osteopathy." Among
+the many good things he says of the "new science" is this: "The full
+benefit of a single sitting can be secured in from three to ten minutes
+instead of an hour or more, as required by massage." I shall discuss the
+time of an average Osteopathic treatment further on, but I should like to
+see how long this brother would hold his practice if he were an Osteopath
+and treated from three to ten minutes.
+
+He also says that "Osteopathy is so beneficial to cases of insanity that
+it seems quite probable that this large class of terrible sufferers may be
+almost emancipated from their hell." I shall also say more further on of
+what I know of Osteopathy's record as an insanity cure. There is this
+significant thing in connection with this noted specialist's boost for
+Osteopathy. The journal printing this article comments on it in another
+number; tells what a great man the specialist is, and incidentally lets
+Osteopaths know that if any of them want to add a knowledge of "orificial
+surgery" to their "complete science," this doctor is the man from whom to
+get it, as he is the "great and only" in his specialty, and is big and
+broad enough to appreciate Osteopathy.
+
+The most despicable booster of any new system of therapeutics is the
+physician who becomes its champion to get a job as "professor" in one of
+its colleges. Of course it is a strong temptation to a medical man who has
+never made much of a reputation in his own profession.
+
+You may ask, "Have there been many such medical men?" Consult the faculty
+rolls of the colleges of these new sciences, and you will be surprised, no
+doubt, to find how many put M.D. after their names. Why are they there?
+Some of these were honest converts to the system, perhaps. Some wanted
+the honor of being "Professor Doctor," maybe, and some may have been lured
+by the same bait that attracts so many students into Osteopathic colleges.
+That is, the positive assurance of "plenty of easy money" in it.
+
+One who has studied the real situation in an effort to learn why
+Osteopathy has grown so fast as a profession, can hardly miss the
+conclusion that advertising keeps the grist of students pouring into
+Osteopathic mills. There is scarcely a corner of the United States that
+their seductive literature does not reach. Practitioners in the field are
+continually reminded by the schools from which they graduated that their
+alma mater looks largely to their solicitations to keep up the supply of
+recruits.
+
+Their advertising, the tales of wonderful cures and big money made, appeal
+to all classes. It seems that none are too scholarly and none too ignorant
+to become infatuated with the idea of becoming an "honored doctor" with a
+"big income." College professors and preachers have been lured from
+comfortable positions to become Osteopaths. Shrewd traveling men, seduced
+by the picture of a permanent home, have left the road to become
+Osteopathic physicians and be "rich and honored."
+
+Other classes come also. To me, when a student of Osteopathy, it was
+pathetic and almost tragic to observe the crowds of men and women who had
+been seduced from spheres of drudging usefulness, such as clerking,
+teaching, barbering, etc., to become money-making doctors. In their old
+callings they had lost all hope of gratifying ambition for fame and
+fortune, but were making an honest living. The rosy pictures of honor,
+fame and twenty dollars per day, that the numerous Osteopathic circulars
+and journals painted, were not to be withstood.
+
+These circulars told them that the fields into which they might go and
+reap that $20 per day were unlimited. They said: "There are dozens of
+ministers ready to occupy each vacant pulpit, and as many applicants for
+each vacancy in the schools. Each hamlet has four or five doctors, where
+it can support but one. The legal profession is filled to the starving
+point. Young licentiates in the older professions all have to pass through
+a starving time. Not so in Osteopathy. There is no competition." The
+picture was a rosy dream of triumphant success! When they had mastered the
+great science and become "Doctors of Osteopathy," the world was waiting
+with open arms and pocketbooks to receive them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THEORY AND PRACTICE OF OSTEOPATHY.
+
+    Infallible, Touch-the-Button System that Always Cured--Indefinite
+    Movements and Manipulations--Wealth of Undeveloped Scientific
+    Facts--Osteopaths Taking M.D. Course--The Standpatter and the
+    Drifter--The "Lesionist"--"Bone Setting"--"Inhibiting a
+    Center"--Chiropractics--"Finest Anatomists in the World"--How to Cure
+    Torticollis, Goitre and Enteric Troubles--A Successful
+    Osteopath--Timid Old Maids--Osteopathic Philanthropy.
+
+
+How desperately those students worked. Many of them were men and women
+with gray heads, who had found themselves stranded at a time of life when
+they should have been able to retire on a competency. They had staked
+their little all on this last venture, and what was before them if they
+should fail heaven only knew. How eagerly they looked forward to the time
+when they should have struggled through the lessons in anatomy, chemistry,
+physiology, symptomatology and all the rest, and should be ready to
+receive the wonderful principles of Osteopathy they were to apply in
+performing the miraculous cures that were to make them wealthy and famous.
+Need I tell the physician who was a conscientious student of anatomy in
+his school days, that there was disappointment when the time came to enter
+the class in "theory and practice" of Osteopathy?
+
+There had been vague ideas of a systematized, infallible, touch-the-button
+system that _always_ cured. Instead, we were instructed in a lot of
+indefinite movements and manipulations that somehow left us speculating as
+to just how much of it all was done for effect.
