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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, England in the Days of Old, by William Andrews
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: England in the Days of Old
+
+
+Author: William Andrews
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 17, 2012  [eBook #38905]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLAND IN THE DAYS OF OLD***
+
+
+E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by
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+      Images of the original pages are available through
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+
+
+ENGLAND IN THE DAYS OF OLD.
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+BYGONE ENGLAND,
+
+Social Studies in its Historic Byways and Highways,
+
+BY WILLIAM ANDREWS.
+
+"Of interest alike to the antiquary and general reader is 'Bygone
+England,' a book from the able pen of Mr. William Andrews, devoted to the
+consideration of some of the phases of the social life of this country in
+the olden time."--_Whitehall Review._
+
+"A very readable and instructive volume."--_The Globe._
+
+"Many are the subjects of interest introduced into this chatty
+volume."--_Saturday Review._
+
+"There is a large mass of information in this capital volume, and it is so
+pleasantly put, that many will be tempted to study it. Mr. Andrews has
+done his work with great skill."--_London Quarterly Review._
+
+"We welcome 'Bygone England.' It is another of Mr. Andrews' meritorious
+achievements in the path of popularising archæological and old-time
+information without in any way writing down to an ignoble level."--_The
+Antiquary._
+
+"A delightful volume for all who love to dive into the origin of social
+habits and customs, and to penetrate into the byways of
+history."--_Liverpool Daily Post._
+
+"'A delightful book,' is the verdict that the reader will give after a
+perusal of its pages. Mr. Andrews has presented to us in a very pleasing
+form some phases of the social life of England in the olden
+time."--_Publishers' Circular._
+
+"Some of the chapters are very interesting, and are most useful for those
+who desire to know the origin and history of some of our daily practices
+and amusements."--_The World._
+
+"In recommending this book to the general public, we do so, feeling
+confident that within its pages they will find much that is worth knowing,
+that they will never find their interest flag, nor their curiosity
+ungratified."--_Hull Daily News._
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS IN THE TIME OF SIR ROBERT WALPOLE.]
+
+
+ENGLAND IN THE DAYS OF OLD,
+
+by
+
+William Andrews.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+London:
+William Andrews & Co., 5, Farringdon Avenue, E.C.
+1897.
+
+
+
+
+Preface.
+
+
+This volume of new studies on old-time themes, chiefly concerning the
+social and domestic life of England, is sent forth with a hope that it may
+prove entertaining and instructive. It is a companion work to "Bygone
+England," which the critical press and reading public received with a warm
+welcome on its publication, and thus encouraged me to prepare this and
+other volumes dealing with the highways and byways of history.
+
+WILLIAM ANDREWS.
+
+  THE HULL PRESS,
+  _February 14th, 1897_.
+
+
+
+
+Contents.
+
+
+                                              PAGE
+
+  WHEN WIGS WERE WORN                            1
+
+  POWDERING THE HAIR                            28
+
+  MEN WEARING MUFFS                             40
+
+  CONCERNING CORPORATION CUSTOMS                48
+
+  BRIBES FOR THE PALATE                         63
+
+  REBEL HEADS ON CITY GATES                     74
+
+  BURIAL AT CROSS ROADS                        105
+
+  DETAINING THE DEAD FOR DEBT                  115
+
+  A NOBLEMAN'S HOUSEHOLD IN TUDOR TIMES        122
+
+  BREAD AND BAKING IN BYGONE DAYS              134
+
+  ARISE, MISTRESS, ARISE!                      142
+
+  THE TURNSPIT                                 144
+
+  A GOSSIP ABOUT THE GOOSE                     150
+
+  BELLS AS TIME-TELLERS                        156
+
+  THE AGE OF SNUFFING                          168
+
+  STATE LOTTERIES                              186
+
+  BEAR-BAITING                                 205
+
+  MORRIS DANCERS                               222
+
+  THE FOLK-LORE OF MIDSUMMER EVE               234
+
+  HARVEST HOME                                 244
+
+  CURIOUS CHARITIES                            255
+
+  AN OLD-TIME CHRONICLER                       266
+
+  INDEX                                        275
+
+
+
+
+England in the Days of Old.
+
+
+
+
+When Wigs were Worn.
+
+
+The wig was for a long period extremely popular in old England, and its
+history is full of interest. At the present time, when the wig is no
+longer worn by the leaders of fashion, we cannot fully realize the
+important place it held in bygone times. Professional, as well as
+fashionable people did not dare to appear in public without their wigs,
+and they vied with each other in size and style.
+
+[Illustration: EGYPTIAN WIG (PROBABLY FOR FEMALE), FROM THE BRITISH
+MUSEUM.]
+
+To trace the origin of the wig our investigations must be carried to far
+distant times. It was worn in Egypt in remote days, and the Egyptians are
+said to have invented it, not merely as a covering for baldness, but as a
+means of adding to the attractiveness of the person wearing it. On the
+mummies of Egypt wigs are found, and we give a picture of one now in the
+British Museum. This particular wig probably belonged to a female, and was
+found near the small temple of Isis, Thebes. "As the Egyptians always
+shaved their heads," says Dr. T. Robinson, "they could scarcely devise a
+better covering than the wig, which, while it protected them from the rays
+of the sun, allowed, from the texture of the article, the transpiration
+from the head to escape, which is not the case with the turban." Dr.
+Robinson has devoted much study to this subject, and his conclusions merit
+careful consideration. He also points out that in the examples of Egyptian
+wigs in the British and Berlin Museums the upper portions are made of
+curled hair, the plaited hair being confined to the lower part and the
+sides. On the authority of Wilkinson, says Dr. Robinson, "these wigs were
+worn both within the house and out of doors. At parties the head-dress of
+the guests was bound with a chaplet of flowers, and ointment was put upon
+the top of the wig, as if it had really been the hair of the head."
+
+We find in Assyrian sculptures representations of the wig, and its use is
+recorded amongst ancient nations, including Persians, Medes, Lydians,
+Carians, Greeks, and Romans. Amongst the latter nation _galerus_, a round
+cap, was the common name for a wig.
+
+The early fathers of the Church denounced the wig as an invention of the
+Evil One. St. Gregory of Nazianzus, as a proof of the virtue of his simple
+sister Gorgonia, said, "she neither cared to curl her own hair, nor to
+repair its lack of beauty by the aid of a wig." St. Jerome pronounced
+these adornments as unworthy of Christianity. The matter received
+consideration or perhaps, to put it more correctly, condemnation, at many
+councils, commencing at Constantinople, and coming down to the Provincial
+Council at Tours. The wig was not tolerated, even if worn as a joke.
+"There is no joke in the matter," said the enraged St. Bernard: "the woman
+who wears a wig commits a mortal sin." St. John Chrysostom pleaded
+powerfully against this enormity; and others might be mentioned who spoke
+with no uncertain sound against this fashion.
+
+Dr. Doran relates a strange story, saying St. Jerome vouches for its
+authenticity, and by him it was told to deter ladies from wearing wigs.
+"Prætexta," to use Doran's words, "was a very respectable lady, married to
+a somewhat paganist husband, Hymetius. Their niece, Eustachia, resided
+with them. At the instigation of the husband Prætexta took the shy
+Eustachia in hand, attired her in a splendid dress, and covered her fair
+neck with ringlets. Having enjoyed the sight of the modest maiden so
+attired, Prætexta went to bed. To that bedside immediately descended an
+angel, with wrath upon his brow, and billows of angry sounds rolling from
+his lips. 'Thou hast,' said the spirit, 'obeyed thy husband rather than
+the Lord, and has dared to deck the hair of a virgin, and made her look
+like a daughter of earth. For this do I wither up thy hands, and bid them
+recognize the enormity of thy crime in the amount of thy anguish and
+bodily suffering. Five months more shalt thou live, and then Hell shall be
+thy portion; and if thou art bold enough to touch the head of Eustachia
+again, thy husband and thy children shall die even before thee.'"
+
+Church history furnishes some strange stories against wearing wigs, and
+the following may be taken as a good example. Clemens of Alexandria, so
+runs the tale, surprised wig-wearers by telling those that knelt at church
+to receive the blessing, they must please to bear in mind that the
+benediction remained on the wig, and did not pass through to the wearer!
+Some immediately removed their wigs, but others allowed them to remain, no
+doubt hoping to receive a blessing.
+
+Poetry and history supply many interesting passages bearing on our present
+investigations. The Lycians having been engaged in war, were defeated.
+Mausoleus, their conqueror, ruthlessly directed the subdued men to have
+their heads shaven. This was humiliating in the extreme, and the Lycians
+were keenly alive to their ridiculous appearance. The king's general was
+tempted with bribes, and finally yielded, and allowed wigs to be imported
+for them from Greece, and thus the symbol of degredation became the pink
+of Lycian fashion.
+
+Hannibal, the brave soldier, is recorded to have worn two sorts of wigs;
+one to improve, and the other to disguise his person.
+
+Wigs are said to have been worn in England in the reign of King Stephen,
+but their palmy days belong to the seventeenth and the earlier part of the
+eighteenth centuries. Says Stow, they were introduced into this country
+about the time of the Massacre of Paris, but they are not often alluded to
+until the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The earliest payment for one in the
+Privy Purse expenses occurs in December, 1529, and is for twenty shillings
+"for a _perwyke_ for Sexton, the king's fool." Some twenty years later
+wigs, or, to give the full title, periwigs, became popular.
+
+In France the mania was at its height in the reign of Louis XIV. We are
+told in 1656 he had not fewer than forty court _perruquiers_, and these,
+by an order of Council, were declared artistes. In addition to this, Le
+Gros instituted at Paris an Académie de France des Perruquiers. Robinson
+records that a storm was gathering about their heads. He tells us "the
+celebrated Colbert, amazed at the large sums spent for foreign hair,
+conceived the idea of prohibiting the wearing of wigs at Court, and tried
+to introduce a kind of cap." He lost the day, for it was proved that more
+money reached the country for wigs than went out to purchase hair. The
+fashion increased; larger wigs were worn, and some even cost £200 apiece.
+
+Charles II. was the earliest English king represented on the Great Seal
+wearing a large periwig. Dr. Doran assures us that the king did not bring
+the fashion to Whitehall. "He forbade," we are told, "the members of the
+Universities to wear periwigs, smoke tobacco, or to read their sermons.
+The members did all three, and Charles soon found himself doing the first
+two."
+
+Pepys' "Diary" contains much interesting information concerning wigs.
+Under date of 2nd November, 1663, he writes: "I heard the Duke say that he
+was going to wear a periwig, and says the King also will. I never till
+this day observed that the King is mighty gray." It was perhaps the change
+in the colour of his Majesty's hair that induced him to assume the
+head-dress he had previously so strongly condemned.
+
+As might be expected, Pepys, who delighted to be in the fashion, adopted
+the wig. He took time to consider the matter, and had consultations with
+Mr. Jervas, his old barber, about the affair. Referring in his "Diary" to
+one of his visits to his hairdresser, Pepys says "I did try two or three
+borders and periwigs, meaning to wear one, and yet I have no stomach for
+it; but that the pains of keeping my hair clean is great. He trimmed me,
+and at last I parted, but my mind was almost altered from my first
+purpose, from the trouble which I forsee in wearing them also." Weeks
+passed before he could make up his mind to wear a wig. Mrs. Pepys was
+taken to the periwig-maker's shop to see the one made for Mr. Pepys, and
+expressed her satisfaction on seeing it. We read in April, 1665, of the
+wig being at Jervas' under repair. Early in May, Pepys writes in his
+"Diary," he suffered his hair to grow long, in order to wear it, but he
+said "I will have it cut off all short again, and will keep to periwigs."
+Later, under date of September 3rd, he writes: "Lord's day. Up; and put on
+my coloured silk suit, very fine, and my new periwig, bought a good while
+since, but durst not wear, because the plague was in Westminster when I
+bought it; and it is a wonder what will be in fashion, after the plague is
+done, as to periwigs, for nobody will dare to buy any hair, for fear of
+the infection, that it had been cut off the heads of people dead of the
+plague."
+
+We learn from an entry in the "Diary" for June 11th, 1666, that ladies in
+addition to assuming masculine costume for riding, wore long wigs.
+"Walking in the galleries at Whitehall," observes Mr. Pepys, "I find the
+ladies of honour dressed in their riding garbs, with coats and doublets
+with deep skirts, just for all the world like mine, and buttoned their
+doublets up the breast, with periwigs and with hats, so that, only for
+long petticoats dragging under their men's coats, nobody could take them
+for women in any point whatever."
+
+Pepys, we have seen, wondered if periwigs would survive after the terrible
+plague. He thought not, but he was mistaken. Wigs still remained popular.
+The plague passed away, and its terrors were forgotten. The world of folly
+went on much as of yore, perhaps with greater gaiety, as a reaction to the
+lengthened time of depression.
+
+In some instances the wig appears much out of place, and a notable example
+is that given in the portrait by Kneller, of George, Earl of Albemarle. He
+is dressed in armour, and wearing a long flowing wig. Anything more absurd
+could scarcely be conceived.
+
+[Illustration: THE EARL OF ALBEMARLE.]
+
+The beau of the period when the wig was popular carried in his pocket
+beautifully made combs, and in his box at the play, or in other places,
+combed his periwig, and rendered himself irresistible to the ladies.
+Making love seems to have been the chief aim of his life. Sir John
+Hawkins, in his "History of Music," published in 1776, has an informing
+note on combing customs. "On the Mall and in the theatre," he tells us,
+"gentlemen conversed and combed their perukes. There is now in being a
+fine picture by the elder Laroon of John, Duke of Marlborough, at his
+_levée_, in which his Grace is represented dressed in a scarlet suit, with
+large white satin cuffs, and a very long white peruke which he combs,
+while his valet, who stands behind him, adjusts the curls after the comb
+has passed through them." Allusions to the practice may be found in the
+plays from the reign of Charles II. down to the days of Queen Anne. We
+read in Dryden's prologue to "Almanzor and Almahide"--
+
+  "But as when vizard mask appears in pit,
+  Straight every man who thinks himself a wit
+  Perks up, and, managing a comb with grace,
+  With his white wig sets off his nut-brown face."
+
+Says Congreve, in the "Way of the World":--
+
+  "The gentlemen stay but to comb, madam, and will wait on you."
+
+Thomas Brown, in his "Letters from the Dead to the Living" presents a pen
+portrait of beaux, as they appeared at the commencement of the eighteenth
+century. Some of the passages are well worth reproducing, as they contain
+valuable information concerning wigs. "We met," says the writer, "three
+flaming beaux of the first magnitude. He in the middle made a most
+magnificent figure--his periwig was large enough to have loaded a camel,
+and he bestowed upon it at least a bushel of powder, I warrant you. His
+sword-knot dangled upon the ground, and his steinkirk, that was most
+agreeably discoloured with snuff from the top to the bottom, reach'd down
+to his waist; he carry'd his hat under his left arm, walk'd with both
+hands in the waistband of his breeches, and his cane, that hung
+negligently down in a string from his right arm, trail'd most
+harmoniously against the pebbles, while the master of it was tripping it
+nicely upon his toes, or humming to himself." Down to the middle of the
+eighteenth century, wigs continued to increase in size.
+
+It will not now be without interest to direct attention to a few of the
+many styles of wigs.
+
+[Illustration: CAMPAIGN-WIG.]
+
+Randle Holme, in his "Academy of Armory," published in 1684, has some
+interesting illustrations, and we will draw upon him for a couple of
+pictures. Our first example is called the campaign-wig. He says it "hath
+knots or bobs, or dildo, on each side, with a curled forehead." This is
+not so cumbrous as the periwig we have noticed.
+
+[Illustration: PERIWIG WITH TAIL.]
+
+Another example from Holme is a smaller style of periwig with tail, and
+from this wig doubtless originated the familiar pig-tail. It was of
+various forms, and Swift says:--
+
+  "We who wear our wigs
+  With fantail and with snake."
+
+A third example given by Holme is named the "short-bob," and is a plain
+peruke, imitating a natural head of hair. "Perukes," says Malcolm, in his
+"Manners and Customs," "were an highly important article in 1734. Those of
+right gray human hair were four guineas each; light grizzle ties, three
+guineas; and other colours in proportion, to twenty-five shillings. Right
+gray human hair, cue perukes, from two guineas; white, fifteen shillings
+each, which was the price of dark ones; and right gray bob perukes, two
+guineas and a half; fifteen shillings was the price of dark bobs. Those
+mixed with horsehair were much lower. It will be observed, from the
+gradations in price, that real gray hair was most in fashion, and dark of
+no estimation." As time ran its course, wigs became more varied in form,
+and bore different names.
+
+[Illustration: RAMILLIE-WIG.]
+
+We find in the days of Queen Anne such designations as black riding-wigs,
+bag-wigs, and nightcap-wigs. These were in addition to the long, formally
+curled perukes. In 1706, the English, led by Marlborough, gained a great
+victory on the battlefield of Ramillies, and that gave the title to a long
+wig described as "having a long, gradually diminishing, plaited tail,
+called the 'Ramillie-tail,' which was tied with a great bow at the top,
+and a smaller one at the bottom." It is stated in Read's _Weekly Journal_
+of May 1st, 1736, in a report of the marriage of the Prince of Wales, that
+"the officers of the Horse and Foot Guards wore Ramillie periwigs by his
+Majesty's order." We meet in the reign of George II. other forms of the
+wig, and more titles for them; the most popular, perhaps, was the
+pigtail-wig. The pig-tails were worn hanging down the back, or tied up in
+a knot behind, as shown in our illustration. This form of wig was popular
+in the army, but in 1804, orders were given for it to be reduced to seven
+inches in length, and finally, in 1808, to be cut off.
+
+[Illustration: THE PIG-TAIL WIG.]
+
+[Illustration: BAG-WIG.]
+
+Here is a picture of an ordinary man; by no means can he be regarded as a
+beau. He is wearing a common bag-wig, dating back to about the middle of
+the eighteenth century. The style is modified to suit an individual
+taste, and for one who did not follow the extreme fashion of his time. In
+this example may be observed the sausage curls over the ear, and the
+frizziness over the forehead.
+
+We have directed attention to the large periwigs, and given a portrait of
+the Earl of Albemarle wearing one. In the picture of the House of Commons
+in the time of Sir Robert Walpole we get an excellent indication of how
+popular the periwig was amongst the law-makers of the land. Farquhar, in a
+comedy called "Love and a Bottle," brought out in 1698, says, "a full wig
+is imagined to be as infallible a token of wit as the laurel."
+
+Tillotson is usually regarded as the first amongst the English clergy to
+adopt the wig. He said in one of his sermons: "I can remember since the
+wearing of hair below the ears was looked upon as a sin of the first
+magnitude, and when ministers generally, whatever their text was, did
+either find or make occasion to reprove the great sin of long hair; and if
+they saw any one in the congregation guilty in that kind, they would point
+him out particularly, and let fly at him with great zeal." Dr. Tillotson
+died on November 24th, 1694.
+
+[Illustration: ARCHBISHOP TILLOTSON.]
+
+Wigs found favour with parsons, and in course of time they appear to have
+been indispensable. A volume in 1765, was issued under the title of "Free
+Advice to a Young Clergyman," from the pen of the Rev. John Chubbe, in
+which he recommended the young preacher to always wear a full wig until
+age had made his own hair respectable. Dr. Randolph, on his advancement to
+the bishopric, presumed to wait upon George IV. to kiss hands without
+wearing a wig. This could not be overlooked by the king, and he said, "My
+lord, you must have a wig." Bishops wore wigs until the days of William
+IV. Bishop Blomfield is said to have been the first bishop to set the
+example of wearing his own hair. Even as late as 1858, at the marriage of
+the Princess Royal of England, Archbishop Sumner appeared in his wig.
+
+Medical men kept up the custom of wearing wigs for a long period; perhaps
+they felt like a character in Fielding's farce, "The Mock Doctor," who
+exclaims, "I must have a physician's habit, for a physician can no more
+prescribe without a full wig than without a fee." The wig known as the
+full-bottomed wig was worn by the medical profession:--
+
+  "Physic of old her entry made
+  Beneath the immense, full-bottom'd shade;
+  While the gilt cane, with solemn pride
+  To each suspicious nose applied,
+  Seemed but a necessary prop
+  To bear the weight of wig at top."
+
+We are told Dr. Delmahoy's wig was particularly celebrated in a song which
+commenced:
+
+  "If you would see a noble wig,
+  And in that wig a man look big,
+  To Ludgate Hill repair, my boy,
+  And gaze on Dr. Delmahoy."
+
+In the middle of the last century so much importance was attached to this
+portion of a medical man's costume, that Dr. Brocklesby's barber was in
+the habit of carrying a bandbox through the High Change, exclaiming: Make
+way for Dr. Brocklesby's wig!
+
+Professional wigs are now confined to the Speaker in the House of Commons,
+who, when in the chair, wears a full-bottomed one, and to judges and
+barristers. Such wigs are made of horsehair, cleaned and curled with care,
+and woven on silk threads, and shaped to fit the head with exactness. The
+cost of a barrister's wig of frizzed hair is from five to six guineas.
+
+An eminent counsel in years agone wished to make a motion before Judge
+Cockburn, and in his hurry appeared without a wig. "I hear your voice,"
+sternly said his Lordship, "but I cannot see you." The barrister had to
+obtain the loan of a wig from a learned friend before the judge would
+listen to him.
+
+Lord Eldon suffered much from headache, and when he was raised to the
+peerage he petitioned the King to allow him to dispense with the wig. He
+was refused; his Majesty saying he could not permit such an innovation. In
+vain did his Lordship show that the wig was an innovation, as the old
+judges did not wear them. "True," said the King; "the old judges wore
+beards."
+
+In more recent times we have particulars of several instances of both
+bench and bar discarding the use of the wig. At the Summer Assizes at
+Lancaster, in 1819, a barrister named Mr. Scarlett hurried into court, and
+was permitted to take part in a trial without his wig and gown. Next day
+the whole of the members of the bar appeared without their professional
+badges, but only on this occasion, although on the previous day a hope had
+been expressed that the time was not far distant when the mummeries of
+costume would be entirely discarded.
+
+We learn from a report in the _Times_ of July 24th, 1868, that on account
+of the unprecedented heat of the weather on the day before in the Court of
+Probate and Divorce the learned judge and bar appeared without wigs.
+
+On July 22nd, 1874, it is recorded that Dr. Kenealy rose to open the case
+for the defence in the Tichborne suit; he sought and obtained permission,
+to remove his wig on account of the excessive heat.
+
+Towards the close of the last century few were the young men at the
+Universities who ventured to wear their own hair, and such as did were
+designated Apollos.
+
+Women, as well as men, called into requisition, to add to their charms,
+artificial accessories in the form of wigs and curls. Ladies' hair was
+curled and frizzed with considerable care, and frequently false curls were
+worn under the name of heart-breakers. It will be seen from the
+illustration we give that these curls increased the beauty of a pretty
+face.
+
+[Illustration: HEART-BREAKERS.]
+
+Queen Elizabeth, we gather from Hentzner and other authorities, wore false
+hair. We are told that ladies, in compliment to her, dyed their hair a
+sandy hue, the natural colour of the Queen's locks.
+
+[Illustration: A BARBER'S SHOP IN THE TIME OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.]
+
+We present a picture of a barber's shop in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.
+It looks more like the home of a magician than the workshop of a
+hairdresser, although we see the barber thoughtfully employed on a wig.
+The barber at this period was an important man. A few of his duties
+consisted in dressing wigs, using the razor, cutting hair, starching
+beards, curling moustachios, tying up love-locks, dressing sword-wounds
+received in street frays, and the last, and by no means the least, of his
+varied functions was that of receiver and circulator of news and scandal.
+
+It is recorded that Mary Queen of Scots obtained wigs from Edinburgh not
+merely while in Scotland, but during her long and weary captivity in
+England. From "The True Report of the Last Moments of Mary Stuart," it
+appears, when the executioner lifted the head by the hair to show it to
+the spectators, it fell from his hands owing to the hair being false.
+
+We have previously mentioned Pepys' allusions to women and wigs in 1666.
+Coming down to later times, we read in the _Whitehall Evening Post_ of
+August 17th, 1727, that when the King, George II., reviewed the Guards,
+the three eldest Princesses "went to Richmond in riding habits, with hats,
+and feathers, and periwigs."
+
+It will be seen from the picture of a person with and without a wig that
+its use made a plain face presentable. There is a good election story of
+Daniel O'Connell. It is related during a fierce debate on the hustings,
+O'Connell with his biting, witty tongue attacked his opponent on account
+of his ill-favoured countenance. But, not to be outdone, and thinking to
+turn the gathering against O'Connell, his adversary called out, "Take off
+your wig, and I'll warrant that you'll prove the uglier." The witty
+Irishman immediately responded, amidst roars of laughter from the crowd,
+by snatching the wig from off his own head and exposing to view a bald
+plate, destitute of a single hair. The relative question of beauty was
+scarcely settled by this amusing rejoinder, but the laugh was certainly on
+O'Connell's side.
+
+[Illustration: WITH AND WITHOUT A WIG.]
+
+An interesting tale is told of Peter the Great of Russia. In the year
+1716, the famous Emperor was at Dantzig, taking part in a public ceremony,
+and feeling his head somewhat cold, he stretched out his hand, and
+seizing the wig from the head of the burgomaster sitting below him, he
+placed it on his own regal head. The surprise of the spectators may be
+better imagined than described. On the Czar returning the wig, his
+attendants explained that his Majesty was in the habit of borrowing the
+wig of any nobleman within reach on similar occasions. His Majesty, it may
+be added, was short of hair.
+
+[Illustration: STEALING A WIG.]
+
+In the palmy days of wigs the price of a full wig of an English gentleman
+was from thirty to forty guineas. Street quarrels in the olden time were
+by no means uncommon; care had to be exercised that wigs were not lost.
+Says Swift:--
+
+  "Triumphing Tories and desponding Whigs,
+  Forget their feuds, and join to save their wigs."
+
+Although precautions were taken to prevent wigs being stolen, we are told
+that robberies were frequently committed. Sam Rogers thus describes a
+successful mode of operation: "A boy was carried covered over in a
+butcher's tray by a tall man, and the wig was twisted off in a moment by
+the boy. The bewildered owner looked all around for it, when an accomplice
+impeded his progress under the pretence of assisting him while the
+tray-bearer made off."
+
+Gay, in his "Trivia," thus writes:--
+
+  "Nor is the flaxen wig with safety worn:
+  High on the shoulders in a basket borne
+  Lurks the sly boy, whose hand, to rapine bred,
+  Plucks off the curling honours of thy head."
+
+We will bring our gossip about wigs to a close with an account of the
+Peruke Riot. On February 11th, 1765, a curious spectacle was witnessed in
+the streets of London, and one that caused some amusement. Fashion had
+changed; the peruke was no longer in favour, and only worn to a limited
+extent. A large number of peruke-makers were thrown out of employment,
+and distress prevailed amongst them. The sufferers thought that help might
+be obtained from George III., and a petition was accordingly drawn up for
+the enforcement of gentlefolk wearing wigs for the benefit of the
+wig-makers. A procession was formed, and waited upon the King at St.
+James's Palace. His Majesty, we are told, returned a gracious answer, but
+it must have cost him considerable effort to have maintained his gravity.
+
+Besides the monarch, the unemployed had to encounter the men of the
+metropolis, and from a report of the period we learn they did not fare so
+well. "As the distressed men went processionally through the town," says
+the account, "it was observed that most of the wig-makers, who wanted
+other people to wear them, wore no wigs themselves; and this striking the
+London mob as something monstrously unfair and inconsistent, they seized
+the petitioners, and cut off all their hair _per force_."
+
+Horace Walpole alludes to this ludicrous petition in one of his letters.
+"Should we wonder," he writes, "if carpenters were to remonstrate that
+since the Peace there is no demand for wooden legs?" The wags of the day
+could not allow the opportunity to pass without attempting to provoke more
+mirth out of the matter, and a petition was published purporting to come
+from the body carpenters imploring his Majesty to wear a wooden leg, and
+to enjoin his servants to appear in his royal presence with the same
+graceful decoration.
+
+
+
+
+Powdering the Hair.
+
+
+In the olden days hair-powder was largely used in this country, and many
+circumstances connected with its history are curious and interesting. We
+learn from Josephus that the Jews used hair-powder, and from the East it
+was no doubt imported into Rome. The history of the luxurious days of the
+later Roman Empire supplies some strange stories. At this period gold-dust
+was employed by several of the emperors. "The hair of Commodus," it is
+stated on the authority of Herodian, "glittered from its natural
+whiteness, and from the quantity of essences and gold-dust with which it
+was loaded, so that when the sun was shining it might have been thought
+that his head was on fire."
+
+It is supposed, and not without a good show of reason, that the Saxons
+used coloured hair-powder, or perhaps they dyed their hair. In Saxon
+pictures the beard and hair are often painted blue. Strutt supplies
+interesting notes on the subject. "In some instances," he says, "which,
+indeed, are not so common, the hair is represented of a bright red colour,
+and in others it is of a green and orange hue. I have no doubt existing
+in my own mind, that arts of some kind were practised at this period to
+colour the hair; but whether it was done by tingeing or dyeing it with
+liquids prepared for that purpose according to the ancient Eastern custom,
+or by powders of different hues cast into it, agreeably to the modern
+practice, I shall not presume to determine."
+
+It was customary among the Gauls to wash the hair with a lixivium made of
+chalk in order to increase its redness. The same custom was maintained in
+England for a long period, and was not given up until after the reign of
+Elizabeth. The sandy-coloured hair of the queen greatly increased the
+popularity of the practice.
+
+The satirists have many allusions to this subject, more especially those
+of the reigns of James and Charles I. In a series of epigrams entitled
+"Wit's Recreations," 1640, the following appears under the heading of "Our
+Monsieur Powder-wig":--
+
+  "Oh, doe but marke yon crisped sir, you meet!
+  How like a pageant he doth walk the street!
+  See how his perfumed head is powdered ore;
+  'Twou'd stink else, for it wanted salt before."
+
+In "Musarum Deliciæ," 1655, we read:--
+
+    "At the devill's shopps you buy
+      A dresse of powdered hayre,
+    On which your feathers flaunt and fly;
+      But i'de wish you have a care,
+  Lest Lucifer's selfe, who is not prouder,
+  Do one day dresse up your haire with a powder."
+
+From the pen of R. Younge, in 1656, appeared, "The Impartial Monitor." The
+author closes with a tirade against female follies in these words:--"It
+were a good deed to tell men also of mealing their heads and shoulders, of
+wearing fardingales about their legs, etc.; for these likewise deserve the
+rod, since all that are discreet do but hate and scorn them for it." A
+"Loyal Litany" against the Oliverians runs thus:--
+
+  "From a king-killing saint,
+  Patch, powder, and paint,
+        Libera nos, Domine."
+
+Massinger, in the "City Madam," printed in 1679, describing the dress of a
+rich merchant's wife, mentions powder thus:--
+
+  "Since your husband was knighted, as I said,
+  The reverend hood cast off, your borrowed hair
+  Powdered and curled, was by your dresser's art,
+  Formed like a coronet, hanged with diamonds
+  And richest orient pearls."
+
+John Gay, in his poem, "Trivia, or the Art of Walking the Streets of
+London," published in 1716, advises in passing a coxcomb,--
+
+  "Him like the Miller, pass with caution by,
+  Lest from his shoulder clouds of powder fly."
+
+We learn from the "Annals of the Barber-Surgeons" some particulars
+respecting the taxing of powder. On 8th August, 1751, "Mr. John Brooks,"
+it is stated, "attended and produced a deed to which he requested the
+subscription of the Court; this deed recited that by an Act of Parliament
+passed in the tenth year of Queen Anne, it was enacted that a duty of
+twopence per pound should be laid upon all starch imported, and of a penny
+per pound upon all starch made in Great Britain, that no perfumer, barber,
+or seller of hair-powder should mix any powder of alabaster, plaster of
+Paris, whiting, lime, etc. (sweet scents excepted), with any starch to be
+made use of for making hair-powder, under a pain of forfeiting the
+hair-powder and £50, and that any person who should expose the same for
+sale should forfeit it and £20." Other details were given in the deed, and
+the Barber-Surgeons gave it their support, and promised twenty guineas
+towards the cost of passing the Bill through Parliament.
+
+A few years prior to the above proceeding we gather from the _Gentleman's
+Magazine_ particulars of some convictions for using powder not made in
+accordance with the laws of the land. "On the 20th October, 1745," it is
+recorded, "fifty-one barbers were convicted before the commissioners of
+excise, and fined in the penalty of £20, for having in their custody
+hair-powder not made of starch, contrary to Act of Parliament: and on the
+27th of the same month, forty-nine other barbers were convicted of the
+same offence, and fined in the like penalty."
+
+Before powder was used, the hair was generally greased with pomade, and
+powdering operations were attended with some trouble. In houses of any
+pretension was a small room set apart for the purpose, and it was known as
+"the powdering-room." Here were fixed two curtains, and the person went
+behind, exposing the head only, which received its proper supply of powder
+without any going on the clothes of the individual dressed.
+
+In the _Rambler_, No. 109, under date 1751, a young gentleman writes that
+his mother would rather follow him to his grave than see him sneak about
+with dirty shoes and blotted fingers, hair unpowdered, and a hat uncocked.
+
+We have seen that hair-powder was taxed, and on the 5th of May, 1795, an
+Act of Parliament was passed taxing persons using it. Pitt was in power,
+and being sorely in need of money, hit upon the plan of a tax of a guinea
+per head on those who used hair-powder. He was prepared to meet much
+ridicule by this movement, but he saw that it would yield a considerable
+revenue, estimating it as much as £200,000 a year. Fox, with force, said
+that a fiscal arrangement dependent on a capricious fashion must be
+regarded as an absurdity, but the Opposition were unable to defeat the
+proposal, and the Act was passed. Pitt's powerful rival, Charles James
+Fox, in his early manhood, was one of the most fashionable men about town.
+Here are a few particulars of his "get up" about 1770, drawn from the
+_Monthly Magazine_: "He had his chapeau-bas, his red-heeled shoes, and his
+blue hair-powder." Later, when Pitt's tax was gathered, like other Whigs
+he refused to use hair-powder. For more than a quarter of a century it had
+been customary for men to wear their hair long, tied in a pig-tail and
+powdered. Pitt's measure gave rise to a number of Crop Clubs. The _Times_
+for April 14th, 1795, contains particulars of one. "A numerous club," says
+the paragraph, "has been formed in Lambeth, called the _Crop Club_, every
+member of which, on his entrance, is obliged to have his head docked as
+close as the Duke of Bridgewater's old bay coach-horses. This assemblage
+is instituted for the purpose of opposing, or rather evading, the tax on
+powdered heads." Hair cropping was by no means confined to the humbler
+ranks of society. The _Times_ of April 25th, 1795, reports that:--"The
+following noblemen and gentlemen were at the party with the Duke of
+Bedford, at Woburn Abbey, when a general cropping and combing out of
+hair-powder took place: Lord W. Russell, Lord Villiers, Lord Paget, &c.,
+&c. They entered into an engagement to forfeit a sum of money if any of
+them wore their hair tied, or powdered, within a certain period. Many
+noblemen and gentlemen in the county of Bedford have since followed the
+example: it has become general with the gentry in Hampshire, and the
+ladies have left off wearing powder." Hair-powder did not long continue in
+use in the army, for in 1799 it was abolished on account of the high price
+of flour, caused through the bad harvests. Using flour for the hair
+instead of for food was an old grievance among the poor. In the "Art of
+Dressing the Hair," 1770, the author complains:--
+
+  "Their hoarded grain contractors spare,
+  And starve the poor to beautify the hair."
+
+Pitt's estimates proved correct, for in the first year the tax produced
+£210,136. The tax was increased from a guinea to one pound three shillings
+and sixpence. Pitt's Tory friends gave him loyal support. The Whigs might
+taunt them by calling them "guinea-pigs," it mattered little, for they
+were not merely ready to pay the tax for themselves but to pay patriotic
+guineas for their servants. A number of persons were exempt from paying
+the tax, including "the royal family and their servants, the clergy with
+an income of under £100 per annum, subalterns, non-commissioned officers
+and privates in the army and navy, and all officers and privates of the
+yeomanry and volunteers enrolled during the past year. A father having
+more than two unmarried daughters might obtain on payment for two, a
+license for the remainder." A gentlemen took out a license for his butler,
+coachman, and footman, etc., and if he changed during the year it stood
+good for the newly engaged servants.
+
+Powder was not wholly set aside by ladies until 1793, when with
+consideration Queen Charlotte abandoned its use, swayed no doubt by her
+desire to cheapen, in that time of dearth, the flour of which it was made.
+It has been said its disuse was attributable to Sir Joshua Reynolds,
+Angelica Kauffmann, and other painters of their day, but it is much more
+likely that the artists painted the hair "full and flowing" because they
+found it so, not that they as a class dictated to their patronesses in
+despite of fashion. The French Revolution had somewhat to do with the
+change, a powdered head or wig was a token of aristocracy, and as the
+fashion might lead to the guillotine, sensible people discarded it long
+before the English legislature put a tax upon its use.
+
+With reference to this Sir Walter Scott says in the fifth chapter of "The
+Antiquary":--"Regular were the Antiquary's inquiries at an old-fashioned
+barber, who dressed the only three wigs in the parish, which, in defiance
+of taxes and times, were still subjected to the operation of powdering and
+frizzling, and who for that purpose divided his time among the three
+employers whom fashion had yet left him."
+
+"Fly with this letter, Caxon," said the senior (the Antiquary), holding
+out his missive, "fly to Knockwinnock, and bring me back an answer. Go as
+fast as if the town council were met and waiting for the provost, and the
+provost was waiting for his new powdered wig." "Ah, sir," answered the
+messenger, with a deep sigh, "thae days hae lang gane by. Deil a wig has a
+provost of Fairport worn sin' auld Provost Jervie's time--and he had a
+quean of a servant-lass that dressed it hersel', wi' the doup o' a candle
+and a dredging box. But I hae seen the day, Monkbarns, when the town
+council of Fairport wad hae as soon wanted their town-clerk, or their gill
+of brandy ower-head after the haddies, as they wad hae wanted ilk ane a
+weel-favoured, sonsy, decent periwig on his pow. Hegh, sirs! nae wonder
+the commons will be discontent, and rise against the law, when they see
+magistrates, and bailies, and deacons, and the provost himsel', wi' heads
+as bald an' as bare as one o' my blocks."
+
+It was not in Scotland alone that the barber was peripatetic. "In the last
+century," says Mrs. G. Linnæus Banks, author of the "Manchester Man" and
+other popular novels, "he waited on his chief customers or patrons at
+their own homes, not merely to shave, but to powder the hair or the wig,
+and he had to start on his round betimes. Where the patron was the owner
+of a spare periwig it might be dressed in advance, and sent home in a box,
+or mounted on a stand, such as a barrister keeps handy at the present day.
+But when ladies had powdered top-knots, the hairdresser made his harvest,
+especially when a ball or a rout made the calls for his services many and
+imperative. When at least a couple of hours were required for the
+arrangement of a single toupée or tower, or commode, as the head-dress was
+called, it may well be understood that for two or three days prior to the
+ball the hairdresser was in demand, and as it was impossible to lie down
+without disarranging the structure he had raised on pads, or framework of
+wire, plastering with pomatum and disguising with powder, the belles so
+adorned or disfigured were compelled to sit up night and day, catching
+what sleep was possible in a chair. And when I add that a head so dressed
+was rarely disturbed for ten days or a fortnight, it needs no stretch of
+imagination to realize what a mass of loathsome nastiness the fine ladies
+of the last century carried about with them, or what strong stomachs the
+barbers must have had to deal with them."
+
+The Tories often regarded with mistrust any persons who did not use
+hair-powder. The Rev. J. Charles Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., the eminent
+antiquary, relates a good story respecting his grandfather. "So late as
+1820," says Dr. Cox, "Major Cox of Derby, an excellent Tory, declined for
+some time to allow his son Edward to become a pupil of a well-known
+clerical tutor, for the sole reason that the clergyman did not powder, and
+wore his hair short, arguing that he must therefore, be a dangerous
+revolutionist."
+
+In 1869 the tax on hair-powder was repealed, when only some 800 persons
+paid it, producing about £1,000 per year.
+
+
+
+
+Men wearing Muffs.
+
+
+The muff in bygone times was worn by men as well as women. Several writers
+state that it was introduced into England in the reign of Charles II., but
+this is not correct, for, although it is not of great antiquity, it can
+certainly be traced back to a much earlier period. Most probably it
+reached us from France, and when it came into fashion it was small in
+size.
+
+The earliest representation of a muff that has come under our notice
+occurs in a drawing by Gaspar Rutz (1598) of an English lady, and she
+wears it pendant from her girdle. A few years later in the wardrobe
+accounts of Prince Henry of Wales, a charge is made for embroidering two
+muffs. The entries occur in 1608, and are as follow:--"One of cloth of
+silver, embroidered with purles, plates, and Venice twists of silver and
+gold; the other of black satten, embroidered with black silk and bugles,
+viz., for one £7, the other 60s." Muffs were usually ornamented with
+bunches of gay ribbons, or some other decorations, and were generally
+hung round the neck with ribbons.
+
+Several poems and plays of the olden time contain references to men using
+muffs. One of the earliest, if not the first, to mention a man wearing a
+muff, occurs in an epistle by Samuel Rowlands, written about 1600. It is
+as follows:--
+
+  "Behold a most accomplished cavalier
+  That the world's ape of fashion doth appear,
+  Walking the streets his humour to disclose,
+  In the French doublet and the German hose.
+  The _muffes_, cloak, Spanish hat, Toledo blade,
+  Italian ruff, a shoe right Spanish made."
+
+A ballad, describing the frost fair on the Thames in the winter of 1683-4,
+mentions amongst those present:--
+
+  "A spark of the Bar with his cane and his _muff_."
+
+In course of time the muff was increased in size, until it was very large.
+Dryden, in the epilogue of "The Husband his own Cuckstool," 1696, refers
+to the _monstrous muff_ worn by the beau.
+
+Pepys made a point of being in fashion, but in respect to the muff he was
+most economical. He says he took his wife's last year's muff, and it is
+pleasing to record that he gallantly bought her a new one.
+
+[Illustration: MAN WITH MUFF, 1693. (_From a Print of the Period._)]
+
+Professional men did not neglect to add to their dignity by the use of the
+muff. In addition to the gold-headed cane, the doctor carried a muff. An
+old book called "The Mother-in-law," includes a character who is advised
+by his friends to become a physician. Says one to him: "'Tis but putting
+on the doctor's gown and cap, and you'll have more knowledge in an instant
+than you'll know what to do withal." Observes another friend: "Besides,
+sir, if you had no other qualification than that muff of yours, twould go
+a great way. A muff is more than half in the making of a doctor." Cibble
+tells Nightshade in Cumberland's "Cholerick Man," 1775, to "Tuck your
+hands in your _muff_ and never open your lips for the rest of the
+afternoon; 'twill gain you respect in every house you enter." Alexander
+Wedderburn, before being called to the English Bar in 1757, had practised
+as an advocate in his native city, Edinburgh. In his references to his
+early days, there is an allusion to the muff, showing that its use must
+have been by no means uncommon in Scotland in the middle of the eighteenth
+century. "Knowing my countrymen at that time," he tells us, "I was at
+great pains to study and assume a very grave, solemn deportment for a
+young man, which my marked features, notwithstanding my small stature,
+would render more imposing. Men then wore in winter _small muffs_, and I
+flatter myself that, as I paced to the Parliament House, no man of fifty
+could look more thoughtful or steady. My first client was a citizen whom I
+did not know. He called upon me in the course of a cause, and becoming
+familiar with him, I asked him 'how he came to employ me?' The answer was:
+'Why, I had noticed you in the High Street, going to the court, the most
+punctual of any, as the clock struck nine, and you looked so grave and
+business-like, that I resolved from your appearance to have you for my
+advocate.'" More instances of the muff amongst professional men might be
+cited, but the foregoing are sufficient to indicate the value set upon it
+by this class.
+
+Towards the end of the seventeenth century it was customary to carry in
+the muff small dogs known as "muff dogs," and Hollar made a picture of one
+of these little animals.
+
+A tale is told of the eccentric head of one of the colleges at Oxford, who
+had a great aversion to the undergraduates wearing long hair, that on one
+occasion he reduced the length of a young man's hair by means of a
+bread-knife. It is stated that he carried concealed in his muff a pair of
+scissors, and with these he slyly cut off offending locks.
+
+Both the _Tatler_ and the _Spectator_ include notices of the muff. In No.
+153 of the _Tatler_, 1710, is a description of a poor but doubtless a
+proud person with a muff. "I saw," it is stated, "he was reduced to
+extreme poverty, by certain shabby superfluities in his dress,
+for--notwithstanding that it was a very sultry day for the time of the
+year--he wore a loose great coat and a _muff_. Here we see poverty trying
+to imitate prosperity." There are at least three allusions to the muff in
+the pages of the _Spectator_. We find in the issue for March 19th, 1711, a
+correspondent desires Addison to be "very satyrical upon the little muff"
+that was then fashionable amongst men.
+
+A satirical print was published in 1756, at the Gold Acorn Tavern, facing
+Hungerford Market, London, called the "Beau Admiral." It represents
+Admiral Byng carrying a large muff. He had been sent to relieve Minorca,
+besieged by the French, and after a futile action withdrew his ships,
+declaring that the ministry had not furnished him with a sufficient fleet
+to successfully fight the enemy. This action made the ministry furious,
+and Byng was brought before a court martial, and early in 1757 he was,
+according to sentence, shot at Portsmouth.
+
+In America muffs were popular with both men and women. Old newspapers
+contain references to them. The following advertisement is drawn from the
+_Boston News Letter_ of March 5th, 1715:--
+
+    "Any man that took up a Man's Muff drop't on the Lord's Day between
+    the Old Meeting House & the South, are desired to bring it to the
+    Printer's Office, and shall be rewarded."
+
+Mrs. Alice Morse Earle, in her "Costume of Colonial Times" (New York:
+1894), gives other instances of men's muffs being missing, "In 1725," says
+Mrs. Earle, "Dr. Prince lost his 'black bear-skin muff,' and in 1740 a
+sable-skin man's muff was advertised." It is clear from Mrs. Earle's
+investigations that the beaux of New England followed closely the lead of
+the dandies of Old England. "I can easily fancy," she says, "the mincing
+face of Horace Walpole peering out of a carriage window or a sedan-chair,
+with his hands and his wrists thrust in a great muff; but when I look at
+the severe and ascetic countenance in the portrait of Thomas Prince, I
+find it hard to think of him, walking solemnly along Boston streets,
+carrying his big bear-skin muff." Other Bostonians, we are told,
+maintained the fashion until a much later period. Judge Dana employed it
+even after Revolutionary times. In 1783, in the will of René Hett, of New
+York, several muffs are mentioned, and were considered of sufficient
+account to form bequests.
+
+The puritans of New England had little regard for warmth in their places
+of worship, and it is not surprising that men wore muffs. People were
+obliged to attend the services of the church unless they were sick, yet
+little attempt was made to render the places comfortable.
+
+The first stove introduced into a meeting-house in Massachusetts was at
+Boston in 1773. In 1793 two stoves were placed in the Friends'
+meeting-house, Salem, and in 1809 one was erected in the North Church,
+Salem. Persons are still living in the United States who can remember the
+knocking of feet on a cold day towards the close of a long sermon. The
+preachers would ask for a little patience and promise to close their
+discourses.
+
+
+
+
+Concerning Corporation Customs.
+
+
+The history of old English Municipal Corporations contains some quaint and
+interesting information respecting the laws, customs, and every-day life
+of our forefathers. The institution of corporate towns dates back to a
+remote period, and in this country we had our corporations before the
+Norman Conquest. The Norman kings frequently granted charters for the
+incorporation of towns, and an example is the grant of a charter to London
+by Henry I. in the year 1101.
+
+For more than a century and a half no person was permitted to hold office
+in a municipal corporation unless he had previously taken sacrament
+according to the rites of the Established Church. The act regulating this
+matter was known as the Test Act, which remained in force from the days of
+Charles II. to those of George IV. It was repealed on the 9th May, 1828.
+In the latter reign, in 1835, was passed the Municipal Reform Act, which
+greatly changed the constitution of many corporate towns and boroughs. It
+is not, however, so much the laws as local customs to which we wish to
+direct attention.
+
+The mace as a weapon may be traced back to a remote period, and was a
+staff about five feet in length with a metal head usually spiked. Maces
+were used by the heavy cavalry in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries,
+but went out of use in England in the reign of Elizabeth. It is not clear
+when the ornamental maces came to be regarded as an ensign of authority.
+Their first use may be traced back to the twelfth century. At that period
+and later spikeless maces were carried by the guards attending princes, as
+a convenient weapon to protect them against the sudden attacks of the
+assassin. Happily their need passed away, and as a symbol of rank only
+they have remained. In civic processions the mace is usually borne before
+the mayor, and when the sovereign visits a corporate town it is customary
+for the mayor to bear the mace before the monarch. We learn from history
+that when Princess Margaret was on her way to Scotland in 1503 to be
+united in marriage to James IV., as she passed through the city of York
+the Lord Mayor shouldered the mace and carried it before her. The mace
+was formerly borne before the mayoress of Southampton when she went out in
+state. A singular custom connected with the mace obtained at Leicester. It
+was customary for the newly-elected mayor to proceed to the castle, and in
+accordance with a charter granted by James I., take an oath before the
+steward of the Duchy of Lancaster, "to perform faithfully and well all and
+every ancient custom, and so forth according to the best of his
+knowledge." On arrival at a certain place within the precincts of the
+stronghold the mayor had the great mace lowered from an upright position
+as a token of acknowledgment to the ancient feudal earls within their
+castle. In 1766 Mr. Fisher, a Jacobite, was elected mayor, and like others
+of his class was ever ready when opportunity offered to show his aversion
+to the reigning dynasty. He purposely omitted the ceremony of lowering the
+mace. When the servant of the mayor refused to "slope the mace," the
+Constable of the castle or his deputy refused to admit the mayor. The
+ceremony was discontinued after this occurrence, and the mayor went in
+private to take the oath.
+
+[Illustration: THE LORD MAYOR OF YORK ESCORTING PRINCESS MARGARET.]
+
+The following ordinances were in force at Kingston-upon-Hull about 1450,
+and point their own moral.
+
+"No Mayor should debase his honourable office by selling (during his
+Mayoralty) ale or wine in his house."
+
+"Whenever the Mayor appeared in public he should have a sword carried
+before him, and his officers should constantly attend him; also he should
+cause everything to be done for the honour of the town, and should not
+hold his office for two years together."
+
+"No Aldermen should keep ale-houses or taverns, nor absent themselves from
+the town's business, nor discover what is said in their councils, under
+heavy penalties."
+
+An entry in the annals of Hull in 1549 states that three of the former
+sheriffs of the town, named respectively Johnson, Jebson, and Thorp, were
+fined £6 13s. 4d. each "for being deficient in the elegance of their
+entertainments, for neglecting to wear scarlet gowns, and for not
+providing the same for their wives during their shrievalties." Ten years
+later a Mr. Gregory was chosen sheriff, and he refused to accept the
+office. The matter was referred to the Queen in Council, and he was
+ordered to be fined £100, to be disfranchised and turned out of the town.
+We are told that the order was executed.
+
+We gather from the ancient records of Canterbury that, in 1544, it was
+decided "that during winter every dark-night the aldermen, common council,
+and inn-holders are to find one candle, with light, at their doors, and
+the other inhabitants are to do in like fashion upon request, and if any
+lantern be stolen, the offender shall be set in the pillory at the mayor's
+discretion; the candles are to be lighted at six, and continued until
+burnt out."
+
+In 1549 the sheriff of Canterbury paid a fine of three shillings and
+fourpence for wearing his beard.
+
+Another quaint item in the Canterbury records under the year 1556 is an
+order directing the mayor every year before Christmas to provide for the
+mayoress, his wife, to wear one scarlet gown, and a bonnet of velvet. If
+the mayor failed to procure the foregoing he was liable to a fine of £10.
+
+[Illustration: BURYING THE MACE AT NOTTINGHAM.]
+
+At Nottingham the new mayor took office on the 29th September each year.
+The outgoing mayor and other members of the corporation marched in
+procession to St. Mary's Church. At the conclusion of divine service all
+retired to the vestry, and the retiring mayor occupied the chair at the
+head of a table covered with a black cloth, in the middle of which lay the
+mace covered with rosemary and sprigs of bay. This was called burying the
+mace, and no doubt was meant to denote the official decease of the late
+holder. The new mayor was then formally elected, and the outgoing mayor
+took up the mace, kissed it, and delivered it to his successor with a
+suitable speech. After the election of other town officials the company
+proceeded to the chancel of the church, where the mayor took the oath of
+office, which was administered by the senior coroner. After the mayor had
+been proclaimed in public places by the town clerk, a banquet was held at
+the municipal buildings; the fare consisted of bread and cheese, fruit in
+season, and pipes of tobacco! The proclaiming of the new mayor did not
+end on the day of election: on the following market-day he was proclaimed
+in face of the whole market, and the ceremony took place at one of the
+town crosses.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAYOR OF WYCOMBE GOING TO THE GUILDHALL.]
+
+We learn from the Report of the Royal Commission issued in 1837 that the
+election of the Mayor of Wycombe was enacted with not a little ceremony.
+The great bell of the church was tolled for an hour, then a merry peal was
+rang. The retiring mayor and aldermen proceeded to church, and after
+service walked in procession to the Guildhall, preceded by a woman
+strewing flowers and a drummer beating a drum. The mayor was next elected,
+and he and his fellow-members of the corporation marched round the
+market-house, and wound up the day by being weighed, and their weights
+were duly recorded by the sergeant-at-mace, who was rewarded with a small
+sum of money for his trouble.
+
+In the _Gentlemen's Magazine_ for 1782 we find particulars of past mayoral
+customs at Abingdon, Berkshire. "Riding through Abingdon," says a
+correspondent, "I found the people in the street at the entrance of the
+town very busy in adorning the outside of their houses with boughs of
+trees and garlands of flowers, and the paths were strewed with rushes. One
+house was distinguished by a greater number of garlands than the rest. On
+inquiring the reason, it seemed that it was usual to have this ceremony
+performed in the street in which the new mayor lived, on the first Sunday
+that he went to church after his election."
+
+At Newcastle-on-Tyne still lingers a curious custom which dates back to
+the period when strife was rife between England and Scotland. It has long
+been the practice to present the judges attending the Assizes on their
+arrival with two pairs of gloves, a pair to each of their marshals and to
+the other members of their retinue, also to the clerks of Assize and their
+officers. The judges are entertained in a hospitable manner during their
+stay in the city. At the conclusion of the business of the Assizes the
+mayor and other members of the Corporation in full regalia wait upon the
+judges, and the mayor thus addresses them:--
+
+"My Lords, we have to congratulate you upon having completed your labours
+in this ancient town, and have also to inform you that you travel hence to
+Carlisle, through a border county much and often infested by the Scots; we
+therefore present each of your lordships with a piece of money to buy
+therewith a dagger to defend yourselves."
+
+The mayor then gives the senior judge a piece of gold of the reign of
+James I., termed a _Jacobus_, and to the junior judge a coin of the reign
+of Charles I., called a _Carolus_. After the judge in commission has
+returned thanks the ceremony is ended. Some time ago a witty judge
+returned thanks as follows: "I thank the mayor and corporation much for
+this gift. I doubt, however, whether the Scots have been so troublesome
+on the borders lately; I doubt, too, whether daggers in any numbers are to
+be purchased in this ancient town for the protection of my suite and of
+myself; and I doubt if these coins are altogether a legal tender at the
+present time."
+
+The local authorities are anxious to keep up the ancient custom enjoined
+upon them by an old charter, but they often experience great difficulty in
+obtaining the old-time pieces of money. Sometimes as much as £15 has been
+paid for one of the scarce coins. "Upon the resignation or the death of a
+judge who has travelled the northern circuit, we are told the corporation
+at once offer to purchase from his representative the 'dagger-money'
+received on his visits to Newcastle, in order to use it on future
+occasions."
+
+It was customary, in the olden time, for the mayor and other members of
+the Banbury Corporation to repair to Oxford during the assizes and visit
+the judge at his lodgings, and the mayor, with all the graces of speech at
+his command, ask "my lord" to accept a present of the celebrated Banbury
+cakes, wine, some long clay pipes, and a pound of tobacco. The judge
+accepted these with gratitude, or, at all events, in gracious terms
+expressed his thanks for their kindness.
+
+The Corporation of Ludlow used to offer hospitality to the judges. The
+representatives of the town met the train in which the judges travelled
+from Shrewsbury to Hereford, and offered to them cake and wine, the former
+on an ancient silver salver, and the latter in a loving-cup wreathed with
+flowers. Mr. Justice Hill was the cause of the custom coming to a
+conclusion in 1858. He was travelling the circuit, and he communicated
+with the mayor saying, "owing to the delay occasioned, Her Majesty's
+judges would not stop at Ludlow to receive the wonted hospitality." We are
+told the mayor and corporation were offended, and did not offer to renew
+the ancient courtesy.
+
+The making of a "sutor of Selkirk" is attended with some ceremony. "It was
+formerly the practice of the burgh corporation of Selkirk," says Dr.
+Charles Rogers, the social historian of Scotland, "to provide a collation
+or _dejeûner_ on the invitation of a burgess. The rite of initiation
+consisted in the newly-accepted brother passing through the mouth a bunch
+of bristles which had previously been mouthed by all the members of the
+board. This practice was termed 'licking the birse:' it took its origin
+at a period when shoemaking was the staple trade of the place, the birse
+being the emblem of the craft. When Sir Walter Scott was made a burgess or
+'sutor of Selkirk,' he took precaution before mouthing the beslabbered
+brush to wash it in his wine, but the act of rebellion was punished by his
+being compelled to drink the polluted liquor." In 1819, Prince Leopold was
+created "a sutor of Selkirk," but the ceremony was modified to meet his
+more refined tastes, and the old style has not been resumed. Mr. Andrew
+Lang, a distinguished native of the town, has had the honour conferred
+upon him of being made a sutor.
+
+The Mayor of Altrincham, Cheshire, in bygone times was, if we are to put
+any faith in proverbial lore, a person of humble position, and on this
+account the "honour" was ridiculed. An old rhyme says--
+
+  "The Mayor of Altrincham, and the Mayor of Over,
+  The one is a thatcher, and the other a dauber."
+
+Sir Walter Scott, in "The Heart of Mid-Lothian," introduces the mayor into
+his pages in no flattering manner. Mr. Alfred Ingham, in his "History of
+Altrincham and Bowdon" (1879), has collected for his book some curious
+information bearing on this theme. He relates a tradition respecting one
+of the mayors gifted with the grace of repartee, which is well worth
+reproducing:--"The Mayor of Over--for he and the Mayor of Altrincham are
+often coupled--journeyed once upon a time to Manchester. He was somewhat
+proud, though he went on foot, and on arriving at Altrincham, felt he
+would be all the better for a shave. The knight of the steel and the strop
+performed the operation most satisfactorily; and as his worship rose to
+depart, he said rather grand-eloquently, 'You may tell your customers that
+you have had the honour of shaving the Mayor of Over.' 'And you,' retorted
+the ready-witted fellow, 'may tell yours that you have had the honour of
+being shaved by the Mayor of Altrincham.' The rest can be better imagined
+than described."
+
+We learn from Mr. J. Potter Briscoe that a strange tradition still lingers
+in Nottingham, to the effect that when King John last visited the town, he
+called at the house of the mayor, and the residence of the priest of St.
+Mary's. Finding neither ale in the cellar of one, nor bread in the
+cupboard of the other, His Majesty ordered every publican in the town to
+contribute sixpennyworth of ale to the mayor annually, and that every
+baker should give a half-penny loaf weekly to the priest. The custom was
+continued down to the time of Blackner, the Nottingham historian, who
+published his history in 1815.
+
+The mayor of Rye, in bygone times, had almost unlimited authority, and if
+anyone spoke evil of him, he was immediately taken and grievously punished
+by his body, but if he struck the mayor, he ran the risk of having cut off
+the hand that dealt the blow.
+
+As late as 1600, at Hartlepool, it was enacted, that anyone calling a
+member of the council a liar be fined eleven shillings and sixpence, if,
+however, the term false was used, the fine was only six shillings and
+eightpence.
+
+
+
+
+Bribes for the Palate.
+
+
+In the days of old it was no uncommon practice for public bodies and
+private persons to attempt to bribe judges and others with presents.
+Frequently the gifts consisted of drink or food. In some instances money
+was expected and given. It is not, however, to bribery in general we want
+to direct attention, but to some of its more curious phases, and
+especially those which appealed to the recipients' love of good cheer.
+
+Some of the judges even in a corrupt age would not be tempted. One of the
+most upright of our judges was Sir Matthew Hale. It had long been
+customary for the Dean and Chapter of Salisbury to present to the judges
+of the Western Circuit six sugar loaves. The gift was sent to Hale, and he
+directed his servant to pay for the sugar before he tried a case in which
+the donors were interested. On another occasion while he was on circuit, a
+gentleman gave him a buck, hoping by this act to gain his favour in a
+case that was to be tried before him. When the trial was about to
+commence, Hale remembered the name of the gentleman and inquired if he was
+the person from whom the venison had been received. On being informed that
+such was the fact, he would not allow the trial to proceed until he had
+made payment for the buck. The gentleman strongly protested against
+receiving the money, saying that he had only presented the same to the
+Chief Baron as he had done to other judges who had gone the circuit.
+Further instances might be mentioned of presents being offered and refused
+by Hale, but the foregoing are sufficient to show the character of the
+man.
+
+Newcastle-on-Tyne municipal records contain many references to presents of
+sugar loaves. There are for example gifts to noblemen who called at the
+town on their way to Scotland. In January 1593, we find particulars of
+23s. 7d. for sugar and wine "sent in a present to my L. Ambassador as he
+came travling through this towne to Scotland called my L. Souch."
+
+The charges are as follow:--
+
+  "Paide for 2 gallons of secke 2 gallons and a quarte of
+    clared wine                                                 11s. 3d.
+
+  A sugar loaf weis 8 lb. and a quarter at 18d. per pound       12s. 4d."
+
+A little later the Earl of Essex was bound for Scotland and received a
+present at the hands of the local authorities. The town accounts state:
+
+  "Sept. 1594.--Paide for four sugar loaves weide 27-3/4 lbs.   41s. 8d.
+
+  5 gallons and a pottle of claret,                             11s.
+
+  4 gallons secke                                               10s. 8d.
+                                                                --------
+        Soma                                                    63s. 4d."
+
+In the following month the Earl of Essex, in company of my Lord Wharton,
+returned from North Britain and received sugar and wine costing the town
+£4 14s. 10d. The details of the amount are as under:--
+
+  "Oct. 1594.--Paide for 3 sugar loves weide 30-1/4 lb. 18d.
+    per lb.                                                   £2 5s. 10d.
+
+  For clarid wine and secke                                   £2 9s.  0d."
+
+The Bishop of Durham was not overlooked. In February, 1596, we find an
+entry as follows:--
+
+  "Paide for 4 pottles secke and 2 quarte, for 3 pottles of
+    white wine, and 4 pottles and a quarte of clared wine for
+    a present to the bishop of Dorum                             17s. 6d.
+
+  Paide for 11 lb. of suger which went with the wine 18d.
+    per pounde                                                   16s. 6d."
+
+"Mr. Maiore and his brethren" enjoyed sugar and sundry pottles of wine.
+
+It is satisfactory to find that the ladies were not neglected at
+Newcastle-on-Tyne. Here is an entry referring to the entertainment of the
+Mayoress and other ladies:--
+
+  "April, 1595.--Paide for secke, suger, clared wine, and
+    caikes, to Mrs. Maris, and other gentlewomen, in Mr.
+    Baxter, his chamber                                           6s. 8d."
+
+In the same month is an entry far different in character. It is a charge
+of 4d. for leading a scolding woman through the town wearing the brank.
+Payments for inflicting punishment on men and women frequently occur.
+
+The accounts of the borough of St. Ives, Cornwall, contain an item as
+follows:--
+
+  "1640.--Payde Nicholas Prigge for two loaves of sugar,
+    which were presented to Mr. Recorder                      £1 10s. 0d."
+
+The records of the city of Winchester include particulars of many presents
+of sugar loaves and other gifts. On March 24th, 1592, it was decided at a
+meeting of the municipal authorities to present the Lord Marquis of
+Winchester with a sugar loaf weighing five pounds, and a gallon of sack,
+on his coming to the Lent Assizes. The accounts of the city at this period
+contain entries of payments for sugar loaves given to the Recorder for
+a New Year's present, and for pottles of wine bestowed on distinguished
+visitors.
+
+[Illustration: WOMAN WEARING A BRANK, OR SCOLD'S BRIDLE.]
+
+[Illustration: THE BRANK, OR SCOLD'S BRIDLE.]
+
+At a meeting held in 1603 of the local authorities of Nottingham, it was
+agreed that the town should present to the Recorder, Sir Henry
+Pierrepoint, as follows:--"A sugar loaf, 9s.; lemons, 1s. 8d.; white wine,
+one gallon, 2s. 8d.; claret, one gallon, 2s. 8d.; muskadyne, one pottle,
+2s. 8d.; sack, one pottle, 2s.; total, 20s. 8d."
+
+A year later the burgesses of Nottingham wished to show the great esteem
+they entertained for the Earl of Shrewsbury, and it was decided to give to
+him "a veal of mutton, a lamb, a dozen chickens, two dozen rabbits, two
+dozen of pigeons, and four capons." This is a truly formidable list, and
+seems more suitable for stocking a shop than a gentleman's larder.
+
+The porpoise in past times was prized as a delicacy, and placed on royal
+tables. Down to the days of Queen Elizabeth it was used by the nobles as
+an article of food. In the reign of that queen, a penny in twelve was the
+market due at Newcastle-on-Tyne, when the fish were cut up and exposed for
+sale. The heads, fins, and numbles were taken in addition. The seal was
+subject to the same regulations. The porpoise was deemed suitable for a
+present. In 1491 it is recorded that a large porpoise was sent from
+Yarmouth as a gift to the Earl of Oxford.
+
+The annals of Exeter furnish particulars of several gifts of fish. In 1600
+it was decided by the local authorities to present to the Recorder of the
+city, Mr. Sergeant Hale, annually during his life, eight salmon of the
+river Exe. The Mayor for the time being had a like quantity allowed. It
+was resolved on the 10th January, 1610, to present, at the cost of the
+citizens, to the Speaker of the Parliament, in token of good will, a
+hogshead of Malaga wine, or a hogshead of claret, whichever might be
+deemed most acceptable, and one baked salmon pie.
+
+Sir George Trenchard in 1593 received from the Mayor of Lyme a box of
+marmalade and six oranges, costing 7s.
+
+Six months later the municipal accounts of Lyme include an entry as
+follows:--
+
+  "1595.--Given to Sir George Trenchard a fair box
+    marmalade gilted, a barrel of conserves oranges and
+    lemons and potatoes                                         22s. 10d."
+
+Mr. George Roberts, in his "Social History of the Southern Counties," has
+an interesting note respecting the potatoes named in the foregoing entry.
+He says:--"The sweet potato (_Convolvulus Batatas_) was known in England
+before the common potato, which received its name from its resemblance to
+the Batata. This plant was introduced into this country by Sir Francis
+Drake and Sir John Hawkins in the middle of the sixteenth century. The
+roots were, about the close of the reign of Elizabeth, imported in
+considerable quantities from Spain and the Canaries, and were used as a
+confection rather than as a nourishing vegetable."
+
+We will close this paper with particulars of a present which may be
+regarded more of an example of esteem than an attempt at bribery. Hull, in
+the days of old, was noted for its ale. The Corporation of the town often
+presented one or two barrels to persons to whom they desired to show a
+token of regard. Andrew Marvell, the incorruptible patriot, represented
+the place in Parliament from 1658 until his death in 1678. He was in close
+touch with the leading men of the town, and wrote long and interesting
+letters, detailing the operations of the House of Commons, to the Mayor
+and Aldermen. In one of his epistles to the Burgesses of Hull he refers
+to a gift of ale. "We must," says Marvell, "first give thanks for the kind
+present you have been pleased to send us, which will give occasion to us
+to remember you often; but the quantity is so great that it might make
+sober men forgetful." Marvell's father was master of the Hull Grammar
+School, and it was there the patriot was educated.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW MARVELL.]
+
+Hull ale finds a place in proverbial lore, and is named by Ray and others.
+Taylor, the water poet, visited the town in 1622, and was the guest of
+George Pease, landlord of the "King's Head" Inn, High Street. In Taylor's
+poem, entitled "A Very Merrie Ferry Voyage; or, Yorke for My Money," he
+thus averts to Hull ale:--
+
+  "Thanks to my loving host and hostess, _Pease_,
+  There at mine inne each night I took mine ease;
+  And there I got a cantle of _Hull Chesse_."
+
+The poet, in a foot-note, says:--"Hull cheese is much like a loaf out of
+the brewer's basket; it is composed of two samples, mault and water in one
+compound, and is cousin german to the mightiest ale in England." Ray
+quotes the proverb, "You have eaten some Hull cheese," as equivalent to an
+accusation of drunkenness.
+
+
+
+
+Rebel Heads on City Gates.
+
+
+The barbarous custom of spiking heads on city gates, and on other
+prominent places, may be traced back to the days of Edward I. His wise
+laws won for him the title of "the English Justinian," but he does not
+appear to have tempered justice with mercy. In his age little value was
+set upon human life. His scheme of conquest included the subjugation and
+annexation of Scotland and Wales.
+
+David, the brother of Llewellyn the Welsh Prince, had been on the side of
+the English, and at the hands of Edward had experienced kindness, but in
+return he showed little gratitude. In 1282 he made an unprovoked attack on
+Hawarden Castle. Subsequently his brother Llewellyn joined in the rising,
+and undertook the conduct of the war in South Wales, while David attempted
+to defend the North of the country. In a skirmish on the Wye, Llewellyn
+was slain by a single knight. David soon fell into the hands of the
+English, and was sent in chains to Shrewsbury. Here he was tried by
+Parliament, consisting of "the first national convention in which the
+Common had any share by legal authority, and the earliest lawful trace of
+a mixed assembly of Lords and Commons." Guilty of being a traitor was the
+verdict returned, and David was condemned to a new and cruel mode of
+execution, viz., "to be dragged at a horse's tail through the streets of
+Shrewsbury, and to be afterwards hung and cut down while alive, his heart
+and bowels burnt before his face, his body quartered and his head sent to
+London." The head of Llewellyn was also to be sent to London, to be spiked
+on the Tower encircled with a crown of ivy.
+
+On the gates of old London Bridge have been spiked the heads of many
+famous men--not a few whose brave deeds add glory to the annals of England
+and Scotland. The heroic deeds of Sir William Wallace have done much to
+increase the dignity of the history of North Britain. After rendering
+gallant service to his native land, he was betrayed into the hands of the
+English by his friend and countryman, Sir John Menteith, at Glasgow. He
+was conveyed to London, was tried and condemned as a rebel, and on August
+23rd, 1305, suffered a horrible death, similar to the fate of David,
+Prince of Wales. His body was divided and sent into four parts of
+Scotland, and his head set up on a pole on London Bridge. Edward I.
+degraded himself by this cruel revenge on a patriotic man. In the
+following year the head of another Scotch rebel, Simon Frazer, was spiked
+beside that of Wallace.
+
+[Illustration: OLD LONDON BRIDGE, SHEWING HEADS OF REBELS ON THE GATE.]
+
+In the reign of Edward II., Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, rose to almost
+supreme power, but his rule was most distasteful to the people. It was
+oppressive and ended in disaster. In 1316, when the Earl was at the height
+of his fame, he discovered that a knight formerly in his household had
+been induced by the King of England to carry to the King of Scotland a
+letter asking that some of his soldiers might slay him. The Earl was then
+at Pontefract and had the knight brought before him, and by his orders he
+was speedily executed, and his head spiked on the walls of the castle.
+
+The Barons met the forces of Edward II. at Boroughbridge, in 1322, and
+were totally routed, and their leaders, the Earl of Hereford was slain,
+and the Earl of Lancaster was taken prisoner, and afterwards executed at
+Pontefract. About thirty knights and barons suffered death on the scaffold
+in various parts of the country, so that terror might be widely spread.
+Some of the bodies were suspended for long periods in chains, and amongst
+the number were those of Sir Roger de Clifford, Sir John Mowbray, and Sir
+Jocalyn D'Eyville. They were hanged at York, and for three years their
+bodies were hung in chains, and then the Friar Preachers committed them to
+the ground. Another rebel, Sir Bartholomew de Badlesmere, was executed
+at Canterbury, and his head was cut off and spiked on the city gate at
+Canterbury.
+
+At Boroughbridge Sir Andrew de Harcla displayed courage of a high order,
+and was rewarded with the title of the Earl of Carlisle, and military
+duties of a more important order were entrusted to him, but he did not
+long enjoy his honours. The Scots advanced into this country and met the
+English at the Abbey of Byland, and completely overpowered them; the Earl
+remaining inactive at Boroughbridge with 2,000 foot and horse soldiers. On
+a writ dated at Knaresborough, February 27th, 1323, he was tried for
+treachery, his collusion with the Scotch was clearly proved, and the
+following sentence was passed upon him:--"To be degraded both himself and
+his heirs from the rank of earl, to be ungirt of his sword, his gilded
+spurs hacked from his heels--said to be the first example of its kind--to
+be hanged, drawn, and beheaded, his heart and entrails torn out and burnt
+to ashes, and the ashes scattered to the winds; his carcase to be divided
+into four quarters, one to be hung on the top of the Tower at Carlisle,
+another at Newcastle, the third on the bridge at York, and the fourth at
+Shrewsbury, while his head was to be spiked on London Bridge." "You may
+divide my body as you please," said the Earl, "but I give my soul to God."
+On March 3rd, 1323, the terrible sentence was carried out.
+
+Under the year 1397, John Timbs, in his "Curiosities of London," records
+that the heads of four traitor knights were spiked on London Bridge.
+
+On Bramham Moor, Yorkshire, on Sunday, February 19th, 1408, Sir Thomas
+Rokeby, high sheriff of the county, fighting for Henry IV., completely
+defeated an army raised by the Earl of Northumberland, and other nobles
+who had revolted against the king. The Earl was slain on the field, and
+his chief associate, Lord Bardolf, was mortally wounded and taken
+prisoner, but died before he could be removed from the scene of the
+battle. The heads of these two noblemen were cut off, and that of the Earl
+placed upon a hedge-stake, and carried in a mock procession through the
+chief towns on the route to London, and finally found a resting-place on
+London Bridge. He was popular amongst his friends, and they greatly
+grieved at his death. It was indeed a sore trial to those who had loved
+him well to see his mutilated head, full of silver hairs, carried
+through the streets of London, a gruesome exhibition for a heartless
+public. The head of Lord Bardolf was also spiked on London Bridge.
+
+Some passages in the life of Eleanor Cobham, first mistress and afterwards
+wife of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, furnish an insight into the
+superstitions of the period. She was tried in 1441 for treason and
+witchcraft. The chief charge against her was that she and her accomplices
+had made a waxen image of the reigning monarch, Henry VI., and placed it
+before a slow fire, believing that as the wax melted the king's life would
+waste away. She was found guilty and had to do public penance in the
+streets of London, and was imprisoned for life in the Isle of Man. Three
+persons who had assisted her crimes suffered death. One Margaret Jourdain,
+of Eye, near Westminster, was burned in Smithfield. Southwell, a priest,
+died before execution in the Tower, and Sir Roger Bolinbroke, a priest,
+and reputed necromancer, was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn, and
+his head was fixed on London Bridge. The Duchess, in the event of Henry's
+death, expected that the Duke of Gloucester, as nearest heir of the
+house of Lancaster, would be crowned king.
+
+The details of Jack Cade's insurrection are well-known, and perhaps a copy
+of an inscription on a roadside monument at Heathfield, near Cuckfield in
+Sussex, will answer our present purpose:--
+
+  Near this spot was slain the notorious rebel
+  JACK CADE,
+  By Alexander Iden, Sheriff of Kent, A.D. 1450.
+  His body was carried to London, and his head
+  fixed on London Bridge.
+  This is the success of all rebels, and this
+  fortune chanceth even to traitors.
+                                _Hall's Chronicle._
+
+In 1496 two heads were placed on London Bridge; one was Flammock's, a
+lawyer, and the other that of a farmer's who had suffered death at Tyburn,
+for taking a leading part in a great Cornish insurrection.
+
+John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, was tried, and executed on June 22nd,
+1535, nominally for high treason, but, as a matter of fact, because he
+would not be a party to the king's actions. Shortly before his execution
+the Pope sent to him a Cardinal's hat. Said the king when he heard of the
+honour to be conferred upon the aged prelate, who was then about
+seventy-seven years old, "'Fore heaven, he shall wear it on his shoulders
+then, for by the time it arrives he shall not have a head to place it
+upon."
+
+Fisher met his death with firmness. At five o'clock in the morning of his
+execution he was awakened and the time named to him. He turned over in bed
+saying: "Then I can have two hours more sleep, as I am not to die until
+nine." Two hours later he arose, dressed himself in his best apparel,
+saying, this was his wedding day, when he was to be married to death, and
+it was befitting to appear in becoming attire. His head was severed from
+his body, and after the executioner had removed all the clothing, he left
+the corpse on the scaffold until night, when it was removed by the guard
+to All Hallows Churchyard, and interred in a grave dug with their
+halberds. It was not suffered to remain there, but was exhumed and buried
+in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower. The head was spiked on
+London Bridge. Hall and others record that the features became fresher and
+more comely every day, and were life-like. Crowds were attracted to the
+strange sight, which was regarded as a miracle. This annoyed the king not
+a little, and he gave orders for the head to be thrown into the river.
+
+A similar offence to that of Fisher's brought to the block a month later
+the head of a still greater and wiser man, Sir Thomas More. He was far in
+advance of his times, and his teaching is bearing fruit in our day. His
+head was placed on London Bridge, until his devoted daughter, Margaret
+Roper, bribed a man to move it, and drop it into a boat in which she sat.
+She kept the sacred relic for many years, and at her death it was buried
+with her in a vault under St. Dunstan's Church, Canterbury.
+
+[Illustration: AXE, BLOCK, AND EXECUTIONER'S MASK. (_From the Tower of
+London._)]
+
+We learn from the annals of London Bridge, that in the year 1577, "several
+heads were removed from the north end of the Drawbridge to the Southwark
+entrance, and hence called Traitors' Gate."
+
+Heads of priests and others heightened the sickening sight of the bridge.
+We may here remark that Paul Hentzner in his "Travels in England," written
+in 1598, says in speaking of London Bridge:--"Upon this is built a tower,
+on whose top the heads of such as have been executed for high treason are
+placed on iron spikes; we counted about thirty."
+
+Hentzner's curious and interesting work was reprinted at London in 1889.
+
+Sir Christopher Wren completed Temple Bar, March 1672-3, and in 1684 the
+first ghastly trophy was fixed upon it. Sir Thomas Armstrong was accused
+of being connected with the Rye House Plot, but made his escape to
+Holland, and was outlawed. He, however, within a year surrendered himself,
+demanding to be put on his trial. Jefferies in a most brutal manner
+refused the request, declaring that he had nothing to do but to award
+death. Armstrong sued for the benefit of the law, but without avail. The
+judge ordered his execution "according to law," adding, "You shall have
+full benefit of the law." On June 24th, 1683, Armstrong was executed,
+and his head set up on Westminster Hall; his quarters were divided between
+Aldgate, Aldersgate, and Temple Bar, and the fourth sent to Stafford, the
+borough he had formerly represented in Parliament.
+
+[Illustration: MARGARET ROPER TAKING LEAVE OF HER FATHER, SIR THOMAS MORE,
+1535.]
+
+Sir John Friend and Sir William Perkins, on April 9th, 1696, suffered
+death at Tyburn for complicity in a conspiracy to assassinate William
+III., and on the next day their heads crowned Temple Bar. John Evelyn in
+his Diary wrote, "A dismal sight which many pitied."
+
+In May, 1716, the head of Colonel Henry Oxburg was spiked above the Bar.
+He had taken part in the rising of Mar.
+
+The head of Councillor Layer was placed on the Bar in 1723, for plotting
+to murder King George. For more than thirty years Layer's head looked
+sorrowfully down on busy Fleet Street. A stormy night at last sent it
+rolling into the Strand, and it is recorded it was picked up by an
+attorney, and taken into a neighbouring tavern, and according to Nicholls,
+it found a resting place under the floor. It is stated that Dr. Rawlinson
+"paid a large sum of money for a substitute foisted upon him as a genuine
+article." He died without discovering that he had been imposed upon, and,
+according to his directions, the relic was placed in his right hand and
+buried with him.
+
+The Rebellion of '45 brought two more heads to Temple Bar. On July 30th,
+1746, Colonel Towneley and Captain Fletcher were beheaded on Kennington
+Common, and on the following day their heads were elevated on the Bar.
+Respecting their heads Walpole wrote on August 15th, 1746, "I have been
+this morning to the Tower, and passed under the new heads at Temple Bar,
+where people made a trade of letting spying-glasses at a halfpenny a
+look." The fresh heads were made the theme of poetry and prose. One of the
+halfpenny loyal sightseers penned the following doggerel:--
+
+  "Three heads here I spy,
+  Which the glass did draw nigh,
+  The better to have a good sight;
+  Triangle they are placed,
+  And bald and barefaced;
+  Not one of them e'er was upright."
+
+We reproduce a curious print published in 1746 representing "Temple Bar"
+with three heads raised on tall poles or iron rods. The devil looks
+down in triumph and waves the rebel banner, on which are three crowns and
+a coffin, with the motto, 'A crown or a grave.' Underneath was written
+some wretched verses.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  "Observe the banner which would all enslave,
+  Which ruined traytors did so proudly wave,
+  The devil seems the project to despise;
+  A fiend confused from off the trophy flies.
+
+  While trembling rebels at the fabrick gaze,
+  And dread their fate with horror and amaze,
+  Let Briton's sons the emblematick view
+  And plainly see what to rebellion's due."
+
+COPY OF A PRINT PUBLISHED IN 1746.]
+
+It is recorded in the "Annual Register" that on "January 20th (between two
+and three a.m.), 1766, a man was taken up for discharging musket bullets
+from a steel cross-bow at the two remaining heads upon Temple Bar. On
+being examined he affected a disorder in his senses, and said his reason
+for doing so was his strong attachment to the present Government, and that
+he thought it was not sufficient that a traitor should merely suffer
+death; that this provoked his indignation, and that it had been his
+constant practice for three nights past to amuse himself in the same
+manner. And it is much to be feared," says the recorder of the event,
+"that he is a near relation to one of the unhappy sufferers." On being
+searched, about fifty musket bullets were found on the man, and these were
+wrapped up in a paper with a motto--"Eripuit ille vitam."
+
+Dr. Johnson says that once being with Goldsmith in Westminster Abbey,
+"While we surveyed the Poets' Corner, I said to him:--
+
+  'Forsitan et nostrum nomen miscebitur illis.'
+
+(Perhaps some day our names may mix with theirs). When we got to Temple
+Bar he stopped me, pointed to the heads upon it, and slyly whispered:--
+
+  'Forsitan et nostrum ... miscebitur _Istis_.'"
+
+One of the heads was blown down on April 1st, 1772, and the other did not
+remain much longer. The head of Colonel Towneley is preserved in the
+chapel at Townely Hall, near Burnley. It is perforated, showing that it
+had been thrust upon a spike. During a visit on May 21st, 1892, to
+Towneley Hall by the members of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian
+Society, the skull was seen, and a note on the subject appears in the
+Transactions of the Society.
+
+[Illustration: TEMPLE BAR IN DR. JOHNSON'S TIME.]
+
+The heads of not a few Scotchmen were spiked on the gates of Carlisle, and
+some romantic stories have come down to us respecting them. One of these
+we related in our "Bygone England," and to make this account more complete
+we may perhaps be permitted to reproduce it. "A young and beautiful lady,"
+so runs the tale, "came every morning at sunrise, and every evening at
+sunset, to look at the head of a comely youth with long yellow hair,
+till at length the lady and the laddie's head disappeared." The incident
+is the subject of a song, in which the lovesick damsel bewails the fate of
+her lover. Here are two of the verses:--
+
+  "White was the rose in my lover's hat
+    As he rowled me in his lowland plaidie;
+  His heart was true as death in love,
+    His head was aye in battle ready.