+
+We had heard so often that Osteopathy was a complete satisfying science
+_that did things specifically_! Now it began to dawn upon us that there
+was indeed a "wealth of undeveloped scientific facts" in Osteopathy, as
+those glittering circulars had said when they thought to attract young men
+ambitious for original research. They had said, "Much yet remains to be
+discovered." Some of us wondered if the "undeveloped" and "undiscovered"
+scientific facts were not the main constituents of the "science."
+
+The students expected something exact and tangible, and how eagerly they
+grasped at anything in the way of bringing quick results in curing the
+sick.
+
+If Osteopathy is so complete, why did so many students, after they had
+received everything the learned (?) professors had to impart, procure
+Juettner's "Modern Physio-Therapy" and Ling's "Manual Therapy" and Rosse's
+"Cures Without Drugs" and Kellogg's work on "Hydrotherapy"? They felt that
+they needed all they could get.
+
+It was customary for the students to begin "treating" after they had been
+in school a few months, and medical men will hardly be surprised to know
+that they worked with more faith in their healing powers and performed
+more wonderful (?) cures in their freshman year than they ever did
+afterward.
+
+I have in mind a student, one of the brightest I ever met, who read a
+cheap book on Osteopathic practice, went into a community where he was
+unknown, and practiced as an Osteopathic physician. In a few months he had
+made enough money to pay his way through an Osteopathic college, which he
+entered professing to believe that Osteopathy would cure all the ills
+flesh is heir to, but which he left two years later to take a medical
+course. He secured his D.O. degree, but I notice that it is his M.D.
+degree he flourishes with pride.
+
+Can students be blamed for getting a little weak in faith when men who
+told them that the great principles of Osteopathy were sufficient to cure
+_everything_, have been known to backslide so far as to go and take
+medical courses themselves?
+
+How do you suppose it affects students of an Osteopathic college to read
+in a representative journal that the secretary of their school, and the
+greatest of all its boosters, calls medical men into his own family when
+there is sickness in it?
+
+There are many men and women practicing to-day who try to be honest and
+conscientious, and by using all the good in Osteopathy, massage, Swedish
+movements, hydrotherapy, and all the rest of the adjuncts of
+physio-therapy, do a great deal of good. The practitioner who does use
+these agencies, however, is denounced by the stand-patters as a "drifter."
+They say he is not a true Osteopath, but a mongrel who is belittling the
+great science. That circular letter from the secretary of the American
+Osteopathic Association said that one of the greatest needs of
+organization was to preserve Osteopathy in its primal purity as it came
+from its founder, A. T. Still.
+
+If our medical brethren and the laity could read some of the acrimonious
+discussions on the question of using adjuncts, they would certainly be
+impressed with the exactness (?) of Osteopathic science.
+
+There is one idea of Osteopathy that even the popular mind has grasped,
+and that is that it is essentially finding "lesions" and correcting them.
+Yet the question has been very prominent and pertinent among Osteopaths:
+"Are you a lesion Osteopath?" Think of it, gentlemen, asking an Osteopath
+if he is a "lesionist"! Yet there are plenty of Osteopaths who are stupid
+enough (or honest enough) not to be able to find bones "subluxed" every
+time they look at a patient. Practitioners who really want to do their
+patrons good will use adjuncts even if they are denounced by the
+stand-patters.
+
+I believe every conscientious Osteopath must sometimes feel that it is
+safer to use rational remedies than to rely on "bone setting," or
+"inhibiting a center," but for the grafter it is not so spectacular and
+involves more hard work.
+
+The stand-patters of the American Osteopathic Association have not
+eliminated all trouble when they get Osteopaths to stick to the "bone
+setting, inhibiting" idea. The chiropractic man threatens to steal their
+thunder here. The Chiropractor has found that when it comes to using
+mysterious maneuvers and manipulations as bases for mind cure, one thing
+is about as good as another, except that the more mysterious a thing
+looks the better it works. So the Chiropractor simply gives his healing
+"thrusts" or his wonderful "adjustments," touches the buttons along the
+spine as it were, when--presto! disease has flown before his healing touch
+and blessed health has come to reign instead!
+
+The Osteopath denounces the Chiropractor as a brazen fraud who has stolen
+all that is good in Chiropractics (if there _is_ anything good) from
+Osteopathy. But Chiropractics follows so closely what the "old liner"
+calls the true theory of Osteopathy that, between him and the drifter who
+gives an hour of crude massage, or uses the forbidden accessories, the
+true Osteopath has a hard time maintaining the dignity (?) of Osteopathy
+and keeping its practitioners from drifting.
+
+Some of the most ardent supporters of true Osteopathy I have ever known
+have drifted entirely away from it. After practicing two or three years,
+abusing medicine and medical men all the time, and proclaiming to the
+people continually that they had in Osteopathy all that a sick world could
+ever need, it is suddenly learned that the "Osteopath is gone." He has
+"silently folded his tent and stolen away," and where has he gone? He has
+gone to a medical college to study that same medicine he has so
+industriously abused while he was gathering in the shekels as an
+Osteopath. Going to learn and practice the science he has so persistently
+denounced as a fraud and a curse to humanity.
+
+The intelligent, conscientious Osteopath who dares to brave the scorn of
+the stand-patter and use all the legitimate adjuncts of Osteopathy found
+in physio-therapy, may do a great deal of good as a physician. I have
+found many physicians willing to acknowledge this, and even recommend the
+services of such an Osteopath when physio-therapy was indicated.
+
+When a physician, however, meets a fellow who claims to have in his
+Osteopathy a wonderful system, complete and all-sufficient to cope with
+any and all diseases, and that his system is founded on a knowledge of the
+relation and function of the various parts and organs of the body such as
+no other school of therapeutics has ever been able to discover, then he
+knows that he has met a man of the same mental and moral calibre as the
+shyster in his own school. He knows he has met a fellow who is exploiting
+a thing, that may be good in its way and place, as a graft. And he knows
+that this grafter gets his wonderful cures largely as any other quack gets
+his; the primary effects of his "scientific manipulations" are on the
+minds of those treated.
+
+The intelligent physician knows that the Osteopath got his boastedly
+superior knowledge of anatomy mostly from the same text-books and same
+class of cadavers that other physicians had to master if they graduated
+from a reputable school. All that talk we have heard so much about the
+Osteopaths being the "finest anatomists in the world" sounds plausible,
+and is believed by the laity generally.
+
+The quotation I gave above has been much used in Osteopathic literature
+as coming from an eminent medical man. What foundation is there for such a
+belief? The Osteopath _may_ be a good anatomist. He has about the same
+opportunities to learn anatomy the medical student has. If he is a good
+and conscientious student he may consider his anatomy of more importance
+than does the medical student who is not expecting to do much surgery. If
+he is a natural shyster and shirk he can get through a course in
+Osteopathy and get his diploma, and this diploma may be about the only
+proof he could ever give that he is a "superior anatomist."
+
+Great stress has always been laid by Osteopaths upon the amount of study
+and research done by their students on the cadaver. I want to give you
+some specimens of the learning of the man (an M.D.) who presided over the
+dissecting-room when I pursued my "profound research" on the "lateral
+half." This great man, whose superior knowledge of anatomy, I presume,
+induced by the wise management of the college to employ him as a
+demonstrator, in an article written for the organ of the school expresses
+himself thus:
+
+    "It is needless to say that the first impression of an M. D. would not
+    be favorable to Osteopathy, because he has spent years fixing in his
+    mind that if you had a bad case of torticollis not to touch it, but
+    give a man morphine or something of the same character with an
+    external blister or hot application and in a week or ten days he would
+    be all right. In the meanwhile watch the patient's general health,
+    relieve the induced constipation by suitable means and rearrange what
+    he has disarranged in his treatment. On the other hand, let the
+    Osteopath get hold of this patient, and with his _vast_ and we might
+    say _perfect_ knowledge of anatomy, he at once, with no other tools
+    than his hands, inhibits the nerves supplying the affected parts, and
+    in five minutes the patient can freely move his head and shoulders,
+    entirely relieved from pain. Would not the medical man be angry? Would
+    he not feel like wiping off the earth with all the Osteopaths? Doctor,
+    with your medical education a course in Osteopathy would teach you
+    that it is not necessary to subject your patients to myxedema by
+    removing the thyroid gland to cure goitre. You would not have to lie
+    awake nights studying means to stop one of those troublesome bowel
+    complaints in children, nor to insist upon the enforced diet in
+    chronic diarrhea, and a thousand other things which are purely
+    physiological and are not done by any magical presto change, but by
+    methods which are perfectly rational if you will only listen long
+    enough to have them explained to you. I will agree that at first
+    impression all methods look alike to the medical man, but when
+    explained by an intelligent teacher they will bring their just
+    reward."
+
+Gentlemen of the medical profession, study the above
+carefully--punctuation, composition, profound wisdom and all. Surely you
+did not read it when it was given to the world a few years ago, or you
+would all have been converted to Osteopathy then, and the medical
+profession left desolate. We have heard many bad things of medical men,
+but never (until we learned it from one who was big-brained enough to
+accept Osteopathy when its great truths dawned upon him) did we know that
+you are so dull of intellect that it takes you "years to fix in your minds
+that if you had a bad case of torticollis not to touch it but to give a
+man morphine."
+
+And how pleased Osteopaths are to learn from this scholar that the
+Osteopath can "take hold" of a case of torticollis, "and with his vast and
+we might say perfect knowledge of anatomy" inhibit the nerves and have the
+man cured in five minutes. We were glad to learn this great truth from
+this learned ex-M.D., as we never should have known, otherwise, that
+Osteopathy is so potent.
+
+I have had cases of torticollis in my practice, and thought I had done
+well if after a half hour of hard work massaging contracted muscles I had
+benefited the case.
+
+And note the relevancy of these questions, "Would not the medical man be
+angry? Would he not feel like wiping off the earth all the Osteopaths?"