+
+  His long, long hair, in yellow hanks,
+    Wav'd o'er his cheeks sae sweet and ruddy;
+  But now it waves o'er Carlisle yetts
+    In dripping ringlets, soil'd and bloody."
+
+Many persons in Hull supported the lost cause of Henry VI., but the
+governing authorities of the town gave their support to Edward IV., and
+those that were on the side of the fallen king met with little mercy at
+the hands of the local Aldermen. Mr. T. Tindall Wildridge, who has done so
+much to bring to light hidden facts in the history of Hull, tells us that
+the Aldermen in 1461 agreed that the head of Nicholas Bradshawe, for his
+violent language, be set at the Beverley Gate--the gate that was at a
+later period closed against Charles I., when he desired to enter Hull.
+
+A number of the inhabitants who would not renounce their allegiance to the
+House of Lancaster were ordered to leave the town on pain of death. "Among
+these outcasts," says Mr. Wildridge, "was a women, who, coming back again,
+was subjected to the indignity of the thewes (tumbrel or hand-barrow, in
+which scolds were customarily wheeled round the town previous to being
+ducked); she was thus led out of the Beverley Gate."
+
+On the walls and gates of York have been spiked many heads, and with
+particulars of a few of the more important we will bring to a close our
+gleanings on this gruesome theme, though not one without value to the
+student of history.
+
+Richard Scrope, Archbishop of York, strongly opposed the accession of
+Henry IV., and warmly advocated the claims of the Earl of March. A
+conspiracy against the king cost him and others their lives. It is
+recorded that the king directed Chief Justice Gascoigne to condemn the
+Archbishop to death. As might be expected from an upright judge who cast
+into prison the king's son for contempt of court, he firmly refused to be
+a party to a barbarous and unjust action. Another judge was quickly found
+ready to obey the king's behest, and the requisite condemnation was
+obtained. Scrope was beheaded on June 8th, 1405, in a field between
+Bishopthorpe and York. Thomas Gent, the old historian of York, gives a
+sympathetic account of the execution: "The poor unfortunate Archbishop was
+put upon a horse, about the value of forty pence, with a halter about its
+neck, but without a saddle on its back. The Archbishop gave thanks to God,
+saying, 'I never liked a horse better than I like this!' He twice sang the
+Psalm _Exaudi_, being habited in a sky-coloured loose garment, with
+sleeves of the same colour, but they would not permit him to wear the
+linen vesture used by bishops. At the fatal place of execution he laid his
+hood and tunic on the ground, offered himself and his cause to Heaven, and
+desired the executioner to give him five strokes, in token of the five
+wounds of our Saviour, which was done accordingly." This is the first
+instance of an English prelate being executed by the civil power. Lord
+Mowbray, Earl Marshal of England, Sir William Plumpton and others who were
+mixed up in the conspiracy were beheaded. The heads of the Archbishop and
+that of Mowbray were spiked and put up on the city walls.
+
+On the last day in the year 1460 was fought the battle of Wakefield,
+which ended in a victory for the house of Lancaster. Richard, Duke of
+York, the aspirant to the throne, and many of his loyal supporters were
+slain, some so severely wounded as to die shortly afterwards, and others
+taken prisoners to be subsequently beheaded. The Duke's head was cut from
+his body, encircled by a mock diadem of paper, and spiked above Micklegate
+Bar, York, with the face turned to the city:--
+
+  "So York may overlook the town of York."
+
+The head of the young Earl of Rutland, murdered by Lord Clifford, was also
+set up at York. The headless bodies of the unfortunate pair were quietly
+buried at Pontefract.
+
+The heads of the following Yorkists were also set up at York "for a
+spectacle to the people and also as a terror to adversaries:"--The Earl of
+Salisbury, Sir Edward Bouchier, Sir Richard Limbricke, Sir Thomas
+Harrington of London, Sir Thomas Neville, Sir William Parr, Sir Jacob
+Pykeryng, Sir Ralph Stanley, John Hanson, Mayor of Hull, and others.
+
+[Illustration: MICKLEGATE BAR, YORK.]
+
+The Lancastrians did not long enjoy their victory. Richard's son, the Earl
+of March, succeeded to his father's title and claimed the right to the
+English crown. On Palm Sunday, March 21st, 1461, the forces of the Red and
+the White Roses met at Towton-field. The battle raged during a blinding
+snowstorm, and the Yorkists gained a complete victory. Edward then
+proceeded to York and entered by Micklegate Bar. Here the saddening sight
+of the head of his father and other brave men who had fallen fighting for
+his cause were displayed, also that of his brother. He had them removed,
+and in their stead, to still keep up the ghastly show, were placed the
+heads of his foes at Towton, and amongst the number the Earl of
+Devonshire, Sir William Hill, the Earl of Kyme, and Sir Thomas Foulford.
+Shakespeare notices this act of retaliation in _Henry VI._ (Part III., Act
+II., Scene 6).
+
+  "_Warwick_: From off the gates of York fetch down the head,
+              Your father's head, which Clifford placed there:
+              Instead thereof, let this supply the room;
+              Measure for measure must be answered."
+
+Edward had the heads of his father and his brother taken to Pontefract,
+placed with their bodies, and then with great pomp the remains were
+removed to the church at Fotheringay and there reinterred.
+
+An attempt was made in 1569 to dethrone Elizabeth, and place in her stead
+Mary Queen of Scots. The leaders of the revolt were the Earls of
+Northumberland and Westmoreland. It ended in failure, and was the last
+trial with arms to restore the Papal power in England. The leaders for a
+time made their escape, but the government, with a vengeance that has
+seldom been equalled, cruelly punished the masses. Men were hanged at
+every market-cross and village-green from Wetherby to Newcastle, the large
+part of the north from whence the rebels had come. The Earl of
+Northumberland managed to evade capture for nearly two years by hiding in
+a wretched cottage. He was betrayed and brought to York. On August 22nd,
+1572, he was beheaded, and he died, we are told, "Avowing the Pope's
+supremacy, and denying subjection to the Queen, affirming the land to be
+in a schism, and her obedient subjects little better than heretics." The
+Earl's head was spiked above Micklegate Bar, where it remained for about a
+couple of years, and then it was stolen in the night by persons unknown.
+
+After the defeat of the Jacobites at Culloden on April 16th, 1746, the
+Duke of Cumberland on his route to London visited York, and left behind
+him a number of prisoners. On November 1st, ten of the rebels were hanged,
+drawn, and quartered, and a week later eleven more suffered a similar
+fate. The head of one of the unfortunate men, that of Captain Hamilton,
+was sent to Carlisle. The heads of Conolly and Mayne were spiked over
+Micklegate Bar, York, and eight years later were stolen. A reward was
+offered for the detection of the offenders. The following is a copy of the
+notice issued:--
+
+    "York, Guildhall, Feb. 4, 1754.
+
+    "Whereas on Monday night, or Tuesday morning last, the heads of two of
+    the rebels, which were fixed upon poles on the top of Micklegate Bar,
+    in this City, were wilfully and designedly taken down, and carried
+    away: If any person or persons (except the person or persons who
+    actually took down and carried away the same) will discover the person
+    or persons who were guilty of so unlawful and audacious an action, or
+    anywise hiding or assisting therein, he, she, or they shall, upon the
+    conviction of the offenders, receive a reward of Ten Pounds from the
+    Mayor and Commonality of the City of York.
+
+    "By order of the said Mayor and said Commonality, JOHN RAPER, Common
+    Clerk of the said City and County of the same."
+
+A tailor named William Arundel and an accomplice were found guilty of the
+crime. In addition to being fined, Arundel was committed to prison for
+two years.
+
+This last act closes a long and painful chapter in our history. Many of
+our larger old English towns have their gruesome tales of Rebel Heads on
+their chief gates.
+
+
+
+
+Burial at Cross Roads.
+
+
+It was customary in the olden time when a person committed suicide to bury
+the body at the meeting of four cross roads. We are told by writers who
+have paid special attention to this subject, that this strange mode of
+burial was confined to the humbler members of society. A careful
+consideration of this matter, from particulars furnished by parish
+registers and from other old-time records and writings, confirms the
+statement. Shakespeare, in the grave scene in _Hamlet_, puts into the
+mouths of the clowns who are preparing the grave of Ophelia something to
+the same effect. Here are his words:--
+
+    SECOND CLOWN: But is this law?
+
+    FIRST CLOWN: Ay, marry, is't; crowner's quest law.
+
+    SECOND CLOWN: Will you ha' the truth on't If this had not been a
+    gentlewoman, she should have been buried out o' Christian burial.
+
+    FIRST CLOWN: Why, there thou say'st; and the more pity that great folk
+    should have countenance in this world to drown or hang themselves more
+    than their even Christian (that is, their equal fellow Christian).
+
+Bearing somewhat on this subject, there is a striking passage in Hone's
+"Every Day Book." Mention is first made of a fatal duel in 1803. It
+appears two military officers quarrelled and fought at Primrose Hill,
+because their dogs had quarrelled in Hyde Park. Moralising on the fatal
+event, the writer concludes his reflections as follows:--"The humble
+suicide is buried with ignominy in a cross road, and the finger-post marks
+his grave for public scorn. The proud duellist reposes in a Christian
+grave beneath marble, proud and daring as himself." The more humane of our
+countrymen condemned burial at cross roads, and a much needed reform was
+brought about. Before reproducing the Act of Parliament respecting the
+burial of suicides it will not be without interest to give details of a
+few burials in the highways.
+
+Mr. Simpson in his interesting volume of Derby gleanings, states that on
+the 10th of July, 1618, "an old incorrigible rogue cut his own throat in
+the County Gaol, and was buried in Green Lane, Derby." We have not any
+particulars of this "incorrigible rogue." He would doubtless be interred
+at night, and a stake driven through his body.
+
+The parish register of West Hallam, in the same county, supplies another
+instance of burial at four lane ends. The entry reads thus;--"1698,
+Katharine, the wife of Tho. Smith, als Cutler, was found _felo de se_ by
+ye Coroner's inquest, and interred in ye cross ways near ye wind mill on
+ye same day." The local historian is silent respecting this case of
+suicide, and all that is now known of the poor woman's sad end is
+contained in the parish register.
+
+It is recorded in a Norwich newspaper, of 1728, that the body of a
+hat-presser, after a verdict of _felo de se_, was accordingly buried in
+the highway.
+
+Not far from Boston is a thorn tree known as the "Hawthorn tree," which is
+represented in a pretty picture in Pishey Thompson's well-known "History
+and Antiquities of Boston" (1856). It is in the parish of Fishtoft, and at
+the intersections of the Tower Lane and the road to Fishtoft Church by the
+low road to Freiston. "This tree," says Thompson, "is traditionally stated
+to have been originally a stake driven into the grave of a (female)
+suicide, who was buried at cross roads." The story is generally believed
+in the Boston district, although Mr. William Stevenson in a learned paper
+in "Bygone Lincolnshire," vol. II., p. 212, states as far as concerns the
+hawthorn growing from a stake driven into the ground the tradition has no
+foundation in fact.
+
+Mr. John Higson took interest in Lancashire lore, and from his gleanings
+we draw the following particulars of the suicide and burial of James Hill,
+a Droylsden innkeeper. He tells us that the poor fellow was inflamed with
+jealousy, suddenly disappeared, and about a fortnight afterwards was found
+hung or strangled in a tree in Newton Wood, near Hyde. A coroner's inquest
+pronounced it an act of suicide, and in accordance with the verdict, the
+corpse was interred on the 21st May, 1774, at the three-lane-ends, near
+the brook, close by the present Commercial Inn, Newton Moor. Much sympathy
+was exhibited towards Hill in Droylsden, and a band of resolute fellows,
+about three o'clock on the morning of the 5th June, disinterred his
+remains, and re-buried them in Ashton churchyard. A woman who casually met
+them spread the information, and they were glad to convey back the body on
+the 18th of the same month, when the final interment took place at Newton
+Moor. A number of Droylsdenians joined to defray the expense of a
+gravestone, on which the following epitaph was written by Joseph Willan,
+of Openshaw, and was neatly engraved:--
+
+    Here is Deposited the Body of the unfortunate
+                   JAMES HILL,
+  Late of Droylsden, who ended his Life May 6th, 1774,
+        In the forty-second year of his age.
+
+  Unhappy Hill, with anxious Cares oppress'd,
+  Rashly presumed to find Death his Rest.
+  With this vague Hope in Lonesome Wood did he
+  Strangle himself, as Jury did agree;
+  For which Christian burial he's denied,
+  And is consign'd to Lie at this wayside.
+
+  Reader!
+
+  Reflect what may be the consequences of a crime, which excludes the
+  possibility of repentance.
+
+In old parish registers we have found records of burials at cross roads,
+and Lancashire history furnishes several examples.
+
+It is stated in "Legends and Superstitions of the County of Durham," by
+William Brockie, published in 1886, that in the Mile End Road, South
+Shields, at the corner of the left-hand side going northward, just
+adjoining Fairless's old ballast way, lies the body of a suicide, with a
+stake driven through it. It is, I believe, a poor baker, who put an end to
+his existence seventy or eighty years ago, and who was buried in this
+frightful manner, at midnight, in unconsecrated ground. The top of the
+stake used to rise a foot or two above the ground within the last thirty
+years, and boys used to amuse themselves by standing with one foot upon
+it.
+
+Considerable consternation was caused in London towards the close of 1811
+on account of certain murders. The foul deeds were committed by an
+Irishman called John Williams. He was arrested, and during his confinement
+in Coldbathfields committed suicide. His remains were buried in Cannon
+Street, and a stake was driven through the body.
+
+Many curious items dealing with this custom may be found in the columns of
+old newspapers. The following particulars, for example, are drawn from the
+_Morning Post_, of 27th April, 1810:--"The officers appointed to execute
+the ceremony of driving the stake through the dead body of James Cowling,
+a deserter from the London Militia, who deprived himself of existence by
+cutting his throat at a public-house in Gilbert Street, Clare Market, in
+consequence of which a verdict of self-murder, very properly delayed the
+business until twelve o'clock on Wednesday night, when the deceased was
+buried in the cross roads at the end of Blackmoor Street, Clare Market."
+
+The most painful case which has come under our notice occurred at
+Newcastle-on-Tyne. Martha Wilson, the widow of a seaman, was last seen
+alive by her neighbours on Sunday, the 13th April, 1817, and on the
+following Tuesday she was found dead, suspended from a cord tied to a nail
+in her room at the Trinity House. She was subject to fits of melancholy,
+and had threatened to destroy herself. On the Wednesday following an
+inquest was held, and the jury returned a verdict of _felo de se_. Her
+mortal remains were buried in the public highway at night, and the strange
+sight was watched by a large gathering of the public. After a stake had
+been driven through the body of the poor widow the grave was closed.
+
+The last interment at cross roads in London of which we have been able to
+discover any account occurred in June, 1823, when a man named Griffiths,
+who had committed suicide, was buried at the junction of Eaton Street and
+Grosvenor Place and the King's Road. The burial took place about half-past
+one in the morning, and the old practice of driving a stake through the
+body in this case was not performed.
+
+Perhaps the few particulars we have given will be sufficient to fully
+illustrate the old-time custom of the burial of suicides at cross roads.
+At last the impropriety of the proceedings was forced upon Parliament, and
+on the 8th July, 1823, the Royal Assent was given to an Act "to alter and
+amend the law relating to the interment of the remains of any person found
+_felo de se_." The statute is brief, consisting of only two clauses,
+viz.:--
+
+    1. That after the passing of this Act, it shall not be lawful for any
+    coroner, or any other person having authority to hold inquests, to
+    issue any warrant or other process directing the interment of the
+    remains of persons against whom a finding of _felo de se_ shall be
+    had, in any public highway, but that such coroner or other officer
+    shall give directions for the private interment of the remains of such
+    person _felo de se_, without any stake being driven through the body
+    of such person, in the churchyard, or other burial ground of the
+    parish or place in which the remains of such person might by the laws
+    or custom of England be interred, if the verdict of _felo de se_ had
+    not been found against such person; such interment to be made within
+    twenty-four hours of the finding of the inquisition, and to take place
+    between the hours of nine and twelve at night.
+
+    2. Provided, nevertheless, that nothing herein contained shall
+    authorise the performing of any of the rites of Christian burial, or
+    the interment of the remains of any such person as aforesaid; nor
+    shall anything hereinbefore contained be taken to alter the laws or
+    usages relating to the burial of such persons, except so far as
+    relates to the interment of such remains in such churchyard or burial
+    ground, at such time and in such a manner as aforesaid.
+
+Another change was brought about in 1882 respecting the burial of
+suicides. We gather from "The Chronicles of Twyford," by F. J. Snell,
+M.A., that in the closing days of 1881 a factory operative, of
+irreproachable character, with his own hand took his life. The jury
+returned a verdict of _felo de se_, adding a rider to the effect that it
+was committed whilst the deceased was under great mental depression. "It
+was necessary," says Mr. Snell, "in order to comply with the requirements
+of the law, that the interment should take place between the hours of 9
+p.m. and midnight, and also within twenty-four hours of the issuing of the
+coroner's warrant. In this case it was issued about eight o'clock in the
+evening. The Superintendent of the Police was obliged to arrange for the
+funeral the same night. Some delay was caused through the absence of the
+cemetery keeper from home, but about 10 p.m. two excavators commenced
+digging the grave in a remote corner of the cemetery, and the interment
+took place a few minutes before midnight." After the burial, the pastor of
+the church with which the poor man was associated offered an extempore
+prayer. It is recorded that a large number of spectators watched with deep
+interest the proceedings, and that extreme indignation was felt throughout
+the town. In the following year, the two members for Tiverton introduced a
+bill into the House of Commons "to amend the law relating to the interment
+of any person found _felo de se_." The effect of the measure was to repeal
+the enactments requiring hurried burial without religious rites, and to
+sanction the interment "in any of the ways prescribed or authorised by the
+Burial Laws Amendment Act of 1880."
+
+
+
+
+Detaining the Dead for Debt.
+
+
+On the Continent, in Prussia for example, it was formerly the practice to
+detain the dead for debt. A belief long prevailed that such proceedings
+were legal in England, and in not a few cases, acting upon this
+supposition, corpses have been arrested, and in more instances precautions
+have been taken to avoid such painful events.
+
+The earliest record we have found on this theme occurs in the parish
+register of Sparsholt, Berkshire. "The corpse of John Matthews, of
+Fawler," it is stated, "was stopt on the churchway for debt, August 27,
+1689. And having laine there fower days, was, by Justices' warrant,
+buryied in the place to prevent annoyances--but about sixe weeks after, by
+an Order of Sessions, taken up and buried in the churchyard by the wife of
+the deceased."
+
+In the churchyard of North Wingfield, Derbyshire, a gravestone bears the
+following inscription:--
+
+            In Memory of
+               THOMAS,
+        Son of JOHN and MARY CLAY,
+  Who departed this life December 16th, 1724,
+       In the 40th year of his age.
+
+  What though no mournful kindred stand
+    Around the solemn bier,
+  No parents wring the trembling hand,
+    Or drop the silent tear.
+
+  No costly oak adorned with art
+    My weary limbs enclose,
+  No friends impart a winding sheet
+    To deck my last repose.
+
+The circumstances which led to the foregoing epitaph are thus narrated.
+Thomas Clay was a man of intemperate habits, and at the time of his death
+was indebted to Adlington, the village inn-keeper, to the amount of twenty
+pounds. The publican resolved to seize the body; but the parents of the
+deceased carefully kept the door locked until the day appointed for the
+funeral. As soon as the door was opened, Adlington rushed into the house
+and seized the corpse, and placed it on a form in the open street. Clay's
+friends refused to pay the publican's account, and after the body had been
+exposed for several days, the inn-keeper buried it in a bacon chest.
+
+This subject has received attention in the pages of _Notes and Queries_,
+and in the issue of May 2nd, 1896, the following appeared:--"At
+Brandeston, Suffolk," said a contributor, "there is a well-authenticated
+story of the body of the 'old squire,' Mr. John Revett or Rivett, who died
+in 1809, being removed secretly at night, by some of the servants and
+tenantry, from the library at Brandeston Hall, where it lay, to the church
+of Brandeston, which is in the park close by the Hall. Mr. Revett, like
+many of the family, had been very extravagant, keeping his own pack of
+hounds, etc.; and what with elections and unlimited hospitality, had got
+heavily into debt, and had involved the old family estate so, that
+Brandeston and Cretingham, which had been in the Revett family from 1480,
+got into Chancery after his death, and passed out of the family in 1830,
+or thereabouts. The belief of the people, with whom the old squire was
+very popular, was that if the body was not removed to the sanctuary it
+would be seized for debt; hence their action." A son of one of the old
+servants, whose father assisted in carrying the body to the church,
+related the story in 1895 to the correspondent of _Notes and Queries_. It
+is well known in the village.
+
+The most painful case of arresting a dead body which has come under our
+notice, is that of John Elliott, in 1811. The particulars are given in the
+"Annual Register," and also in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for that year,
+but not so fully nor correctly as in a newspaper report of that period,
+which is reproduced in the pages of _Notes and Queries_ for March 28th,
+1896. The facts of the case are as follow:--John Elliott, at the time of
+his death, on October 3rd, 1811, was indebted to Baker, a bricklayer, and
+Heasman, a carpenter, a small sum for work done. These two men, with two
+sheriffs' officers, on Monday, October 7th, proceeded to the house where
+Elliott lay dead, and were there met by the son of the deceased. He stated
+that his father was dead. The officers informed him that they had a
+warrant to arrest the deceased, and asked where the body lay. The son
+pointed out the room, saying the door was locked, and his mother had gone
+out and taken the key, but was expected every minute. After waiting a few
+minutes, one of the men violently kicked the door, broke it open, and
+entered the room where the body lay in a coffin. The body was identified,
+and possession taken of it. The interment was fixed by the family for the
+following Wednesday, and at four o'clock on that day, the undertaker and
+his man arrived for the purpose of removing the body to Shoreditch Church
+for burial, but Baker and Heasman and the sheriffs' men entered the house
+with a shell, and took it into the room where the corpse lay. After asking
+the son to pay the debt and prevent his father's body being taken away,
+and he replying that he was unable to discharge it, Baker and Heasman
+literally crammed the naked body into the shell, and put it into a cart
+before the house, where it remained over half-an-hour, attracting to the
+place a large number of people who behaved in a riotous manner. The body
+was then removed to Heasman's house, and placed in a cellar until October
+11th, when it was conveyed by him and others to Bethnal Green, and left in
+a burial vault.
+
+Such are the details briefly stated that were given to the judge who tried
+the men who committed this outrageous public indecency. The jury, after
+retiring for a few minutes, returned, and awarded damages £200.
+
+We have given at some length the foregoing case, to illustrate the lawless
+condition of the country at the commencement of this century. We may
+congratulate ourselves on living in happier times.
+
+It was currently reported at the death of Sheridan, in 1816, that an
+attempt would be made to detain his body for debt, but at his funeral no
+such action occurred.
+
+Mr. John Cameron, in his work issued in 1892, under the title of "The
+Parish of Campsie," states that in 1824 died the Rev. James Lapslie, vicar
+of the parish, who was, at the time of his death, in debt, and the
+proceedings of a creditor are thus related:--"On the day of the funeral,"
+says Mr. Cameron, "the body was arrested at the mouth of the open grave,
+and further procedure barred by some legal process, until the arresting
+creditor had satisfaction given him for the payment of the debt owing by
+the deceased. Sir Samuel Stirling, sixth baronet, became security to the
+arresting creditor, and the body was then consigned to the grave."
+
+Much reliable information on old-time subjects has been carefully
+chronicled by Mr. I. W. Dickinson, B.A., the author of "Yorkshire Life and
+Character." He tells us that in the earlier years of the present century
+it was generally believed that a corpse could be detained for debt, and it
+was, in several instances in the West Riding, successfully carried out,
+the friends subscribing on the spot in order to be enabled to pay their
+last respects to the dead. Mr. Dickinson also tells me of another West
+Riding belief, that a doctor, summoned to a sick bed, could legally take
+the nearest way, even through corn fields and private grounds, or whatever
+else intervened, without rendering himself liable for damages.
+
+We gather from _Notes and Queries_ of March 28th, 1896, that the fact was
+established in 1841, that the body of a debtor, dying in custody, cannot
+be detained in prison after death. It appears that Scott, gaoler of
+Halifax, acting for Mr. Lane Fox, the Lord of the Manor, detained the body
+of one of the debtors who died in prison. It was subsequently buried in
+the gaol in unconsecrated ground, on the refusal of the debtor's executors
+to pay the claims that were demanded of them. Action was taken against the
+gaoler, and at a trial at York Assizes he was convicted of breaking the
+laws of his country.
+
+
+
+
+A Nobleman's Household in Tudor Times
+
+
+The Earls of Northumberland, members of the Percy family, for a long
+period were a power in the north of England. Their pedigree has been
+traced back to Mainfred, a Danish chieftain who rendered great service to
+Rollo in the Conquest of Normandy. William de Perci, of Perci, near
+Villedieu, landed on the English shore with Duke William, and for valour
+at the battle of Hastings he was rewarded with extensive grants of land in
+Yorkshire.
+
+In their northern strongholds this noble family lived in stately style,
+and frequently figured on the battle-field, and took their share in events
+which make up the history of the country. The story of their lives, with
+its lights and shades, reads like a romance; but it is outside the purpose
+of our paper to linger over its romantic episodes. It may be stated that
+the fourth Earl was Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire, and by direction of King
+Henry VII., he had to make known to the inhabitants of his county the
+reasons for a most objectionable tax for the purpose of engaging in a war
+with Bretagne. This gave rise to a bitter feeling against him, the people
+erroneously believing that the tax was levied at his instigation. In 1489,
+a mob broke into his house at Cockledge, near Thirsk, murdering him and
+several of his servants. The Earl had been a generous man, and was much
+beloved, and his untimely death was deeply deplored. He was buried in
+Beverley Minster, and 14,000 people attended his funeral, which was
+conducted in a magnificent manner, at a cost of £1,037 6s. 8d., equalling
+some £10,000 in our current coin. Skelton, the poet laureate, in an elegy,
+lamented his "dolourous death." The lines commence:--
+
+  "I wayle, I wepe, I sobbe, I sigh ful sore
+    The dedely fate, the dolefulle destenny
+  Of him that is gone, alas! without restore
+    Of the blode royall, descending nobelly,
+  Whose Lordshipe doutles was slayne lamentably."
+
+His son, the fifth Earl, who was born at Leconfield Castle in the year
+1457, was a man of æsthetic tastes, and a patron of learning. He is
+described as being "vain and excessively fond of pomp and display." When
+the Princess Margaret journeyed to Scotland to marry the King, the Earl
+escorted her through Yorkshire. According to an old account, he was "well
+horst, upon a fayre courser, with a cloth to the ground of cramsyn
+velvett, all borded of orfavery, his armes very riche in many places uppon
+his saddle and harnys, and his sterrops gilt. With him was many noble
+Knights, all arrayed in his sayd Livery of Velvett with some goldsmith's
+work, great chaynes, and war wel mounted; a Herault, bearing his cotte and
+other gentylmen in such wayes array'd of his said Livery, sum in Velvett,
+others in Damask, Chamlett, etc., well mounted to the number of 300
+Horsys." The Princess made her public entry into Edinburgh riding on a
+pillion behind the King.
+
+The Earl had three castles, and lived at them alternately, and, as he had
+only sufficient furniture for one, it was removed from one house to the
+other when he changed residences. Seventeen carts and one waggon were
+employed to convey it.
+
+This Percy's taste for poetry prompted him to have painted on the walls
+and ceilings of his castles moral lessons in verse. The following may be
+quoted as a specimen:--
+
+  "Punyshe moderatly, and discretly correct,
+  As well to mercy, as to justice havynge a respect;
+  So shall ye have meryte for the punyshment,
+  And cause the offender to be sory and penitent.
+
+  If ye be movede with anger or hastynes,
+  Pause in youre mynde and your yre repress:
+  Defer vengeance unto your anger asswagede be;
+  So shall ye mynyster justice, and do dewe equyte."
+
+We have another proof of his love of poetry preserved in the British
+Museum, in the form of a beautiful manuscript engrossed on vellum, richly
+emblazoned, and superbly illuminated. It includes specimens of the best
+poetry then produced, and a metrical account of the Percy family, by one
+of the Earl's chaplains, named Peares. This interesting work was prepared
+under his directions.
+
+In the year 1512, he commenced the compilation of what we now call the
+"Northumberland Household Book," and it contains regulations and other
+details respecting his castles at Wressel and Leckonfield. From this
+curious work we obtain an interesting picture of the home life of a
+nobleman in Tudor times. We find that the Earl lived in state and
+splendour little inferior to that of the King. The household was
+conducted on the same plan as that of the reigning monarch, and the
+warrants were made out in the same form and style. "As the King had his
+Privy Council and great council of Parliament to assist him in enacting
+statutes and regulations for the public weal," says a writer who has made
+a study of this subject, "so the Earl of Northumberland had his council,
+composed of his principal officers, by whose advice and assistance he
+established this code of economic laws; as the King had his lords and
+grooms of the bed-chamber, who waited in their respective turns, so the
+Earl of Northumberland was attended by the constables and bailiffs of his
+several castles, who entered into waiting in regular succession." We
+further find that all the leading officers of his household were men of
+gentle birth, and consisted of "controller, clerk of the kitchen,
+chamberlain, treasurer, secretary, clerk of the signet, survisor, heralds,
+ushers, almoner, a schoolmaster for teaching grammar, minstrels, eleven
+priests, presided over by a doctor of divinity or dean of the chapel, and
+a band of choristers, composed of eleven singing men and six singing
+boys." The head officials sat at a table called the Knight's Board. Every
+day were expected to sit down to dinner 166 officers and domestic
+servants and fifty-seven visitors. The amount annually spent in
+house-keeping was £1,118 17s. 8d., representing in our money about
+£10,000.
+
+The number of daily meals was four, and consisted of breakfast taken at
+seven, dinner at ten, supper at four o'clock, and livery served in the
+bedroom between eight and nine, before retiring to rest. The lord sat at
+the head of the table in state. The oaken table, long and clumsy, stood in
+the great hall, and the guests were ranged according to their station on
+long, hard, and comfortless benches. The massive family silver salt cellar
+was placed in the middle of the table, and persons of rank sat above it,
+and those of an inferior position below it. There was a great display of
+pewter dishes and wooden cups, and plenty of food and liquor was on the
+table. But elegance did not prevail: forks had not been introduced, and
+fingers were used to convey food to the mouth.
+
+The allowances at the meals were most liberal. One perceives there was
+much wine and beer consumed in those days. Take, for example, that at
+breakfast. On flesh days it included "for my lord and lady a loaf of bread
+on trenchers, two manchets (loaves of fine meal), a quart of wine, half a
+chine of mutton, or a chine of beef boiled." The fare of the two elder
+children, "my Lord Percy, and Mr. Thomas Percy," consisted of "half a loaf
+of household bread, a manchet, one pottle of beer (two quarts!), a
+chicken, or else three mutton bones boiled." It will be noticed that wine
+was not served to the two young noblemen. The fare of the two little
+children is thus described: "Breakfasts for the nurcery, for my lady
+Margaret and Mr. Yngram Percy, a manchet, one quart of beer, three mutton
+bones boiled." My ladies' gentlewomen were served with "a pottle of beer,
+three mutton bones boiled, or else a piece of beef boiled." The breakfast
+on fish days was as follows:--"For my lord and my lady, a loaf of bread on
+trenchers, two manchets, a quart of beer, a quart of wine, two pieces of
+salt-fish, six baked herrings, or a dish of sprats; for the two elder
+sons, half a loaf of household bread, a manchet, a pottle of beer, a dish
+of butter, a piece of salt-fish, a dish of sprats, or three white (fresh)
+herrings; for the two children in the nursery, a manchet, a quart of beer,
+a dish of butter, a piece of salt-fish, a dish of sprats, or three white
+herrings; and for my lady's gentlewomen, a loaf of bread, a pottle of
+beer, a piece of salt-fish, or three white herrings." It will be observed
+that the family dined two to a plate or mess, this being the usual
+practice in the Middle Ages. The other meals were quite, if not more
+substantial than that of breakfast. The liveries, as we have previously
+stated, were consumed in the bed-chamber just before retiring to rest, and
+the Earl and Countess had placed on their table, "two manchets, a loaf of
+household bread, a gallon of beer, and a quart of wine." The wine was
+warmed and mixed with spices. After reading the preceding bills of fare,
+we are not surprised to learn that at this period the English people were
+regarded as the greatest eaters in Europe.
+
+In the "Northumberland Household Book" is a long and interesting list of
+articles and their prices, which were expected to last a year. It will not
+be without interest to reproduce a few of the more important items, as
+follow:--Wheat 236-1/2 quarters at 6s. 8d. The market price today is very
+different. Malt, as might be expected from the quantity of beer brewed, is
+a rather large total, being 249 quarters, I bushel, and the price 4s. per
+quarter; hops, 656 lbs., at 13s. 4d. per 120 lbs.; fat oxen, 109, at 13s.
+4d. each; lean oxen, 24, at 8s. each; to be fed in his lordship's
+pastures; sheep, 787, fat and lean, at 1s. 8d. each, one with another;
+porks (pigs), 25, at 2s. each; calves, 28, at 1s. 8d. each; lambs, 60, of
+which 10, at 1s. each, to serve from Christmas to Shrovetide, and 50, at
+10d. each, to serve from Easter to Midsummer. The list of fish is large,
+and includes 160 stock-fish at 2-1/2d. each for the Lent season;
+salt-fish, 1,122, at 4d. each; white herrings, 9 barrels, at 10s. the
+barrel; red herrings, 10 cades (each cade containing 500), at 6s. 8d. the
+cade; sprats, 5 cades (each cade containing 1,000), at 2s. the cade; salt
+salmon, 200, at 6d. each; salt sturgeon, 3 firkins, at 10s. each firkin;
+salt eels, 5 cags, at 4s. each. Thirty-six gallons of oil, at 11-1/2d. per
+gallon, were provided for frying the fish. Salt is entered twice--bay
+salt, 10 quarters, at 4s. the quarter; and white salt, 6-1/2 quarters, at
+4s. the quarter; vinegar, 40 gallons, at 4d. the gallon. The quantity of
+mustard, ready-made, is large, being 180 gallons, at 2-1/4d. per gallon.
+In old Christmas carols there are frequent allusions to mustard. During
+the Commonwealth, it was threatened to stop Christmastide festivals by Act
+of Parliament, and this caused the tallow-chandlers to loudly complain,
+for they could not sell their mustard on account of the diminished
+consumption of brawn. In the familiar old carol, sung annually at Queen's
+College, Oxford, is a line:--
+
+  "The boar's head with mustard."
+
+In a carol sung before Prince Henry, at St. John's College, Oxford, in
+1607, is a couplet:--
+
+  "Let this boar's head and mustard
+  Stand for pig, goose, and custard."
+
+Under the heading of spices are enumerated:--Pepper, 50 lbs., raisons of
+currants, 200 lbs., prunes, 151-1/2 lbs., ginger, 21-1/2 lbs., mace, 6
+lbs., cloves, 3-1/2 lbs., sugar, 200-1/4 lbs., cinnamon, 17 lbs., 3-1/2
+quarters almonds, 152 lbs., dates, 30 lbs., nutmegs, 1-1/4 lbs., grains of
+Paradise, 7 lbs., turnfole, 10-1/2 lbs., saunders, 10 lbs., powder of
+annes, 3-1/4 lbs., rice, 19 lbs., comfits, 19-1/2 lbs., galagals, 1/2 lb.,
+long pepper, 1/2 lb., blanch powder, 2 lbs. The amount of the foregoing is
+£25 19s. 7d. The list of wine embraces--Gascony wine, 10 tuns, 2
+hogsheads, at £4 14s. 4d. per tun, viz., red, 3 tuns, claret, 5 tuns, and
+white, 2 tuns, 2 hogsheads. There was also provided 90 gallons of
+verjuice, at 3d. per gallon; this was a sour juice of unripe grapes,
+apples, or crabs. A barrel and a half of honey was provided at a cost of
+33s. The foregoing are the chief items of food and drink for the annual
+consumption in a Tudor household.
+
+The fuel consisted of sea coal, 80 chaldrons, charcoal, 20 quarters, and
+4,140 faggots for brewing and baking. Sixty-four loads of wood had also to
+be provided, for the coal could not be burnt without it. The coal must
+have been poor.
+
+The expenses provide for the players at Christmas, and they appear to have
+acted 20 plays at 1s. 8d. per play. We find a bearward attended at
+Christmas for making sport with his beasts, and in the "Household Book" he
+is referred to amongst those receiving payments as follows:--
+
+    "Furst, my Lorde usith and accustomyth to gyff yerely the Kynge or the
+    Queene's _barwarde_, if they have one, when they custome to come unto
+    him, yerely--vj_s._ viij_d._"
+
+    "Item, my Lorde usith and accustomyth to gyfe yerly, when his
+    Lordshipe is at home, to his _barward_, when he comyth to my Lorde in
+    Christmas with his Lordshippe's beests, for makynge of his Lordship
+    pastyme, the said xi days--xx_s._"
+
+At this period, bear-baiting was a popular amusement. Sunday was a great
+day for the pastime. It was on the last Sunday of April, 1520, that part
+of the chancel of St. Mary's Church, Beverley, fell, killing a number of
+people. According to a popular tradition, a bear was being baited, and
+mass was being sung at the same time, but at the latter only fifty-five
+attended and all were killed, whereas at the former about a thousand were
+present. Hence the origin of the Yorkshire saying, "It is better to be at
+the baiting of a bear than the singing of a mass." An expert horseman was
+also employed in connection with the household. He had not to be afraid of
+a fence, and it was his duty to attend my Lord when hunting.
+
+
+
+
+Bread and Baking in Bygone Days.
+
+
+The earliest form of bread consisted of grain soaked in water, then
+pressed, and afterwards dried by means of the sun or fire. Another early
+kind of bread took the form of porridge or pudding, consisting of flour
+mixed with water and boiled. Next came the method of kneading dough, and
+the result was tough and unleavened bread.
+
+In Saxon times women made bread, and the modern title "lady" is softened
+from the Saxon _hlaf-dige_, meaning the distributor of bread. We learn
+from contemporary pictures that Anglo-Saxon bread consisted of round
+cakes, not unlike the Roman loaves of which we get representations in the
+pictures at Pompeii, and not unlike our Good-Friday cross-buns, which we
+are told come down to us from our Saxon forefathers.
+
+In connection with monasteries were bake-houses, and the work here would
+be done by the conversi or lay brothers. The holy bread in the mass was
+baked in the convents and churches by the priests or monks with much
+ceremony. Ovens were sometimes connected with old churches.
+
+Some of the monks in Saxon times do not appear to have fared well. We find
+it recorded that in the eighth century those at the Abbey of St. Edmund
+had to partake of barley bread because the income of the house was not
+sufficent to provide wheaten-bread twice or thrice daily.
+
+Towards the close of the thirteenth century the chief bakers who supplied
+London with bread lived at Stratford-le-Bow, Essex, doubtless on account
+of being near Epping Forest, where they could obtain cheap firewood. At a
+later period some were located at Bromley-by-Bow. The bread was brought to
+London in carts, and exposed for sale in Bread Street. The bakers attended
+daily excepting on Sundays and great festivals. It was no uncommon
+circumstance to seize the bread on its way to town for being of light
+weight, or made of unsound materials. It was not until the year 1302 that
+London bakers were permitted to sell bread in shops.
+
+A Royal Charter was granted in 1307 to the London Bakers' Company. The
+charter, we are told, "empowered the company to correct offences
+concerning the trade, to make laws and ordinances, to levy fines and
+penalties for non-observance thereof; and within the city and suburbs, and
+twelve miles round, to view, search, prove, and weigh all bread sold; and
+in case of finding it unwholesome, or not of due assize, to distribute it
+to the poor of the parish where it was found, and to impose fines, and
+levy the same by distress and sale of offenders' goods." When reform
+became the order of the day the power of the Bakers' Company passed away.
+
+There are various old-time statutes of the assize of bread in London. The
+earliest dates back to the days of Henry II. Another belongs to the reign
+of Henry III.; it regulated the price of bread according to the value of
+corn. A baker breaking the law was fined, and if his offence was serious
+he was placed in the pillory. These statutes were extended under Edward
+VI., Charles II., and Queen Anne.
+
+In 1266 bakers were commanded not to impress their bread with the sign of
+the cross, _Agnus Dei_, or the name of Jesus Christ.
+
+The lot of the baker in bygone times was a very hard one. He could not
+sell where he liked, and the price of his bread was regulated by those in
+authority. Pike, in his "History of Crime in England," says, "Turn where
+he might, the traveller in London in 1348 could hardly fail to light upon
+some group, which would tell him the character of the people he had to
+see. Here, perhaps, a baker with a loaf hung round his neck, was being
+jeered, and pelted in the pillory, because he had given short weight, or
+because, when men had asked him for bread, he had given them not a stone,
+but a lump of iron enclosed by a crust."
+
+At this period women were largely employed in the bakehouse. Women in
+mediæval times performed much of the rougher kind of labour. Mr. Pike
+tells a tragic tale to illustrate the heartless character of bakehouse
+women in bygone times:--"At Middleton, in Derbyshire, there lived a man
+whose wife bore a name well known to readers of mediæval romances, Isolda
+or Isoult. As he lay one night asleep in his bed, this female Othello took
+him by the neck and strangled him. As soon as he was dead, she carried the
+body to an oven which adjourned their chamber, and piled up a fire to
+destroy the traces of her guilt. But, though she had so far shown the
+energy and power of a man, her courage seems to have failed her at the
+last moment. She took to flight, and her crime was discovered."
+
+In the olden time, it was the practice of females to deliver bread from
+house to house in London. The bakers gave them thirteen articles for
+twelve, and the odd article appears to have been the legitimate profit
+which they were entitled to receive in return for their work. From this
+old custom we obtain the baker's dozen of thirteen. Bakers were not
+permitted to give credit to women retailers if they were known to be in
+debt to others. It was also against the law to receive back unsold bread
+if cold. The latter regulation would make the saleswomen energetic in
+their labours.
+
+In many places the ducking-stool was employed to punish offending bakers.
+The old records of Beverley contain references to this subject. "During
+the Middle Ages," it is stated on good authority, "scarcely any spectacle
+was so pleasing to the people of Central Europe as that of the public
+punishment of the cheating baker. The penalties inflicted on swindling
+bakers included confiscation of property, deprivation of civil and other
+rights, banishment from the town for certain periods, bodily punishment,
+the pillory, and the gibbet. If a baker was found guilty of an offence
+against the law, he was arrested and kept in safe custody till the gibbet
+was ready for him. It was erected as nearly as possible in the middle of
+the town, the beam projecting over a stagnant pool; at the end of the beam
+was a pulley, over which ran a rope fastened to a basket large enough to
+hold a man. The baker was forced into the basket, which was drawn up to
+the beam; there he hung over the muddy pool, the butt of the jeers and
+missiles of a jubilant crowd. The only way to escape was to jump into the
+dirty water and run through the crowd to his home, and if he did not take
+the jump willingly, he was sometimes helped out of the basket by means of
+a pole. In some towns a large cage was used instead of a basket, and,
+instead of taking a jump, the culprit was lowered into the filthy pool and
+drawn up again several times until the town authorities thought he had had
+enough." In some parts of Turkey it was, until recently, the rule to
+punish a baker who did not give full weight by nailing his ear to the
+doorpost. If he were out when the officers of justice arrived his son or
+his servant was punished in his stead, as the authorities were very much
+averse from making their men do the journey twice.
+
+The Court Leet records of many of our old English towns include items of
+interest bearing on this subject. At Manchester, at the Court Leet held
+October 1, 1561, it was resolved that no person or persons be permitted to
+make for sale any kind of bread in which butter is mixed, under a fine of
+10s. Later, the use of suet was forbidden. In 1595, we are told that "the
+Court Leet Jury of Manchester ordered that no person was to be allowed to
+use butter or suet in cakes or bread; fine, 20s. No baker or other person
+to be allowed to bake said cakes, &c.; fine, 20s. No person to be allowed
+to sell the same; fine, 20s." Next year, on September 30, we gather from
+the records that "eight officers were appointed to see that no flesh meat
+was eaten on Fridays and Saturdays, and twelve for the overseeing of them
+that put butter, cream, or suet in their cakes." We learn from the history
+of Worcester that an order was made in 1641 that the bakers were not to
+make spice bread or short cakes, "inasmuch as it enhaunced the price of
+butter."
+
+A rather curious regulation in bygone times was the one which enforced the
+baker of white bread not to make brown, and the baker of brown bread not
+to make white.
+
+Very heavy fines used to be inflicted on persons selling short weight of
+bread. "A baker was convicted yesterday," says the _Times_ of July 8th,
+1795, "at the Public Office, Whitechapel, of making bread to the amount of
+307 ounces deficient in weight, and fined a penalty of £64 7s." In the
+same journal, three days later, we read, "A baker was yesterday convicted
+in the penalty of £106 5s. on 420 ounces of bread, deficient in weight."
+The market records, week after week, in 1795, as a rule, record an
+increased price of grain, and by the middle of the year the matter had
+become serious. The members of the Privy Council gave the subject careful
+consideration, and strongly recommended that families should refrain from
+having puddings, pies, and other articles made of flour. With the
+following paragraph from the _Times_ of July 22nd, 1795, we close our
+notes on bread in bygone days:--"His Majesty has given orders for the
+bread used in his household to be made of meal and rye mixed. No other
+sort is to be permitted to be baked, and the Royal Family eat bread of the
+same quality as their servants do."
+
+
+
+
+Arise, Mistress, Arise!
+
+
+In the olden time in many places in the provinces it was the practice on
+Christmas-day morning to permit the servants and apprentices to remain in
+bed, and for the mistress to get up and attend to the household duties.
+The bellman at Bewdley used to go round the town, and after ringing his
+bell and saying, "Good-morning, masters, mistresses, and all, I wish you a
+merry Christmas," he sang the following:
+
+  "Arise, mistress, arise,
+  And make your tarts and pies,
+    And let your maids lie still;
+  For if they should rise and spoil your pies,
+    You'd take it very ill.
+  Whilst you are sleeping in your bed,
+  I the cold wintry nights must tread
+    Past twelve o'clock, &c."
+
+Bewdley was famous for its ringers and singers, and its town crier was a
+man of note. An old couplet says:
+
+  "For ringers, singers, and a crier
+  Bewdley excelled all Worcestershire."
+
+In Lancashire was heard the following, proclaimed in the towns and
+villages:
+
+      "Get up old wives,
+      And bake your pies,
+  'Tis Christmas-day in the morning;
+      The bells shall ring,
+      The birds shall sing,
+  'Tis Christmas-day in the morning."
+
+At Morley, near Leeds, a man was formerly paid for blowing a horn at 5
+a.m. to make known the time for commencing, and at 8 p.m. the hour for
+giving up work. His blast was heard daily except on Sundays. On
+Christmas-day morning he blew his horn and sang:
+
+  "Dames arise and bake your pies,
+    And let your maids lie still;
+  For they have risen all the year,
+    Sore against their will."
+
+
+
+
+The Turnspit.
+
+
+One of the most menial positions in an ancient feudal household was that
+of turnspit. A person too old or too young for more important duties
+usually performed the work. John Lydgate, the monk of Bury, who was born
+in 1375, and died in 1460, gives us a picture of the turnspit as
+follows:--
+
+  "His mouth wel wet, his sleeves right thredbare,
+  A turnbroche, a boy for hagge of ware,
+  With louring face noddynge and slumberyng."
+
+Says Aubrey that these servants "did lick the dripping for their pains."
+
+In the reign of Edward III., the manor of Finchingfield was held by Sir
+John Compes, by the service of turning the spit at His Majesty's
+coronation. This certainly appears a humble position for a knight to fill
+in "the gallant days of chivalry."
+
+The spits or "broches" were often made of silver, and were usually carried
+to the table with the fish, fowl, or joint roasted upon them.
+
+The humble turnspit was not overlooked by the guests in the days of old,
+when largess was bestowed. We gather from "Howard's Household Book" that
+Lord Howard gave four old turnspits a penny each. When Mary Tudor dined at
+Havering, she rewarded the turnbroches with sixteen-pence.
+
+Dogs as well as men performed the task of turning the spit from an early
+period, and old-time literature includes many references to the subject.
+Doctor Caius, the founder of the college at Cambridge bearing his name, is
+the earliest English writer on the dog. "There is," wrote Caius,
+"comprehended under the curs of the coarsest kind, a certain dog in
+kitchen service excellent. For when any meat is to be roasted they go into
+a wheel, where they, turning about with the weight of their bodies, so
+diligently look to their business, that no drudge nor scullion can do the
+feat more cunningly, whom the popular sort hereupon term turnspits."
+
+We have seen several pictures of dogs turning the spit, and an interesting
+example appears in a work entitled "Remarks on a Tour in North and South
+Wales," published in 1800. The dog is engaged in his by no means pleasant
+work. "Newcastle, near Carmarthen," says the author, "is a pleasant
+village. At a decent inn here a dog is employed as turnspit. Great care is
+taken that this animal does not observe the cook approach the larder; if
+he does, he immediately hides himself for the remainder of the day, and
+the guest must be contented with more humble fare than intended."
+
+Mr. Jesse, a popular writer on rural subjects, was a keen observer of
+old-time customs and institutions, and the best account of the turnspit
+that has come under our notice is from his pen. "How well do I remember,
+in the days of my youth," says Mr. Jesse, "watching the operations of a
+turnspit at the house of a worthy old Welsh clergyman in Worcestershire,
+who taught me to read. He was a good man, wore a bushy wig, black worsted
+stockings, and large plaited buckles in his shoes. As he had several
+boarders as well as day scholars, his two turnspits had plenty to do. They
+were long-bodied, crook-legged, and ugly dogs, with a suspicious, unhappy
+look about them, as if they were weary of the task they had to do, and
+expected every moment to be seized upon to do it. Cooks in those days, as
+they are said to be at present, were very cross, and if the poor animal,
+wearied with having a larger joint than usual to turn, stopped for a
+moment, the voice of the cook might be heard rating him in no very gentle
+terms. When we consider that a large, solid piece of beef would take at
+least three hours before it was properly roasted, we may form some idea of
+the task a dog had to perform in turning a wheel during that time. A
+pointer has pleasure in finding game, the terrior worries rats with
+eagerness and delight, and the bull-dog even attacks bulls with the
+greatest energy, while the poor turnspit performs his task with
+compulsion, like a culprit on a treadmill, subject to scolding or beating
+if he stops a moment to rest his weary limbs, and is then kicked about the
+kitchen when the task is over."
+
+The mode of teaching the dog its duties is described in a book of
+anecdotes published at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1809. It was more summary than
+humane. The dog was put in the wheel, and a burning coal with him; he
+could not stop without burning his legs, and so was kept upon the full
+gallop. These dogs were by no means fond of their profession. It was
+indeed hard work to run in a wheel for two or three hours, turning a piece
+of meat twice their own weight.
+
+In the same work two more anecdotes bearing on this theme also find a
+place, and are worth reproducing. "Some years ago," we are told, "a party
+of young men, at Bath, hired the chairmen on a Saturday night to steal all
+the turnspits in the town, and lock them up till the following evening.
+Accordingly, on Sunday, when everybody has roast meat for dinner, all the
+cooks were to be seen in the streets, 'Pray have you seen our Chloe?' asks
+one. 'Why,' replies the other, 'I was coming to ask if you had seen our
+Pompey.' Up came a third, while they were talking, to inquire for her
+Toby. And there was no roast meat in Bath that day. It is told of these
+dogs in this city, that one Sunday, when they had as usual followed their
+mistresses to church, the lesson for the day happened to be that chapter
+in Ezekiel, wherein the self-moving chariots are described. When first the
+word wheel was pronounced, all the curs pricked up their ears in alarm; at
+the second wheel they set up a doleful howl. When the dreadful word was
+uttered a third time, every one of them scampered out of church, as fast
+as he could, with his tail between his legs."
+
+Allusions to this subject may be found in some of the poets of the olden
+time, more especially in those of a political character. Pitt, in his _Art
+of Preaching_, has the following on a man who speaks much, but to little
+purpose:--
+
+  "His arguments in silly circles run,
+  Still round and round, and end where they begun.
+  So the poor turnspit, as the wheel runs round,
+  The more he gains, the more he loses ground."
+
+
+
+
+A Gossip about the Goose.
+
+
+The goose figures largely in the history, the legends, and the proverbial
+lore of our own and other lands. In ancient Egypt it was an object of
+adoration in the temple and an article of diet on the table. The Egyptians
+mainly took beef and goose flesh as their animal food, and it has been
+suggested that they expected to obtain physical power from the beef and
+mental vigour from the goose. To support this theory, it has been shown
+that other nations have eaten the flesh of wolves and drunk the blood of
+lions, hoping thereby to become fierce and courageous. Some other nations
+have refused to partake of the hare and the deer on account of the
+timidity of these animals, fearing lest by eating their flesh they should
+also partake of their characteristic fearfulness and timidity.
+
+Pliny thought very highly of the goose, saying "that one might almost be
+tempted to think these creatures have an appreciation of wisdom, for it is
+said that one of them was a constant companion of the peripatetic
+philosopher Lacydes, and would never leave him, either in public or when
+at the bath, by night or by day."
+
+The cackling of the goose saved Rome. According to a very old story, the
+guards of the city were asleep, and the enemy taking advantage of this,
+were making their way through a weak part of the fortifications, expecting
+to take the city by surprise. The wakeful geese hearing them, at once
+commenced cackling, and their noise awoke the Romans, who soon made short
+work of their foes. This circumstance greatly increased the gratitude of
+the Roman citizens for the goose.
+
+We gather from the quaint words of an old chronicler a probable solution
+of the familiar phrase, "To cook one's goose." "The kyng of Swedland"--so
+runs the ancient record--"coming to a towne of his enemyes with very
+little company, his enemyes, to slyghte his forces, did hang out a goose
+for him to shoote; but perceiving before nyghte that these fewe soldiers
+had invaded and sette their chief houlds on fire, they demanded of him
+what his intent was, to whom he replyed, 'To cook your goose'."
+
+In the days when the bow and arrow were the chief weapons of warfare, it
+was customary for the sheriffs of the counties where geese were reared to
+gather sufficient quantities of feathers to wing the arrows of the English
+army. Some of the old ballads contain references to winging the arrow with
+goose feathers. A familiar instance is the following:
+
+  "'Bend all your bows,' said Robin Hood;
+    'And with the gray goose wing,
+  Such sport now show as you would do
+    In the presence of the king'."
+
+To check the exportation of feathers, a heavy export duty was put upon
+them.
+
+The goose frequently figures in English tenures. In a poem by Gascoigne,
+published in 1575, there is an allusion to rent-day gifts, which appear to
+have been general in the olden time:
+
+  "And when the tenants come to pay their quarter's rent,
+  They bring some fowle at Midsummer, a dish of fish in Lent,
+  At Christmasse a capon, and at Michaelmasse a goose."
+
+A strange manorial custom was kept up at Hilton in the days of Charles II.
+An image of brass, known as Jack of Hilton, was kept there. "In the
+mouth," we are told, "was a little hole just large enough to admit the
+head of a pin; water was poured in by a hole in the back, which was
+afterwards stopped up." The figure was then set on the fire; and during
+the time it was blowing off steam, the lord of the manor of Essington was
+obliged to bring a goose to Hilton and drive it three times round the
+hall-fire. He next delivered the goose to the cook; and when dressed, he
+carried it to the table and received in return a dish of meat for his own
+mess.
+
+In bygone times, Lincolnshire was a great place for breeding geese; and
+its extensive bogs, marshes, and swamps were well adopted for the purpose.
+The drainage and cultivation of the land have done away with the haunts
+suitable for the goose; but in a great measure Lincolnshire has lost its
+reputation for its geese. Frequently in the time when geese were largely
+bred, one farmer would have a thousand breeding-geese, and they would
+multiply some sevenfold every year, so that he would have under his care
+annually, some eight thousand geese. He had to be careful that they did
+not wander from the particular district where they had a right to allow
+them to feed, for they were regarded as trespassers, and the owner could
+not get stray geese back unless he paid a fine of twopence for each
+offender.
+
+Within the last fifty years it was a common occurrence to see on sale in
+the market-place at Nottingham at the Goose Fair from fifteen to twenty
+thousand geese, which had been brought from the fens of Lincolnshire. A
+street on the Lincolnshire side of the town is called Goosegate.
+
+The origin of the custom of eating a goose at Michaelmas is lost in the
+shadows of the dim historic past. According to one legend, Saint Martin
+was tormented with a goose, which he killed and ate. He died after eating
+it; and ever since, Christians have, as a matter of duty, on the saint's
+day sacrificed the goose. We have seen from the preceding quotation from
+Gascoigne that the goose formed a popular Michaelmas dish from an early
+period.
+
+It is a common saying, "The older the goose the harder to pluck," when old
+men are unwilling to part with their money. The barbarous practice of
+plucking live geese for the sake of their quills gave rise to the saying.
+It was usual to pluck live geese about five times a year. Quills for pens
+were much in request before the introduction of steel pens. One London
+house, it is stated, sold annually six million quill pens. A professional
+pen-cutter could turn out about twelve hundred daily.
+
+Considerable economy was exercised in the use of quill pens. Leo Allatius,
+after writing forty years with one pen, lost it, and it is said he mourned
+for it as for a friend. William Hutton wrote the history of his family
+with one pen, which he wore down to the stump. He put it aside,
+accompanied by the following lines:
+
+  THIS PEN.
+
+  "As a choice relic I'll keep thee,
+  Who saved my ancestors and me.
+  For seven long weeks you daily wrought
+  Till into light our lives you brought,
+  And every falsehood you avoided
+  While by the hand of Hutton guided."
+
+  June 3, 1779.
+
+In conclusion, it may be stated that Philemon Holland, the celebrated
+translator, wrote one of his books with a single pen, and recorded in
+rhyme the feat as follows:
+
+  "With one sole pen I wrote this book,
+    Made of a gray goose quill;
+  A pen it was when I it took,
+    A pen I leave it still."
+
+
+
+
+Bells as Time-Tellers.
+
+
+The ringing of the bell in bygone times was general as a signal to
+commence and to close the daily round of labour. In some of the more
+remote towns and villages of old England the custom lingers at the
+ingathering of the harvest. At Driffield, in the East Riding of Yorkshire,
+for example, the harvest bell is still rung at five o'clock in the morning
+to arouse the labourers from their slumbers, and at seven in the evening
+the welcome sound of the bell intimates the time for closing work for the
+day.
+
+References to this subject may sometimes be found in parish accounts and
+other old church documents. In the parish chest of Barrow-on-Humber,
+Lincolnshire, is preserved a copy of the "Office and Duty of the Parish
+Clerk," bearing date of 1713, stating:--
+
+    "Item.--He is to ring a Bell Every working day morning at Break of the
+    day, and continue the ringing thereof until All Saints, and also to
+    ring a Bell Every Evening about the sunseting until harvest be fully
+    ended: which Bells are to begin to ring from the beginning of the
+    harvest."
+
+We learn from an old survey of the parish, still retained amongst the
+church papers, the reward given to the clerk for ringing the harvest bell.
+Says the document:--
+
+    "The Clarke Receiveth from Every Cottoger at Easter for Ringing the
+    Day and Night Bell in Harvest two pecks of wheat."
+
+Barrow-on-Humber became famous for its bells, beer, and singers. An old
+rhyme states:--
+
+  "Barrow for ringing,
+  And Barrow for singing,
+  And the Oak for good stout ale."
+
+The Oak is the sign of the village inn, and a place of more than local
+reputation for its strong, home-brewed ale.
+
+We have traces of the custom of ringing the harvest bell in various parts
+of the Midlands. At Moreton and at Walgrave, in Northamptonshire, the
+harvest bell was rung at four o'clock in the morning. At Spratton,
+Wellingborough, and other places in the county, the custom is still
+remembered, but not kept up.
+
+It was customary in many places, when the last load of grain was brought
+home, to deck it with the boughs of the oak and ash, and a merry peal of
+the church bells made known the news that the farmer had ended his
+harvest, the farm labourers riding on the top of the load to sing--
+
+      "Harvest home! harvest home!
+  The boughs they do shake, the bells they do ring,
+  So merrily we bring the harvest in, harvest in!
+  So merrily we bring the harvest in."
+
+In some of the more remote villages of the country, the gleaners' bell is
+rung as a signal to commence gleaning. By this means, to use the words of
+Mr. Thomas North, our leading authority on bell lore, the old and feeble,
+as well as the young and active, may have a fair start. At Lyddington,
+Rutland, says Mr. North, the clerk claims a fee of a penny a week from
+women and big children, as a recompense for his trouble. The parish clerk
+at West Deeping, Lincolnshire, claimed twopence a head from the gleaners,
+but as they refused to pay, he declined to ring the bell.
+
+Bearing on this theme may be included particulars of a bell formerly rung
+at Louth when the harvest on the "Gatherums" was ripe. "A piece of ground
+so called," writes Mr. North, "was in former times cultivated for the
+benefit of the poor. When the 'pescods' were ripe, the church bell was
+rung, which gave warning to the poor that the time had arrived when they
+might gather them; hence (it is said) _gather 'em_ or _gatherum_." From
+the church accounts is drawn the following:
+
+  "1536. Item for Knyllyng the bell in harvest for gatheringe
+    of the pescods                                                 iiijd."
+
+Similar entries occur in the books of the church.
+
+An inscription on a bell at Coventry, dated 1675, states:--
+
+  "I ring at six to let men know
+  When to and fro' their work to goe."
+
+At St. Ives a bell bears a pithy inscription as follows:--
+
+  "Arise, and go about your business."
+
+The bells of Bow are amongst the best known in England, and figure in the
+legendary lore as well as in the business life of London. Every reader is
+familiar with the story of Dick Whittington leaving the city in despair,
+resting on Highgate Hill, and hearing the famous bells, which seemed to
+say in their merry peals--
+
+  "Turn again, Whittington,
+  Thou worthy citizen,
+  Lord Mayor of London."
+
+In 1469, an order was given by the Court of the Common Council for Bow
+bell to be rung every night at nine o'clock. Nine was the recognised time
+for tradesmen to close their shops. The clerk, whose duty it was to ring
+the bell, was irregular in his habits, and the late performance of his
+duties disappointed the toiling apprentices, who thus addressed him:--
+
+  "Clerk of Bow bell,
+    With thy yellow locks,
+  For thy late ringing
+    Thy head shall have knocks."
+
+The clerk replied:--
+
+  "Children of Cheape,
+    Hold you all still,
+  For you shall hear Bow Bell
+    Ring at your will."
+
+The foregoing rhymes take us back to a period before clocks were in
+general use in this country. The parentage of the present clock cannot be
+traced with any degree of certainty. We learn that as early as 996,
+Gerbert, a distinguished Benedictine monk (subsequently Pope Sylvester
+II.), constructed for Magdeburg a clock, with a weight as a motive power.
+Clocks with weights were used in monasteries in Europe in the eleventh
+century. It is supposed that they had not dials to indicate the time, but
+at certain intervals struck a bell to make known the time for prayers.
+
+From the fact that a clock-keeper was employed at St. Paul's, London, in
+1286, it is presumed that there must have been a clock, but we have not
+been able to discover any details respecting it. There was a clock at
+Westminster in 1290, and two years later £30 was paid for a large clock
+put up at Canterbury Cathedral. Thirty pounds represented a large sum of
+money in the year 1292. About 1326 an astronomical clock was erected at
+St. Albans. It was the work of Richard de Wallingford, a blacksmith's son
+of the town, who rose to the position of Abbot there. In the earlier half
+of the fourteenth century are traces of numerous other clocks in England.
+According to Haydn's "Dictionary of Dates," in the year 1530 the first
+portable clock was made. This statement does not agree with a writer in
+"Chambers's Encyclopædia" (edition 1890). "The date," we are told in that
+work, "when portable clocks were first made, cannot be determined. They
+are mentioned in the beginning of the fourteenth century. The motive power
+must have been a mainspring instead of a weight. The Society of
+Antiquaries of England possess one, with the inscription in Bohemian that
+it was made at Prague, by Jacob Zech, in 1525. It has a spring for motive
+power, with fusee, and is one of the oldest portable clocks in a perfect
+state in England."
+
+It is asserted that no clock in this country went accurately before the
+one was erected at Hampton Court, in 1540. Shakespeare, in his _Love's
+Labour's Lost_, gives us an idea of the unsatisfactory manner clocks kept
+time in the days of old. He says:--
+
+            ... "Like a German clock,
+  Still a-repairing; ever out of frame;
+  And never going aright."
+
+Coming down to later times, we may give a few particulars of the
+difficulty of ascertaining the time in the country in the earlier years of
+the last century.
+
+[Illustration: CLOCK, HAMPTON COURT PALACE.]
+
+Norrisson Scatcherd, the historian of Morley, near Leeds, gives in his
+history, published in 1830, an amusing sketch of a local worthy named John
+Jackson, better known as "Old Trash," poet, schoolmaster, mechanic,
+stonecutter, land-measurer, etc., who was buried at Woodkirk on May 19th,
+1764. "He constructed a clock, and in order to make it useful to the
+clothiers who attended Leeds market from Earls and Hanging Heaton,
+Dewsbury, Chickenley, etc., he kept a lamp suspended near the face of
+it, and burning through the winter nights, and he would have no shutters
+nor curtains to his window, so that the clothiers had only to stop and
+look through it to know the time. Now, in our age of luxury and
+refinement, the accomodation thus presented by 'Old Trash' may seem
+insignificant and foolish, but I can assure the reader that it was not.
+The clothiers in the early part of the eighteenth century were obliged to
+be upon the bridge at Leeds, where the market was held, by about six
+o'clock in the summer, and seven in the winter; and hither they were
+convened by a bell anciently pertaining to a Chantry Chapel, which once
+was annexed to Leeds Bridge. They did not all ride, but most went on foot.
+They did not carry watches, for few of them had ever possessed such a
+valuable. They did not dine on fish, flesh, and fowl, with wine, etc., as
+some do now. No! no! The careful housewife wrapped up a bit of oatcake and
+cheese in a little checked handkerchief, and charged her husband to mind
+and not get above a pint of ale at 'The Rodney.' Would Jackson's clock
+then be of no use to men who had few such in their villages? Who seldom
+saw a watch, but took much of their intelligence from the note of the
+cuckoo."
+
+For an extended period, the curfew bell has been a most important
+time-teller. The sounds are no longer heard as the signal for putting out
+fires, as they were in the days of the Norman kings. It is generally
+asserted that William the Conqueror introduced the curfew custom into
+England, but it is highly probable that he only enforced a law which had
+long been in existence in the kingdom, and which prevailed in France,
+Italy, Spain, and other countries on the Continent. Houses at this period
+were usually built of wood, and fires were frequent and often fatal, and
+on the whole it was a wise policy to put out household fires at night. The
+fire as a rule was made in a hole in the middle of the floor, and the
+smoke escaped through the roof. In an account of the manners and customs
+of the English people, drawn up in 1678, the writer states that before the
+Reformation, "Ordinary men's houses, as copyholders and the like, had no
+chimneys, but flues like louver holes; some of them were in being when I
+was a boy." In the year 1103, Henry I. modified the curfew custom. In
+"Liber Albus," we find a curious picture of London life under some of the
+Plantagenet kings, commencing with Edward I. It was against the city
+regulations for armed persons to wander about the city after the ringing
+of the curfew bell.
+
+We may infer from a circumstance in the closing days of William I., that
+from a remote period there was a religious service at eight o'clock at
+night. It will be remembered that the king died from the injuries received
+by the plunging of his horse, caused by the animal treading on some hot
+ashes. Shortly before his death he was roused from the stupor which
+clouded his mind, by the ringing of the vesper bell of a neighbouring
+church. He asked if it were in England and if it were the curfew bell that
+he heard. On being told that he was in his "own Normandy," and the bell
+was for evening prayer, he "charged them bid the monks pray for his soul,
+and remained for a while dull and heavy."
+
+At Tamworth, in 1390, a bye-law was passed, and "it provided that no man,
+woman, or servant should go out after the ringing of the curfew from one
+place to another unless they had a light in their hands, under pain of
+imprisonment." For a long period it was the signal for closing
+public-houses.
+
+
+
+
+The Age of Snuffing.
+
+
+In this country old customs linger long, and although the age of snuffing
+has passed away, in some quarters the piquant pinch still finds favour.
+Our ancient municipal corporations have been reformed, but old usages are
+still maintained and revived. In 1896 we saw an account in the newspapers
+of an amusing episode which occurred during a meeting of the Pontefract
+Town Council. One of the aldermen, noticing that the councillors had "to
+go borrowing" snuff, suggested the re-introduction of the old Corporation
+snuff-box. The official box, in the shape of an antler, was unearthed from
+underneath the aldermanic bench amidst much amusement, and the Mayor
+promised ere another sitting the article in question should be duly
+cleaned and replenished with the stimulating powder. Sir Albert K. Rollit,
+the learned and genial member of Parliament for South Islington, when
+Mayor of his native town of Hull a few years ago, presented to his brother
+members of the Corporation a massive and valuable snuff-box. The gift was
+much appreciated. In a compilation recently published under the title of
+"The Corporation Plate and Insignia of Office, &c., of the Cities and
+Towns of England and Wales," will be found particulars of snuff-boxes
+belonging to some of the older municipal bodies. In bygone times taking
+snuff was extremely popular, its palmy days in England being during the
+eighteenth century. Snuff was praised in poetry and prose. Peer and
+peasant, rich and poor, the lady in her drawing-room and the humble
+housewife alike enjoyed the pungent pinch. The snuff-box was to be seen
+everywhere.
+
+The earliest allusion we have to snuffing occurs in the narrative of the
+second voyage of Columbus in 1494. It is there related by Roman Pane, the
+friar, who accompanied the expedition, that the aborigines of America
+reduced tobacco to a powder, and drew it through a cane half a cubit long;
+one end of this they placed in the nose and the other upon the powder. He
+also stated that it purged them very much.
+
+Snuff and other forms of tobacco on their introduction had many bitter
+opponents. After the Great Plague the popularity of tobacco and snuff
+increased, for during the time of the terrible visitation both had been
+largely used as disinfectants. There is a curious entry in Thomas Hearne's
+Diary, 1720-21, bearing on this theme. He writes as follows under date of
+January 21:--"I have been told that in the last great plague in London
+none that kept tobacconists' shops had the plague. It is certain that
+smoaking was looked upon as a most excellent preservative. In so much that
+even children were obliged to smoak. And I remember that I heard formerly
+Tom Rogers, who was yeoman beadle, say that when he was that year when the
+plague raged a schoolboy at Eton, all the boys in the school were obliged
+to smoak in the school every morning, and that he was never whipped so
+much in his life as he was one morning for not smoaking." Pepys says in
+his Diary on June 7, 1665:--"The hottest day that ever I felt in my life.
+This day, much against my will, I did in Drury Lane see two or three
+houses marked with a red cross upon the doors, and 'Lord have mercy upon
+us!' writ there; which was a sad sight to me, being the first of the kind
+that to my remembrance I ever saw. It put me into ill-conception of myself
+and my smell, so that I was forced to buy some roll tobacco to smell and
+chew, which took apprehension." Another impetus to the habit of
+snuff-taking was given in 1702. Our Fleet was under the command of Sir
+George Rooke, and it is recorded that at Port Saint Mary, near Cadiz,
+several thousand barrels of choice Spanish snuff were captured. At Vigo on
+the homeward voyage more native snuff was obtained, and found its way to
+England, instead of the Spanish market, as it was originally intended. The
+snuff was sold at the chief English ports for the benefit of the officers
+and men. In not a few instances waggon-loads were disposed of at fourpence
+per pound. It was named Vigo snuff, and the popularity of the ware, its
+cheapness, and novelty were the means of its coming into general use. In
+no part of the world did it become and remain more popular than in North
+Britain. A volume published in London in 1702, entitled "A Short Account
+of Scotland," without the author's name, but apparently by a military
+officer, contains some interesting information on the social life of the
+people. We gather from this work that the chief stimulant of the Scotch at
+this period was snuff. "They are fond of tobacco," it is stated, "but
+more from the sneesh-box [snuff-box] than the pipe. And they made it so
+necessary that I have heard some of them say that, should their bread come
+in competition with it, they would rather fast than their sneesh should be
+taken away. Yet mostly it consists of the coarsest tobacco, dried by the
+fire, and pounded in a little engine after the form of a tap, which they
+carry in their pockets, and is both a mill to grind and a box to keep it
+in." At social gatherings the snuff-mull was constantly passed round, and
+we are told that each guest left traces of its use on the table, on his
+knees, the folds of his dress, and on the floor. The preacher's voice was
+impaired with excessive indulgence in snuff.
+
+Long before the English visitor had written his book on Scotland, attempts
+had been made to prohibit snuff-taking in church. At the Kirk Session of
+St. Cuthbert's, held on June 18, 1640, it was decided that every
+snuff-taker in church be amerced in "twenty shillings for everie falt."
+Under date of April 11, 1641, it is stated in the Kirk Session records of
+Soulton as follows:--"Statute with consent of the ministers and elders,
+that every one that takes snuff in tyme of Divine Service shall pay 6s.
+8d., and give one public confession of his fault." At Dunfermline, the
+Kirk Session had this matter under consideration, and the bellman was
+directed "to tak notice of those who tak the sneising tobacco in tyme of
+Divine Service, and to inform concerning them." A writer in a popular
+periodical, in a chapter on "The Divine Weed," makes a mistake, we think,
+presuming people smoked in church in bygone days. "At one period in the
+history of tobacco," says the contributor, "smoking was so common that it
+was actually practised in church." Previous to the visit of James the
+First to the University of Cambridge, in 1615, the Vice-Chancellor issued
+a notice to the students, which enjoined that "Noe graduate, scholler, or
+student of this Universitie presume to take tobacco in Saint Marie's
+Church, uppon payne of finall expellinge the Universitie." The taking of
+tobacco doubtless means using it in the form of snuff and not smoking it
+in a pipe.
+
+Later, and perhaps at the period under notice, a strong feeling prevailed
+against smoking in the public streets. In the records of the Methwold
+Manor, Norfolk, is an entry in the court books dated October 4, 1659, as
+follows:--"Wee agree that any person that is taken smookeing tobacco in
+the street, forfeit one shilling for every time so taken, and it shall be
+put to the uses aforesaid (that is to the use of the towne). We present
+Nicholas Barber for smoking in the street, and do amerce him one
+shilling." At a parish meeting held at Winteringham, on January 6, 1685,
+it was resolved:--"None shall smoke tobacco in the streets upon paine of
+two shillings for every default." Schoolmasters were forbidden to smoke.
+In the rules of Chigwell School, founded in 1629, only fourteen years
+after the visit of James to Cambridge, it is stated:--"The master must be
+a man of sound religion, neither Papist nor Puritan, of a grave behaviour,
+and sober and honest conversation, no tippler, or haunter of alehouses,
+and no puffer of tobacco."
+
+We may come to the conclusion from the facts we have furnished, that if
+persons were not permitted to smoke in the street, it is quite certain
+they would not be allowed to do so in the house of prayer.
+
+Preachers of all sections of the religious world delighted in a pinch of
+snuff. Sneezing was heard in the highest and humblest churches, and it
+even made St. Peter's at Rome echo. The practice so excited the ire of
+Pope Innocent the Twelfth that he made an effort in 1690 to stop it in
+his churches, and "solemnly excommunicated all who should dare to take
+snuff." Tyerman, in his "Life of Wesley," tells us the great trouble the
+famous preacher had with his early converts. "Many of them were absolutely
+enslaved to snuff; some drank drams, &c., to remedy such evils, the
+preachers were enjoined on no account to take snuff, or to drink drams
+themselves; and were to speak to any one they saw snuffing in sermon time,
+and to answer the pretence that drams cured the colic and helped
+digestion." Mr. Wesley cautioned a preacher going to Ireland against
+snuff, unless by order of a physician, declaring that no people were in
+such blind bondage to the silly, nasty, dirty custom as were the Irish. It
+is stated so far did Irishmen carry their love of snuffing, that it was
+customary, when a wake was on, to put a plate full of snuff upon the dead
+man's, or woman's stomach, from which each guest was expected to take a
+pinch upon being introduced to the corpse.
+
+In the earlier days of snuff-taking, people generally ground their own
+snuff by rubbing roll tobacco across a small grater, usually fixed inside
+the snuff-box. We find in old-time writings many allusions to making
+snuff from roll tobacco. In course of time snuff was flavoured with rich
+essences, and scented snuffs found favour with the ladies. The man of
+refinement prided himself on his taste for perfumed powder. We find it
+stated in Fairholt's book on "Tobacco," that in the reign of William III.
+the beaux carried canes with hollow heads, that they might the more
+conveniently inhale a few grains through the perforations, as they
+sauntered in the fashionable promenades. Women quickly followed the lead
+of men in snuffing, in spite of satire in the _Spectator_ and other papers
+of the period. The list of famous snuff-takers of the olden time is a long
+one, and only a few can be noticed here. Queen Charlotte heads the roll.
+She was persistent in the practice, and her unfilial and rude sons called
+her "Old Snuff." Captain Gronow, when a boy at Eton, saw the Queen in
+company with the King taking an airing on the Terrace at Windsor, and
+relates "that her royal nose was covered with snuff both within and
+without." Mrs. Siddons, "the queen of tragedy," largely indulged in the
+use of snuff, both on and off the stage, even while taking her more
+important characters. Mrs. Jordan, another "stage star," a representative
+of the comic muse, obtained animation from frequent use of snuff. Mrs.
+Unwin, the friend of Cowper, was extremely fond of it, and so was the
+poet, yet he was not a smoker. On snuff he wrote as follows:--
+
+  "The pungent, nose-refreshing weed,
+  Which whether pulverised it gain
+  A speedy passage to the brain,
+  Or whether touched with fire it rise
+  In circling eddies to the skies,
+  Does thought more quicken and refine
+  Than all the breath of all the Nine."
+
+Pope, in "The Rape of the Lock," refers to ladies with their snuff-boxes
+always handy, and the fair Belinda found hers particularly useful in the
+battle she waged:--
+
+  "See, fierce Belinda on the baron flies
+  With more than usual lightning in her eyes;
+  And this bred lord, with manly strength endued,
+  She with one finger and a thumb subdued.
+  Just where the breath of life his nostrils drew
+  A charge of snuff the wily virgin threw;
+  The gnomes direct, to every atom just,
+  The pungent grains of titillating dust.
+  Sudden with startling tears each eye o'erflows,
+  And the high dome re-echoes to his nose."
+
+Napoleon's legacy to the famous Lady Holland was a snuff-box, and Moore
+celebrated the gift in a verse written while he was in Paris in 1821:--
+
+  "Gift of the Hero, on his dying day,
+    To her who pitying watch'd, for ever nigh;
+  Oh, could he see the proud, the happy ray,
+    This relic lights up in her generous eye,
+  Sighing, he'd feel how easy 'tis to pay
+    A friendship all his kingdoms could not buy."
+
+Amongst ladies we have to include the charming Clarinda, a friend of
+Robert Burns, on whom he wrote when obliged to leave her:--
+
+  "She, the fair sun of all her sex,
+    Has blest my glorious day,
+  And shall, a glimmering planet, fix
+    My worship to its ray."
+
+[Illustration: PARTAKING OF THE PUNGENT PINCH.]
+
+She was much addicted to the use of snuff, more especially towards the
+closing years of her life, and to the last she was famous for her singular
+sprightliness in conversation. Dr. Deering wrote, about the end of the
+first half of the eighteenth century, a history of Nottingham, and in it
+he relates how ladies, enjoying their tea, between each dish regaled their
+nostrils with a pinch or two of snuff. The snuff-boxes carried by them
+were usually costly, and generally elegant in form. David Garrick gave his
+wife a gold snuff-box. George Barrington, the celebrated pickpocket and
+author, stole from Prince Orloff a snuff-box, set with brilliants, valued
+at £30,000. Barrington was transported to Botany Bay, and at the opening
+of Sydney Theatre, January 16, 1796, Young's tragedy, _The Revenge_, was
+performed by convicts, and a prologue from Barrington's pen contained this
+passage:--
+
+  "From distant climes, o'er widespread seas, we come,
+  Though not with much _éclat_, or beat of drum;
+  True patriots we, for, be it understood,
+  We left our country for our country's good.
+  No private views disgraced our generous zeal,
+  What urged our travels was our country's weal;
+  And none will doubt but that our emigration
+  Has proved most useful to the British nation."
+
+In the olden time it was customary for the English Court to present to an
+Ambassador on his return home a gold snuff-box, and only in late years has
+this practice been discontinued. George IV. made a fraudulent display of
+snuff-taking; he carried an empty box, and pretended to draw from it
+pinches and apply them to his nose. The great Napoleon could not endure
+smoking, but filled his waistcoat pocket with snuff, and partook of
+prodigious quantities. Nelson enjoyed his snuff, and his snuff-box finds a
+place among his relics at Greenwich. Literary men and dramatists figure
+in imposing numbers amongst snuff-takers. Dryden enjoyed snuff, and did
+not object to share the luxury with others. A favourite haunt of his was
+Will's Coffee-house in Bow Street, Covent Garden, where he was met by the
+chief wits of the time. In the "London Spy," by Ned Wright, it is related
+that a parcel of raw, second-rate beaux and wits were conceited if they
+had but the honour to dip a finger and thumb into Mr. Dryden's snuff-box.
+Addison, Bolingbroke, Congreve, Swift, and Pope were snuff-takers. Dr.
+Samuel Johnson carried large supplies in his waistcoat pocket, and his
+friend Boswell thus praised it:--
+
+  "Oh snuff! our fashionable end and aim!
+  Strasburg, Rappee, Dutch, Scotch,
+        Whate'er thy name;
+  Powder celestial! quintescence divine!
+  New joys entrance my soul while thou art mine."
+
+Arkbuckle, another Scottish poet, author of many humorous and witty poems,
+wrote in 1719 as follows:--
+
+  "Blest be his shade, may laurels ever bloom,
+  And breathing sweets exhale around his tomb,
+  Whose penetrating nostril taught mankind
+  First how by snuff to rouse the sleeping mind."
+
+The following lines are by Robert Leighton, a modern Scotch poet of
+recognised ability:--
+
+  THE SNUFFIE AULD MAN.
+
+  "By the cosie fireside, or the sun-ends o' gavels,
+    The snuffie auld bodie is sure to be seen;
+  Tap, tappin' his snuff-box, he snifters and sneevils,
+    And smachers the snuff frae his mou' to his een.
+  Since tobacco cam' in, and the snuffin' began,
+  The hasna been seen sic a snuffie auld man.
+
+  His haurins are dozen'd, his een sair bedizen'd,
+    And red round the lids as the gills o' a fish;
+  His face is a' bladdit, his sark-breest a' smaddit--
+    And snuffie a picture as ony could wish.
+  He maks a mere merter o' a' thing he does,
+  Wi' snuff frae his fingers an' draps frae his nose.
+
+  And wow but his nose is a troublesome member--
+    Day and nicht, there's nae end to its snuffie desire;
+  It's wide as the chimlie, it's red as an ember,
+    And has to be fed like a dry-whinnie fire,
+  It's a troublesome member, and gie's him nae peace,
+  Even sleepin' or eatin' or sayin' the grace.
+
+  The kirk is disturbed wi' his hauchin and sneezin',
+    The domime stoppit when leadin' the psalm;
+  The minister, deav'd out o' logic and reason,
+    Pours gall in the lugs that are gapin' for balm.
+  The auld folks look surly, the young chaps jocose,
+  While the bodie himsel' is bambazed wi' his nose.
+
+  He scrimps the auld wife baith in garnal and caddy;
+    He snuffs what wad keep her in comfort and ease;
+  Rapee, Lundyfitt, Prince's Mixture, and Taddy,
+    She looks upon them as the warst o' her faes.
+  And we'll ne'er see an end o' her Rooshian war
+  While the auld carle's nose is upheld like a Czar."
+
+Charles and Mary Lamb both enjoyed snuff, and doubtless felt its use
+assisted them in their literary labours. Here is a picture drawn by Mary
+of the pair as they were penning their "Tales from Shakespeare," sitting
+together at the same table. "Like a literary Darby and Joan," she says, "I
+taking snuff, and he groaning all the while, and saying he can make
+nothing of it, till he has finished, when he finds he has made something
+of it." Sterne was a snuff-taker, and when his wife was about to join him
+in Paris in 1762, he wrote a letter in which he said:--"You will find good
+tea upon the road from York to Dover; only bring a little to carry you
+from Calais to Paris. Give the custom-house officer what I told you. At
+Calais give more, if you have much Scotch snuff; but as tobacco is good
+here, you had best bring a Scotch mull and make it yourself; that is,
+order your valet to manufacture it, 'twill keep him out of mischief." In
+another letter he says:--"You must be cautious about Scotch snuff; take
+half a pound in your pocket, and make Lyd do the same." Sir Joshua
+Reynolds is described as taking snuff profusely. It is related that he
+powdered his waistcoat, let it fall in heaps upon the carpet, and even
+upon his palette, and it thus became mixed with his pigments and
+transferred to his pictures. Gibbon was a confirmed snuff-taker. In one of
+his letters he relates how he took snuff. "I drew my snuff-box," he said,
+"rapp'd it, took snuff twice, and continued my discourse, in my usual
+attitude of my body bent forwards, and my forefinger stretched out."
+
+Offering a pinch of snuff has always been regarded as a mark of civility,
+but there are some men who could not tolerate the practice. Frederick the
+Great, for example, disliked others to take snuff from his box. He was
+lying in the adjoining room to one where he had left his box, and his page
+helped himself to a pinch from it. He was detected, and Frederick said,
+"Put that box in your pocket; it is too small for both of us." George II.
+liked to have his box for his own exclusive use, and when a gentleman at a
+masquerade helped himself to a pinch, the King in great anger threw away
+the box.
+
+
+
+
+State Lotteries.
+
+
+For more than two-and-a-half centuries state lotteries were popular in
+this country. They were imported into England from the continent; prior to
+being known here they were established in Italy, and most probably they
+came to us from that country.
+
+An announcement of the first English lottery was made in 1566, and it
+stated that it would consist of forty-thousand lots or shares at ten
+shillings each. The prizes, many and valuable, included money, plate, and
+certain sorts of merchandise. The winner of the greatest and most
+excellent prize was entitled to receive "the value of five thousand
+poundes sterling, that is to say, three thousande poundes in ready money,
+seven hundred poundes in plate, gilte and white, and the reste in good
+tapisserie meete of hangings and other covertures, and certain sortes of
+good linen cloth." Tapisserie and good linen cloth figure in several of
+the prizes, or to give the spelling of the announcement, prices. A large
+number of small money prizes were offered, including ten thousand at
+fifteen shillings each, and nine thousand four hundred and eighteen at
+fourteen shillings each.
+
+The object of the lottery was to raise money to repair the harbours and to
+carry out other useful works. Although the undertaking was for an
+excellent purpose, and the prizes tempting, the sale of the tickets was
+slow, and special inducements were made by Queen Elizabeth to persons
+taking shares. Persons who "adventured money in this lottery" might visit
+several of the more important towns in "the Realme of Englande, and Dublyn
+and Waterforde in the Realm of Irelande," and there remain for seven days
+without any molestation or arrest of them for any manner of offence saving
+treason, murder, pyracie, or any other felonie, or for breach of her
+Majesties peace during the time of her coming abiding or returne.
+Doubtless these conditions would induce many to take shares. Public bodies
+as well as private persons invested money in lottery tickets. Not so much
+as a matter of choice as to comply with the urgent wishes of the queen and
+her advisers. The public had little taste for the lottery, but the leading
+people in the land were almost compelled to take shares, and the same may
+be said of chief cities and towns. In the city records of Winchester for
+example, under the year 1566, it is stated:--"Taken out of the Coffer the
+sum of £10 towards the next drawen of the lottery." On the 30th July,
+1568, is another entry as follows:--"That £3 be taken out of the Coffers
+of the cytie and be put into the lottery, and so muche money as shall make
+up evyn lotts with those that are contrybuting of the cytie, so that it
+passed not 10s."
+
+The eventful day arrived after long waiting for commencing the drawing of
+the lottery. The place selected for the purpose was at the west door of
+St. Paul's Cathedral, London. Operations were commenced in 1569, on
+January 11th, and continued day and night until May 6th.
+
+Some years passed before another state lottery took place. It is believed
+that one noticed by Stow in his "Annales," occurring in 1585, was the
+second. "A lotterie," chronicles Stow, "for marvellous, rich, and
+beautiful armour was begunne to be drawne at London in S. Paules
+Churchyard, at the great West gate (a house of timber and board being
+there erected for that purpose) on S. Peter's Day in the morning, which
+lotteries continued in drawing day and night, for the space of two or
+three dayes."
+
+Our first two Stuart kings do not appear to have employed the lottery as a
+means of raising money. James I. granted a lotterie in favour of the
+colony of Virginia. The prizes consisted of pieces of plate. It was drawn
+in a house built for the purpose near the West end of St. Paul's. The
+drawing commenced on the 29th June, and was completed by 20th July, 1612.
+It is said that a poor tailor won the first prize, viz. "foure thousand
+Crownes in fayre plate," and that it was conveyed to his humble home in a
+stately style. The lottery gave general satisfaction, it was plainly and
+honestly conducted, and knights, esquires and leading citizens were
+present to check any attempt at cheating. During the reign of Charles I.,
+in 1630, the earliest lottery for sums of money took place.
+
+The Puritans do not seem to have had any decided aversion to obtaining
+money by means of the lottery. During the Commonwealth it was resorted to
+for getting rid of forfeited Irish estates.
+
+At the restoration the real gaming spirit commenced and caused much misery
+and ruin. The lottery sheet was set up in many public places, and the
+Crown received a large revenue from this source. The financial arrangement
+of a lottery was simple, the state offered a certain sum of money to be
+repaid by a larger. We learn from Chambers's "Book of Days," that "The
+government gave £10 in prizes for every share taken, on an average. A
+great many blanks, or of prizes under £10 left of course, a surplus for
+the creation of a few magnificent prizes wherewith to attract the unwary
+public." It was customary for city firms known as lottery-office-keepers
+to contract for the lottery, and they always paid more than £10 per share,
+usually £16 was paid, which left the government a handsome profit. The
+contractors disposed of the tickets to the public for £20 to £22 each. The
+shares were frequently divided by the contractors into halves, quarters,
+eights, and sixteenths, and this was done at advanced prices. It was out
+of the clients for aliquot parts that the lottery-office-keepers reaped a
+heavy harvest. They were men who understood the art of advertising, and
+used pictures, poetry, and prose in a most effective manner. Our own
+collections of lottery puffs is curious and interesting. Some very good
+examples are reproduced in "A History of English Lotteries," by John
+Ashton, and published by the Leadenhall Press, London, in 1893.
+
+[Illustration: DRAWING A LOTTERY IN THE GUILDHALL, 1751]
+
+It is related that one firm of lottery ticket contractors gave an old
+woman fifty pounds a year to join them as a nominal partner on account of
+her name being Goodluck.
+
+We have stated that at the commencement of lotteries they were drawn near
+St. Paul's, subsequently the City Guildhall was the place, and later
+Cooper's Hall, Basinghall Street, was used for this purpose. Before the
+day appointed for the drawing of a lottery, public preparations had been
+made for it at Somerset House. Each lottery ticket had a counterpart and a
+counterfoil, and when the issue of the tickets was complete, an
+announcement was made, and a day fixed for the counterparts of the tickets
+to be sealed up in a box, and any ticket-holder might attend and see that
+his ticket was included with others in a box, and it was placed in a
+strong box and locked up with seven keys, then sealed with seven seals.
+Two other boxes, locked and sealed as the one with tickets, contained the
+prize tickets and blanks. These were removed with ceremony to the place of
+drawing. Four prancing horses would draw, on their own sledges, the
+wheels of fortune, each of which were about six feet in diameter. By their
+side galloped a detachment of Horse Guards. Arrived at their destination,
+the great wheels were placed at each end of a long table, where the
+managers of the lottery took their seats. With care the tickets were
+emptied into the wheels, and finally they were set in motion. Near each
+wheel stood a boy, usually from the Blue-Coat School. Simultaneously the
+lads put into the wheels their hands, each drawing a paper out. These they
+hold up, and an officer, called the proclaimer, calls out in a loud voice
+the number, say sixty! another responds a prize or blank, as the case may
+be, and the drawing thus proceeds until it is finished, often a long and
+tedious piece of work. If even a blank is first drawn, the owner of the
+ticket received a prize of a thousand pounds, and a similar sum was won by
+the owner of the last ticket drawn. The boys were well rewarded for their
+trouble, and on the whole the lotteries appear to have been fairly
+conducted.
+
+[Illustration: ADVERTISING THE LAST STATE LOTTERY.]
+
+We give a picture of a pageant-like machine, used in London to advertise
+the last state lottery. The artist by whom it was drawn wrote an
+entertaining letter respecting it. "As I was walking up Holborn on the
+9th of October, 1826," he says, "I saw a strange vehicle moving slowly on,
+and when I came up to it, found a machine, perhaps from twenty to thirty
+feet high, of an octagon shape, covered all over with lottery papers of
+various colours. It had a broad brass band round the bottom, and moved on
+a pivot; it had a very imposing effect. The driver and the horse seemed as
+dull as though they were attending a solemn funeral, whilst the different
+shopkeepers came to the doors and laughed; some of the people passing and
+repassing read the bills that were pasted on it, as if they had never read
+one before, others stationed themselves to look at it as long as it was in
+sight. It entered Monmouth Street, that den of filth and rags, where so
+great a number of young urchins gathered together in a few minutes as to
+be astonishing. There being an empty chair behind, one of them seated
+himself in it, and rode backwards; another said, 'let's have a stone
+through it,' and a third cried 'let's sludge it.' This was no sooner
+proposed than they threw stones, oyster shells, and dirt, and burst
+several of the sheets; this attack brought the driver from his seat, and
+he was obliged to walk by the side of his machine up the foul street
+which his show canvassed, halting now and then to threaten the boys who
+still followed and threw. I made a sketch, and left the scene."
+
+Powerful protests were made in parliament against the immorality of the
+lottery. It took a long time to bring those in office to a sense of their
+duty. The immense profits they yielded were extremely useful for state
+purposes. Mr. Parnell hit hard the men in power, and it was he who
+suggested that the following epitaph be inscribed on the tomb of a
+Chancellor of the Exchequer:--
+
+  "Here lies the
+  RIGHT HON. NICHOLAS VANSITTART,
+  once Chancellor of the Exchequer;
+  the parton of Bible Societies,
+  the builder of Churches,
+  a friend to the education of the poor,
+  an encourager of Savings' Banks,
+  and a supporter of Lotteries."
+
+On Wednesday, 18th October, 1826, the last state lottery was drawn in
+England, and it will not be without interest to reproduce from a London
+newspaper a report of the closing proceedings. "Yesterday afternoon," it
+is recorded, "at about half past six o'clock, that old servant of the
+State, the Lottery, breathed its last, having for a long period of years,
+ever since the days of Queen Anne, contributed largely towards the public
+revenue of the country. This event took place at Cooper's Hall, Basinghall
+Street; and, such was the anxiety on the part of the public to witness the
+last drawing of the lottery, that great numbers of persons were attracted
+to the spot, independently of those who had an interest in the
+proceedings. The gallery of the Cooper's Hall was crowded to excess long
+before the period fixed for the drawing (five o'clock), and the utmost
+anxiety was felt by those who had shares in the lottery, for the arrival
+of the appointed hour. The annihilation of lotteries, it will be
+recollected was determined upon in the session of Parliament before last;
+and thus, a source of revenue bringing into the treasury the sums of
+£250,000 and £300,000 per annum, will be dried up.
+
+This determination on the part of the legislature is hailed, by the
+greatest portion of the public, with joy, as it will put an end to a
+system which many believe to have fostered and encouraged the late
+speculations, the effects of which have been and are still severely felt.
+A deficiency in the public revenue, to the extent of £250,000 annually,
+will occur, however, in the consequence of this annihilation of lotteries,
+and it must remain for those who have strenuously supported the putting a
+stop to lotteries, to provide for the deficiency.
+
+Although that which ended yesterday was the last, if we are informed
+correctly, the lottery-office keepers have been left with a great number
+of tickets remaining on their hands--a pretty strong proof that the
+public, in general, have now no relish for these schemes."
+
+The drawing of the lottery commenced shortly after five o'clock, and ended
+at twenty minutes past six, so it did not take long to complete the last
+state lottery in England.
+
+Those most interested in lotteries did not let them die without trying to
+prove their value to the public and the state. Bish, who conducted an
+extensive business in tickets, issued an address as follows:--
+
+"At the present moment, when so many of the comforts of the poorer classes
+are more or less liable to taxation, it may surely be a question whether
+the abolition of lotteries, by which the State was a gainer of nearly
+half a million per annum, be, or be not, a wise measure!
+
+'Tis true that, as they were formerly conducted, the system was fraught
+with some evil. Insurances were allowed upon the fate of numbers through
+protracted drawings; and, as the insurances could be effected for very
+small sums, those who could ill afford loss, imbibed a spirit of gambling,
+which the legislature, very wisely, most effectually prevented, by
+adopting, in the year 1809, the present improved mode of deciding the
+whole lottery in one day.
+
+As the present conducted, the lottery is a voluntary tax, contributed to
+only by those who can afford it, and collected without trouble or expense;
+one by which many branches of the revenue are considerably aided, and by
+means of which hundreds of persons find employment. The wisdom of those,
+who at this time resign the income produced by it, adds to the number of
+the unemployed, may, as I have observed in a former address, surely be
+questioned.
+
+Mr. Pitt, whose ability on matters of financial arrangements few will
+question, and whose morality was proverbial, would not, I am bold to say,
+have yielded to the outcry against a tax, the continuing of which would
+have enabled him to let the labourer drink his humble beverage at a
+reduced price, or the industrious artisan to pursue his occupation by a
+cheaper light. But we live in other times--in the age of improvement! To
+stake patrimonal estates at hazard or _écarté_, in the purlieus of St.
+James's, is merely amusement, but to purchase a ticket in the lottery, by
+which a man may gain an estate at a trifling risk, is--immoral! Nay,
+within a few hours of the time I write, were not many of our nobility and
+senators, some of whom, I dare say, voted against lotteries, assembled,
+betting thousands upon a horse race?
+
+In saying so much, it may be thought that I am somewhat presumptuous, or
+that I take a partial view of the case. It is, however, my honest opinion,
+abstracted from personal considerations, that the measure of abolishing
+lotteries is an unwise one, and, as such, I give it to that public, of
+which I have been, for many years, the highly favoured servant, and for
+whose patronage, though lotteries cease, my gratitude will ever continue."
+
+We will close our studies on this subject with a copy of an epitaph
+written in remembrance of these old-time institutions. It is as
+follows:--
+
+  In Memory of
+  THE STATE LOTTERY,
+  the last of a long line
+  whose origin in England commenced
+  in the year 1569,
+  which, after a series of tedious complaints,
+  _Expired_
+  on the
+  18th day of October, 1826.
+  During a period of 257 years, the family
+  flourished under the powerful protection
+  of the
+  British Parliament;
+  the Minister of the day continuing to
+  give them his support for the improvement
+  of the revenue.
+  As they increased, it was found that their
+  continuance corrupted the morals
+  and encouraged a spirit
+  of Speculation and Gambling among the lower
+  classes of the people;
+  thousands of whom fell victims to their
+  insinuating and tempting allurements.
+  Many philanthropic individuals
+  in the Senate,
+  at various times for a series of years,
+  pointed out their baneful influence
+  without effect,
+  His Majesty's Ministers
+  still affording them their countenance
+  and protection.
+  The British Parliament
+  being, at length, convinced of their
+  mischievous tendency,
+  His Majesty, GEORGE IV.,
+  on the 9th July, 1823,
+  pronounced sentence of condemnation
+  on the whole of the race;
+  from which time they were almost
+  NEGLECTED BY THE BRITISH PUBLIC.
+  Very great efforts were made by the
+  Partizans and friends of the family to
+  excite
+  the public feeling in favour of the last
+  of the race, in vain:
+  It continued to linger out the few
+  remaining
+  moments of its existence without attention
+  or sympathy, and finally terminated
+  its career, unregretted by any
+  virtuous mind.
+
+
+
+
+Bear-Baiting.
+
+
+Few sports in England have been more popular than bear-baiting. Other
+forms of amusement waned before its attractions. The Sovereign, in the
+days of old, had as a member of his Court a Bearward, as well as a
+Chancellor. In and about London the sport was largely patronised, but it
+was by no means confined to the Metropolis; in all parts of the country
+bear-baitings were held. Fitzstephen, a monk of Canterbury, who lived in
+the reign of Henry II., in his description of London, relates that in the
+forenoon of every holy day during the winter season, the youthful
+Londoners were amused with the baiting of bears and other animals. He says
+the bears were full grown.
+
+Edward III., in his proclamation, includes bear-baiting amongst
+"dishonest, trivial, and useless games." The proclamation does not appear
+to have had any lasting effect on the public as regards bear-baiting. The
+diversion increased in popularity.
+
+Southwark was a popular place for baiting animals, and Sunday the usual
+day for the amusement. Stow has several notes bearing on this theme. In
+respect to charges to witness the sport, he tells us "those who go to the
+Paris Garden, the Belle Sauvage, the Theatre, to behold bear-baiting,
+interludes, or fence-play, must not account (_i.e._, reckon on) any
+pleasant spectacle unless they first pay one penny at the gate, another at
+the entrie of the scaffold, and a third for quiet standing." We learn from
+Stow that at Southwark were two bear-gardens, the old and the new; places
+wherein were kept bears, bulls, and other beasts to be baited; as also
+mastiffs in their several kennels were there nourished to bait them. These
+bears and other beasts were baited in plots of ground scaffolded round for
+the beholders to stand safe. Stow condemns the foulness of these rude
+sights, and says the money idly thrown away upon them might have been
+given to the poor.
+
+In the reign of Henry VIII., Erasmus visited England, and he relates that
+many herds of bears were maintained at the Court for the purpose of being
+baited. We are further told by him that the rich nobles had their
+bearwards, and the Royal establishment its Master of the King's Bears.
+
+[Illustration: BEAR GARDEN, OR HOPE THEATRE. 1647.]
+
+Men were not wanting to raise their voices against this brutal sport even
+at the time kings favoured it. Towards the close of the reign of Henry
+VIII., Crowley wrote some lines, which we have modernised, as follows:--
+
+  "What folly is this to keep with danger
+  A great mastiff dog, and foul, ugly bear,
+  And to this intent to see these two fight
+  With terrible tearing, a full ugly sight.
+  And methinks these men are most fools of all
+  Whose store of money is but very small,
+  And yet every Sunday they will surely spend
+  A penny or two, the bear-ward's living to mend.
+  At Paris Garden, each Sunday, a man shall not fail
+  To find two or three hundred for the bear-ward's vale;
+  One halfpenny a piece they use for to give
+  When some have not more in their purses, I believe.
+  Well, at the last day their conscience will declare
+  That the poor ought to have all that they may spare,
+  If you therefore go to witness a bear fight
+  Be sure that God His curse will upon you alight."
+
+We may recognise the zeal of the writer, but we cannot commend the merits
+of his poetry.
+
+When Princess Elizabeth was confined at Hatfield House, she was visited by
+her sister, Queen Mary. On the morning after her arrival, after mass was
+over, a grand entertainment of bear-baiting took place, much to their
+enjoyment.
+
+Elizabeth, as a princess, took a delight in this sport, and when she
+occupied the throne she gave it her support. When the theatre, in the
+palmy days of Shakespeare and Burbage, was attracting a larger share of
+public patronage than the bear garden, she waxed indignant, and in 1591 an
+order was issued from the Privy Council, forbidding "plays to be performed
+on Thursdays because bear-baiting and such pastimes had usually been
+practised." The Lord Mayor followed the order with an injunction in which
+it was stated "that in divers places the players are not to recite
+their plays to the great hurt and destruction of the game of bear-baiting
+and suchlike pastimes, which are maintained for Her Majesty's pleasure."
+
+[Illustration: THE GLOBE THEATRE. TEMP. ELIZABETH.]
+
+During the famous visit in 1575, of Queen Elizabeth to the Earl of
+Leicester, at Kenilworth Castle, baiting thirteen bears by ban dogs (a
+small kind of mastiff), was one of the entertainments provided for the
+royal guest.
+
+History furnishes several instances of the Queen having animals baited for
+the diversion of Ambassadors. On May 25, 1559, the French Ambassadors
+dined with the Queen, and after dinner bulls and bears were baited by
+English dogs. She and her guests stood looking at the pastime until six
+o'clock. Next day the visitors went by water to the Paris Garden, where
+similar sports were held. In 1586, the Danish Ambassadors were received at
+Greenwich by Her Majesty, and bull and bear baiting were part of the
+amusements provided. Towards the close of her reign, the Queen entertained
+another set of Ambassadors with a bear-bait at the Cockpit near St.
+James's. Baiting animals appears to have been the chief form of amusement
+provided by the Queen for foreign visitors.
+
+Edmund Alleyn, founder of Dulwich College, was for a long time part owner
+of the bear gardens at Southwark. Mr. Edward Walford thinks that he was
+obliged to become a proprietor to make good his position as a player, and
+to carry out his theatrical designs. He had to purchase the patent office
+of "Beare ward," or "Master of the King's Beares." Alleyn is reputed to
+have had a well stocked garden. On one occasion, when Queen Elizabeth
+wanted a grand display of bear-baiting, Sir John Dorrington, the chief
+master of Her Majesty's "Games of Bulls and Bears," applied and obtained
+animals from Alleyn.
+
+The following advertisement written in a large hand was found amongst the
+Alleyn papers, and is supposed to be the original placard exhibited at the
+entrance of the bear-garden. It is believed to date back to the days of
+James I.:--
+
+    "Tomorrowe being Thursdaie shalbe seen at the Bear-gardin on the
+    banckside a greate mach plaid by the gamsters of Essex, who hath
+    chalenged all comers whatsoever to plaie v dogs at the single beare
+    for v pounds, and also to wearie a bull dead at the stake; and for
+    your better content shall have plasent sport with the horse and ape
+    and whiping of the blind beare. Vivat Rex!"
+
+The public had to be protected from the dogs employed in this sport.
+From the "Archives of Winchester," published 1856, a work compiled from
+the city records, we find it stated.--"By an Ordinance of the 4th of
+August, in the twenty-eighth year of the reign of Elizabeth, bull-dogs
+were prohibited roving throughout the city unmuzzled. Itm.--That noe
+person within this citie shall suffer or permit any of theire Mastife
+Doggs to goe unmusselled, uppon paine of everie defalte herein of 3s. 4d.
+to be levied by distresse, to the use of the Poore people of the citie."
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF BANKSIDE EARLY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.]
+
+James I. was a lover of hunting and other sports, and gave his patronage
+to bear-baiting. We learn from Nichols' "Progresses and Processions," that
+the King commanded that a bear which had killed a child which had
+negligently been left in the bear-house of the Tower, be baited to death
+upon a stage. The order was carried out in presence of a large gathering
+of spectators.
+
+In a letter written on July 12th, 1623, by Mr. Chamberlain to Sir Dudley
+Carleton, the following passage occurs:--"The Spanish Ambassador is much
+delighted in bear-baiting. He was last week at Paris Garden, where they
+showed him all the pleasure they could both with bull, bear, and horse,
+besides jackanapes, and then turned a white bear into the Thames, where
+the dogs baited him swimming, which was the best sport of all."
+
+Mr. William Kelly, in his work entitled "Notices Illustrative of the Drama
+and other Popular Amusements, Chiefly in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
+Centuries," has some very curious information relating to bear-baiting.
+The Leicester town accounts contain entries of many payments given to the
+bear-wards of Edward VI., Queen Elizabeth, and members of the nobility.
+Leicester had its bear-garden, but we learn from Mr. Kelly that the local
+authorities were not content to see the sport there, "as it was introduced
+at the Mayor's feast, at the Town Hall, which was attended by many of the
+nobility and gentry of the neighbourhood." We may suppose that, taking the
+place usually occupied by the "interlude," the bear was baited in the Hall
+in the interval between the feast and the "banquet" or dessert, and the
+company, like the Spanish Ambassador, no doubt witnessed the exhibition
+"with great delight." Much might be said relating to Leicester, but we
+must be content with drawing upon Mr. Kelly for one more item. "In the
+summer of 1589 (probably at the invitation of the Mayor), the High
+Sheriff, Mr. Skeffington, and 'divers other gentlemen with him,' were
+present at 'a great beare-beating' in the town, and were entertained, at
+the public expense, with wine and sugar, and a present of 'ten shillings
+in gold' was also made."
+
+A couplet concerning Congleton Church Bible being sold to purchase a bear
+to bait at the annual feast, has made the town known in all parts of the
+country. The popular rhyme says:--
+
+  "Congleton rare, Congleton rare,
+  Sold the Bible to pay for a bear."
+
+The scandal has been related in prose and poetry by many pens. Natives of
+the ancient borough are known as "Congleton Bears"--by no means a pleasant
+epithet. The inhabitants make the best of the story, and tell how just
+before the wakes their only bear died, and it was feared that they would
+be unable to obtain another to enjoy their popular sport. The bear-ward
+was most diligent in collecting money to buy another animal, but after all
+his exertions he failed to obtain the required amount. He at last made
+application to the local authorities, and as they had a small sum in the
+"towne's boxe" put aside for the purchase of a Bible for the chapel, it
+was lent, and it is presumed that the sum of 16s. was duly returned, and
+the scriptures were obtained.
+
+Egerton Leigh, in his "Cheshire Ballads," has an amusing poem bearing on
+this subject, and he concludes it as follows:--
+
+  "The townsmen, 'tis true, would explain it away,
+  In those days when Bibles were so dear they say,
+  That they th' old Bible swopped at the wakes for a bear,
+  Having first bought a new book.
+  Thus shrink they the sneer,
+  And taunts 'gainst their town thus endeavour to clear."
+
+The town accounts show how popular must have been the sport at Congleton.
+The following are a few items:--
+
+  1589. Imprimis to Mr. Trafforde, his man, the bearewarde          0  4 4
+
+        That was given Sir John Hollecrofts bearewarde              0  2 0
+
+  1591. Payd yt was given Shelmerdyne ye bearewarde at wakes        0  2 0
+
+  1597. Payd that was given to Mr. Haughton, of Haughton,
+        towards his man that had beares here                        0  5 0
+
+  1610. Kelsall bearward                                            0  5 0
+
+        To the players and bearewarde at the wakes                  0 15 0
+
+  1611. Bullward and bearward at wakes                              0 15 0
+
+  1612. William Hardern to fetch Shelmadene again with his
+        bears at Whitsuntide                                        0  1 3
+
+        He refused to come, and Bramt, the bearward, came
+        and was paid                                                0  6 8
+
+        Fetching the bears at the wakes                             0  3 6
+
+        Fetching two more bears 1s., bearward 15s.                  0 16 0
+
+  1613. Item payd to Willm. Statborne for fetching the
+        bearewarde (from Knutsford) at the wakes                    0  1 0
+
+  1621. Given Raufe Shelmerdyne for sport made by him with
+        his beares at Congleton Wakes                               0 10 0
+
+        Item paide to Brocke, the bearewarde, at Whitsuntide        0  5 8
+
+Such are a few examples of the many entries which appear in the Congleton
+town accounts relating to bear-baiting.
+
+Congleton is not the only place reproached for selling the church Bible
+for enabling the inhabitants to enjoy the pastime of bear-baiting. Two
+miles distant from Rugby is the village of Clifton, and, says a couplet,
+
+  "Clifton-upon-Dunsmore, in Warwickshire,
+  Sold the church Bible to buy a bear."
+
+Another version of the old rhyme is as follows:--
+
+  "The People of Clifton-super-Dunsmore
+  Sold ye Church Byble to buy a bayre."
+
+There is a tradition that in the days of old the Bible was removed from
+the Parish Church of Ecclesfield and pawned by the churchwardens to
+provide the means of a bear-baiting. Some accounts state this occurred at
+Bradfield, and not at Ecclesfield. The "bull-and-bear stake" at the latter
+Yorkshire village was near the churchyard.
+
+Under the Commonwealth this pastime was not permitted, but when the
+Stuarts were once more on the throne bear-baiting and other sports became
+popular.
+
+Hockley-in-the-Hole, near Clerkenwell, in the days of Addison, was a
+favourite place for the amusement. There is a reference to the subject in
+the _Spectator_ of August 11th, 1731, wherein it is suggested that those
+who go to the theatres for a laugh should "seek their diversion at the
+bear garden, where reason and good manners have no right to disturb them."
+
+Gay, in his "Trivia," devotes some lines to this subject. He says:--
+
+  "Experienced men inured to city ways
+  Need not the calendar to count their days,
+  When through the town, with slow and solemn air,
+  Led by the nostril walks the muzzled bear;
+  Behind him moves, majestically dull,
+  The pride of Hockley Hole, the surly bull,
+  Learn hence the periods of the week to name--
+  Mondays and Thursdays are the days of game."
+
+Towards the close of the last century the pastime, once the pleasure of
+king's and queens and the highest nobles in the land, was mainly upheld by
+the working classes. A bill, in 1802, was introduced into the House of
+Commons to abolish baiting animals. The measure received the support of
+Courtenay, Sheridan, and Wilberforce, men of power in Parliament, but Mr.
+Windham, who led the opposition, won the day. He pronounced it "as the
+first result of a conspiracy of the Jacobins and Methodists to render the
+people grave and serious, preparatory to obtaining their assistance in the
+furtherance of other anti-national schemes." The bill was lost by thirteen
+votes. In 1835, baiting animals was finally stopped by Act of Parliament.
+
+
+
+
+Morris-Dancers.
+
+
+Says Dr. Johnson: "the Morris-Dance, in which bells are jingled, or staves
+or swords clashed, was learned by the Moors, and was probably a kind of
+Pyrrhic, or military dance. "Morisco," says Blount (Span.), a Moor; also a
+dance, so called, wherein there were usually five men, and a boy dressed
+in a girl's habit, whom they called the Maid Marrion, or perhaps Morian,
+from the Italian Morione, a head-piece, because her head was wont to be
+gaily trimmed up. Common people called it a Morris-Dance." Such are the
+statements made at the commencement of a chapter on this subject in
+"Brand's Popular Antiquities."
+
+It is generally agreed that the Morris-Dance was introduced into this
+country in the sixteenth century. In the earlier English allusions it is
+called _Morisco_, a Moor, and this indicates its origin from Spain. It was
+popular in France before it was appreciated amongst our countrymen; some
+antiquaries assert that it came to England from our Gallic neighbours, or
+even from the Flemings, while others state that when John of Gaunt
+returned from Spain he was the means of making it known here, but we think
+there is little truth in the statement.
+
+Our countrymen soon united the Morris-Dance with the favourite pageant
+dance of Robin-hood. We discover many traces of the two dances in sacred
+as well as profane places. In old churchwarden's accounts we sometimes
+find items bearing on this theme. The following entries are drawn from the
+"Churchwardens' and Chamberlains' Books of Kingston-upon-Thames:"--
+
+  "1508.   For paynting of the _Mores_ garments for
+           sarten gret leveres                               0  2  4
+
+    "      For plyts and 1/4 of laun for the _Mores_
+           garments                                          0  2 11
+
+    "      For Orseden for the same                          0  0 10
+
+    "      For bellys for the daunsars                       0  0 12
+
+  1509-10. For silver paper for the _Mores_-dawnsars         0  0  7
+
+  1519-20. Shoes for the _Mores_-daunsars, the frere,
+           and Mayde Maryan, at 7d. a peyre                  0  5  4
+
+  1521-22. Eight yerds of fustyan for the
+           _Mores_-daunsars' coats                           0 16  0
+
+    "      A dosyn of gold skynnes for the Morres            0  0 10
+
+  1536-37. Five hats and 4 porses for the daunsars           0  0  4-1/2."
+
+It is stated that in 1536-37, amongst other clothes belonging to the play
+of Robin Hood, left in the keeping of the churchwardens, were "a fryer's
+coat of russet, with a kyrtle of worsted welted with red cloth, a mowren's
+cote of buckram, and 4 Morres daunsars cote of white fustain spangelyed,
+and two gryne saten cotes, and a dysardd's cote of cotton, and 6 payre of
+garters with bells."
+
+Some curious payments appear in the churchwardens' accounts of St. Mary's
+parish, Reading, and are quoted by Coates, the historian of the town.
+Under the year 1557, items as follow appear:--
+
+  "Item, payed to the Morrys-Daunsars and the
+    Mynstrelles, mete and drink at Whitsontide           0  3  4
+
+  Payed to them the Sonday after May Day                 0  0 20
+
+  Pd. to the Painter for painting of their cotes         0  2  8
+
+  Pd. to the Painter for 2 doz. of Lyvereys              0  0 20."
+
+The following is a curious note drawn from the original accounts of St.
+Giles', Cripplegate, London:--
+
+    "1571. Item, paide in charges by the appointment of the parisshoners,
+    for the settinge forth of a gyaunt morris-dainsers, with vj calyvers
+    and iij boies on horseback, to go in the watche befoore the Lade
+    Maiore uppon Midsomer even, as may appeare by particulars for the
+    furnishinge of same, vj. li. ixs. ixd."
+
+[Illustration: MORRIS DANCE, FROM A PAINTED WINDOW AT BETLEY.]
+
+We learn from the churchwardens' accounts of Great Marlow that dresses for
+the Morris-dance were lent out to the neighbouring parishes down to 1629.
+Some interesting pictures illustrating the usages of bygone ages include
+the Morris-dance, and gives us a good idea of the costumes of those taking
+part in it. A painted window at Betley, Staffordshire, has frequently
+formed the subject of an illustration, and we give one of it.
+
+Here is shown in a spirited style a set of Morris-dancers. It is described
+in Steven's "Shakespeare" (_Henry IV._, Part I.) There are eleven pictures
+and a Maypole. The characters are as follow:--1, Robin Hood; 2, Maid
+Marion; 3, Friar Tuck; 4, 6, 7, 10, and 11, Morris-dancers; 5, the
+hobby-horse; 8, the Maypole; 9, the piper; and 12, the fool. Figures 10
+and 11 have long streamers to the sleeves, and all the dancers have bells,
+either at the ankles, wrists, or knees. Tollett, the owner of the window,
+believed it dated back to the time of Henry VIII., _c._ 1535. Douce thinks
+it belongs to the reign of Edward IV., and other authorities share his
+opinion. It is thought that the figures of the English friar, Maypole, and
+hobby-horse have been added at a later period.
+
+Towards the close of the reign of James I., Vickenboom painted a picture,
+Richmond Palace, and in it a company of Morris-dancers form an attractive
+feature. The original painting includes seven figures, consisting of a
+fool, hobby-horse, piper, Maid Marion, and three dancers. We give an
+illustration of the first four characters and one of the dancers, from a
+drawing by Douce, produced from a tracing made by Grose. The bells on the
+dancer and the fool are clearly shown.
+
+We also present a picture of a Whitsun Morris-dance. In the olden time, at
+Whitsuntide, this diversion was extremely popular.
+
+Many allusions to the Morris-dancers occur in the writings of Elizabethan
+authors. Shakespeare, for example, in Henry V., refers to it thus:--
+
+  "And let us doit with no show of fear;
+  No! with no more than if we heard that England
+  Were busied with a Whitsun Morris-dance."
+
+In _All's Well that Ends Well_, he speaks of the fitness of a
+"Morris-dance for May-day." We might cull many quotations from the poets,
+but we will only make one more and it is from Herrick's "Hesperides,"
+describing the blessings of the country:--
+
+  "Thy _Wakes_, thy Quintals, here thou hast
+  Thy maypoles, too, with garlands grac'd
+  Thy _Morris-dance_, thy Whitsun-ale;
+  Thy shearing flat, which never fail."
+
+In later times the Morris-dance was frequently introduced on the stage.
+
+[Illustration: MORRIS DANCERS, TEMP. JAMES I. (_From a Painting by
+Vickenboom._)]
+
+As might be expected, the Puritans strongly condemned this form of
+pleasure. Richard Baxter, in his "Divine Appointment of the Lord's Day,"
+gives us a vivid picture of Sunday in a pleasure-loving time. "I have
+lived in my youth," says Baxter, "in many places where sometimes shows of
+uncouth spectacles have been their sports at certain seasons of the year,
+and sometimes _morrice-dancings_, and sometimes stage plays and sometimes
+wakes and revels.... And when the people by the book [of Sports] were
+allowed to play and dance out of public service-time, they could hardly
+break off their sports that many a time the reader was fain to stay till
+the piper and players would give over; and sometimes the _morrice-dancers_
+would come into the church in all their linen, and scarfs, and antic
+dresses, with morrice-bells jingling at their legs. And as soon as common
+prayer was read did haste out presently to their play again." Stubbes,
+in his "Anatomie of Abuses" (1585), writes in a similar strain.
+
+[Illustration: A WHITSUN MORRIS DANCE.]
+
+The pleasure-loving Stuarts encouraged Sunday sports, and James I., in his
+Declaration of May 24th 1618, directed that the people should not be
+debarred from having May-games, Whitsun-ales, and Morris-dances, and the
+setting up of May poles.
+
+During the Commonwealth, dancing round the Maypole and many other popular
+amusements were stopped, but no sooner had Charles II. come to the throne
+of the country than the old sports were revived. For a fuller account of
+this subject the reader would do well to consult Brand's "Popular
+Antiquities," and the late Alfred Burton's book on "Rush-Bearing," from
+both works we have derived information for this chapter.
+
+
+
+
+The Folk-Lore of Midsummer Eve.
+
+
+The old superstitions and customs of Midsummer Eve form a curious chapter
+in English folk-lore. Formerly this was a period when the imagination ran
+riot. On Midsummer Day the Church holds its festival in commemoration of
+the birth of St. John the Baptist, and some of the old customs relate to
+this saint.
+
+On the eve of Midsummer Day it was a common practice to light bonfires.
+This custom, which is a remnant of the old Pagan fire-worship, prevailed
+in various parts of the country, but perhaps lingered the longest in
+Cornwall. We gather from Borlase's "Antiquities of Cornwall," published in
+1754, that at the Midsummer bonfires, the Cornish people attended with
+lighted torches, tarred and pitched at the end, and made their
+perambulations round the fires, afterwards going from village to village
+carrying their torches before them. He regarded the usage as a survival of
+Druidical superstitions. In the same county it was a practice on St.
+Stephen's Down, near Launceston, to erect a tall pole with a bush fixed
+at the top of it, and round the pole to heap fuel. After the fire was lit,
+parties of wrestlers contested for prizes specially provided for the
+festival. According to an old tradition, an evil spirit once appeared in
+the form of a black dog, and since that time the wrestlers have never been
+able to meet on Midsummer Eve without being seriously injured in the
+sport.
+
+About Penzance, not only did the fisher-folk and their friends dance about
+the blazing fire, but sang songs composed for the joyous time. We give a
+couple of verses from one of these songs:--
+
+  "As I walked out to yonder green
+    One evening so fair,
+  All where the fair maids may be seen,
+    Playing at the bonfire.
+
+  Where larks and linnets sing so sweet,
+    To cheer each lively swain,
+  Let each prove true unto her lover,
+    And so farewell the plain."
+
+Mr. William Bottrell, one of the most painstaking writers on Cornish
+folk-lore, in an article written in 1873, asserts that not a few old
+people living in remote and primitive districts, "believe that dancing in
+a ring over the embers, around a bonfire, or leaping (singly) through its
+flames, is calculated to insure good luck to the performers, and serve as
+a protection from witchcraft and other malign influences during the
+ensuing year." Mr. Bottrell laments the decay of these pleasing old
+Midsummer observances. He tells us that within "the memory of many who
+would not like to be called old, or even aged, on a Midsummer's eve, long
+before sunset, groups of girls--both gentle and simple--of from ten to
+twenty years of age, neatly dressed and decked with garlands, wreaths, or
+chaplets of flowers, would be seen dancing in the streets."
+
+Some of the ancient Midsummer rites are still observed in Ireland. We have
+from an eyewitness some interesting items on the subject. People assemble
+and dance round fires, the children jump through the flames, and in former
+times coals were carried into corn fields to prevent blight. The peasants
+are not, of course, aware that the ceremony is a remnant of the worship of
+Baal. It is the opinion of not a few that the famous round towers of
+Ireland were intended for signal fires in connection with this worship.
+
+In the pleasant pages of T. Crofton Croker's "Researches in the South of
+Ireland," are particulars of a custom, observed on the eve of St. John's
+Day, of dressing up a broomstick as a figure, and carrying it about in the
+twilight from one cabin to the other, and suddenly pushing it in at the
+door, a proceeding which causes both surprise and merriment. The figure is
+known as Bredogue.
+
+The superstitious inhabitants of the Isle of Man formerly, on Midsummer
+Eve, lighted fires to the windward side of fields, so that the smoke might
+pass over the corn. The cattle were folded, and around the animals was
+carried blazing grass or furze, as a preventative against the influence of
+witches. Many other strange practices and beliefs prevailed.
+
+In Wales, in the earlier years of the present century, it was customary to
+fix sprigs of the plant called St. John's wort over the doors of the
+cottages, and sometimes over the windows, in order to purify the houses
+and drive away all fiends and evil spirits. It was the common custom in
+England in the olden time for people to repair to the woods, break
+branches from the trees, and carry them to their homes with much delight,
+and place them over their doors. The ceremony, it is said, was to make
+good the Scripture prophecy respecting the Baptist, that many should
+rejoice at his birth.
+
+Midsummer Eve has ever been famous as a time suitable for love
+divinations, and surely a few notes on love-lore cannot fail to find
+favour with our fair readers. In a popular story issued at the
+commencement of this century, from the polished pen of Hannah More, the
+heroine of the tale says that she would never go to bed on this night
+without first sticking up in her room the common plant called "Orpine,"
+or, more generally, "Midsummer Men," as the bending of the leaves to the
+right or the left indicate to her if her lover was true or false. The
+following charming lines refer to the ceremony, and are translated from
+the German poet, and given in Chambers's "Book of Days," so we may infer
+that the same superstition prevails in that country:--
+
+  "The young maid stole through the cottage door,
+  And blushed as she sought the plant of power:
+  'Thou silver glow-worm, oh, lend me thy light,
+  I must gather the mystic St. John's wort to-night--
+  The wonderful herb, whose leaf will decide
+  If the coming year shall make me a bride.'
+            And the glow-worm came
+            With its silvery flame,
+            And sparkled and shone
+            Through the night of St. John.
+
+      "And soon as the young maid her love-knot tied,
+                With noiseless tread,
+                To her chamber she sped,
+      Where the sceptral moon her white beams shed:
+      'Bloom here, bloom here, thou plant of power,
+      To deck the young bride in her bridal hour!'
+      But it droop'd its head, that plant of power,
+      And died the mute death of the voiceless flower;
+      And a wither'd wreath on the ground it lay,
+      More meet for a burial than a bridal day.
+      And when a year was passed away,
+          All pale on her bier the young maid lay;
+          And the glow-worm came
+          With its silvery flame,
+          And sparkled and shone
+          Through the night of St. John,
+  And they closed the cold grave o'er the maid's cold clay."
+
+We gather from Thorpe's "Northern Mythology," that in Sweden it was the
+practice to place under the head of a youth or maiden nine kinds of
+flowers, with a full belief that they would dream of their sweethearts.
+
+In England, in past times, the moss-rose was plucked with considerable
+ceremony on this eve for love divinations. Says the writer of a poem
+entitled "The Cottage Girl":--
+
+  "The moss-rose that, at fall of dew,
+  Ere eve its duskier curtain drew,
+  Was freshly gathered from its stem,
+  She values as the ruby gem;
+  And, guarded from the piercing air,
+  With all an anxious lover's care,
+  She bids it, for her shepherd's sake,
+  Await the New Year's frolic wake:
+  When faded in its altered hue,
+  She reads--the rustic is untrue!
+  But if its leaves the crimson paint,
+  Her sick'ning hopes no longer faint;
+  The rose upon her bosom worn,
+  She meets him at the peep of morn,
+  And lo! her lips with kisses prest,
+  He plucks it from her panting breast."
+
+"On the continent," says Dyer, in his "Folk-Lore of Plants," "the rose is
+still thought to possess mystic virtues in love matters, as in Thuringia,
+where the girls foretell their future by means of rose leaves." It appears
+from a contributor to Chambers's "Book of Days," that there was brought
+some time ago under the notice of the Society of Antiquarians a curious
+little ring, which had been found in a ploughed field near Cawood,
+Yorkshire. It was inferred from its style and inscription to belong to the
+fifteenth century. The device consisted of two orpine plants joined by a
+true-love knot, with this motto above: _Ma fiancée velt_, _i.e._, "My
+sweetheart is willing or desirous." We are told that the stalks of the
+plants were bent to each other, in token that the parties represented by
+them were to come together in marriage. The motto under the ring was _Joye
+l'amour feu_. It is supposed that it was originally made for some lover to
+give to his mistress on Midsummer Eve, as the orpine plant is connected
+with that time. The dumb cake is another item of Midsummer folk-lore:--
+
+  "Two make it,
+  Two bake it,
+  Two break it;"
+
+a third put it under their pillows, and this was all done without a word
+being spoken. If this was faithfully carried out it was believed that the
+diviners would dream of the men they loved.
+
+Sowing hempseed on this eve was once a general custom. We have noted
+particulars of the ceremony as carried out at Ashbourne, Derbyshire. At
+this village, when a young maiden wished to discover who would be her
+future husband, she repaired to the churchyard, and as the clock struck
+the witching hour of midnight, she commenced running round the church,
+continually repeating the following lines:--
+
+  "I sow hempseed, hempseed I sow;
+    He that loves me best
+  Come after me and mow."
+
+After going round the church a dozen times without stopping, her lover was
+said to appear and follow her. The closing scene of this spell is well
+described in a poem by W. T. Moncrieff:--
+
+  "Ah! a step. Some one follows. Oh, dare I look back?
+  Should the omen be adverse, how would my heart writhe.
+  Love, brace up my sinews! Who treads on my track?
+  'Tis he, 'tis the loved one; he comes with the scythe,
+  He mows what I've sown; bound, my heart, and be blithe.
+  On Midsummer Eve the glad omen is won,
+  Then hail to thy mystical virgil, St. John."
+
+From the charms of love let us briefly turn to a superstition relating to
+death. At one time it was believed, and in some country districts the
+superstition may yet linger, that anyone fasting during the evening, and
+then sitting at midnight in the church porch, would see the spirits of
+those destined to die that year come and knock at the church door. The
+ghosts were supposed to come in the same succession as the persons were
+doomed to pass away.
+
+A pleasing old custom long survived in Craven, Yorkshire, and other parts
+of the North of England, of new settlers in the town or village, on the
+first Midsummer Eve after their arrival, to set out before their doors a
+plentiful repast of cold beef, bread, cheese, and ale. We are told that
+neighbours who wished to cultivate their acquaintance sat down and partook
+of their hospitality, and thus "eat and drunk themselves into intimacy."
+Hone's "Every Day Book" has a note of this custom being observed at Ripon.
+"It was a popular superstition," wrote Grose, "that if any unmarried woman
+fasted on Midsummer Eve, and at midnight laid a clean cloth with bread,
+cheese, and ale, and then sat down as if going to eat, the street door
+being left open, the person whom she was afterwards to marry would come
+into the room and drink to her, bowing; and after filling a glass would
+leave the table, and, making another bow, retire."
+
+
+
+
+Harvest Home.
+
+
+Among the old-world customs connected with the times and seasons, that of
+celebrating the ingathering of the harvest with a rustic festival has
+survived many which have either passed away, and almost out of memory, or
+have come to have only a partial and precarious hold upon the minds of the
+present generation. The rush-cart maintains a feeble struggle for
+existence in a few northern localities, but each year shows diminished
+vigour; the May-day festival of the chimney-sweepers has become obsolete,
+and the dance round the May-pole an open-air ballet; and many old
+observances connected with the Christmas season which were formerly common
+to all England are now kept up only in these northern counties, where the
+flavour of antiquity seems to be much more highly appreciated than in the
+south. But the harvest home festival holds its ground with equal
+persistency in both portions of the kingdom, and has of late years been
+invested with additional glories, sometimes with a superabundance of them
+which threatens a reaction. There were some features of the older
+celebrations of the ingathering of the fruits of the earth, however,
+which, from various causes, have fallen into disuse, and which many of us
+would gladly, if it were possible, see restored.
+
+We could welcome, for instance, the songs into which the joyous feelings
+of the harvesters broke forth in the old times as the last load of grain
+was carried off the field, and when the lads and lasses, with the older
+rustics, had partaken of a good supper in the farmer's kitchen, and
+afterwards danced to the music of the fiddle or pipes in the barn. There
+are many references to the feasting and singing and dancing customs of
+this season in the poetry of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
+Tusser tells us that:--
+
+  "In harvest time, harvest folk, servants and all,
+  Should make all together, good cheer in the hall,
+  And fill the black bowl, so blithe to their song,
+  And let them be merry, all harvest time long."
+
+Peele, in his "Old Wives' Tales," makes his harvesters sing:--
+
+  "Lo, here we come a-reaping, a-reaping,
+    To reap our harvest fruit;
+  And thus we pass the year so long,
+    And never be we mute."
+
+Stevenson, in his "Twelve Months," says, "In August the furmety pot
+welcomes home the harvest cart, and the garland of flowers crowns the
+captain of the reapers. The battle of the field is now stoutly fought. The
+pipe and the tabor are now busily set a-work, and the lad and the lass
+will have no lead in their heels. Oh, 'tis a merry time, wherein honest
+neighbours make good cheer, and God is glorified in his blessings on the
+earth." Tusser's verse reminds us of another feature of these old
+celebrations of which little trace remains at the present day, that is,
+the temporary suspension of all social inequality between employer and
+employed. There would be less reason to regret this change, however, if,
+in place of the temporary obliviousness of class distinctions, we could
+see more genial intercourse all through the year.
+
+The clergy seem to have been less in evidence at the harvest rejoicings of
+those days than at present. There was a tithe question even two centuries
+ago, for Dryden, in his _King Arthur_, makes his festive rustics sing:--
+
+  "We've cheated the parson, we'll cheat him again,
+  For why should the blockhead have one in ten?
+          One in ten! one in ten!
+  For staying while dinner is cold and hot,
+  And pudding and dumpling are burnt to the pot!
+          Burnt to pot! burnt to pot!
+  We'll drink off our liquor while we can stand.
+  And hey for the honour of England!
+          Old England! Old England!"
+
+There is some comfort for the loss of the singing and dancing customs of
+the old times in that the fact the heavy drinking of the period has also
+become a thing of the past, and perhaps also in the reflections arising
+from the misuse of music of which some curious illustrations have been
+preserved by Mr. Surtees. The historian mentions, in his "History of
+Durham," having read a report of the trial of one Spearman, for having
+made a forcible entry into a field at Birtley, and mowed and carried away
+the crop, a piper playing on the top of the loaded waggon for the purpose
+of making the predatory harvesters work the faster, so as to get away
+before their roguish industry could be interrupted. It may be noted in
+passing that a similar use of music is shown in the following entry in the
+parish accounts of Gateshead, under the date of 1633:--"To workmen for
+making the streets even at the King's coming, 18s. 4d.: and paid to the
+piper for playing to the menders of the highway, five several days, 3s.
+4d."
+
+Many local variations exist in the customs associated with the harvest
+home festivities observed in different parts of the country, especially in
+the north, where all old customs and observances, like the provincial
+dialects, have lingered longest, and still linger when they have died out
+and been forgotten in the south. In Cleveland, it is, or used to be, the
+custom, on forking the last sheaf on the wagon, for the harvesters to
+shout in chorus:--
+
+  "Weel bun and better shorn,
+  Is Master ----'s corn;
+  We hev her, we hev her,
+  As fast as a feather.
+        Hip, hip, hurrah!"
+
+A similar custom exists in Northumberland, where it is called "shouting a
+kirn." It consists in a simultaneous shout from the whole of the people
+present. In some localities the shout is preceded by a rhyme suitable to
+the occasion, recited by the clearest-voiced persons among those
+assembled. Mr. James Hardy gives the following as a specimen:--
+
+  "Blessed be the day our Saviour was born,
+  For Master ----'s corn's all well shorn;
+  And we will have a good supper to-night,
+  And a drinking of ale, and a kirn! a kirn!"
+
+All unite in a simultaneous shout at the close, and he who does not
+participate in the ringing cheer is liable to have his ears pulled. In
+Glendale, an abbreviated version of the rhyme is used, with a variation,
+as follows:--
+
+  "The master's corn is ripe and shorn,
+  We bless the day that he was born,
+      Shouting a kirn! a kirn!"
+
+Are these customs observed at the present day? This is an age of change.
+We have used the present tense in the foregoing references, but it is in
+the past tense that we read in Chambers's "Book of Days," that, "In the
+North of England, the reapers were accustomed to leave a good handful of
+grain uncut; they laid it down flat, and covered it over; when the field
+was done, the bonniest lass was entrusted with the pleasing duty of
+cutting the final handful, which was presently dressed up with various
+sewings, tyings, and trimmings like a doll, and hailed as a Corn Baby or
+Kirn Dolly. It was carried home in triumph with music of fiddles and
+bagpipes, set up conspicuously at night during supper, and usually
+preserved in the farmer's parlour for the remainder of the year. The fair
+maiden who cut this handful of grain was called the Har'st Queen." A
+similar custom prevailed, with local variations, in Shropshire,
+Gloucestershire, Hertfordshire, Devonshire, and other parts of England. In
+Lincolnshire, and some other counties, handbells were rung by those riding
+on the last load, and the following rhyme sung:--
+
+  "The boughs do shake and the bells do ring,
+  So merrily comes in our harvest in,
+  Our harvest in, our harvest in!
+                              Hurrah!"
+
+Writers on local customs formerly observed in different parts of the
+country, have preserved the memory of a curious one connected with the
+last handful of wheat. In some parts the reapers threw their sickles at
+the reserved handful, and he who succeeded in cutting it down shouted, "I
+have her!" "What have you?" the others cried out. "A mare!" he replied.
+"What will you do with her?" was then asked. "Send her to ----," naming
+some neighbouring farmer whose harvest work was not completed. This rustic
+pleasantry was called "crying the mare." The rejoicings attendant on the
+bringing in of the last load of corn are thus described in the "Book of
+Days":--"The waggon containing it was called the hock cart; it was
+surmounted by a figure formed out of a sheaf, with gay dressings,
+intended to represent the goddess Ceres. In front men played merry tunes
+on the pipe and tabor, and the reapers tripped around in a hand-in-hand
+ring, singing appropriate songs, or simply by shouts and cries giving vent
+to the excitement of the day. In some districts they sang or shouted as
+follows:--
+
+  "Harvest home, harvest home!
+  We ploughed, we have sowed,
+  We have reaped, we have moved,
+  We have brought home every load.
+    Hip, hip, hip, harvest home!"
+
+In some parts the figure on the waggon, instead of an effigy, was the
+prettiest of the girl-reapers, decked with summer flowers, and hailed as
+the Harvest Queen. Bloomfield, in one of his Suffolk ballads, thus
+preserves the memory of this custom:--
+
+  "Home came the jovial Hockey load,
+    Last of the whole year's crop;
+  And Grace among the green boughs rode,
+    Right plump upon the top."
+
+These and many other harvest-home customs undoubtedly had their origin in
+heathen times, in common with those associated with the New Year, the
+Epiphany, May Day, and many other festivals.
+
+Not the least important part of the harvest home observances was the
+supper which closed them, and which took place in the kitchen of the
+farmhouse or in the barn, the master and mistress presiding. The fare on
+these occasions was substantial and plentiful, and good home-brewed ale
+was poured out abundantly--we are afraid too much so. The harvest home
+supper of the sixteenth century, as graphically portrayed by Herrick,
+included:--
+
+  "Foundation of your feast, fat beef,
+  With upper stories, mutton, veal,
+  And bacon, which makes full the meal;
+  With several dishes standing by,
+  As here a custard, there a pie,
+  And here all-tempting frumentie.
+  And for to make the merry cheer,
+  If smirking wine be wanting here,
+  There's that which drowns all care, stout beer."
+
+Instead of a formal vote of thanks to the givers of the feast, the
+prevailing feeling was expressed in a song, one version of which runs as
+follows:--
+
+  "Here's health to our master,
+    The load of the feast;
+  God bless his endeavours,
+    And send him increase.
+  May prosper his crops, boys,
+    And we reap next year;
+  Here's our master's good health, boys,
+    Come, drink off your beer!
+
+  Now harvest is ended,
+    And supper is past;
+  Here's to our mistress's health, boys,
+    Come, drink a full glass.
+  For she's a good woman,
+    Provides us good cheer;
+  Here's our mistress's good health, boys.
+    Come, drink off your beer!"
+
+Over the greater part of England a harvest-thanksgivings service has, at
+the present day, taken the place of the festive observances of former
+times. It would be useless to regret the passing away of the old customs,
+even if there was much more reason for such a feeling; for change is an
+inevitable condition of existence, and we can no more recall the old
+things which have passed away than we can replace last year's snow on the
+wolds. Even the harvest-thanksgiving service, with its accompanying cereal
+and horticultural decorations of church and chapel, seems destined to a
+change. The decorations are too often overdone. We have seen in some
+churches piles of fruit and vegetables that would furnish a shop, in
+addition to sheaves of corn and stacks of quartern loaves. In some
+instances, a more deplorable display has been made in the shape of a
+model of a farmyard, thus turning the place of worship into a show.
+Sometimes, too, the sermon has no reference to the harvest. Sometimes,
+again, the service is held before the harvest has been gathered in; or
+thanks are offered for an abundant harvest when it has notoriously been
+deficient. Perhaps the need of a collection at this particular time may
+account for these discrepancies. Such mistakes are easily avoided,
+however, and no fault can reasonably be found with these celebrations when
+religious zeal is kept within the bounds of discretion.
+
+
+
+
+Curious Charities.
+
+
+We obtain some interesting side-lights on the condition of the people in
+the past from old-time charities. Several of the prison charities founded
+in bygone times are extremely quaint and full of historic interest. One
+Frances Thornhill appears to have had a desire to make the prison beds
+comfortable. She left the sum of £30 for the Corporation of the city of
+York to provide straw for the beds of the prisoners confined in York
+Castle. The local authorities in these later years appear to have received
+the interest on the capital without carrying out the conditions of the
+charity.
+
+Bequests of fuel suggest to the mind the time when persons not only
+suffered from imprisonment but also from cold. At Bury St. Edmund's, £10
+was left by Margaret Odiam for a minister to say mass to the inmates of
+the jail, and for providing faggots to warm the long ward in which the
+poor prisoners were lodged. In 1787, Elizabeth Dean, of Reading, left £156
+17s. 5d., the interest of which she directed to be spent in buying
+firewood for the county jail.
+
+At Norwich, a worthy man named John Norris left Consols to the value of
+£300 for buying beef and books for the felons confined in the jail. The
+prison food is now regulated by law and the charity beef is banished, but
+we believe the interest is spent in supplying the prisoners with
+literature. Even as late as 1821, John Hall left Consols to the value of
+£127 16s. for providing a Christmas dinner of the good old English fare of
+roast beef and plum pudding for the criminals in the Northampton county
+prison. In 1556, Thomas Cattell left a rent charge of £35 a year for
+buying beef and oatmeal for the poor prisoners of Newgate and other London
+prisons.
+
+A singular bequest was made in the year 1556, by Griffith Ameridith, of
+Exeter, and it amounted to £524 4s. 11d. in Consols, "for providing
+shrouds for prisoners executed at Kingswell, and for the maintenance of a
+wall round the burial ground." "But," says a writer on this theme,
+"probably for want of subjects for shrouds, the income is now, without any
+authority, applied to a distribution of serge petticoats to old women."
+One advantage of the change is that the new recipients can at least
+express their gratitude. In the olden time it was by no means an uncommon
+practice for criminals about to be executed to proceed to the gallows in
+shrouds. On July 30th, 1766, two men were hanged at Nottingham for
+robbery. "On the morning of their execution," says a local record, "they
+were taken to St. Mary's Church, where they heard 'the condemned sermon,'
+and then to their graves, in which they were permitted to lie down to see
+if they would fit. They walked to the place of execution in their
+shrouds." At an execution in the same town in 1784, we read in a local
+newspaper report that the unfortunate men were attired in their shrouds.
+To add to the impressiveness of the condemned sermon, the coffins in which
+the condemned criminals were to be buried, were exhibited during the
+service.
+
+Charities and collections in churches were formerly very common in this
+country for freeing British subjects from slavery in foreign lands. In
+1655, Alicia, Duchess of Dudley, by a deed poll, directed £100 per annum
+to be drawn from the rents of certain lands situated in the parish of
+Bidford, Warwickshire, for redeeming poor English Christian slaves or
+captives from the Turks. Thomas Betson, of Hoxton Square, London, by will
+dated 15th February, 1723, left a considerable fortune for the redemption
+of British slaves in Turkey and Barbary. He died in 1725, and five years
+later the property was estimated to be worth about £22,000, and the
+interest on half the amount was to be devoted to ransoming his countrymen
+from slavery. In the year 1734, it is stated that 135 men were freed by
+this charity. Between the years 1734 and 1826, the large sum of £21,088
+8s. 2-1/2d. was expended in the admirable cause of freeing the captive.
+Many of the old church books contain entries respecting collections for
+this object. In the books of Holy Cross, Westgate, Canterbury, is a long
+list of the names of persons in the parish in March, 1670, contributing
+£02 07s. 04d., for "Redeeming the Captives in Turkye."
+
+Sir John Gayer, was in his time a leading London merchant, an Alderman for
+the ward of Aldgate, and a popular Lord Mayor. He lived in the reigns of
+James I. and Charles I., and was a man of great enterprise, ready to
+encounter perils in foreign lands to forward his commercial projects. On
+one memorable occasion he was travelling with a caravan of merchants
+across the desert of Arabia, and by some accidental means managed to
+separate himself from his friends, and at night-fall was alone. His
+position was one of great peril: he heard the roaring of wild animals, but
+failed to find any place of refuge. We gather from the story of his life
+that:--"He knelt down and prayed fervently, and devoutly promised, that if
+God would rescue him from his impending danger the whole produce of his
+merchandise should be given as an offering in benefactions to the poor, on
+his return to his native country. At this extremity a lion of an unusually
+large size was approaching him. Death appeared inevitable, but the prayer
+of the good man had ascended to heaven, and he was delivered. The lion
+came up close to him. After prowling round him, smelling him, bristling
+his shaggy hair, and eyeing him fiercely, he stopped short, turned round,
+and trotted quietly away, without doing the slightest injury. It is said
+that Sir John Gayer remained in the same suppliant posture till the
+morning dawned, when he pursued his journey, and happily came up with his
+friends, who had given up all hope of again seeing him." The journey was
+concluded without further misadventure, a ready market found for the
+goods, and old England reached in safety with increased wealth. Sir John
+did not forget his vow, and many were the deeds of charity he performed,
+more especially to the poor of his own parish of St. Katharine Cree. One
+of bequests amounting to £200 was left to the needy of that parish on
+condition that a "sermon should be occasionally preached in the church to
+commemorate his deliverance from the jaws of the lion." The sermon is
+known as the "Lion Sermon."
+
+In the church of St. Katharine Cree within the altar rails is a carved
+head of Gayer. On the right hand side is a text, as follows:--"The eyes of
+the Lord are over the righteous, and his ears are open unto their
+prayers--Ps. 34, v. 15;" on the left hand side this text appears:--"The
+effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much--James V.,
+xvi.;" and under the figure this motto:--"Super Astra Spero." There is a
+brass bearing the following inscription:--
+
+                  In Memory of
+               SIR JOHN GAYER, KNT.,
+    Founder of the "Lion Sermon" who was descended from
+        the Old West Country Family of Gayer,
+               and was born at Plymouth,
+     and became Sheriff of this City of London in 1635,
+           and Lord Mayor of London in 1647.
+
+    He was a member of the Levant or Turkey Company, and of the Worshipful
+    Company of Fishmongers, London, and President of Christ's Hospital,
+    London, and a liberal donor to and pious founder of Charities.
+
+    This City has especial reason to be proud of him, for rather than
+    withdraw his unflinching assertion of the Native Liberties of the
+    Citizens, and his steadfast support of King Charles I., he submitted
+    to imprisonment in the Tower at the hands of the Parliament in 1647
+    and 1648, and his "Salva Libertate" became historical.
+
+    He resided in this Parish, and "Dyed in peace in his owne house" on
+    the 20th of July 1649, and he now lies buried in a Vault beneath this
+    Church of St. Katharine Cree, Leadenhall St.
+
+    This Memorial Brass was subscribed for by Members of and Descendants
+    from the Family of Gayer, and was placed here by them in testimony of
+    their admiration for and appreciation of the noble character and many
+    virtues of their illustrious ancestor.
+
+          The work of organising this Memorial was carried out by
+    Edmund Richard Gayer, M.A. of Lincoln's Inn, Esq., Barrister at Law,
+                                    1888.
+
+There are a number of ancient bequests for ringing bells and lighting
+beacons to guide travellers by night. These were very useful charities,
+for in the days of old, lands were generally unenclosed, and the roads
+poorly constructed. It was difficult for the wayfarer to find his way when
+the nights were dark. At the ancient village of Hessle, near Hull, a bell
+is still rung every night except Sunday, at 7 o'clock. Long, long ago, so
+runs the local story, a lady was lost on a dark night near the place, and
+was in sore distress, fearing that she would have to wander about in the
+cold until daylight. Happily, the ringing of the Hessle bells enabled her
+to direct her course to the village in safety, although she had to wend
+her weary steps over a trackless country. In gratitude for her delivery
+she left a piece of land to the parish clerk, on condition that he rang
+every evening one of the church bells.
+
+A similar story is related respecting a Barton-on-Humber bell ringing
+custom. Richard Palmer left in 1664 a bequest to the sexton of Workingham,
+Berkshire, for ringing a bell every evening at eight, and every morning at
+four o'clock. One reason for ringing this, was "that strangers and others
+who should happen, on winter nights, within hearing of the ringing of the
+said bell, to lose their way in the country, might be informed of the time
+of the night, and receive some guidance into the right way."
+
+John Wardall, in his will dated 29th August, 1656, provided for a payment
+of £4 per annum being made to the Churchwardens of St. Botolph's,
+Billingsgate, London, "to provide a good and sufficient iron and glass
+lanthorn, with a candle, for the direction of passengers to go with more
+security to and from the water-side, all night long, to be fixed at the
+north-east corner of the parish church, from the feast-day of St.
+Bartholomew to Lady-Day; out of which sum £1 was to be paid to the sexton
+for taking care of the lanthorn." In 1662 a man named John Cooke made a
+similar bequest for providing a lamp at the corner of St. Michael's Lane,
+next Thames Street.
+
+In past ages churches were frequently unpaved and the floor usually
+covered with rushes. Not a few persons have left money and land for
+providing rushes for churches. In these latter days rushes are no longer
+strewn on the floor for keeping the feet warm in cold weather, but at a
+number of places old rights are maintained by the carrying out of the
+custom. At Clee, Lincolnshire, for example, the parish officials possess
+the right of cutting rushes from a certain piece of land for strewing the
+floor of the church every Trinity Sunday. The churchwardens preserve their
+rights by cutting a small quantity of grass annually and strewing it on
+the church floor. At Old Weston, Huntingdonshire, a similar custom still
+lingers. "A piece of land," says Edwards in his "Remarkable Charities,"
+"belongs, by custom, to the parish clerk for the time being, subject to
+the condition of the land being mown immediately before Weston feast,
+which occurs in July, and the cutting thereof strewed on the church floor,
+previous to divine service on the feast Sunday, and continuing there
+during divine service." At Pavenham, Bedfordshire, the church is annually
+strewn with grass cut from a certain field, on the first Sunday after the
+11th July. "Until recently," says a well-informed correspondent, "the
+custom was for the churchwardens to claim the right of removing from the
+field in question as much grass as they could 'cut and cart away from
+sunrise to sunset.' A few years ago this arrangement was altered into a
+yearly payment on the part of the tenant of the field of one guinea." The
+money is spent in purchasing grass for spreading on the church floor. The
+parishioners have always taken a deep interest in this old custom. On the
+benefaction table of Deptford Church is recorded that "a person unknown
+gave half-a-quarter of wheat, to be given in bread on Good Friday, and
+half a load of rushes at Whitsuntide, and a load of pea-straw at
+Christmas yearly, for the use of the church." In 1721, an offer of 21s.
+per annum was accepted in lieu of the straw and rushes, and in 1744, the
+sum of 10s. yearly in place of the half-quarter of wheat.
+
+John Rudge, by his will dated 17th April, 1725, left a pound a year to a
+poor man to go round the parish church of Trysull, Staffordshire, during
+the delivery of the sermon, to keep people awake and drive out of the
+church any dogs which might come in. Richard Brooke left 5s. a year for a
+person to keep quiet during divine service the boys in the Wolverhampton
+church and churchyard.
+
+At Stockton-in-the-Forest, Yorkshire, is a piece of land called "Petticoat
+Hole," and it is held on the condition of providing a poor woman of the
+place every year with a new petticoat.
+
+We will close this chapter with particulars of a novel mode of
+distributing a charity. At Bulkeley, Cheshire, a charity of 19s. 2d. was
+given to the poor as follows. The overseer obtained the amount in coppers,
+placed them in a peck measure, and invited each of the poor folks to help
+himself or herself to a handful.
+
+
+
+
+An Old-Time Chronicler.
+
+
+We have frequently referred to the writings of John Stow in this work, and
+we think a short account of his life and labours will prove interesting to
+our readers.
+
+From the ranks of tailors have sprung many famous men. Not one more
+worthy, perhaps, than honest John Stow, the painstaking compiler of works
+which have found a lasting place in historic literature.
+
+Stow was a Londoner of Londoners, born in 1525, in the parish of St.
+Michael, Cornhill. His father and grandfather were citizens, and appear to
+have been most worthy men. John Stow was trained under his father to the
+trade of a tailor. At an early age he took an interest in the study of
+history and antiquities, and, as years ran their course, his love of
+research increased. We have had handed down to us from the pen of Edmund
+Howes, his literary executor, a well-drawn word-portrait of Stow. We learn
+that he was tall in stature, and, as befits the ideal student, lean in
+body and face. His eyes were small and clear, and his sight excellent. As
+might be expected, through long and active use, his memory was very good.
+He was sober, mild, and corteous, and ever ready to impart information to
+those that sought it.
+
+He lived in an historically attractive age. It was a period when some of
+our greatest countrymen worked and talked amongst men. Gifted authors made
+the time glorious in our literary annals. Stow's fame mainly rests on
+being an exact and picturesque describer of the London of Queen Elizabeth.
+His _Survey_ is not a mere topographical account of the city, but a
+pleasantly penned picture, full of life and character, of the social
+condition, manners, customs, sports, and pastimes of the people.
+
+John Stow was most minute as a writer, and his attention to slight
+circumstances has caused some critics to make merry over his productions.
+Fuller, for example, spoke of him "as such a smell-feast that he cannot
+pass by the Guildhall but his pen must taste the good cheer therein." It
+is his consideration of minor matters that renders his book so valuable to
+the student of bygone times. We may quote, to illustrate this, a few
+lines from his _Survey of London_. After a description of the Abbey of St.
+Clare, he writes: "Near adjoining to this Abbey, on the south side
+thereof, was sometime a farm belonging to the said nunnery, at which farm
+I myself, in my youth, have fetched many a halfpennyworth of milk, and
+never had less than three ale pints for a halfpenny in the summer, nor
+less than one ale quart for a halfpenny in the winter, always hot from the
+kine, as the same was milked and strained. One Trolop, afterwards Goodman,
+was farmer there, and had thirty or forty kine to the pail. Goodman's son,
+being heir to his father's purchase, let out the ground first for the
+grazing of horses, and then for garden plots, and lived like a gentleman
+thereby."
+
+In about his fortieth year, Stow gave up his business as a tailor and
+devoted his entire life to antiquarian pursuits. Fame he won, but not
+fortune. In place of being wealthy in his old age, he, as we shall
+presently see, suffered from poverty. His principal works include his
+_Summary of English Chronicles_, first issued in 1561. In 1580, his
+_Annals; or, a General Chronicle of England_ was published. His most
+important work was given to the world in 1598, under the title of a
+_Survey of London and Westminster_. Besides writing the foregoing original
+books, he assisted on the continuation of Holinshed's _Chronicle_ and
+Speght's edition of Chaucer, and he was employed on other undertakings.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN STOW'S MONUMENT.]
+
+Many a long journey Stow made in search of information. He could not ride,
+and had to travel on foot. In the midst of great trials it is recorded
+that his good humour never forsook him. In his old age he was troubled
+with pains in his feet, and quietly remarked that his "afflictions lay in
+the parts he had formerly made so much use of."
+
+We might well suppose that Stow's blameless life would render him free
+from suspicion, and that his grateful countrymen would regard with respect
+his great work in writing the history of England. Such was not the case.
+It was thought that his researches would injure the reformed religion, and
+on this miserable plea he was cast into prison, and his humble home was
+searched. We obtain from the report of the searchers an interesting
+account of the contents of Stow's library. It consisted, we are told, of
+"great collections of his own, of his English chronicles, also a great
+sort of old books, some fabulous, as _Sir Gregory Triamour_, and a great
+parcel of old manuscript chronicles in parchment and paper; besides
+miscellaneous tracts touching physic, surgery, herbs, and medical
+receipts, and also fantastical popish books printed in old time, and
+others written in old English on parchment."
+
+John Stow failed to make much money, but on the whole, he lived a peaceful
+life, enjoying the many pleasures that fall to the lot of the student.
+Happily for him, to use Howes' words, "He was careless of the scoffers,
+backbiters, and detractors."
+
+It is Howes who also tells that Stow always protested never to have
+written anything either of malice, fear, or favour, nor to seek his own
+particular gain or vain-glory, and that his only pains and care was to
+write the truth.
+
+At the age of four score years, his labours received State acknowledgment.
+It was indeed a poor acknowledgment, for, in answer to a petition, James
+I. granted him a licence to beg. Stow sought help, to use his own words,
+as "a recompense for his labour and travel of forty-five years, in setting
+forth the _Chronicles of England_, and eight years taken up in the _Survey
+of the Cities of London and Westminster_, towards his relief in his old
+age, having left his former means of living, and also employing himself
+for the service and good of his country."
+
+The humble request was granted, and the document says:--"Whereas our
+loving subject, John Stow (a very aged and worthy member of our city of
+London), this five-and-forty years hath, to his great charge, and with
+neglect of his ordinary means of maintenance (for the general good, as
+well of posterity as of the present age), compiled and published divers
+necessary books and chronicles; and therefore we, in recompense of these
+his painful labours, and for encouragement of the like, have, in our Royal
+inclination, been pleased to grant our Letters Patent, under our Great
+Seal of England, thereby authorising him, the said John Stow, to collect
+among our loving subjects their voluntary contributions and kind
+gratuities."
+
+The foregoing authority to beg was granted for twelve months, but, as the
+response was so small, it pleased the King to extend the privilege for
+another year. From one parish in the City of London he only received seven
+shillings and sixpence--a poor reward, to use Stow's words, "of many a
+weary day's travel, and cold winter night's study."
+
+His end now was drawing near, and mundane trials were almost over. On the
+5th of April, 1605, his well-spent life closed, and his mortal remains
+were laid to rest in his parish church of St. Andrew, Undershaft. Here may
+still be seen the curious and interesting monument which his loving widow
+erected. It is pleasant to leave the busy streets of the great metropolis
+and repair to the quiet sanctuary where rests the old chronicler, and look
+upon his quaint monument, and reflect on ages long passed. When the Great
+Fire of 1666 destroyed the London Stow had so truthfully described, his
+monument escaped destruction.
+
+
+Ye Ende
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  Abingdon, customs at, 56
+
+  Advertisement, novel, 194-197
+
+  Age of Snuffing, 168-185
+
+  Alleyn, Edward, founder of Dulwich College, 212
+
+  Altrincham, Mayor of, 60-61
+
+  Ambassadors, at bear-baitings, 211, 215-216
+
+  America, Muffs in, 45-46;
+    Cold places of worship, 46-47
+
+  Anglo-Saxon bread, 134
+
+  An Old-Time Chronicler, 266-274
+
+  Arise, Mistress, Arise!, 142-143
+
+  Armstrong, Sir Thomas, 84-87
+
+  Arrows, 152
+
+  Ashbourne, custom at, 241
+
+
+  Baker's dozen, 138
+
+  Baiting animals stopped by Act of Parliament, 221
+
+  Banbury, customs at, 58
+
+  Banks, Mrs. G. L., on hair-dressing, 38
+
+  Bankside, plan of, 213
+
+  Barber's shop, 21
+
+  Barley bread, 135
+
+  Baxter, Richard, on Sunday pleasure, 231
+
+  Barbers fined, 32
+
+  Barrington, G., poet and pickpocket, 180-181
+
+  Barrister's wig, 18, 19
+
+  Barrow bells, 157
+
+  Bear-baiting, 132-133, 205-221
+
+  Bells as Time-Tellers, 156-167
+
+  Bell ringing bequests, 261-262
+
+  Beverley, funeral at, 123;
+    bear-baiting at, 133
+
+  Bewdley, custom at, 142
+
+  Bish, Mr., on Lotteries, 200-202
+
+  Blue-Coat boys, draw at lotteries, 194
+
+  Boar's-head with mustard, 131
+
+  Bonfires, 234, 235
+
+  Bow bells, 159
+
+  Boroughbridge, Battle of, 77
+
+  Brandeston, removing a dead body to the church for protection, 117
+
+  Bread and Baking in Bygone Days, 134-141
+
+  Bread Street, 135
+
+  Bribes for the Palate, 63-73
+
+  British slaves, freeing, 257-258
+
+  Briscoe, J. P., on Nottingham customs, 61-62
+
+  Bromley-by-Bow, bakers at, 135
+
+  Burial at Cross Roads, 105-114
+
+  Burying the mace, 53
+
+  Butter and suet, prohibiting the use of in making bread, 140
+
+  Byng, Admiral, shot, 45
+
+
+  Cade, Jack, 81
+
+  Caius, Dr., on dogs, 145
+
+  Cambridge, regulations relating to tobacco, 173
+
+  Candles for lighting the streets, 52
+
+  Canterbury, curious customs at, 52-53
+
+  Capture of snuff, 171
+
+  Carlisle, Earl of, beheaded, 78-79
+
+  Carlisle, heads spiked at, 92-95
+
+  Charles II. and wigs, 7
+
+  Charlotte, Queen, gives up using hair-powder, 36;
+    taking snuff, 176
+
+  Christmas rhymes, 142
+
+  Chronicler, an Old-Time, 266-274
+
+  Churches, snuff taking in, 172-175
+
+  Clarinda, Burns on, 178
+
+  Clee, custom at, 263
+
+  Clergy and the wig, 15-17
+
+  Clifton rhyme, 219-220
+
+  Clocks, introduction of, 160
+
+  Clothiers in eighteenth century, 165
+
+  Closing shops, time for, 160
+
+  Cobham, Eleanor, trial of, 80
+
+  Cockledge, murder at, 123
+
+  Combing the wig, 10
+
+  Concerning Corporation Customs, 48-62
+
+  Congleton, bear-baiting at, 217-218
+
+  Conspiracy to assassinate William III., 87
+
+  Cooper's Hall, Lotteries at, 193
+
+  Cornish Insurrection, 81;
+    folk-lore, 234-236
+
+  Corporation snuff-boxes, 168-169
+
+  Craven cartoon, 242
+
+  Crop Clubs, 34
+
+  Curious Charities, 255-265
+
+  Curious window at Betley, 225-227
+
+  Curfew bell, 166-167
+
+
+  Dagger Money, 57
+
+  Death, Superstitions relating to, 242
+
+  Death of William I., 167
+
+  Deering on snuff-taking, 178
+
+  Detaining the Dead for Debt, 115-121
+
+  Derby, suicide, burial of a, 106
+
+  Discarding wigs in court, 19
+
+  Doctors' muffs, 42
+
+  Dogs, earliest writer on, 145;
+    in muffs, 44
+
+  Droylsden, suicide, burial of, 108-109
+
+  Druidical superstitions, 234
+
+  Dryden, Haunt of, 182
+
+  Ducking Stool, 138
+
+  Duels, 106
+
+
+  Earle, Mrs. A. M., on American Muffs, 46
+
+  Early closing of public-houses, 167
+
+  Eating custom, 242-243
+
+  Ecclesfield, tradition at, 220
+
+  Edward III., proclamation of, against bear-baiting, 205
+
+  Egypt, goose in, 150
+
+  Egyptians, invent wigs, 1
+
+  Eldon, Lord, objects to the wig, 18
+
+  Elizabeth, enjoys baiting animals, 208
+
+  Epitaphs, 109, 116, 197, 203-204, 260-261
+
+  Erasmus in England, 206
+
+  Exeter, salmon given at, 70
+
+
+  False hair, 20, 22
+
+  Famous snuff takers, 176
+
+  Fathers of the Church denounce wigs, 3
+
+  Felo-de-se, Acts relating to, 112-114
+
+  Female follies, 30
+
+  Fined for arresting the dead, 118-119, 121
+
+  Fined for being deficient in elegance, 52
+
+  First English lottery, 186-188
+
+  Fish, presentation of, 70
+
+  Fisher, Bishop, beheaded, 81-82
+
+  Fishtoft, burial of a suicide at, 107
+
+  Fitstephen on bear-baiting, 205
+
+  Fletcher, Captain, 88-89
+
+  Folk-Lore of Midsummer Eve, 234-243
+
+  France, Mania for Wigs in, 6-7
+
+  Funeral, stately, 123
+
+
+  Garrick, Mrs., 178
+
+  George II., a selfish snuff-taker, 185
+
+  Glayer, Sir John, 258-261
+
+  Globe Theatre, 209
+
+  Gold-dust used for hair-powder, 28
+
+  Gossip about the Goose, 150-155
+
+  Great Plague, tobacco and snuff used during, 169-171
+
+  Guinea-pigs, 35
+
+
+  Harvest bell, 156, 157-158
+
+  Harvest Home, 244-254
+
+  Hair, cut off with a bread-knife, 44
+
+  Hale, Sir Matthew, 63-64
+
+  Hamlet, Grave scene in, 105
+
+  Hampton Court Palace, clock at, 162-163
+
+  Hannibal and his wigs, 5-6
+
+  Hartlepool, strange enactment at, 62
+
+  Hawarden attacked, 74
+
+  Heart-breakers, 20
+
+  Hempseed, sowing, 241
+
+  Henzner, Paul, 84
+
+  Herrick on harvest customs, 252-253
+
+  Hilton, Jack of, 152
+
+  Hockley-in-the-Hole, 220
+
+  Holy bread, 134
+
+  Hope theatre, 207
+
+  Horse Guards, protect the lottery wheel, 193
+
+  Howard's Household Book, 145
+
+  Hull, curious ordinances at, 51-53;
+    Sheriff to provide his wife with a scarlet gown, 52;
+    Andrew Marvell and Hull ale, 71-73;
+    head spiked at, 95;
+    ducking-stool at, 96;
+    Mayor slain, 98;
+    snuff-box at, 168-169
+
+
+  Incorporation of towns, 48
+
+  Inscription on bells, 159
+
+  Ireland, St. John's eve in, 236-237
+
+  Irish folk-lore, 175
+
+
+  Jackson, John, and his clock, 162-166
+
+  Jacobites, defeat of, 102
+
+  James I. and tobacco, 173;
+    orders a bear to be baited to death, 215
+
+  Johnson, Dr. Samuel, and his snuff, 182
+
+  Judge's wig, 18
+
+
+  Keeping people awake, 255
+
+  Kenilworth, bears baited at, 211
+
+  King eating meal and rye bread, 141
+
+  Kingston-upon-Thames, Morris Dancers at, 223
+
+  Knocking feet in meeting houses, 47
+
+
+  Lady, origin of, 134
+
+  Lamb, Charles and Mary, 184
+
+  Lanthorns, bequests for providing, 262-263
+
+  Last Lottery in England, 198-200
+
+  Layer, Councillor, 87-88
+
+  Leconfield castle, 123
+
+  Leeds bridge, market on, 165
+
+  Leicester, mace lowering at, 51;
+    bear-baiting at, 216-217
+
+  Leighton, Robert, poem by, 183-184
+
+  Letters from the dead to the living, 11
+
+  Licence to beg, 272-273
+
+  Lincolnshire geese, 153
+
+  Lion Sermon, 258-261
+
+  London Bakers' Company, 135-136
+
+  London Bridge, 75-84
+
+  London, burials of suicides, 110-111
+
+  Love divinations, 238-240
+
+  Louth, ringing custom at, 158
+
+  Lowering the mace, 51
+
+  Ludlow, customs at, 59
+
+  Lycians, heads shaven and wigs worn, 5
+
+
+  Mace, as a weapon and as an ensign of authority, 49
+
+  Manchester, curious baking regulations, 140
+
+  Manorial service, curious, 144, 152
+
+  Margarett, Princess, 49, 123-124
+
+  Mar, Rising of, 87
+
+  Marvell, Andrew, and Hull ale, 71-73
+
+  Mary, Queen of Scots, 102
+
+  May-pole, 233
+
+  Meals in the olden time, 127-129
+
+  Medical men and the wig, 17-18
+
+  Men wearing Muffs, 40-47
+
+  Michaelmas goose, 154
+
+  Micklegate Bar, York, 98-99;
+    heads stolen from, 103
+
+  Milk, price of, in the olden time, 268
+
+  More, Sir Thomas, beheaded, 83
+
+  Morley, custom at, 143
+
+  Morris-Dancers, 222-233
+
+  Municipal Reform Act, 48
+
+  Murder, strange story of a, 137
+
+
+  Napoleon taking snuff, 181;
+    snuff-box, 177-178
+
+  Newcastle-on-Tyne, assize custom at, 56-58;
+    presents of wine and sugar loaves, 64-66;
+    brank at, 66, 67;
+    burial of a suicide, 111
+
+  Nobleman's Household in Tudor Times, 122-133
+
+  North Wingfield, dead body stopped at, 115-116
+
+  Northumberland Household Book, 125-133
+
+  Norwich, burial of a suicide, 107
+
+  Nottingham, burying the mace at, 53-55;
+    ale and bread custom, 61-62;
+    town's presents, 69;
+    Goose Fair, 154
+
+  Novel mode of distributing a charity, 265
+
+
+  Over, Mayor of, 60-61
+
+  O'Connell, D., and his wig, 22-23
+
+
+  Parading a head, 79
+
+  Parliament sitting at Shrewsbury, 75
+
+  Palm-Sunday, battle on, 101
+
+  Penzance, customs at, 235
+
+  Pepys and his wigs, 7-9;
+    muffs, 41;
+    on the Plague, 170
+
+  Percy family, 122-133
+
+  Peter the Great obtaining the loan of a wig, 23
+
+  Petticoat charity, 265
+
+  Pig-tail, 12, 14
+
+  Pillory, bakers in the, 137
+
+  Pipes and tobacco for judges, 58
+
+  Piper playing to workmen, 247-248
+
+  Pliny on the goose, 150
+
+  Poets' Corner, Johnson and Goldsmith in, 91-92
+
+  Porpoise regarded as a delicacy, 69
+
+  Pope on Belinda, 177
+
+  Potatoes, preservation of, 70-71
+
+  Powdering the Hair, 28-39
+
+  Pontefract Castle, head spiked at, 77
+
+  Prison charities, 255-256
+
+  Punishing bakers, 138-140, 141
+
+  Puritans and lotteries, 189
+
+
+  Quill pens, 155
+
+
+  Ramillie Wig, 13
+
+  Reading, Morris Dancers at, 224
+
+  Rebel Heads on City Gates, 74-104
+
+  Revolt against Henry IV., 79
+
+  Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 184-185
+
+  Riot, Wig, 25-27
+
+  Rollit, Sir Albert K., 168
+
+  Rome saved by the cackling of the goose, 151
+
+  Roper, Margaret, 83, 85
+
+  Rushes for church floors, 263-265
+
+  Rye, authority of Mayor, 62
+
+  Rye House Plot, 84-87
+
+
+  Saxons colouring their hair, 28
+
+  Scarlet gowns for the Mayoress, 52
+
+  Scotland, wigs in, 36-37;
+    muff in, 42;
+    body arrested in, 120;
+    snuff taking in, 171-173
+
+  Scott, Sir Walter, on wigs, 37
+
+  School-boys obliged to smoke, 170
+
+  Schoolmasters forbidden to smoke, 174
+
+  Scrope, Richard, beheaded, 96-97
+
+  Selkirk, Making a sutor of, 59
+
+  Selling the Church Bible to pay for a Bear, 217-220
+
+  Sheridan, curious report respecting, 120
+
+  Shrewsbury, Parliament sitting at, 75
+
+  Shrouds for prisoners, 256-257
+
+  Shouting a kirn, 248-250
+
+  Slaves, freeing christian, 257-258
+
+  Smoking forbidden in the streets, 173-174
+
+  Snuffing, earliest allusion to, 169
+
+  Southampton, Mayoress of, 50
+
+  South Shields, suicide, burial of, 109-110
+
+  Sowing hempseed, 241
+
+  Sparsholt, dead body detained at, 115
+
+  Speaker's wig, 18
+
+  Spice bread, making prohibited, 140
+
+  St. Albans, clock at, 161
+
+  St. Paul's Lotteries drawn at the doors of, 188
+
+  State Lotteries, 186-204
+
+  Stealing wigs, 24-25
+
+  Sterne, a snuff taker, 184
+
+  Stow, John, 266-274
+
+  Stratford-le-Bow, bakers at, 135
+
+  Sugar-loaves, presentation of, 62-69
+
+
+  Tamworth, curious bye-law at, 167
+
+  Taxing hair-powder, 31, 33;
+    repealing tax, 39
+
+  Taylor, John, on Hull ale, 72-73
+
+  Tea and snuff, 178
+
+  Temple Bar, 84-92
+
+  Test Act, 48
+
+  Thewes at Hull, 96
+
+  Towneley, Colonel, 88-92
+
+  Towton-field, battle of, 101
+
+  Turnspit, The, 144-149
+
+  Twyford, suicide, burial of, 113-114
+
+
+  Unwin, Mrs., fond of snuff, 177
+
+
+  Valuable snuff-boxes, 181
+
+  Vesper bell, 167
+
+
+  Wakefield, battle of, 97-98
+
+  Wales, subjugation of, 74
+
+  Wallace, Sir William, 75
+
+  Watches not usually carried, 165
+
+  Welsh rebels beheaded, 74
+
+  Wesley, Rev. John, and snuff-taking, 175
+
+  West Hallam, burial at four lane ends, 107
+
+  West Riding lore, 120-121
+
+  When Wigs were Worn, 1-27
+
+  Whittington, Dick, 159
+
+  Whitsun morris dance, 228
+
+  Wigs, 1-27;
+    Riots, 25-27
+
+  Wildridge, T. Tindall, on Hull, 95
+
+  Winchester, presents of sugar loaves at, 66-69;
+    curious regulations, 215
+
+  Women wearing wigs, 9, 22
+
+  Worcester, curious baking regulation, 140
+
+  Wressel Castle, 125
+
+  Wycombe, customs at, 55-56
+
+
+  York, Duke of, slain, 98;
+    head spiked, 98
+
+  York, Lord Mayor of, 49
+
+  York, walls and gates of, 96-104
+
+
+
+
+  SOME RECENT BOOKS PUBLISHED BY
+  WILLIAM ANDREWS & CO.,
+  5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, LONDON, E.C.