+Gentlemen, can you explain your ex-brother's meaning here? Surely you are
+not all so hard-hearted that you would be angry because a poor wry-necked
+fellow had been cured in five minutes.
+
+To be serious, I ask you to think of "the finest anatomists in the world"
+doing their "original research" work in the dissecting-room under the
+direction of a man of the scholarly attainments indicated by the
+composition and thought of the above article. Do you see now how
+Osteopaths get a "vast and perfect knowledge of anatomy"?
+
+Do you suppose that the law of "the survival of the fittest" determines
+who continues in the practice of Osteopathy and succeeds? Is it true worth
+and scholarly ability that get a big reputation of success among medical
+men? I know, and many medical men know from competition with him (if they
+would admit that such a fellow may be a competitor), that the ignoramus
+who as a physician is the product of a diploma mill often has a bigger
+reputation and performs more wonderful cures (?) than the educated
+Osteopath who really mastered the prescribed course but is too
+conscientious to assume responsibility for human life when he is not sure
+that he can do all that might be done to save life.
+
+I once met an Osteopath whose literary attainments had never reached the
+rudiments of an education. He had never really comprehended a single
+lesson of his entire course. He told me that he was then on a vacation to
+get much-needed rest. He had such a large practice that the physical labor
+of it was wearing him out. I knew of this fellow's qualifications, but I
+thought he might be one of those happy mortals who have the faculty of
+"doing things," even if they cannot learn the theory. To learn the secret
+of this fellow's success, if I could, I let him treat me. I had some
+contracted muscles that were irritating nerves and holding joints in tense
+condition, a typical case, if there are any, for an Osteopathic treatment.
+The fellow began his "treatment." I expected him to do some of that
+"expert Osteopathic diagnosing" that you have heard of, but he began in an
+aimless desultory way, worked almost an hour, found nothing specific, did
+nothing but give me a poor unsystematic massage. He was giving me a
+"popular treatment."
+
+In many towns people have come to estimate the value of an Osteopathic
+treatment by its duration. People used to say to me, "You don't treat as
+long as Dr. ----, who was here before you," and say it in a way indicating
+that they were hardly satisfied they had gotten their money's worth. Some
+of them would say: "He treated me an hour for seventy-five cents." Does it
+seem funny to talk of adjusting lesions on one person for an hour at a
+time, three times a week?
+
+My picture of incompetency and apparent success of incompetents, is not
+overdrawn. The other day I had a marked copy of a local paper from a town
+in California. It was a flattering write-up of an old classmate. The
+doctor's automobile was mentioned, and he had marked with a cross a fine
+auto shown in a picture of the city garage. This fellow had been
+considered by all the Simple Simon of the class, inferior in almost every
+attribute of true manliness, yet now he flourishes as one of those of our
+class to whose success the school can "point with pride."
+
+It is interesting to read the long list of "changes of location" among
+Osteopaths, yet between the lines there is a sad story that may be read.
+How often I have followed these changes. First, "Doctor Blank has located
+in Philadelphia, with twenty-five patients for the first month and rapidly
+growing practice." A year or so after another item tells that "Doctor
+Blank has located in San Francisco with bright prospects." Then "Doctor
+Blank has returned to Missouri on account of his wife's health, and
+located in ----, where he has our best wishes for success." Their career
+reminds us of Goldsmith's lines:
+
+  "As the hare whom horn and hounds pursue
+  Pants to the place from whence at first he flew."
+
+There has been many a tragic scene enacted upon the Osteopathic stage, but
+the curtain has not been raised for the public to behold them. How many
+timid old maids, after saving a few hundred dollars from wages received
+for teaching school, have been persuaded that they could learn Osteopathy
+while their shattered nerves were repaired and they were made young and
+beautiful once more by a course of treatment in the clinics of the school.
+Then they would be ready to go out to occupy a place of dignity and honor,
+and treat ten to thirty patients per month at twenty-five dollars per
+patient.
+
+Gentlemen of the medical profession, from what you know of the aggressive
+spirit that it takes to succeed in professional life to-day (to say
+nothing of the physical strength required in the practice of Osteopathy),
+what per cent. of these timid old maids do you suppose have "panted to the
+place from whence at first they flew," after leaving their pitiful little
+savings with the benefactors of humanity who were devoting their splendid
+talents to the cause of Osteopathy?
+
+If any one doubts that some Osteopathic schools are conducted from other
+than philanthropic motives, let him read what the _Osteopathic Physician_
+said of a new school founded in California. Of all the fraud, bare-faced
+shystering, and flagrant rascality ever exposed in any profession, the
+circumstances of the founding of this school, as depicted by the editor of
+the _Osteopathic Physician_, furnishes the most disgusting instance. Men
+to whom we had clung when the anchor of our faith in Osteopathy seemed
+about to drag were held up before us as sneaking, cringing, incompetent
+rascals, whose motives in founding the school were commercial in the worst
+sense. And how do you suppose Osteopaths out in the field of practice feel
+when they receive catalogues from the leading colleges that teach their
+system, and these catalogues tell of the superior education the colleges
+are equipped to give, and among the pictures of learned members of the
+faculty they recognize the faces of old schoolmates, with glasses, pointed
+beards and white ties, silk hats maybe, but the same old classmate
+of--sometimes not ordinary ability.
+
+I spoke a moment ago of old maids being induced to believe that they would
+be made over in the clinics of an Osteopathic college. That was not an
+exaggeration. An Osteopathic journal before me says: "If it were generally
+known that Osteopathy has a wonderfully rejuvenating effect upon fading
+beauty, Osteopathic physicians would be overworked as beauty doctors."
+
+Another journal says: "If the aged could know how many years might be
+added to their lives by Osteopathy, they would not hesitate to avail
+themselves of treatment."
+
+A leading D. O. discusses consumption as treated Osteopathically, and
+closes his discussion with the statement in big letters: "CONSUMPTION CAN
+BE CURED."
+
+Another Osteopathic doctor says the curse that was placed upon Mother Eve
+in connection with the propagation of the race has been removed by
+Osteopathy, and childbirth "positively painless" is a consummated fact.
+
+The old made young! The homely made beautiful! The insane emancipated from
+their hell! Consumption cured! Childbirth robbed of its terrors! Asthma
+cured by moving a bone! What more in therapeutics is left to be desired? O
+grave, where is thy victory?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+OSTEOPATHY AS RELATED TO SOME OTHER FAKES.
+
+    Sure Shot Rheumatism Cure--Regular Practitioner's
+    Discomfiture--Medicines Alone Failed to Cure Rheumatism--Osteopathy
+    Relieves Rheumatic and Neuralgic Pains--"Move Things"--"Pop" Stray
+    Cervical Vertebrae--Find Something Wrong and Put it Right--Terrible
+    Neck-Wrenching, Bone-Twisting Ordeal.
+
+
+A discussion of graft in connection with doctoring would not be complete
+if nothing were said about the traveling medicine faker. Every summer our
+towns are visited by smooth-tongued frauds who give free shows on the
+streets. They harangue the people by the hour with borrowed spiels, full
+of big medical terms, and usually full of abuse of regular practitioners,
+which local physicians must note with humiliation is too often received by
+people without resentment and often with applause.
+
+Only last summer I was standing by while one of these grafters was making
+his spiel, and gathering dollars by the pocketful for a "sure shot"
+rheumatism cure. His was a _sure_ cure, doubly guaranteed; no cure, money
+all refunded (if you could get it). A physician standing near laughed
+rather a mirthless laugh, and remarked that Barnum was right when he said,
+"The American people like to be humbugged." When the medical man left, a
+man who had just become the happy possessor of enough of the wonderful
+herb to make a quart of the rheumatism router, remarked: "He couldn't be a
+worse humbug than that old duffer. He doctored me for six weeks, and told
+me all the time that his medicine would cure me in a few days. I got worse
+all the time until I went to Dr. ----, who told me to use a sack of hot
+bran mash on my back, and I was able to get around in two days."
+
+In this man's remarks there is an explanation of the reason the crowd
+laughed when they heard the quack abusing the regular practitioner, and of
+the reason the people handed their hard-earned dollars to the grafter at
+the rate of forty in ten minutes, by actual count. If all doctors were
+honest and told the people what all authorities have agreed upon about
+rheumatism, _i. e._, that internal medication does it little good, and the
+main reliance must be on external application, traveling and patent
+medicine fakers who make a specialty of rheumatism cure would be "put out
+of business," and there would be eliminated one source of much loss of
+faith in medicine.
+
+I learned by experience as an Osteopath that many people lose faith in
+medicine and in the honesty of physicians because of the failure of
+medicine to cure rheumatism where the physician had promised a cure.
+Patients afflicted with other diseases get well anyway, or the sexton puts
+them where they cannot tell people of the physician's failure to cure
+them. The rheumatic patient lives on, and talks on of "Doc's" failure to
+stop his rheumatic pains. All doctors know that rheumatism is the
+universal disease of our fickle climate. If it were not for rheumatic
+pains, and neuralgic pains that often come from nerves irritated by
+contracted muscles, the Osteopath in the average country town would get
+more lonesome than he does. People who are otherwise skeptical concerning
+the merits of Osteopathy will admit that it seems rational treatment for
+rheumatism.
+
+Yet this is a disease that Osteopathy of the specific-adjustment,
+bone-setting, nerve-inhibiting brand has little beneficial effect upon.
+All the Osteopathic treatments I ever gave or saw given in cases of
+rheumatism that really did any good, were long, laborious massages. The
+medical man who as "professor" in an Osteopathic college said, "When the
+Osteopath with his _vast_ knowledge of anatomy gets hold of a case of
+torticollis he inhibits the nerves and cures it in five minutes," was
+talking driveling rot.