+
+
+Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church.
+
+EDITED BY William Andrews, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Demy 8vo., 7s. 6d. Numerous Illustrations._
+
+CONTENTS:--Church History and Historians--Supernatural Interference in
+Church Building--Ecclesiastical Symbolism in Architecture--Acoustic
+Jars--Crypts--Heathen Customs at Christian Feasts--Fish and
+Fasting--Shrove-tide and Lenten Customs--Wearing Hats in Church--The Stool
+of Repentance--Cursing by Bell, Book, and Candle--Pulpits--Church
+Windows--Alms-Boxes and Alms-Dishes--Old Collecting
+Boxes--Gargoyles--Curious Vanes--People and Steeple
+Rhymes--Sun-Dials--Lack of the Clock-House--Games in Churchyards--Circular
+Churchyards--Church and Churchyard Charms and Cures--Yew Trees in
+Churchyards.
+
+    "A very entertaining work."--_Leeds Mercury._
+
+    "A well-printed, handsome, and profusely illustrated work."--_Norfolk
+    Chronicle._
+
+    "There is much curious and interesting reading in this popular volume,
+    which moreover has a useful index."--_Glasgow Herald._
+
+    "The contents of the volume is exceptionally good reading, and crowded
+    with out-of-the-way, useful, and well selected information on a
+    subject which has an undying interest."--_Birmingham Mercury._
+
+    "In concluding this notice it is only the merest justice to add that
+    every page of it abounds with rare and often amusing information,
+    drawn from the most accredited sources. It also abounds with
+    illustrations of our old English authors, and it is likely to prove
+    welcome not only to the Churchman, but to the student of folk-lore and
+    of poetical literature."--_Morning Post._
+
+    "We can recommend this volume to all who are interested in the notable
+    and curious things that relate to churches and public worship in this
+    and other countries."--_Newcastle Daily Journal._
+
+    "It is very handsomely got up and admirably printed, the letterpress
+    being beautifully clear."--_Lincoln Mercury._
+
+    "The book is well indexed."--_Daily Chronicle._
+
+    "By delegating certain topics to those most capable of treating them,
+    the editor has the satisfaction of presenting the best available
+    information in a very attractive manner."--_Dundee Advertiser._
+
+    "It must not be supposed that the book is of interest only to
+    Churchmen, although primarily so, for it treats in such a skilful and
+    instructive manner with ancient manners and customs as to make it an
+    invaluable book of reference to all who are concerned in the seductive
+    study of antiquarian subjects."--_Chester Courant._
+
+
+The Cross, in Ritual, Architecture, and Art.
+
+BY THE REV. GEO. S. TYACK, B.A.
+
+_Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d. Numerous Illustrations._
+
+The author of this Volume has brought together much valuable and
+out-of-the-way information which cannot fail to interest and instruct the
+reader. The work is the result of careful study, and its merits entitle it
+to a permanent place in public and private libraries. Many beautiful
+illustrations add to the value of the Volume.
+
+    "This book is reverent, learned, and interesting, and will be read
+    with a great deal of profit by anyone who wishes to study the history
+    of the sign of our Redemption."--_Church Times._
+
+    "A book of equal interest to artists, archæologists, architects, and
+    the clergy has been written by the Rev. G. S. Tyack, upon 'The Cross
+    in Ritual, Architecture, and Art.' Although Mr. Tyack has restricted
+    himself to this country, this work is sufficiently complete for its
+    purpose, which is to show the manifold uses to which the Cross, the
+    symbol of the Christian Faith, has been put in Christian lands. It
+    treats of the Cross in ritual, in Church ornament, as a memorial of
+    the dead, and in secular mason work; of preaching crosses, wayside and
+    boundary crosses, well crosses, market crosses, and the Cross in
+    heraldry. Mr. Tyack has had the assistance of Mr. William Andrews, to
+    whom he records his indebtedness for the use of his collection of
+    works, notes, and pictures; but it is evident that this book has cost
+    many years of research on his own part. It is copiously and well
+    illustrated, lucidly ordered and written, and deserves to be widely
+    known."--_Yorkshire Post._
+
+    "This is an exhaustive treatise on a most interesting subject, and Mr.
+    Tyack has proved himself to be richly informed and fully qualified to
+    deal with it. All lovers of ecclesiastical lore will find the volume
+    instructive and suggestive, while the ordinary reader will be
+    surprised to find that the Cross in the churchyard or by the roadside
+    has so many meanings and significances. Mr. Tyack divides his work
+    into eight sections, beginning with the pre-Christian cross, and then
+    tracing its development, its adaptations, its special uses, and
+    applications, and at all times bringing out clearly its symbolic
+    purposes. We have the history of the Cross in the Church, of its use
+    as an ornament, and of its use as a public and secular instrument;
+    then we get a chapter on 'Memorial Crosses,' and another on 'Wayside
+    and Boundary Crosses.' The volume teems with facts, and it is evident
+    that Mr. Tyack has made his study a labour of love, and spared no
+    research in order, within the prescribed limits, to make his work
+    complete. He has given us a valuable work of reference, and a very
+    instructive and entertaining volume."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._
+
+    "An engrossing and instructive narrative."--_Dundee Advertiser._
+
+    "As a popular account of the Cross in history, we do not know that a
+    better book can be named."--_Glasgow Herald._
+
+
+Old Church Lore.
+
+BY WILLIAM ANDREWS, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Demy 8vo., 7s. 6d._
+
+CONTENTS--The Right of Sanctuary--The Romance of Trial--A Fight between
+the Mayor of Hull and the Archbishop of York--Chapels on Bridges--Charter
+Horns--The Old English Sunday--The Easter Sepulchre--St. Paul's
+Cross--Cheapside Cross--The Biddenden Maids Charity--Plagues and
+Pestilences--A King Curing an Abbot of Indigestion--The Services and
+Customs of Royal Oak Day--Marrying in a White Sheet--Marrying under the
+Gallows--Kissing the Bride--Hot Ale at Weddings--Marrying Children--The
+Passing Bell--Concerning Coffins--The Curfew Bell--Curious Symbols of the
+Saints--Acrobats on Steeples--A carefully prepared Index--Illustrated.
+
+    "An interesting volume."--_The Scotsman._
+
+    "A worthy work on a deeply interesting subject.... We commend this
+    book strongly."--_European Mail._
+
+    "The book is eminently readable, and may be taken up at any moment
+    with the certainty that something suggestive or entertaining will
+    present itself."--_Glasgow Citizen._
+
+    "Mr. Andrews' book does not contain a dull page.... Deserves to meet
+    with a very warm welcome."--_Yorkshire Post._
+
+
+A Lawyer's Secrets.
+
+BY HERBERT LLOYD.
+
+AUTHOR OF "THE CHILDREN OF CHANCE," ETC.
+
+_Price One Shilling._
+
+
+"Mr. Herbert Lloyd gives us a succession of stories which may reasonably
+be taken to have their origin in the experience of a lawyer practicing at
+large in the criminal courts. It is natural that they should be of a
+romantic nature; but romance is not foreign to a lawyer's consulting room,
+so that this fact need not be charged against this lawyer's veracity....
+The stories, seven in all, cover the ground of fraud and murder, inspired
+by the prevailing causes of crime--greed and jealousy. Our lawyer is happy
+in having the majority of his clients the innocent victims of false
+charges inspired and fostered in a great measure by their own folly; but
+this is a natural phase of professional experience, and we are only
+concerned with the fact that he generally manages it as effectively in the
+interests of his clients as his editor does in presenting them to his
+audience."--_Literary World._
+
+"A volume of entertaining stories.... The book has much the same interest
+as a volume of detective stories, except that putting the cases in a
+lawyer's mouth gives them a certain freshness. It is well written, and
+makes a capital volume for a railway journey."--The Scotsman.
+
+"A very entertaining volume."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._
+
+
+Legal Lore: Curiosities of Law and Lawyers.
+
+EDITED BY WILLIAM ANDREWS, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Demy 8vo., Cloth extra, 7s. 6d._
+
+CONTENTS:--Bible Law--Sanctuaries--Trials in Superstitious Ages--On
+Symbols--Law Under the Feudal System--The Manor and Manor Law--Ancient
+Tenures--Laws of the Forest--Trial by Jury in Old Times--Barbarous
+Punishments--Trials of Animals--Devices of the Sixteenth Century
+Debtors--Laws Relating to the Gipsies--Commonwealth Law and
+Lawyers--Cock-Fighting in Scotland--Cockieleerie Law--Fatal
+Links--Post-Mortem Trials--Island Laws--The Little Inns of Court--Obiter.
+
+    "There are some very amusing and curious facts concerning law and
+    lawyers. We have read with much interest the articles on Sanctuaries,
+    Trials in Superstitious Ages, Ancient Tenures, Trials by Jury in Old
+    Times, Barbarous Punishments, and Trials of Animals, and can heartily
+    recommend the volume to those who wish for a few hours' profitable
+    diversion in the study of what may be called the light literature of
+    the law."--_Daily Mail._
+
+    "Most amusing and instructive reading."--_The Scotsman._
+
+    "The contents of the volume are extremely entertaining, and convey not
+    a little information on ancient ideas and habits of life. While
+    members of the legal profession will turn to the work for incidents
+    with which to illustrate an argument or point a joke, laymen will
+    enjoy its vivid descriptions of old fashioned proceedings and often
+    semi-barbaric ideas to obligation and rectitude."--_Dundee
+    Advertiser._
+
+    "The subjects chosen are extremely interesting, and contain a quantity
+    of out-of-the-way and not easily accessible information.... Very
+    tastefully printed and bound."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._
+
+    "The book is handsomely got up; the style throughout is popular and
+    clear, and the variety of its contents, and the individuality of the
+    writers gave an added charm to the work."--_Daily Free Press._
+
+    "The book is interesting both to the general reader and the
+    student."--_Cheshire Notes and Queries._
+
+    "Those who care only to be amused will find plenty of entertainment in
+    this volume, while those who regard it as a work of reference will
+    rejoice at the variety of material, and appreciate the careful
+    indexing."--_Dundee Courier._
+
+    "Very interesting subjects, lucidly and charmingly written. The
+    versatility of the work assures for it a wide popularity."--_Northern
+    Gazette._
+
+    "A happy and useful addition to current literature."--_Norfolk
+    Chronicle._
+
+    "The book is a very fascinating one, and it is specially interesting
+    to students of history as showing the vast changes which, by gradual
+    course of development have been brought about both in the principles
+    and practice of the law."--_The Evening Gazette._
+
+
+In The Temple
+
+By a BARRISTER-AT-LAW.
+
+_Price One Shilling._
+
+This book opens with a chapter on the history of the Temple. Next follows
+an account of the Knight Templars. The story of the Devil's Own is given
+in a graphic manner. A Sketch of Christmas in the Temple is included. In
+an entertaining manner the reader is informed how to become a Templar, the
+manner of keeping terms is described, and lastly, the work concludes with
+a chapter on call parties.
+
+    "Amusing and interesting sketches."--_Law Times._
+
+    "Pleasing gossip about the barristers' quarters."--_The Gentlewoman._
+
+    "A pleasant little volume."--_The Globe._
+
+
+The Red, Red Wine.
+
+BY THE REV. J. JACKSON WRAY.
+
+_Crown 8vo., 330 pp. A portrait of the Author and other illustrations._
+
+_Price 3s. 6d._
+
+"This, as its name implies, is a temperance story, and is told in the
+lamented author's most graphic style. We have never read anything so
+powerful since 'Danesbury House,' and this book in stern and pathetic
+earnestness even excels that widely-known book. It is worthy a place in
+every Sunday School and village library; and, as the latest utterance of
+one whose writings are so deservedly popular, it is sure of a welcome. It
+should give decision to some whose views about Local Option are
+hazy."--_Joyful News._
+
+"The story is one of remarkable power."--_The Temperance Record._
+
+"An excellent and interesting story."--_The Temperance Chronicle._
+
+
+Faces on the Queen's Highway.
+
+BY FLO. JACKSON.
+
+_Elegantly Bound, Crown 8vo., price 2s. 6d._
+
+Though oftenest to be found in a pensive mood, the writer of this very
+dainty volume of sketches is always very sweet and winning. She has
+evidently a true artist's love of nature, and in a few lines can limn an
+autumn landscape full of colour, and the life which is on the down slope.
+And she can tell a very taking story, as witness the sketch "At the Inn,"
+and "The Master of White Hags," and all her characters are real, live
+flesh-and-blood people, who do things naturally, and give very great
+pleasure to the reader accordingly. Miss Jackson's gifts are of a very
+high order.--_Aberdeen Free Press._
+
+
+The Doomed Ship; or, The Wreck in the Arctic Regions.
+
+BY WILLIAM HURTON.
+
+_Crown 8vo., Elegantly Bound, Gilt extra, 3s. 6d._
+
+"There is no lack of adventures, and the writer has a matter-of-fact way
+of telling them."--_Spectator._
+
+"'The Doomed Ship,' by William Hurton, is a spirited tale of adventures in
+the old style of sea-stories. Mr. Hurton seems to enter fully into the
+manliness of sea life."--_Idler._
+
+
+Chronologies and Calendars.
+
+BY JAMES C. MACDONALD, F.S.A. Scot.
+
+_Crown 8vo., price 7s. 6d._
+
+"It is unlike most books on its subject in being brief and readable to an
+unlearned student. But its chief interest and its unquestionable value is
+for those who consider dates more curiously than most men need do in an
+age in which incorporated societies endeavour to persuade a man to insure
+his life by presenting him with an illuminated table of days. Those who
+are engaged in original historical researches will find it invaluable both
+for study and for reference."--_The Scotsman._
+
+"A large amount of carefully prepared information."--_Aberdeen Free
+Press._
+
+
+The Quaker Poets of Great Britain and Ireland.
+
+BY EVELYN NOBLE ARMITAGE.
+
+_Demy 8vo., cloth extra, 7s. 6d._
+
+The volume opens with a brief sketch of the Rise of the Society of
+Friends, and Characteristics of its Poetry. Biographical Notices and
+Examples of the best Poems of the Chief Quaker Poets of Great Britain and
+Ireland.
+
+    "The book throughout is a good example of scholarly and appreciative
+    editing."--_The Times._
+
+    "The book is well worth reading, and evinces signs of careful
+    selection and treatment of themes."--_Liverpool Daily Post._
+
+    "Mrs. Armitage's book was worth compiling, and has claims on others
+    than members of the Society of Friends."--_Newcastle Daily Leader._
+
+    "The volume is well worth careful study."--_Manchester Guardian._
+
+    "This is a charming and even captivating book."--_Friends' Quarterly
+    Examiner._
+
+
+Stepping Stones to Socialism.
+
+BY DAVID MAXWELL, C.E.
+
+_Crown 8vo., 140 pp.; fancy cover, 1s.; cloth bound, 2s._
+
+CONTENTS:--In a reasonable and able manner Mr. Maxwell deals with the
+following topics:--The Popular meaning of the Word Socialism--Lord
+Salisbury on Socialism--Why There is in Many Minds an Antipathy to
+Socialism--On Some Socialistic Views of Marriage--The Question of Private
+Property--The Old Political Economy is not the Way of Salvation--Who is My
+Neighbour?--Progress, and the Condition of the Labourer--Good and Bad
+Trade: Precarious Employment--All Popular Movements are Helping on
+Socialism--Modern Literature in Relation to Social Progress--Pruning the
+Old Theological Tree--The Churches: Their Socialistic Tendencies--The
+Future of the Earth in Relation to Human Life--Socialism is Based
+on Natural Laws of Life--Humanity in the Future--Preludes to
+Socialism--Forecasts of the Ultimate Form of Society--A Pisgah-top View of
+the Promised Land.
+
+    "A temperate and reverent study of a great question."--_London
+    Quarterly Review._
+
+    "Mr. David Maxwell's book is the timely expression of a
+    richly-furnished mind on the current problems of home politics and
+    social ethics."--_Eastern Morning News._
+
+    "Quite up-to-date."--_Hull Daily Mail._
+
+
+The Studies of a Socialist Parson.
+
+BY THE REV. W. H. ABRAHAM, M.A. (London).
+
+_Crown 8vo., Price One Shilling._
+
+The volume consists of sermons and addresses, given mostly at the St.
+Augustine's Church, Hull. The author in his preface says, "It is the duty
+of the clergyman to try and understand what Socialism is, and to lead men
+from the false Socialism to the true."
+
+CONTENTS:--The Working-man, Past and Present: A Historical Review--Whither
+are we going?--National Righteousness--The True Value of Life--Christian
+Socialism--Jesus Christ, the True Socialist--Socialism, through Christ or
+without Him?--The Great Bread Puzzle--Labour Day, May 1, 1892--The People,
+the Rulers, and the Priests--Friendly Societies--Trades' Unions--The
+People's Church--On some Social Questions--The Greatest Help to the true
+Social Life--The Great I Am--God as a present force--Signs of the Times.
+
+    "The volume is deserving of all praise."--_Glasgow Herald._
+
+    "An admirable contribution to the solution of difficult problems. Mr.
+    Abraham has much that is valuable to say, and says it
+    well."--_Spectator._
+
+    "The book is as a whole sensitive and suggestive. The timely words on
+    'Decency in Journalism and Conversation' deserve to be widely
+    read."--_London Quarterly Review._
+
+
+Yorkshire Family Romance.
+
+BY FREDERICK ROSS, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Elegantly bound in cloth gilt, Demy 8vo., 6s._
+
+CONTENTS:--The Synod of Streoneshalh--The Doomed Heir of Osmotherley--St.
+Eadwine, the Royal Martyr--The Viceroy Siward--Phases in the Life of a
+Political Martyr--The Murderer's Bride--The Earldom of Wiltes--Blackfaced
+Clifford--The Shepherd Lord--The Felons of Ilkley--The Ingilby Boar's
+Head--The Eland Tragedy--The Plumpton Marriage--The Topcliffe
+Insurrection--Burning of Cottingham Castle--The Alum Workers--The Maiden
+of Marblehead--Rise of the House of Phipps--The Traitor Governor of Hull.
+
+    "The grasp and thoroughness of the writer is evident in every page,
+    and the book forms a valuable addition to the literature of the North
+    Country."--_Gentlewoman._
+
+    "Many will welcome this work."--_Yorkshire Post._
+
+
+Legendary Yorkshire.
+
+BY FREDERICK ROSS, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Elegantly bound in cloth gilt, Demy 8vo., 6s._
+
+CONTENTS:--The Enchanted Cave--The Doomed City--The Worm of
+Nunnington--The Devil's Arrows--The Giant Road Maker of Mulgrave--The
+Virgin's Head of Halifax--The Dead Arm of St. Oswald the King--The
+Translation of St. Hilda--A Miracle of St. John--The Beatified
+Sisters--The Dragon of Wantley--The Miracles and Ghost of Watton--The
+Murdered Hermit of Eskdale--The Calverley Ghost--The Bewitched House of
+Wakefield.
+
+    "It is a work of lasting interest, and cannot fail to delight the
+    reader."--_Beverley Recorder._
+
+    "The history and the literature of our county are now receiving marked
+    attention, and Mr. Andrews merits the support of the public for the
+    production of this and other interesting volumes he has issued. We
+    cannot speak too highly of this volume, the printing, the paper, and
+    the binding being faultless."--_Driffield Observer._
+
+
+In Folly Land.
+
+BY CAP AND BELLS.
+
+_Crown 8vo., One Shilling._
+
+"'Folly Land' is the title of a neatly-produced shilling volume of
+humorous verse by a writer who--if we are not misinformed--veils a
+well-known name under the nom de guerre of 'Cap and Bells.' Some of the
+comic poems, 'A Wicked Story' and 'Just my Luck,' for instance, are funny.
+A humorous and unhackneyed recitation is always a welcome addition to the
+not varied repertoire of the professional or amateur reciter, and some of
+the contents of 'Folly Land' are likely to become popular."--_The Star._
+
+
+Biblical and Shakespearian Characters Compared.
+
+BY THE REV. JAMES BELL.
+
+_Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d._
+
+Between the Hebrew Bible and Shakespeare there exists some interesting and
+instructive points of resemblance, especially in respect of their ways of
+life and character. No doubt certain inevitable differences also exist
+between them, but these do not hide the resemblance; rather they serve to
+set it, so to speak, in bolder relief.
+
+The author in this volume treats or this striking resemblance, under
+certain phases, between Hebrew Prophecy and Shakespearian Drama.
+
+The following are the chief "Studies" which find a place in the
+work:--Hebrew Prophecy and Shakespeare: a Comparison--Eli and Hamlet--Saul
+and Macbeth--Jonathan and Horatio--David and Henry V.--Epilogue.
+
+    "One of the most suggestive volumes we have met with for a long
+    time."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._
+
+    "A deeply interesting book."--_The Methodist Times._
+
+    "A highly interesting and ingenious work."--_British Weekly._
+
+
+The New Fairy Book.
+
+Edited by WILLIAM ANDREWS, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Price 4s. 6d. Demy 8vo._
+
+This volume contains Fifteen New Fairy Stories by Popular Authors. Many
+charming original illustrations are included.
+
+It is beautifully printed in bold clear type, and bound in a most
+attractive style.
+
+    "A very delightful volume, and eminently qualified for a gift book....
+    The stories are bright and interesting."--_Glasgow Herald._
+
+    "We hope the book will get into many children's hands."--_Review of
+    Reviews._
+
+    "We can recommend the stories for their originality, and the volume
+    for its elegant and tasteful appearance."--_Westminster Gazette._
+
+
+Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great Britain.
+
+Chronicled from the Earliest to the Present Time.
+
+BY WILLIAM ANDREWS, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Fcap. 4to. Bevelled boards, gilt tops. Price 4s._
+
+This work furnishes a carefully prepared account of all the great Frosts
+occurring in this country from A.D. 134 to 1887. The numerous Frost Fairs
+on the Thames are fully described, and illustrated with quaint woodcuts,
+and several old ballads relating to the subject are reproduced. It is
+tastefully printed and elegantly bound.
+
+    "A very interesting volume."--_Northern Daily Telegraph._
+
+    "A great deal of curious and valuable information is contained in
+    these pages.... A comely volume."--_Literary World._
+
+    "An interesting and valuable work."--_West Middlesex Times._
+
+    "A volume of much interest and great importance."--_Rotherham
+    Advertiser._
+
+
+Andrews's Library of Masterpieces of Choice Literature.
+
+This series of works consists of reprints carefully edited, with notes,
+etc., of a number of works which have long been out of print, but which
+are of undoubted merit, and volumes that cultured book-lovers will prize.
+Only the very best works in our literature are included in the series, and
+are carefully printed on good paper, and suitably bound. In all cases
+limited editions are printed.
+
+The first three volumes of the series are as follow:--
+
+_Crown 8vo., bound in Cloth, 2s. each._
+
+
+The Months: Descriptive of the Successive Beauties of the Year.
+
+BY LEIGH HUNT.
+
+With Biographical Introduction by William Andrews, F.R.H.S.
+
+
+A Song to David
+
+BY CHRISTOPHER SMART.
+
+Edited, with Notes, by J. R. Tutin.
+
+
+Carmen Deo Nostro, _Te Decet_ Hymnus: Sacred Poems.
+
+BY RICHARD CRASHAW.
+
+Edited by J. R. Tutin.
+
+London: William Andrews & Co., 5, Farringdon Avenue.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLAND IN THE DAYS OF OLD***
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, England in the Days of Old, by William Andrews</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: England in the Days of Old</p>
+<p>Author: William Andrews</p>
+<p>Release Date: February 17, 2012  [eBook #38905]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLAND IN THE DAYS OF OLD***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Internet Archive<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.archive.org">http://www.archive.org</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/englandindaysofo00andriala">
+      http://www.archive.org/details/englandindaysofo00andriala</a>
+	</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1><small>ENGLAND IN THE DAYS OF OLD.</small></h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<div class="verts">
+<p class="title">BYGONE ENGLAND,</p>
+<p class="center">Social Studies in its Historic Byways and Highways,</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> <span class="large">WILLIAM ANDREWS.</span></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Of interest alike to the antiquary and general reader is &#8216;Bygone
+England,&#8217; a book from the able pen of Mr. William Andrews, devoted to the
+consideration of some of the phases of the social life of this country in
+the olden time.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Whitehall Review.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A very readable and instructive volume.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Globe.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Many are the subjects of interest introduced into this chatty
+volume.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Saturday Review.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There is a large mass of information in this capital volume, and it is so
+pleasantly put, that many will be tempted to study it. Mr. Andrews has
+done his work with great skill.&#8221;&mdash;<i>London Quarterly Review.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We welcome &#8216;Bygone England.&#8217; It is another of Mr. Andrews&#8217; meritorious
+achievements in the path of popularising arch&aelig;ological and old-time
+information without in any way writing down to an ignoble level.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The
+Antiquary.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A delightful volume for all who love to dive into the origin of social
+habits and customs, and to penetrate into the byways of
+history.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Liverpool Daily Post.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;A delightful book,&#8217; is the verdict that the reader will give after a
+perusal of its pages. Mr. Andrews has presented to us in a very pleasing
+form some phases of the social life of England in the olden
+time.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Publishers&#8217; Circular.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Some of the chapters are very interesting, and are most useful for those
+who desire to know the origin and history of some of our daily practices
+and amusements.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The World.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In recommending this book to the general public, we do so, feeling
+confident that within its pages they will find much that is worth knowing,
+that they will never find their interest flag, nor their curiosity
+ungratified.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Hull Daily News.</i></p></div>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img01.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">THE HOUSE OF COMMONS IN THE TIME OF SIR ROBERT WALPOLE.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">England</span><br />
+<span class="large">in the</span><br />
+<span class="giant">Days of Old,</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">by<br />
+<span class="large">William Andrews.</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">LONDON:<br />
+WILLIAM ANDREWS &amp; CO., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, E.C.<br />
+<br />
+1897.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img02.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2>Preface.</h2>
+
+<div class="note">
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">This</span> volume of new studies on old-time themes, chiefly concerning the
+social and domestic life of England, is sent forth with a hope that it may
+prove entertaining and instructive. It is a companion work to &#8220;Bygone
+England,&#8221; which the critical press and reading public received with a warm
+welcome on its publication, and thus encouraged me to prepare this and
+other volumes dealing with the highways and byways of history.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">William Andrews.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hull Press</span>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>February 14th, 1897</i>.</span></p></div>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p class="title">Contents.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">When Wigs were Worn</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Powdering the Hair</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Men Wearing Muffs</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Concerning Corporation Customs</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bribes for the Palate</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Rebel Heads on City Gates</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Burial at Cross Roads</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Detaining the Dead for Debt</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">A Nobleman&#8217;s Household in Tudor Times</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bread and Baking in Bygone Days</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Arise, Mistress, Arise!</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Turnspit</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">A Gossip about the Goose</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bells as Time-Tellers</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Age of Snuffing</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">State Lotteries</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bear-Baiting</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Morris Dancers</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Folk-Lore of Midsummer Eve</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Harvest Home</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Curious Charities</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">An Old-Time Chronicler</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">England in the Days of Old.</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>When Wigs were Worn.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="dropfig"><img src="images/img03.jpg" alt="T" /></span>he wig was for a long period extremely popular in old England, and its
+history is full of interest. At the present time, when the wig is no
+longer worn by the leaders of fashion, we cannot fully realize the
+important place it held in bygone times. Professional, as well as
+fashionable people did not dare to appear in public without their wigs,
+and they vied with each other in size and style.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img04.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<small>EGYPTIAN WIG<br />(PROBABLY FOR FEMALE),<br />FROM THE BRITISH MUSEUM.</small></div>
+
+<p>To trace the origin of the wig our investigations must be carried to far
+distant times. It was worn in Egypt in remote days, and the Egyptians are
+said to have invented it, not merely as a covering for baldness, but as a
+means of adding to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>the attractiveness of the person wearing it. On the
+mummies of Egypt wigs are found, and we give a picture of one now in the
+British Museum. This particular wig probably belonged to a female, and was
+found near the small temple of Isis, Thebes. &#8220;As the Egyptians always
+shaved their heads,&#8221; says Dr. T. Robinson, &#8220;they could scarcely devise a
+better covering than the wig, which, while it protected them from the rays
+of the sun, allowed, from the texture of the article, the transpiration
+from the head to escape, which is not the case with the turban.&#8221; Dr.
+Robinson has devoted much study to this subject, and his conclusions merit
+careful consideration. He also points out that in the examples of Egyptian
+wigs in the British and Berlin Museums the upper portions are made of
+curled hair, the plaited hair being confined to the lower part and the
+sides. On the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> authority of Wilkinson, says Dr. Robinson, &#8220;these wigs were
+worn both within the house and out of doors. At parties the head-dress of
+the guests was bound with a chaplet of flowers, and ointment was put upon
+the top of the wig, as if it had really been the hair of the head.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We find in Assyrian sculptures representations of the wig, and its use is
+recorded amongst ancient nations, including Persians, Medes, Lydians,
+Carians, Greeks, and Romans. Amongst the latter nation <i>galerus</i>, a round
+cap, was the common name for a wig.</p>
+
+<p>The early fathers of the Church denounced the wig as an invention of the
+Evil One. St. Gregory of Nazianzus, as a proof of the virtue of his simple
+sister Gorgonia, said, &#8220;she neither cared to curl her own hair, nor to
+repair its lack of beauty by the aid of a wig.&#8221; St. Jerome pronounced
+these adornments as unworthy of Christianity. The matter received
+consideration or perhaps, to put it more correctly, condemnation, at many
+councils, commencing at Constantinople, and coming down to the Provincial
+Council at Tours. The wig was not tolerated, even if worn as a joke.
+&#8220;There is no joke in the matter,&#8221; said the enraged St. Bernard: &#8220;the woman
+who wears a wig commits<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> a mortal sin.&#8221; St. John Chrysostom pleaded
+powerfully against this enormity; and others might be mentioned who spoke
+with no uncertain sound against this fashion.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Doran relates a strange story, saying St. Jerome vouches for its
+authenticity, and by him it was told to deter ladies from wearing wigs.
+&#8220;Pr&aelig;texta,&#8221; to use Doran&#8217;s words, &#8220;was a very respectable lady, married to
+a somewhat paganist husband, Hymetius. Their niece, Eustachia, resided
+with them. At the instigation of the husband Pr&aelig;texta took the shy
+Eustachia in hand, attired her in a splendid dress, and covered her fair
+neck with ringlets. Having enjoyed the sight of the modest maiden so
+attired, Pr&aelig;texta went to bed. To that bedside immediately descended an
+angel, with wrath upon his brow, and billows of angry sounds rolling from
+his lips. &#8216;Thou hast,&#8217; said the spirit, &#8216;obeyed thy husband rather than
+the Lord, and has dared to deck the hair of a virgin, and made her look
+like a daughter of earth. For this do I wither up thy hands, and bid them
+recognize the enormity of thy crime in the amount of thy anguish and
+bodily suffering. Five months more shalt thou live, and then Hell shall be
+thy portion; and if thou art bold<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> enough to touch the head of Eustachia
+again, thy husband and thy children shall die even before thee.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Church history furnishes some strange stories against wearing wigs, and
+the following may be taken as a good example. Clemens of Alexandria, so
+runs the tale, surprised wig-wearers by telling those that knelt at church
+to receive the blessing, they must please to bear in mind that the
+benediction remained on the wig, and did not pass through to the wearer!
+Some immediately removed their wigs, but others allowed them to remain, no
+doubt hoping to receive a blessing.</p>
+
+<p>Poetry and history supply many interesting passages bearing on our present
+investigations. The Lycians having been engaged in war, were defeated.
+Mausoleus, their conqueror, ruthlessly directed the subdued men to have
+their heads shaven. This was humiliating in the extreme, and the Lycians
+were keenly alive to their ridiculous appearance. The king&#8217;s general was
+tempted with bribes, and finally yielded, and allowed wigs to be imported
+for them from Greece, and thus the symbol of degredation became the pink
+of Lycian fashion.</p>
+
+<p>Hannibal, the brave soldier, is recorded to have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> worn two sorts of wigs;
+one to improve, and the other to disguise his person.</p>
+
+<p>Wigs are said to have been worn in England in the reign of King Stephen,
+but their palmy days belong to the seventeenth and the earlier part of the
+eighteenth centuries. Says Stow, they were introduced into this country
+about the time of the Massacre of Paris, but they are not often alluded to
+until the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The earliest payment for one in the
+Privy Purse expenses occurs in December, 1529, and is for twenty shillings
+&#8220;for a <i>perwyke</i> for Sexton, the king&#8217;s fool.&#8221; Some twenty years later
+wigs, or, to give the full title, periwigs, became popular.</p>
+
+<p>In France the mania was at its height in the reign of Louis XIV. We are
+told in 1656 he had not fewer than forty court <i>perruquiers</i>, and these,
+by an order of Council, were declared artistes. In addition to this, Le
+Gros instituted at Paris an Acad&eacute;mie de France des Perruquiers. Robinson
+records that a storm was gathering about their heads. He tells us &#8220;the
+celebrated Colbert, amazed at the large sums spent for foreign hair,
+conceived the idea of prohibiting the wearing of wigs at Court, and tried
+to introduce a kind of cap.&#8221; He lost the day, for it was proved that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> more
+money reached the country for wigs than went out to purchase hair. The
+fashion increased; larger wigs were worn, and some even cost &pound;200 apiece.</p>
+
+<p>Charles II. was the earliest English king represented on the Great Seal
+wearing a large periwig. Dr. Doran assures us that the king did not bring
+the fashion to Whitehall. &#8220;He forbade,&#8221; we are told, &#8220;the members of the
+Universities to wear periwigs, smoke tobacco, or to read their sermons.
+The members did all three, and Charles soon found himself doing the first
+two.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Pepys&#8217; &#8220;Diary&#8221; contains much interesting information concerning wigs.
+Under date of 2nd November, 1663, he writes: &#8220;I heard the Duke say that he
+was going to wear a periwig, and says the King also will. I never till
+this day observed that the King is mighty gray.&#8221; It was perhaps the change
+in the colour of his Majesty&#8217;s hair that induced him to assume the
+head-dress he had previously so strongly condemned.</p>
+
+<p>As might be expected, Pepys, who delighted to be in the fashion, adopted
+the wig. He took time to consider the matter, and had consultations with
+Mr. Jervas, his old barber, about the affair. Referring in his &#8220;Diary&#8221; to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+one of his visits to his hairdresser, Pepys says &#8220;I did try two or three
+borders and periwigs, meaning to wear one, and yet I have no stomach for
+it; but that the pains of keeping my hair clean is great. He trimmed me,
+and at last I parted, but my mind was almost altered from my first
+purpose, from the trouble which I forsee in wearing them also.&#8221; Weeks
+passed before he could make up his mind to wear a wig. Mrs. Pepys was
+taken to the periwig-maker&#8217;s shop to see the one made for Mr. Pepys, and
+expressed her satisfaction on seeing it. We read in April, 1665, of the
+wig being at Jervas&#8217; under repair. Early in May, Pepys writes in his
+&#8220;Diary,&#8221; he suffered his hair to grow long, in order to wear it, but he
+said &#8220;I will have it cut off all short again, and will keep to periwigs.&#8221;
+Later, under date of September 3rd, he writes: &#8220;Lord&#8217;s day. Up; and put on
+my coloured silk suit, very fine, and my new periwig, bought a good while
+since, but durst not wear, because the plague was in Westminster when I
+bought it; and it is a wonder what will be in fashion, after the plague is
+done, as to periwigs, for nobody will dare to buy any hair, for fear of
+the infection, that it had been cut off the heads of people dead of the
+plague.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>We learn from an entry in the &#8220;Diary&#8221; for June 11th, 1666, that ladies in
+addition to assuming masculine costume for riding, wore long wigs.
+&#8220;Walking in the galleries at Whitehall,&#8221; observes Mr. Pepys, &#8220;I find the
+ladies of honour dressed in their riding garbs, with coats and doublets
+with deep skirts, just for all the world like mine, and buttoned their
+doublets up the breast, with periwigs and with hats, so that, only for
+long petticoats dragging under their men&#8217;s coats, nobody could take them
+for women in any point whatever.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Pepys, we have seen, wondered if periwigs would survive after the terrible
+plague. He thought not, but he was mistaken. Wigs still remained popular.
+The plague passed away, and its terrors were forgotten. The world of folly
+went on much as of yore, perhaps with greater gaiety, as a reaction to the
+lengthened time of depression.</p>
+
+<p>In some instances the wig appears much out of place, and a notable example
+is that given in the portrait by Kneller, of George, Earl of Albemarle. He
+is dressed in armour, and wearing a long flowing wig. Anything more absurd
+could scarcely be conceived.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img05.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<small>THE EARL OF ALBEMARLE.</small></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>The beau of the period when the wig was popular carried in his pocket
+beautifully made combs, and in his box at the play, or in other places,
+combed his periwig, and rendered himself irresistible to the ladies.
+Making love seems to have been the chief aim of his life. Sir John
+Hawkins, in his &#8220;History of Music,&#8221; published in 1776, has an informing
+note on combing customs. &#8220;On the Mall and in the theatre,&#8221; he tells us,
+&#8220;gentlemen conversed and combed their perukes. There is now in being a
+fine picture by the elder Laroon of John, Duke of Marlborough, at his
+<i>lev&eacute;e</i>, in which his Grace is represented dressed in a scarlet suit, with
+large white satin cuffs, and a very long white peruke which he combs,
+while his valet, who stands behind him, adjusts the curls after the comb
+has passed through them.&#8221; Allusions to the practice may be found in the
+plays from the reign of Charles II. down to the days of Queen Anne. We
+read in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> Dryden&#8217;s prologue to &#8220;Almanzor and Almahide&#8221;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;But as when vizard mask appears in pit,<br />
+Straight every man who thinks himself a wit<br />
+Perks up, and, managing a comb with grace,<br />
+With his white wig sets off his nut-brown face.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Says Congreve, in the &#8220;Way of the World&#8221;:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The gentlemen stay but to comb, madam, and will wait on you.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Brown, in his &#8220;Letters from the Dead to the Living&#8221; presents a pen
+portrait of beaux, as they appeared at the commencement of the eighteenth
+century. Some of the passages are well worth reproducing, as they contain
+valuable information concerning wigs. &#8220;We met,&#8221; says the writer, &#8220;three
+flaming beaux of the first magnitude. He in the middle made a most
+magnificent figure&mdash;his periwig was large enough to have loaded a camel,
+and he bestowed upon it at least a bushel of powder, I warrant you. His
+sword-knot dangled upon the ground, and his steinkirk, that was most
+agreeably discoloured with snuff from the top to the bottom, reach&#8217;d down
+to his waist; he carry&#8217;d his hat under his left arm, walk&#8217;d with both
+hands in the waistband of his breeches, and his cane, that hung
+negligently down in a string from his right arm, trail&#8217;d most
+harmoniously<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> against the pebbles, while the master of it was tripping it
+nicely upon his toes, or humming to himself.&#8221; Down to the middle of the
+eighteenth century, wigs continued to increase in size.</p>
+
+<p>It will not now be without interest to direct attention to a few of the
+many styles of wigs.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img06.jpg" alt="" /><br /><small>CAMPAIGN-WIG.</small></div>
+
+<p>Randle Holme, in his &#8220;Academy of Armory,&#8221; published in 1684, has some
+interesting illustrations, and we will draw upon him for a couple of
+pictures. Our first example is called the campaign-wig. He says it &#8220;hath
+knots or bobs, or dildo, on each side, with a curled forehead.&#8221; This is
+not so cumbrous as the periwig we have noticed.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img07.jpg" alt="" /><br /><small>PERIWIG WITH TAIL.</small></div>
+
+<p>Another example from Holme is a smaller style of periwig with tail, and
+from this wig doubtless originated the familiar pig-tail. It was of
+various forms, and Swift says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;We who wear our wigs<br />
+With fantail and with snake.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A third example given by Holme is named the &#8220;short-bob,&#8221; and is a plain
+peruke, imitating a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> natural head of hair. &#8220;Perukes,&#8221; says Malcolm, in his
+&#8220;Manners and Customs,&#8221; &#8220;were an highly important article in 1734. Those of
+right gray human hair were four guineas each; light grizzle ties, three
+guineas; and other colours in proportion, to twenty-five shillings. Right
+gray human hair, cue perukes, from two guineas; white, fifteen shillings
+each, which was the price of dark ones; and right gray bob perukes, two
+guineas and a half; fifteen shillings was the price of dark bobs. Those
+mixed with horsehair were much lower. It will be observed, from the
+gradations in price, that real gray hair was most in fashion, and dark of
+no estimation.&#8221; As time ran its course, wigs became more varied in form,
+and bore different names.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img08.jpg" alt="" /><br /><small>RAMILLIE-WIG.</small></div>
+
+<p>We find in the days of Queen Anne such designations as black riding-wigs,
+bag-wigs, and nightcap-wigs. These were in addition to the long, formally
+curled perukes. In 1706, the English, led by Marlborough, gained a great
+victory on the battlefield of Ramillies, and that gave the title to a long
+wig described as &#8220;having a long, gradually diminishing, plaited tail,
+called the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> &#8216;Ramillie-tail,&#8217; which was tied with a great bow at the top,
+and a smaller one at the bottom.&#8221; It is stated in Read&#8217;s <i>Weekly Journal</i>
+of May 1st, 1736, in a report of the marriage of the Prince of Wales, that
+&#8220;the officers of the Horse and Foot Guards wore Ramillie periwigs by his
+Majesty&#8217;s order.&#8221; We meet in the reign of George II. other forms of the
+wig, and more titles for them; the most popular, perhaps, was the
+pigtail-wig. The pig-tails were worn hanging down the back, or tied up in
+a knot behind, as shown in our illustration. This form of wig was popular
+in the army, but in 1804, orders were given for it to be reduced to seven
+inches in length, and finally, in 1808, to be cut off.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img09.jpg" alt="" /><br /><small>THE PIG-TAIL WIG.</small></div>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img10.jpg" alt="" /><br /><small>BAG-WIG.</small></div>
+
+<p>Here is a picture of an ordinary man; by no means can he be regarded as a
+beau. He is wearing a common bag-wig, dating back to about the middle of
+the eighteenth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> century. The style is modified to suit an individual
+taste, and for one who did not follow the extreme fashion of his time. In
+this example may be observed the sausage curls over the ear, and the
+frizziness over the forehead.</p>
+
+<p>We have directed attention to the large periwigs, and given a portrait of
+the Earl of Albemarle wearing one. In the picture of the House of Commons
+in the time of Sir Robert Walpole we get an excellent indication of how
+popular the periwig was amongst the law-makers of the land. Farquhar, in a
+comedy called &#8220;Love and a Bottle,&#8221; brought out in 1698, says, &#8220;a full wig
+is imagined to be as infallible a token of wit as the laurel.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Tillotson is usually regarded as the first amongst the English clergy to
+adopt the wig. He said in one of his sermons: &#8220;I can remember since the
+wearing of hair below the ears was looked upon as a sin of the first
+magnitude, and when ministers generally, whatever their text was, did
+either find or make occasion to reprove the great sin of long hair; and if
+they saw any one in the congregation guilty in that kind, they would point
+him out particularly, and let fly at him with great zeal.&#8221; Dr. Tillotson
+died on November 24th, 1694.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>Wigs found favour with parsons, and in course of time they appear to have
+been indispensable. A volume in 1765, was issued under the title of &#8220;Free
+Advice to a Young Clergyman,&#8221; from the pen of the Rev. John Chubbe, in
+which he recommended the young preacher to always wear a full wig until
+age had made his own hair respectable. Dr. Randolph, on his advancement to
+the bishopric, presumed to wait upon George IV. to kiss hands without
+wearing a wig. This could not be overlooked by the king, and he said, &#8220;My
+lord, you must have a wig.&#8221; Bishops wore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> wigs until the days of William
+IV. Bishop Blomfield is said to have been the first bishop to set the
+example of wearing his own hair. Even as late as 1858, at the marriage of
+the Princess Royal of England, Archbishop Sumner appeared in his wig.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img11.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">ARCHBISHOP TILLOTSON.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Medical men kept up the custom of wearing wigs for a long period; perhaps
+they felt like a character in Fielding&#8217;s farce, &#8220;The Mock Doctor,&#8221; who
+exclaims, &#8220;I must have a physician&#8217;s habit, for a physician can no more
+prescribe without a full wig than without a fee.&#8221; The wig known as the
+full-bottomed wig was worn by the medical profession:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Physic of old her entry made<br />
+Beneath the immense, full-bottom&#8217;d shade;<br />
+While the gilt cane, with solemn pride<br />
+To each suspicious nose applied,<br />
+Seemed but a necessary prop<br />
+To bear the weight of wig at top.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We are told Dr. Delmahoy&#8217;s wig was particularly celebrated in a song which
+commenced:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;If you would see a noble wig,<br />
+And in that wig a man look big,<br />
+To Ludgate Hill repair, my boy,<br />
+And gaze on Dr. Delmahoy.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the middle of the last century so much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> importance was attached to this
+portion of a medical man&#8217;s costume, that Dr. Brocklesby&#8217;s barber was in
+the habit of carrying a bandbox through the High Change, exclaiming: Make
+way for Dr. Brocklesby&#8217;s wig!</p>
+
+<p>Professional wigs are now confined to the Speaker in the House of Commons,
+who, when in the chair, wears a full-bottomed one, and to judges and
+barristers. Such wigs are made of horsehair, cleaned and curled with care,
+and woven on silk threads, and shaped to fit the head with exactness. The
+cost of a barrister&#8217;s wig of frizzed hair is from five to six guineas.</p>
+
+<p>An eminent counsel in years agone wished to make a motion before Judge
+Cockburn, and in his hurry appeared without a wig. &#8220;I hear your voice,&#8221;
+sternly said his Lordship, &#8220;but I cannot see you.&#8221; The barrister had to
+obtain the loan of a wig from a learned friend before the judge would
+listen to him.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Eldon suffered much from headache, and when he was raised to the
+peerage he petitioned the King to allow him to dispense with the wig. He
+was refused; his Majesty saying he could not permit such an innovation. In
+vain did his Lordship show that the wig was an innovation, as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> old
+judges did not wear them. &#8220;True,&#8221; said the King; &#8220;the old judges wore
+beards.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In more recent times we have particulars of several instances of both
+bench and bar discarding the use of the wig. At the Summer Assizes at
+Lancaster, in 1819, a barrister named Mr. Scarlett hurried into court, and
+was permitted to take part in a trial without his wig and gown. Next day
+the whole of the members of the bar appeared without their professional
+badges, but only on this occasion, although on the previous day a hope had
+been expressed that the time was not far distant when the mummeries of
+costume would be entirely discarded.</p>
+
+<p>We learn from a report in the <i>Times</i> of July 24th, 1868, that on account
+of the unprecedented heat of the weather on the day before in the Court of
+Probate and Divorce the learned judge and bar appeared without wigs.</p>
+
+<p>On July 22nd, 1874, it is recorded that Dr. Kenealy rose to open the case
+for the defence in the Tichborne suit; he sought and obtained permission,
+to remove his wig on account of the excessive heat.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the close of the last century few were the young men at the
+Universities who ventured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> to wear their own hair, and such as did were
+designated Apollos.</p>
+
+<p>Women, as well as men, called into requisition, to add to their charms,
+artificial accessories in the form of wigs and curls. Ladies&#8217; hair was
+curled and frizzed with considerable care, and frequently false curls were
+worn under the name of heart-breakers. It will be seen from the
+illustration we give that these curls increased the beauty of a pretty
+face.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 344px; height: 350px;"><img src="images/img12.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">HEART-BREAKERS.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Queen Elizabeth, we gather from Hentzner and other authorities, wore false
+hair. We are told that ladies, in compliment to her, dyed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> their hair a
+sandy hue, the natural colour of the Queen&#8217;s locks.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 450px; height: 428px;"><img src="images/img13.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">A BARBER&#8217;S SHOP IN THE TIME OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>We present a picture of a barber&#8217;s shop in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.
+It looks more like the home of a magician than the workshop of a
+hairdresser, although we see the barber thoughtfully employed on a wig.
+The barber at this period was an important man. A few of his duties
+consisted in dressing wigs, using the razor, cutting hair, starching
+beards, curling moustachios, tying up love-locks, dressing sword-wounds
+received in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> street frays, and the last, and by no means the least, of his
+varied functions was that of receiver and circulator of news and scandal.</p>
+
+<p>It is recorded that Mary Queen of Scots obtained wigs from Edinburgh not
+merely while in Scotland, but during her long and weary captivity in
+England. From &#8220;The True Report of the Last Moments of Mary Stuart,&#8221; it
+appears, when the executioner lifted the head by the hair to show it to
+the spectators, it fell from his hands owing to the hair being false.</p>
+
+<p>We have previously mentioned Pepys&#8217; allusions to women and wigs in 1666.
+Coming down to later times, we read in the <i>Whitehall Evening Post</i> of
+August 17th, 1727, that when the King, George II., reviewed the Guards,
+the three eldest Princesses &#8220;went to Richmond in riding habits, with hats,
+and feathers, and periwigs.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen from the picture of a person with and without a wig that
+its use made a plain face presentable. There is a good election story of
+Daniel O&#8217;Connell. It is related during a fierce debate on the hustings,
+O&#8217;Connell with his biting, witty tongue attacked his opponent on account
+of his ill-favoured countenance. But, not to be outdone, and thinking to
+turn the gathering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> against O&#8217;Connell, his adversary called out, &#8220;Take off
+your wig, and I&#8217;ll warrant that you&#8217;ll prove the uglier.&#8221; The witty
+Irishman immediately responded, amidst roars of laughter from the crowd,
+by snatching the wig from off his own head and exposing to view a bald
+plate, destitute of a single hair. The relative question of beauty was
+scarcely settled by this amusing rejoinder, but the laugh was certainly on
+O&#8217;Connell&#8217;s side.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img14.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">WITH AND WITHOUT A WIG.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>An interesting tale is told of Peter the Great of Russia. In the year
+1716, the famous Emperor was at Dantzig, taking part in a public ceremony,
+and feeling his head somewhat cold, he stretched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> out his hand, and
+seizing the wig from the head of the burgomaster sitting below him, he
+placed it on his own regal head. The surprise of the spectators may be
+better imagined than described. On the Czar returning the wig, his
+attendants explained that his Majesty was in the habit of borrowing the
+wig of any nobleman within reach on similar occasions. His Majesty, it may
+be added, was short of hair.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img15.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">STEALING A WIG.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the palmy days of wigs the price of a full wig of an English gentleman
+was from thirty to forty guineas. Street quarrels in the olden time were
+by no means uncommon; care had to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> exercised that wigs were not lost.
+Says Swift:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Triumphing Tories and desponding Whigs,<br />
+Forget their feuds, and join to save their wigs.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Although precautions were taken to prevent wigs being stolen, we are told
+that robberies were frequently committed. Sam Rogers thus describes a
+successful mode of operation: &#8220;A boy was carried covered over in a
+butcher&#8217;s tray by a tall man, and the wig was twisted off in a moment by
+the boy. The bewildered owner looked all around for it, when an accomplice
+impeded his progress under the pretence of assisting him while the
+tray-bearer made off.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Gay, in his &#8220;Trivia,&#8221; thus writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Nor is the flaxen wig with safety worn:<br />
+High on the shoulders in a basket borne<br />
+Lurks the sly boy, whose hand, to rapine bred,<br />
+Plucks off the curling honours of thy head.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We will bring our gossip about wigs to a close with an account of the
+Peruke Riot. On February 11th, 1765, a curious spectacle was witnessed in
+the streets of London, and one that caused some amusement. Fashion had
+changed; the peruke was no longer in favour, and only worn to a limited
+extent. A large number of peruke-makers were thrown out of employment,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+and distress prevailed amongst them. The sufferers thought that help might
+be obtained from George III., and a petition was accordingly drawn up for
+the enforcement of gentlefolk wearing wigs for the benefit of the
+wig-makers. A procession was formed, and waited upon the King at St.
+James&#8217;s Palace. His Majesty, we are told, returned a gracious answer, but
+it must have cost him considerable effort to have maintained his gravity.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the monarch, the unemployed had to encounter the men of the
+metropolis, and from a report of the period we learn they did not fare so
+well. &#8220;As the distressed men went processionally through the town,&#8221; says
+the account, &#8220;it was observed that most of the wig-makers, who wanted
+other people to wear them, wore no wigs themselves; and this striking the
+London mob as something monstrously unfair and inconsistent, they seized
+the petitioners, and cut off all their hair <i>per force</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Horace Walpole alludes to this ludicrous petition in one of his letters.
+&#8220;Should we wonder,&#8221; he writes, &#8220;if carpenters were to remonstrate that
+since the Peace there is no demand for wooden legs?&#8221; The wags of the day<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+could not allow the opportunity to pass without attempting to provoke more
+mirth out of the matter, and a petition was published purporting to come
+from the body carpenters imploring his Majesty to wear a wooden leg, and
+to enjoin his servants to appear in his royal presence with the same
+graceful decoration.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Powdering the Hair.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">In</span> the olden days hair-powder was largely used in this country, and many
+circumstances connected with its history are curious and interesting. We
+learn from Josephus that the Jews used hair-powder, and from the East it
+was no doubt imported into Rome. The history of the luxurious days of the
+later Roman Empire supplies some strange stories. At this period gold-dust
+was employed by several of the emperors. &#8220;The hair of Commodus,&#8221; it is
+stated on the authority of Herodian, &#8220;glittered from its natural
+whiteness, and from the quantity of essences and gold-dust with which it
+was loaded, so that when the sun was shining it might have been thought
+that his head was on fire.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is supposed, and not without a good show of reason, that the Saxons
+used coloured hair-powder, or perhaps they dyed their hair. In Saxon
+pictures the beard and hair are often painted blue. Strutt supplies
+interesting notes on the subject. &#8220;In some instances,&#8221; he says, &#8220;which,
+indeed, are not so common, the hair is represented of a bright red colour,
+and in others<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> it is of a green and orange hue. I have no doubt existing
+in my own mind, that arts of some kind were practised at this period to
+colour the hair; but whether it was done by tingeing or dyeing it with
+liquids prepared for that purpose according to the ancient Eastern custom,
+or by powders of different hues cast into it, agreeably to the modern
+practice, I shall not presume to determine.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It was customary among the Gauls to wash the hair with a lixivium made of
+chalk in order to increase its redness. The same custom was maintained in
+England for a long period, and was not given up until after the reign of
+Elizabeth. The sandy-coloured hair of the queen greatly increased the
+popularity of the practice.</p>
+
+<p>The satirists have many allusions to this subject, more especially those
+of the reigns of James and Charles I. In a series of epigrams entitled
+&#8220;Wit&#8217;s Recreations,&#8221; 1640, the following appears under the heading of &#8220;Our
+Monsieur Powder-wig&#8221;:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Oh, doe but marke yon crisped sir, you meet!<br />
+How like a pageant he doth walk the street!<br />
+See how his perfumed head is powdered ore;<br />
+&#8217;Twou&#8217;d stink else, for it wanted salt before.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>In &#8220;Musarum Delici&aelig;,&#8221; 1655, we read:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">&#8220;At the devill&#8217;s shopps you buy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A dresse of powdered hayre,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On which your feathers flaunt and fly;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">But i&#8217;de wish you have a care,</span><br />
+Lest Lucifer&#8217;s selfe, who is not prouder,<br />
+Do one day dresse up your haire with a powder.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>From the pen of R. Younge, in 1656, appeared, &#8220;The Impartial Monitor.&#8221; The
+author closes with a tirade against female follies in these words:&mdash;&#8220;It
+were a good deed to tell men also of mealing their heads and shoulders, of
+wearing fardingales about their legs, etc.; for these likewise deserve the
+rod, since all that are discreet do but hate and scorn them for it.&#8221; A
+&#8220;Loyal Litany&#8221; against the Oliverians runs thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;From a king-killing saint,<br />
+Patch, powder, and paint,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Libera nos, Domine.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>Massinger, in the &#8220;City Madam,&#8221; printed in 1679, describing the dress of a
+rich merchant&#8217;s wife, mentions powder thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Since your husband was knighted, as I said,<br />
+The reverend hood cast off, your borrowed hair<br />
+Powdered and curled, was by your dresser&#8217;s art,<br />
+Formed like a coronet, hanged with diamonds<br />
+And richest orient pearls.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>John Gay, in his poem, &#8220;Trivia, or the Art of Walking the Streets of
+London,&#8221; published in 1716, advises in passing a coxcomb,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Him like the Miller, pass with caution by,<br />
+Lest from his shoulder clouds of powder fly.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We learn from the &#8220;Annals of the Barber-Surgeons&#8221; some particulars
+respecting the taxing of powder. On 8th August, 1751, &#8220;Mr. John Brooks,&#8221;
+it is stated, &#8220;attended and produced a deed to which he requested the
+subscription of the Court; this deed recited that by an Act of Parliament
+passed in the tenth year of Queen Anne, it was enacted that a duty of
+twopence per pound should be laid upon all starch imported, and of a penny
+per pound upon all starch made in Great Britain, that no perfumer, barber,
+or seller of hair-powder should mix any powder of alabaster, plaster of
+Paris, whiting, lime, etc. (sweet scents excepted), with any starch to be
+made use of for making hair-powder, under a pain of forfeiting the
+hair-powder and &pound;50, and that any person who should expose the same for
+sale should forfeit it and &pound;20.&#8221; Other details were given in the deed, and
+the Barber-Surgeons gave it their support, and promised twenty guineas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+towards the cost of passing the Bill through Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>A few years prior to the above proceeding we gather from the <i>Gentleman&#8217;s
+Magazine</i> particulars of some convictions for using powder not made in
+accordance with the laws of the land. &#8220;On the 20th October, 1745,&#8221; it is
+recorded, &#8220;fifty-one barbers were convicted before the commissioners of
+excise, and fined in the penalty of &pound;20, for having in their custody
+hair-powder not made of starch, contrary to Act of Parliament: and on the
+27th of the same month, forty-nine other barbers were convicted of the
+same offence, and fined in the like penalty.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Before powder was used, the hair was generally greased with pomade, and
+powdering operations were attended with some trouble. In houses of any
+pretension was a small room set apart for the purpose, and it was known as
+&#8220;the powdering-room.&#8221; Here were fixed two curtains, and the person went
+behind, exposing the head only, which received its proper supply of powder
+without any going on the clothes of the individual dressed.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Rambler</i>, No. 109, under date 1751, a young gentleman writes that
+his mother would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> rather follow him to his grave than see him sneak about
+with dirty shoes and blotted fingers, hair unpowdered, and a hat uncocked.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen that hair-powder was taxed, and on the 5th of May, 1795, an
+Act of Parliament was passed taxing persons using it. Pitt was in power,
+and being sorely in need of money, hit upon the plan of a tax of a guinea
+per head on those who used hair-powder. He was prepared to meet much
+ridicule by this movement, but he saw that it would yield a considerable
+revenue, estimating it as much as &pound;200,000 a year. Fox, with force, said
+that a fiscal arrangement dependent on a capricious fashion must be
+regarded as an absurdity, but the Opposition were unable to defeat the
+proposal, and the Act was passed. Pitt&#8217;s powerful rival, Charles James
+Fox, in his early manhood, was one of the most fashionable men about town.
+Here are a few particulars of his &#8220;get up&#8221; about 1770, drawn from the
+<i>Monthly Magazine</i>: &#8220;He had his chapeau-bas, his red-heeled shoes, and his
+blue hair-powder.&#8221; Later, when Pitt&#8217;s tax was gathered, like other Whigs
+he refused to use hair-powder. For more than a quarter of a century it had
+been customary for men to wear their hair long, tied in a pig-tail and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+powdered. Pitt&#8217;s measure gave rise to a number of Crop Clubs. The <i>Times</i>
+for April 14th, 1795, contains particulars of one. &#8220;A numerous club,&#8221; says
+the paragraph, &#8220;has been formed in Lambeth, called the <i>Crop Club</i>, every
+member of which, on his entrance, is obliged to have his head docked as
+close as the Duke of Bridgewater&#8217;s old bay coach-horses. This assemblage
+is instituted for the purpose of opposing, or rather evading, the tax on
+powdered heads.&#8221; Hair cropping was by no means confined to the humbler
+ranks of society. The <i>Times</i> of April 25th, 1795, reports that:&mdash;&#8220;The
+following noblemen and gentlemen were at the party with the Duke of
+Bedford, at Woburn Abbey, when a general cropping and combing out of
+hair-powder took place: Lord W. Russell, Lord Villiers, Lord Paget, &amp;c.,
+&amp;c. They entered into an engagement to forfeit a sum of money if any of
+them wore their hair tied, or powdered, within a certain period. Many
+noblemen and gentlemen in the county of Bedford have since followed the
+example: it has become general with the gentry in Hampshire, and the
+ladies have left off wearing powder.&#8221; Hair-powder did not long continue in
+use in the army, for in 1799 it was abolished on account of the high price
+of flour, caused through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> the bad harvests. Using flour for the hair
+instead of for food was an old grievance among the poor. In the &#8220;Art of
+Dressing the Hair,&#8221; 1770, the author complains:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Their hoarded grain contractors spare,<br />
+And starve the poor to beautify the hair.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Pitt&#8217;s estimates proved correct, for in the first year the tax produced
+&pound;210,136. The tax was increased from a guinea to one pound three shillings
+and sixpence. Pitt&#8217;s Tory friends gave him loyal support. The Whigs might
+taunt them by calling them &#8220;guinea-pigs,&#8221; it mattered little, for they
+were not merely ready to pay the tax for themselves but to pay patriotic
+guineas for their servants. A number of persons were exempt from paying
+the tax, including &#8220;the royal family and their servants, the clergy with
+an income of under &pound;100 per annum, subalterns, non-commissioned officers
+and privates in the army and navy, and all officers and privates of the
+yeomanry and volunteers enrolled during the past year. A father having
+more than two unmarried daughters might obtain on payment for two, a
+license for the remainder.&#8221; A gentlemen took out a license for his butler,
+coachman, and footman, etc., and if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> he changed during the year it stood
+good for the newly engaged servants.</p>
+
+<p>Powder was not wholly set aside by ladies until 1793, when with
+consideration Queen Charlotte abandoned its use, swayed no doubt by her
+desire to cheapen, in that time of dearth, the flour of which it was made.
+It has been said its disuse was attributable to Sir Joshua Reynolds,
+Angelica Kauffmann, and other painters of their day, but it is much more
+likely that the artists painted the hair &#8220;full and flowing&#8221; because they
+found it so, not that they as a class dictated to their patronesses in
+despite of fashion. The French Revolution had somewhat to do with the
+change, a powdered head or wig was a token of aristocracy, and as the
+fashion might lead to the guillotine, sensible people discarded it long
+before the English legislature put a tax upon its use.</p>
+
+<p>With reference to this Sir Walter Scott says in the fifth chapter of &#8220;The
+Antiquary&#8221;:&mdash;&#8220;Regular were the Antiquary&#8217;s inquiries at an old-fashioned
+barber, who dressed the only three wigs in the parish, which, in defiance
+of taxes and times, were still subjected to the operation of powdering and
+frizzling, and who for that purpose divided his time among<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> the three
+employers whom fashion had yet left him.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Fly with this letter, Caxon,&#8221; said the senior (the Antiquary), holding
+out his missive, &#8220;fly to Knockwinnock, and bring me back an answer. Go as
+fast as if the town council were met and waiting for the provost, and the
+provost was waiting for his new powdered wig.&#8221; &#8220;Ah, sir,&#8221; answered the
+messenger, with a deep sigh, &#8220;thae days hae lang gane by. Deil a wig has a
+provost of Fairport worn sin&#8217; auld Provost Jervie&#8217;s time&mdash;and he had a
+quean of a servant-lass that dressed it hersel&#8217;, wi&#8217; the doup o&#8217; a candle
+and a dredging box. But I hae seen the day, Monkbarns, when the town
+council of Fairport wad hae as soon wanted their town-clerk, or their gill
+of brandy ower-head after the haddies, as they wad hae wanted ilk ane a
+weel-favoured, sonsy, decent periwig on his pow. Hegh, sirs! nae wonder
+the commons will be discontent, and rise against the law, when they see
+magistrates, and bailies, and deacons, and the provost himsel&#8217;, wi&#8217; heads
+as bald an&#8217; as bare as one o&#8217; my blocks.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It was not in Scotland alone that the barber was peripatetic. &#8220;In the last
+century,&#8221; says Mrs. G. Linn&aelig;us Banks, author of the &#8220;Manchester<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> Man&#8221; and
+other popular novels, &#8220;he waited on his chief customers or patrons at
+their own homes, not merely to shave, but to powder the hair or the wig,
+and he had to start on his round betimes. Where the patron was the owner
+of a spare periwig it might be dressed in advance, and sent home in a box,
+or mounted on a stand, such as a barrister keeps handy at the present day.
+But when ladies had powdered top-knots, the hairdresser made his harvest,
+especially when a ball or a rout made the calls for his services many and
+imperative. When at least a couple of hours were required for the
+arrangement of a single toup&eacute;e or tower, or commode, as the head-dress was
+called, it may well be understood that for two or three days prior to the
+ball the hairdresser was in demand, and as it was impossible to lie down
+without disarranging the structure he had raised on pads, or framework of
+wire, plastering with pomatum and disguising with powder, the belles so
+adorned or disfigured were compelled to sit up night and day, catching
+what sleep was possible in a chair. And when I add that a head so dressed
+was rarely disturbed for ten days or a fortnight, it needs no stretch of
+imagination to realize what a mass of loathsome nastiness the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> fine ladies
+of the last century carried about with them, or what strong stomachs the
+barbers must have had to deal with them.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Tories often regarded with mistrust any persons who did not use
+hair-powder. The Rev. J. Charles Cox, <span class="smcaplc">LL.D., F.S.A.</span>, the eminent
+antiquary, relates a good story respecting his grandfather. &#8220;So late as
+1820,&#8221; says Dr. Cox, &#8220;Major Cox of Derby, an excellent Tory, declined for
+some time to allow his son Edward to become a pupil of a well-known
+clerical tutor, for the sole reason that the clergyman did not powder, and
+wore his hair short, arguing that he must therefore, be a dangerous
+revolutionist.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In 1869 the tax on hair-powder was repealed, when only some 800 persons
+paid it, producing about &pound;1,000 per year.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Men wearing Muffs.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> muff in bygone times was worn by men as well as women. Several writers
+state that it was introduced into England in the reign of Charles II., but
+this is not correct, for, although it is not of great antiquity, it can
+certainly be traced back to a much earlier period. Most probably it
+reached us from France, and when it came into fashion it was small in
+size.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest representation of a muff that has come under our notice
+occurs in a drawing by Gaspar Rutz (1598) of an English lady, and she
+wears it pendant from her girdle. A few years later in the wardrobe
+accounts of Prince Henry of Wales, a charge is made for embroidering two
+muffs. The entries occur in 1608, and are as follow:&mdash;&#8220;One of cloth of
+silver, embroidered with purles, plates, and Venice twists of silver and
+gold; the other of black satten, embroidered with black silk and bugles,
+viz., for one &pound;7, the other 60s.&#8221; Muffs were usually ornamented with
+bunches of gay ribbons, or some other decorations,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> and were generally
+hung round the neck with ribbons.</p>
+
+<p>Several poems and plays of the olden time contain references to men using
+muffs. One of the earliest, if not the first, to mention a man wearing a
+muff, occurs in an epistle by Samuel Rowlands, written about 1600. It is
+as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Behold a most accomplished cavalier<br />
+That the world&#8217;s ape of fashion doth appear,<br />
+Walking the streets his humour to disclose,<br />
+In the French doublet and the German hose.<br />
+The <i>muffes</i>, cloak, Spanish hat, Toledo blade,<br />
+Italian ruff, a shoe right Spanish made.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A ballad, describing the frost fair on the Thames in the winter of 1683-4,
+mentions amongst those present:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;A spark of the Bar with his cane and his <i>muff</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In course of time the muff was increased in size, until it was very large.
+Dryden, in the epilogue of &#8220;The Husband his own Cuckstool,&#8221; 1696, refers
+to the <i>monstrous muff</i> worn by the beau.</p>
+
+<p>Pepys made a point of being in fashion, but in respect to the muff he was
+most economical. He says he took his wife&#8217;s last year&#8217;s muff, and it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+pleasing to record that he gallantly bought her a new one.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img16.jpg" alt="" /><br /><small>MAN WITH MUFF, 1693.<br />(<i>From a Print of the Period.</i>)</small></div>
+
+<p>Professional men did not neglect to add to their dignity by the use of the
+muff. In addition to the gold-headed cane, the doctor carried a muff. An
+old book called &#8220;The Mother-in-law,&#8221; includes a character who is advised
+by his friends to become a physician. Says one to him: &#8220;&#8217;Tis but putting
+on the doctor&#8217;s gown and cap, and you&#8217;ll have more knowledge in an instant
+than you&#8217;ll know what to do withal.&#8221; Observes another friend: &#8220;Besides,
+sir, if you had no other qualification than that muff of yours, twould go
+a great way. A muff is more than half in the making of a doctor.&#8221; Cibble
+tells Nightshade in Cumberland&#8217;s &#8220;Cholerick Man,&#8221; 1775, to &#8220;Tuck your
+hands in your <i>muff</i> and never open your lips for the rest of the
+afternoon; &#8217;twill gain you respect in every house you enter.&#8221; Alexander
+Wedderburn, before being called to the English Bar in 1757, had practised
+as an advocate in his native city, Edinburgh. In his references to his
+early days, there is an allusion to the muff, showing that its use must
+have been by no means uncommon in Scotland in the middle of the eighteenth
+century. &#8220;Knowing my countrymen <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>at that time,&#8221; he tells us, &#8220;I was at
+great pains to study and assume a very grave, solemn deportment for a
+young man, which my marked features, notwithstanding my small stature,
+would render more imposing. Men then wore in winter <i>small muffs</i>, and I
+flatter myself that, as I paced to the Parliament House, no man of fifty
+could look more thoughtful or steady. My first client was a citizen whom I
+did not know. He called upon me in the course of a cause, and becoming
+familiar with him, I asked him &#8216;how he came to employ me?&#8217; The answer was:
+&#8216;Why, I had noticed you in the High Street, going to the court, the most
+punctual of any, as the clock struck nine, and you looked so grave and
+business-like, that I resolved from your appearance to have you for my
+advocate.&#8217;&#8221;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> More instances of the muff amongst professional men might be
+cited, but the foregoing are sufficient to indicate the value set upon it
+by this class.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the end of the seventeenth century it was customary to carry in
+the muff small dogs known as &#8220;muff dogs,&#8221; and Hollar made a picture of one
+of these little animals.</p>
+
+<p>A tale is told of the eccentric head of one of the colleges at Oxford, who
+had a great aversion to the undergraduates wearing long hair, that on one
+occasion he reduced the length of a young man&#8217;s hair by means of a
+bread-knife. It is stated that he carried concealed in his muff a pair of
+scissors, and with these he slyly cut off offending locks.</p>
+
+<p>Both the <i>Tatler</i> and the <i>Spectator</i> include notices of the muff. In No.
+153 of the <i>Tatler</i>, 1710, is a description of a poor but doubtless a
+proud person with a muff. &#8220;I saw,&#8221; it is stated, &#8220;he was reduced to
+extreme poverty, by certain shabby superfluities in his dress,
+for&mdash;notwithstanding that it was a very sultry day for the time of the
+year&mdash;he wore a loose great coat and a <i>muff</i>. Here we see poverty trying
+to imitate prosperity.&#8221; There are at least three allusions to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> the muff in
+the pages of the <i>Spectator</i>. We find in the issue for March 19th, 1711, a
+correspondent desires Addison to be &#8220;very satyrical upon the little muff&#8221;
+that was then fashionable amongst men.</p>
+
+<p>A satirical print was published in 1756, at the Gold Acorn Tavern, facing
+Hungerford Market, London, called the &#8220;Beau Admiral.&#8221; It represents
+Admiral Byng carrying a large muff. He had been sent to relieve Minorca,
+besieged by the French, and after a futile action withdrew his ships,
+declaring that the ministry had not furnished him with a sufficient fleet
+to successfully fight the enemy. This action made the ministry furious,
+and Byng was brought before a court martial, and early in 1757 he was,
+according to sentence, shot at Portsmouth.</p>
+
+<p>In America muffs were popular with both men and women. Old newspapers
+contain references to them. The following advertisement is drawn from the
+<i>Boston News Letter</i> of March 5th, 1715:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Any man that took up a Man&#8217;s Muff drop&#8217;t on the Lord&#8217;s Day between
+the Old Meeting House &amp; the South, are desired to bring it to the
+Printer&#8217;s Office, and shall be rewarded.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>Mrs. Alice Morse Earle, in her &#8220;Costume of Colonial Times&#8221; (New York:
+1894), gives other instances of men&#8217;s muffs being missing, &#8220;In 1725,&#8221; says
+Mrs. Earle, &#8220;Dr. Prince lost his &#8216;black bear-skin muff,&#8217; and in 1740 a
+sable-skin man&#8217;s muff was advertised.&#8221; It is clear from Mrs. Earle&#8217;s
+investigations that the beaux of New England followed closely the lead of
+the dandies of Old England. &#8220;I can easily fancy,&#8221; she says, &#8220;the mincing
+face of Horace Walpole peering out of a carriage window or a sedan-chair,
+with his hands and his wrists thrust in a great muff; but when I look at
+the severe and ascetic countenance in the portrait of Thomas Prince, I
+find it hard to think of him, walking solemnly along Boston streets,
+carrying his big bear-skin muff.&#8221; Other Bostonians, we are told,
+maintained the fashion until a much later period. Judge Dana employed it
+even after Revolutionary times. In 1783, in the will of Ren&eacute; Hett, of New
+York, several muffs are mentioned, and were considered of sufficient
+account to form bequests.</p>
+
+<p>The puritans of New England had little regard for warmth in their places
+of worship, and it is not surprising that men wore muffs. People were
+obliged to attend the services of the church unless<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> they were sick, yet
+little attempt was made to render the places comfortable.</p>
+
+<p>The first stove introduced into a meeting-house in Massachusetts was at
+Boston in 1773. In 1793 two stoves were placed in the Friends&#8217;
+meeting-house, Salem, and in 1809 one was erected in the North Church,
+Salem. Persons are still living in the United States who can remember the
+knocking of feet on a cold day towards the close of a long sermon. The
+preachers would ask for a little patience and promise to close their
+discourses.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Concerning Corporation Customs.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> history of old English Municipal Corporations contains some quaint and
+interesting information respecting the laws, customs, and every-day life
+of our forefathers. The institution of corporate towns dates back to a
+remote period, and in this country we had our corporations before the
+Norman Conquest. The Norman kings frequently granted charters for the
+incorporation of towns, and an example is the grant of a charter to London
+by Henry I. in the year 1101.</p>
+
+<p>For more than a century and a half no person was permitted to hold office
+in a municipal corporation unless he had previously taken sacrament
+according to the rites of the Established Church. The act regulating this
+matter was known as the Test Act, which remained in force from the days of
+Charles II. to those of George IV. It was repealed on the 9th May, 1828.
+In the latter reign, in 1835, was passed the Municipal Reform Act, which
+greatly changed the constitution of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> many corporate towns and boroughs. It
+is not, however, so much the laws as local customs to which we wish to
+direct attention.</p>
+
+<p>The mace as a weapon may be traced back to a remote period, and was a
+staff about five feet in length with a metal head usually spiked. Maces
+were used by the heavy cavalry in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries,
+but went out of use in England in the reign of Elizabeth. It is not clear
+when the ornamental maces came to be regarded as an ensign of authority.