+
+I have seen some of the best Osteopaths treat wry-neck, and the work they
+did was to knead and stretch and pull, which by starting circulation and
+working out soreness, gradually relieved the patient. A hot application,
+by expanding tissues and stimulating circulation, would have had the same
+effect, perhaps more slowly manifested.
+
+To call any Osteopathic treatment massage is always resented as an insult
+by the guardians of the science. What is the Osteopath doing, who rolls
+and twists and pulls and kneads for a full hour, if he isn't giving a
+massage treatment? Of course, it sounds more dignified, and perhaps helps
+to "preserve the purity of Osteopathy as a separate system," to call it
+"reducing subluxations," "correcting lesions," "inhibiting and
+stimulating" nerves. The treatment also acts better as a placebo to call
+it by these names.
+
+As students we were taught that all Osteopathic movements were primarily
+to adjust something. Some of us worried for fear we wouldn't know when the
+adjusting was complete. We were told that all the movements we were taught
+to make were potent to "move things," so we worried again for fear we
+might move something in the wrong direction. We were assured, however,
+that since the tendency was always toward the normal, all we had to do was
+to agitate, stir things up a bit, and the thing out of place would find
+its place. How _specific_! How scientific!
+
+We were told that when in the midst of our "agitation" we heard something
+"pop," we could be sure the thing out of place had gone back. When a
+student had so mastered the great bone-setting science as to be able to
+"pop" stray cervical vertebrae he was looked upon with envy by the fellows
+who had not joined the association for protection against suits for
+malpractice, and did not know just how much of an owl they could make of a
+man and not break his neck.
+
+The fellow who lacked clairvoyant powers to locate straying things, and
+could not always find the "missing link" of the spine, could go through
+the prescribed motions just the same. If he could do it with sufficient
+facial contortions to indicate supreme physical exertion, and at the same
+time preserve the look of serious gravity and professional importance of a
+quack medical doctor giving _particular_ directions for the dosing of the
+placebo he is leaving, he might manage to make a sound vertebra "pop."
+This, with his big show of doing something, has its effect on the
+patient's mind anyway.
+
+We were taught that Osteopathy was applied common sense, that it was all
+reasonable and rational, and simply meant "finding something wrong and
+putting it right." Some of us thought it only fair to tell our patients
+what we were trying to do, and what we did it for. There is where we made
+our big mistake. To say we were relaxing muscles, or trying to lift and
+tone up a rickety chest wall, or straighten a warped spine, was altogether
+too simple. It was like telling a man that you were going to give him a
+dose of oil for the bellyache when he wanted an operation for
+appendicitis. It was too common, and some would go to an Osteopath who
+could find vertebra and ribs and hips displaced, something that would make
+the community "sit up and take notice." If one has to be sick, why not
+have something worth while?
+
+Where Osteopathy has always been so administered that people have the idea
+that it means to find things out of place and put them back, it is a
+gentleman's job, professional, scientific and genteel. Men have been known
+to give twenty to forty treatments a day at two dollars per treatment. In
+many communities, however, the adjustment idea has so degenerated that to
+give an Osteopathic treatment is no job for a high collar on a hot day. To
+strip a hard-muscled, two-hundred-pound laborer down to a
+perspiration-soaked and scented undershirt, and manipulate him for an hour
+while he has every one of his five hundred work-hardened muscles rigidly
+set to protect himself from the terrible neck-wrenching, bone-twisting
+ordeal he has been told an Osteopathic treatment would subject him to--I
+say when you have tried that sort of a thing for an hour you will conclude
+that an Osteopathic treatment is no job for a kid-gloved dandy nor for a
+lily-fingered lady, as it has been so glowingly pictured.
+
+I know the brethren will say that true Osteopathy does not give an hour's
+shotgun treatment, but finds the lesion, corrects it, collects its two
+dollars, and quits until "day after to-morrow," when it "corrects" and
+_collects_ again as long as there is anything to co--llect!
+
+I practiced for three years in a town where people made their first
+acquaintance with Osteopathy through the treatments of a man who
+afterwards held the position of demonstrator of Osteopathic "movements"
+and "manipulations" in one of the largest and boastedly superior schools
+of Osteopathy. The people certainly should have received correct ideas of
+Osteopathy from him. He was followed in the town by a bright young fellow
+from "Pap's" school, where the genuine "lesion," blown-in-the-bottle brand
+of Osteopathy has always been taught. This fellow was such an excellent
+Osteopath that he made enough money in two years to enable him to quit
+Osteopathy forever. This he did, using the money he had gathered as an
+Osteopath to take him through a medical college.
+
+I followed these two shining lights who I supposed had established
+Osteopathy on a correct basis. I started in to give specific treatments as
+I had been taught to do; that is, to hunt for the lesion, correct it if I
+found it, and quit, even if I had not been more than fifteen or twenty
+minutes at it. I found that in many cases my patients were not satisfied.
+I did not know just what was the matter at first, and lost some desirable
+patients (lost their patronage, I mean--they were not in much danger of
+dying when they came to me). I was soon enlightened, however, by some more
+outspoken than the rest. They said I did not "treat as long as that other
+doctor," and when I had done what I thought was indicated at times a
+patient would say, "You didn't give me that neck-twisting movement," or
+that "leg-pulling treatment." No matter what I thought was indicated, I
+had to give all the movements each time that had ever been given before.