+Their first use may be traced back to the twelfth century. At that period
+and later spikeless maces were carried by the guards attending princes, as
+a convenient weapon to protect them against the sudden attacks of the
+assassin. Happily their need passed away, and as a symbol of rank only
+they have remained. In civic processions the mace is usually borne before
+the mayor, and when the sovereign visits a corporate town it is customary
+for the mayor to bear the mace before the monarch. We learn from history
+that when Princess Margaret was on her way to Scotland in 1503 to be
+united in marriage to James IV., as she passed through the city of York
+the Lord Mayor shouldered the mace and carried it <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>before her. The mace
+was formerly borne before the mayoress of Southampton when she went out in
+state. A singular custom connected with the mace obtained at Leicester. It
+was customary for the newly-elected mayor to proceed to the castle, and in
+accordance with a charter granted by James I., take an oath before the
+steward of the Duchy of Lancaster, &#8220;to perform faithfully and well all and
+every ancient custom, and so forth according to the best of his
+knowledge.&#8221; On arrival at a certain place within the precincts of the
+stronghold the mayor had the great mace lowered from an upright position
+as a token of acknowledgment to the ancient feudal earls within their
+castle. In 1766 Mr. Fisher, a Jacobite, was elected mayor, and like others
+of his class was ever ready when opportunity offered to show his aversion
+to the reigning dynasty. He purposely omitted the ceremony of lowering the
+mace. When the servant of the mayor refused to &#8220;slope the mace,&#8221; the
+Constable of the castle or his deputy refused to admit the mayor. The
+ceremony was discontinued after this occurrence, and the mayor went in
+private to take the oath.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img17.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">THE LORD MAYOR OF YORK ESCORTING PRINCESS MARGARET.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following ordinances were in force at Kingston-upon-Hull about 1450,
+and point their own moral.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;No Mayor should debase his honourable office by selling (during his
+Mayoralty) ale or wine in his house.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Whenever the Mayor appeared in public he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> should have a sword carried
+before him, and his officers should constantly attend him; also he should
+cause everything to be done for the honour of the town, and should not
+hold his office for two years together.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;No Aldermen should keep ale-houses or taverns, nor absent themselves from
+the town&#8217;s business, nor discover what is said in their councils, under
+heavy penalties.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>An entry in the annals of Hull in 1549 states that three of the former
+sheriffs of the town, named respectively Johnson, Jebson, and Thorp, were
+fined &pound;6 13s. 4d. each &#8220;for being deficient in the elegance of their
+entertainments, for neglecting to wear scarlet gowns, and for not
+providing the same for their wives during their shrievalties.&#8221; Ten years
+later a Mr. Gregory was chosen sheriff, and he refused to accept the
+office. The matter was referred to the Queen in Council, and he was
+ordered to be fined &pound;100, to be disfranchised and turned out of the town.
+We are told that the order was executed.</p>
+
+<p>We gather from the ancient records of Canterbury that, in 1544, it was
+decided &#8220;that during winter every dark-night the aldermen, common council,
+and inn-holders are to find one candle,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> with light, at their doors, and
+the other inhabitants are to do in like fashion upon request, and if any
+lantern be stolen, the offender shall be set in the pillory at the mayor&#8217;s
+discretion; the candles are to be lighted at six, and continued until
+burnt out.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In 1549 the sheriff of Canterbury paid a fine of three shillings and
+fourpence for wearing his beard.</p>
+
+<p>Another quaint item in the Canterbury records under the year 1556 is an
+order directing the mayor every year before Christmas to provide for the
+mayoress, his wife, to wear one scarlet gown, and a bonnet of velvet. If
+the mayor failed to procure the foregoing he was liable to a fine of &pound;10.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img18.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">BURYING THE MACE AT NOTTINGHAM.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>At Nottingham the new mayor took office on the 29th September each year.
+The outgoing mayor and other members of the corporation marched in
+procession to St. Mary&#8217;s Church. At the conclusion of divine service all
+retired to the vestry, and the retiring mayor occupied the chair at the
+head of a table covered with a black cloth, in the middle of which lay the
+mace covered with rosemary and sprigs of bay. This was called burying the
+mace, and no doubt was meant to denote the official decease of the late
+holder. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>The new mayor was then formally elected, and the outgoing mayor
+took up the mace, kissed it, and delivered it to his successor with a
+suitable speech. After the election of other town officials the company
+proceeded to the chancel of the church, where the mayor took the oath of
+office, which was administered by the senior coroner. After the mayor had
+been proclaimed in public places by the town clerk, a banquet was held at
+the municipal buildings; the fare consisted of bread and cheese, fruit in
+season, and pipes of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> tobacco! The proclaiming of the new mayor did not
+end on the day of election: on the following market-day he was proclaimed
+in face of the whole market, and the ceremony took place at one of the
+town crosses.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img19.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">THE MAYOR OF WYCOMBE GOING TO THE GUILDHALL.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>We learn from the Report of the Royal Commission issued in 1837 that the
+election of the Mayor of Wycombe was enacted with not a little ceremony.
+The great bell of the church was tolled for an hour, then a merry peal was
+rang. The retiring mayor and aldermen proceeded to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> church, and after
+service walked in procession to the Guildhall, preceded by a woman
+strewing flowers and a drummer beating a drum. The mayor was next elected,
+and he and his fellow-members of the corporation marched round the
+market-house, and wound up the day by being weighed, and their weights
+were duly recorded by the sergeant-at-mace, who was rewarded with a small
+sum of money for his trouble.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Gentlemen&#8217;s Magazine</i> for 1782 we find particulars of past mayoral
+customs at Abingdon, Berkshire. &#8220;Riding through Abingdon,&#8221; says a
+correspondent, &#8220;I found the people in the street at the entrance of the
+town very busy in adorning the outside of their houses with boughs of
+trees and garlands of flowers, and the paths were strewed with rushes. One
+house was distinguished by a greater number of garlands than the rest. On
+inquiring the reason, it seemed that it was usual to have this ceremony
+performed in the street in which the new mayor lived, on the first Sunday
+that he went to church after his election.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At Newcastle-on-Tyne still lingers a curious custom which dates back to
+the period when strife was rife between England and Scotland. It has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> long
+been the practice to present the judges attending the Assizes on their
+arrival with two pairs of gloves, a pair to each of their marshals and to
+the other members of their retinue, also to the clerks of Assize and their
+officers. The judges are entertained in a hospitable manner during their
+stay in the city. At the conclusion of the business of the Assizes the
+mayor and other members of the Corporation in full regalia wait upon the
+judges, and the mayor thus addresses them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;My Lords, we have to congratulate you upon having completed your labours
+in this ancient town, and have also to inform you that you travel hence to
+Carlisle, through a border county much and often infested by the Scots; we
+therefore present each of your lordships with a piece of money to buy
+therewith a dagger to defend yourselves.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The mayor then gives the senior judge a piece of gold of the reign of
+James I., termed a <i>Jacobus</i>, and to the junior judge a coin of the reign
+of Charles I., called a <i>Carolus</i>. After the judge in commission has
+returned thanks the ceremony is ended. Some time ago a witty judge
+returned thanks as follows: &#8220;I thank the mayor and corporation much for
+this gift. I doubt, however,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> whether the Scots have been so troublesome
+on the borders lately; I doubt, too, whether daggers in any numbers are to
+be purchased in this ancient town for the protection of my suite and of
+myself; and I doubt if these coins are altogether a legal tender at the
+present time.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The local authorities are anxious to keep up the ancient custom enjoined
+upon them by an old charter, but they often experience great difficulty in
+obtaining the old-time pieces of money. Sometimes as much as &pound;15 has been
+paid for one of the scarce coins. &#8220;Upon the resignation or the death of a
+judge who has travelled the northern circuit, we are told the corporation
+at once offer to purchase from his representative the &#8216;dagger-money&#8217;
+received on his visits to Newcastle, in order to use it on future
+occasions.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It was customary, in the olden time, for the mayor and other members of
+the Banbury Corporation to repair to Oxford during the assizes and visit
+the judge at his lodgings, and the mayor, with all the graces of speech at
+his command, ask &#8220;my lord&#8221; to accept a present of the celebrated Banbury
+cakes, wine, some long clay pipes, and a pound of tobacco. The judge
+accepted these with gratitude, or, at all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> events, in gracious terms
+expressed his thanks for their kindness.</p>
+
+<p>The Corporation of Ludlow used to offer hospitality to the judges. The
+representatives of the town met the train in which the judges travelled
+from Shrewsbury to Hereford, and offered to them cake and wine, the former
+on an ancient silver salver, and the latter in a loving-cup wreathed with
+flowers. Mr. Justice Hill was the cause of the custom coming to a
+conclusion in 1858. He was travelling the circuit, and he communicated
+with the mayor saying, &#8220;owing to the delay occasioned, Her Majesty&#8217;s
+judges would not stop at Ludlow to receive the wonted hospitality.&#8221; We are
+told the mayor and corporation were offended, and did not offer to renew
+the ancient courtesy.</p>
+
+<p>The making of a &#8220;sutor of Selkirk&#8221; is attended with some ceremony. &#8220;It was
+formerly the practice of the burgh corporation of Selkirk,&#8221; says Dr.
+Charles Rogers, the social historian of Scotland, &#8220;to provide a collation
+or <i>deje&ucirc;ner</i> on the invitation of a burgess. The rite of initiation
+consisted in the newly-accepted brother passing through the mouth a bunch
+of bristles which had previously been mouthed by all the members of the
+board. This practice was termed &#8216;licking the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> birse:&#8217; it took its origin
+at a period when shoemaking was the staple trade of the place, the birse
+being the emblem of the craft. When Sir Walter Scott was made a burgess or
+&#8216;sutor of Selkirk,&#8217; he took precaution before mouthing the beslabbered
+brush to wash it in his wine, but the act of rebellion was punished by his
+being compelled to drink the polluted liquor.&#8221; In 1819, Prince Leopold was
+created &#8220;a sutor of Selkirk,&#8221; but the ceremony was modified to meet his
+more refined tastes, and the old style has not been resumed. Mr. Andrew
+Lang, a distinguished native of the town, has had the honour conferred
+upon him of being made a sutor.</p>
+
+<p>The Mayor of Altrincham, Cheshire, in bygone times was, if we are to put
+any faith in proverbial lore, a person of humble position, and on this
+account the &#8220;honour&#8221; was ridiculed. An old rhyme says&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The Mayor of Altrincham, and the Mayor of Over,<br />
+The one is a thatcher, and the other a dauber.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sir Walter Scott, in &#8220;The Heart of Mid-Lothian,&#8221; introduces the mayor into
+his pages in no flattering manner. Mr. Alfred Ingham, in his &#8220;History of
+Altrincham and Bowdon&#8221; (1879), has collected for his book some curious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+information bearing on this theme. He relates a tradition respecting one
+of the mayors gifted with the grace of repartee, which is well worth
+reproducing:&mdash;&#8220;The Mayor of Over&mdash;for he and the Mayor of Altrincham are
+often coupled&mdash;journeyed once upon a time to Manchester. He was somewhat
+proud, though he went on foot, and on arriving at Altrincham, felt he
+would be all the better for a shave. The knight of the steel and the strop
+performed the operation most satisfactorily; and as his worship rose to
+depart, he said rather grand-eloquently, &#8216;You may tell your customers that
+you have had the honour of shaving the Mayor of Over.&#8217; &#8216;And you,&#8217; retorted
+the ready-witted fellow, &#8216;may tell yours that you have had the honour of
+being shaved by the Mayor of Altrincham.&#8217; The rest can be better imagined
+than described.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We learn from Mr. J. Potter Briscoe that a strange tradition still lingers
+in Nottingham, to the effect that when King John last visited the town, he
+called at the house of the mayor, and the residence of the priest of St.
+Mary&#8217;s. Finding neither ale in the cellar of one, nor bread in the
+cupboard of the other, His Majesty ordered every publican in the town to
+contribute <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>sixpennyworth of ale to the mayor annually, and that every
+baker should give a half-penny loaf weekly to the priest. The custom was
+continued down to the time of Blackner, the Nottingham historian, who
+published his history in 1815.</p>
+
+<p>The mayor of Rye, in bygone times, had almost unlimited authority, and if
+anyone spoke evil of him, he was immediately taken and grievously punished
+by his body, but if he struck the mayor, he ran the risk of having cut off
+the hand that dealt the blow.</p>
+
+<p>As late as 1600, at Hartlepool, it was enacted, that anyone calling a
+member of the council a liar be fined eleven shillings and sixpence, if,
+however, the term false was used, the fine was only six shillings and
+eightpence.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Bribes for the Palate.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">In</span> the days of old it was no uncommon practice for public bodies and
+private persons to attempt to bribe judges and others with presents.
+Frequently the gifts consisted of drink or food. In some instances money
+was expected and given. It is not, however, to bribery in general we want
+to direct attention, but to some of its more curious phases, and
+especially those which appealed to the recipients&#8217; love of good cheer.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the judges even in a corrupt age would not be tempted. One of the
+most upright of our judges was Sir Matthew Hale. It had long been
+customary for the Dean and Chapter of Salisbury to present to the judges
+of the Western Circuit six sugar loaves. The gift was sent to Hale, and he
+directed his servant to pay for the sugar before he tried a case in which
+the donors were interested. On another occasion while he was on circuit, a
+gentleman gave him a buck, hoping by this act to gain his favour in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+case that was to be tried before him. When the trial was about to
+commence, Hale remembered the name of the gentleman and inquired if he was
+the person from whom the venison had been received. On being informed that
+such was the fact, he would not allow the trial to proceed until he had
+made payment for the buck. The gentleman strongly protested against
+receiving the money, saying that he had only presented the same to the
+Chief Baron as he had done to other judges who had gone the circuit.
+Further instances might be mentioned of presents being offered and refused
+by Hale, but the foregoing are sufficient to show the character of the
+man.</p>
+
+<p>Newcastle-on-Tyne municipal records contain many references to presents of
+sugar loaves. There are for example gifts to noblemen who called at the
+town on their way to Scotland. In January 1593, we find particulars of
+23s. 7d. for sugar and wine &#8220;sent in a present to my L. Ambassador as he
+came travling through this towne to Scotland called my L. Souch.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The charges are as follow:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;Paide for 2 gallons of secke 2 gallons and a quarte of clared wine</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>11s. 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>A sugar loaf weis 8 lb. and a quarter at 18d. per pound</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>12s. 4d.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>A little later the Earl of Essex was bound for Scotland and received a
+present at the hands of the local authorities. The town accounts state:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;Sept. 1594.&mdash;Paide for four sugar loaves weide 27&#190; lbs.</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>41s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>5 gallons and a pottle of claret,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>11s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>4 gallons secke</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor">10s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Soma</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>63s. 4d.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In the following month the Earl of Essex, in company of my Lord Wharton,
+returned from North Britain and received sugar and wine costing the town
+&pound;4 14s. 10d. The details of the amount are as under:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;Oct. 1594.&mdash;Paide for 3 sugar loves weide 30&#188; lb. 18d. per lb.</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>&pound;2 5s. 10d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>For clarid wine and secke</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&pound;2 9s. &nbsp; 0d.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The Bishop of Durham was not overlooked. In February, 1596, we find an
+entry as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;Paide for 4 pottles secke and 2 quarte, for 3 pottles of white wine,<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 1em;">and 4 pottles and a quarte of clared wine for a present to the</span><br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 1em;">bishop of Dorum</span></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom">17s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paide for 11 lb. of suger which went with the wine 18d. per pounde</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>16s. 6d.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Maiore and his brethren&#8221; enjoyed sugar and sundry pottles of wine.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>It is satisfactory to find that the ladies were not neglected at
+Newcastle-on-Tyne. Here is an entry referring to the entertainment of the
+Mayoress and other ladies:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;April, 1595.&mdash;Paide for secke, suger, clared wine, and caikes, to<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Maris, and other gentlewomen, in Mr. Baxter, his chamber</span></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom">6s. 8d.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In the same month is an entry far different in character. It is a charge
+of 4d. for leading a scolding woman through the town wearing the brank.
+Payments for inflicting punishment on men and women frequently occur.</p>
+
+<p>The accounts of the borough of St. Ives, Cornwall, contain an item as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;1640.&mdash;Payde Nicholas Prigge for two loaves of sugar,<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 1em;">which were presented to Mr. Recorder</span></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom">&pound;1 10s. 0d.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The records of the city of Winchester include particulars of many presents
+of sugar loaves and other gifts. On March 24th, 1592, it was decided at a
+meeting of the municipal authorities to present the Lord Marquis of
+Winchester with a sugar loaf weighing five pounds, and a gallon of sack,
+on his coming to the Lent Assizes. The accounts of the city at this period
+contain entries of payments for sugar loaves given to the Recorder for
+a New Year&#8217;s present, and for pottles of wine bestowed on distinguished
+visitors.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+<div class="border">
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img20.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="caption">WOMAN WEARING A BRANK, OR SCOLD&#8217;S BRIDLE.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img20b.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="caption">THE BRANK, OR SCOLD&#8217;S BRIDLE.</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>At a meeting held in 1603 of the local authorities of Nottingham, it was
+agreed that the town should present to the Recorder, Sir Henry
+Pierrepoint, as follows:&mdash;&#8220;A sugar loaf, 9s.; lemons, 1s. 8d.; white wine,
+one gallon, 2s. 8d.; claret, one gallon, 2s. 8d.; muskadyne, one pottle,
+2s. 8d.; sack, one pottle, 2s.; total, 20s. 8d.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A year later the burgesses of Nottingham wished to show the great esteem
+they entertained for the Earl of Shrewsbury, and it was decided to give to
+him &#8220;a veal of mutton, a lamb, a dozen chickens, two dozen rabbits, two
+dozen of pigeons, and four capons.&#8221; This is a truly formidable list, and
+seems more suitable for stocking a shop than a gentleman&#8217;s larder.</p>
+
+<p>The porpoise in past times was prized as a delicacy, and placed on royal
+tables. Down to the days of Queen Elizabeth it was used by the nobles as
+an article of food. In the reign of that queen, a penny in twelve was the
+market due at Newcastle-on-Tyne, when the fish were cut up and exposed for
+sale. The heads, fins, and numbles were taken in addition. The seal was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+subject to the same regulations. The porpoise was deemed suitable for a
+present. In 1491 it is recorded that a large porpoise was sent from
+Yarmouth as a gift to the Earl of Oxford.</p>
+
+<p>The annals of Exeter furnish particulars of several gifts of fish. In 1600
+it was decided by the local authorities to present to the Recorder of the
+city, Mr. Sergeant Hale, annually during his life, eight salmon of the
+river Exe. The Mayor for the time being had a like quantity allowed. It
+was resolved on the 10th January, 1610, to present, at the cost of the
+citizens, to the Speaker of the Parliament, in token of good will, a
+hogshead of Malaga wine, or a hogshead of claret, whichever might be
+deemed most acceptable, and one baked salmon pie.</p>
+
+<p>Sir George Trenchard in 1593 received from the Mayor of Lyme a box of
+marmalade and six oranges, costing 7s.</p>
+
+<p>Six months later the municipal accounts of Lyme include an entry as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;1595.&mdash;Given to Sir George Trenchard a fair box marmalade gilted,<br />
+    <span style="margin-left: 1em;">a barrel of conserves oranges and lemons and potatoes</span></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom">22s. 10d.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Mr. George Roberts, in his &#8220;Social History of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> the Southern Counties,&#8221; has
+an interesting note respecting the potatoes named in the foregoing entry.
+He says:&mdash;&#8220;The sweet potato (<i>Convolvulus Batatas</i>) was known in England
+before the common potato, which received its name from its resemblance to
+the Batata. This plant was introduced into this country by Sir Francis
+Drake and Sir John Hawkins in the middle of the sixteenth century. The
+roots were, about the close of the reign of Elizabeth, imported in
+considerable quantities from Spain and the Canaries, and were used as a
+confection rather than as a nourishing vegetable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We will close this paper with particulars of a present which may be
+regarded more of an example of esteem than an attempt at bribery. Hull, in
+the days of old, was noted for its ale. The Corporation of the town often
+presented one or two barrels to persons to whom they desired to show a
+token of regard. Andrew Marvell, the incorruptible patriot, represented
+the place in Parliament from 1658 until his death in 1678. He was in close
+touch with the leading men of the town, and wrote long and interesting
+letters, detailing the operations of the House of Commons, to the Mayor
+and Aldermen. In one of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> epistles to the Burgesses of Hull he refers
+to a gift of ale. &#8220;We must,&#8221; says Marvell, &#8220;first give thanks for the kind
+present you have been pleased to send us, which will give occasion to us
+to remember you often; but the quantity is so great that it might make
+sober men forgetful.&#8221; Marvell&#8217;s father was master of the Hull Grammar
+School, and it was there the patriot was educated.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img21.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">ANDREW MARVELL.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Hull ale finds a place in proverbial lore, and is named by Ray and others.
+Taylor, the water poet, visited the town in 1622, and was the guest of
+George Pease, landlord of the &#8220;King&#8217;s Head&#8221; Inn, High Street. In Taylor&#8217;s
+poem, entitled &#8220;A Very Merrie Ferry Voyage; or, Yorke for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> My Money,&#8221; he
+thus averts to Hull ale:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Thanks to my loving host and hostess, <i>Pease</i>,<br />
+There at mine inne each night I took mine ease;<br />
+And there I got a cantle of <i>Hull Chesse</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The poet, in a foot-note, says:&mdash;&#8220;Hull cheese is much like a loaf out of
+the brewer&#8217;s basket; it is composed of two samples, mault and water in one
+compound, and is cousin german to the mightiest ale in England.&#8221; Ray
+quotes the proverb, &#8220;You have eaten some Hull cheese,&#8221; as equivalent to an
+accusation of drunkenness.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Rebel Heads on City Gates.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> barbarous custom of spiking heads on city gates, and on other
+prominent places, may be traced back to the days of Edward I. His wise
+laws won for him the title of &#8220;the English Justinian,&#8221; but he does not
+appear to have tempered justice with mercy. In his age little value was
+set upon human life. His scheme of conquest included the subjugation and
+annexation of Scotland and Wales.</p>
+
+<p>David, the brother of Llewellyn the Welsh Prince, had been on the side of
+the English, and at the hands of Edward had experienced kindness, but in
+return he showed little gratitude. In 1282 he made an unprovoked attack on
+Hawarden Castle. Subsequently his brother Llewellyn joined in the rising,
+and undertook the conduct of the war in South Wales, while David attempted
+to defend the North of the country. In a skirmish on the Wye, Llewellyn
+was slain by a single knight. David soon fell into the hands of the
+English, and was sent in chains to Shrewsbury.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> Here he was tried by
+Parliament, consisting of &#8220;the first national convention in which the
+Common had any share by legal authority, and the earliest lawful trace of
+a mixed assembly of Lords and Commons.&#8221; Guilty of being a traitor was the
+verdict returned, and David was condemned to a new and cruel mode of
+execution, viz., &#8220;to be dragged at a horse&#8217;s tail through the streets of
+Shrewsbury, and to be afterwards hung and cut down while alive, his heart
+and bowels burnt before his face, his body quartered and his head sent to
+London.&#8221; The head of Llewellyn was also to be sent to London, to be spiked
+on the Tower encircled with a crown of ivy.</p>
+
+<p>On the gates of old London Bridge have been spiked the heads of many
+famous men&mdash;not a few whose brave deeds add glory to the annals of England
+and Scotland. The heroic deeds of Sir William Wallace have done much to
+increase the dignity of the history of North Britain. After rendering
+gallant service to his native land, he was betrayed into the hands of the
+English by his friend and countryman, Sir John Menteith, at Glasgow. He
+was conveyed to London, was tried and condemned as a rebel, and on August
+23rd, 1305, suffered a horrible death, similar to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> the fate of David,
+Prince of Wales. His body was divided and sent into four parts of
+Scotland, and his head set up on a pole on London Bridge. Edward I.
+degraded himself by this cruel revenge on a patriotic man. In the
+following year the head of another Scotch rebel, Simon Frazer, was spiked
+beside that of Wallace.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img22.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">OLD LONDON BRIDGE, SHEWING HEADS OF REBELS ON THE GATE.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the reign of Edward II., Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, rose to almost
+supreme power, but his rule was most distasteful to the people.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> It was
+oppressive and ended in disaster. In 1316, when the Earl was at the height
+of his fame, he discovered that a knight formerly in his household had
+been induced by the King of England to carry to the King of Scotland a
+letter asking that some of his soldiers might slay him. The Earl was then
+at Pontefract and had the knight brought before him, and by his orders he
+was speedily executed, and his head spiked on the walls of the castle.</p>
+
+<p>The Barons met the forces of Edward II. at Boroughbridge, in 1322, and
+were totally routed, and their leaders, the Earl of Hereford was slain,
+and the Earl of Lancaster was taken prisoner, and afterwards executed at
+Pontefract. About thirty knights and barons suffered death on the scaffold
+in various parts of the country, so that terror might be widely spread.
+Some of the bodies were suspended for long periods in chains, and amongst
+the number were those of Sir Roger de Clifford, Sir John Mowbray, and Sir
+Jocalyn D&#8217;Eyville. They were hanged at York, and for three years their
+bodies were hung in chains, and then the Friar Preachers committed them to
+the ground. Another rebel, Sir Bartholomew de Badlesmere, was executed
+at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> Canterbury, and his head was cut off and spiked on the city gate at
+Canterbury.</p>
+
+<p>At Boroughbridge Sir Andrew de Harcla displayed courage of a high order,
+and was rewarded with the title of the Earl of Carlisle, and military
+duties of a more important order were entrusted to him, but he did not
+long enjoy his honours. The Scots advanced into this country and met the
+English at the Abbey of Byland, and completely overpowered them; the Earl
+remaining inactive at Boroughbridge with 2,000 foot and horse soldiers. On
+a writ dated at Knaresborough, February 27th, 1323, he was tried for
+treachery, his collusion with the Scotch was clearly proved, and the
+following sentence was passed upon him:&mdash;&#8220;To be degraded both himself and
+his heirs from the rank of earl, to be ungirt of his sword, his gilded
+spurs hacked from his heels&mdash;said to be the first example of its kind&mdash;to
+be hanged, drawn, and beheaded, his heart and entrails torn out and burnt
+to ashes, and the ashes scattered to the winds; his carcase to be divided
+into four quarters, one to be hung on the top of the Tower at Carlisle,
+another at Newcastle, the third on the bridge at York, and the fourth at
+Shrewsbury, while his head was to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> spiked on London Bridge.&#8221; &#8220;You may
+divide my body as you please,&#8221; said the Earl, &#8220;but I give my soul to God.&#8221;
+On March 3rd, 1323, the terrible sentence was carried out.</p>
+
+<p>Under the year 1397, John Timbs, in his &#8220;Curiosities of London,&#8221; records
+that the heads of four traitor knights were spiked on London Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>On Bramham Moor, Yorkshire, on Sunday, February 19th, 1408, Sir Thomas
+Rokeby, high sheriff of the county, fighting for Henry IV., completely
+defeated an army raised by the Earl of Northumberland, and other nobles
+who had revolted against the king. The Earl was slain on the field, and
+his chief associate, Lord Bardolf, was mortally wounded and taken
+prisoner, but died before he could be removed from the scene of the
+battle. The heads of these two noblemen were cut off, and that of the Earl
+placed upon a hedge-stake, and carried in a mock procession through the
+chief towns on the route to London, and finally found a resting-place on
+London Bridge. He was popular amongst his friends, and they greatly
+grieved at his death. It was indeed a sore trial to those who had loved
+him well to see his mutilated head, full of silver<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> hairs, carried
+through the streets of London, a gruesome exhibition for a heartless
+public. The head of Lord Bardolf was also spiked on London Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>Some passages in the life of Eleanor Cobham, first mistress and afterwards
+wife of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, furnish an insight into the
+superstitions of the period. She was tried in 1441 for treason and
+witchcraft. The chief charge against her was that she and her accomplices
+had made a waxen image of the reigning monarch, Henry VI., and placed it
+before a slow fire, believing that as the wax melted the king&#8217;s life would
+waste away. She was found guilty and had to do public penance in the
+streets of London, and was imprisoned for life in the Isle of Man. Three
+persons who had assisted her crimes suffered death. One Margaret Jourdain,
+of Eye, near Westminster, was burned in Smithfield. Southwell, a priest,
+died before execution in the Tower, and Sir Roger Bolinbroke, a priest,
+and reputed necromancer, was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn, and
+his head was fixed on London Bridge. The Duchess, in the event of Henry&#8217;s
+death, expected that the Duke of Gloucester, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> nearest heir of the
+house of Lancaster, would be crowned king.</p>
+
+<p>The details of Jack Cade&#8217;s insurrection are well-known, and perhaps a copy
+of an inscription on a roadside monument at Heathfield, near Cuckfield in
+Sussex, will answer our present purpose:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 15%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="center">Near this spot was slain the notorious rebel<br />
+JACK CADE,<br />
+By Alexander Iden, Sheriff of Kent, <span class="smcaplc">A.D.</span> 1450.<br />
+His body was carried to London, and his head<br />
+fixed on London Bridge.<br />
+This is the success of all rebels, and this<br />
+fortune chanceth even to traitors.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;"><i>Hall&#8217;s Chronicle.</i></span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In 1496 two heads were placed on London Bridge; one was Flammock&#8217;s, a
+lawyer, and the other that of a farmer&#8217;s who had suffered death at Tyburn,
+for taking a leading part in a great Cornish insurrection.</p>
+
+<p>John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, was tried, and executed on June 22nd,
+1535, nominally for high treason, but, as a matter of fact, because he
+would not be a party to the king&#8217;s actions. Shortly before his execution
+the Pope sent to him a Cardinal&#8217;s hat. Said the king when he heard of the
+honour to be conferred upon the aged prelate, who was then about
+seventy-seven<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> years old, &#8220;&#8217;Fore heaven, he shall wear it on his shoulders
+then, for by the time it arrives he shall not have a head to place it
+upon.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Fisher met his death with firmness. At five o&#8217;clock in the morning of his
+execution he was awakened and the time named to him. He turned over in bed
+saying: &#8220;Then I can have two hours more sleep, as I am not to die until
+nine.&#8221; Two hours later he arose, dressed himself in his best apparel,
+saying, this was his wedding day, when he was to be married to death, and
+it was befitting to appear in becoming attire. His head was severed from
+his body, and after the executioner had removed all the clothing, he left
+the corpse on the scaffold until night, when it was removed by the guard
+to All Hallows Churchyard, and interred in a grave dug with their
+halberds. It was not suffered to remain there, but was exhumed and buried
+in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower. The head was spiked on
+London Bridge. Hall and others record that the features became fresher and
+more comely every day, and were life-like. Crowds were attracted to the
+strange sight, which was regarded as a miracle. This annoyed the king not
+a little, and he gave orders for the head to be thrown into the river.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>A similar offence to that of Fisher&#8217;s brought to the block a month later
+the head of a still greater and wiser man, Sir Thomas More. He was far in
+advance of his times, and his teaching is bearing fruit in our day. His
+head was placed on London Bridge, until his devoted daughter, Margaret
+Roper, bribed a man to move it, and drop it into a boat in which she sat.
+She kept the sacred relic for many years, and at her death it was buried
+with her in a vault under St. Dunstan&#8217;s Church, Canterbury.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img23.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">AXE, BLOCK, AND EXECUTIONER&#8217;S MASK.<br />(<i>From the Tower of London.</i>)</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>We learn from the annals of London Bridge, that in the year 1577, &#8220;several
+heads were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> removed from the north end of the Drawbridge to the Southwark
+entrance, and hence called Traitors&#8217; Gate.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Heads of priests and others heightened the sickening sight of the bridge.
+We may here remark that Paul Hentzner in his &#8220;Travels in England,&#8221; written
+in 1598, says in speaking of London Bridge:&mdash;&#8220;Upon this is built a tower,
+on whose top the heads of such as have been executed for high treason are
+placed on iron spikes; we counted about thirty.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Hentzner&#8217;s curious and interesting work was reprinted at London in 1889.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Christopher Wren completed Temple Bar, March 1672-3, and in 1684 the
+first ghastly trophy was fixed upon it. Sir Thomas Armstrong was accused
+of being connected with the Rye House Plot, but made his escape to
+Holland, and was outlawed. He, however, within a year surrendered himself,
+demanding to be put on his trial. Jefferies in a most brutal manner
+refused the request, declaring that he had nothing to do but to award
+death. Armstrong sued for the benefit of the law, but without avail. The
+judge ordered his execution &#8220;according to law,&#8221; adding, &#8220;You shall have
+full benefit of the law.&#8221; On June 24th, 1683, Armstrong was executed,
+and his head set up on Westminster Hall; his quarters were divided between
+Aldgate, Aldersgate, and Temple Bar, and the fourth sent to Stafford, the
+borough he had formerly represented in Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+<div class="border">
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img24.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="caption">MARGARET ROPER TAKING LEAVE OF HER FATHER, SIR THOMAS MORE, 1535.</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>Sir John Friend and Sir William Perkins, on April 9th, 1696, suffered
+death at Tyburn for complicity in a conspiracy to assassinate William
+III., and on the next day their heads crowned Temple Bar. John Evelyn in
+his Diary wrote, &#8220;A dismal sight which many pitied.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1716, the head of Colonel Henry Oxburg was spiked above the Bar.
+He had taken part in the rising of Mar.</p>
+
+<p>The head of Councillor Layer was placed on the Bar in 1723, for plotting
+to murder King George. For more than thirty years Layer&#8217;s head looked
+sorrowfully down on busy Fleet Street. A stormy night at last sent it
+rolling into the Strand, and it is recorded it was picked up by an
+attorney, and taken into a neighbouring tavern, and according to Nicholls,
+it found a resting place under the floor. It is stated that Dr. Rawlinson
+&#8220;paid a large sum of money for a substitute foisted upon him as a genuine
+article.&#8221;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> He died without discovering that he had been imposed upon, and,
+according to his directions, the relic was placed in his right hand and
+buried with him.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebellion of &#8217;45 brought two more heads to Temple Bar. On July 30th,
+1746, Colonel Towneley and Captain Fletcher were beheaded on Kennington
+Common, and on the following day their heads were elevated on the Bar.
+Respecting their heads Walpole wrote on August 15th, 1746, &#8220;I have been
+this morning to the Tower, and passed under the new heads at Temple Bar,
+where people made a trade of letting spying-glasses at a halfpenny a
+look.&#8221; The fresh heads were made the theme of poetry and prose. One of the
+halfpenny loyal sightseers penned the following doggerel:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Three heads here I spy,<br />
+Which the glass did draw nigh,<br />
+The better to have a good sight;<br />
+Triangle they are placed,<br />
+And bald and barefaced;<br />
+Not one of them e&#8217;er was upright.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We reproduce a curious print published in 1746 representing &#8220;Temple Bar&#8221;
+with three heads raised on tall poles or iron rods. The devil looks
+down in triumph and waves the rebel banner, on which are three crowns and
+a coffin, with the motto, &#8216;A crown or a grave.&#8217; Underneath was written
+some wretched verses.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+<div class="border">
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img25.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;Observe the banner which would all enslave,<br />
+Which ruined traytors did so proudly wave,<br />
+The devil seems the project to despise;<br />
+A fiend confused from off the trophy flies.<br />
+<br />
+While trembling rebels at the fabrick gaze,<br />
+And dread their fate with horror and amaze,<br />
+Let Briton&#8217;s sons the emblematick view<br />
+And plainly see what to rebellion&#8217;s due.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="caption">COPY OF A PRINT PUBLISHED IN 1746.</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>It is recorded in the &#8220;Annual Register&#8221; that on &#8220;January 20th (between two
+and three a.m.), 1766, a man was taken up for discharging musket bullets
+from a steel cross-bow at the two remaining heads upon Temple Bar. On
+being examined he affected a disorder in his senses, and said his reason
+for doing so was his strong attachment to the present Government, and that
+he thought it was not sufficient that a traitor should merely suffer
+death; that this provoked his indignation, and that it had been his
+constant practice for three nights past to amuse himself in the same
+manner. And it is much to be feared,&#8221; says the recorder of the event,
+&#8220;that he is a near relation to one of the unhappy sufferers.&#8221; On being
+searched, about fifty musket bullets were found on the man, and these were
+wrapped up in a paper with a motto&mdash;&#8220;Eripuit ille vitam.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Johnson says that once being with Goldsmith in Westminster Abbey,
+&#8220;While we surveyed the Poets&#8217; Corner, I said to him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8216;Forsitan et nostrum nomen miscebitur illis.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>(Perhaps some day our names may mix with theirs). When we got to Temple
+Bar he stopped me, pointed to the heads upon it, and slyly whispered:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8216;Forsitan et nostrum ... miscebitur <i>Istis</i>.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>One of the heads was blown down on April 1st, 1772, and the other did not
+remain much longer. The head of Colonel Towneley is preserved in the
+chapel at Townely Hall, near Burnley. It is perforated, showing that it
+had been thrust upon a spike. During a visit on May 21st, 1892, to
+Towneley Hall by the members of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian
+Society, the skull was seen, and a note on the subject appears in the
+Transactions of the Society.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img26.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">TEMPLE BAR IN DR. JOHNSON&#8217;S TIME.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>The heads of not a few Scotchmen were spiked on the gates of Carlisle, and
+some romantic stories have come down to us respecting them. One of these
+we related in our &#8220;Bygone England,&#8221; and to make this account more complete
+we may perhaps be permitted to reproduce it. &#8220;A young and beautiful lady,&#8221;
+so runs the tale, &#8220;came every morning at sunrise, and every evening at
+sunset, to look at the head of a comely youth with long yellow hair,
+till at length the lady and the laddie&#8217;s head disappeared.&#8221; The incident
+is the subject of a song, in which the lovesick damsel bewails the fate of
+her lover. Here are two of the verses:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;White was the rose in my lover&#8217;s hat<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As he rowled me in his lowland plaidie;</span><br />
+His heart was true as death in love,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His head was aye in battle ready.</span><br />
+<br />
+His long, long hair, in yellow hanks,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wav&#8217;d o&#8217;er his cheeks sae sweet and ruddy;</span><br />
+But now it waves o&#8217;er Carlisle yetts<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In dripping ringlets, soil&#8217;d and bloody.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>Many persons in Hull supported the lost cause of Henry VI., but the
+governing authorities of the town gave their support to Edward IV., and
+those that were on the side of the fallen king met with little mercy at
+the hands of the local Aldermen. Mr. T. Tindall Wildridge, who has done so
+much to bring to light hidden facts in the history of Hull, tells us that
+the Aldermen in 1461 agreed that the head of Nicholas Bradshawe, for his
+violent language, be set at the Beverley Gate&mdash;the gate that was at a
+later period closed against Charles I., when he desired to enter Hull.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>A number of the inhabitants who would not renounce their allegiance to the
+House of Lancaster were ordered to leave the town on pain of death. &#8220;Among
+these outcasts,&#8221; says Mr. Wildridge, &#8220;was a women, who, coming back again,
+was subjected to the indignity of the thewes (tumbrel or hand-barrow, in
+which scolds were customarily wheeled round the town previous to being
+ducked); she was thus led out of the Beverley Gate.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>On the walls and gates of York have been spiked many heads, and with
+particulars of a few of the more important we will bring to a close our
+gleanings on this gruesome theme, though not one without value to the
+student of history.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Scrope, Archbishop of York, strongly opposed the accession of
+Henry IV., and warmly advocated the claims of the Earl of March. A
+conspiracy against the king cost him and others their lives. It is
+recorded that the king directed Chief Justice Gascoigne to condemn the
+Archbishop to death. As might be expected from an upright judge who cast
+into prison the king&#8217;s son for contempt of court, he firmly refused to be
+a party to a barbarous and unjust action. Another judge was quickly found
+ready to obey the king&#8217;s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> behest, and the requisite condemnation was
+obtained. Scrope was beheaded on June 8th, 1405, in a field between
+Bishopthorpe and York. Thomas Gent, the old historian of York, gives a
+sympathetic account of the execution: &#8220;The poor unfortunate Archbishop was
+put upon a horse, about the value of forty pence, with a halter about its
+neck, but without a saddle on its back. The Archbishop gave thanks to God,
+saying, &#8216;I never liked a horse better than I like this!&#8217; He twice sang the
+Psalm <i>Exaudi</i>, being habited in a sky-coloured loose garment, with
+sleeves of the same colour, but they would not permit him to wear the
+linen vesture used by bishops. At the fatal place of execution he laid his
+hood and tunic on the ground, offered himself and his cause to Heaven, and
+desired the executioner to give him five strokes, in token of the five
+wounds of our Saviour, which was done accordingly.&#8221; This is the first
+instance of an English prelate being executed by the civil power. Lord
+Mowbray, Earl Marshal of England, Sir William Plumpton and others who were
+mixed up in the conspiracy were beheaded. The heads of the Archbishop and
+that of Mowbray were spiked and put up on the city walls.</p>
+
+<p>On the last day in the year 1460 was fought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> the battle of Wakefield,
+which ended in a victory for the house of Lancaster. Richard, Duke of
+York, the aspirant to the throne, and many of his loyal supporters were
+slain, some so severely wounded as to die shortly afterwards, and others
+taken prisoners to be subsequently beheaded. The Duke&#8217;s head was cut from
+his body, encircled by a mock diadem of paper, and spiked above Micklegate
+Bar, York, with the face turned to the city:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;So York may overlook the town of York.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The head of the young Earl of Rutland, murdered by Lord Clifford, was also
+set up at York. The headless bodies of the unfortunate pair were quietly
+buried at Pontefract.</p>
+
+<p>The heads of the following Yorkists were also set up at York &#8220;for a
+spectacle to the people and also as a terror to adversaries:&#8221;&mdash;The Earl of
+Salisbury, Sir Edward Bouchier, Sir Richard Limbricke, Sir Thomas
+Harrington of London, Sir Thomas Neville, Sir William Parr, Sir Jacob
+Pykeryng, Sir Ralph Stanley, John Hanson, Mayor of Hull, and others.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 297px; height: 450px;"><img src="images/img27.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">MICKLEGATE BAR, YORK.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>The Lancastrians did not long enjoy their victory. Richard&#8217;s son, the Earl
+of March, succeeded to his father&#8217;s title and claimed the right to the
+English crown. On Palm Sunday, March 21st, 1461, the forces of the Red and
+the White Roses met at Towton-field. The battle raged during a blinding
+snowstorm, and the Yorkists gained a complete victory. Edward then
+proceeded to York and entered by Micklegate Bar. Here the saddening sight
+of the head of his father and other brave men who had fallen fighting for
+his cause were displayed, also that of his brother. He had them removed,
+and in their stead, to still keep up the ghastly show, were placed the
+heads of his foes at Towton, and amongst the number the Earl of
+Devonshire, Sir William Hill, the Earl of Kyme, and Sir Thomas Foulford.
+Shakespeare notices this act of retaliation in <i>Henry VI.</i> (Part III., Act
+II., Scene 6).</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 15%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td valign="top">&#8220;<i>Warwick</i>:</td>
+    <td>From off the gates of York fetch down the head,<br />
+    Your father&#8217;s head, which Clifford placed there:<br />
+    Instead thereof, let this supply the room;<br />
+    Measure for measure must be answered.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Edward had the heads of his father and his brother taken to Pontefract,
+placed with their bodies, and then with great pomp the remains were
+removed to the church at Fotheringay and there reinterred.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>An attempt was made in 1569 to dethrone Elizabeth, and place in her stead
+Mary Queen of Scots. The leaders of the revolt were the Earls of
+Northumberland and Westmoreland. It ended in failure, and was the last
+trial with arms to restore the Papal power in England. The leaders for a
+time made their escape, but the government, with a vengeance that has
+seldom been equalled, cruelly punished the masses. Men were hanged at
+every market-cross and village-green from Wetherby to Newcastle, the large
+part of the north from whence the rebels had come. The Earl of
+Northumberland managed to evade capture for nearly two years by hiding in
+a wretched cottage. He was betrayed and brought to York. On August 22nd,
+1572, he was beheaded, and he died, we are told, &#8220;Avowing the Pope&#8217;s
+supremacy, and denying subjection to the Queen, affirming the land to be
+in a schism, and her obedient subjects little better than heretics.&#8221; The
+Earl&#8217;s head was spiked above Micklegate Bar, where it remained for about a
+couple of years, and then it was stolen in the night by persons unknown.</p>
+
+<p>After the defeat of the Jacobites at Culloden on April 16th, 1746, the
+Duke of Cumberland on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> his route to London visited York, and left behind
+him a number of prisoners. On November 1st, ten of the rebels were hanged,
+drawn, and quartered, and a week later eleven more suffered a similar
+fate. The head of one of the unfortunate men, that of Captain Hamilton,
+was sent to Carlisle. The heads of Conolly and Mayne were spiked over
+Micklegate Bar, York, and eight years later were stolen. A reward was
+offered for the detection of the offenders. The following is a copy of the
+notice issued:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right">&#8220;York, Guildhall, Feb. 4, 1754.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Whereas on Monday night, or Tuesday morning last, the heads of two of
+the rebels, which were fixed upon poles on the top of Micklegate Bar,
+in this City, were wilfully and designedly taken down, and carried
+away: If any person or persons (except the person or persons who
+actually took down and carried away the same) will discover the person
+or persons who were guilty of so unlawful and audacious an action, or
+anywise hiding or assisting therein, he, she, or they shall, upon the
+conviction of the offenders, receive a reward of Ten Pounds from the
+Mayor and Commonality of the City of York.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;By order of the said Mayor and said Commonality, <span class="smcap">John Raper</span>, Common
+Clerk of the said City and County of the same.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>A tailor named William Arundel and an accomplice were found guilty of the
+crime. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> addition to being fined, Arundel was committed to prison for
+two years.</p>
+
+<p>This last act closes a long and painful chapter in our history. Many of
+our larger old English towns have their gruesome tales of Rebel Heads on
+their chief gates.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Burial at Cross Roads.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">It</span> was customary in the olden time when a person committed suicide to bury
+the body at the meeting of four cross roads. We are told by writers who
+have paid special attention to this subject, that this strange mode of
+burial was confined to the humbler members of society. A careful
+consideration of this matter, from particulars furnished by parish
+registers and from other old-time records and writings, confirms the
+statement. Shakespeare, in the grave scene in <i>Hamlet</i>, puts into the
+mouths of the clowns who are preparing the grave of Ophelia something to
+the same effect. Here are his words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 15%;" width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td style="white-space: nowrap" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Second Clown</span>:</td>
+    <td>But is this law?</td></tr>
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">First Clown</span>:</td>
+    <td>Ay, marry, is&#8217;t; crowner&#8217;s quest law.</td></tr>
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Second Clown</span>:</td>
+    <td>Will you ha&#8217; the truth on&#8217;t If this had not been a gentlewoman, she should have been buried out o&#8217; Christian burial.</td></tr>
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">First Clown</span>:</td>
+    <td>Why, there thou say&#8217;st; and the more pity that great folk should have countenance in this world to drown or hang themselves more than
+    their even Christian (that is, their equal fellow Christian).</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>Bearing somewhat on this subject, there is a striking passage in Hone&#8217;s
+&#8220;Every Day Book.&#8221; Mention is first made of a fatal duel in 1803. It
+appears two military officers quarrelled and fought at Primrose Hill,
+because their dogs had quarrelled in Hyde Park. Moralising on the fatal
+event, the writer concludes his reflections as follows:&mdash;&#8220;The humble
+suicide is buried with ignominy in a cross road, and the finger-post marks
+his grave for public scorn. The proud duellist reposes in a Christian
+grave beneath marble, proud and daring as himself.&#8221; The more humane of our
+countrymen condemned burial at cross roads, and a much needed reform was
+brought about. Before reproducing the Act of Parliament respecting the
+burial of suicides it will not be without interest to give details of a
+few burials in the highways.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Simpson in his interesting volume of Derby gleanings, states that on
+the 10th of July, 1618, &#8220;an old incorrigible rogue cut his own throat in
+the County Gaol, and was buried in Green Lane, Derby.&#8221; We have not any
+particulars of this &#8220;incorrigible rogue.&#8221; He would doubtless be interred
+at night, and a stake driven through his body.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>The parish register of West Hallam, in the same county, supplies another
+instance of burial at four lane ends. The entry reads thus;&mdash;&#8220;1698,
+Katharine, the wife of Tho. Smith, als Cutler, was found <i>felo de se</i> by
+ye Coroner&#8217;s inquest, and interred in ye cross ways near ye wind mill on
+ye same day.&#8221; The local historian is silent respecting this case of
+suicide, and all that is now known of the poor woman&#8217;s sad end is
+contained in the parish register.</p>
+
+<p>It is recorded in a Norwich newspaper, of 1728, that the body of a
+hat-presser, after a verdict of <i>felo de se</i>, was accordingly buried in
+the highway.</p>
+
+<p>Not far from Boston is a thorn tree known as the &#8220;Hawthorn tree,&#8221; which is
+represented in a pretty picture in Pishey Thompson&#8217;s well-known &#8220;History
+and Antiquities of Boston&#8221; (1856). It is in the parish of Fishtoft, and at
+the intersections of the Tower Lane and the road to Fishtoft Church by the
+low road to Freiston. &#8220;This tree,&#8221; says Thompson, &#8220;is traditionally stated
+to have been originally a stake driven into the grave of a (female)
+suicide, who was buried at cross roads.&#8221; The story is generally believed
+in the Boston district, although Mr. William Stevenson in a learned paper
+in &#8220;Bygone Lincolnshire,&#8221; vol. II.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> p. 212, states as far as concerns the
+hawthorn growing from a stake driven into the ground the tradition has no
+foundation in fact.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John Higson took interest in Lancashire lore, and from his gleanings
+we draw the following particulars of the suicide and burial of James Hill,
+a Droylsden innkeeper. He tells us that the poor fellow was inflamed with
+jealousy, suddenly disappeared, and about a fortnight afterwards was found
+hung or strangled in a tree in Newton Wood, near Hyde. A coroner&#8217;s inquest
+pronounced it an act of suicide, and in accordance with the verdict, the
+corpse was interred on the 21st May, 1774, at the three-lane-ends, near
+the brook, close by the present Commercial Inn, Newton Moor. Much sympathy
+was exhibited towards Hill in Droylsden, and a band of resolute fellows,
+about three o&#8217;clock on the morning of the 5th June, disinterred his
+remains, and re-buried them in Ashton churchyard. A woman who casually met
+them spread the information, and they were glad to convey back the body on
+the 18th of the same month, when the final interment took place at Newton
+Moor. A number of Droylsdenians joined to defray the expense of a
+gravestone, on which the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> following epitaph was written by Joseph Willan,
+of Openshaw, and was neatly engraved:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 15%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="center">Here is Deposited the Body of the unfortunate<br />
+JAMES HILL,<br />
+Late of Droylsden, who ended his Life May 6th, 1774,<br />
+In the forty-second year of his age.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Unhappy Hill, with anxious Cares oppress&#8217;d,<br />
+Rashly presumed to find Death his Rest.<br />
+With this vague Hope in Lonesome Wood did he<br />
+Strangle himself, as Jury did agree;<br />
+For which Christian burial he&#8217;s denied,<br />
+And is consign&#8217;d to Lie at this wayside.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Reader!</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Reflect what may be the consequences of a crime, which<br />
+excludes the possibility of repentance.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In old parish registers we have found records of burials at cross roads,
+and Lancashire history furnishes several examples.</p>
+
+<p>It is stated in &#8220;Legends and Superstitions of the County of Durham,&#8221; by
+William Brockie, published in 1886, that in the Mile End Road, South
+Shields, at the corner of the left-hand side going northward, just
+adjoining Fairless&#8217;s old ballast way, lies the body of a suicide, with a
+stake driven through it. It is, I believe, a poor baker, who put an end to
+his existence seventy or eighty years ago, and who was buried in this
+frightful manner, at midnight, in unconsecrated ground.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> The top of the
+stake used to rise a foot or two above the ground within the last thirty
+years, and boys used to amuse themselves by standing with one foot upon
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable consternation was caused in London towards the close of 1811
+on account of certain murders. The foul deeds were committed by an
+Irishman called John Williams. He was arrested, and during his confinement
+in Coldbathfields committed suicide. His remains were buried in Cannon
+Street, and a stake was driven through the body.</p>
+
+<p>Many curious items dealing with this custom may be found in the columns of
+old newspapers. The following particulars, for example, are drawn from the
+<i>Morning Post</i>, of 27th April, 1810:&mdash;&#8220;The officers appointed to execute
+the ceremony of driving the stake through the dead body of James Cowling,
+a deserter from the London Militia, who deprived himself of existence by
+cutting his throat at a public-house in Gilbert Street, Clare Market, in
+consequence of which a verdict of self-murder, very properly delayed the
+business until twelve o&#8217;clock on Wednesday night, when the deceased was
+buried in the cross roads at the end of Blackmoor Street, Clare Market.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>The most painful case which has come under our notice occurred at
+Newcastle-on-Tyne. Martha Wilson, the widow of a seaman, was last seen
+alive by her neighbours on Sunday, the 13th April, 1817, and on the
+following Tuesday she was found dead, suspended from a cord tied to a nail
+in her room at the Trinity House. She was subject to fits of melancholy,
+and had threatened to destroy herself. On the Wednesday following an
+inquest was held, and the jury returned a verdict of <i>felo de se</i>. Her
+mortal remains were buried in the public highway at night, and the strange
+sight was watched by a large gathering of the public. After a stake had
+been driven through the body of the poor widow the grave was closed.</p>
+
+<p>The last interment at cross roads in London of which we have been able to
+discover any account occurred in June, 1823, when a man named Griffiths,
+who had committed suicide, was buried at the junction of Eaton Street and
+Grosvenor Place and the King&#8217;s Road. The burial took place about half-past
+one in the morning, and the old practice of driving a stake through the
+body in this case was not performed.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the few particulars we have given will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> be sufficient to fully
+illustrate the old-time custom of the burial of suicides at cross roads.
+At last the impropriety of the proceedings was forced upon Parliament, and
+on the 8th July, 1823, the Royal Assent was given to an Act &#8220;to alter and
+amend the law relating to the interment of the remains of any person found
+<i>felo de se</i>.&#8221; The statute is brief, consisting of only two clauses,
+viz.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. That after the passing of this Act, it shall not be lawful for any
+coroner, or any other person having authority to hold inquests, to
+issue any warrant or other process directing the interment of the
+remains of persons against whom a finding of <i>felo de se</i> shall be
+had, in any public highway, but that such coroner or other officer
+shall give directions for the private interment of the remains of such
+person <i>felo de se</i>, without any stake being driven through the body
+of such person, in the churchyard, or other burial ground of the
+parish or place in which the remains of such person might by the laws
+or custom of England be interred, if the verdict of <i>felo de se</i> had
+not been found against such person; such interment to be made within
+twenty-four hours of the finding of the inquisition, and to take place
+between the hours of nine and twelve at night.</p>
+
+<p>2. Provided, nevertheless, that nothing herein contained shall
+authorise the performing of any of the rites of Christian burial, or
+the interment of the remains of any such person as aforesaid; nor
+shall anything hereinbefore contained be taken to alter the laws or
+usages relating to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>the burial of such persons, except so far as
+relates to the interment of such remains in such churchyard or burial
+ground, at such time and in such a manner as aforesaid.</p></div>
+
+<p>Another change was brought about in 1882 respecting the burial of
+suicides. We gather from &#8220;The Chronicles of Twyford,&#8221; by F. J. Snell,
+<span class="smcaplc">M.A.</span>, that in the closing days of 1881 a factory operative, of
+irreproachable character, with his own hand took his life. The jury
+returned a verdict of <i>felo de se</i>, adding a rider to the effect that it
+was committed whilst the deceased was under great mental depression. &#8220;It
+was necessary,&#8221; says Mr. Snell, &#8220;in order to comply with the requirements
+of the law, that the interment should take place between the hours of 9
+p.m. and midnight, and also within twenty-four hours of the issuing of the
+coroner&#8217;s warrant. In this case it was issued about eight o&#8217;clock in the
+evening. The Superintendent of the Police was obliged to arrange for the
+funeral the same night. Some delay was caused through the absence of the
+cemetery keeper from home, but about 10 p.m. two excavators commenced
+digging the grave in a remote corner of the cemetery, and the interment
+took place a few minutes before midnight.&#8221; After the burial, the pastor of
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> church with which the poor man was associated offered an extempore
+prayer. It is recorded that a large number of spectators watched with deep
+interest the proceedings, and that extreme indignation was felt throughout
+the town. In the following year, the two members for Tiverton introduced a
+bill into the House of Commons &#8220;to amend the law relating to the interment
+of any person found <i>felo de se</i>.&#8221; The effect of the measure was to repeal
+the enactments requiring hurried burial without religious rites, and to
+sanction the interment &#8220;in any of the ways prescribed or authorised by the
+Burial Laws Amendment Act of 1880.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Detaining the Dead for Debt.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">On</span> the Continent, in Prussia for example, it was formerly the practice to
+detain the dead for debt. A belief long prevailed that such proceedings
+were legal in England, and in not a few cases, acting upon this
+supposition, corpses have been arrested, and in more instances precautions
+have been taken to avoid such painful events.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest record we have found on this theme occurs in the parish
+register of Sparsholt, Berkshire. &#8220;The corpse of John Matthews, of
+Fawler,&#8221; it is stated, &#8220;was stopt on the churchway for debt, August 27,
+1689. And having laine there fower days, was, by Justices&#8217; warrant,
+buryied in the place to prevent annoyances&mdash;but about sixe weeks after, by
+an Order of Sessions, taken up and buried in the churchyard by the wife of
+the deceased.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the churchyard of North Wingfield, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>Derbyshire, a gravestone bears the
+following inscription:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 15%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="center">In Memory of<br />
+THOMAS,<br />
+Son of <span class="smcap">John</span> and <span class="smcap">Mary Clay</span>,<br />
+Who departed this life December 16th, 1724,<br />
+In the 40th year of his age.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>What though no mournful kindred stand<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Around the solemn bier,</span><br />
+No parents wring the trembling hand,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Or drop the silent tear.</span><br />
+<br />
+No costly oak adorned with art<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My weary limbs enclose,</span><br />
+No friends impart a winding sheet<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To deck my last repose.</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The circumstances which led to the foregoing epitaph are thus narrated.
+Thomas Clay was a man of intemperate habits, and at the time of his death
+was indebted to Adlington, the village inn-keeper, to the amount of twenty
+pounds. The publican resolved to seize the body; but the parents of the
+deceased carefully kept the door locked until the day appointed for the
+funeral. As soon as the door was opened, Adlington rushed into the house
+and seized the corpse, and placed it on a form in the open street. Clay&#8217;s
+friends refused to pay the publican&#8217;s account, and after the body had been
+exposed for several days, the inn-keeper buried it in a bacon chest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>This subject has received attention in the pages of <i>Notes and Queries</i>,
+and in the issue of May 2nd, 1896, the following appeared:&mdash;&#8220;At
+Brandeston, Suffolk,&#8221; said a contributor, &#8220;there is a well-authenticated
+story of the body of the &#8216;old squire,&#8217; Mr. John Revett or Rivett, who died
+in 1809, being removed secretly at night, by some of the servants and
+tenantry, from the library at Brandeston Hall, where it lay, to the church
+of Brandeston, which is in the park close by the Hall. Mr. Revett, like
+many of the family, had been very extravagant, keeping his own pack of
+hounds, etc.; and what with elections and unlimited hospitality, had got
+heavily into debt, and had involved the old family estate so, that
+Brandeston and Cretingham, which had been in the Revett family from 1480,
+got into Chancery after his death, and passed out of the family in 1830,
+or thereabouts. The belief of the people, with whom the old squire was
+very popular, was that if the body was not removed to the sanctuary it
+would be seized for debt; hence their action.&#8221; A son of one of the old
+servants, whose father assisted in carrying the body to the church,
+related the story in 1895 to the correspondent of <i>Notes and Queries</i>. It
+is well known in the village.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>The most painful case of arresting a dead body which has come under our
+notice, is that of John Elliott, in 1811. The particulars are given in the
+&#8220;Annual Register,&#8221; and also in the <i>Gentleman&#8217;s Magazine</i> for that year,
+but not so fully nor correctly as in a newspaper report of that period,
+which is reproduced in the pages of <i>Notes and Queries</i> for March 28th,
+1896. The facts of the case are as follow:&mdash;John Elliott, at the time of
+his death, on October 3rd, 1811, was indebted to Baker, a bricklayer, and
+Heasman, a carpenter, a small sum for work done. These two men, with two
+sheriffs&#8217; officers, on Monday, October 7th, proceeded to the house where
+Elliott lay dead, and were there met by the son of the deceased. He stated
+that his father was dead. The officers informed him that they had a
+warrant to arrest the deceased, and asked where the body lay. The son
+pointed out the room, saying the door was locked, and his mother had gone
+out and taken the key, but was expected every minute. After waiting a few
+minutes, one of the men violently kicked the door, broke it open, and
+entered the room where the body lay in a coffin. The body was identified,
+and possession taken of it. The interment was fixed by the family for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
+following Wednesday, and at four o&#8217;clock on that day, the undertaker and
+his man arrived for the purpose of removing the body to Shoreditch Church
+for burial, but Baker and Heasman and the sheriffs&#8217; men entered the house
+with a shell, and took it into the room where the corpse lay. After asking
+the son to pay the debt and prevent his father&#8217;s body being taken away,
+and he replying that he was unable to discharge it, Baker and Heasman
+literally crammed the naked body into the shell, and put it into a cart
+before the house, where it remained over half-an-hour, attracting to the
+place a large number of people who behaved in a riotous manner. The body
+was then removed to Heasman&#8217;s house, and placed in a cellar until October
+11th, when it was conveyed by him and others to Bethnal Green, and left in
+a burial vault.</p>
+
+<p>Such are the details briefly stated that were given to the judge who tried
+the men who committed this outrageous public indecency. The jury, after
+retiring for a few minutes, returned, and awarded damages &pound;200.</p>
+
+<p>We have given at some length the foregoing case, to illustrate the lawless
+condition of the country at the commencement of this century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> We may
+congratulate ourselves on living in happier times.</p>
+
+<p>It was currently reported at the death of Sheridan, in 1816, that an
+attempt would be made to detain his body for debt, but at his funeral no
+such action occurred.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John Cameron, in his work issued in 1892, under the title of &#8220;The
+Parish of Campsie,&#8221; states that in 1824 died the Rev. James Lapslie, vicar
+of the parish, who was, at the time of his death, in debt, and the
+proceedings of a creditor are thus related:&mdash;&#8220;On the day of the funeral,&#8221;
+says Mr. Cameron, &#8220;the body was arrested at the mouth of the open grave,
+and further procedure barred by some legal process, until the arresting
+creditor had satisfaction given him for the payment of the debt owing by
+the deceased. Sir Samuel Stirling, sixth baronet, became security to the
+arresting creditor, and the body was then consigned to the grave.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Much reliable information on old-time subjects has been carefully
+chronicled by Mr. I. W. Dickinson, <span class="smcaplc">B.A.</span>, the author of &#8220;Yorkshire Life and
+Character.&#8221; He tells us that in the earlier years of the present century
+it was generally believed that a corpse could be detained for debt, and it
+was, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> several instances in the West Riding, successfully carried out,
+the friends subscribing on the spot in order to be enabled to pay their
+last respects to the dead. Mr. Dickinson also tells me of another West
+Riding belief, that a doctor, summoned to a sick bed, could legally take
+the nearest way, even through corn fields and private grounds, or whatever
+else intervened, without rendering himself liable for damages.</p>
+
+<p>We gather from <i>Notes and Queries</i> of March 28th, 1896, that the fact was
+established in 1841, that the body of a debtor, dying in custody, cannot
+be detained in prison after death. It appears that Scott, gaoler of
+Halifax, acting for Mr. Lane Fox, the Lord of the Manor, detained the body
+of one of the debtors who died in prison. It was subsequently buried in
+the gaol in unconsecrated ground, on the refusal of the debtor&#8217;s executors
+to pay the claims that were demanded of them. Action was taken against the
+gaoler, and at a trial at York Assizes he was convicted of breaking the
+laws of his country.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+<h2>A Nobleman&#8217;s Household in Tudor Times</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> Earls of Northumberland, members of the Percy family, for a long
+period were a power in the north of England. Their pedigree has been
+traced back to Mainfred, a Danish chieftain who rendered great service to
+Rollo in the Conquest of Normandy. William de Perci, of Perci, near
+Villedieu, landed on the English shore with Duke William, and for valour
+at the battle of Hastings he was rewarded with extensive grants of land in
+Yorkshire.</p>
+
+<p>In their northern strongholds this noble family lived in stately style,
+and frequently figured on the battle-field, and took their share in events
+which make up the history of the country. The story of their lives, with
+its lights and shades, reads like a romance; but it is outside the purpose
+of our paper to linger over its romantic episodes. It may be stated that
+the fourth Earl was Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire, and by direction of King
+Henry VII., he had to make<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> known to the inhabitants of his county the
+reasons for a most objectionable tax for the purpose of engaging in a war
+with Bretagne. This gave rise to a bitter feeling against him, the people
+erroneously believing that the tax was levied at his instigation. In 1489,
+a mob broke into his house at Cockledge, near Thirsk, murdering him and
+several of his servants. The Earl had been a generous man, and was much
+beloved, and his untimely death was deeply deplored. He was buried in
+Beverley Minster, and 14,000 people attended his funeral, which was
+conducted in a magnificent manner, at a cost of &pound;1,037 6s. 8d., equalling
+some &pound;10,000 in our current coin. Skelton, the poet laureate, in an elegy,
+lamented his &#8220;dolourous death.&#8221; The lines commence:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;I wayle, I wepe, I sobbe, I sigh ful sore<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The dedely fate, the dolefulle destenny</span><br />
+Of him that is gone, alas! without restore<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of the blode royall, descending nobelly,</span><br />
+Whose Lordshipe doutles was slayne lamentably.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>His son, the fifth Earl, who was born at Leconfield Castle in the year
+1457, was a man of &aelig;sthetic tastes, and a patron of learning. He is
+described as being &#8220;vain and excessively fond of pomp and display.&#8221; When
+the Princess<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> Margaret journeyed to Scotland to marry the King, the Earl
+escorted her through Yorkshire. According to an old account, he was &#8220;well
+horst, upon a fayre courser, with a cloth to the ground of cramsyn
+velvett, all borded of orfavery, his armes very riche in many places uppon
+his saddle and harnys, and his sterrops gilt. With him was many noble
+Knights, all arrayed in his sayd Livery of Velvett with some goldsmith&#8217;s
+work, great chaynes, and war wel mounted; a Herault, bearing his cotte and
+other gentylmen in such wayes array&#8217;d of his said Livery, sum in Velvett,
+others in Damask, Chamlett, etc., well mounted to the number of 300
+Horsys.&#8221; The Princess made her public entry into Edinburgh riding on a
+pillion behind the King.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl had three castles, and lived at them alternately, and, as he had
+only sufficient furniture for one, it was removed from one house to the
+other when he changed residences. Seventeen carts and one waggon were
+employed to convey it.</p>
+
+<p>This Percy&#8217;s taste for poetry prompted him to have painted on the walls
+and ceilings of his castles moral lessons in verse. The following may be
+quoted as a specimen:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
+&#8220;Punyshe moderatly, and discretly correct,<br />
+As well to mercy, as to justice havynge a respect;<br />
+So shall ye have meryte for the punyshment,<br />
+And cause the offender to be sory and penitent.<br />
+<br />
+If ye be movede with anger or hastynes,<br />
+Pause in youre mynde and your yre repress:<br />
+Defer vengeance unto your anger asswagede be;<br />
+So shall ye mynyster justice, and do dewe equyte.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We have another proof of his love of poetry preserved in the British
+Museum, in the form of a beautiful manuscript engrossed on vellum, richly
+emblazoned, and superbly illuminated. It includes specimens of the best
+poetry then produced, and a metrical account of the Percy family, by one
+of the Earl&#8217;s chaplains, named Peares. This interesting work was prepared
+under his directions.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1512, he commenced the compilation of what we now call the
+&#8220;Northumberland Household Book,&#8221; and it contains regulations and other
+details respecting his castles at Wressel and Leckonfield. From this
+curious work we obtain an interesting picture of the home life of a
+nobleman in Tudor times. We find that the Earl lived in state and
+splendour little inferior to that of the King. The household was
+conducted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> on the same plan as that of the reigning monarch, and the
+warrants were made out in the same form and style. &#8220;As the King had his
+Privy Council and great council of Parliament to assist him in enacting
+statutes and regulations for the public weal,&#8221; says a writer who has made
+a study of this subject, &#8220;so the Earl of Northumberland had his council,
+composed of his principal officers, by whose advice and assistance he
+established this code of economic laws; as the King had his lords and
+grooms of the bed-chamber, who waited in their respective turns, so the
+Earl of Northumberland was attended by the constables and bailiffs of his
+several castles, who entered into waiting in regular succession.&#8221; We
+further find that all the leading officers of his household were men of
+gentle birth, and consisted of &#8220;controller, clerk of the kitchen,
+chamberlain, treasurer, secretary, clerk of the signet, survisor, heralds,
+ushers, almoner, a schoolmaster for teaching grammar, minstrels, eleven
+priests, presided over by a doctor of divinity or dean of the chapel, and
+a band of choristers, composed of eleven singing men and six singing
+boys.&#8221; The head officials sat at a table called the Knight&#8217;s Board. Every
+day were expected to sit down to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> dinner 166 officers and domestic
+servants and fifty-seven visitors. The amount annually spent in
+house-keeping was &pound;1,118 17s. 8d., representing in our money about
+&pound;10,000.</p>
+
+<p>The number of daily meals was four, and consisted of breakfast taken at
+seven, dinner at ten, supper at four o&#8217;clock, and livery served in the
+bedroom between eight and nine, before retiring to rest. The lord sat at
+the head of the table in state. The oaken table, long and clumsy, stood in
+the great hall, and the guests were ranged according to their station on
+long, hard, and comfortless benches. The massive family silver salt cellar
+was placed in the middle of the table, and persons of rank sat above it,
+and those of an inferior position below it. There was a great display of
+pewter dishes and wooden cups, and plenty of food and liquor was on the
+table. But elegance did not prevail: forks had not been introduced, and
+fingers were used to convey food to the mouth.</p>
+
+<p>The allowances at the meals were most liberal. One perceives there was
+much wine and beer consumed in those days. Take, for example, that at
+breakfast. On flesh days it included &#8220;for my lord and lady a loaf of bread
+on trenchers, two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> manchets (loaves of fine meal), a quart of wine, half a
+chine of mutton, or a chine of beef boiled.&#8221; The fare of the two elder
+children, &#8220;my Lord Percy, and Mr. Thomas Percy,&#8221; consisted of &#8220;half a loaf
+of household bread, a manchet, one pottle of beer (two quarts!), a
+chicken, or else three mutton bones boiled.&#8221; It will be noticed that wine
+was not served to the two young noblemen. The fare of the two little
+children is thus described: &#8220;Breakfasts for the nurcery, for my lady
+Margaret and Mr. Yngram Percy, a manchet, one quart of beer, three mutton
+bones boiled.&#8221; My ladies&#8217; gentlewomen were served with &#8220;a pottle of beer,
+three mutton bones boiled, or else a piece of beef boiled.&#8221; The breakfast
+on fish days was as follows:&mdash;&#8220;For my lord and my lady, a loaf of bread on
+trenchers, two manchets, a quart of beer, a quart of wine, two pieces of
+salt-fish, six baked herrings, or a dish of sprats; for the two elder
+sons, half a loaf of household bread, a manchet, a pottle of beer, a dish
+of butter, a piece of salt-fish, a dish of sprats, or three white (fresh)
+herrings; for the two children in the nursery, a manchet, a quart of beer,
+a dish of butter, a piece of salt-fish, a dish of sprats, or three white
+herrings; and for my lady&#8217;s gentlewomen, a loaf<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> of bread, a pottle of
+beer, a piece of salt-fish, or three white herrings.&#8221; It will be observed
+that the family dined two to a plate or mess, this being the usual
+practice in the Middle Ages. The other meals were quite, if not more
+substantial than that of breakfast. The liveries, as we have previously
+stated, were consumed in the bed-chamber just before retiring to rest, and
+the Earl and Countess had placed on their table, &#8220;two manchets, a loaf of
+household bread, a gallon of beer, and a quart of wine.&#8221; The wine was
+warmed and mixed with spices. After reading the preceding bills of fare,
+we are not surprised to learn that at this period the English people were
+regarded as the greatest eaters in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>In the &#8220;Northumberland Household Book&#8221; is a long and interesting list of
+articles and their prices, which were expected to last a year. It will not
+be without interest to reproduce a few of the more important items, as
+follow:&mdash;Wheat 236&#189; quarters at 6s. 8d. The market price today is very
+different. Malt, as might be expected from the quantity of beer brewed, is
+a rather large total, being 249 quarters, I bushel, and the price 4s. per
+quarter; hops, 656 lbs., at 13s. 4d. per 120 lbs.; fat oxen, 109, at 13s.
+4d. each;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> lean oxen, 24, at 8s. each; to be fed in his lordship&#8217;s
+pastures; sheep, 787, fat and lean, at 1s. 8d. each, one with another;
+porks (pigs), 25, at 2s. each; calves, 28, at 1s. 8d. each; lambs, 60, of
+which 10, at 1s. each, to serve from Christmas to Shrovetide, and 50, at
+10d. each, to serve from Easter to Midsummer. The list of fish is large,
+and includes 160 stock-fish at 2&#189;d. each for the Lent season;
+salt-fish, 1,122, at 4d. each; white herrings, 9 barrels, at 10s. the
+barrel; red herrings, 10 cades (each cade containing 500), at 6s. 8d. the
+cade; sprats, 5 cades (each cade containing 1,000), at 2s. the cade; salt
+salmon, 200, at 6d. each; salt sturgeon, 3 firkins, at 10s. each firkin;
+salt eels, 5 cags, at 4s. each. Thirty-six gallons of oil, at 11&#189;d. per
+gallon, were provided for frying the fish. Salt is entered twice&mdash;bay
+salt, 10 quarters, at 4s. the quarter; and white salt, 6&#189; quarters, at
+4s. the quarter; vinegar, 40 gallons, at 4d. the gallon. The quantity of
+mustard, ready-made, is large, being 180 gallons, at 2&#188;d. per gallon.
+In old Christmas carols there are frequent allusions to mustard. During
+the Commonwealth, it was threatened to stop Christmastide festivals by Act
+of Parliament, and this caused the tallow-chandlers to loudly complain,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+for they could not sell their mustard on account of the diminished
+consumption of brawn. In the familiar old carol, sung annually at Queen&#8217;s
+College, Oxford, is a line:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The boar&#8217;s head with mustard.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In a carol sung before Prince Henry, at St. John&#8217;s College, Oxford, in
+1607, is a couplet:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Let this boar&#8217;s head and mustard<br />
+Stand for pig, goose, and custard.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Under the heading of spices are enumerated:&mdash;Pepper, 50 lbs., raisons of
+currants, 200 lbs., prunes, 151&#189; lbs., ginger, 21&#189; lbs., mace, 6
+lbs., cloves, 3&#189; lbs., sugar, 200&#188; lbs., cinnamon, 17 lbs., 3&#189;
+quarters almonds, 152 lbs., dates, 30 lbs., nutmegs, 1&#188; lbs., grains of
+Paradise, 7 lbs., turnfole, 10&#189; lbs., saunders, 10 lbs., powder of
+annes, 3&#188; lbs., rice, 19 lbs., comfits, 19&#189; lbs., galagals, &#189; lb.,
+long pepper, &#189; lb., blanch powder, 2 lbs. The amount of the foregoing is
+&pound;25 19s. 7d. The list of wine embraces&mdash;Gascony wine, 10 tuns, 2
+hogsheads, at &pound;4 14s. 4d. per tun, viz., red, 3 tuns, claret, 5 tuns, and
+white, 2 tuns, 2 hogsheads. There was also provided 90 gallons of
+verjuice, at 3d. per gallon; this was a sour juice of unripe grapes,
+apples, or crabs. A barrel and a half of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> honey was provided at a cost of
+33s. The foregoing are the chief items of food and drink for the annual
+consumption in a Tudor household.</p>
+
+<p>The fuel consisted of sea coal, 80 chaldrons, charcoal, 20 quarters, and
+4,140 faggots for brewing and baking. Sixty-four loads of wood had also to
+be provided, for the coal could not be burnt without it. The coal must
+have been poor.</p>
+
+<p>The expenses provide for the players at Christmas, and they appear to have
+acted 20 plays at 1s. 8d. per play. We find a bearward attended at
+Christmas for making sport with his beasts, and in the &#8220;Household Book&#8221; he
+is referred to amongst those receiving payments as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Furst, my Lorde usith and accustomyth to gyff yerely the Kynge or the
+Queene&#8217;s <i>barwarde</i>, if they have one, when they custome to come unto
+him, yerely&mdash;vj<i>s.</i> viij<i>d.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Item, my Lorde usith and accustomyth to gyfe yerly, when his
+Lordshipe is at home, to his <i>barward</i>, when he comyth to my Lorde in
+Christmas with his Lordshippe&#8217;s beests, for makynge of his Lordship
+pastyme, the said xi days&mdash;xx<i>s.</i>&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>At this period, bear-baiting was a popular amusement. Sunday was a great
+day for the pastime. It was on the last Sunday of April, 1520, that part
+of the chancel of St. Mary&#8217;s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> Church, Beverley, fell, killing a number of
+people. According to a popular tradition, a bear was being baited, and
+mass was being sung at the same time, but at the latter only fifty-five
+attended and all were killed, whereas at the former about a thousand were
+present. Hence the origin of the Yorkshire saying, &#8220;It is better to be at
+the baiting of a bear than the singing of a mass.&#8221; An expert horseman was
+also employed in connection with the household. He had not to be afraid of
+a fence, and it was his duty to attend my Lord when hunting.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Bread and Baking in Bygone Days.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> earliest form of bread consisted of grain soaked in water, then
+pressed, and afterwards dried by means of the sun or fire. Another early
+kind of bread took the form of porridge or pudding, consisting of flour
+mixed with water and boiled. Next came the method of kneading dough, and
+the result was tough and unleavened bread.</p>
+
+<p>In Saxon times women made bread, and the modern title &#8220;lady&#8221; is softened
+from the Saxon <i>hlaf-dige</i>, meaning the distributor of bread. We learn
+from contemporary pictures that Anglo-Saxon bread consisted of round
+cakes, not unlike the Roman loaves of which we get representations in the
+pictures at Pompeii, and not unlike our Good-Friday cross-buns, which we
+are told come down to us from our Saxon forefathers.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with monasteries were bake-houses, and the work here would
+be done by the conversi or lay brothers. The holy bread in the mass was
+baked in the convents and churches<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> by the priests or monks with much
+ceremony. Ovens were sometimes connected with old churches.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the monks in Saxon times do not appear to have fared well. We find
+it recorded that in the eighth century those at the Abbey of St. Edmund
+had to partake of barley bread because the income of the house was not
+sufficent to provide wheaten-bread twice or thrice daily.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the close of the thirteenth century the chief bakers who supplied
+London with bread lived at Stratford-le-Bow, Essex, doubtless on account
+of being near Epping Forest, where they could obtain cheap firewood. At a
+later period some were located at Bromley-by-Bow. The bread was brought to
+London in carts, and exposed for sale in Bread Street. The bakers attended
+daily excepting on Sundays and great festivals. It was no uncommon
+circumstance to seize the bread on its way to town for being of light
+weight, or made of unsound materials. It was not until the year 1302 that
+London bakers were permitted to sell bread in shops.</p>
+
+<p>A Royal Charter was granted in 1307 to the London Bakers&#8217; Company. The
+charter, we are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> told, &#8220;empowered the company to correct offences
+concerning the trade, to make laws and ordinances, to levy fines and
+penalties for non-observance thereof; and within the city and suburbs, and
+twelve miles round, to view, search, prove, and weigh all bread sold; and
+in case of finding it unwholesome, or not of due assize, to distribute it
+to the poor of the parish where it was found, and to impose fines, and
+levy the same by distress and sale of offenders&#8217; goods.&#8221; When reform
+became the order of the day the power of the Bakers&#8217; Company passed away.</p>
+
+<p>There are various old-time statutes of the assize of bread in London. The
+earliest dates back to the days of Henry II. Another belongs to the reign
+of Henry III.; it regulated the price of bread according to the value of
+corn. A baker breaking the law was fined, and if his offence was serious
+he was placed in the pillory. These statutes were extended under Edward
+VI., Charles II., and Queen Anne.</p>
+
+<p>In 1266 bakers were commanded not to impress their bread with the sign of
+the cross, <i>Agnus Dei</i>, or the name of Jesus Christ.</p>
+
+<p>The lot of the baker in bygone times was a very hard one. He could not
+sell where he liked,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> and the price of his bread was regulated by those in
+authority. Pike, in his &#8220;History of Crime in England,&#8221; says, &#8220;Turn where
+he might, the traveller in London in 1348 could hardly fail to light upon
+some group, which would tell him the character of the people he had to
+see. Here, perhaps, a baker with a loaf hung round his neck, was being
+jeered, and pelted in the pillory, because he had given short weight, or
+because, when men had asked him for bread, he had given them not a stone,
+but a lump of iron enclosed by a crust.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At this period women were largely employed in the bakehouse. Women in
+medi&aelig;val times performed much of the rougher kind of labour. Mr. Pike
+tells a tragic tale to illustrate the heartless character of bakehouse
+women in bygone times:&mdash;&#8220;At Middleton, in Derbyshire, there lived a man
+whose wife bore a name well known to readers of medi&aelig;val romances, Isolda
+or Isoult. As he lay one night asleep in his bed, this female Othello took
+him by the neck and strangled him. As soon as he was dead, she carried the
+body to an oven which adjourned their chamber, and piled up a fire to
+destroy the traces of her guilt. But, though she had so far shown the
+energy and power of a man, her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> courage seems to have failed her at the
+last moment. She took to flight, and her crime was discovered.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the olden time, it was the practice of females to deliver bread from
+house to house in London. The bakers gave them thirteen articles for
+twelve, and the odd article appears to have been the legitimate profit
+which they were entitled to receive in return for their work. From this
+old custom we obtain the baker&#8217;s dozen of thirteen. Bakers were not
+permitted to give credit to women retailers if they were known to be in
+debt to others. It was also against the law to receive back unsold bread
+if cold. The latter regulation would make the saleswomen energetic in
+their labours.</p>
+
+<p>In many places the ducking-stool was employed to punish offending bakers.
+The old records of Beverley contain references to this subject. &#8220;During
+the Middle Ages,&#8221; it is stated on good authority, &#8220;scarcely any spectacle
+was so pleasing to the people of Central Europe as that of the public
+punishment of the cheating baker. The penalties inflicted on swindling
+bakers included confiscation of property, deprivation of civil and other
+rights, banishment from the town for certain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> periods, bodily punishment,
+the pillory, and the gibbet. If a baker was found guilty of an offence
+against the law, he was arrested and kept in safe custody till the gibbet
+was ready for him. It was erected as nearly as possible in the middle of
+the town, the beam projecting over a stagnant pool; at the end of the beam
+was a pulley, over which ran a rope fastened to a basket large enough to
+hold a man. The baker was forced into the basket, which was drawn up to
+the beam; there he hung over the muddy pool, the butt of the jeers and
+missiles of a jubilant crowd. The only way to escape was to jump into the
+
+dirty water and run through the crowd to his home, and if he did not take
+the jump willingly, he was sometimes helped out of the basket by means of
+a pole. In some towns a large cage was used instead of a basket, and,
+instead of taking a jump, the culprit was lowered into the filthy pool and
+drawn up again several times until the town authorities thought he had had
+enough.&#8221; In some parts of Turkey it was, until recently, the rule to
+punish a baker who did not give full weight by nailing his ear to the
+doorpost. If he were out when the officers of justice arrived his son or
+his servant was punished in his stead, as the authorities were very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> much
+averse from making their men do the journey twice.</p>
+
+<p>The Court Leet records of many of our old English towns include items of
+interest bearing on this subject. At Manchester, at the Court Leet held
+October 1, 1561, it was resolved that no person or persons be permitted to
+make for sale any kind of bread in which butter is mixed, under a fine of
+10s. Later, the use of suet was forbidden. In 1595, we are told that &#8220;the
+Court Leet Jury of Manchester ordered that no person was to be allowed to
+use butter or suet in cakes or bread; fine, 20s. No baker or other person
+to be allowed to bake said cakes, &amp;c.; fine, 20s. No person to be allowed
+to sell the same; fine, 20s.&#8221; Next year, on September 30, we gather from
+the records that &#8220;eight officers were appointed to see that no flesh meat
+was eaten on Fridays and Saturdays, and twelve for the overseeing of them
+that put butter, cream, or suet in their cakes.&#8221; We learn from the history
+of Worcester that an order was made in 1641 that the bakers were not to
+make spice bread or short cakes, &#8220;inasmuch as it enhaunced the price of
+butter.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A rather curious regulation in bygone times was the one which enforced the
+baker of white<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> bread not to make brown, and the baker of brown bread not
+to make white.</p>
+
+<p>Very heavy fines used to be inflicted on persons selling short weight of
+bread. &#8220;A baker was convicted yesterday,&#8221; says the <i>Times</i> of July 8th,
+1795, &#8220;at the Public Office, Whitechapel, of making bread to the amount of
+307 ounces deficient in weight, and fined a penalty of &pound;64 7s.&#8221; In the
+same journal, three days later, we read, &#8220;A baker was yesterday convicted
+in the penalty of &pound;106 5s. on 420 ounces of bread, deficient in weight.&#8221;
+The market records, week after week, in 1795, as a rule, record an
+increased price of grain, and by the middle of the year the matter had
+become serious. The members of the Privy Council gave the subject careful
+consideration, and strongly recommended that families should refrain from
+having puddings, pies, and other articles made of flour. With the
+following paragraph from the <i>Times</i> of July 22nd, 1795, we close our
+notes on bread in bygone days:&mdash;&#8220;His Majesty has given orders for the
+bread used in his household to be made of meal and rye mixed. No other
+sort is to be permitted to be baked, and the Royal Family eat bread of the
+same quality as their servants do.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Arise, Mistress, Arise!</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">In</span> the olden time in many places in the provinces it was the practice on
+Christmas-day morning to permit the servants and apprentices to remain in
+bed, and for the mistress to get up and attend to the household duties.
+The bellman at Bewdley used to go round the town, and after ringing his
+bell and saying, &#8220;Good-morning, masters, mistresses, and all, I wish you a
+merry Christmas,&#8221; he sang the following:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Arise, mistress, arise,<br />
+And make your tarts and pies,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And let your maids lie still;</span><br />
+For if they should rise and spoil your pies,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">You&#8217;d take it very ill.</span><br />
+Whilst you are sleeping in your bed,<br />
+I the cold wintry nights must tread<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Past twelve o&#8217;clock, &amp;c.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>Bewdley was famous for its ringers and singers, and its town crier was a
+man of note. An old couplet says:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;For ringers, singers, and a crier<br />
+Bewdley excelled all Worcestershire.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>In Lancashire was heard the following, proclaimed in the towns and
+villages:</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#8220;Get up old wives,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And bake your pies,</span><br />
+&#8217;Tis Christmas-day in the morning;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The bells shall ring,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The birds shall sing,</span><br />
+&#8217;Tis Christmas-day in the morning.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At Morley, near Leeds, a man was formerly paid for blowing a horn at 5
+a.m. to make known the time for commencing, and at 8 p.m. the hour for
+giving up work. His blast was heard daily except on Sundays. On
+Christmas-day morning he blew his horn and sang:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Dames arise and bake your pies,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And let your maids lie still;</span><br />
+For they have risen all the year,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sore against their will.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+<h2>The Turnspit.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">One</span> of the most menial positions in an ancient feudal household was that
+of turnspit. A person too old or too young for more important duties
+usually performed the work. John Lydgate, the monk of Bury, who was born
+in 1375, and died in 1460, gives us a picture of the turnspit as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;His mouth wel wet, his sleeves right thredbare,<br />
+A turnbroche, a boy for hagge of ware,<br />
+With louring face noddynge and slumberyng.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Says Aubrey that these servants &#8220;did lick the dripping for their pains.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the reign of Edward III., the manor of Finchingfield was held by Sir
+John Compes, by the service of turning the spit at His Majesty&#8217;s
+coronation. This certainly appears a humble position for a knight to fill
+in &#8220;the gallant days of chivalry.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The spits or &#8220;broches&#8221; were often made of silver, and were usually carried
+to the table with the fish, fowl, or joint roasted upon them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>The humble turnspit was not overlooked by the guests in the days of old,
+when largess was bestowed. We gather from &#8220;Howard&#8217;s Household Book&#8221; that
+Lord Howard gave four old turnspits a penny each. When Mary Tudor dined at
+Havering, she rewarded the turnbroches with sixteen-pence.</p>
+
+<p>Dogs as well as men performed the task of turning the spit from an early
+period, and old-time literature includes many references to the subject.
+Doctor Caius, the founder of the college at Cambridge bearing his name, is
+the earliest English writer on the dog. &#8220;There is,&#8221; wrote Caius,
+&#8220;comprehended under the curs of the coarsest kind, a certain dog in
+kitchen service excellent. For when any meat is to be roasted they go into
+a wheel, where they, turning about with the weight of their bodies, so
+diligently look to their business, that no drudge nor scullion can do the
+feat more cunningly, whom the popular sort hereupon term turnspits.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We have seen several pictures of dogs turning the spit, and an interesting
+example appears in a work entitled &#8220;Remarks on a Tour in North and South
+Wales,&#8221; published in 1800. The dog is engaged in his by no means pleasant
+work.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> &#8220;Newcastle, near Carmarthen,&#8221; says the author, &#8220;is a pleasant
+village. At a decent inn here a dog is employed as turnspit. Great care is
+taken that this animal does not observe the cook approach the larder; if
+he does, he immediately hides himself for the remainder of the day, and
+the guest must be contented with more humble fare than intended.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jesse, a popular writer on rural subjects, was a keen observer of
+old-time customs and institutions, and the best account of the turnspit
+that has come under our notice is from his pen. &#8220;How well do I remember,
+in the days of my youth,&#8221; says Mr. Jesse, &#8220;watching the operations of a
+turnspit at the house of a worthy old Welsh clergyman in Worcestershire,
+who taught me to read. He was a good man, wore a bushy wig, black worsted
+stockings, and large plaited buckles in his shoes. As he had several
+boarders as well as day scholars, his two turnspits had plenty to do. They
+were long-bodied, crook-legged, and ugly dogs, with a suspicious, unhappy
+look about them, as if they were weary of the task they had to do, and
+expected every moment to be seized upon to do it. Cooks in those days, as
+they are said to be at present, were very cross, and if the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> poor animal,
+wearied with having a larger joint than usual to turn, stopped for a
+moment, the voice of the cook might be heard rating him in no very gentle
+terms. When we consider that a large, solid piece of beef would take at
+least three hours before it was properly roasted, we may form some idea of
+the task a dog had to perform in turning a wheel during that time. A
+pointer has pleasure in finding game, the terrior worries rats with
+eagerness and delight, and the bull-dog even attacks bulls with the
+greatest energy, while the poor turnspit performs his task with
+compulsion, like a culprit on a treadmill, subject to scolding or beating
+if he stops a moment to rest his weary limbs, and is then kicked about the
+kitchen when the task is over.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The mode of teaching the dog its duties is described in a book of
+anecdotes published at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1809. It was more summary than
+humane. The dog was put in the wheel, and a burning coal with him; he
+could not stop without burning his legs, and so was kept upon the full
+gallop. These dogs were by no means fond of their profession. It was
+indeed hard work to run in a wheel for two or three hours, turning a piece
+of meat twice their own weight.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>In the same work two more anecdotes bearing on this theme also find a
+place, and are worth reproducing. &#8220;Some years ago,&#8221; we are told, &#8220;a party
+of young men, at Bath, hired the chairmen on a Saturday night to steal all
+the turnspits in the town, and lock them up till the following evening.
+Accordingly, on Sunday, when everybody has roast meat for dinner, all the
+cooks were to be seen in the streets, &#8216;Pray have you seen our Chloe?&#8217; asks
+one. &#8216;Why,&#8217; replies the other, &#8216;I was coming to ask if you had seen our
+Pompey.&#8217; Up came a third, while they were talking, to inquire for her
+Toby. And there was no roast meat in Bath that day. It is told of these
+dogs in this city, that one Sunday, when they had as usual followed their
+mistresses to church, the lesson for the day happened to be that chapter
+in Ezekiel, wherein the self-moving chariots are described. When first the
+word wheel was pronounced, all the curs pricked up their ears in alarm; at
+the second wheel they set up a doleful howl. When the dreadful word was
+uttered a third time, every one of them scampered out of church, as fast
+as he could, with his tail between his legs.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Allusions to this subject may be found in some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> of the poets of the olden
+time, more especially in those of a political character. Pitt, in his <i>Art
+of Preaching</i>, has the following on a man who speaks much, but to little
+purpose:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;His arguments in silly circles run,<br />
+Still round and round, and end where they begun.<br />
+So the poor turnspit, as the wheel runs round,<br />
+The more he gains, the more he loses ground.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p>
+<h2>A Gossip about the Goose.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> goose figures largely in the history, the legends, and the proverbial
+lore of our own and other lands. In ancient Egypt it was an object of
+adoration in the temple and an article of diet on the table. The Egyptians
+mainly took beef and goose flesh as their animal food, and it has been
+suggested that they expected to obtain physical power from the beef and
+mental vigour from the goose. To support this theory, it has been shown
+that other nations have eaten the flesh of wolves and drunk the blood of
+lions, hoping thereby to become fierce and courageous. Some other nations
+have refused to partake of the hare and the deer on account of the
+timidity of these animals, fearing lest by eating their flesh they should
+also partake of their characteristic fearfulness and timidity.</p>
+
+<p>Pliny thought very highly of the goose, saying &#8220;that one might almost be
+tempted to think these creatures have an appreciation of wisdom, for it is
+said that one of them was a constant companion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> of the peripatetic
+philosopher Lacydes, and would never leave him, either in public or when
+at the bath, by night or by day.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The cackling of the goose saved Rome. According to a very old story, the
+guards of the city were asleep, and the enemy taking advantage of this,
+were making their way through a weak part of the fortifications, expecting
+to take the city by surprise. The wakeful geese hearing them, at once
+commenced cackling, and their noise awoke the Romans, who soon made short
+work of their foes. This circumstance greatly increased the gratitude of
+the Roman citizens for the goose.</p>
+
+<p>We gather from the quaint words of an old chronicler a probable solution
+of the familiar phrase, &#8220;To cook one&#8217;s goose.&#8221; &#8220;The kyng of Swedland&#8221;&mdash;so
+runs the ancient record&mdash;&#8220;coming to a towne of his enemyes with very
+little company, his enemyes, to slyghte his forces, did hang out a goose
+for him to shoote; but perceiving before nyghte that these fewe soldiers
+had invaded and sette their chief houlds on fire, they demanded of him
+what his intent was, to whom he replyed, &#8216;To cook your goose&#8217;.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the days when the bow and arrow were the chief weapons of warfare, it
+was customary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> for the sheriffs of the counties where geese were reared to
+gather sufficient quantities of feathers to wing the arrows of the English
+army. Some of the old ballads contain references to winging the arrow with
+goose feathers. A familiar instance is the following:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;&#8216;Bend all your bows,&#8217; said Robin Hood;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&#8216;And with the gray goose wing,</span><br />
+Such sport now show as you would do<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In the presence of the king&#8217;.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>To check the exportation of feathers, a heavy export duty was put upon
+them.</p>
+
+<p>The goose frequently figures in English tenures. In a poem by Gascoigne,
+published in 1575, there is an allusion to rent-day gifts, which appear to
+have been general in the olden time:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;And when the tenants come to pay their quarter&#8217;s rent,<br />
+They bring some fowle at Midsummer, a dish of fish in Lent,<br />
+At Christmasse a capon, and at Michaelmasse a goose.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A strange manorial custom was kept up at Hilton in the days of Charles II.
+An image of brass, known as Jack of Hilton, was kept there. &#8220;In the
+mouth,&#8221; we are told, &#8220;was a little hole just large enough to admit the
+head of a pin; water was poured in by a hole in the back, which was
+afterwards stopped up.&#8221; The figure was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> then set on the fire; and during
+the time it was blowing off steam, the lord of the manor of Essington was
+obliged to bring a goose to Hilton and drive it three times round the
+hall-fire. He next delivered the goose to the cook; and when dressed, he
+carried it to the table and received in return a dish of meat for his own
+mess.</p>
+
+<p>In bygone times, Lincolnshire was a great place for breeding geese; and
+its extensive bogs, marshes, and swamps were well adopted for the purpose.
+The drainage and cultivation of the land have done away with the haunts
+suitable for the goose; but in a great measure Lincolnshire has lost its
+reputation for its geese. Frequently in the time when geese were largely
+bred, one farmer would have a thousand breeding-geese, and they would
+multiply some sevenfold every year, so that he would have under his care
+annually, some eight thousand geese. He had to be careful that they did
+not wander from the particular district where they had a right to allow
+them to feed, for they were regarded as trespassers, and the owner could
+not get stray geese back unless he paid a fine of twopence for each
+offender.</p>
+
+<p>Within the last fifty years it was a common<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> occurrence to see on sale in
+the market-place at Nottingham at the Goose Fair from fifteen to twenty
+thousand geese, which had been brought from the fens of Lincolnshire. A
+street on the Lincolnshire side of the town is called Goosegate.</p>
+
+<p>The origin of the custom of eating a goose at Michaelmas is lost in the
+shadows of the dim historic past. According to one legend, Saint Martin
+was tormented with a goose, which he killed and ate. He died after eating
+it; and ever since, Christians have, as a matter of duty, on the saint&#8217;s
+day sacrificed the goose. We have seen from the preceding quotation from
+Gascoigne that the goose formed a popular Michaelmas dish from an early
+period.</p>
+
+<p>It is a common saying, &#8220;The older the goose the harder to pluck,&#8221; when old
+men are unwilling to part with their money. The barbarous practice of
+plucking live geese for the sake of their quills gave rise to the saying.
+It was usual to pluck live geese about five times a year. Quills for pens
+were much in request before the introduction of steel pens. One London
+house, it is stated, sold annually six million quill pens. A professional
+pen-cutter could turn out about twelve hundred daily.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>Considerable economy was exercised in the use of quill pens. Leo Allatius,
+after writing forty years with one pen, lost it, and it is said he mourned
+for it as for a friend. William Hutton wrote the history of his family
+with one pen, which he wore down to the stump. He put it aside,
+accompanied by the following lines:</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">THIS PEN.</span><br />
+&#8220;As a choice relic I&#8217;ll keep thee,<br />
+Who saved my ancestors and me.<br />
+For seven long weeks you daily wrought<br />
+Till into light our lives you brought,<br />
+And every falsehood you avoided<br />
+While by the hand of Hutton guided.&#8221;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: -1em;">June 3, 1779.</span></p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, it may be stated that Philemon Holland, the celebrated
+translator, wrote one of his books with a single pen, and recorded in
+rhyme the feat as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;With one sole pen I wrote this book,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Made of a gray goose quill;</span><br />
+A pen it was when I it took,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A pen I leave it still.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Bells as Time-Tellers.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> ringing of the bell in bygone times was general as a signal to
+commence and to close the daily round of labour. In some of the more
+remote towns and villages of old England the custom lingers at the
+ingathering of the harvest. At Driffield, in the East Riding of Yorkshire,
+for example, the harvest bell is still rung at five o&#8217;clock in the morning
+to arouse the labourers from their slumbers, and at seven in the evening
+the welcome sound of the bell intimates the time for closing work for the
+day.</p>
+
+<p>References to this subject may sometimes be found in parish accounts and
+other old church documents. In the parish chest of Barrow-on-Humber,
+Lincolnshire, is preserved a copy of the &#8220;Office and Duty of the Parish
+Clerk,&#8221; bearing date of 1713, stating:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Item.&mdash;He is to ring a Bell Every working day morning at Break of the
+day, and continue the ringing thereof until All Saints, and also to
+ring a Bell Every Evening about the sunseting until harvest be fully
+ended: which Bells are to begin to ring from the beginning of the
+harvest.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>We learn from an old survey of the parish, still retained amongst the
+church papers, the reward given to the clerk for ringing the harvest bell.
+Says the document:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;The Clarke Receiveth from Every Cottoger at Easter for Ringing the
+Day and Night Bell in Harvest two pecks of wheat.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Barrow-on-Humber became famous for its bells, beer, and singers. An old
+rhyme states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Barrow for ringing,<br />
+And Barrow for singing,<br />
+And the Oak for good stout ale.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Oak is the sign of the village inn, and a place of more than local
+reputation for its strong, home-brewed ale.</p>
+
+<p>We have traces of the custom of ringing the harvest bell in various parts
+of the Midlands. At Moreton and at Walgrave, in Northamptonshire, the
+harvest bell was rung at four o&#8217;clock in the morning. At Spratton,
+Wellingborough, and other places in the county, the custom is still
+remembered, but not kept up.</p>
+
+<p>It was customary in many places, when the last load of grain was brought
+home, to deck it with the boughs of the oak and ash, and a merry peal of
+the church bells made known the news<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> that the farmer had ended his
+harvest, the farm labourers riding on the top of the load to sing&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#8220;Harvest home! harvest home!</span><br />
+The boughs they do shake, the bells they do ring,<br />
+So merrily we bring the harvest in, harvest in!<br />
+So merrily we bring the harvest in.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In some of the more remote villages of the country, the gleaners&#8217; bell is
+rung as a signal to commence gleaning. By this means, to use the words of
+Mr. Thomas North, our leading authority on bell lore, the old and feeble,
+as well as the young and active, may have a fair start. At Lyddington,
+Rutland, says Mr. North, the clerk claims a fee of a penny a week from
+women and big children, as a recompense for his trouble. The parish clerk
+at West Deeping, Lincolnshire, claimed twopence a head from the gleaners,
+but as they refused to pay, he declined to ring the bell.</p>
+
+<p>Bearing on this theme may be included particulars of a bell formerly rung
+at Louth when the harvest on the &#8220;Gatherums&#8221; was ripe. &#8220;A piece of ground
+so called,&#8221; writes Mr. North, &#8220;was in former times cultivated for the
+benefit of the poor. When the &#8216;pescods&#8217; were ripe, the church bell was
+rung, which gave warning to the poor that the time had arrived when they
+might gather<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> them; hence (it is said) <i>gather &#8217;em</i> or <i>gatherum</i>.&#8221; From
+the church accounts is drawn the following:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;1536. Item for Knyllyng the bell in harvest for gatheringe of the pescods</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom">iiijd.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Similar entries occur in the books of the church.</p>
+
+<p>An inscription on a bell at Coventry, dated 1675, states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;I ring at six to let men know<br />
+When to and fro&#8217; their work to goe.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At St. Ives a bell bears a pithy inscription as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Arise, and go about your business.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The bells of Bow are amongst the best known in England, and figure in the
+legendary lore as well as in the business life of London. Every reader is
+familiar with the story of Dick Whittington leaving the city in despair,
+resting on Highgate Hill, and hearing the famous bells, which seemed to
+say in their merry peals&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Turn again, Whittington,<br />
+Thou worthy citizen,<br />
+Lord Mayor of London.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In 1469, an order was given by the Court of the Common Council for Bow
+bell to be rung every night at nine o&#8217;clock. Nine was the recognised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> time
+for tradesmen to close their shops. The clerk, whose duty it was to ring
+the bell, was irregular in his habits, and the late performance of his
+duties disappointed the toiling apprentices, who thus addressed him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Clerk of Bow bell,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With thy yellow locks,</span><br />
+For thy late ringing<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy head shall have knocks.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>The clerk replied:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Children of Cheape,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hold you all still,</span><br />
+For you shall hear Bow Bell<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ring at your will.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>The foregoing rhymes take us back to a period before clocks were in
+general use in this country. The parentage of the present clock cannot be
+traced with any degree of certainty. We learn that as early as 996,
+Gerbert, a distinguished Benedictine monk (subsequently Pope Sylvester
+II.), constructed for Magdeburg a clock, with a weight as a motive power.
+Clocks with weights were used in monasteries in Europe in the eleventh
+century. It is supposed that they had not dials to indicate the time, but
+at certain intervals struck a bell to make known the time for prayers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>From the fact that a clock-keeper was employed at St. Paul&#8217;s, London, in
+1286, it is presumed that there must have been a clock, but we have not
+been able to discover any details respecting it. There was a clock at
+Westminster in 1290, and two years later &pound;30 was paid for a large clock
+put up at Canterbury Cathedral. Thirty pounds represented a large sum of
+money in the year 1292. About 1326 an astronomical clock was erected at
+St. Albans. It was the work of Richard de Wallingford, a blacksmith&#8217;s son
+of the town, who rose to the position of Abbot there. In the earlier half
+of the fourteenth century are traces of numerous other clocks in England.
+According to Haydn&#8217;s &#8220;Dictionary of Dates,&#8221; in the year 1530 the first
+portable clock was made. This statement does not agree with a writer in
+&#8220;Chambers&#8217;s Encyclop&aelig;dia&#8221; (edition 1890). &#8220;The date,&#8221; we are told in that
+work, &#8220;when portable clocks were first made, cannot be determined. They
+are mentioned in the beginning of the fourteenth century. The motive power
+must have been a mainspring instead of a weight. The Society of
+Antiquaries of England possess one, with the inscription in Bohemian that
+it was made at Prague, by Jacob Zech, in 1525. It has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> a spring for motive
+power, with fusee, and is one of the oldest portable clocks in a perfect
+state in England.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is asserted that no clock in this country went accurately before the
+one was erected at Hampton Court, in 1540. Shakespeare, in his <i>Love&#8217;s
+Labour&#8217;s Lost</i>, gives us an idea of the unsatisfactory manner clocks kept
+time in the days of old. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">... &#8220;Like a German clock,</span><br />
+Still a-repairing; ever out of frame;<br />
+And never going aright.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Coming down to later times, we may give a few particulars of the
+difficulty of ascertaining the time in the country in the earlier years of
+the last century.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p>
+<div class="border">
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img28.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="caption">CLOCK, HAMPTON COURT PALACE.</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>Norrisson Scatcherd, the historian of Morley, near Leeds, gives in his
+history, published in 1830, an amusing sketch of a local worthy named John
+Jackson, better known as &#8220;Old Trash,&#8221; poet, schoolmaster, mechanic,
+stonecutter, land-measurer, etc., who was buried at Woodkirk on May 19th,
+1764. &#8220;He constructed a clock, and in order to make it useful to the
+clothiers who attended Leeds market from Earls and Hanging Heaton,
+Dewsbury, Chickenley, etc., he kept a lamp suspended near the face of
+it, and burning through the winter nights, and he would have no shutters
+nor curtains to his window, so that the clothiers had only to stop and
+look through it to know the time. Now, in our age of luxury and
+refinement, the accomodation thus presented by &#8216;Old Trash&#8217; may seem
+insignificant and foolish, but I can assure the reader that it was not.
+The clothiers in the early part of the eighteenth century were obliged to
+be upon the bridge at Leeds, where the market was held, by about six
+o&#8217;clock in the summer, and seven in the winter; and hither they were
+convened by a bell anciently pertaining to a Chantry Chapel, which once
+was annexed to Leeds Bridge. They did not all ride, but most went on foot.
+They did not carry watches, for few of them had ever possessed such a
+valuable. They did not dine on fish, flesh, and fowl, with wine, etc., as
+some do now. No! no! The careful housewife wrapped up a bit of oatcake and
+cheese in a little checked handkerchief, and charged her husband to mind
+and not get above a pint of ale at &#8216;The Rodney.&#8217; Would Jackson&#8217;s clock
+then be of no use to men who had few such in their villages? Who seldom
+saw a watch, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> took much of their intelligence from the note of the
+cuckoo.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>For an extended period, the curfew bell has been a most important
+time-teller. The sounds are no longer heard as the signal for putting out
+fires, as they were in the days of the Norman kings. It is generally
+asserted that William the Conqueror introduced the curfew custom into
+England, but it is highly probable that he only enforced a law which had
+long been in existence in the kingdom, and which prevailed in France,
+Italy, Spain, and other countries on the Continent. Houses at this period
+were usually built of wood, and fires were frequent and often fatal, and
+on the whole it was a wise policy to put out household fires at night. The
+fire as a rule was made in a hole in the middle of the floor, and the
+smoke escaped through the roof. In an account of the manners and customs
+of the English people, drawn up in 1678, the writer states that before the
+Reformation, &#8220;Ordinary men&#8217;s houses, as copyholders and the like, had no
+chimneys, but flues like louver holes; some of them were in being when I
+was a boy.&#8221; In the year 1103, Henry I. modified the curfew custom. In
+&#8220;Liber Albus,&#8221; we find a curious picture of London life under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> some of the
+Plantagenet kings, commencing with Edward I. It was against the city
+regulations for armed persons to wander about the city after the ringing
+of the curfew bell.</p>
+
+<p>We may infer from a circumstance in the closing days of William I., that
+from a remote period there was a religious service at eight o&#8217;clock at
+night. It will be remembered that the king died from the injuries received
+by the plunging of his horse, caused by the animal treading on some hot
+ashes. Shortly before his death he was roused from the stupor which
+clouded his mind, by the ringing of the vesper bell of a neighbouring
+church. He asked if it were in England and if it were the curfew bell that
+he heard. On being told that he was in his &#8220;own Normandy,&#8221; and the bell
+was for evening prayer, he &#8220;charged them bid the monks pray for his soul,
+and remained for a while dull and heavy.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At Tamworth, in 1390, a bye-law was passed, and &#8220;it provided that no man,
+woman, or servant should go out after the ringing of the curfew from one
+place to another unless they had a light in their hands, under pain of
+imprisonment.&#8221; For a long period it was the signal for closing
+public-houses.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p>
+<h2>The Age of Snuffing.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">In</span> this country old customs linger long, and although the age of snuffing
+has passed away, in some quarters the piquant pinch still finds favour.
+Our ancient municipal corporations have been reformed, but old usages are
+still maintained and revived. In 1896 we saw an account in the newspapers
+of an amusing episode which occurred during a meeting of the Pontefract
+Town Council. One of the aldermen, noticing that the councillors had &#8220;to
+go borrowing&#8221; snuff, suggested the re-introduction of the old Corporation
+snuff-box. The official box, in the shape of an antler, was unearthed from
+underneath the aldermanic bench amidst much amusement, and the Mayor
+promised ere another sitting the article in question should be duly
+cleaned and replenished with the stimulating powder. Sir Albert K. Rollit,
+the learned and genial member of Parliament for South Islington, when
+Mayor of his native town of Hull a few years ago, presented to his brother
+members of the Corporation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> a massive and valuable snuff-box. The gift was
+much appreciated. In a compilation recently published under the title of
+&#8220;The Corporation Plate and Insignia of Office, &amp;c., of the Cities and
+Towns of England and Wales,&#8221; will be found particulars of snuff-boxes
+belonging to some of the older municipal bodies. In bygone times taking
+snuff was extremely popular, its palmy days in England being during the
+eighteenth century. Snuff was praised in poetry and prose. Peer and
+peasant, rich and poor, the lady in her drawing-room and the humble
+housewife alike enjoyed the pungent pinch. The snuff-box was to be seen
+everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest allusion we have to snuffing occurs in the narrative of the
+second voyage of Columbus in 1494. It is there related by Roman Pane, the
+friar, who accompanied the expedition, that the aborigines of America
+reduced tobacco to a powder, and drew it through a cane half a cubit long;
+one end of this they placed in the nose and the other upon the powder. He
+also stated that it purged them very much.</p>
+
+<p>Snuff and other forms of tobacco on their introduction had many bitter
+opponents. After the Great Plague the popularity of tobacco and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> snuff
+increased, for during the time of the terrible visitation both had been
+largely used as disinfectants. There is a curious entry in Thomas Hearne&#8217;s
+Diary, 1720-21, bearing on this theme. He writes as follows under date of
+January 21:&mdash;&#8220;I have been told that in the last great plague in London
+none that kept tobacconists&#8217; shops had the plague. It is certain that
+smoaking was looked upon as a most excellent preservative. In so much that
+even children were obliged to smoak. And I remember that I heard formerly
+Tom Rogers, who was yeoman beadle, say that when he was that year when the
+plague raged a schoolboy at Eton, all the boys in the school were obliged
+to smoak in the school every morning, and that he was never whipped so
+much in his life as he was one morning for not smoaking.&#8221; Pepys says in
+his Diary on June 7, 1665:&mdash;&#8220;The hottest day that ever I felt in my life.
+This day, much against my will, I did in Drury Lane see two or three
+houses marked with a red cross upon the doors, and &#8216;Lord have mercy upon
+us!&#8217; writ there; which was a sad sight to me, being the first of the kind
+that to my remembrance I ever saw. It put me into ill-conception of myself
+and my smell, so that I was forced to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> buy some roll tobacco to smell and
+chew, which took apprehension.&#8221; Another impetus to the habit of
+snuff-taking was given in 1702. Our Fleet was under the command of Sir
+George Rooke, and it is recorded that at Port Saint Mary, near Cadiz,
+several thousand barrels of choice Spanish snuff were captured. At Vigo on
+the homeward voyage more native snuff was obtained, and found its way to
+England, instead of the Spanish market, as it was originally intended. The
+snuff was sold at the chief English ports for the benefit of the officers
+and men. In not a few instances waggon-loads were disposed of at fourpence
+per pound. It was named Vigo snuff, and the popularity of the ware, its
+cheapness, and novelty were the means of its coming into general use. In
+no part of the world did it become and remain more popular than in North
+Britain. A volume published in London in 1702, entitled &#8220;A Short Account
+of Scotland,&#8221; without the author&#8217;s name, but apparently by a military
+officer, contains some interesting information on the social life of the
+people. We gather from this work that the chief stimulant of the Scotch at
+this period was snuff. &#8220;They are fond of tobacco,&#8221; it is stated, &#8220;but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>
+more from the sneesh-box [snuff-box] than the pipe. And they made it so
+necessary that I have heard some of them say that, should their bread come
+in competition with it, they would rather fast than their sneesh should be
+taken away. Yet mostly it consists of the coarsest tobacco, dried by the
+fire, and pounded in a little engine after the form of a tap, which they
+carry in their pockets, and is both a mill to grind and a box to keep it
+in.&#8221; At social gatherings the snuff-mull was constantly passed round, and
+we are told that each guest left traces of its use on the table, on his
+knees, the folds of his dress, and on the floor. The preacher&#8217;s voice was
+impaired with excessive indulgence in snuff.</p>
+
+<p>Long before the English visitor had written his book on Scotland, attempts
+had been made to prohibit snuff-taking in church. At the Kirk Session of
+St. Cuthbert&#8217;s, held on June 18, 1640, it was decided that every
+snuff-taker in church be amerced in &#8220;twenty shillings for everie falt.&#8221;
+Under date of April 11, 1641, it is stated in the Kirk Session records of
+Soulton as follows:&mdash;&#8220;Statute with consent of the ministers and elders,
+that every one that takes snuff in tyme of Divine Service shall pay 6s.
+8d., and give one public<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> confession of his fault.&#8221; At Dunfermline, the
+Kirk Session had this matter under consideration, and the bellman was
+directed &#8220;to tak notice of those who tak the sneising tobacco in tyme of
+Divine Service, and to inform concerning them.&#8221; A writer in a popular
+periodical, in a chapter on &#8220;The Divine Weed,&#8221; makes a mistake, we think,
+presuming people smoked in church in bygone days. &#8220;At one period in the
+history of tobacco,&#8221; says the contributor, &#8220;smoking was so common that it
+was actually practised in church.&#8221; Previous to the visit of James the
+First to the University of Cambridge, in 1615, the Vice-Chancellor issued
+a notice to the students, which enjoined that &#8220;Noe graduate, scholler, or
+student of this Universitie presume to take tobacco in Saint Marie&#8217;s
+Church, uppon payne of finall expellinge the Universitie.&#8221; The taking of
+tobacco doubtless means using it in the form of snuff and not smoking it
+in a pipe.</p>
+
+<p>Later, and perhaps at the period under notice, a strong feeling prevailed
+against smoking in the public streets. In the records of the Methwold
+Manor, Norfolk, is an entry in the court books dated October 4, 1659, as
+follows:&mdash;&#8220;Wee agree that any person that is taken smookeing tobacco<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> in
+the street, forfeit one shilling for every time so taken, and it shall be
+put to the uses aforesaid (that is to the use of the towne). We present
+Nicholas Barber for smoking in the street, and do amerce him one
+shilling.&#8221; At a parish meeting held at Winteringham, on January 6, 1685,
+it was resolved:&mdash;&#8220;None shall smoke tobacco in the streets upon paine of
+two shillings for every default.&#8221; Schoolmasters were forbidden to smoke.
+In the rules of Chigwell School, founded in 1629, only fourteen years
+after the visit of James to Cambridge, it is stated:&mdash;&#8220;The master must be
+a man of sound religion, neither Papist nor Puritan, of a grave behaviour,
+and sober and honest conversation, no tippler, or haunter of alehouses,
+and no puffer of tobacco.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We may come to the conclusion from the facts we have furnished, that if
+persons were not permitted to smoke in the street, it is quite certain
+they would not be allowed to do so in the house of prayer.</p>
+
+<p>Preachers of all sections of the religious world delighted in a pinch of
+snuff. Sneezing was heard in the highest and humblest churches, and it
+even made St. Peter&#8217;s at Rome echo. The practice so excited the ire of
+Pope Innocent the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> Twelfth that he made an effort in 1690 to stop it in
+his churches, and &#8220;solemnly excommunicated all who should dare to take
+snuff.&#8221; Tyerman, in his &#8220;Life of Wesley,&#8221; tells us the great trouble the
+famous preacher had with his early converts. &#8220;Many of them were absolutely
+enslaved to snuff; some drank drams, &amp;c., to remedy such evils, the
+preachers were enjoined on no account to take snuff, or to drink drams
+themselves; and were to speak to any one they saw snuffing in sermon time,
+and to answer the pretence that drams cured the colic and helped
+digestion.&#8221; Mr. Wesley cautioned a preacher going to Ireland against
+snuff, unless by order of a physician, declaring that no people were in
+such blind bondage to the silly, nasty, dirty custom as were the Irish. It
+is stated so far did Irishmen carry their love of snuffing, that it was
+customary, when a wake was on, to put a plate full of snuff upon the dead
+man&#8217;s, or woman&#8217;s stomach, from which each guest was expected to take a
+pinch upon being introduced to the corpse.</p>
+
+<p>In the earlier days of snuff-taking, people generally ground their own
+snuff by rubbing roll tobacco across a small grater, usually fixed inside
+the snuff-box. We find in old-time writings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> many allusions to making
+snuff from roll tobacco. In course of time snuff was flavoured with rich
+essences, and scented snuffs found favour with the ladies. The man of
+refinement prided himself on his taste for perfumed powder. We find it
+stated in Fairholt&#8217;s book on &#8220;Tobacco,&#8221; that in the reign of William III.
+the beaux carried canes with hollow heads, that they might the more
+conveniently inhale a few grains through the perforations, as they
+sauntered in the fashionable promenades. Women quickly followed the lead
+of men in snuffing, in spite of satire in the <i>Spectator</i> and other papers
+of the period. The list of famous snuff-takers of the olden time is a long
+one, and only a few can be noticed here. Queen Charlotte heads the roll.
+She was persistent in the practice, and her unfilial and rude sons called
+her &#8220;Old Snuff.&#8221; Captain Gronow, when a boy at Eton, saw the Queen in
+company with the King taking an airing on the Terrace at Windsor, and
+relates &#8220;that her royal nose was covered with snuff both within and
+without.&#8221; Mrs. Siddons, &#8220;the queen of tragedy,&#8221; largely indulged in the
+use of snuff, both on and off the stage, even while taking her more
+important characters. Mrs. Jordan, another &#8220;stage star,&#8221;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> a representative
+of the comic muse, obtained animation from frequent use of snuff. Mrs.
+Unwin, the friend of Cowper, was extremely fond of it, and so was the
+poet, yet he was not a smoker. On snuff he wrote as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The pungent, nose-refreshing weed,<br />
+Which whether pulverised it gain<br />
+A speedy passage to the brain,<br />
+Or whether touched with fire it rise<br />
+In circling eddies to the skies,<br />
+Does thought more quicken and refine<br />
+Than all the breath of all the Nine.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Pope, in &#8220;The Rape of the Lock,&#8221; refers to ladies with their snuff-boxes
+always handy, and the fair Belinda found hers particularly useful in the
+battle she waged:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;See, fierce Belinda on the baron flies<br />
+With more than usual lightning in her eyes;<br />
+And this bred lord, with manly strength endued,<br />
+She with one finger and a thumb subdued.<br />
+Just where the breath of life his nostrils drew<br />
+A charge of snuff the wily virgin threw;<br />
+The gnomes direct, to every atom just,<br />
+The pungent grains of titillating dust.<br />
+Sudden with startling tears each eye o&#8217;erflows,<br />
+And the high dome re-echoes to his nose.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Napoleon&#8217;s legacy to the famous Lady Holland was a snuff-box, and Moore
+celebrated the gift<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> in a verse written while he was in Paris in 1821:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Gift of the Hero, on his dying day,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To her who pitying watch&#8217;d, for ever nigh;</span><br />
+Oh, could he see the proud, the happy ray,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">This relic lights up in her generous eye,</span><br />
+Sighing, he&#8217;d feel how easy &#8217;tis to pay<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A friendship all his kingdoms could not buy.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>Amongst ladies we have to include the charming Clarinda, a friend of
+Robert Burns, on whom he wrote when obliged to leave her:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;She, the fair sun of all her sex,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Has blest my glorious day,</span><br />
+And shall, a glimmering planet, fix<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My worship to its ray.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+<div class="border">
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img29.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="caption">PARTAKING OF THE PUNGENT PINCH.</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>She was much addicted to the use of snuff, more especially towards the
+closing years of her life, and to the last she was famous for her singular
+sprightliness in conversation. Dr. Deering wrote, about the end of the
+first half of the eighteenth century, a history of Nottingham, and in it
+he relates how ladies, enjoying their tea, between each dish regaled their
+nostrils with a pinch or two of snuff. The snuff-boxes carried by them
+were usually costly, and generally elegant in form. David Garrick gave his
+wife a gold snuff-box. George Barrington, the celebrated pickpocket and
+author, stole from Prince Orloff a snuff-box, set with brilliants, valued
+at &pound;30,000. Barrington was transported to Botany Bay, and at the opening
+of Sydney Theatre, January 16, 1796, Young&#8217;s tragedy, <i>The Revenge</i>, was
+performed by convicts, and a prologue from Barrington&#8217;s pen contained this
+passage:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;From distant climes, o&#8217;er widespread seas, we come,<br />
+Though not with much <i>&eacute;clat</i>, or beat of drum;<br />
+True patriots we, for, be it understood,<br />
+We left our country for our country&#8217;s good.<br />
+No private views disgraced our generous zeal,<br />
+What urged our travels was our country&#8217;s weal;<br />
+And none will doubt but that our emigration<br />
+Has proved most useful to the British nation.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the olden time it was customary for the English Court to present to an
+Ambassador on his return home a gold snuff-box, and only in late years has
+this practice been discontinued. George IV. made a fraudulent display of
+snuff-taking; he carried an empty box, and pretended to draw from it
+pinches and apply them to his nose. The great Napoleon could not endure
+smoking, but filled his waistcoat pocket with snuff, and partook of
+prodigious quantities. Nelson enjoyed his snuff, and his snuff-box finds a
+place among his relics at Greenwich. Literary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> men and dramatists figure
+in imposing numbers amongst snuff-takers. Dryden enjoyed snuff, and did
+not object to share the luxury with others. A favourite haunt of his was
+Will&#8217;s Coffee-house in Bow Street, Covent Garden, where he was met by the
+chief wits of the time. In the &#8220;London Spy,&#8221; by Ned Wright, it is related
+that a parcel of raw, second-rate beaux and wits were conceited if they
+had but the honour to dip a finger and thumb into Mr. Dryden&#8217;s snuff-box.
+Addison, Bolingbroke, Congreve, Swift, and Pope were snuff-takers. Dr.
+Samuel Johnson carried large supplies in his waistcoat pocket, and his
+friend Boswell thus praised it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Oh snuff! our fashionable end and aim!<br />
+Strasburg, Rappee, Dutch, Scotch,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Whate&#8217;er thy name;</span><br />
+Powder celestial! quintescence divine!<br />
+New joys entrance my soul while thou art mine.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Arkbuckle, another Scottish poet, author of many humorous and witty poems,
+wrote in 1719 as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Blest be his shade, may laurels ever bloom,<br />
+And breathing sweets exhale around his tomb,<br />
+Whose penetrating nostril taught mankind<br />
+First how by snuff to rouse the sleeping mind.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>The following lines are by Robert Leighton, a modern Scotch poet of
+recognised ability:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">The Snuffie Auld Man.</span></span><br />
+&#8220;By the cosie fireside, or the sun-ends o&#8217; gavels,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The snuffie auld bodie is sure to be seen;</span><br />
+Tap, tappin&#8217; his snuff-box, he snifters and sneevils,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And smachers the snuff frae his mou&#8217; to his een.</span><br />
+Since tobacco cam&#8217; in, and the snuffin&#8217; began,<br />
+The hasna been seen sic a snuffie auld man.<br />
+<br />
+His haurins are dozen&#8217;d, his een sair bedizen&#8217;d,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And red round the lids as the gills o&#8217; a fish;</span><br />
+His face is a&#8217; bladdit, his sark-breest a&#8217; smaddit&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And snuffie a picture as ony could wish.</span><br />
+He maks a mere merter o&#8217; a&#8217; thing he does,<br />
+Wi&#8217; snuff frae his fingers an&#8217; draps frae his nose.<br />
+<br />
+And wow but his nose is a troublesome member&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Day and nicht, there&#8217;s nae end to its snuffie desire;</span><br />
+It&#8217;s wide as the chimlie, it&#8217;s red as an ember,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And has to be fed like a dry-whinnie fire,</span><br />
+It&#8217;s a troublesome member, and gie&#8217;s him nae peace,<br />
+Even sleepin&#8217; or eatin&#8217; or sayin&#8217; the grace.<br />
+<br />
+The kirk is disturbed wi&#8217; his hauchin and sneezin&#8217;,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The domime stoppit when leadin&#8217; the psalm;</span><br />
+The minister, deav&#8217;d out o&#8217; logic and reason,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pours gall in the lugs that are gapin&#8217; for balm.</span><br />
+The auld folks look surly, the young chaps jocose,<br />
+While the bodie himsel&#8217; is bambazed wi&#8217; his nose.<br />
+<br />
+He scrimps the auld wife baith in garnal and caddy;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He snuffs what wad keep her in comfort and ease;</span><br />
+Rapee, Lundyfitt, Prince&#8217;s Mixture, and Taddy,<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">She looks upon them as the warst o&#8217; her faes.</span><br />
+And we&#8217;ll ne&#8217;er see an end o&#8217; her Rooshian war<br />
+While the auld carle&#8217;s nose is upheld like a Czar.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Charles and Mary Lamb both enjoyed snuff, and doubtless felt its use
+assisted them in their literary labours. Here is a picture drawn by Mary
+of the pair as they were penning their &#8220;Tales from Shakespeare,&#8221; sitting
+together at the same table. &#8220;Like a literary Darby and Joan,&#8221; she says, &#8220;I
+taking snuff, and he groaning all the while, and saying he can make
+nothing of it, till he has finished, when he finds he has made something
+of it.&#8221; Sterne was a snuff-taker, and when his wife was about to join him
+in Paris in 1762, he wrote a letter in which he said:&mdash;&#8220;You will find good
+tea upon the road from York to Dover; only bring a little to carry you
+from Calais to Paris. Give the custom-house officer what I told you. At
+Calais give more, if you have much Scotch snuff; but as tobacco is good
+here, you had best bring a Scotch mull and make it yourself; that is,
+order your valet to manufacture it, &#8217;twill keep him out of mischief.&#8221; In
+another letter he says:&mdash;&#8220;You must be cautious about Scotch snuff; take
+half a pound in your pocket, and make Lyd do the same.&#8221; Sir Joshua<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>
+Reynolds is described as taking snuff profusely. It is related that he
+powdered his waistcoat, let it fall in heaps upon the carpet, and even
+upon his palette, and it thus became mixed with his pigments and
+transferred to his pictures. Gibbon was a confirmed snuff-taker. In one of
+his letters he relates how he took snuff. &#8220;I drew my snuff-box,&#8221; he said,
+&#8220;rapp&#8217;d it, took snuff twice, and continued my discourse, in my usual
+attitude of my body bent forwards, and my forefinger stretched out.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Offering a pinch of snuff has always been regarded as a mark of civility,
+but there are some men who could not tolerate the practice. Frederick the
+Great, for example, disliked others to take snuff from his box. He was
+lying in the adjoining room to one where he had left his box, and his page
+helped himself to a pinch from it. He was detected, and Frederick said,
+&#8220;Put that box in your pocket; it is too small for both of us.&#8221; George II.
+liked to have his box for his own exclusive use, and when a gentleman at a
+masquerade helped himself to a pinch, the King in great anger threw away
+the box.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>
+<h2>State Lotteries.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">For</span> more than two-and-a-half centuries state lotteries were popular in
+this country. They were imported into England from the continent; prior to
+being known here they were established in Italy, and most probably they
+came to us from that country.</p>
+
+<p>An announcement of the first English lottery was made in 1566, and it
+stated that it would consist of forty-thousand lots or shares at ten
+shillings each. The prizes, many and valuable, included money, plate, and
+certain sorts of merchandise. The winner of the greatest and most
+excellent prize was entitled to receive &#8220;the value of five thousand
+poundes sterling, that is to say, three thousande poundes in ready money,
+seven hundred poundes in plate, gilte and white, and the reste in good
+tapisserie meete of hangings and other covertures, and certain sortes of
+good linen cloth.&#8221; Tapisserie and good linen cloth figure in several of
+the prizes, or to give the spelling of the announcement, prices. A large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>
+number of small money prizes were offered, including ten thousand at
+fifteen shillings each, and nine thousand four hundred and eighteen at
+fourteen shillings each.</p>
+
+<p>The object of the lottery was to raise money to repair the harbours and to
+carry out other useful works. Although the undertaking was for an
+excellent purpose, and the prizes tempting, the sale of the tickets was
+slow, and special inducements were made by Queen Elizabeth to persons
+taking shares. Persons who &#8220;adventured money in this lottery&#8221; might visit
+several of the more important towns in &#8220;the Realme of Englande, and Dublyn
+and Waterforde in the Realm of Irelande,&#8221; and there remain for seven days
+without any molestation or arrest of them for any manner of offence saving
+treason, murder, pyracie, or any other felonie, or for breach of her
+Majesties peace during the time of her coming abiding or returne.
+Doubtless these conditions would induce many to take shares. Public bodies
+as well as private persons invested money in lottery tickets. Not so much
+as a matter of choice as to comply with the urgent wishes of the queen and
+her advisers. The public had little taste for the lottery, but the leading
+people in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> land were almost compelled to take shares, and the same may
+be said of chief cities and towns. In the city records of Winchester for
+example, under the year 1566, it is stated:&mdash;&#8220;Taken out of the Coffer the
+sum of &pound;10 towards the next drawen of the lottery.&#8221; On the 30th July,
+1568, is another entry as follows:&mdash;&#8220;That &pound;3 be taken out of the Coffers
+of the cytie and be put into the lottery, and so muche money as shall make
+up evyn lotts with those that are contrybuting of the cytie, so that it
+passed not 10s.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The eventful day arrived after long waiting for commencing the drawing of
+the lottery. The place selected for the purpose was at the west door of
+St. Paul&#8217;s Cathedral, London. Operations were commenced in 1569, on
+January 11th, and continued day and night until May 6th.</p>
+
+<p>Some years passed before another state lottery took place. It is believed
+that one noticed by Stow in his &#8220;Annales,&#8221; occurring in 1585, was the
+second. &#8220;A lotterie,&#8221; chronicles Stow, &#8220;for marvellous, rich, and
+beautiful armour was begunne to be drawne at London in S. Paules
+Churchyard, at the great West gate (a house of timber and board being
+there erected for that purpose) on S. Peter&#8217;s Day in the morning,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> which
+lotteries continued in drawing day and night, for the space of two or
+three dayes.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Our first two Stuart kings do not appear to have employed the lottery as a
+means of raising money. James I. granted a lotterie in favour of the
+colony of Virginia. The prizes consisted of pieces of plate. It was drawn
+in a house built for the purpose near the West end of St. Paul&#8217;s. The
+drawing commenced on the 29th June, and was completed by 20th July, 1612.
+It is said that a poor tailor won the first prize, viz. &#8220;foure thousand
+Crownes in fayre plate,&#8221; and that it was conveyed to his humble home in a
+stately style. The lottery gave general satisfaction, it was plainly and
+honestly conducted, and knights, esquires and leading citizens were
+present to check any attempt at cheating. During the reign of Charles I.,
+in 1630, the earliest lottery for sums of money took place.</p>
+
+<p>The Puritans do not seem to have had any decided aversion to obtaining
+money by means of the lottery. During the Commonwealth it was resorted to
+for getting rid of forfeited Irish estates.</p>
+
+<p>At the restoration the real gaming spirit commenced and caused much misery
+and ruin.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> The lottery sheet was set up in many public places, and the
+Crown received a large revenue from this source. The financial arrangement
+of a lottery was simple, the state offered a certain sum of money to be
+repaid by a larger. We learn from Chambers&#8217;s &#8220;Book of Days,&#8221; that &#8220;The
+government gave &pound;10 in prizes for every share taken, on an average. A
+great many blanks, or of prizes under &pound;10 left of course, a surplus for
+the creation of a few magnificent prizes wherewith to attract the unwary
+public.&#8221; It was customary for city firms known as lottery-office-keepers
+to contract for the lottery, and they always paid more than &pound;10 per share,
+usually &pound;16 was paid, which left the government a handsome profit. The
+contractors disposed of the tickets to the public for &pound;20 to &pound;22 each. The
+shares were frequently divided by the contractors into halves, quarters,
+eights, and sixteenths, and this was done at advanced prices. It was out
+of the clients for aliquot parts that the lottery-office-keepers reaped a
+heavy harvest. They were men who understood the art of advertising, and
+used pictures, poetry, and prose in a most effective manner. Our own
+collections of lottery puffs is curious and interesting. Some very good
+examples are reproduced in &#8220;A History of English Lotteries,&#8221; by John
+Ashton, and published by the Leadenhall Press, London, in 1893.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img30.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">DRAWING A LOTTERY IN THE GUILDHALL, 1751</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>It is related that one firm of lottery ticket contractors gave an old
+woman fifty pounds a year to join them as a nominal partner on account of
+her name being Goodluck.</p>
+
+<p>We have stated that at the commencement of lotteries they were drawn near
+St. Paul&#8217;s, subsequently the City Guildhall was the place, and later
+Cooper&#8217;s Hall, Basinghall Street, was used for this purpose. Before the
+day appointed for the drawing of a lottery, public preparations had been
+made for it at Somerset House. Each lottery ticket had a counterpart and a
+counterfoil, and when the issue of the tickets was complete, an
+announcement was made, and a day fixed for the counterparts of the tickets
+to be sealed up in a box, and any ticket-holder might attend and see that
+his ticket was included with others in a box, and it was placed in a
+strong box and locked up with seven keys, then sealed with seven seals.
+Two other boxes, locked and sealed as the one with tickets, contained the
+prize tickets and blanks. These were removed with ceremony to the place of
+drawing. Four prancing horses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> would draw, on their own sledges, the
+wheels of fortune, each of which were about six feet in diameter. By their
+side galloped a detachment of Horse Guards. Arrived at their destination,
+the great wheels were placed at each end of a long table, where the
+managers of the lottery took their seats. With care the tickets were
+emptied into the wheels, and finally they were set in motion. Near each
+wheel stood a boy, usually from the Blue-Coat School. Simultaneously the
+lads put into the wheels their hands, each drawing a paper out. These they
+hold up, and an officer, called the proclaimer, calls out in a loud voice
+the number, say sixty! another responds a prize or blank, as the case may
+be, and the drawing thus proceeds until it is finished, often a long and
+tedious piece of work. If even a blank is first drawn, the owner of the
+ticket received a prize of a thousand pounds, and a similar sum was won by
+the owner of the last ticket drawn. The boys were well rewarded for their
+trouble, and on the whole the lotteries appear to have been fairly
+conducted.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p>
+<div class="border">
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img31.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="caption">ADVERTISING THE LAST STATE LOTTERY.</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>We give a picture of a pageant-like machine, used in London to advertise
+the last state lottery. The artist by whom it was drawn wrote an
+entertaining letter respecting it. &#8220;As I was walking up Holborn on the
+9th of October, 1826,&#8221; he says, &#8220;I saw a strange vehicle moving slowly on,
+and when I came up to it, found a machine, perhaps from twenty to thirty
+feet high, of an octagon shape, covered all over with lottery papers of
+various colours. It had a broad brass band round the bottom, and moved on
+a pivot; it had a very imposing effect. The driver and the horse seemed as
+dull as though they were attending a solemn funeral, whilst the different
+shopkeepers came to the doors and laughed; some of the people passing and
+repassing read the bills that were pasted on it, as if they had never read
+one before, others stationed themselves to look at it as long as it was in
+sight. It entered Monmouth Street, that den of filth and rags, where so
+great a number of young urchins gathered together in a few minutes as to
+be astonishing. There being an empty chair behind, one of them seated
+himself in it, and rode backwards; another said, &#8216;let&#8217;s have a stone
+through it,&#8217; and a third cried &#8216;let&#8217;s sludge it.&#8217; This was no sooner
+proposed than they threw stones, oyster shells, and dirt, and burst
+several of the sheets; this attack brought the driver from his seat, and
+he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> was obliged to walk by the side of his machine up the foul street
+which his show canvassed, halting now and then to threaten the boys who
+still followed and threw. I made a sketch, and left the scene.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Powerful protests were made in parliament against the immorality of the
+lottery. It took a long time to bring those in office to a sense of their
+duty. The immense profits they yielded were extremely useful for state
+purposes. Mr. Parnell hit hard the men in power, and it was he who
+suggested that the following epitaph be inscribed on the tomb of a
+Chancellor of the Exchequer:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 15%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="center">&#8220;Here lies the<br />
+RIGHT HON. NICHOLAS VANSITTART,<br />
+once Chancellor of the Exchequer;<br />
+the parton of Bible Societies,<br />
+the builder of Churches,<br />
+a friend to the education of the poor,<br />
+an encourager of Savings&#8217; Banks,<br />
+and a supporter of Lotteries.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>On Wednesday, 18th October, 1826, the last state lottery was drawn in
+England, and it will not be without interest to reproduce from a London
+newspaper a report of the closing proceedings. &#8220;Yesterday afternoon,&#8221; it
+is recorded,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> &#8220;at about half past six o&#8217;clock, that old servant of the
+State, the Lottery, breathed its last, having for a long period of years,
+ever since the days of Queen Anne, contributed largely towards the public
+revenue of the country. This event took place at Cooper&#8217;s Hall, Basinghall
+Street; and, such was the anxiety on the part of the public to witness the
+last drawing of the lottery, that great numbers of persons were attracted
+to the spot, independently of those who had an interest in the
+proceedings. The gallery of the Cooper&#8217;s Hall was crowded to excess long
+before the period fixed for the drawing (five o&#8217;clock), and the utmost
+anxiety was felt by those who had shares in the lottery, for the arrival
+of the appointed hour. The annihilation of lotteries, it will be
+recollected was determined upon in the session of Parliament before last;
+and thus, a source of revenue bringing into the treasury the sums of
+&pound;250,000 and &pound;300,000 per annum, will be dried up.</p>
+
+<p>This determination on the part of the legislature is hailed, by the
+greatest portion of the public, with joy, as it will put an end to a
+system which many believe to have fostered and encouraged the late
+speculations, the effects of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> which have been and are still severely felt.
+A deficiency in the public revenue, to the extent of &pound;250,000 annually,
+will occur, however, in the consequence of this annihilation of lotteries,
+and it must remain for those who have strenuously supported the putting a
+stop to lotteries, to provide for the deficiency.</p>
+
+<p>Although that which ended yesterday was the last, if we are informed
+correctly, the lottery-office keepers have been left with a great number
+of tickets remaining on their hands&mdash;a pretty strong proof that the
+public, in general, have now no relish for these schemes.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The drawing of the lottery commenced shortly after five o&#8217;clock, and ended
+at twenty minutes past six, so it did not take long to complete the last
+state lottery in England.</p>
+
+<p>Those most interested in lotteries did not let them die without trying to
+prove their value to the public and the state. Bish, who conducted an
+extensive business in tickets, issued an address as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At the present moment, when so many of the comforts of the poorer classes
+are more or less liable to taxation, it may surely be a question whether
+the abolition of lotteries, by which the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> State was a gainer of nearly
+half a million per annum, be, or be not, a wise measure!</p>
+
+<p>&#8217;Tis true that, as they were formerly conducted, the system was fraught
+with some evil. Insurances were allowed upon the fate of numbers through
+protracted drawings; and, as the insurances could be effected for very
+small sums, those who could ill afford loss, imbibed a spirit of gambling,
+which the legislature, very wisely, most effectually prevented, by
+adopting, in the year 1809, the present improved mode of deciding the
+whole lottery in one day.</p>
+
+<p>As the present conducted, the lottery is a voluntary tax, contributed to
+only by those who can afford it, and collected without trouble or expense;
+one by which many branches of the revenue are considerably aided, and by
+means of which hundreds of persons find employment. The wisdom of those,
+who at this time resign the income produced by it, adds to the number of
+the unemployed, may, as I have observed in a former address, surely be
+questioned.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pitt, whose ability on matters of financial arrangements few will
+question, and whose morality was proverbial, would not, I am bold to say,
+have yielded to the outcry against a tax, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> continuing of which would
+have enabled him to let the labourer drink his humble beverage at a
+reduced price, or the industrious artisan to pursue his occupation by a
+cheaper light. But we live in other times&mdash;in the age of improvement! To
+stake patrimonal estates at hazard or <i>&eacute;cart&eacute;</i>, in the purlieus of St.
+James&#8217;s, is merely amusement, but to purchase a ticket in the lottery, by
+which a man may gain an estate at a trifling risk, is&mdash;immoral! Nay,
+within a few hours of the time I write, were not many of our nobility and
+senators, some of whom, I dare say, voted against lotteries, assembled,
+betting thousands upon a horse race?</p>
+
+<p>In saying so much, it may be thought that I am somewhat presumptuous, or
+that I take a partial view of the case. It is, however, my honest opinion,
+abstracted from personal considerations, that the measure of abolishing
+lotteries is an unwise one, and, as such, I give it to that public, of
+which I have been, for many years, the highly favoured servant, and for
+whose patronage, though lotteries cease, my gratitude will ever continue.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We will close our studies on this subject with a copy of an epitaph
+written in remembrance of these old-time institutions. It is as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 15%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>In Memory of<br />
+<span class="smcap">The State Lottery</span>,<br />
+the last of a long line<br />
+whose origin in England commenced<br />
+in the year 1569,<br />
+which, after a series of tedious complaints,<br />
+<i>Expired</i><br />
+on the<br />
+18th day of October, 1826.<br />
+During a period of 257 years, the family<br />
+flourished under the powerful protection<br />
+of the<br />
+British Parliament;<br />
+the Minister of the day continuing to<br />
+give them his support for the improvement<br />
+of the revenue.<br />
+As they increased, it was found that their<br />
+continuance corrupted the morals<br />
+and encouraged a spirit<br />
+of Speculation and Gambling among the lower<br />
+classes of the people;<br />
+thousands of whom fell victims to their<br />
+insinuating and tempting allurements.<br />
+Many philanthropic individuals<br />
+in the Senate,<br />
+at various times for a series of years,<br />
+pointed out their baneful influence<br />
+without effect,<br />
+His Majesty&#8217;s Ministers<br />
+still affording them their countenance<br />
+and protection.<br />
+The British Parliament<br />
+being, at length, convinced of their<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>mischievous tendency,<br />
+His Majesty, GEORGE IV.,<br />
+on the 9th July, 1823,<br />
+pronounced sentence of condemnation<br />
+on the whole of the race;<br />
+from which time they were almost<br />
+<span class="smcap">Neglected by the British Public</span>.<br />
+Very great efforts were made by the<br />
+Partizans and friends of the family to<br />
+excite<br />
+the public feeling in favour of the last<br />
+of the race, in vain:<br />
+It continued to linger out the few<br />
+remaining<br />
+moments of its existence without attention<br />
+or sympathy, and finally terminated<br />
+its career, unregretted by any<br />
+virtuous mind.</td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Bear-Baiting.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">Few</span> sports in England have been more popular than bear-baiting. Other
+forms of amusement waned before its attractions. The Sovereign, in the
+days of old, had as a member of his Court a Bearward, as well as a
+Chancellor. In and about London the sport was largely patronised, but it
+was by no means confined to the Metropolis; in all parts of the country
+bear-baitings were held. Fitzstephen, a monk of Canterbury, who lived in
+the reign of Henry II., in his description of London, relates that in the
+forenoon of every holy day during the winter season, the youthful
+Londoners were amused with the baiting of bears and other animals. He says
+the bears were full grown.</p>
+
+<p>Edward III., in his proclamation, includes bear-baiting amongst
+&#8220;dishonest, trivial, and useless games.&#8221; The proclamation does not appear
+to have had any lasting effect on the public as regards bear-baiting. The
+diversion increased in popularity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>Southwark was a popular place for baiting animals, and Sunday the usual
+day for the amusement. Stow has several notes bearing on this theme. In
+respect to charges to witness the sport, he tells us &#8220;those who go to the
+Paris Garden, the Belle Sauvage, the Theatre, to behold bear-baiting,
+interludes, or fence-play, must not account (<i>i.e.</i>, reckon on) any
+pleasant spectacle unless they first pay one penny at the gate, another at
+the entrie of the scaffold, and a third for quiet standing.&#8221; We learn from
+Stow that at Southwark were two bear-gardens, the old and the new; places
+wherein were kept bears, bulls, and other beasts to be baited; as also
+mastiffs in their several kennels were there nourished to bait them. These
+bears and other beasts were baited in plots of ground scaffolded round for
+the beholders to stand safe. Stow condemns the foulness of these rude
+sights, and says the money idly thrown away upon them might have been
+given to the poor.</p>
+
+<p>In the reign of Henry VIII., Erasmus visited England, and he relates that
+many herds of bears were maintained at the Court for the purpose of being
+baited. We are further told by him that the rich nobles had their
+bearwards, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> Royal establishment its Master of the King&#8217;s Bears.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 316px;"><img src="images/img32.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">BEAR GARDEN, OR HOPE THEATRE. 1647.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Men were not wanting to raise their voices against this brutal sport even
+at the time kings favoured it. Towards the close of the reign of Henry
+VIII., Crowley wrote some lines, which we have modernised, as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;What folly is this to keep with danger<br />
+A great mastiff dog, and foul, ugly bear,<br />
+And to this intent to see these two fight<br />
+With terrible tearing, a full ugly sight.<br />
+And methinks these men are most fools of all<br />
+Whose store of money is but very small,<br />
+And yet every Sunday they will surely spend<br />
+A penny or two, the bear-ward&#8217;s living to mend.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>At Paris Garden, each Sunday, a man shall not fail<br />
+To find two or three hundred for the bear-ward&#8217;s vale;<br />
+One halfpenny a piece they use for to give<br />
+When some have not more in their purses, I believe.<br />
+Well, at the last day their conscience will declare<br />
+That the poor ought to have all that they may spare,<br />
+If you therefore go to witness a bear fight<br />
+Be sure that God His curse will upon you alight.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We may recognise the zeal of the writer, but we cannot commend the merits
+of his poetry.</p>
+
+<p>When Princess Elizabeth was confined at Hatfield House, she was visited by
+her sister, Queen Mary. On the morning after her arrival, after mass was
+over, a grand entertainment of bear-baiting took place, much to their
+enjoyment.</p>
+
+<p>Elizabeth, as a princess, took a delight in this sport, and when she
+occupied the throne she gave it her support. When the theatre, in the
+palmy days of Shakespeare and Burbage, was attracting a larger share of
+public patronage than the bear garden, she waxed indignant, and in 1591 an
+order was issued from the Privy Council, forbidding &#8220;plays to be performed
+on Thursdays because bear-baiting and such pastimes had usually been
+practised.&#8221; The Lord Mayor followed the order with an injunction in which
+it was stated &#8220;that in divers places the players are not to recite
+their plays to the great hurt and destruction of the game of bear-baiting
+and suchlike pastimes, which are maintained for Her Majesty&#8217;s pleasure.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 369px;"><img src="images/img33.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">THE GLOBE THEATRE. TEMP. ELIZABETH.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>During the famous visit in 1575, of Queen Elizabeth to the Earl of
+Leicester, at Kenilworth Castle, baiting thirteen bears by ban dogs (a
+small kind of mastiff), was one of the entertainments provided for the
+royal guest.</p>
+
+<p>History furnishes several instances of the Queen having animals baited for
+the diversion of Ambassadors. On May 25, 1559, the French Ambassadors
+dined with the Queen, and after dinner bulls and bears were baited by
+English dogs. She and her guests stood looking at the pastime until six
+o&#8217;clock. Next day the visitors went by water to the Paris Garden, where
+similar sports were held. In 1586, the Danish Ambassadors were received at
+Greenwich by Her Majesty, and bull and bear baiting were part of the
+amusements provided. Towards the close of her reign, the Queen entertained
+another set of Ambassadors with a bear-bait at the Cockpit near St.
+James&#8217;s. Baiting animals appears to have been the chief form of amusement
+provided by the Queen for foreign visitors.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>Edmund Alleyn, founder of Dulwich College, was for a long time part owner
+of the bear gardens at Southwark. Mr. Edward Walford thinks that he was
+obliged to become a proprietor to make good his position as a player, and
+to carry out his theatrical designs. He had to purchase the patent office
+of &#8220;Beare ward,&#8221; or &#8220;Master of the King&#8217;s Beares.&#8221; Alleyn is reputed to
+have had a well stocked garden. On one occasion, when Queen Elizabeth
+wanted a grand display of bear-baiting, Sir John Dorrington, the chief
+master of Her Majesty&#8217;s &#8220;Games of Bulls and Bears,&#8221; applied and obtained
+animals from Alleyn.</p>
+
+<p>The following advertisement written in a large hand was found amongst the
+Alleyn papers, and is supposed to be the original placard exhibited at the
+entrance of the bear-garden. It is believed to date back to the days of
+James I.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Tomorrowe being Thursdaie shalbe seen at the Bear-gardin on the
+banckside a greate mach plaid by the gamsters of Essex, who hath
+chalenged all comers whatsoever to plaie v dogs at the single beare
+for v pounds, and also to wearie a bull dead at the stake; and for
+your better content shall have plasent sport with the horse and ape
+and whiping of the blind beare. Vivat Rex!&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>The public had to be protected from the dogs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> employed in this sport.
+From the &#8220;Archives of Winchester,&#8221; published 1856, a work compiled from
+the city records, we find it stated.&mdash;&#8220;By an Ordinance of the 4th of
+August, in the twenty-eighth year of the reign of Elizabeth, bull-dogs
+were prohibited roving throughout the city unmuzzled. Itm.&mdash;That noe
+person within this citie shall suffer or permit any of theire Mastife
+Doggs to goe unmusselled, uppon paine of everie defalte herein of 3s. 4d.
+to be levied by distresse, to the use of the Poore people of the citie.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img34.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">PLAN OF BANKSIDE EARLY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>James I. was a lover of hunting and other sports, and gave his patronage
+to bear-baiting. We learn from Nichols&#8217; &#8220;Progresses and Processions,&#8221; that
+the King commanded that a bear which had killed a child which had
+negligently been left in the bear-house of the Tower, be baited to death
+upon a stage. The order was carried out in presence of a large gathering
+of spectators.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter written on July 12th, 1623, by Mr. Chamberlain to Sir Dudley
+Carleton, the following passage occurs:&mdash;&#8220;The Spanish Ambassador is much
+delighted in bear-baiting. He was last week at Paris Garden, where they
+showed him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> all the pleasure they could both with bull, bear, and horse,
+besides jackanapes, and then turned a white bear into the Thames, where
+the dogs baited him swimming, which was the best sport of all.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. William Kelly, in his work entitled &#8220;Notices Illustrative of the Drama
+and other Popular Amusements, Chiefly in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
+Centuries,&#8221; has some very curious information relating to bear-baiting.
+The Leicester town accounts contain entries of many payments given to the
+bear-wards of Edward VI., Queen Elizabeth, and members of the nobility.
+Leicester had its bear-garden, but we learn from Mr. Kelly that the local
+authorities were not content to see the sport there, &#8220;as it was introduced
+at the Mayor&#8217;s feast, at the Town Hall, which was attended by many of the
+nobility and gentry of the neighbourhood.&#8221; We may suppose that, taking the
+place usually occupied by the &#8220;interlude,&#8221; the bear was baited in the Hall
+in the interval between the feast and the &#8220;banquet&#8221; or dessert, and the
+company, like the Spanish Ambassador, no doubt witnessed the exhibition
+&#8220;with great delight.&#8221; Much might be said relating to Leicester, but we
+must be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> content with drawing upon Mr. Kelly for one more item. &#8220;In the
+summer of 1589 (probably at the invitation of the Mayor), the High
+Sheriff, Mr. Skeffington, and &#8216;divers other gentlemen with him,&#8217; were
+present at &#8216;a great beare-beating&#8217; in the town, and were entertained, at
+the public expense, with wine and sugar, and a present of &#8216;ten shillings
+in gold&#8217; was also made.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A couplet concerning Congleton Church Bible being sold to purchase a bear
+to bait at the annual feast, has made the town known in all parts of the
+country. The popular rhyme says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Congleton rare, Congleton rare,<br />
+Sold the Bible to pay for a bear.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The scandal has been related in prose and poetry by many pens. Natives of
+the ancient borough are known as &#8220;Congleton Bears&#8221;&mdash;by no means a pleasant
+epithet. The inhabitants make the best of the story, and tell how just
+before the wakes their only bear died, and it was feared that they would
+be unable to obtain another to enjoy their popular sport. The bear-ward
+was most diligent in collecting money to buy another animal, but after all
+his exertions he failed to obtain the required amount. He at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> last made
+application to the local authorities, and as they had a small sum in the
+&#8220;towne&#8217;s boxe&#8221; put aside for the purchase of a Bible for the chapel, it
+was lent, and it is presumed that the sum of 16s. was duly returned, and
+the scriptures were obtained.</p>
+
+<p>Egerton Leigh, in his &#8220;Cheshire Ballads,&#8221; has an amusing poem bearing on
+this subject, and he concludes it as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The townsmen, &#8217;tis true, would explain it away,<br />
+In those days when Bibles were so dear they say,<br />
+That they th&#8217; old Bible swopped at the wakes for a bear,<br />
+Having first bought a new book.<br />
+Thus shrink they the sneer,<br />
+And taunts &#8217;gainst their town thus endeavour to clear.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The town accounts show how popular must have been the sport at Congleton.
+The following are a few items:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>1589.</td>
+    <td>Imprimis to Mr. Trafforde, his man, the bearewarde</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">4</td>
+    <td>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>That was given Sir John Hollecrofts bearewarde</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">2</td>
+    <td>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1591.</td>
+    <td>Payd yt was given Shelmerdyne ye bearewarde at wakes</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">2</td>
+    <td>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1597.</td>
+    <td>Payd that was given to Mr. Haughton, of Haughton, towards his man that had beares here</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td>
+    <td>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1610.</td>
+    <td>Kelsall bearward</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td>
+    <td>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></td>
+    <td>To the players and bearewarde at the wakes</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">15</td>
+    <td>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1611.</td>
+    <td>Bullward and bearward at wakes</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">15</td>
+    <td>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1612.</td>
+    <td>William Hardern to fetch Shelmadene again with his bears at Whitsuntide</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>He refused to come, and Bramt, the bearward, came and was paid</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td>
+    <td>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Fetching the bears at the wakes</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td>
+    <td>6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Fetching two more bears 1s., bearward 15s.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">16</td>
+    <td>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1613.</td>
+    <td>Item payd to Willm. Statborne for fetching the bearewarde (from Knutsford) at the wakes</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1621.</td>
+    <td>Given Raufe Shelmerdyne for sport made by him with his beares at Congleton Wakes</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">10</td>
+    <td>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Item paide to Brocke, the bearewarde, at Whitsuntide</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td>
+    <td>8</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Such are a few examples of the many entries which appear in the Congleton
+town accounts relating to bear-baiting.</p>
+
+<p>Congleton is not the only place reproached for selling the church Bible
+for enabling the inhabitants to enjoy the pastime of bear-baiting. Two
+miles distant from Rugby is the village of Clifton, and, says a couplet,</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Clifton-upon-Dunsmore, in Warwickshire,<br />
+Sold the church Bible to buy a bear.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Another version of the old rhyme is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>
+&#8220;The People of Clifton-super-Dunsmore<br />
+Sold ye Church Byble to buy a bayre.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There is a tradition that in the days of old the Bible was removed from
+the Parish Church of Ecclesfield and pawned by the churchwardens to
+provide the means of a bear-baiting. Some accounts state this occurred at
+Bradfield, and not at Ecclesfield. The &#8220;bull-and-bear stake&#8221; at the latter
+Yorkshire village was near the churchyard.</p>
+
+<p>Under the Commonwealth this pastime was not permitted, but when the
+Stuarts were once more on the throne bear-baiting and other sports became
+popular.</p>
+
+<p>Hockley-in-the-Hole, near Clerkenwell, in the days of Addison, was a
+favourite place for the amusement. There is a reference to the subject in
+the <i>Spectator</i> of August 11th, 1731, wherein it is suggested that those
+who go to the theatres for a laugh should &#8220;seek their diversion at the
+bear garden, where reason and good manners have no right to disturb them.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Gay, in his &#8220;Trivia,&#8221; devotes some lines to this subject. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Experienced men inured to city ways<br />
+Need not the calendar to count their days,<br />
+When through the town, with slow and solemn air,<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>Led by the nostril walks the muzzled bear;<br />
+Behind him moves, majestically dull,<br />
+The pride of Hockley Hole, the surly bull,<br />
+Learn hence the periods of the week to name&mdash;<br />
+Mondays and Thursdays are the days of game.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Towards the close of the last century the pastime, once the pleasure of
+king&#8217;s and queens and the highest nobles in the land, was mainly upheld by
+the working classes. A bill, in 1802, was introduced into the House of
+Commons to abolish baiting animals. The measure received the support of
+Courtenay, Sheridan, and Wilberforce, men of power in Parliament, but Mr.
+Windham, who led the opposition, won the day. He pronounced it &#8220;as the
+first result of a conspiracy of the Jacobins and Methodists to render the
+people grave and serious, preparatory to obtaining their assistance in the
+furtherance of other anti-national schemes.&#8221; The bill was lost by thirteen
+votes. In 1835, baiting animals was finally stopped by Act of Parliament.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Morris-Dancers.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">Says</span> Dr. Johnson: &#8220;the Morris-Dance, in which bells are jingled, or staves
+or swords clashed, was learned by the Moors, and was probably a kind of
+Pyrrhic, or military dance. &#8220;Morisco,&#8221; says Blount (Span.), a Moor; also a
+dance, so called, wherein there were usually five men, and a boy dressed
+in a girl&#8217;s habit, whom they called the Maid Marrion, or perhaps Morian,
+from the Italian Morione, a head-piece, because her head was wont to be
+gaily trimmed up. Common people called it a Morris-Dance.&#8221; Such are the
+statements made at the commencement of a chapter on this subject in
+&#8220;Brand&#8217;s Popular Antiquities.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is generally agreed that the Morris-Dance was introduced into this
+country in the sixteenth century. In the earlier English allusions it is
+called <i>Morisco</i>, a Moor, and this indicates its origin from Spain. It was
+popular in France before it was appreciated amongst our countrymen; some
+antiquaries assert that it came to England from our Gallic neighbours, or
+even from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> Flemings, while others state that when John of Gaunt
+returned from Spain he was the means of making it known here, but we think
+there is little truth in the statement.</p>
+
+<p>Our countrymen soon united the Morris-Dance with the favourite pageant
+dance of Robin-hood. We discover many traces of the two dances in sacred
+as well as profane places. In old churchwarden&#8217;s accounts we sometimes
+find items bearing on this theme. The following entries are drawn from the
+&#8220;Churchwardens&#8217; and Chamberlains&#8217; Books of Kingston-upon-Thames:&#8221;&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;1508.</td>
+    <td>For paynting of the <i>Mores</i> garments for sarten gret leveres</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">2</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>For plyts and &#188; of laun for the <i>Mores</i> garments</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">2</td>
+    <td>11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>For Orseden for the same</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td>
+    <td>10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>For bellys for the daunsars</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td>
+    <td>12</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1509-10.</td>
+    <td>For silver paper for the <i>Mores</i>-dawnsars</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">7</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>1519-20.</td>
+    <td>Shoes for the <i>Mores</i>-daunsars, the frere, and Mayde Maryan, at 7d. a peyre</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>1521-22.</td>
+    <td>Eight yerds of fustyan for the <i>Mores</i>-daunsars&#8217; coats</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">16</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>A dosyn of gold skynnes for the Morres</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td>
+    <td>10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1536-37.</td>
+    <td>Five hats and 4 porses for the daunsars</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4&#189;.&#8221;</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>It is stated that in 1536-37, amongst other clothes belonging to the play
+of Robin Hood, left in the keeping of the churchwardens, were &#8220;a fryer&#8217;s
+coat of russet, with a kyrtle of worsted welted with red cloth, a mowren&#8217;s
+cote of buckram, and 4 Morres daunsars cote of white fustain spangelyed,
+and two gryne saten cotes, and a dysardd&#8217;s cote of cotton, and 6 payre of
+garters with bells.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Some curious payments appear in the churchwardens&#8217; accounts of St. Mary&#8217;s
+parish, Reading, and are quoted by Coates, the historian of the town.
+Under the year 1557, items as follow appear:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;Item, payed to the Morrys-Daunsars and the Mynstrelles, mete and drink at Whitsontide</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Payed to them the Sonday after May Day</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td>20</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pd. to the Painter for painting of their cotes</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">8</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pd. to the Painter for 2 doz. of Lyvereys</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td>0</td>
+    <td align="right">20.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The following is a curious note drawn from the original accounts of St.
+Giles&#8217;, Cripplegate, London:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;1571. Item, paide in charges by the appointment of the parisshoners,
+for the settinge forth of a gyaunt morris-dainsers, with vj calyvers
+and iij boies on horseback, to go in the watche befoore the Lade
+Maiore uppon Midsomer even, as may appeare by particulars for the
+furnishinge of same, vj. li. ixs. ixd.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img35.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">MORRIS DANCE, FROM A PAINTED WINDOW AT BETLEY.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>We learn from the churchwardens&#8217; accounts of Great Marlow that dresses for
+the Morris-dance were lent out to the neighbouring parishes down to 1629.
+Some interesting pictures illustrating the usages of bygone ages include
+the Morris-dance, and gives us a good idea of the costumes of those taking
+part in it. A painted window at Betley, Staffordshire, has frequently
+formed the subject of an illustration, and we give one of it.</p>
+
+<p>Here is shown in a spirited style a set of Morris-dancers. It is described
+in Steven&#8217;s &#8220;Shakespeare&#8221; (<i>Henry IV.</i>, Part I.) There are eleven pictures
+and a Maypole. The characters are as follow:&mdash;1, Robin Hood; 2, Maid
+Marion; 3, Friar Tuck; 4, 6, 7, 10, and 11, Morris-dancers; 5, the
+hobby-horse; 8, the Maypole; 9, the piper; and 12, the fool. Figures 10
+and 11 have long streamers to the sleeves, and all the dancers have bells,
+either at the ankles, wrists, or knees. Tollett, the owner of the window,
+believed it dated back to the time of Henry VIII., <i>c.</i> 1535. Douce thinks
+it belongs to the reign of Edward IV., and other authorities share his
+opinion. It is thought that the figures of the English friar, Maypole, and
+hobby-horse have been added at a later period.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>Towards the close of the reign of James I., Vickenboom painted a picture,
+Richmond Palace, and in it a company of Morris-dancers form an attractive
+feature. The original painting includes seven figures, consisting of a
+fool, hobby-horse, piper, Maid Marion, and three dancers. We give an
+illustration of the first four characters and one of the dancers, from a
+drawing by Douce, produced from a tracing made by Grose. The bells on the
+dancer and the fool are clearly shown.</p>
+
+<p>We also present a picture of a Whitsun Morris-dance. In the olden time, at
+Whitsuntide, this diversion was extremely popular.</p>
+
+<p>Many allusions to the Morris-dancers occur in the writings of Elizabethan
+authors. Shakespeare, for example, in Henry V., refers to it thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;And let us doit with no show of fear;<br />
+No! with no more than if we heard that England<br />
+Were busied with a Whitsun Morris-dance.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In <i>All&#8217;s Well that Ends Well</i>, he speaks of the fitness of a
+&#8220;Morris-dance for May-day.&#8221; We might cull many quotations from the poets,
+but we will only make one more and it is from Herrick&#8217;s &#8220;Hesperides,&#8221;
+describing the blessings of the country:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Thy <i>Wakes</i>, thy Quintals, here thou hast<br />
+Thy maypoles, too, with garlands grac&#8217;d<br />
+Thy <i>Morris-dance</i>, thy Whitsun-ale;<br />
+Thy shearing flat, which never fail.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In later times the Morris-dance was frequently introduced on the stage.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img36.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">MORRIS DANCERS, TEMP. JAMES I. (<i>From a Painting by Vickenboom.</i>)</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>As might be expected, the Puritans strongly condemned this form of
+pleasure. Richard Baxter, in his &#8220;Divine Appointment of the Lord&#8217;s Day,&#8221;
+gives us a vivid picture of Sunday in a pleasure-loving time. &#8220;I have
+lived in my youth,&#8221; says Baxter, &#8220;in many places where sometimes shows of
+uncouth spectacles have been their sports at certain seasons of the year,
+and sometimes <i>morrice-dancings</i>, and sometimes stage plays and sometimes
+wakes and revels.... And when the people by the book [of Sports] were
+allowed to play and dance out of public service-time, they could hardly
+break off their sports that many a time the reader was fain to stay till
+the piper and players would give over; and sometimes the <i>morrice-dancers</i>
+would come into the church in all their linen, and scarfs, and antic
+dresses, with morrice-bells jingling at their legs. And as soon as common
+prayer was read did haste out presently to their play again.&#8221; Stubbes, in
+his &#8220;Anatomie of Abuses&#8221; (1585), writes in a similar strain.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img37.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">A WHITSUN MORRIS DANCE.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>The pleasure-loving Stuarts encouraged Sunday sports, and James I., in his
+Declaration of May 24th 1618, directed that the people should not be
+debarred from having May-games, Whitsun-ales, and Morris-dances, and the
+setting up of May poles.</p>
+
+<p>During the Commonwealth, dancing round the Maypole and many other popular
+amusements were stopped, but no sooner had Charles II. come to the throne
+of the country than the old sports were revived. For a fuller account of
+this subject the reader would do well to consult Brand&#8217;s &#8220;Popular
+Antiquities,&#8221; and the late Alfred Burton&#8217;s book on &#8220;Rush-Bearing,&#8221; from
+both works we have derived information for this chapter.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p>
+<h2>The Folk-Lore of Midsummer Eve.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> old superstitions and customs of Midsummer Eve form a curious chapter
+in English folk-lore. Formerly this was a period when the imagination ran
+riot. On Midsummer Day the Church holds its festival in commemoration of
+the birth of St. John the Baptist, and some of the old customs relate to
+this saint.</p>
+
+<p>On the eve of Midsummer Day it was a common practice to light bonfires.
+This custom, which is a remnant of the old Pagan fire-worship, prevailed
+in various parts of the country, but perhaps lingered the longest in
+Cornwall. We gather from Borlase&#8217;s &#8220;Antiquities of Cornwall,&#8221; published in
+1754, that at the Midsummer bonfires, the Cornish people attended with
+lighted torches, tarred and pitched at the end, and made their
+perambulations round the fires, afterwards going from village to village
+carrying their torches before them. He regarded the usage as a survival of
+Druidical superstitions. In the same county it was a practice on St.