+
+A physician who has had to dose out something he knew would do no good,
+just to satisfy the patient and keep him from sending for another doctor
+who he feared might give something worse, can appreciate the violence done
+a fellow's conscience as he administers those wonderfully curative
+movements. He cannot, however, appreciate the emotions that come from the
+strenuous exertion over a sweaty body in a close room on a July day.
+
+Incidentally, this difference in the physical exertion necessary to get
+the same results has determined a good many to quit Osteopathy and take up
+medicine. A young man who had almost completed a course in Osteopathy told
+me he was going to study medicine when he had finished Osteopathy, as he
+had found that giving "treatments was too d----d hard work."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+TAPEWORMS AND GALLSTONES.
+
+    Plug-hatted Faker--Frequency of Tapeworms--Some Tricks Exposed--How
+    the Defunct Worm was Passed--Rubber Near-Worm--New Gallstone
+    Cure--Relation to Osteopathy--Perfect, Self-Oiling, "Autotherapeutic"
+    Machine--Touch the Button--The Truth About the Consumption and
+    Insanity Cures.
+
+
+There is another trump card the traveling medical grafter plays, which
+wins about as well as the guaranteed rheumatism cure, namely, the tapeworm
+fraud. Last summer I heard a plug-hatted faker delivering a lecture to a
+street crowd, in which he said that every mother's son or daughter of them
+who didn't have the rosy cheek, the sparkling eye and buoyancy of youth
+might be sure that a tapeworm of monstrous size was, "like a worm in the
+bud," feeding on their "damask cheeks." To prove his assertion and lend
+terror to his tale, he held aloft a glass jar containing one of the
+monsters that had been driven from its feast on the vitals of its victim
+by his never-failing remedy. The person, "saved from a living death,"
+stood at the "doctor's" side to corroborate the story, while his
+voluptuous wife was kept busy handing out the magical remedy and "pursing
+the ducats" given in return.
+
+How about the worm exhibited? How this one was secured I do not know; but
+intelligent people ought to know that cases of tapeworm are not so common
+that eight people out of every ten have one, as this grafter positively
+asserted.
+
+An acquaintance once traveled with one of these tapeworm specialists to
+furnish the song and dance performances that are so attractive to the
+class of people who furnish the ready victims for grafters. This is how
+the game was worked. The "specialist" would pick out an emaciated,
+credulous individual from his crowd, and tell him that he bore the
+unmistakable marks of being the prey of a terrible tapeworm. If he
+couldn't sell him a bottle of his worm eradicator, he would give him a
+bottle, telling him to take it according to directions and report to him
+at his hotel or tent the next day. The man would report that no dead or
+dying worm had been sighted. This was when Dr. Grafter got in his expert
+work. The man was told that if he had taken the medicine as directed the
+worm was dead beyond a doubt, but sometimes the "fangs" were fastened so
+firmly to the walls of the intestines, in their death agony, that they
+would not come away until he had injected a certain preparation that
+_always_ "produced the goods."
+
+The man was taken into a darkened room for privacy (?), the injection
+given, and the defunct worm always came away. At least a worm was always
+found in the evacuated material, and how was the deluded one to know that
+it was in the vessel or matter injected? Of course, the patient felt
+wondrous relief, and was glad to stand up that night and testify that Dr.
+Grafter was an angel of mercy sent to deliver him from the awful fate of
+living where "the worm dieth not and the fire is not quenched."
+
+I was told recently of a new tapeworm graft that makes the old one look
+crude and unscientific. This one actually brings a tapeworm from the
+intestines in _every_ case, whether the person had one before the magic
+remedy was given or not. The graft is to have a near-worm manufactured of
+delicate rubber and compressed into a capsule. The patient swallows the
+capsule supposed to contain the worm destroyer. The rubber worm is not
+digested, and a strong physic soon produces it, to the great relief of the
+"patient" and the greater glory and profit of the shyster. What a
+wonderful age of invention and scientific discoveries!
+
+Another journal tells of a new gallstone cure that never fails to cause
+the stones to be passed even if they are big as walnuts. The graft in this
+is that the medicine consists of paraffine dissolved in colored oil. The
+paraffine does not digest, but collects in colored balls, which are passed
+by handfuls and are excellent imitations of the real things.
+
+How about tapeworms, gallstones and Osteopathy, do you ask?
+
+We heard about tapeworms and gallstones when we were in Osteopathic
+college.
+
+The one thing that was ground into us early and thoroughly was that
+Osteopathy was a complete system. No matter what any other system had
+done, we were to remember that Osteopathy could do that thing more surely
+and more scientifically.
+
+Students soon learned that they were never to ask, "_Can_ we treat this?"