+Stephen&#8217;s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> Down, near Launceston, to erect a tall pole with a bush fixed
+at the top of it, and round the pole to heap fuel. After the fire was lit,
+parties of wrestlers contested for prizes specially provided for the
+festival. According to an old tradition, an evil spirit once appeared in
+the form of a black dog, and since that time the wrestlers have never been
+able to meet on Midsummer Eve without being seriously injured in the
+sport.</p>
+
+<p>About Penzance, not only did the fisher-folk and their friends dance about
+the blazing fire, but sang songs composed for the joyous time. We give a
+couple of verses from one of these songs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;As I walked out to yonder green<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One evening so fair,</span><br />
+All where the fair maids may be seen,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Playing at the bonfire.</span><br />
+<br />
+Where larks and linnets sing so sweet,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To cheer each lively swain,</span><br />
+Let each prove true unto her lover,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And so farewell the plain.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. William Bottrell, one of the most painstaking writers on Cornish
+folk-lore, in an article written in 1873, asserts that not a few old
+people living in remote and primitive districts, &#8220;believe that dancing in
+a ring over the embers, around a bonfire, or leaping (singly) through its
+flames, is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> calculated to insure good luck to the performers, and serve as
+a protection from witchcraft and other malign influences during the
+ensuing year.&#8221; Mr. Bottrell laments the decay of these pleasing old
+Midsummer observances. He tells us that within &#8220;the memory of many who
+would not like to be called old, or even aged, on a Midsummer&#8217;s eve, long
+before sunset, groups of girls&mdash;both gentle and simple&mdash;of from ten to
+twenty years of age, neatly dressed and decked with garlands, wreaths, or
+chaplets of flowers, would be seen dancing in the streets.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Some of the ancient Midsummer rites are still observed in Ireland. We have
+from an eyewitness some interesting items on the subject. People assemble
+and dance round fires, the children jump through the flames, and in former
+times coals were carried into corn fields to prevent blight. The peasants
+are not, of course, aware that the ceremony is a remnant of the worship of
+Baal. It is the opinion of not a few that the famous round towers of
+Ireland were intended for signal fires in connection with this worship.</p>
+
+<p>In the pleasant pages of T. Crofton Croker&#8217;s &#8220;Researches in the South of
+Ireland,&#8221; are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> particulars of a custom, observed on the eve of St. John&#8217;s
+Day, of dressing up a broomstick as a figure, and carrying it about in the
+twilight from one cabin to the other, and suddenly pushing it in at the
+door, a proceeding which causes both surprise and merriment. The figure is
+known as Bredogue.</p>
+
+<p>The superstitious inhabitants of the Isle of Man formerly, on Midsummer
+Eve, lighted fires to the windward side of fields, so that the smoke might
+pass over the corn. The cattle were folded, and around the animals was
+carried blazing grass or furze, as a preventative against the influence of
+witches. Many other strange practices and beliefs prevailed.</p>
+
+<p>In Wales, in the earlier years of the present century, it was customary to
+fix sprigs of the plant called St. John&#8217;s wort over the doors of the
+cottages, and sometimes over the windows, in order to purify the houses
+and drive away all fiends and evil spirits. It was the common custom in
+England in the olden time for people to repair to the woods, break
+branches from the trees, and carry them to their homes with much delight,
+and place them over their doors. The ceremony, it is said, was to make
+good the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> Scripture prophecy respecting the Baptist, that many should
+rejoice at his birth.</p>
+
+<p>Midsummer Eve has ever been famous as a time suitable for love
+divinations, and surely a few notes on love-lore cannot fail to find
+favour with our fair readers. In a popular story issued at the
+commencement of this century, from the polished pen of Hannah More, the
+heroine of the tale says that she would never go to bed on this night
+without first sticking up in her room the common plant called &#8220;Orpine,&#8221;
+or, more generally, &#8220;Midsummer Men,&#8221; as the bending of the leaves to the
+right or the left indicate to her if her lover was true or false. The
+following charming lines refer to the ceremony, and are translated from
+the German poet, and given in Chambers&#8217;s &#8220;Book of Days,&#8221; so we may infer
+that the same superstition prevails in that country:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The young maid stole through the cottage door,<br />
+And blushed as she sought the plant of power:<br />
+&#8216;Thou silver glow-worm, oh, lend me thy light,<br />
+I must gather the mystic St. John&#8217;s wort to-night&mdash;<br />
+The wonderful herb, whose leaf will decide<br />
+If the coming year shall make me a bride.&#8217;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">And the glow-worm came</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">With its silvery flame,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">And sparkled and shone</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Through the night of St. John.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#8220;And soon as the young maid her love-knot tied,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 7em;">With noiseless tread,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 7em;">To her chamber she sped,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Where the sceptral moon her white beams shed:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#8216;Bloom here, bloom here, thou plant of power,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To deck the young bride in her bridal hour!&#8217;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">But it droop&#8217;d its head, that plant of power,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And died the mute death of the voiceless flower;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And a wither&#8217;d wreath on the ground it lay,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">More meet for a burial than a bridal day.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And when a year was passed away,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">All pale on her bier the young maid lay;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">And the glow-worm came</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">With its silvery flame,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">And sparkled and shone</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Through the night of St. John,</span><br />
+And they closed the cold grave o&#8217;er the maid&#8217;s cold clay.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We gather from Thorpe&#8217;s &#8220;Northern Mythology,&#8221; that in Sweden it was the
+practice to place under the head of a youth or maiden nine kinds of
+flowers, with a full belief that they would dream of their sweethearts.</p>
+
+<p>In England, in past times, the moss-rose was plucked with considerable
+ceremony on this eve for love divinations. Says the writer of a poem
+entitled &#8220;The Cottage Girl&#8221;:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The moss-rose that, at fall of dew,<br />
+Ere eve its duskier curtain drew,<br />
+Was freshly gathered from its stem,<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>She values as the ruby gem;<br />
+And, guarded from the piercing air,<br />
+With all an anxious lover&#8217;s care,<br />
+She bids it, for her shepherd&#8217;s sake,<br />
+Await the New Year&#8217;s frolic wake:<br />
+When faded in its altered hue,<br />
+She reads&mdash;the rustic is untrue!<br />
+But if its leaves the crimson paint,<br />
+Her sick&#8217;ning hopes no longer faint;<br />
+The rose upon her bosom worn,<br />
+She meets him at the peep of morn,<br />
+And lo! her lips with kisses prest,<br />
+He plucks it from her panting breast.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;On the continent,&#8221; says Dyer, in his &#8220;Folk-Lore of Plants,&#8221; &#8220;the rose is
+still thought to possess mystic virtues in love matters, as in Thuringia,
+where the girls foretell their future by means of rose leaves.&#8221; It appears
+from a contributor to Chambers&#8217;s &#8220;Book of Days,&#8221; that there was brought
+some time ago under the notice of the Society of Antiquarians a curious
+little ring, which had been found in a ploughed field near Cawood,
+Yorkshire. It was inferred from its style and inscription to belong to the
+fifteenth century. The device consisted of two orpine plants joined by a
+true-love knot, with this motto above: <i>Ma fianc&eacute;e velt</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, &#8220;My
+sweetheart is willing or desirous.&#8221; We are told that the stalks of the
+plants were bent to each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> other, in token that the parties represented by
+them were to come together in marriage. The motto under the ring was <i>Joye
+l&#8217;amour feu</i>. It is supposed that it was originally made for some lover to
+give to his mistress on Midsummer Eve, as the orpine plant is connected
+with that time. The dumb cake is another item of Midsummer folk-lore:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Two make it,<br />
+Two bake it,<br />
+Two break it;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>a third put it under their pillows, and this was all done without a word
+being spoken. If this was faithfully carried out it was believed that the
+diviners would dream of the men they loved.</p>
+
+<p>Sowing hempseed on this eve was once a general custom. We have noted
+particulars of the ceremony as carried out at Ashbourne, Derbyshire. At
+this village, when a young maiden wished to discover who would be her
+future husband, she repaired to the churchyard, and as the clock struck
+the witching hour of midnight, she commenced running round the church,
+continually repeating the following lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;I sow hempseed, hempseed I sow;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He that loves me best</span><br />
+Come after me and mow.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>After going round the church a dozen times without stopping, her lover was
+said to appear and follow her. The closing scene of this spell is well
+described in a poem by W. T. Moncrieff:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Ah! a step. Some one follows. Oh, dare I look back?<br />
+Should the omen be adverse, how would my heart writhe.<br />
+Love, brace up my sinews! Who treads on my track?<br />
+&#8217;Tis he, &#8217;tis the loved one; he comes with the scythe,<br />
+He mows what I&#8217;ve sown; bound, my heart, and be blithe.<br />
+On Midsummer Eve the glad omen is won,<br />
+Then hail to thy mystical virgil, St. John.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>From the charms of love let us briefly turn to a superstition relating to
+death. At one time it was believed, and in some country districts the
+superstition may yet linger, that anyone fasting during the evening, and
+then sitting at midnight in the church porch, would see the spirits of
+those destined to die that year come and knock at the church door. The
+ghosts were supposed to come in the same succession as the persons were
+doomed to pass away.</p>
+
+<p>A pleasing old custom long survived in Craven, Yorkshire, and other parts
+of the North of England, of new settlers in the town or village, on the
+first Midsummer Eve after their arrival, to set out before their doors a
+plentiful repast of cold beef, bread, cheese, and ale. We are told<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> that
+neighbours who wished to cultivate their acquaintance sat down and partook
+of their hospitality, and thus &#8220;eat and drunk themselves into intimacy.&#8221;
+Hone&#8217;s &#8220;Every Day Book&#8221; has a note of this custom being observed at Ripon.
+&#8220;It was a popular superstition,&#8221; wrote Grose, &#8220;that if any unmarried woman
+fasted on Midsummer Eve, and at midnight laid a clean cloth with bread,
+cheese, and ale, and then sat down as if going to eat, the street door
+being left open, the person whom she was afterwards to marry would come
+into the room and drink to her, bowing; and after filling a glass would
+leave the table, and, making another bow, retire.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Harvest Home.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">Among</span> the old-world customs connected with the times and seasons, that of
+celebrating the ingathering of the harvest with a rustic festival has
+survived many which have either passed away, and almost out of memory, or
+have come to have only a partial and precarious hold upon the minds of the
+present generation. The rush-cart maintains a feeble struggle for
+existence in a few northern localities, but each year shows diminished
+vigour; the May-day festival of the chimney-sweepers has become obsolete,
+and the dance round the May-pole an open-air ballet; and many old
+observances connected with the Christmas season which were formerly common
+to all England are now kept up only in these northern counties, where the
+flavour of antiquity seems to be much more highly appreciated than in the
+south. But the harvest home festival holds its ground with equal
+persistency in both portions of the kingdom, and has of late years been
+invested with additional glories, sometimes with a superabundance of them
+which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> threatens a reaction. There were some features of the older
+celebrations of the ingathering of the fruits of the earth, however,
+which, from various causes, have fallen into disuse, and which many of us
+would gladly, if it were possible, see restored.</p>
+
+<p>We could welcome, for instance, the songs into which the joyous feelings
+of the harvesters broke forth in the old times as the last load of grain
+was carried off the field, and when the lads and lasses, with the older
+rustics, had partaken of a good supper in the farmer&#8217;s kitchen, and
+afterwards danced to the music of the fiddle or pipes in the barn. There
+are many references to the feasting and singing and dancing customs of
+this season in the poetry of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
+Tusser tells us that:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;In harvest time, harvest folk, servants and all,<br />
+Should make all together, good cheer in the hall,<br />
+And fill the black bowl, so blithe to their song,<br />
+And let them be merry, all harvest time long.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Peele, in his &#8220;Old Wives&#8217; Tales,&#8221; makes his harvesters sing:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Lo, here we come a-reaping, a-reaping,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To reap our harvest fruit;</span><br />
+And thus we pass the year so long,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And never be we mute.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>Stevenson, in his &#8220;Twelve Months,&#8221; says, &#8220;In August the furmety pot
+welcomes home the harvest cart, and the garland of flowers crowns the
+captain of the reapers. The battle of the field is now stoutly fought. The
+pipe and the tabor are now busily set a-work, and the lad and the lass
+will have no lead in their heels. Oh, &#8217;tis a merry time, wherein honest
+neighbours make good cheer, and God is glorified in his blessings on the
+earth.&#8221; Tusser&#8217;s verse reminds us of another feature of these old
+celebrations of which little trace remains at the present day, that is,
+the temporary suspension of all social inequality between employer and
+employed. There would be less reason to regret this change, however, if,
+in place of the temporary obliviousness of class distinctions, we could
+see more genial intercourse all through the year.</p>
+
+<p>The clergy seem to have been less in evidence at the harvest rejoicings of
+those days than at present. There was a tithe question even two centuries
+ago, for Dryden, in his <i>King Arthur</i>, makes his festive rustics sing:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;We&#8217;ve cheated the parson, we&#8217;ll cheat him again,<br />
+For why should the blockhead have one in ten?<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">One in ten! one in ten!</span><br />
+For staying while dinner is cold and hot,<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>And pudding and dumpling are burnt to the pot!<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Burnt to pot! burnt to pot!</span><br />
+We&#8217;ll drink off our liquor while we can stand.<br />
+And hey for the honour of England!<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Old England! Old England!&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>There is some comfort for the loss of the singing and dancing customs of
+the old times in that the fact the heavy drinking of the period has also
+become a thing of the past, and perhaps also in the reflections arising
+from the misuse of music of which some curious illustrations have been
+preserved by Mr. Surtees. The historian mentions, in his &#8220;History of
+Durham,&#8221; having read a report of the trial of one Spearman, for having
+made a forcible entry into a field at Birtley, and mowed and carried away
+the crop, a piper playing on the top of the loaded waggon for the purpose
+of making the predatory harvesters work the faster, so as to get away
+before their roguish industry could be interrupted. It may be noted in
+passing that a similar use of music is shown in the following entry in the
+parish accounts of Gateshead, under the date of 1633:&mdash;&#8220;To workmen for
+making the streets even at the King&#8217;s coming, 18s. 4d.: and paid to the
+piper for playing to the menders of the highway, five several days, 3s.
+4d.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Many local variations exist in the customs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> associated with the harvest
+home festivities observed in different parts of the country, especially in
+the north, where all old customs and observances, like the provincial
+dialects, have lingered longest, and still linger when they have died out
+and been forgotten in the south. In Cleveland, it is, or used to be, the
+custom, on forking the last sheaf on the wagon, for the harvesters to
+shout in chorus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Weel bun and better shorn,<br />
+Is Master &mdash;&mdash;&#8217;s corn;<br />
+We hev her, we hev her,<br />
+As fast as a feather.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hip, hip, hurrah!&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>A similar custom exists in Northumberland, where it is called &#8220;shouting a
+kirn.&#8221; It consists in a simultaneous shout from the whole of the people
+present. In some localities the shout is preceded by a rhyme suitable to
+the occasion, recited by the clearest-voiced persons among those
+assembled. Mr. James Hardy gives the following as a specimen:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Blessed be the day our Saviour was born,<br />
+For Master &mdash;&mdash;&#8217;s corn&#8217;s all well shorn;<br />
+And we will have a good supper to-night,<br />
+And a drinking of ale, and a kirn! a kirn!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>All unite in a simultaneous shout at the close,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> and he who does not
+participate in the ringing cheer is liable to have his ears pulled. In
+Glendale, an abbreviated version of the rhyme is used, with a variation,
+as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The master&#8217;s corn is ripe and shorn,<br />
+We bless the day that he was born,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shouting a kirn! a kirn!&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>Are these customs observed at the present day? This is an age of change.
+We have used the present tense in the foregoing references, but it is in
+the past tense that we read in Chambers&#8217;s &#8220;Book of Days,&#8221; that, &#8220;In the
+North of England, the reapers were accustomed to leave a good handful of
+grain uncut; they laid it down flat, and covered it over; when the field
+was done, the bonniest lass was entrusted with the pleasing duty of
+cutting the final handful, which was presently dressed up with various
+sewings, tyings, and trimmings like a doll, and hailed as a Corn Baby or
+Kirn Dolly. It was carried home in triumph with music of fiddles and
+bagpipes, set up conspicuously at night during supper, and usually
+preserved in the farmer&#8217;s parlour for the remainder of the year. The fair
+maiden who cut this handful of grain was called the Har&#8217;st Queen.&#8221; A
+similar custom prevailed, with local<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> variations, in Shropshire,
+Gloucestershire, Hertfordshire, Devonshire, and other parts of England. In
+Lincolnshire, and some other counties, handbells were rung by those riding
+on the last load, and the following rhyme sung:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The boughs do shake and the bells do ring,<br />
+So merrily comes in our harvest in,<br />
+Our harvest in, our harvest in!<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">Hurrah!&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>Writers on local customs formerly observed in different parts of the
+country, have preserved the memory of a curious one connected with the
+last handful of wheat. In some parts the reapers threw their sickles at
+the reserved handful, and he who succeeded in cutting it down shouted, &#8220;I
+have her!&#8221; &#8220;What have you?&#8221; the others cried out. &#8220;A mare!&#8221; he replied.
+&#8220;What will you do with her?&#8221; was then asked. &#8220;Send her to &mdash;&mdash;,&#8221; naming
+some neighbouring farmer whose harvest work was not completed. This rustic
+pleasantry was called &#8220;crying the mare.&#8221; The rejoicings attendant on the
+bringing in of the last load of corn are thus described in the &#8220;Book of
+Days&#8221;:&mdash;&#8220;The waggon containing it was called the hock cart; it was
+surmounted by a figure formed out of a sheaf, with gay dressings,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>intended to represent the goddess Ceres. In front men played merry tunes
+on the pipe and tabor, and the reapers tripped around in a hand-in-hand
+ring, singing appropriate songs, or simply by shouts and cries giving vent
+to the excitement of the day. In some districts they sang or shouted as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Harvest home, harvest home!<br />
+We ploughed, we have sowed,<br />
+We have reaped, we have moved,<br />
+We have brought home every load.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hip, hip, hip, harvest home!&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>In some parts the figure on the waggon, instead of an effigy, was the
+prettiest of the girl-reapers, decked with summer flowers, and hailed as
+the Harvest Queen. Bloomfield, in one of his Suffolk ballads, thus
+preserves the memory of this custom:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Home came the jovial Hockey load,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Last of the whole year&#8217;s crop;</span><br />
+And Grace among the green boughs rode,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Right plump upon the top.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>These and many other harvest-home customs undoubtedly had their origin in
+heathen times, in common with those associated with the New Year, the
+Epiphany, May Day, and many other festivals.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>Not the least important part of the harvest home observances was the
+supper which closed them, and which took place in the kitchen of the
+farmhouse or in the barn, the master and mistress presiding. The fare on
+these occasions was substantial and plentiful, and good home-brewed ale
+was poured out abundantly&mdash;we are afraid too much so. The harvest home
+supper of the sixteenth century, as graphically portrayed by Herrick,
+included:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Foundation of your feast, fat beef,<br />
+With upper stories, mutton, veal,<br />
+And bacon, which makes full the meal;<br />
+With several dishes standing by,<br />
+As here a custard, there a pie,<br />
+And here all-tempting frumentie.<br />
+And for to make the merry cheer,<br />
+If smirking wine be wanting here,<br />
+There&#8217;s that which drowns all care, stout beer.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Instead of a formal vote of thanks to the givers of the feast, the
+prevailing feeling was expressed in a song, one version of which runs as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Here&#8217;s health to our master,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The load of the feast;</span><br />
+God bless his endeavours,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And send him increase.</span><br />
+May prosper his crops, boys,<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">And we reap next year;</span><br />
+Here&#8217;s our master&#8217;s good health, boys,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come, drink off your beer!</span><br />
+<br />
+Now harvest is ended,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And supper is past;</span><br />
+Here&#8217;s to our mistress&#8217;s health, boys,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come, drink a full glass.</span><br />
+For she&#8217;s a good woman,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provides us good cheer;</span><br />
+Here&#8217;s our mistress&#8217;s good health, boys.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come, drink off your beer!&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>Over the greater part of England a harvest-thanksgivings service has, at
+the present day, taken the place of the festive observances of former
+times. It would be useless to regret the passing away of the old customs,
+even if there was much more reason for such a feeling; for change is an
+inevitable condition of existence, and we can no more recall the old
+things which have passed away than we can replace last year&#8217;s snow on the
+wolds. Even the harvest-thanksgiving service, with its accompanying cereal
+and horticultural decorations of church and chapel, seems destined to a
+change. The decorations are too often overdone. We have seen in some
+churches piles of fruit and vegetables that would furnish a shop, in
+addition to sheaves of corn and stacks of quartern loaves. In some
+instances, a more deplorable display has been made in the shape of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>
+model of a farmyard, thus turning the place of worship into a show.
+Sometimes, too, the sermon has no reference to the harvest. Sometimes,
+again, the service is held before the harvest has been gathered in; or
+thanks are offered for an abundant harvest when it has notoriously been
+deficient. Perhaps the need of a collection at this particular time may
+account for these discrepancies. Such mistakes are easily avoided,
+however, and no fault can reasonably be found with these celebrations when
+religious zeal is kept within the bounds of discretion.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Curious Charities.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">We</span> obtain some interesting side-lights on the condition of the people in
+the past from old-time charities. Several of the prison charities founded
+in bygone times are extremely quaint and full of historic interest. One
+Frances Thornhill appears to have had a desire to make the prison beds
+comfortable. She left the sum of &pound;30 for the Corporation of the city of
+York to provide straw for the beds of the prisoners confined in York
+Castle. The local authorities in these later years appear to have received
+the interest on the capital without carrying out the conditions of the
+charity.</p>
+
+<p>Bequests of fuel suggest to the mind the time when persons not only
+suffered from imprisonment but also from cold. At Bury St. Edmund&#8217;s, &pound;10
+was left by Margaret Odiam for a minister to say mass to the inmates of
+the jail, and for providing faggots to warm the long ward in which the
+poor prisoners were lodged. In 1787, Elizabeth Dean, of Reading, left &pound;156
+17s.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> 5d., the interest of which she directed to be spent in buying
+firewood for the county jail.</p>
+
+<p>At Norwich, a worthy man named John Norris left Consols to the value of
+&pound;300 for buying beef and books for the felons confined in the jail. The
+prison food is now regulated by law and the charity beef is banished, but
+we believe the interest is spent in supplying the prisoners with
+literature. Even as late as 1821, John Hall left Consols to the value of
+&pound;127 16s. for providing a Christmas dinner of the good old English fare of
+roast beef and plum pudding for the criminals in the Northampton county
+prison. In 1556, Thomas Cattell left a rent charge of &pound;35 a year for
+buying beef and oatmeal for the poor prisoners of Newgate and other London
+prisons.</p>
+
+<p>A singular bequest was made in the year 1556, by Griffith Ameridith, of
+Exeter, and it amounted to &pound;524 4s. 11d. in Consols, &#8220;for providing
+shrouds for prisoners executed at Kingswell, and for the maintenance of a
+wall round the burial ground.&#8221; &#8220;But,&#8221; says a writer on this theme,
+&#8220;probably for want of subjects for shrouds, the income is now, without any
+authority, applied to a distribution of serge petticoats to old women.&#8221;
+One advantage of the change is that the new<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> recipients can at least
+express their gratitude. In the olden time it was by no means an uncommon
+practice for criminals about to be executed to proceed to the gallows in
+shrouds. On July 30th, 1766, two men were hanged at Nottingham for
+robbery. &#8220;On the morning of their execution,&#8221; says a local record, &#8220;they
+were taken to St. Mary&#8217;s Church, where they heard &#8216;the condemned sermon,&#8217;
+and then to their graves, in which they were permitted to lie down to see
+if they would fit. They walked to the place of execution in their
+shrouds.&#8221; At an execution in the same town in 1784, we read in a local
+newspaper report that the unfortunate men were attired in their shrouds.
+To add to the impressiveness of the condemned sermon, the coffins in which
+the condemned criminals were to be buried, were exhibited during the
+service.</p>
+
+<p>Charities and collections in churches were formerly very common in this
+country for freeing British subjects from slavery in foreign lands. In
+1655, Alicia, Duchess of Dudley, by a deed poll, directed &pound;100 per annum
+to be drawn from the rents of certain lands situated in the parish of
+Bidford, Warwickshire, for redeeming poor English Christian slaves or
+captives from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> Turks. Thomas Betson, of Hoxton Square, London, by will
+dated 15th February, 1723, left a considerable fortune for the redemption
+of British slaves in Turkey and Barbary. He died in 1725, and five years
+later the property was estimated to be worth about &pound;22,000, and the
+interest on half the amount was to be devoted to ransoming his countrymen
+from slavery. In the year 1734, it is stated that 135 men were freed by
+this charity. Between the years 1734 and 1826, the large sum of &pound;21,088
+8s. 2&#189;d. was expended in the admirable cause of freeing the captive.
+Many of the old church books contain entries respecting collections for
+this object. In the books of Holy Cross, Westgate, Canterbury, is a long
+list of the names of persons in the parish in March, 1670, contributing
+&pound;02 07s. 04d., for &#8220;Redeeming the Captives in Turkye.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Gayer, was in his time a leading London merchant, an Alderman for
+the ward of Aldgate, and a popular Lord Mayor. He lived in the reigns of
+James I. and Charles I., and was a man of great enterprise, ready to
+encounter perils in foreign lands to forward his commercial projects. On
+one memorable occasion he was travelling with a caravan of merchants
+across the desert of Arabia,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> and by some accidental means managed to
+separate himself from his friends, and at night-fall was alone. His
+position was one of great peril: he heard the roaring of wild animals, but
+failed to find any place of refuge. We gather from the story of his life
+that:&mdash;&#8220;He knelt down and prayed fervently, and devoutly promised, that if
+God would rescue him from his impending danger the whole produce of his
+merchandise should be given as an offering in benefactions to the poor, on
+his return to his native country. At this extremity a lion of an unusually
+large size was approaching him. Death appeared inevitable, but the prayer
+of the good man had ascended to heaven, and he was delivered. The lion
+came up close to him. After prowling round him, smelling him, bristling
+his shaggy hair, and eyeing him fiercely, he stopped short, turned round,
+and trotted quietly away, without doing the slightest injury. It is said
+that Sir John Gayer remained in the same suppliant posture till the
+morning dawned, when he pursued his journey, and happily came up with his
+friends, who had given up all hope of again seeing him.&#8221; The journey was
+concluded without further misadventure, a ready market found for the
+goods, and old England reached in safety<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> with increased wealth. Sir John
+did not forget his vow, and many were the deeds of charity he performed,
+more especially to the poor of his own parish of St. Katharine Cree. One
+of bequests amounting to &pound;200 was left to the needy of that parish on
+condition that a &#8220;sermon should be occasionally preached in the church to
+commemorate his deliverance from the jaws of the lion.&#8221; The sermon is
+known as the &#8220;Lion Sermon.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the church of St. Katharine Cree within the altar rails is a carved
+head of Gayer. On the right hand side is a text, as follows:&mdash;&#8220;The eyes of
+the Lord are over the righteous, and his ears are open unto their
+prayers&mdash;Ps. 34, v. 15;&#8221; on the left hand side this text appears:&mdash;&#8220;The
+effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much&mdash;James V.,
+xvi.;&#8221; and under the figure this motto:&mdash;&#8220;Super Astra Spero.&#8221; There is a
+brass bearing the following inscription:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">In Memory of<br />
+SIR JOHN GAYER, <span class="smcap">Knt.</span>,<br />
+Founder of the &#8220;Lion Sermon&#8221; who was descended from<br />
+the Old West Country Family of Gayer,<br />
+and was born at Plymouth,<br />
+and became Sheriff of this City of London in 1635,<br />
+and Lord Mayor of London in 1647.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>He was a member of the Levant or Turkey Company, and of the Worshipful
+Company of Fishmongers, London, and President of Christ&#8217;s Hospital,
+London, and a liberal donor to and pious founder of Charities.</p>
+
+<p>This City has especial reason to be proud of him, for rather than
+withdraw his unflinching assertion of the Native Liberties of the
+Citizens, and his steadfast support of King Charles I., he submitted
+to imprisonment in the Tower at the hands of the Parliament in 1647
+and 1648, and his &#8220;Salva Libertate&#8221; became historical.</p>
+
+<p>He resided in this Parish, and &#8220;Dyed in peace in his owne house&#8221; on
+the 20th of July 1649, and he now lies buried in a Vault beneath this
+Church of St. Katharine Cree, Leadenhall St.</p>
+
+<p>This Memorial Brass was subscribed for by Members of and Descendants
+from the Family of Gayer, and was placed here by them in testimony of
+their admiration for and appreciation of the noble character and many
+virtues of their illustrious ancestor.</p>
+
+<p class="center">The work of organising this Memorial was carried out by<br />
+Edmund Richard Gayer, <span class="smcaplc">M.A.</span> of Lincoln&#8217;s Inn, Esq., Barrister at Law,<br />
+1888.</p></div>
+
+<p>There are a number of ancient bequests for ringing bells and lighting
+beacons to guide travellers by night. These were very useful charities,
+for in the days of old, lands were generally unenclosed, and the roads
+poorly constructed. It was difficult for the wayfarer to find his way when
+the nights were dark. At the ancient village of Hessle, near Hull, a bell
+is still rung every night except Sunday, at 7 o&#8217;clock.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> Long, long ago, so
+runs the local story, a lady was lost on a dark night near the place, and
+was in sore distress, fearing that she would have to wander about in the
+cold until daylight. Happily, the ringing of the Hessle bells enabled her
+to direct her course to the village in safety, although she had to wend
+her weary steps over a trackless country. In gratitude for her delivery
+she left a piece of land to the parish clerk, on condition that he rang
+every evening one of the church bells.</p>
+
+<p>A similar story is related respecting a Barton-on-Humber bell ringing
+custom. Richard Palmer left in 1664 a bequest to the sexton of Workingham,
+Berkshire, for ringing a bell every evening at eight, and every morning at
+four o&#8217;clock. One reason for ringing this, was &#8220;that strangers and others
+who should happen, on winter nights, within hearing of the ringing of the
+said bell, to lose their way in the country, might be informed of the time
+of the night, and receive some guidance into the right way.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>John Wardall, in his will dated 29th August, 1656, provided for a payment
+of &pound;4 per annum being made to the Churchwardens of St. Botolph&#8217;s,
+Billingsgate, London, &#8220;to provide a good and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> sufficient iron and glass
+lanthorn, with a candle, for the direction of passengers to go with more
+security to and from the water-side, all night long, to be fixed at the
+north-east corner of the parish church, from the feast-day of St.
+Bartholomew to Lady-Day; out of which sum &pound;1 was to be paid to the sexton
+for taking care of the lanthorn.&#8221; In 1662 a man named John Cooke made a
+similar bequest for providing a lamp at the corner of St. Michael&#8217;s Lane,
+next Thames Street.</p>
+
+<p>In past ages churches were frequently unpaved and the floor usually
+covered with rushes. Not a few persons have left money and land for
+providing rushes for churches. In these latter days rushes are no longer
+strewn on the floor for keeping the feet warm in cold weather, but at a
+number of places old rights are maintained by the carrying out of the
+custom. At Clee, Lincolnshire, for example, the parish officials possess
+the right of cutting rushes from a certain piece of land for strewing the
+floor of the church every Trinity Sunday. The churchwardens preserve their
+rights by cutting a small quantity of grass annually and strewing it on
+the church floor. At Old Weston, Huntingdonshire, a similar custom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> still
+lingers. &#8220;A piece of land,&#8221; says Edwards in his &#8220;Remarkable Charities,&#8221;
+&#8220;belongs, by custom, to the parish clerk for the time being, subject to
+the condition of the land being mown immediately before Weston feast,
+which occurs in July, and the cutting thereof strewed on the church floor,
+previous to divine service on the feast Sunday, and continuing there
+during divine service.&#8221; At Pavenham, Bedfordshire, the church is annually
+strewn with grass cut from a certain field, on the first Sunday after the
+11th July. &#8220;Until recently,&#8221; says a well-informed correspondent, &#8220;the
+custom was for the churchwardens to claim the right of removing from the
+field in question as much grass as they could &#8216;cut and cart away from
+sunrise to sunset.&#8217; A few years ago this arrangement was altered into a
+yearly payment on the part of the tenant of the field of one guinea.&#8221; The
+money is spent in purchasing grass for spreading on the church floor. The
+parishioners have always taken a deep interest in this old custom. On the
+benefaction table of Deptford Church is recorded that &#8220;a person unknown
+gave half-a-quarter of wheat, to be given in bread on Good Friday, and
+half a load of rushes at Whitsuntide, and a load of pea-straw at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>
+Christmas yearly, for the use of the church.&#8221; In 1721, an offer of 21s.
+per annum was accepted in lieu of the straw and rushes, and in 1744, the
+sum of 10s. yearly in place of the half-quarter of wheat.</p>
+
+<p>John Rudge, by his will dated 17th April, 1725, left a pound a year to a
+poor man to go round the parish church of Trysull, Staffordshire, during
+the delivery of the sermon, to keep people awake and drive out of the
+church any dogs which might come in. Richard Brooke left 5s. a year for a
+person to keep quiet during divine service the boys in the Wolverhampton
+church and churchyard.</p>
+
+<p>At Stockton-in-the-Forest, Yorkshire, is a piece of land called &#8220;Petticoat
+Hole,&#8221; and it is held on the condition of providing a poor woman of the
+place every year with a new petticoat.</p>
+
+<p>We will close this chapter with particulars of a novel mode of
+distributing a charity. At Bulkeley, Cheshire, a charity of 19s. 2d. was
+given to the poor as follows. The overseer obtained the amount in coppers,
+placed them in a peck measure, and invited each of the poor folks to help
+himself or herself to a handful.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p>
+<h2>An Old-Time Chronicler.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">We</span> have frequently referred to the writings of John Stow in this work, and
+we think a short account of his life and labours will prove interesting to
+our readers.</p>
+
+<p>From the ranks of tailors have sprung many famous men. Not one more
+worthy, perhaps, than honest John Stow, the painstaking compiler of works
+which have found a lasting place in historic literature.</p>
+
+<p>Stow was a Londoner of Londoners, born in 1525, in the parish of St.
+Michael, Cornhill. His father and grandfather were citizens, and appear to
+have been most worthy men. John Stow was trained under his father to the
+trade of a tailor. At an early age he took an interest in the study of
+history and antiquities, and, as years ran their course, his love of
+research increased. We have had handed down to us from the pen of Edmund
+Howes, his literary executor, a well-drawn word-portrait of Stow. We learn
+that he was tall in stature, and, as befits the ideal student,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> lean in
+body and face. His eyes were small and clear, and his sight excellent. As
+might be expected, through long and active use, his memory was very good.
+He was sober, mild, and corteous, and ever ready to impart information to
+those that sought it.</p>
+
+<p>He lived in an historically attractive age. It was a period when some of
+our greatest countrymen worked and talked amongst men. Gifted authors made
+the time glorious in our literary annals. Stow&#8217;s fame mainly rests on
+being an exact and picturesque describer of the London of Queen Elizabeth.
+His <i>Survey</i> is not a mere topographical account of the city, but a
+pleasantly penned picture, full of life and character, of the social
+condition, manners, customs, sports, and pastimes of the people.</p>
+
+<p>John Stow was most minute as a writer, and his attention to slight
+circumstances has caused some critics to make merry over his productions.
+Fuller, for example, spoke of him &#8220;as such a smell-feast that he cannot
+pass by the Guildhall but his pen must taste the good cheer therein.&#8221; It
+is his consideration of minor matters that renders his book so valuable to
+the student of bygone times. We may quote, to illustrate this,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> a few
+lines from his <i>Survey of London</i>. After a description of the Abbey of St.
+Clare, he writes: &#8220;Near adjoining to this Abbey, on the south side
+thereof, was sometime a farm belonging to the said nunnery, at which farm
+I myself, in my youth, have fetched many a halfpennyworth of milk, and
+never had less than three ale pints for a halfpenny in the summer, nor
+less than one ale quart for a halfpenny in the winter, always hot from the
+kine, as the same was milked and strained. One Trolop, afterwards Goodman,
+was farmer there, and had thirty or forty kine to the pail. Goodman&#8217;s son,
+being heir to his father&#8217;s purchase, let out the ground first for the
+grazing of horses, and then for garden plots, and lived like a gentleman
+thereby.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In about his fortieth year, Stow gave up his business as a tailor and
+devoted his entire life to antiquarian pursuits. Fame he won, but not
+fortune. In place of being wealthy in his old age, he, as we shall
+presently see, suffered from poverty. His principal works include his
+<i>Summary of English Chronicles</i>, first issued in 1561. In 1580, his
+<i>Annals; or, a General Chronicle of England</i> was published. His most
+important work was given to the world in 1598, under the title of a
+<i>Survey of London and Westminster</i>. Besides writing the foregoing original
+books, he assisted on the continuation of Holinshed&#8217;s <i>Chronicle</i> and
+Speght&#8217;s edition of Chaucer, and he was employed on other undertakings.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p>
+<div class="border">
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img38.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="caption">JOHN STOW&#8217;S MONUMENT.</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>Many a long journey Stow made in search of information. He could not ride,
+and had to travel on foot. In the midst of great trials it is recorded
+that his good humour never forsook him. In his old age he was troubled
+with pains in his feet, and quietly remarked that his &#8220;afflictions lay in
+the parts he had formerly made so much use of.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We might well suppose that Stow&#8217;s blameless life would render him free
+from suspicion, and that his grateful countrymen would regard with respect
+his great work in writing the history of England. Such was not the case.
+It was thought that his researches would injure the reformed religion, and
+on this miserable plea he was cast into prison, and his humble home was
+searched. We obtain from the report of the searchers an interesting
+account of the contents of Stow&#8217;s library. It consisted, we are told, of
+&#8220;great collections of his own, of his English chronicles, also a great
+sort of old books, some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> fabulous, as <i>Sir Gregory Triamour</i>, and a great
+parcel of old manuscript chronicles in parchment and paper; besides
+miscellaneous tracts touching physic, surgery, herbs, and medical
+receipts, and also fantastical popish books printed in old time, and
+others written in old English on parchment.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>John Stow failed to make much money, but on the whole, he lived a peaceful
+life, enjoying the many pleasures that fall to the lot of the student.
+Happily for him, to use Howes&#8217; words, &#8220;He was careless of the scoffers,
+backbiters, and detractors.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is Howes who also tells that Stow always protested never to have
+written anything either of malice, fear, or favour, nor to seek his own
+particular gain or vain-glory, and that his only pains and care was to
+write the truth.</p>
+
+<p>At the age of four score years, his labours received State acknowledgment.
+It was indeed a poor acknowledgment, for, in answer to a petition, James
+I. granted him a licence to beg. Stow sought help, to use his own words,
+as &#8220;a recompense for his labour and travel of forty-five years, in setting
+forth the <i>Chronicles of England</i>, and eight years taken up in the <i>Survey
+of the Cities of London and Westminster</i>, towards his relief in his old
+age, having left his former means of living,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> and also employing himself
+for the service and good of his country.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The humble request was granted, and the document says:&mdash;&#8220;Whereas our
+loving subject, John Stow (a very aged and worthy member of our city of
+London), this five-and-forty years hath, to his great charge, and with
+neglect of his ordinary means of maintenance (for the general good, as
+well of posterity as of the present age), compiled and published divers
+necessary books and chronicles; and therefore we, in recompense of these
+his painful labours, and for encouragement of the like, have, in our Royal
+inclination, been pleased to grant our Letters Patent, under our Great
+Seal of England, thereby authorising him, the said John Stow, to collect
+among our loving subjects their voluntary contributions and kind
+gratuities.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing authority to beg was granted for twelve months, but, as the
+response was so small, it pleased the King to extend the privilege for
+another year. From one parish in the City of London he only received seven
+shillings and sixpence&mdash;a poor reward, to use Stow&#8217;s words, &#8220;of many a
+weary day&#8217;s travel, and cold winter night&#8217;s study.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>His end now was drawing near, and mundane trials were almost over. On the
+5th of April, 1605, his well-spent life closed, and his mortal remains
+were laid to rest in his parish church of St. Andrew, Undershaft. Here may
+still be seen the curious and interesting monument which his loving widow
+erected. It is pleasant to leave the busy streets of the great metropolis
+and repair to the quiet sanctuary where rests the old chronicler, and look
+upon his quaint monument, and reflect on ages long passed. When the Great
+Fire of 1666 destroyed the London Stow had so truthfully described, his
+monument escaped destruction.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img39.jpg" alt="Ye Ende" /></div>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p>
+<p class="title">INDEX.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index">
+Abingdon, customs at, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+<br />
+Advertisement, novel, <a href="#Page_194">194-197</a><br />
+<br />
+Age of Snuffing, <a href="#Page_168">168-185</a><br />
+<br />
+Alleyn, Edward, founder of Dulwich College, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br />
+<br />
+Altrincham, Mayor of, <a href="#Page_60">60-61</a><br />
+<br />
+Ambassadors, at bear-baitings, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215-216</a><br />
+<br />
+America, Muffs in, <a href="#Page_45">45-46</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cold places of worship, <a href="#Page_46">46-47</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Anglo-Saxon bread, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br />
+<br />
+An Old-Time Chronicler, <a href="#Page_266">266-274</a><br />
+<br />
+Arise, Mistress, Arise!, <a href="#Page_142">142-143</a><br />
+<br />
+Armstrong, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_84">84-87</a><br />
+<br />
+Arrows, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br />
+<br />
+Ashbourne, custom at, <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Baker&#8217;s dozen, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+<br />
+Baiting animals stopped by Act of Parliament, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br />
+<br />
+Banbury, customs at, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Banks, Mrs. G. L., on hair-dressing, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+<br />
+Bankside, plan of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br />
+<br />
+Barber&#8217;s shop, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+<br />
+Barley bread, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+<br />
+Baxter, Richard, on Sunday pleasure, <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br />
+<br />
+Barbers fined, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br />
+<br />
+Barrington, G., poet and pickpocket, <a href="#Page_180">180-181</a><br />
+<br />
+Barrister&#8217;s wig, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Barrow bells, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br />
+<br />
+Bear-baiting, <a href="#Page_132">132-133</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205-221</a><br />
+<br />
+Bells as Time-Tellers, <a href="#Page_156">156-167</a><br />
+<br />
+Bell ringing bequests, <a href="#Page_261">261-262</a><br />
+<br />
+Beverley, funeral at, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bear-baiting at, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Bewdley, custom at, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+<br />
+Bish, Mr., on Lotteries, <a href="#Page_200">200-202</a><br />
+<br />
+Blue-Coat boys, draw at lotteries, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br />
+<br />
+Boar&#8217;s-head with mustard, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br />
+<br />
+Bonfires, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br />
+<br />
+Bow bells, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br />
+<br />
+Boroughbridge, Battle of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+<br />
+Brandeston, removing a dead body to the church for protection, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br />
+<br />
+Bread and Baking in Bygone Days, <a href="#Page_134">134-141</a><br />
+<br />
+Bread Street, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+<br />
+Bribes for the Palate, <a href="#Page_63">63-73</a><br />
+<br />
+British slaves, freeing, <a href="#Page_257">257-258</a><br />
+<br />
+Briscoe, J. P., on Nottingham customs, <a href="#Page_61">61-62</a><br />
+<br />
+Bromley-by-Bow, bakers at, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+<br />
+Burial at Cross Roads, <a href="#Page_105">105-114</a><br />
+<br />
+Burying the mace, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+<br />
+Butter and suet, prohibiting the use of in making bread, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br />
+<br />
+Byng, Admiral, shot, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Cade, Jack, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+<br />
+Caius, Dr., on dogs, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br />
+<br />
+Cambridge, regulations relating to tobacco, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br />
+<br />
+Candles for lighting the streets, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+<br />
+Canterbury, curious customs at, <a href="#Page_52">52-53</a><br />
+<br />
+Capture of snuff, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+Carlisle, Earl of, beheaded, <a href="#Page_78">78-79</a><br />
+<br />
+Carlisle, heads spiked at, <a href="#Page_92">92-95</a><br />
+<br />
+Charles II. and wigs, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<br />
+Charlotte, Queen, gives up using hair-powder, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taking snuff, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Christmas rhymes, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+<br />
+Chronicler, an Old-Time, <a href="#Page_266">266-274</a><br />
+<br />
+Churches, snuff taking in, <a href="#Page_172">172-175</a><br />
+<br />
+Clarinda, Burns on, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br />
+<br />
+Clee, custom at, <a href="#Page_263">263</a><br />
+<br />
+Clergy and the wig, <a href="#Page_15">15-17</a><br />
+<br />
+Clifton rhyme, <a href="#Page_219">219-220</a><br />
+<br />
+Clocks, introduction of, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br />
+<br />
+Clothiers in eighteenth century, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br />
+<br />
+Closing shops, time for, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br />
+<br />
+Cobham, Eleanor, trial of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span><br />
+Cockledge, murder at, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+Combing the wig, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Concerning Corporation Customs, <a href="#Page_48">48-62</a><br />
+<br />
+Congleton, bear-baiting at, <a href="#Page_217">217-218</a><br />
+<br />
+Conspiracy to assassinate William III., <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+Cooper&#8217;s Hall, Lotteries at, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br />
+<br />
+Cornish Insurrection, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">folk-lore, <a href="#Page_234">234-236</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Corporation snuff-boxes, <a href="#Page_168">168-169</a><br />
+<br />
+Craven cartoon, <a href="#Page_242">242</a><br />
+<br />
+Crop Clubs, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+<br />
+Curious Charities, <a href="#Page_255">255-265</a><br />
+<br />
+Curious window at Betley, <a href="#Page_225">225-227</a><br />
+<br />
+Curfew bell, <a href="#Page_166">166-167</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Dagger Money, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+<br />
+Death, Superstitions relating to, <a href="#Page_242">242</a><br />
+<br />
+Death of William I., <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+Deering on snuff-taking, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br />
+<br />
+Detaining the Dead for Debt, <a href="#Page_115">115-121</a><br />
+<br />
+Derby, suicide, burial of a, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+<br />
+Discarding wigs in court, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Doctors&#8217; muffs, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+<br />
+Dogs, earliest writer on, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in muffs, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Droylsden, suicide, burial of, <a href="#Page_108">108-109</a><br />
+<br />
+Druidical superstitions, <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br />
+<br />
+Dryden, Haunt of, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br />
+<br />
+Ducking Stool, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+<br />
+Duels, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Earle, Mrs. A. M., on American Muffs, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+<br />
+Early closing of public-houses, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+Eating custom, <a href="#Page_242">242-243</a><br />
+<br />
+Ecclesfield, tradition at, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br />
+<br />
+Edward III., proclamation of, against bear-baiting, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br />
+<br />
+Egypt, goose in, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+Egyptians, invent wigs, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br />
+<br />
+Eldon, Lord, objects to the wig, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+<br />
+Elizabeth, enjoys baiting animals, <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br />
+<br />
+Epitaphs, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203-204</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260-261</a><br />
+<br />
+Erasmus in England, <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br />
+<br />
+Exeter, salmon given at, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+False hair, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+<br />
+Famous snuff takers, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br />
+<br />
+Fathers of the Church denounce wigs, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+<br />
+Felo-de-se, Acts relating to, <a href="#Page_112">112-114</a><br />
+<br />
+Female follies, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+<br />
+Fined for arresting the dead, <a href="#Page_118">118-119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br />
+<br />
+Fined for being deficient in elegance, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+<br />
+First English lottery, <a href="#Page_186">186-188</a><br />
+<br />
+Fish, presentation of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+<br />
+Fisher, Bishop, beheaded, <a href="#Page_81">81-82</a><br />
+<br />
+Fishtoft, burial of a suicide at, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+<br />
+Fitstephen on bear-baiting, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br />
+<br />
+Fletcher, Captain, <a href="#Page_88">88-89</a><br />
+<br />
+Folk-Lore of Midsummer Eve, <a href="#Page_234">234-243</a><br />
+<br />
+France, Mania for Wigs in, <a href="#Page_6">6-7</a><br />
+<br />
+Funeral, stately, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Garrick, Mrs., <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br />
+<br />
+George II., a selfish snuff-taker, <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br />
+<br />
+Glayer, Sir John, <a href="#Page_258">258-261</a><br />
+<br />
+Globe Theatre, <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br />
+<br />
+Gold-dust used for hair-powder, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Gossip about the Goose, <a href="#Page_150">150-155</a><br />
+<br />
+Great Plague, tobacco and snuff used during, <a href="#Page_169">169-171</a><br />
+<br />
+Guinea-pigs, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Harvest bell, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157-158</a><br />
+<br />
+Harvest Home, <a href="#Page_244">244-254</a><br />
+<br />
+Hair, cut off with a bread-knife, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+<br />
+Hale, Sir Matthew, <a href="#Page_63">63-64</a><br />
+<br />
+Hamlet, Grave scene in, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+<br />
+Hampton Court Palace, clock at, <a href="#Page_162">162-163</a><br />
+<br />
+Hannibal and his wigs, <a href="#Page_5">5-6</a><br />
+<br />
+Hartlepool, strange enactment at, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+<br />
+Hawarden attacked, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+<br />
+Heart-breakers, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+<br />
+Hempseed, sowing, <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br />
+<br />
+Henzner, Paul, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+<br />
+Herrick on harvest customs, <a href="#Page_252">252-253</a><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span><br />
+Hilton, Jack of, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br />
+<br />
+Hockley-in-the-Hole, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br />
+<br />
+Holy bread, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br />
+<br />
+Hope theatre, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br />
+<br />
+Horse Guards, protect the lottery wheel, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br />
+<br />
+Howard&#8217;s Household Book, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br />
+<br />
+Hull, curious ordinances at, <a href="#Page_51">51-53</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sheriff to provide his wife with a scarlet gown, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew Marvell and Hull ale, <a href="#Page_71">71-73</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">head spiked at, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ducking-stool at, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mayor slain, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">snuff-box at, <a href="#Page_168">168-169</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Incorporation of towns, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+Inscription on bells, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br />
+<br />
+Ireland, St. John&#8217;s eve in, <a href="#Page_236">236-237</a><br />
+<br />
+Irish folk-lore, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Jackson, John, and his clock, <a href="#Page_162">162-166</a><br />
+<br />
+Jacobites, defeat of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br />
+<br />
+James I. and tobacco, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders a bear to be baited to death, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Dr. Samuel, and his snuff, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br />
+<br />
+Judge&#8217;s wig, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Keeping people awake, <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br />
+<br />
+Kenilworth, bears baited at, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br />
+<br />
+King eating meal and rye bread, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br />
+<br />
+Kingston-upon-Thames, Morris Dancers at, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br />
+<br />
+Knocking feet in meeting houses, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Lady, origin of, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br />
+<br />
+Lamb, Charles and Mary, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br />
+<br />
+Lanthorns, bequests for providing, <a href="#Page_262">262-263</a><br />
+<br />
+Last Lottery in England, <a href="#Page_198">198-200</a><br />
+<br />
+Layer, Councillor, <a href="#Page_87">87-88</a><br />
+<br />
+Leconfield castle, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+Leeds bridge, market on, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br />
+<br />
+Leicester, mace lowering at, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bear-baiting at, <a href="#Page_216">216-217</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Leighton, Robert, poem by, <a href="#Page_183">183-184</a><br />
+<br />
+Letters from the dead to the living, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+<br />
+Licence to beg, <a href="#Page_272">272-273</a><br />
+<br />
+Lincolnshire geese, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Lion Sermon, <a href="#Page_258">258-261</a><br />
+<br />
+London Bakers&#8217; Company, <a href="#Page_135">135-136</a><br />
+<br />
+London Bridge, <a href="#Page_75">75-84</a><br />
+<br />
+London, burials of suicides, <a href="#Page_110">110-111</a><br />
+<br />
+Love divinations, <a href="#Page_238">238-240</a><br />
+<br />
+Louth, ringing custom at, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br />
+<br />
+Lowering the mace, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+<br />
+Ludlow, customs at, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+<br />
+Lycians, heads shaven and wigs worn, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Mace, as a weapon and as an ensign of authority, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+<br />
+Manchester, curious baking regulations, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br />
+<br />
+Manorial service, curious, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br />
+<br />
+Margarett, Princess, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123-124</a><br />
+<br />
+Mar, Rising of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+Marvell, Andrew, and Hull ale, <a href="#Page_71">71-73</a><br />
+<br />
+Mary, Queen of Scots, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br />
+<br />
+May-pole, <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br />
+<br />
+Meals in the olden time, <a href="#Page_127">127-129</a><br />
+<br />
+Medical men and the wig, <a href="#Page_17">17-18</a><br />
+<br />
+Men wearing Muffs, <a href="#Page_40">40-47</a><br />
+<br />
+Michaelmas goose, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br />
+<br />
+Micklegate Bar, York, <a href="#Page_98">98-99</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">heads stolen from, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Milk, price of, in the olden time, <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br />
+<br />
+More, Sir Thomas, beheaded, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+<br />
+Morley, custom at, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+<br />
+Morris-Dancers, <a href="#Page_222">222-233</a><br />
+<br />
+Municipal Reform Act, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+Murder, strange story of a, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Napoleon taking snuff, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">snuff-box, <a href="#Page_177">177-178</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Newcastle-on-Tyne, assize custom at, <a href="#Page_56">56-58</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">presents of wine and sugar loaves, <a href="#Page_64">64-66</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">brank at, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">burial of a suicide, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Nobleman&#8217;s Household in Tudor Times, <a href="#Page_122">122-133</a><br />
+<br />
+North Wingfield, dead body stopped at, <a href="#Page_115">115-116</a><br />
+<br />
+Northumberland Household Book, <a href="#Page_125">125-133</a><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span><br />
+Norwich, burial of a suicide, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+<br />
+Nottingham, burying the mace at, <a href="#Page_53">53-55</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ale and bread custom, <a href="#Page_61">61-62</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">town&#8217;s presents, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goose Fair, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Novel mode of distributing a charity, <a href="#Page_265">265</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Over, Mayor of, <a href="#Page_60">60-61</a><br />
+<br />
+O&#8217;Connell, D., and his wig, <a href="#Page_22">22-23</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Parading a head, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+<br />
+Parliament sitting at Shrewsbury, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+<br />
+Palm-Sunday, battle on, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br />
+<br />
+Penzance, customs at, <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br />
+<br />
+Pepys and his wigs, <a href="#Page_7">7-9</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">muffs, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the Plague, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Percy family, <a href="#Page_122">122-133</a><br />
+<br />
+Peter the Great obtaining the loan of a wig, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+Petticoat charity, <a href="#Page_265">265</a><br />
+<br />
+Pig-tail, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+<br />
+Pillory, bakers in the, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+<br />
+Pipes and tobacco for judges, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Piper playing to workmen, <a href="#Page_247">247-248</a><br />
+<br />
+Pliny on the goose, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+Poets&#8217; Corner, Johnson and Goldsmith in, <a href="#Page_91">91-92</a><br />
+<br />
+Porpoise regarded as a delicacy, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+<br />
+Pope on Belinda, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br />
+<br />
+Potatoes, preservation of, <a href="#Page_70">70-71</a><br />
+<br />
+Powdering the Hair, <a href="#Page_28">28-39</a><br />
+<br />
+Pontefract Castle, head spiked at, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+<br />
+Prison charities, <a href="#Page_255">255-256</a><br />
+<br />
+Punishing bakers, <a href="#Page_138">138-140,</a> <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br />
+<br />
+Puritans and lotteries, <a href="#Page_189">189</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Quill pens, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ramillie Wig, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+<br />
+Reading, Morris Dancers at, <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br />
+<br />
+Rebel Heads on City Gates, <a href="#Page_74">74-104</a><br />
+<br />
+Revolt against Henry IV., <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+<br />
+Reynolds, Sir Joshua, <a href="#Page_184">184-185</a><br />
+<br />
+Riot, Wig, <a href="#Page_25">25-27</a><br />
+<br />
+Rollit, Sir Albert K., <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+Rome saved by the cackling of the goose, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br />
+<br />
+Roper, Margaret, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+<br />
+Rushes for church floors, <a href="#Page_263">263-265</a><br />
+<br />
+Rye, authority of Mayor, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+<br />
+Rye House Plot, <a href="#Page_84">84-87</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Saxons colouring their hair, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Scarlet gowns for the Mayoress, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+<br />
+Scotland, wigs in, <a href="#Page_36">36-37</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">muff in, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">body arrested in, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">snuff taking in, <a href="#Page_171">171-173</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Scott, Sir Walter, on wigs, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+<br />
+School-boys obliged to smoke, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+Schoolmasters forbidden to smoke, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br />
+<br />
+Scrope, Richard, beheaded, <a href="#Page_96">96-97</a><br />
+<br />
+Selkirk, Making a sutor of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+<br />
+Selling the Church Bible to pay for a Bear, <a href="#Page_217">217-220</a><br />
+<br />
+Sheridan, curious report respecting, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+<br />
+Shrewsbury, Parliament sitting at, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+<br />
+Shrouds for prisoners, <a href="#Page_256">256-257</a><br />
+<br />
+Shouting a kirn, <a href="#Page_248">248-250</a><br />
+<br />
+Slaves, freeing christian, <a href="#Page_257">257-258</a><br />
+<br />
+Smoking forbidden in the streets, <a href="#Page_173">173-174</a><br />
+<br />
+Snuffing, earliest allusion to, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br />
+<br />
+Southampton, Mayoress of, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+<br />
+South Shields, suicide, burial of, <a href="#Page_109">109-110</a><br />
+<br />
+Sowing hempseed, <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br />
+<br />
+Sparsholt, dead body detained at, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Speaker&#8217;s wig, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+<br />
+Spice bread, making prohibited, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br />
+<br />
+St. Albans, clock at, <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br />
+<br />
+St. Paul&#8217;s Lotteries drawn at the doors of, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br />
+<br />
+State Lotteries, <a href="#Page_186">186-204</a><br />
+<br />
+Stealing wigs, <a href="#Page_24">24-25</a><br />
+<br />
+Sterne, a snuff taker, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br />
+<br />
+Stow, John, <a href="#Page_266">266-274</a><br />
+<br />
+Stratford-le-Bow, bakers at, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+<br />
+Sugar-loaves, presentation of, <a href="#Page_62">62-69</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Tamworth, curious bye-law at, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+Taxing hair-powder, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">repealing tax, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Taylor, John, on Hull ale, <a href="#Page_72">72-73</a><br />
+<br />
+Tea and snuff, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br />
+<br />
+Temple Bar, <a href="#Page_84">84-92</a><br />
+<br />
+Test Act, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span><br />
+Thewes at Hull, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br />
+<br />
+Towneley, Colonel, <a href="#Page_88">88-92</a><br />
+<br />
+Towton-field, battle of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br />
+<br />
+Turnspit, The, <a href="#Page_144">144-149</a><br />
+<br />
+Twyford, suicide, burial of, <a href="#Page_113">113-114</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Unwin, Mrs., fond of snuff, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Valuable snuff-boxes, <a href="#Page_181">181</a><br />
+<br />
+Vesper bell, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Wakefield, battle of, <a href="#Page_97">97-98</a><br />
+<br />
+Wales, subjugation of, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+<br />
+Wallace, Sir William, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+<br />
+Watches not usually carried, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br />
+<br />
+Welsh rebels beheaded, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+<br />
+Wesley, Rev. John, and snuff-taking, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br />
+<br />
+West Hallam, burial at four lane ends, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+<br />
+West Riding lore, <a href="#Page_120">120-121</a><br />
+<br />
+When Wigs were Worn, <a href="#Page_1">1-27</a><br />
+<br />
+Whittington, Dick, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br />
+<br />
+Whitsun morris dance, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br />
+<br />
+Wigs, <a href="#Page_1">1-27</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riots, <a href="#Page_25">25-27</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wildridge, T. Tindall, on Hull, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br />
+<br />
+Winchester, presents of sugar loaves at, <a href="#Page_66">66-69</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">curious regulations, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Women wearing wigs, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+<br />
+Worcester, curious baking regulation, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br />
+<br />
+Wressel Castle, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+<br />
+Wycombe, customs at, <a href="#Page_55">55-56</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+York, Duke of, slain, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">head spiked, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br />
+<br />
+York, Lord Mayor of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+<br />
+York, walls and gates of, <a href="#Page_96">96-104</a><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<div class="verts">
+<p class="center"><span class="large">SOME RECENT BOOKS</span><br />
+PUBLISHED BY<br />
+<span class="huge">WILLIAM ANDREWS &amp; CO.,</span><br />
+5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, LONDON, E.C.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edited by</span> William Andrews, <span class="smcaplc">F.R.H.S.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>Demy 8vo., 7s. 6d. Numerous Illustrations.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:&mdash;Church History and Historians&mdash;Supernatural Interference in
+Church Building&mdash;Ecclesiastical Symbolism in Architecture&mdash;Acoustic
+Jars&mdash;Crypts&mdash;Heathen Customs at Christian Feasts&mdash;Fish and
+Fasting&mdash;Shrove-tide and Lenten Customs&mdash;Wearing Hats in Church&mdash;The Stool
+of Repentance&mdash;Cursing by Bell, Book, and Candle&mdash;Pulpits&mdash;Church
+Windows&mdash;Alms-Boxes and Alms-Dishes&mdash;Old Collecting
+Boxes&mdash;Gargoyles&mdash;Curious Vanes&mdash;People and Steeple
+Rhymes&mdash;Sun-Dials&mdash;Lack of the Clock-House&mdash;Games in Churchyards&mdash;Circular
+Churchyards&mdash;Church and Churchyard Charms and Cures&mdash;Yew Trees in
+Churchyards.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;A very entertaining work.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Leeds Mercury.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A well-printed, handsome, and profusely illustrated work.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Norfolk
+Chronicle.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There is much curious and interesting reading in this popular volume,
+which moreover has a useful index.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Glasgow Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The contents of the volume is exceptionally good reading, and crowded
+with out-of-the-way, useful, and well selected information on a
+subject which has an undying interest.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Birmingham Mercury.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In concluding this notice it is only the merest justice to add that
+every page of it abounds with rare and often amusing information,
+drawn from the most accredited sources. It also abounds with
+illustrations of our old English authors, and it is likely to prove
+welcome not only to the Churchman, but to the student of folk-lore and
+of poetical literature.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Morning Post.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We can recommend this volume to all who are interested in the notable
+and curious things that relate to churches and public worship in this
+and other countries.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Newcastle Daily Journal.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is very handsomely got up and admirably printed, the letterpress
+being beautifully clear.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Lincoln Mercury.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The book is well indexed.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Daily Chronicle.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;By delegating certain topics to those most capable of treating them,
+the editor has the satisfaction of presenting the best available
+information in a very attractive manner.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Dundee Advertiser.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It must not be supposed that the book is of interest only to
+Churchmen, although primarily so, for it treats in such a skilful and
+instructive manner with ancient manners and customs as to make it an
+invaluable book of reference to all who are concerned in the seductive
+study of antiquarian subjects.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Chester Courant.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">The Cross, in Ritual, Architecture, and Art.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By the</span> REV. GEO. S. TYACK, <span class="smcaplc">B.A.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d. Numerous Illustrations.</i></p>
+
+<p>The author of this Volume has brought together much valuable and
+out-of-the-way information which cannot fail to interest and instruct the
+reader. The work is the result of careful study, and its merits entitle it
+to a permanent place in public and private libraries. Many beautiful
+illustrations add to the value of the Volume.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;This book is reverent, learned, and interesting, and will be read
+with a great deal of profit by anyone who wishes to study the history
+of the sign of our Redemption.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Church Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A book of equal interest to artists, arch&aelig;ologists, architects, and
+the clergy has been written by the Rev. G. S. Tyack, upon &#8216;The Cross
+in Ritual, Architecture, and Art.&#8217; Although Mr. Tyack has restricted
+himself to this country, this work is sufficiently complete for its
+purpose, which is to show the manifold uses to which the Cross, the
+symbol of the Christian Faith, has been put in Christian lands. It
+treats of the Cross in ritual, in Church ornament, as a memorial of
+the dead, and in secular mason work; of preaching crosses, wayside and
+boundary crosses, well crosses, market crosses, and the Cross in
+heraldry. Mr. Tyack has had the assistance of Mr. William Andrews, to
+whom he records his indebtedness for the use of his collection of
+works, notes, and pictures; but it is evident that this book has cost
+many years of research on his own part. It is copiously and well
+illustrated, lucidly ordered and written, and deserves to be widely
+known.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Yorkshire Post.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This is an exhaustive treatise on a most interesting subject, and Mr.
+Tyack has proved himself to be richly informed and fully qualified to
+deal with it. All lovers of ecclesiastical lore will find the volume
+instructive and suggestive, while the ordinary reader will be
+surprised to find that the Cross in the churchyard or by the roadside
+has so many meanings and significances. Mr. Tyack divides his work
+into eight sections, beginning with the pre-Christian cross, and then
+tracing its development, its adaptations, its special uses, and
+applications, and at all times bringing out clearly its symbolic
+purposes. We have the history of the Cross in the Church, of its use
+as an ornament, and of its use as a public and secular instrument;
+then we get a chapter on &#8216;Memorial Crosses,&#8217; and another on &#8216;Wayside
+and Boundary Crosses.&#8217; The volume teems with facts, and it is evident
+that Mr. Tyack has made his study a labour of love, and spared no
+research in order, within the prescribed limits, to make his work
+complete. He has given us a valuable work of reference, and a very
+instructive and entertaining volume.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Birmingham Daily Gazette.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;An engrossing and instructive narrative.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Dundee Advertiser.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As a popular account of the Cross in history, we do not know that a
+better book can be named.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Glasgow Herald.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">Old Church Lore.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> WILLIAM ANDREWS, <span class="smcaplc">F.R.H.S.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>Demy 8vo., 7s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Contents</span>&mdash;The Right of Sanctuary&mdash;The Romance of Trial&mdash;A Fight between
+the Mayor of Hull and the Archbishop of York&mdash;Chapels on Bridges&mdash;Charter
+Horns&mdash;The Old English Sunday&mdash;The Easter Sepulchre&mdash;St. Paul&#8217;s
+Cross&mdash;Cheapside Cross&mdash;The Biddenden Maids Charity&mdash;Plagues and
+Pestilences&mdash;A King Curing an Abbot of Indigestion&mdash;The Services and
+Customs of Royal Oak Day&mdash;Marrying in a White Sheet&mdash;Marrying under the
+Gallows&mdash;Kissing the Bride&mdash;Hot Ale at Weddings&mdash;Marrying Children&mdash;The
+Passing Bell&mdash;Concerning Coffins&mdash;The Curfew Bell&mdash;Curious Symbols of the
+Saints&mdash;Acrobats on Steeples&mdash;A carefully prepared Index&mdash;Illustrated.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;An interesting volume.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Scotsman.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A worthy work on a deeply interesting subject.... We commend this
+book strongly.&#8221;&mdash;<i>European Mail.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The book is eminently readable, and may be taken up at any moment
+with the certainty that something suggestive or entertaining will
+present itself.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Glasgow Citizen.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Andrews&#8217; book does not contain a dull page.... Deserves to meet
+with a very warm welcome.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Yorkshire Post.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">A Lawyer&#8217;s Secrets.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> HERBERT LLOYD.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Author of &#8220;The Children of Chance,&#8221; etc.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>Price One Shilling.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Herbert Lloyd gives us a succession of stories which may reasonably
+be taken to have their origin in the experience of a lawyer practicing at
+large in the criminal courts. It is natural that they should be of a
+romantic nature; but romance is not foreign to a lawyer&#8217;s consulting room,
+so that this fact need not be charged against this lawyer&#8217;s veracity....
+The stories, seven in all, cover the ground of fraud and murder, inspired
+by the prevailing causes of crime&mdash;greed and jealousy. Our lawyer is happy
+in having the majority of his clients the innocent victims of false
+charges inspired and fostered in a great measure by their own folly; but
+this is a natural phase of professional experience, and we are only
+concerned with the fact that he generally manages it as effectively in the
+interests of his clients as his editor does in presenting them to his
+audience.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Literary World.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A volume of entertaining stories.... The book has much the same interest
+as a volume of detective stories, except that putting the cases in a
+lawyer&#8217;s mouth gives them a certain freshness. It is well written, and
+makes a capital volume for a railway journey.&#8221;&mdash;The Scotsman.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A very entertaining volume.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Birmingham Daily Gazette.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">Legal Lore: Curiosities of Law and Lawyers.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edited by</span> WILLIAM ANDREWS, <span class="smcaplc">F.R.H.S.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>Demy 8vo., Cloth extra, 7s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:&mdash;Bible Law&mdash;Sanctuaries&mdash;Trials in Superstitious Ages&mdash;On
+Symbols&mdash;Law Under the Feudal System&mdash;The Manor and Manor Law&mdash;Ancient
+Tenures&mdash;Laws of the Forest&mdash;Trial by Jury in Old Times&mdash;Barbarous
+Punishments&mdash;Trials of Animals&mdash;Devices of the Sixteenth Century
+Debtors&mdash;Laws Relating to the Gipsies&mdash;Commonwealth Law and
+Lawyers&mdash;Cock-Fighting in Scotland&mdash;Cockieleerie Law&mdash;Fatal
+Links&mdash;Post-Mortem Trials&mdash;Island Laws&mdash;The Little Inns of Court&mdash;Obiter.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;There are some very amusing and curious facts concerning law and
+lawyers. We have read with much interest the articles on Sanctuaries,
+Trials in Superstitious Ages, Ancient Tenures, Trials by Jury in Old
+Times, Barbarous Punishments, and Trials of Animals, and can heartily
+recommend the volume to those who wish for a few hours&#8217; profitable
+diversion in the study of what may be called the light literature of
+the law.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Daily Mail.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Most amusing and instructive reading.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Scotsman.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The contents of the volume are extremely entertaining, and convey not
+a little information on ancient ideas and habits of life. While
+members of the legal profession will turn to the work for incidents
+with which to illustrate an argument or point a joke, laymen will
+enjoy its vivid descriptions of old fashioned proceedings and often
+semi-barbaric ideas to obligation and rectitude.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Dundee
+Advertiser.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The subjects chosen are extremely interesting, and contain a quantity
+of out-of-the-way and not easily accessible information.... Very
+tastefully printed and bound.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Birmingham Daily Gazette.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The book is handsomely got up; the style throughout is popular and
+clear, and the variety of its contents, and the individuality of the
+writers gave an added charm to the work.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Daily Free Press.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The book is interesting both to the general reader and the
+student.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Cheshire Notes and Queries.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Those who care only to be amused will find plenty of entertainment in
+this volume, while those who regard it as a work of reference will
+rejoice at the variety of material, and appreciate the careful
+indexing.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Dundee Courier.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Very interesting subjects, lucidly and charmingly written. The
+versatility of the work assures for it a wide popularity.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Northern
+Gazette.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A happy and useful addition to current literature.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Norfolk
+Chronicle.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The book is a very fascinating one, and it is specially interesting
+to students of history as showing the vast changes which, by gradual
+course of development have been brought about both in the principles
+and practice of the law.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Evening Gazette.</i></p></div>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">In The Temple</p>
+<p class="center">By a BARRISTER-AT-LAW.</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Price One Shilling.</i></p>
+
+<p>This book opens with a chapter on the history of the Temple. Next follows
+an account of the Knight Templars. The story of the Devil&#8217;s Own is given
+in a graphic manner. A Sketch of Christmas in the Temple is included. In
+an entertaining manner the reader is informed how to become a Templar, the
+manner of keeping terms is described, and lastly, the work concludes with
+a chapter on call parties.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Amusing and interesting sketches.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Law Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Pleasing gossip about the barristers&#8217; quarters.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Gentlewoman.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A pleasant little volume.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Globe.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">The Red, Red Wine.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> THE REV. J. JACKSON WRAY.</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo., 330 pp. A portrait of the Author and other illustrations.</i></p>
+<p class="center"><i>Price 3s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This, as its name implies, is a temperance story, and is told in the
+lamented author&#8217;s most graphic style. We have never read anything so
+powerful since &#8216;Danesbury House,&#8217; and this book in stern and pathetic
+earnestness even excels that widely-known book. It is worthy a place in
+every Sunday School and village library; and, as the latest utterance of
+one whose writings are so deservedly popular, it is sure of a welcome. It
+should give decision to some whose views about Local Option are
+hazy.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Joyful News.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The story is one of remarkable power.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Temperance Record.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;An excellent and interesting story.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Temperance Chronicle.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">Faces on the Queen&#8217;s Highway.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> FLO. JACKSON.</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Elegantly Bound, Crown 8vo., price 2s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p>Though oftenest to be found in a pensive mood, the writer of this very
+dainty volume of sketches is always very sweet and winning. She has
+evidently a true artist&#8217;s love of nature, and in a few lines can limn an
+autumn landscape full of colour, and the life which is on the down slope.
+And she can tell a very taking story, as witness the sketch &#8220;At the Inn,&#8221;
+and &#8220;The Master of White Hags,&#8221; and all her characters are real, live
+flesh-and-blood people, who do things naturally, and give very great
+pleasure to the reader accordingly. Miss Jackson&#8217;s gifts are of a very
+high order.&mdash;<i>Aberdeen Free Press.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">The Doomed Ship; or, The Wreck in the Arctic Regions.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> WILLIAM HURTON.</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo., Elegantly Bound, Gilt extra, 3s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There is no lack of adventures, and the writer has a matter-of-fact way
+of telling them.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;The Doomed Ship,&#8217; by William Hurton, is a spirited tale of adventures in
+the old style of sea-stories. Mr. Hurton seems to enter fully into the
+manliness of sea life.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Idler.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">Chronologies and Calendars.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> JAMES C. MACDONALD, <span class="smcaplc">F.S.A.</span> Scot.</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo., price 7s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is unlike most books on its subject in being brief and readable to an
+unlearned student. But its chief interest and its unquestionable value is
+for those who consider dates more curiously than most men need do in an
+age in which incorporated societies endeavour to persuade a man to insure
+his life by presenting him with an illuminated table of days. Those who
+are engaged in original historical researches will find it invaluable both
+for study and for reference.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Scotsman.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A large amount of carefully prepared information.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Aberdeen Free
+Press.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">The Quaker Poets of Great Britain and Ireland.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> EVELYN NOBLE ARMITAGE.</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Demy 8vo., cloth extra, 7s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p>The volume opens with a brief sketch of the Rise of the Society of
+Friends, and Characteristics of its Poetry. Biographical Notices and
+Examples of the best Poems of the Chief Quaker Poets of Great Britain and
+Ireland.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;The book throughout is a good example of scholarly and appreciative
+editing.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The book is well worth reading, and evinces signs of careful
+selection and treatment of themes.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Liverpool Daily Post.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mrs. Armitage&#8217;s book was worth compiling, and has claims on others
+than members of the Society of Friends.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Newcastle Daily Leader.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The volume is well worth careful study.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Manchester Guardian.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This is a charming and even captivating book.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Friends&#8217; Quarterly
+Examiner.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">Stepping Stones to Socialism.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> DAVID MAXWELL, <span class="smcaplc">C.E.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo., 140 pp.; fancy cover, 1s.; cloth bound, 2s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:&mdash;In a reasonable and able manner Mr. Maxwell deals with the
+following topics:&mdash;The Popular meaning of the Word Socialism&mdash;Lord
+Salisbury on Socialism&mdash;Why There is in Many Minds an Antipathy to
+Socialism&mdash;On Some Socialistic Views of Marriage&mdash;The Question of Private
+Property&mdash;The Old Political Economy is not the Way of Salvation&mdash;Who is My
+Neighbour?&mdash;Progress, and the Condition of the Labourer&mdash;Good and Bad
+Trade: Precarious Employment&mdash;All Popular Movements are Helping on
+Socialism&mdash;Modern Literature in Relation to Social Progress&mdash;Pruning the
+Old Theological Tree&mdash;The Churches: Their Socialistic Tendencies&mdash;The
+Future of the Earth in Relation to Human Life&mdash;Socialism is Based on
+Natural Laws of Life&mdash;Humanity in the Future&mdash;Preludes to
+Socialism&mdash;Forecasts of the Ultimate Form of Society&mdash;A Pisgah-top View of
+the Promised Land.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;A temperate and reverent study of a great question.&#8221;&mdash;<i>London
+Quarterly Review.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. David Maxwell&#8217;s book is the timely expression of a
+richly-furnished mind on the current problems of home politics and
+social ethics.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Eastern Morning News.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Quite up-to-date.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Hull Daily Mail.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">The Studies of a Socialist Parson.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By the Rev.</span> W. H. ABRAHAM, <span class="smcaplc">M.A.</span> (London).</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo., Price One Shilling.</i></p>
+
+<p>The volume consists of sermons and addresses, given mostly at the St.
+Augustine&#8217;s Church, Hull. The author in his preface says, &#8220;It is the duty
+of the clergyman to try and understand what Socialism is, and to lead men
+from the false Socialism to the true.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:&mdash;The Working-man, Past and Present: A Historical Review&mdash;Whither
+are we going?&mdash;National Righteousness&mdash;The True Value of Life&mdash;Christian
+Socialism&mdash;Jesus Christ, the True Socialist&mdash;Socialism, through Christ or
+without Him?&mdash;The Great Bread Puzzle&mdash;Labour Day, May 1, 1892&mdash;The People,
+the Rulers, and the Priests&mdash;Friendly Societies&mdash;Trades&#8217; Unions&mdash;The
+People&#8217;s Church&mdash;On some Social Questions&mdash;The Greatest Help to the true
+Social Life&mdash;The Great I Am&mdash;God as a present force&mdash;Signs of the Times.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;The volume is deserving of all praise.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Glasgow Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;An admirable contribution to the solution of difficult problems. Mr.
+Abraham has much that is valuable to say, and says it
+well.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The book is as a whole sensitive and suggestive. The timely words on
+&#8216;Decency in Journalism and Conversation&#8217; deserve to be widely
+read.&#8221;&mdash;<i>London Quarterly Review.</i></p></div>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">Yorkshire Family Romance.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> FREDERICK ROSS, <span class="smcaplc">F.R.H.S.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>Elegantly bound in cloth gilt, Demy 8vo., 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:&mdash;The Synod of Streoneshalh&mdash;The Doomed Heir of Osmotherley&mdash;St.
+Eadwine, the Royal Martyr&mdash;The Viceroy Siward&mdash;Phases in the Life of a
+Political Martyr&mdash;The Murderer&#8217;s Bride&mdash;The Earldom of Wiltes&mdash;Blackfaced
+Clifford&mdash;The Shepherd Lord&mdash;The Felons of Ilkley&mdash;The Ingilby Boar&#8217;s
+Head&mdash;The Eland Tragedy&mdash;The Plumpton Marriage&mdash;The Topcliffe
+Insurrection&mdash;Burning of Cottingham Castle&mdash;The Alum Workers&mdash;The Maiden
+of Marblehead&mdash;Rise of the House of Phipps&mdash;The Traitor Governor of Hull.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;The grasp and thoroughness of the writer is evident in every page,
+and the book forms a valuable addition to the literature of the North
+Country.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Gentlewoman.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Many will welcome this work.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Yorkshire Post.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">Legendary Yorkshire.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> FREDERICK ROSS, <span class="smcaplc">F.R.H.S.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>Elegantly bound in cloth gilt, Demy 8vo., 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:&mdash;The Enchanted Cave&mdash;The Doomed City&mdash;The Worm of
+Nunnington&mdash;The Devil&#8217;s Arrows&mdash;The Giant Road Maker of Mulgrave&mdash;The
+Virgin&#8217;s Head of Halifax&mdash;The Dead Arm of St. Oswald the King&mdash;The
+Translation of St. Hilda&mdash;A Miracle of St. John&mdash;The Beatified
+Sisters&mdash;The Dragon of Wantley&mdash;The Miracles and Ghost of Watton&mdash;The
+Murdered Hermit of Eskdale&mdash;The Calverley Ghost&mdash;The Bewitched House
+of Wakefield.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>&#8220;It is a work of lasting interest, and cannot fail to delight the
+reader.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Beverley Recorder.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The history and the literature of our county are now receiving marked
+attention, and Mr. Andrews merits the support of the public for the
+production of this and other interesting volumes he has issued. We
+cannot speak too highly of this volume, the printing, the paper, and
+the binding being faultless.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Driffield Observer.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">In Folly Land.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By CAP and BELLS.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo., One Shilling.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Folly Land&#8217; is the title of a neatly-produced shilling volume of
+humorous verse by a writer who&mdash;if we are not misinformed&mdash;veils a
+well-known name under the nom de guerre of &#8216;Cap and Bells.&#8217; Some of the
+comic poems, &#8216;A Wicked Story&#8217; and &#8216;Just my Luck,&#8217; for instance, are funny.
+A humorous and unhackneyed recitation is always a welcome addition to the
+not varied repertoire of the professional or amateur reciter, and some of
+the contents of &#8216;Folly Land&#8217; are likely to become popular.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Star.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">Biblical and Shakespearian Characters Compared.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By the Rev.</span> JAMES BELL.</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p>Between the Hebrew Bible and Shakespeare there exists some interesting and
+instructive points of resemblance, especially in respect of their ways of
+life and character. No doubt certain inevitable differences also exist
+between them, but these do not hide the resemblance; rather they serve to
+set it, so to speak, in bolder relief.</p>
+
+<p>The author in this volume treats or this striking resemblance, under
+certain phases, between Hebrew Prophecy and Shakespearian Drama.</p>
+
+<p>The following are the chief &#8220;Studies&#8221; which find a place in the
+work:&mdash;Hebrew Prophecy and Shakespeare: a Comparison&mdash;Eli and Hamlet&mdash;Saul
+and Macbeth&mdash;Jonathan and Horatio&mdash;David and Henry V.&mdash;Epilogue.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;One of the most suggestive volumes we have met with for a long
+time.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Birmingham Daily Gazette.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A deeply interesting book.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Methodist Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A highly interesting and ingenious work.&#8221;&mdash;<i>British Weekly.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">The New Fairy Book.</p>
+<p class="center">Edited by WILLIAM ANDREWS, <span class="smcaplc">F.R.H.S.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>Price 4s. 6d. Demy 8vo.</i></p>
+
+<p>This volume contains Fifteen New Fairy Stories by Popular Authors. Many
+charming original illustrations are included.</p>
+
+<p>It is beautifully printed in bold clear type, and bound in a most
+attractive style.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;A very delightful volume, and eminently qualified for a gift book....
+The stories are bright and interesting.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Glasgow Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We hope the book will get into many children&#8217;s hands.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Review of
+Reviews.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We can recommend the stories for their originality, and the volume
+for its elegant and tasteful appearance.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Westminster Gazette.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great Britain.</p>
+<p class="center">Chronicled from the Earliest to the Present Time.</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> WILLIAM ANDREWS, <span class="smcaplc">F.R.H.S.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>Fcap. 4to. Bevelled boards, gilt tops. Price 4s.</i></p>
+
+<p>This work furnishes a carefully prepared account of all the great Frosts
+occurring in this country from <span class="smcaplc">A.D.</span> 134 to 1887. The numerous Frost Fairs
+on the Thames are fully described, and illustrated with quaint woodcuts,
+and several old ballads relating to the subject are reproduced. It is
+tastefully printed and elegantly bound.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;A very interesting volume.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Northern Daily Telegraph.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A great deal of curious and valuable information is contained in
+these pages.... A comely volume.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Literary World.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;An interesting and valuable work.&#8221;&mdash;<i>West Middlesex Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A volume of much interest and great importance.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Rotherham
+Advertiser.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="title">Andrews&#8217;s Library of Masterpieces of Choice Literature.</p>
+
+<p>This series of works consists of reprints carefully edited, with notes,
+etc., of a number of works which have long been out of print, but which
+are of undoubted merit, and volumes that cultured book-lovers will prize.
+Only the very best works in our literature are included in the series, and
+are carefully printed on good paper, and suitably bound. In all cases
+limited editions are printed.</p>
+
+<p class="center">The first three volumes of the series are as follow:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo., bound in Cloth, 2s. each.</i></p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="large">The Months: Descriptive of the Successive Beauties of the Year.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> LEIGH HUNT.</p>
+<p class="center">With Biographical Introduction by William Andrews, <span class="smcaplc">F.R.H.S.</span></p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="large">A Song to David</span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> CHRISTOPHER SMART.</p>
+<p class="center">Edited, with Notes, by J. R. Tutin.</p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="large">Carmen Deo Nostro, <i>Te Decet</i> Hymnus: Sacred Poems.</span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> RICHARD CRASHAW.</p>
+<p class="center">Edited by J. R. Tutin.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">London:<br />
+William Andrews &amp; Co., 5, Farringdon Avenue.</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLAND IN THE DAYS OF OLD***</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, England in the Days of Old, by William Andrews
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: England in the Days of Old
+
+
+Author: William Andrews
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 17, 2012  [eBook #38905]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLAND IN THE DAYS OF OLD***
+
+
+E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by
+Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 38905-h.htm or 38905-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38905/38905-h/38905-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38905/38905-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      http://www.archive.org/details/englandindaysofo00andriala
+
+
+
+
+
+ENGLAND IN THE DAYS OF OLD.