+That indicated skepticism, which was intolerable in the atmosphere of
+optimistic faith that surrounded the freshman and sophomore classes
+especially. The question was to be put, "_How_ do we treat this?" In the
+treatment of worms the question was, "How do we treat worms?" That was
+easy. Had not nature made a machine, perfect in all its parts,
+self-oiling, "autotherapeutic," and all that? And would nature allow it to
+choke up or slip a cog just because a little thing like a worm got tangled
+in its gearing? Not much. Nature knew that worms would intrude, and had
+provided her own vermifuge. The cause of worms is insufficient bile, and
+behold, all the Osteopath had to do when he wished to serve notice on the
+aforesaid worms to vacate the premises was to touch the button controlling
+the stop-cock to the bile-duct, and they left. It was so simple and easy
+we wondered how the world could have been so long finding it out.
+
+Osteopathy was complete. That was the proposition on which we were to
+stand. If anything had to be removed, or brought back, or put in place,
+all that was necessary was to open the floodgates, release the pent-up
+forces of nature, and the thing was done!
+
+What a happy condition, to have _perfect_ faith! I remember a report came
+to our school of an Osteopathic physician who read a paper before a
+convention of his brethren, in which he recorded marvelous cures performed
+in cases of tuberculosis. The paper was startling, even revolutionary, yet
+it was not too much for our faith. We were almost indignant at some who
+ventured to suggest that curing consumption by manipulation might be
+claiming too much. These wonderful cures were performed in a town which I
+afterward visited. I could find no one who knew of a single case that had
+been cured. There were those who knew of cases of tuberculosis he had
+treated, that had gone as most other bad cases of that disease go.
+
+There was another world-startling case. It is one of the main cases, from
+all that I can learn, upon which all the bold claims of Osteopathy as an
+insanity cure are based. I remember an article under scare headlines big
+enough for a bloody murder, flared out in the local paper. It was yet more
+wonderfully heralded in the papers at the county seat. The metropolitan
+dailies caught up the echo, which reverberated through Canada and was
+finally heard across the seas! Osteopathic journals took it up and made
+much of it. Those in school read it with eager satisfaction, and plunged
+into their studies with fiercer enthusiasm. Many who had been "almost
+persuaded" were induced by it to "cross the Rubicon," and take up the
+study of this wonderful new science that could take a raving maniac,
+condemned to a mad house by medical men, and with a few scientific twists
+of the neck cause raging insanity to give place to gentle sleep that
+should wake in sanity and health.
+
+Was it any wonder that students flocked to schools that professed to teach
+how common plodding mortals could work such miracles? Was it strange that
+anxious friends brought dear ones, over whom the black cloud of insanity
+cast its shadows, hundreds of miles to be treated by this man? Or to the
+Osteopathic colleges, from which, in all cases of which I ever knew, they
+returned sadly disappointed?
+
+The report of that wonderful cure caused many intelligent laymen (and even
+Dr. Pratt) to indulge a hope that insanity might be only a disturbance of
+the blood supply to the brain caused by pressure from distorted "neck
+bones," or other lesions, and that Osteopaths were to empty our
+overcrowded madhouses. Where is that hope now? What was its foundation? I
+was told by an intimate friend of this great Osteopath that all these
+startling reports we had supposed were published as news the papers were
+glad to get because of their important truths, were but shrewd
+advertising. I afterward talked with the man, and his friends who were at
+the bedside when the miracle was performed, and while they believed that
+there had been good done by the treatment, it was all so tame and
+commonplace at home compared with its fame abroad that I have wondered
+ever since if anything much was really done after all.
+
+
+
+
+THE MORAL TO THE TALE.
+
+Honesty--Plain Dealing--Education.
+
+
+But I must close. I could multiply incidents, but it would grow
+monotonous. I believe I have told enough that is disgusting to the
+intelligent laity and medical men, and enough that is humiliating to the
+capable, honest Osteopath, who practices his "new science" as standing for
+all that is good in physio-therapy.
+
+I hope I have told, or recalled, something that will help physicians to
+see that the way to clear up the turbidity existing in therapeutics to-day
+is by open, honest dealing with the laity, and by a campaign of education
+that shall impart to them enough of the scientific principles of medicine
+so that they may know when they are being imposed upon by quacks and
+grafters. I am encouraged to believe I am on the right track. After I had
+written this booklet I read, in a report of the convention of the American
+Medical Association held in Chicago, that one of the leaders of the
+Association told his brethren that the most important work before them as
+physicians was to conduct a campaign of education for the masses. It must
+be done not only to protect the people, but as well to protect the honest
+physician.
+
+There is another fact that faces the medical profession, and I believe I
+have called attention to conditions that prove it. That is, that the hope
+of the profession of "doctoring" being placed on an honest rational basis
+lies in a broader and more thorough education of the physician. A broad,
+liberal general education to begin with, then all that can be known about
+medicine and surgery. Is that enough? No. Then all that there is in
+physio-therapy, under whatsoever name, that promises to aid in curing or
+preventing disease.
+
+If this humble production aids but a little in any of this great work,
+then my object in writing will have been achieved.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Quacks and Grafters, by Unknown
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