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+BYGONE ENGLAND,
+
+Social Studies in its Historic Byways and Highways,
+
+BY WILLIAM ANDREWS.
+
+"Of interest alike to the antiquary and general reader is 'Bygone
+England,' a book from the able pen of Mr. William Andrews, devoted to the
+consideration of some of the phases of the social life of this country in
+the olden time."--_Whitehall Review._
+
+"A very readable and instructive volume."--_The Globe._
+
+"Many are the subjects of interest introduced into this chatty
+volume."--_Saturday Review._
+
+"There is a large mass of information in this capital volume, and it is so
+pleasantly put, that many will be tempted to study it. Mr. Andrews has
+done his work with great skill."--_London Quarterly Review._
+
+"We welcome 'Bygone England.' It is another of Mr. Andrews' meritorious
+achievements in the path of popularising archaeological and old-time
+information without in any way writing down to an ignoble level."--_The
+Antiquary._
+
+"A delightful volume for all who love to dive into the origin of social
+habits and customs, and to penetrate into the byways of
+history."--_Liverpool Daily Post._
+
+"'A delightful book,' is the verdict that the reader will give after a
+perusal of its pages. Mr. Andrews has presented to us in a very pleasing
+form some phases of the social life of England in the olden
+time."--_Publishers' Circular._
+
+"Some of the chapters are very interesting, and are most useful for those
+who desire to know the origin and history of some of our daily practices
+and amusements."--_The World._
+
+"In recommending this book to the general public, we do so, feeling
+confident that within its pages they will find much that is worth knowing,
+that they will never find their interest flag, nor their curiosity
+ungratified."--_Hull Daily News._
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS IN THE TIME OF SIR ROBERT WALPOLE.]
+
+
+ENGLAND IN THE DAYS OF OLD,
+
+by
+
+William Andrews.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+London:
+William Andrews & Co., 5, Farringdon Avenue, E.C.
+1897.
+
+
+
+
+Preface.
+
+
+This volume of new studies on old-time themes, chiefly concerning the
+social and domestic life of England, is sent forth with a hope that it may
+prove entertaining and instructive. It is a companion work to "Bygone
+England," which the critical press and reading public received with a warm
+welcome on its publication, and thus encouraged me to prepare this and
+other volumes dealing with the highways and byways of history.
+
+WILLIAM ANDREWS.
+
+  THE HULL PRESS,
+  _February 14th, 1897_.
+
+
+
+
+Contents.
+
+
+                                              PAGE
+
+  WHEN WIGS WERE WORN                            1
+
+  POWDERING THE HAIR                            28
+
+  MEN WEARING MUFFS                             40
+
+  CONCERNING CORPORATION CUSTOMS                48
+
+  BRIBES FOR THE PALATE                         63
+
+  REBEL HEADS ON CITY GATES                     74
+
+  BURIAL AT CROSS ROADS                        105
+
+  DETAINING THE DEAD FOR DEBT                  115
+
+  A NOBLEMAN'S HOUSEHOLD IN TUDOR TIMES        122
+
+  BREAD AND BAKING IN BYGONE DAYS              134
+
+  ARISE, MISTRESS, ARISE!                      142
+
+  THE TURNSPIT                                 144
+
+  A GOSSIP ABOUT THE GOOSE                     150
+
+  BELLS AS TIME-TELLERS                        156
+
+  THE AGE OF SNUFFING                          168
+
+  STATE LOTTERIES                              186
+
+  BEAR-BAITING                                 205
+
+  MORRIS DANCERS                               222
+
+  THE FOLK-LORE OF MIDSUMMER EVE               234
+
+  HARVEST HOME                                 244
+
+  CURIOUS CHARITIES                            255
+
+  AN OLD-TIME CHRONICLER                       266
+
+  INDEX                                        275
+
+
+
+
+England in the Days of Old.
+
+
+
+
+When Wigs were Worn.
+
+
+The wig was for a long period extremely popular in old England, and its
+history is full of interest. At the present time, when the wig is no
+longer worn by the leaders of fashion, we cannot fully realize the
+important place it held in bygone times. Professional, as well as
+fashionable people did not dare to appear in public without their wigs,
+and they vied with each other in size and style.
+
+[Illustration: EGYPTIAN WIG (PROBABLY FOR FEMALE), FROM THE BRITISH
+MUSEUM.]
+
+To trace the origin of the wig our investigations must be carried to far
+distant times. It was worn in Egypt in remote days, and the Egyptians are
+said to have invented it, not merely as a covering for baldness, but as a
+means of adding to the attractiveness of the person wearing it. On the
+mummies of Egypt wigs are found, and we give a picture of one now in the
+British Museum. This particular wig probably belonged to a female, and was
+found near the small temple of Isis, Thebes. "As the Egyptians always
+shaved their heads," says Dr. T. Robinson, "they could scarcely devise a
+better covering than the wig, which, while it protected them from the rays
+of the sun, allowed, from the texture of the article, the transpiration
+from the head to escape, which is not the case with the turban." Dr.
+Robinson has devoted much study to this subject, and his conclusions merit
+careful consideration. He also points out that in the examples of Egyptian
+wigs in the British and Berlin Museums the upper portions are made of
+curled hair, the plaited hair being confined to the lower part and the
+sides. On the authority of Wilkinson, says Dr. Robinson, "these wigs were
+worn both within the house and out of doors. At parties the head-dress of
+the guests was bound with a chaplet of flowers, and ointment was put upon
+the top of the wig, as if it had really been the hair of the head."
+
+We find in Assyrian sculptures representations of the wig, and its use is
+recorded amongst ancient nations, including Persians, Medes, Lydians,
+Carians, Greeks, and Romans. Amongst the latter nation _galerus_, a round
+cap, was the common name for a wig.
+
+The early fathers of the Church denounced the wig as an invention of the
+Evil One. St. Gregory of Nazianzus, as a proof of the virtue of his simple
+sister Gorgonia, said, "she neither cared to curl her own hair, nor to
+repair its lack of beauty by the aid of a wig." St. Jerome pronounced
+these adornments as unworthy of Christianity. The matter received
+consideration or perhaps, to put it more correctly, condemnation, at many
+councils, commencing at Constantinople, and coming down to the Provincial
+Council at Tours. The wig was not tolerated, even if worn as a joke.
+"There is no joke in the matter," said the enraged St. Bernard: "the woman
+who wears a wig commits a mortal sin." St. John Chrysostom pleaded
+powerfully against this enormity; and others might be mentioned who spoke
+with no uncertain sound against this fashion.
+
+Dr. Doran relates a strange story, saying St. Jerome vouches for its
+authenticity, and by him it was told to deter ladies from wearing wigs.
+"Praetexta," to use Doran's words, "was a very respectable lady, married to
+a somewhat paganist husband, Hymetius. Their niece, Eustachia, resided
+with them. At the instigation of the husband Praetexta took the shy
+Eustachia in hand, attired her in a splendid dress, and covered her fair
+neck with ringlets. Having enjoyed the sight of the modest maiden so
+attired, Praetexta went to bed. To that bedside immediately descended an
+angel, with wrath upon his brow, and billows of angry sounds rolling from
+his lips. 'Thou hast,' said the spirit, 'obeyed thy husband rather than
+the Lord, and has dared to deck the hair of a virgin, and made her look
+like a daughter of earth. For this do I wither up thy hands, and bid them
+recognize the enormity of thy crime in the amount of thy anguish and
+bodily suffering. Five months more shalt thou live, and then Hell shall be
+thy portion; and if thou art bold enough to touch the head of Eustachia
+again, thy husband and thy children shall die even before thee.'"
+
+Church history furnishes some strange stories against wearing wigs, and
+the following may be taken as a good example. Clemens of Alexandria, so
+runs the tale, surprised wig-wearers by telling those that knelt at church
+to receive the blessing, they must please to bear in mind that the
+benediction remained on the wig, and did not pass through to the wearer!
+Some immediately removed their wigs, but others allowed them to remain, no
+doubt hoping to receive a blessing.
+
+Poetry and history supply many interesting passages bearing on our present
+investigations. The Lycians having been engaged in war, were defeated.
+Mausoleus, their conqueror, ruthlessly directed the subdued men to have
+their heads shaven. This was humiliating in the extreme, and the Lycians
+were keenly alive to their ridiculous appearance. The king's general was
+tempted with bribes, and finally yielded, and allowed wigs to be imported
+for them from Greece, and thus the symbol of degredation became the pink
+of Lycian fashion.
+
+Hannibal, the brave soldier, is recorded to have worn two sorts of wigs;
+one to improve, and the other to disguise his person.
+
+Wigs are said to have been worn in England in the reign of King Stephen,
+but their palmy days belong to the seventeenth and the earlier part of the
+eighteenth centuries. Says Stow, they were introduced into this country
+about the time of the Massacre of Paris, but they are not often alluded to
+until the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The earliest payment for one in the
+Privy Purse expenses occurs in December, 1529, and is for twenty shillings
+"for a _perwyke_ for Sexton, the king's fool." Some twenty years later
+wigs, or, to give the full title, periwigs, became popular.
+
+In France the mania was at its height in the reign of Louis XIV. We are
+told in 1656 he had not fewer than forty court _perruquiers_, and these,
+by an order of Council, were declared artistes. In addition to this, Le
+Gros instituted at Paris an Academie de France des Perruquiers. Robinson
+records that a storm was gathering about their heads. He tells us "the
+celebrated Colbert, amazed at the large sums spent for foreign hair,
+conceived the idea of prohibiting the wearing of wigs at Court, and tried
+to introduce a kind of cap." He lost the day, for it was proved that more
+money reached the country for wigs than went out to purchase hair. The
+fashion increased; larger wigs were worn, and some even cost L200 apiece.
+
+Charles II. was the earliest English king represented on the Great Seal
+wearing a large periwig. Dr. Doran assures us that the king did not bring
+the fashion to Whitehall. "He forbade," we are told, "the members of the
+Universities to wear periwigs, smoke tobacco, or to read their sermons.
+The members did all three, and Charles soon found himself doing the first
+two."
+
+Pepys' "Diary" contains much interesting information concerning wigs.
+Under date of 2nd November, 1663, he writes: "I heard the Duke say that he
+was going to wear a periwig, and says the King also will. I never till
+this day observed that the King is mighty gray." It was perhaps the change
+in the colour of his Majesty's hair that induced him to assume the
+head-dress he had previously so strongly condemned.
+
+As might be expected, Pepys, who delighted to be in the fashion, adopted
+the wig. He took time to consider the matter, and had consultations with
+Mr. Jervas, his old barber, about the affair. Referring in his "Diary" to
+one of his visits to his hairdresser, Pepys says "I did try two or three
+borders and periwigs, meaning to wear one, and yet I have no stomach for
+it; but that the pains of keeping my hair clean is great. He trimmed me,
+and at last I parted, but my mind was almost altered from my first
+purpose, from the trouble which I forsee in wearing them also." Weeks
+passed before he could make up his mind to wear a wig. Mrs. Pepys was
+taken to the periwig-maker's shop to see the one made for Mr. Pepys, and
+expressed her satisfaction on seeing it. We read in April, 1665, of the
+wig being at Jervas' under repair. Early in May, Pepys writes in his
+"Diary," he suffered his hair to grow long, in order to wear it, but he
+said "I will have it cut off all short again, and will keep to periwigs."
+Later, under date of September 3rd, he writes: "Lord's day. Up; and put on
+my coloured silk suit, very fine, and my new periwig, bought a good while
+since, but durst not wear, because the plague was in Westminster when I
+bought it; and it is a wonder what will be in fashion, after the plague is
+done, as to periwigs, for nobody will dare to buy any hair, for fear of
+the infection, that it had been cut off the heads of people dead of the
+plague."
+
+We learn from an entry in the "Diary" for June 11th, 1666, that ladies in
+addition to assuming masculine costume for riding, wore long wigs.
+"Walking in the galleries at Whitehall," observes Mr. Pepys, "I find the
+ladies of honour dressed in their riding garbs, with coats and doublets
+with deep skirts, just for all the world like mine, and buttoned their
+doublets up the breast, with periwigs and with hats, so that, only for
+long petticoats dragging under their men's coats, nobody could take them
+for women in any point whatever."
+
+Pepys, we have seen, wondered if periwigs would survive after the terrible
+plague. He thought not, but he was mistaken. Wigs still remained popular.
+The plague passed away, and its terrors were forgotten. The world of folly
+went on much as of yore, perhaps with greater gaiety, as a reaction to the
+lengthened time of depression.
+
+In some instances the wig appears much out of place, and a notable example
+is that given in the portrait by Kneller, of George, Earl of Albemarle. He
+is dressed in armour, and wearing a long flowing wig. Anything more absurd
+could scarcely be conceived.
+
+[Illustration: THE EARL OF ALBEMARLE.]
+
+The beau of the period when the wig was popular carried in his pocket
+beautifully made combs, and in his box at the play, or in other places,
+combed his periwig, and rendered himself irresistible to the ladies.
+Making love seems to have been the chief aim of his life. Sir John
+Hawkins, in his "History of Music," published in 1776, has an informing
+note on combing customs. "On the Mall and in the theatre," he tells us,
+"gentlemen conversed and combed their perukes. There is now in being a
+fine picture by the elder Laroon of John, Duke of Marlborough, at his
+_levee_, in which his Grace is represented dressed in a scarlet suit, with
+large white satin cuffs, and a very long white peruke which he combs,
+while his valet, who stands behind him, adjusts the curls after the comb
+has passed through them." Allusions to the practice may be found in the
+plays from the reign of Charles II. down to the days of Queen Anne. We
+read in Dryden's prologue to "Almanzor and Almahide"--
+
+  "But as when vizard mask appears in pit,
+  Straight every man who thinks himself a wit
+  Perks up, and, managing a comb with grace,
+  With his white wig sets off his nut-brown face."
+
+Says Congreve, in the "Way of the World":--
+
+  "The gentlemen stay but to comb, madam, and will wait on you."
+
+Thomas Brown, in his "Letters from the Dead to the Living" presents a pen
+portrait of beaux, as they appeared at the commencement of the eighteenth
+century. Some of the passages are well worth reproducing, as they contain
+valuable information concerning wigs. "We met," says the writer, "three
+flaming beaux of the first magnitude. He in the middle made a most
+magnificent figure--his periwig was large enough to have loaded a camel,
+and he bestowed upon it at least a bushel of powder, I warrant you. His
+sword-knot dangled upon the ground, and his steinkirk, that was most
+agreeably discoloured with snuff from the top to the bottom, reach'd down
+to his waist; he carry'd his hat under his left arm, walk'd with both
+hands in the waistband of his breeches, and his cane, that hung
+negligently down in a string from his right arm, trail'd most
+harmoniously against the pebbles, while the master of it was tripping it
+nicely upon his toes, or humming to himself." Down to the middle of the
+eighteenth century, wigs continued to increase in size.
+
+It will not now be without interest to direct attention to a few of the
+many styles of wigs.
+
+[Illustration: CAMPAIGN-WIG.]
+
+Randle Holme, in his "Academy of Armory," published in 1684, has some
+interesting illustrations, and we will draw upon him for a couple of
+pictures. Our first example is called the campaign-wig. He says it "hath
+knots or bobs, or dildo, on each side, with a curled forehead." This is
+not so cumbrous as the periwig we have noticed.
+
+[Illustration: PERIWIG WITH TAIL.]
+
+Another example from Holme is a smaller style of periwig with tail, and
+from this wig doubtless originated the familiar pig-tail. It was of
+various forms, and Swift says:--
+
+  "We who wear our wigs
+  With fantail and with snake."
+
+A third example given by Holme is named the "short-bob," and is a plain
+peruke, imitating a natural head of hair. "Perukes," says Malcolm, in his
+"Manners and Customs," "were an highly important article in 1734. Those of
+right gray human hair were four guineas each; light grizzle ties, three
+guineas; and other colours in proportion, to twenty-five shillings. Right
+gray human hair, cue perukes, from two guineas; white, fifteen shillings
+each, which was the price of dark ones; and right gray bob perukes, two
+guineas and a half; fifteen shillings was the price of dark bobs. Those
+mixed with horsehair were much lower. It will be observed, from the
+gradations in price, that real gray hair was most in fashion, and dark of
+no estimation." As time ran its course, wigs became more varied in form,
+and bore different names.
+
+[Illustration: RAMILLIE-WIG.]
+
+We find in the days of Queen Anne such designations as black riding-wigs,
+bag-wigs, and nightcap-wigs. These were in addition to the long, formally
+curled perukes. In 1706, the English, led by Marlborough, gained a great
+victory on the battlefield of Ramillies, and that gave the title to a long
+wig described as "having a long, gradually diminishing, plaited tail,
+called the 'Ramillie-tail,' which was tied with a great bow at the top,
+and a smaller one at the bottom." It is stated in Read's _Weekly Journal_
+of May 1st, 1736, in a report of the marriage of the Prince of Wales, that
+"the officers of the Horse and Foot Guards wore Ramillie periwigs by his
+Majesty's order." We meet in the reign of George II. other forms of the
+wig, and more titles for them; the most popular, perhaps, was the
+pigtail-wig. The pig-tails were worn hanging down the back, or tied up in
+a knot behind, as shown in our illustration. This form of wig was popular
+in the army, but in 1804, orders were given for it to be reduced to seven
+inches in length, and finally, in 1808, to be cut off.
+
+[Illustration: THE PIG-TAIL WIG.]
+
+[Illustration: BAG-WIG.]
+
+Here is a picture of an ordinary man; by no means can he be regarded as a
+beau. He is wearing a common bag-wig, dating back to about the middle of
+the eighteenth century. The style is modified to suit an individual
+taste, and for one who did not follow the extreme fashion of his time. In
+this example may be observed the sausage curls over the ear, and the
+frizziness over the forehead.
+
+We have directed attention to the large periwigs, and given a portrait of
+the Earl of Albemarle wearing one. In the picture of the House of Commons
+in the time of Sir Robert Walpole we get an excellent indication of how
+popular the periwig was amongst the law-makers of the land. Farquhar, in a
+comedy called "Love and a Bottle," brought out in 1698, says, "a full wig
+is imagined to be as infallible a token of wit as the laurel."
+
+Tillotson is usually regarded as the first amongst the English clergy to
+adopt the wig. He said in one of his sermons: "I can remember since the
+wearing of hair below the ears was looked upon as a sin of the first
+magnitude, and when ministers generally, whatever their text was, did
+either find or make occasion to reprove the great sin of long hair; and if
+they saw any one in the congregation guilty in that kind, they would point
+him out particularly, and let fly at him with great zeal." Dr. Tillotson
+died on November 24th, 1694.
+
+[Illustration: ARCHBISHOP TILLOTSON.]
+
+Wigs found favour with parsons, and in course of time they appear to have
+been indispensable. A volume in 1765, was issued under the title of "Free
+Advice to a Young Clergyman," from the pen of the Rev. John Chubbe, in
+which he recommended the young preacher to always wear a full wig until
+age had made his own hair respectable. Dr. Randolph, on his advancement to
+the bishopric, presumed to wait upon George IV. to kiss hands without
+wearing a wig. This could not be overlooked by the king, and he said, "My
+lord, you must have a wig." Bishops wore wigs until the days of William
+IV. Bishop Blomfield is said to have been the first bishop to set the
+example of wearing his own hair. Even as late as 1858, at the marriage of
+the Princess Royal of England, Archbishop Sumner appeared in his wig.
+
+Medical men kept up the custom of wearing wigs for a long period; perhaps
+they felt like a character in Fielding's farce, "The Mock Doctor," who
+exclaims, "I must have a physician's habit, for a physician can no more
+prescribe without a full wig than without a fee." The wig known as the
+full-bottomed wig was worn by the medical profession:--
+
+  "Physic of old her entry made
+  Beneath the immense, full-bottom'd shade;
+  While the gilt cane, with solemn pride
+  To each suspicious nose applied,
+  Seemed but a necessary prop
+  To bear the weight of wig at top."
+
+We are told Dr. Delmahoy's wig was particularly celebrated in a song which
+commenced:
+
+  "If you would see a noble wig,
+  And in that wig a man look big,
+  To Ludgate Hill repair, my boy,
+  And gaze on Dr. Delmahoy."
+
+In the middle of the last century so much importance was attached to this
+portion of a medical man's costume, that Dr. Brocklesby's barber was in
+the habit of carrying a bandbox through the High Change, exclaiming: Make
+way for Dr. Brocklesby's wig!
+
+Professional wigs are now confined to the Speaker in the House of Commons,
+who, when in the chair, wears a full-bottomed one, and to judges and
+barristers. Such wigs are made of horsehair, cleaned and curled with care,
+and woven on silk threads, and shaped to fit the head with exactness. The
+cost of a barrister's wig of frizzed hair is from five to six guineas.
+
+An eminent counsel in years agone wished to make a motion before Judge
+Cockburn, and in his hurry appeared without a wig. "I hear your voice,"
+sternly said his Lordship, "but I cannot see you." The barrister had to
+obtain the loan of a wig from a learned friend before the judge would
+listen to him.
+
+Lord Eldon suffered much from headache, and when he was raised to the
+peerage he petitioned the King to allow him to dispense with the wig. He
+was refused; his Majesty saying he could not permit such an innovation. In
+vain did his Lordship show that the wig was an innovation, as the old
+judges did not wear them. "True," said the King; "the old judges wore
+beards."
+
+In more recent times we have particulars of several instances of both
+bench and bar discarding the use of the wig. At the Summer Assizes at
+Lancaster, in 1819, a barrister named Mr. Scarlett hurried into court, and
+was permitted to take part in a trial without his wig and gown. Next day
+the whole of the members of the bar appeared without their professional
+badges, but only on this occasion, although on the previous day a hope had
+been expressed that the time was not far distant when the mummeries of
+costume would be entirely discarded.
+
+We learn from a report in the _Times_ of July 24th, 1868, that on account
+of the unprecedented heat of the weather on the day before in the Court of
+Probate and Divorce the learned judge and bar appeared without wigs.
+
+On July 22nd, 1874, it is recorded that Dr. Kenealy rose to open the case
+for the defence in the Tichborne suit; he sought and obtained permission,
+to remove his wig on account of the excessive heat.
+
+Towards the close of the last century few were the young men at the
+Universities who ventured to wear their own hair, and such as did were
+designated Apollos.
+
+Women, as well as men, called into requisition, to add to their charms,
+artificial accessories in the form of wigs and curls. Ladies' hair was
+curled and frizzed with considerable care, and frequently false curls were
+worn under the name of heart-breakers. It will be seen from the
+illustration we give that these curls increased the beauty of a pretty
+face.
+
+[Illustration: HEART-BREAKERS.]
+
+Queen Elizabeth, we gather from Hentzner and other authorities, wore false
+hair. We are told that ladies, in compliment to her, dyed their hair a
+sandy hue, the natural colour of the Queen's locks.
+
+[Illustration: A BARBER'S SHOP IN THE TIME OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.]
+
+We present a picture of a barber's shop in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.
+It looks more like the home of a magician than the workshop of a
+hairdresser, although we see the barber thoughtfully employed on a wig.
+The barber at this period was an important man. A few of his duties
+consisted in dressing wigs, using the razor, cutting hair, starching
+beards, curling moustachios, tying up love-locks, dressing sword-wounds
+received in street frays, and the last, and by no means the least, of his
+varied functions was that of receiver and circulator of news and scandal.
+
+It is recorded that Mary Queen of Scots obtained wigs from Edinburgh not
+merely while in Scotland, but during her long and weary captivity in
+England. From "The True Report of the Last Moments of Mary Stuart," it
+appears, when the executioner lifted the head by the hair to show it to
+the spectators, it fell from his hands owing to the hair being false.
+
+We have previously mentioned Pepys' allusions to women and wigs in 1666.
+Coming down to later times, we read in the _Whitehall Evening Post_ of
+August 17th, 1727, that when the King, George II., reviewed the Guards,
+the three eldest Princesses "went to Richmond in riding habits, with hats,
+and feathers, and periwigs."
+
+It will be seen from the picture of a person with and without a wig that
+its use made a plain face presentable. There is a good election story of
+Daniel O'Connell. It is related during a fierce debate on the hustings,
+O'Connell with his biting, witty tongue attacked his opponent on account
+of his ill-favoured countenance. But, not to be outdone, and thinking to
+turn the gathering against O'Connell, his adversary called out, "Take off
+your wig, and I'll warrant that you'll prove the uglier." The witty
+Irishman immediately responded, amidst roars of laughter from the crowd,
+by snatching the wig from off his own head and exposing to view a bald
+plate, destitute of a single hair. The relative question of beauty was
+scarcely settled by this amusing rejoinder, but the laugh was certainly on
+O'Connell's side.
+
+[Illustration: WITH AND WITHOUT A WIG.]
+
+An interesting tale is told of Peter the Great of Russia. In the year
+1716, the famous Emperor was at Dantzig, taking part in a public ceremony,
+and feeling his head somewhat cold, he stretched out his hand, and
+seizing the wig from the head of the burgomaster sitting below him, he
+placed it on his own regal head. The surprise of the spectators may be
+better imagined than described. On the Czar returning the wig, his
+attendants explained that his Majesty was in the habit of borrowing the
+wig of any nobleman within reach on similar occasions. His Majesty, it may
+be added, was short of hair.
+
+[Illustration: STEALING A WIG.]
+
+In the palmy days of wigs the price of a full wig of an English gentleman
+was from thirty to forty guineas. Street quarrels in the olden time were
+by no means uncommon; care had to be exercised that wigs were not lost.
+Says Swift:--
+
+  "Triumphing Tories and desponding Whigs,
+  Forget their feuds, and join to save their wigs."
+
+Although precautions were taken to prevent wigs being stolen, we are told
+that robberies were frequently committed. Sam Rogers thus describes a
+successful mode of operation: "A boy was carried covered over in a
+butcher's tray by a tall man, and the wig was twisted off in a moment by
+the boy. The bewildered owner looked all around for it, when an accomplice
+impeded his progress under the pretence of assisting him while the
+tray-bearer made off."
+
+Gay, in his "Trivia," thus writes:--
+
+  "Nor is the flaxen wig with safety worn:
+  High on the shoulders in a basket borne
+  Lurks the sly boy, whose hand, to rapine bred,
+  Plucks off the curling honours of thy head."
+
+We will bring our gossip about wigs to a close with an account of the
+Peruke Riot. On February 11th, 1765, a curious spectacle was witnessed in
+the streets of London, and one that caused some amusement. Fashion had
+changed; the peruke was no longer in favour, and only worn to a limited
+extent. A large number of peruke-makers were thrown out of employment,
+and distress prevailed amongst them. The sufferers thought that help might
+be obtained from George III., and a petition was accordingly drawn up for
+the enforcement of gentlefolk wearing wigs for the benefit of the
+wig-makers. A procession was formed, and waited upon the King at St.
+James's Palace. His Majesty, we are told, returned a gracious answer, but
+it must have cost him considerable effort to have maintained his gravity.
+
+Besides the monarch, the unemployed had to encounter the men of the
+metropolis, and from a report of the period we learn they did not fare so
+well. "As the distressed men went processionally through the town," says
+the account, "it was observed that most of the wig-makers, who wanted
+other people to wear them, wore no wigs themselves; and this striking the
+London mob as something monstrously unfair and inconsistent, they seized
+the petitioners, and cut off all their hair _per force_."
+
+Horace Walpole alludes to this ludicrous petition in one of his letters.
+"Should we wonder," he writes, "if carpenters were to remonstrate that
+since the Peace there is no demand for wooden legs?" The wags of the day
+could not allow the opportunity to pass without attempting to provoke more
+mirth out of the matter, and a petition was published purporting to come
+from the body carpenters imploring his Majesty to wear a wooden leg, and
+to enjoin his servants to appear in his royal presence with the same
+graceful decoration.
+
+
+
+
+Powdering the Hair.
+
+
+In the olden days hair-powder was largely used in this country, and many
+circumstances connected with its history are curious and interesting. We
+learn from Josephus that the Jews used hair-powder, and from the East it
+was no doubt imported into Rome. The history of the luxurious days of the
+later Roman Empire supplies some strange stories. At this period gold-dust
+was employed by several of the emperors. "The hair of Commodus," it is
+stated on the authority of Herodian, "glittered from its natural
+whiteness, and from the quantity of essences and gold-dust with which it
+was loaded, so that when the sun was shining it might have been thought
+that his head was on fire."
+
+It is supposed, and not without a good show of reason, that the Saxons
+used coloured hair-powder, or perhaps they dyed their hair. In Saxon
+pictures the beard and hair are often painted blue. Strutt supplies
+interesting notes on the subject. "In some instances," he says, "which,
+indeed, are not so common, the hair is represented of a bright red colour,
+and in others it is of a green and orange hue. I have no doubt existing
+in my own mind, that arts of some kind were practised at this period to
+colour the hair; but whether it was done by tingeing or dyeing it with
+liquids prepared for that purpose according to the ancient Eastern custom,
+or by powders of different hues cast into it, agreeably to the modern
+practice, I shall not presume to determine."
+
+It was customary among the Gauls to wash the hair with a lixivium made of
+chalk in order to increase its redness. The same custom was maintained in
+England for a long period, and was not given up until after the reign of
+Elizabeth. The sandy-coloured hair of the queen greatly increased the
+popularity of the practice.
+
+The satirists have many allusions to this subject, more especially those
+of the reigns of James and Charles I. In a series of epigrams entitled
+"Wit's Recreations," 1640, the following appears under the heading of "Our
+Monsieur Powder-wig":--
+
+  "Oh, doe but marke yon crisped sir, you meet!
+  How like a pageant he doth walk the street!
+  See how his perfumed head is powdered ore;
+  'Twou'd stink else, for it wanted salt before."
+
+In "Musarum Deliciae," 1655, we read:--
+
+    "At the devill's shopps you buy
+      A dresse of powdered hayre,
+    On which your feathers flaunt and fly;
+      But i'de wish you have a care,
+  Lest Lucifer's selfe, who is not prouder,
+  Do one day dresse up your haire with a powder."
+
+From the pen of R. Younge, in 1656, appeared, "The Impartial Monitor." The
+author closes with a tirade against female follies in these words:--"It
+were a good deed to tell men also of mealing their heads and shoulders, of
+wearing fardingales about their legs, etc.; for these likewise deserve the
+rod, since all that are discreet do but hate and scorn them for it." A
+"Loyal Litany" against the Oliverians runs thus:--
+
+  "From a king-killing saint,
+  Patch, powder, and paint,
+        Libera nos, Domine."
+
+Massinger, in the "City Madam," printed in 1679, describing the dress of a
+rich merchant's wife, mentions powder thus:--
+
+  "Since your husband was knighted, as I said,
+  The reverend hood cast off, your borrowed hair
+  Powdered and curled, was by your dresser's art,
+  Formed like a coronet, hanged with diamonds
+  And richest orient pearls."
+
+John Gay, in his poem, "Trivia, or the Art of Walking the Streets of
+London," published in 1716, advises in passing a coxcomb,--
+
+  "Him like the Miller, pass with caution by,
+  Lest from his shoulder clouds of powder fly."
+
+We learn from the "Annals of the Barber-Surgeons" some particulars
+respecting the taxing of powder. On 8th August, 1751, "Mr. John Brooks,"
+it is stated, "attended and produced a deed to which he requested the
+subscription of the Court; this deed recited that by an Act of Parliament
+passed in the tenth year of Queen Anne, it was enacted that a duty of
+twopence per pound should be laid upon all starch imported, and of a penny
+per pound upon all starch made in Great Britain, that no perfumer, barber,
+or seller of hair-powder should mix any powder of alabaster, plaster of
+Paris, whiting, lime, etc. (sweet scents excepted), with any starch to be
+made use of for making hair-powder, under a pain of forfeiting the
+hair-powder and L50, and that any person who should expose the same for
+sale should forfeit it and L20." Other details were given in the deed, and
+the Barber-Surgeons gave it their support, and promised twenty guineas
+towards the cost of passing the Bill through Parliament.
+
+A few years prior to the above proceeding we gather from the _Gentleman's
+Magazine_ particulars of some convictions for using powder not made in
+accordance with the laws of the land. "On the 20th October, 1745," it is
+recorded, "fifty-one barbers were convicted before the commissioners of
+excise, and fined in the penalty of L20, for having in their custody
+hair-powder not made of starch, contrary to Act of Parliament: and on the
+27th of the same month, forty-nine other barbers were convicted of the
+same offence, and fined in the like penalty."
+
+Before powder was used, the hair was generally greased with pomade, and
+powdering operations were attended with some trouble. In houses of any
+pretension was a small room set apart for the purpose, and it was known as
+"the powdering-room." Here were fixed two curtains, and the person went
+behind, exposing the head only, which received its proper supply of powder
+without any going on the clothes of the individual dressed.
+
+In the _Rambler_, No. 109, under date 1751, a young gentleman writes that
+his mother would rather follow him to his grave than see him sneak about
+with dirty shoes and blotted fingers, hair unpowdered, and a hat uncocked.
+
+We have seen that hair-powder was taxed, and on the 5th of May, 1795, an
+Act of Parliament was passed taxing persons using it. Pitt was in power,
+and being sorely in need of money, hit upon the plan of a tax of a guinea
+per head on those who used hair-powder. He was prepared to meet much
+ridicule by this movement, but he saw that it would yield a considerable
+revenue, estimating it as much as L200,000 a year. Fox, with force, said
+that a fiscal arrangement dependent on a capricious fashion must be
+regarded as an absurdity, but the Opposition were unable to defeat the
+proposal, and the Act was passed. Pitt's powerful rival, Charles James
+Fox, in his early manhood, was one of the most fashionable men about town.
+Here are a few particulars of his "get up" about 1770, drawn from the
+_Monthly Magazine_: "He had his chapeau-bas, his red-heeled shoes, and his
+blue hair-powder." Later, when Pitt's tax was gathered, like other Whigs
+he refused to use hair-powder. For more than a quarter of a century it had
+been customary for men to wear their hair long, tied in a pig-tail and
+powdered. Pitt's measure gave rise to a number of Crop Clubs. The _Times_
+for April 14th, 1795, contains particulars of one. "A numerous club," says
+the paragraph, "has been formed in Lambeth, called the _Crop Club_, every
+member of which, on his entrance, is obliged to have his head docked as
+close as the Duke of Bridgewater's old bay coach-horses. This assemblage
+is instituted for the purpose of opposing, or rather evading, the tax on
+powdered heads." Hair cropping was by no means confined to the humbler
+ranks of society. The _Times_ of April 25th, 1795, reports that:--"The
+following noblemen and gentlemen were at the party with the Duke of
+Bedford, at Woburn Abbey, when a general cropping and combing out of
+hair-powder took place: Lord W. Russell, Lord Villiers, Lord Paget, &c.,
+&c. They entered into an engagement to forfeit a sum of money if any of
+them wore their hair tied, or powdered, within a certain period. Many
+noblemen and gentlemen in the county of Bedford have since followed the
+example: it has become general with the gentry in Hampshire, and the
+ladies have left off wearing powder." Hair-powder did not long continue in
+use in the army, for in 1799 it was abolished on account of the high price
+of flour, caused through the bad harvests. Using flour for the hair
+instead of for food was an old grievance among the poor. In the "Art of
+Dressing the Hair," 1770, the author complains:--
+
+  "Their hoarded grain contractors spare,
+  And starve the poor to beautify the hair."
+
+Pitt's estimates proved correct, for in the first year the tax produced
+L210,136. The tax was increased from a guinea to one pound three shillings
+and sixpence. Pitt's Tory friends gave him loyal support. The Whigs might
+taunt them by calling them "guinea-pigs," it mattered little, for they
+were not merely ready to pay the tax for themselves but to pay patriotic
+guineas for their servants. A number of persons were exempt from paying
+the tax, including "the royal family and their servants, the clergy with
+an income of under L100 per annum, subalterns, non-commissioned officers
+and privates in the army and navy, and all officers and privates of the
+yeomanry and volunteers enrolled during the past year. A father having
+more than two unmarried daughters might obtain on payment for two, a
+license for the remainder." A gentlemen took out a license for his butler,
+coachman, and footman, etc., and if he changed during the year it stood
+good for the newly engaged servants.
+
+Powder was not wholly set aside by ladies until 1793, when with
+consideration Queen Charlotte abandoned its use, swayed no doubt by her
+desire to cheapen, in that time of dearth, the flour of which it was made.
+It has been said its disuse was attributable to Sir Joshua Reynolds,
+Angelica Kauffmann, and other painters of their day, but it is much more
+likely that the artists painted the hair "full and flowing" because they
+found it so, not that they as a class dictated to their patronesses in
+despite of fashion. The French Revolution had somewhat to do with the
+change, a powdered head or wig was a token of aristocracy, and as the
+fashion might lead to the guillotine, sensible people discarded it long
+before the English legislature put a tax upon its use.
+
+With reference to this Sir Walter Scott says in the fifth chapter of "The
+Antiquary":--"Regular were the Antiquary's inquiries at an old-fashioned
+barber, who dressed the only three wigs in the parish, which, in defiance
+of taxes and times, were still subjected to the operation of powdering and
+frizzling, and who for that purpose divided his time among the three
+employers whom fashion had yet left him."
+
+"Fly with this letter, Caxon," said the senior (the Antiquary), holding
+out his missive, "fly to Knockwinnock, and bring me back an answer. Go as
+fast as if the town council were met and waiting for the provost, and the
+provost was waiting for his new powdered wig." "Ah, sir," answered the
+messenger, with a deep sigh, "thae days hae lang gane by. Deil a wig has a
+provost of Fairport worn sin' auld Provost Jervie's time--and he had a
+quean of a servant-lass that dressed it hersel', wi' the doup o' a candle
+and a dredging box. But I hae seen the day, Monkbarns, when the town
+council of Fairport wad hae as soon wanted their town-clerk, or their gill
+of brandy ower-head after the haddies, as they wad hae wanted ilk ane a
+weel-favoured, sonsy, decent periwig on his pow. Hegh, sirs! nae wonder
+the commons will be discontent, and rise against the law, when they see
+magistrates, and bailies, and deacons, and the provost himsel', wi' heads
+as bald an' as bare as one o' my blocks."
+
+It was not in Scotland alone that the barber was peripatetic. "In the last
+century," says Mrs. G. Linnaeus Banks, author of the "Manchester Man" and
+other popular novels, "he waited on his chief customers or patrons at
+their own homes, not merely to shave, but to powder the hair or the wig,
+and he had to start on his round betimes. Where the patron was the owner
+of a spare periwig it might be dressed in advance, and sent home in a box,
+or mounted on a stand, such as a barrister keeps handy at the present day.
+But when ladies had powdered top-knots, the hairdresser made his harvest,
+especially when a ball or a rout made the calls for his services many and
+imperative. When at least a couple of hours were required for the
+arrangement of a single toupee or tower, or commode, as the head-dress was
+called, it may well be understood that for two or three days prior to the
+ball the hairdresser was in demand, and as it was impossible to lie down
+without disarranging the structure he had raised on pads, or framework of
+wire, plastering with pomatum and disguising with powder, the belles so
+adorned or disfigured were compelled to sit up night and day, catching
+what sleep was possible in a chair. And when I add that a head so dressed
+was rarely disturbed for ten days or a fortnight, it needs no stretch of
+imagination to realize what a mass of loathsome nastiness the fine ladies
+of the last century carried about with them, or what strong stomachs the
+barbers must have had to deal with them."
+
+The Tories often regarded with mistrust any persons who did not use
+hair-powder. The Rev. J. Charles Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., the eminent
+antiquary, relates a good story respecting his grandfather. "So late as
+1820," says Dr. Cox, "Major Cox of Derby, an excellent Tory, declined for
+some time to allow his son Edward to become a pupil of a well-known
+clerical tutor, for the sole reason that the clergyman did not powder, and
+wore his hair short, arguing that he must therefore, be a dangerous
+revolutionist."
+
+In 1869 the tax on hair-powder was repealed, when only some 800 persons
+paid it, producing about L1,000 per year.
+
+
+
+
+Men wearing Muffs.
+
+
+The muff in bygone times was worn by men as well as women. Several writers
+state that it was introduced into England in the reign of Charles II., but
+this is not correct, for, although it is not of great antiquity, it can
+certainly be traced back to a much earlier period. Most probably it
+reached us from France, and when it came into fashion it was small in
+size.
+
+The earliest representation of a muff that has come under our notice
+occurs in a drawing by Gaspar Rutz (1598) of an English lady, and she
+wears it pendant from her girdle. A few years later in the wardrobe
+accounts of Prince Henry of Wales, a charge is made for embroidering two
+muffs. The entries occur in 1608, and are as follow:--"One of cloth of
+silver, embroidered with purles, plates, and Venice twists of silver and
+gold; the other of black satten, embroidered with black silk and bugles,
+viz., for one L7, the other 60s." Muffs were usually ornamented with
+bunches of gay ribbons, or some other decorations, and were generally
+hung round the neck with ribbons.
+
+Several poems and plays of the olden time contain references to men using
+muffs. One of the earliest, if not the first, to mention a man wearing a
+muff, occurs in an epistle by Samuel Rowlands, written about 1600. It is
+as follows:--
+
+  "Behold a most accomplished cavalier
+  That the world's ape of fashion doth appear,
+  Walking the streets his humour to disclose,
+  In the French doublet and the German hose.
+  The _muffes_, cloak, Spanish hat, Toledo blade,
+  Italian ruff, a shoe right Spanish made."
+
+A ballad, describing the frost fair on the Thames in the winter of 1683-4,
+mentions amongst those present:--
+
+  "A spark of the Bar with his cane and his _muff_."
+
+In course of time the muff was increased in size, until it was very large.
+Dryden, in the epilogue of "The Husband his own Cuckstool," 1696, refers
+to the _monstrous muff_ worn by the beau.
+
+Pepys made a point of being in fashion, but in respect to the muff he was
+most economical. He says he took his wife's last year's muff, and it is
+pleasing to record that he gallantly bought her a new one.
+
+[Illustration: MAN WITH MUFF, 1693. (_From a Print of the Period._)]
+
+Professional men did not neglect to add to their dignity by the use of the
+muff. In addition to the gold-headed cane, the doctor carried a muff. An
+old book called "The Mother-in-law," includes a character who is advised
+by his friends to become a physician. Says one to him: "'Tis but putting
+on the doctor's gown and cap, and you'll have more knowledge in an instant
+than you'll know what to do withal." Observes another friend: "Besides,
+sir, if you had no other qualification than that muff of yours, twould go
+a great way. A muff is more than half in the making of a doctor." Cibble
+tells Nightshade in Cumberland's "Cholerick Man," 1775, to "Tuck your
+hands in your _muff_ and never open your lips for the rest of the
+afternoon; 'twill gain you respect in every house you enter." Alexander
+Wedderburn, before being called to the English Bar in 1757, had practised
+as an advocate in his native city, Edinburgh. In his references to his
+early days, there is an allusion to the muff, showing that its use must
+have been by no means uncommon in Scotland in the middle of the eighteenth
+century. "Knowing my countrymen at that time," he tells us, "I was at
+great pains to study and assume a very grave, solemn deportment for a
+young man, which my marked features, notwithstanding my small stature,
+would render more imposing. Men then wore in winter _small muffs_, and I
+flatter myself that, as I paced to the Parliament House, no man of fifty
+could look more thoughtful or steady. My first client was a citizen whom I
+did not know. He called upon me in the course of a cause, and becoming
+familiar with him, I asked him 'how he came to employ me?' The answer was:
+'Why, I had noticed you in the High Street, going to the court, the most
+punctual of any, as the clock struck nine, and you looked so grave and
+business-like, that I resolved from your appearance to have you for my
+advocate.'" More instances of the muff amongst professional men might be
+cited, but the foregoing are sufficient to indicate the value set upon it
+by this class.
+
+Towards the end of the seventeenth century it was customary to carry in
+the muff small dogs known as "muff dogs," and Hollar made a picture of one
+of these little animals.
+
+A tale is told of the eccentric head of one of the colleges at Oxford, who
+had a great aversion to the undergraduates wearing long hair, that on one
+occasion he reduced the length of a young man's hair by means of a
+bread-knife. It is stated that he carried concealed in his muff a pair of
+scissors, and with these he slyly cut off offending locks.
+
+Both the _Tatler_ and the _Spectator_ include notices of the muff. In No.
+153 of the _Tatler_, 1710, is a description of a poor but doubtless a
+proud person with a muff. "I saw," it is stated, "he was reduced to
+extreme poverty, by certain shabby superfluities in his dress,
+for--notwithstanding that it was a very sultry day for the time of the
+year--he wore a loose great coat and a _muff_. Here we see poverty trying
+to imitate prosperity." There are at least three allusions to the muff in
+the pages of the _Spectator_. We find in the issue for March 19th, 1711, a
+correspondent desires Addison to be "very satyrical upon the little muff"
+that was then fashionable amongst men.
+
+A satirical print was published in 1756, at the Gold Acorn Tavern, facing
+Hungerford Market, London, called the "Beau Admiral." It represents
+Admiral Byng carrying a large muff. He had been sent to relieve Minorca,
+besieged by the French, and after a futile action withdrew his ships,
+declaring that the ministry had not furnished him with a sufficient fleet
+to successfully fight the enemy. This action made the ministry furious,
+and Byng was brought before a court martial, and early in 1757 he was,
+according to sentence, shot at Portsmouth.
+
+In America muffs were popular with both men and women. Old newspapers
+contain references to them. The following advertisement is drawn from the
+_Boston News Letter_ of March 5th, 1715:--
+
+    "Any man that took up a Man's Muff drop't on the Lord's Day between
+    the Old Meeting House & the South, are desired to bring it to the
+    Printer's Office, and shall be rewarded."
+
+Mrs. Alice Morse Earle, in her "Costume of Colonial Times" (New York:
+1894), gives other instances of men's muffs being missing, "In 1725," says
+Mrs. Earle, "Dr. Prince lost his 'black bear-skin muff,' and in 1740 a
+sable-skin man's muff was advertised." It is clear from Mrs. Earle's
+investigations that the beaux of New England followed closely the lead of
+the dandies of Old England. "I can easily fancy," she says, "the mincing
+face of Horace Walpole peering out of a carriage window or a sedan-chair,
+with his hands and his wrists thrust in a great muff; but when I look at
+the severe and ascetic countenance in the portrait of Thomas Prince, I
+find it hard to think of him, walking solemnly along Boston streets,
+carrying his big bear-skin muff." Other Bostonians, we are told,
+maintained the fashion until a much later period. Judge Dana employed it
+even after Revolutionary times. In 1783, in the will of Rene Hett, of New
+York, several muffs are mentioned, and were considered of sufficient
+account to form bequests.
+
+The puritans of New England had little regard for warmth in their places
+of worship, and it is not surprising that men wore muffs. People were
+obliged to attend the services of the church unless they were sick, yet
+little attempt was made to render the places comfortable.
+
+The first stove introduced into a meeting-house in Massachusetts was at
+Boston in 1773. In 1793 two stoves were placed in the Friends'
+meeting-house, Salem, and in 1809 one was erected in the North Church,
+Salem. Persons are still living in the United States who can remember the
+knocking of feet on a cold day towards the close of a long sermon. The
+preachers would ask for a little patience and promise to close their
+discourses.
+
+
+
+
+Concerning Corporation Customs.
+
+
+The history of old English Municipal Corporations contains some quaint and
+interesting information respecting the laws, customs, and every-day life
+of our forefathers. The institution of corporate towns dates back to a
+remote period, and in this country we had our corporations before the
+Norman Conquest. The Norman kings frequently granted charters for the
+incorporation of towns, and an example is the grant of a charter to London
+by Henry I. in the year 1101.
+
+For more than a century and a half no person was permitted to hold office
+in a municipal corporation unless he had previously taken sacrament
+according to the rites of the Established Church. The act regulating this
+matter was known as the Test Act, which remained in force from the days of
+Charles II. to those of George IV. It was repealed on the 9th May, 1828.
+In the latter reign, in 1835, was passed the Municipal Reform Act, which
+greatly changed the constitution of many corporate towns and boroughs. It
+is not, however, so much the laws as local customs to which we wish to
+direct attention.
+
+The mace as a weapon may be traced back to a remote period, and was a
+staff about five feet in length with a metal head usually spiked. Maces
+were used by the heavy cavalry in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries,
+but went out of use in England in the reign of Elizabeth. It is not clear
+when the ornamental maces came to be regarded as an ensign of authority.
+Their first use may be traced back to the twelfth century. At that period
+and later spikeless maces were carried by the guards attending princes, as
+a convenient weapon to protect them against the sudden attacks of the
+assassin. Happily their need passed away, and as a symbol of rank only
+they have remained. In civic processions the mace is usually borne before
+the mayor, and when the sovereign visits a corporate town it is customary
+for the mayor to bear the mace before the monarch. We learn from history
+that when Princess Margaret was on her way to Scotland in 1503 to be
+united in marriage to James IV., as she passed through the city of York
+the Lord Mayor shouldered the mace and carried it before her. The mace
+was formerly borne before the mayoress of Southampton when she went out in
+state. A singular custom connected with the mace obtained at Leicester. It
+was customary for the newly-elected mayor to proceed to the castle, and in
+accordance with a charter granted by James I., take an oath before the
+steward of the Duchy of Lancaster, "to perform faithfully and well all and
+every ancient custom, and so forth according to the best of his
+knowledge." On arrival at a certain place within the precincts of the
+stronghold the mayor had the great mace lowered from an upright position
+as a token of acknowledgment to the ancient feudal earls within their
+castle. In 1766 Mr. Fisher, a Jacobite, was elected mayor, and like others
+of his class was ever ready when opportunity offered to show his aversion
+to the reigning dynasty. He purposely omitted the ceremony of lowering the
+mace. When the servant of the mayor refused to "slope the mace," the
+Constable of the castle or his deputy refused to admit the mayor. The
+ceremony was discontinued after this occurrence, and the mayor went in
+private to take the oath.
+
+[Illustration: THE LORD MAYOR OF YORK ESCORTING PRINCESS MARGARET.]
+
+The following ordinances were in force at Kingston-upon-Hull about 1450,
+and point their own moral.
+
+"No Mayor should debase his honourable office by selling (during his
+Mayoralty) ale or wine in his house."
+
+"Whenever the Mayor appeared in public he should have a sword carried
+before him, and his officers should constantly attend him; also he should
+cause everything to be done for the honour of the town, and should not
+hold his office for two years together."
+
+"No Aldermen should keep ale-houses or taverns, nor absent themselves from
+the town's business, nor discover what is said in their councils, under
+heavy penalties."
+
+An entry in the annals of Hull in 1549 states that three of the former
+sheriffs of the town, named respectively Johnson, Jebson, and Thorp, were
+fined L6 13s. 4d. each "for being deficient in the elegance of their
+entertainments, for neglecting to wear scarlet gowns, and for not
+providing the same for their wives during their shrievalties." Ten years
+later a Mr. Gregory was chosen sheriff, and he refused to accept the
+office. The matter was referred to the Queen in Council, and he was
+ordered to be fined L100, to be disfranchised and turned out of the town.
+We are told that the order was executed.
+
+We gather from the ancient records of Canterbury that, in 1544, it was
+decided "that during winter every dark-night the aldermen, common council,
+and inn-holders are to find one candle, with light, at their doors, and
+the other inhabitants are to do in like fashion upon request, and if any
+lantern be stolen, the offender shall be set in the pillory at the mayor's
+discretion; the candles are to be lighted at six, and continued until
+burnt out."
+
+In 1549 the sheriff of Canterbury paid a fine of three shillings and
+fourpence for wearing his beard.
+
+Another quaint item in the Canterbury records under the year 1556 is an
+order directing the mayor every year before Christmas to provide for the
+mayoress, his wife, to wear one scarlet gown, and a bonnet of velvet. If
+the mayor failed to procure the foregoing he was liable to a fine of L10.
+
+[Illustration: BURYING THE MACE AT NOTTINGHAM.]
+
+At Nottingham the new mayor took office on the 29th September each year.
+The outgoing mayor and other members of the corporation marched in
+procession to St. Mary's Church. At the conclusion of divine service all
+retired to the vestry, and the retiring mayor occupied the chair at the
+head of a table covered with a black cloth, in the middle of which lay the
+mace covered with rosemary and sprigs of bay. This was called burying the
+mace, and no doubt was meant to denote the official decease of the late
+holder. The new mayor was then formally elected, and the outgoing mayor
+took up the mace, kissed it, and delivered it to his successor with a
+suitable speech. After the election of other town officials the company
+proceeded to the chancel of the church, where the mayor took the oath of
+office, which was administered by the senior coroner. After the mayor had
+been proclaimed in public places by the town clerk, a banquet was held at
+the municipal buildings; the fare consisted of bread and cheese, fruit in
+season, and pipes of tobacco! The proclaiming of the new mayor did not
+end on the day of election: on the following market-day he was proclaimed
+in face of the whole market, and the ceremony took place at one of the
+town crosses.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAYOR OF WYCOMBE GOING TO THE GUILDHALL.]
+
+We learn from the Report of the Royal Commission issued in 1837 that the
+election of the Mayor of Wycombe was enacted with not a little ceremony.
+The great bell of the church was tolled for an hour, then a merry peal was
+rang. The retiring mayor and aldermen proceeded to church, and after
+service walked in procession to the Guildhall, preceded by a woman
+strewing flowers and a drummer beating a drum. The mayor was next elected,
+and he and his fellow-members of the corporation marched round the
+market-house, and wound up the day by being weighed, and their weights
+were duly recorded by the sergeant-at-mace, who was rewarded with a small
+sum of money for his trouble.
+
+In the _Gentlemen's Magazine_ for 1782 we find particulars of past mayoral
+customs at Abingdon, Berkshire. "Riding through Abingdon," says a
+correspondent, "I found the people in the street at the entrance of the
+town very busy in adorning the outside of their houses with boughs of
+trees and garlands of flowers, and the paths were strewed with rushes. One
+house was distinguished by a greater number of garlands than the rest. On
+inquiring the reason, it seemed that it was usual to have this ceremony
+performed in the street in which the new mayor lived, on the first Sunday
+that he went to church after his election."
+
+At Newcastle-on-Tyne still lingers a curious custom which dates back to
+the period when strife was rife between England and Scotland. It has long
+been the practice to present the judges attending the Assizes on their
+arrival with two pairs of gloves, a pair to each of their marshals and to
+the other members of their retinue, also to the clerks of Assize and their
+officers. The judges are entertained in a hospitable manner during their
+stay in the city. At the conclusion of the business of the Assizes the
+mayor and other members of the Corporation in full regalia wait upon the
+judges, and the mayor thus addresses them:--
+
+"My Lords, we have to congratulate you upon having completed your labours
+in this ancient town, and have also to inform you that you travel hence to
+Carlisle, through a border county much and often infested by the Scots; we
+therefore present each of your lordships with a piece of money to buy
+therewith a dagger to defend yourselves."
+
+The mayor then gives the senior judge a piece of gold of the reign of
+James I., termed a _Jacobus_, and to the junior judge a coin of the reign
+of Charles I., called a _Carolus_. After the judge in commission has
+returned thanks the ceremony is ended. Some time ago a witty judge
+returned thanks as follows: "I thank the mayor and corporation much for
+this gift. I doubt, however, whether the Scots have been so troublesome
+on the borders lately; I doubt, too, whether daggers in any numbers are to
+be purchased in this ancient town for the protection of my suite and of
+myself; and I doubt if these coins are altogether a legal tender at the
+present time."
+
+The local authorities are anxious to keep up the ancient custom enjoined
+upon them by an old charter, but they often experience great difficulty in
+obtaining the old-time pieces of money. Sometimes as much as L15 has been
+paid for one of the scarce coins. "Upon the resignation or the death of a
+judge who has travelled the northern circuit, we are told the corporation
+at once offer to purchase from his representative the 'dagger-money'
+received on his visits to Newcastle, in order to use it on future
+occasions."
+
+It was customary, in the olden time, for the mayor and other members of
+the Banbury Corporation to repair to Oxford during the assizes and visit
+the judge at his lodgings, and the mayor, with all the graces of speech at
+his command, ask "my lord" to accept a present of the celebrated Banbury
+cakes, wine, some long clay pipes, and a pound of tobacco. The judge
+accepted these with gratitude, or, at all events, in gracious terms
+expressed his thanks for their kindness.
+
+The Corporation of Ludlow used to offer hospitality to the judges. The
+representatives of the town met the train in which the judges travelled
+from Shrewsbury to Hereford, and offered to them cake and wine, the former
+on an ancient silver salver, and the latter in a loving-cup wreathed with
+flowers. Mr. Justice Hill was the cause of the custom coming to a
+conclusion in 1858. He was travelling the circuit, and he communicated
+with the mayor saying, "owing to the delay occasioned, Her Majesty's
+judges would not stop at Ludlow to receive the wonted hospitality." We are
+told the mayor and corporation were offended, and did not offer to renew
+the ancient courtesy.
+
+The making of a "sutor of Selkirk" is attended with some ceremony. "It was
+formerly the practice of the burgh corporation of Selkirk," says Dr.
+Charles Rogers, the social historian of Scotland, "to provide a collation
+or _dejeuner_ on the invitation of a burgess. The rite of initiation
+consisted in the newly-accepted brother passing through the mouth a bunch
+of bristles which had previously been mouthed by all the members of the
+board. This practice was termed 'licking the birse:' it took its origin
+at a period when shoemaking was the staple trade of the place, the birse
+being the emblem of the craft. When Sir Walter Scott was made a burgess or
+'sutor of Selkirk,' he took precaution before mouthing the beslabbered
+brush to wash it in his wine, but the act of rebellion was punished by his
+being compelled to drink the polluted liquor." In 1819, Prince Leopold was
+created "a sutor of Selkirk," but the ceremony was modified to meet his
+more refined tastes, and the old style has not been resumed. Mr. Andrew
+Lang, a distinguished native of the town, has had the honour conferred
+upon him of being made a sutor.
+
+The Mayor of Altrincham, Cheshire, in bygone times was, if we are to put
+any faith in proverbial lore, a person of humble position, and on this
+account the "honour" was ridiculed. An old rhyme says--
+
+  "The Mayor of Altrincham, and the Mayor of Over,
+  The one is a thatcher, and the other a dauber."
+
+Sir Walter Scott, in "The Heart of Mid-Lothian," introduces the mayor into
+his pages in no flattering manner. Mr. Alfred Ingham, in his "History of
+Altrincham and Bowdon" (1879), has collected for his book some curious
+information bearing on this theme. He relates a tradition respecting one
+of the mayors gifted with the grace of repartee, which is well worth
+reproducing:--"The Mayor of Over--for he and the Mayor of Altrincham are
+often coupled--journeyed once upon a time to Manchester. He was somewhat
+proud, though he went on foot, and on arriving at Altrincham, felt he
+would be all the better for a shave. The knight of the steel and the strop
+performed the operation most satisfactorily; and as his worship rose to
+depart, he said rather grand-eloquently, 'You may tell your customers that
+you have had the honour of shaving the Mayor of Over.' 'And you,' retorted
+the ready-witted fellow, 'may tell yours that you have had the honour of
+being shaved by the Mayor of Altrincham.' The rest can be better imagined
+than described."
+
+We learn from Mr. J. Potter Briscoe that a strange tradition still lingers
+in Nottingham, to the effect that when King John last visited the town, he
+called at the house of the mayor, and the residence of the priest of St.
+Mary's. Finding neither ale in the cellar of one, nor bread in the
+cupboard of the other, His Majesty ordered every publican in the town to
+contribute sixpennyworth of ale to the mayor annually, and that every
+baker should give a half-penny loaf weekly to the priest. The custom was
+continued down to the time of Blackner, the Nottingham historian, who
+published his history in 1815.
+
+The mayor of Rye, in bygone times, had almost unlimited authority, and if
+anyone spoke evil of him, he was immediately taken and grievously punished
+by his body, but if he struck the mayor, he ran the risk of having cut off
+the hand that dealt the blow.
+
+As late as 1600, at Hartlepool, it was enacted, that anyone calling a
+member of the council a liar be fined eleven shillings and sixpence, if,
+however, the term false was used, the fine was only six shillings and
+eightpence.
+
+
+
+
+Bribes for the Palate.
+
+
+In the days of old it was no uncommon practice for public bodies and
+private persons to attempt to bribe judges and others with presents.
+Frequently the gifts consisted of drink or food. In some instances money
+was expected and given. It is not, however, to bribery in general we want
+to direct attention, but to some of its more curious phases, and
+especially those which appealed to the recipients' love of good cheer.
+
+Some of the judges even in a corrupt age would not be tempted. One of the
+most upright of our judges was Sir Matthew Hale. It had long been
+customary for the Dean and Chapter of Salisbury to present to the judges
+of the Western Circuit six sugar loaves. The gift was sent to Hale, and he
+directed his servant to pay for the sugar before he tried a case in which
+the donors were interested. On another occasion while he was on circuit, a
+gentleman gave him a buck, hoping by this act to gain his favour in a
+case that was to be tried before him. When the trial was about to
+commence, Hale remembered the name of the gentleman and inquired if he was
+the person from whom the venison had been received. On being informed that
+such was the fact, he would not allow the trial to proceed until he had
+made payment for the buck. The gentleman strongly protested against
+receiving the money, saying that he had only presented the same to the
+Chief Baron as he had done to other judges who had gone the circuit.
+Further instances might be mentioned of presents being offered and refused
+by Hale, but the foregoing are sufficient to show the character of the
+man.
+
+Newcastle-on-Tyne municipal records contain many references to presents of
+sugar loaves. There are for example gifts to noblemen who called at the
+town on their way to Scotland. In January 1593, we find particulars of
+23s. 7d. for sugar and wine "sent in a present to my L. Ambassador as he
+came travling through this towne to Scotland called my L. Souch."
+
+The charges are as follow:--
+
+  "Paide for 2 gallons of secke 2 gallons and a quarte of
+    clared wine                                                 11s. 3d.
+
+  A sugar loaf weis 8 lb. and a quarter at 18d. per pound       12s. 4d."
+
+A little later the Earl of Essex was bound for Scotland and received a
+present at the hands of the local authorities. The town accounts state:
+
+  "Sept. 1594.--Paide for four sugar loaves weide 27-3/4 lbs.   41s. 8d.
+
+  5 gallons and a pottle of claret,                             11s.
+
+  4 gallons secke                                               10s. 8d.
+                                                                --------
+        Soma                                                    63s. 4d."
+
+In the following month the Earl of Essex, in company of my Lord Wharton,
+returned from North Britain and received sugar and wine costing the town
+L4 14s. 10d. The details of the amount are as under:--
+
+  "Oct. 1594.--Paide for 3 sugar loves weide 30-1/4 lb. 18d.
+    per lb.                                                   L2 5s. 10d.
+
+  For clarid wine and secke                                   L2 9s.  0d."
+
+The Bishop of Durham was not overlooked. In February, 1596, we find an
+entry as follows:--
+
+  "Paide for 4 pottles secke and 2 quarte, for 3 pottles of
+    white wine, and 4 pottles and a quarte of clared wine for
+    a present to the bishop of Dorum                             17s. 6d.
+
+  Paide for 11 lb. of suger which went with the wine 18d.
+    per pounde                                                   16s. 6d."
+
+"Mr. Maiore and his brethren" enjoyed sugar and sundry pottles of wine.
+
+It is satisfactory to find that the ladies were not neglected at
+Newcastle-on-Tyne. Here is an entry referring to the entertainment of the
+Mayoress and other ladies:--
+
+  "April, 1595.--Paide for secke, suger, clared wine, and
+    caikes, to Mrs. Maris, and other gentlewomen, in Mr.
+    Baxter, his chamber                                           6s. 8d."
+
+In the same month is an entry far different in character. It is a charge
+of 4d. for leading a scolding woman through the town wearing the brank.
+Payments for inflicting punishment on men and women frequently occur.
+
+The accounts of the borough of St. Ives, Cornwall, contain an item as
+follows:--
+
+  "1640.--Payde Nicholas Prigge for two loaves of sugar,
+    which were presented to Mr. Recorder                      L1 10s. 0d."
+
+The records of the city of Winchester include particulars of many presents
+of sugar loaves and other gifts. On March 24th, 1592, it was decided at a
+meeting of the municipal authorities to present the Lord Marquis of
+Winchester with a sugar loaf weighing five pounds, and a gallon of sack,
+on his coming to the Lent Assizes. The accounts of the city at this period
+contain entries of payments for sugar loaves given to the Recorder for
+a New Year's present, and for pottles of wine bestowed on distinguished
+visitors.
+
+[Illustration: WOMAN WEARING A BRANK, OR SCOLD'S BRIDLE.]
+
+[Illustration: THE BRANK, OR SCOLD'S BRIDLE.]
+
+At a meeting held in 1603 of the local authorities of Nottingham, it was
+agreed that the town should present to the Recorder, Sir Henry
+Pierrepoint, as follows:--"A sugar loaf, 9s.; lemons, 1s. 8d.; white wine,
+one gallon, 2s. 8d.; claret, one gallon, 2s. 8d.; muskadyne, one pottle,
+2s. 8d.; sack, one pottle, 2s.; total, 20s. 8d."
+
+A year later the burgesses of Nottingham wished to show the great esteem
+they entertained for the Earl of Shrewsbury, and it was decided to give to
+him "a veal of mutton, a lamb, a dozen chickens, two dozen rabbits, two
+dozen of pigeons, and four capons." This is a truly formidable list, and
+seems more suitable for stocking a shop than a gentleman's larder.
+
+The porpoise in past times was prized as a delicacy, and placed on royal
+tables. Down to the days of Queen Elizabeth it was used by the nobles as
+an article of food. In the reign of that queen, a penny in twelve was the
+market due at Newcastle-on-Tyne, when the fish were cut up and exposed for
+sale. The heads, fins, and numbles were taken in addition. The seal was
+subject to the same regulations. The porpoise was deemed suitable for a
+present. In 1491 it is recorded that a large porpoise was sent from
+Yarmouth as a gift to the Earl of Oxford.
+
+The annals of Exeter furnish particulars of several gifts of fish. In 1600
+it was decided by the local authorities to present to the Recorder of the
+city, Mr. Sergeant Hale, annually during his life, eight salmon of the
+river Exe. The Mayor for the time being had a like quantity allowed. It
+was resolved on the 10th January, 1610, to present, at the cost of the
+citizens, to the Speaker of the Parliament, in token of good will, a
+hogshead of Malaga wine, or a hogshead of claret, whichever might be
+deemed most acceptable, and one baked salmon pie.
+
+Sir George Trenchard in 1593 received from the Mayor of Lyme a box of
+marmalade and six oranges, costing 7s.
+
+Six months later the municipal accounts of Lyme include an entry as
+follows:--
+
+  "1595.--Given to Sir George Trenchard a fair box
+    marmalade gilted, a barrel of conserves oranges and
+    lemons and potatoes                                         22s. 10d."
+
+Mr. George Roberts, in his "Social History of the Southern Counties," has
+an interesting note respecting the potatoes named in the foregoing entry.
+He says:--"The sweet potato (_Convolvulus Batatas_) was known in England
+before the common potato, which received its name from its resemblance to
+the Batata. This plant was introduced into this country by Sir Francis
+Drake and Sir John Hawkins in the middle of the sixteenth century. The
+roots were, about the close of the reign of Elizabeth, imported in
+considerable quantities from Spain and the Canaries, and were used as a
+confection rather than as a nourishing vegetable."
+
+We will close this paper with particulars of a present which may be
+regarded more of an example of esteem than an attempt at bribery. Hull, in
+the days of old, was noted for its ale. The Corporation of the town often
+presented one or two barrels to persons to whom they desired to show a
+token of regard. Andrew Marvell, the incorruptible patriot, represented
+the place in Parliament from 1658 until his death in 1678. He was in close
+touch with the leading men of the town, and wrote long and interesting
+letters, detailing the operations of the House of Commons, to the Mayor
+and Aldermen. In one of his epistles to the Burgesses of Hull he refers
+to a gift of ale. "We must," says Marvell, "first give thanks for the kind
+present you have been pleased to send us, which will give occasion to us
+to remember you often; but the quantity is so great that it might make
+sober men forgetful." Marvell's father was master of the Hull Grammar
+School, and it was there the patriot was educated.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW MARVELL.]
+
+Hull ale finds a place in proverbial lore, and is named by Ray and others.
+Taylor, the water poet, visited the town in 1622, and was the guest of
+George Pease, landlord of the "King's Head" Inn, High Street. In Taylor's
+poem, entitled "A Very Merrie Ferry Voyage; or, Yorke for My Money," he
+thus averts to Hull ale:--
+
+  "Thanks to my loving host and hostess, _Pease_,
+  There at mine inne each night I took mine ease;
+  And there I got a cantle of _Hull Chesse_."
+
+The poet, in a foot-note, says:--"Hull cheese is much like a loaf out of
+the brewer's basket; it is composed of two samples, mault and water in one
+compound, and is cousin german to the mightiest ale in England." Ray
+quotes the proverb, "You have eaten some Hull cheese," as equivalent to an
+accusation of drunkenness.
+
+
+
+
+Rebel Heads on City Gates.
+
+
+The barbarous custom of spiking heads on city gates, and on other
+prominent places, may be traced back to the days of Edward I. His wise
+laws won for him the title of "the English Justinian," but he does not
+appear to have tempered justice with mercy. In his age little value was
+set upon human life. His scheme of conquest included the subjugation and
+annexation of Scotland and Wales.
+
+David, the brother of Llewellyn the Welsh Prince, had been on the side of
+the English, and at the hands of Edward had experienced kindness, but in
+return he showed little gratitude. In 1282 he made an unprovoked attack on
+Hawarden Castle. Subsequently his brother Llewellyn joined in the rising,
+and undertook the conduct of the war in South Wales, while David attempted
+to defend the North of the country. In a skirmish on the Wye, Llewellyn
+was slain by a single knight. David soon fell into the hands of the
+English, and was sent in chains to Shrewsbury. Here he was tried by
+Parliament, consisting of "the first national convention in which the
+Common had any share by legal authority, and the earliest lawful trace of
+a mixed assembly of Lords and Commons." Guilty of being a traitor was the
+verdict returned, and David was condemned to a new and cruel mode of
+execution, viz., "to be dragged at a horse's tail through the streets of
+Shrewsbury, and to be afterwards hung and cut down while alive, his heart
+and bowels burnt before his face, his body quartered and his head sent to
+London." The head of Llewellyn was also to be sent to London, to be spiked
+on the Tower encircled with a crown of ivy.
+
+On the gates of old London Bridge have been spiked the heads of many
+famous men--not a few whose brave deeds add glory to the annals of England
+and Scotland. The heroic deeds of Sir William Wallace have done much to
+increase the dignity of the history of North Britain. After rendering
+gallant service to his native land, he was betrayed into the hands of the
+English by his friend and countryman, Sir John Menteith, at Glasgow. He
+was conveyed to London, was tried and condemned as a rebel, and on August
+23rd, 1305, suffered a horrible death, similar to the fate of David,
+Prince of Wales. His body was divided and sent into four parts of
+Scotland, and his head set up on a pole on London Bridge. Edward I.
+degraded himself by this cruel revenge on a patriotic man. In the
+following year the head of another Scotch rebel, Simon Frazer, was spiked
+beside that of Wallace.
+
+[Illustration: OLD LONDON BRIDGE, SHEWING HEADS OF REBELS ON THE GATE.]
+
+In the reign of Edward II., Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, rose to almost
+supreme power, but his rule was most distasteful to the people. It was
+oppressive and ended in disaster. In 1316, when the Earl was at the height
+of his fame, he discovered that a knight formerly in his household had
+been induced by the King of England to carry to the King of Scotland a
+letter asking that some of his soldiers might slay him. The Earl was then
+at Pontefract and had the knight brought before him, and by his orders he
+was speedily executed, and his head spiked on the walls of the castle.
+
+The Barons met the forces of Edward II. at Boroughbridge, in 1322, and
+were totally routed, and their leaders, the Earl of Hereford was slain,
+and the Earl of Lancaster was taken prisoner, and afterwards executed at
+Pontefract. About thirty knights and barons suffered death on the scaffold
+in various parts of the country, so that terror might be widely spread.
+Some of the bodies were suspended for long periods in chains, and amongst
+the number were those of Sir Roger de Clifford, Sir John Mowbray, and Sir
+Jocalyn D'Eyville. They were hanged at York, and for three years their
+bodies were hung in chains, and then the Friar Preachers committed them to
+the ground. Another rebel, Sir Bartholomew de Badlesmere, was executed
+at Canterbury, and his head was cut off and spiked on the city gate at
+Canterbury.
+
+At Boroughbridge Sir Andrew de Harcla displayed courage of a high order,
+and was rewarded with the title of the Earl of Carlisle, and military
+duties of a more important order were entrusted to him, but he did not
+long enjoy his honours. The Scots advanced into this country and met the
+English at the Abbey of Byland, and completely overpowered them; the Earl
+remaining inactive at Boroughbridge with 2,000 foot and horse soldiers. On
+a writ dated at Knaresborough, February 27th, 1323, he was tried for
+treachery, his collusion with the Scotch was clearly proved, and the
+following sentence was passed upon him:--"To be degraded both himself and
+his heirs from the rank of earl, to be ungirt of his sword, his gilded
+spurs hacked from his heels--said to be the first example of its kind--to
+be hanged, drawn, and beheaded, his heart and entrails torn out and burnt
+to ashes, and the ashes scattered to the winds; his carcase to be divided
+into four quarters, one to be hung on the top of the Tower at Carlisle,
+another at Newcastle, the third on the bridge at York, and the fourth at
+Shrewsbury, while his head was to be spiked on London Bridge." "You may
+divide my body as you please," said the Earl, "but I give my soul to God."
+On March 3rd, 1323, the terrible sentence was carried out.
+
+Under the year 1397, John Timbs, in his "Curiosities of London," records
+that the heads of four traitor knights were spiked on London Bridge.
+
+On Bramham Moor, Yorkshire, on Sunday, February 19th, 1408, Sir Thomas
+Rokeby, high sheriff of the county, fighting for Henry IV., completely
+defeated an army raised by the Earl of Northumberland, and other nobles
+who had revolted against the king. The Earl was slain on the field, and
+his chief associate, Lord Bardolf, was mortally wounded and taken
+prisoner, but died before he could be removed from the scene of the
+battle. The heads of these two noblemen were cut off, and that of the Earl
+placed upon a hedge-stake, and carried in a mock procession through the
+chief towns on the route to London, and finally found a resting-place on
+London Bridge. He was popular amongst his friends, and they greatly
+grieved at his death. It was indeed a sore trial to those who had loved
+him well to see his mutilated head, full of silver hairs, carried
+through the streets of London, a gruesome exhibition for a heartless
+public. The head of Lord Bardolf was also spiked on London Bridge.
+
+Some passages in the life of Eleanor Cobham, first mistress and afterwards
+wife of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, furnish an insight into the
+superstitions of the period. She was tried in 1441 for treason and
+witchcraft. The chief charge against her was that she and her accomplices
+had made a waxen image of the reigning monarch, Henry VI., and placed it
+before a slow fire, believing that as the wax melted the king's life would
+waste away. She was found guilty and had to do public penance in the
+streets of London, and was imprisoned for life in the Isle of Man. Three
+persons who had assisted her crimes suffered death. One Margaret Jourdain,
+of Eye, near Westminster, was burned in Smithfield. Southwell, a priest,
+died before execution in the Tower, and Sir Roger Bolinbroke, a priest,
+and reputed necromancer, was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn, and
+his head was fixed on London Bridge. The Duchess, in the event of Henry's
+death, expected that the Duke of Gloucester, as nearest heir of the
+house of Lancaster, would be crowned king.
+
+The details of Jack Cade's insurrection are well-known, and perhaps a copy
+of an inscription on a roadside monument at Heathfield, near Cuckfield in
+Sussex, will answer our present purpose:--
+
+  Near this spot was slain the notorious rebel
+  JACK CADE,
+  By Alexander Iden, Sheriff of Kent, A.D. 1450.
+  His body was carried to London, and his head
+  fixed on London Bridge.
+  This is the success of all rebels, and this
+  fortune chanceth even to traitors.
+                                _Hall's Chronicle._
+
+In 1496 two heads were placed on London Bridge; one was Flammock's, a
+lawyer, and the other that of a farmer's who had suffered death at Tyburn,
+for taking a leading part in a great Cornish insurrection.
+
+John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, was tried, and executed on June 22nd,
+1535, nominally for high treason, but, as a matter of fact, because he
+would not be a party to the king's actions. Shortly before his execution
+the Pope sent to him a Cardinal's hat. Said the king when he heard of the
+honour to be conferred upon the aged prelate, who was then about
+seventy-seven years old, "'Fore heaven, he shall wear it on his shoulders
+then, for by the time it arrives he shall not have a head to place it
+upon."
+
+Fisher met his death with firmness. At five o'clock in the morning of his
+execution he was awakened and the time named to him. He turned over in bed
+saying: "Then I can have two hours more sleep, as I am not to die until
+nine." Two hours later he arose, dressed himself in his best apparel,
+saying, this was his wedding day, when he was to be married to death, and
+it was befitting to appear in becoming attire. His head was severed from
+his body, and after the executioner had removed all the clothing, he left
+the corpse on the scaffold until night, when it was removed by the guard
+to All Hallows Churchyard, and interred in a grave dug with their
+halberds. It was not suffered to remain there, but was exhumed and buried
+in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower. The head was spiked on
+London Bridge. Hall and others record that the features became fresher and
+more comely every day, and were life-like. Crowds were attracted to the
+strange sight, which was regarded as a miracle. This annoyed the king not
+a little, and he gave orders for the head to be thrown into the river.
+
+A similar offence to that of Fisher's brought to the block a month later
+the head of a still greater and wiser man, Sir Thomas More. He was far in
+advance of his times, and his teaching is bearing fruit in our day. His
+head was placed on London Bridge, until his devoted daughter, Margaret
+Roper, bribed a man to move it, and drop it into a boat in which she sat.
+She kept the sacred relic for many years, and at her death it was buried
+with her in a vault under St. Dunstan's Church, Canterbury.
+
+[Illustration: AXE, BLOCK, AND EXECUTIONER'S MASK. (_From the Tower of
+London._)]
+
+We learn from the annals of London Bridge, that in the year 1577, "several
+heads were removed from the north end of the Drawbridge to the Southwark
+entrance, and hence called Traitors' Gate."
+
+Heads of priests and others heightened the sickening sight of the bridge.
+We may here remark that Paul Hentzner in his "Travels in England," written
+in 1598, says in speaking of London Bridge:--"Upon this is built a tower,
+on whose top the heads of such as have been executed for high treason are
+placed on iron spikes; we counted about thirty."
+
+Hentzner's curious and interesting work was reprinted at London in 1889.
+
+Sir Christopher Wren completed Temple Bar, March 1672-3, and in 1684 the
+first ghastly trophy was fixed upon it. Sir Thomas Armstrong was accused
+of being connected with the Rye House Plot, but made his escape to
+Holland, and was outlawed. He, however, within a year surrendered himself,
+demanding to be put on his trial. Jefferies in a most brutal manner
+refused the request, declaring that he had nothing to do but to award
+death. Armstrong sued for the benefit of the law, but without avail. The
+judge ordered his execution "according to law," adding, "You shall have
+full benefit of the law." On June 24th, 1683, Armstrong was executed,
+and his head set up on Westminster Hall; his quarters were divided between
+Aldgate, Aldersgate, and Temple Bar, and the fourth sent to Stafford, the
+borough he had formerly represented in Parliament.
+
+[Illustration: MARGARET ROPER TAKING LEAVE OF HER FATHER, SIR THOMAS MORE,
+1535.]
+
+Sir John Friend and Sir William Perkins, on April 9th, 1696, suffered
+death at Tyburn for complicity in a conspiracy to assassinate William
+III., and on the next day their heads crowned Temple Bar. John Evelyn in
+his Diary wrote, "A dismal sight which many pitied."
+
+In May, 1716, the head of Colonel Henry Oxburg was spiked above the Bar.
+He had taken part in the rising of Mar.
+
+The head of Councillor Layer was placed on the Bar in 1723, for plotting
+to murder King George. For more than thirty years Layer's head looked
+sorrowfully down on busy Fleet Street. A stormy night at last sent it
+rolling into the Strand, and it is recorded it was picked up by an
+attorney, and taken into a neighbouring tavern, and according to Nicholls,
+it found a resting place under the floor. It is stated that Dr. Rawlinson
+"paid a large sum of money for a substitute foisted upon him as a genuine
+article." He died without discovering that he had been imposed upon, and,
+according to his directions, the relic was placed in his right hand and
+buried with him.
+
+The Rebellion of '45 brought two more heads to Temple Bar. On July 30th,
+1746, Colonel Towneley and Captain Fletcher were beheaded on Kennington
+Common, and on the following day their heads were elevated on the Bar.
+Respecting their heads Walpole wrote on August 15th, 1746, "I have been
+this morning to the Tower, and passed under the new heads at Temple Bar,
+where people made a trade of letting spying-glasses at a halfpenny a
+look." The fresh heads were made the theme of poetry and prose. One of the
+halfpenny loyal sightseers penned the following doggerel:--
+
+  "Three heads here I spy,
+  Which the glass did draw nigh,
+  The better to have a good sight;
+  Triangle they are placed,
+  And bald and barefaced;
+  Not one of them e'er was upright."
+
+We reproduce a curious print published in 1746 representing "Temple Bar"
+with three heads raised on tall poles or iron rods. The devil looks
+down in triumph and waves the rebel banner, on which are three crowns and
+a coffin, with the motto, 'A crown or a grave.' Underneath was written
+some wretched verses.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  "Observe the banner which would all enslave,
+  Which ruined traytors did so proudly wave,
+  The devil seems the project to despise;
+  A fiend confused from off the trophy flies.
+
+  While trembling rebels at the fabrick gaze,
+  And dread their fate with horror and amaze,
+  Let Briton's sons the emblematick view
+  And plainly see what to rebellion's due."
+
+COPY OF A PRINT PUBLISHED IN 1746.]
+
+It is recorded in the "Annual Register" that on "January 20th (between two
+and three a.m.), 1766, a man was taken up for discharging musket bullets
+from a steel cross-bow at the two remaining heads upon Temple Bar. On
+being examined he affected a disorder in his senses, and said his reason
+for doing so was his strong attachment to the present Government, and that
+he thought it was not sufficient that a traitor should merely suffer
+death; that this provoked his indignation, and that it had been his
+constant practice for three nights past to amuse himself in the same
+manner. And it is much to be feared," says the recorder of the event,
+"that he is a near relation to one of the unhappy sufferers." On being
+searched, about fifty musket bullets were found on the man, and these were
+wrapped up in a paper with a motto--"Eripuit ille vitam."
+
+Dr. Johnson says that once being with Goldsmith in Westminster Abbey,
+"While we surveyed the Poets' Corner, I said to him:--
+
+  'Forsitan et nostrum nomen miscebitur illis.'
+
+(Perhaps some day our names may mix with theirs). When we got to Temple
+Bar he stopped me, pointed to the heads upon it, and slyly whispered:--
+
+  'Forsitan et nostrum ... miscebitur _Istis_.'"
+
+One of the heads was blown down on April 1st, 1772, and the other did not
+remain much longer. The head of Colonel Towneley is preserved in the
+chapel at Townely Hall, near Burnley. It is perforated, showing that it
+had been thrust upon a spike. During a visit on May 21st, 1892, to
+Towneley Hall by the members of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian
+Society, the skull was seen, and a note on the subject appears in the
+Transactions of the Society.
+
+[Illustration: TEMPLE BAR IN DR. JOHNSON'S TIME.]
+
+The heads of not a few Scotchmen were spiked on the gates of Carlisle, and
+some romantic stories have come down to us respecting them. One of these
+we related in our "Bygone England," and to make this account more complete
+we may perhaps be permitted to reproduce it. "A young and beautiful lady,"
+so runs the tale, "came every morning at sunrise, and every evening at
+sunset, to look at the head of a comely youth with long yellow hair,
+till at length the lady and the laddie's head disappeared." The incident
+is the subject of a song, in which the lovesick damsel bewails the fate of
+her lover. Here are two of the verses:--
+
+  "White was the rose in my lover's hat
+    As he rowled me in his lowland plaidie;
+  His heart was true as death in love,
+    His head was aye in battle ready.
+
+  His long, long hair, in yellow hanks,
+    Wav'd o'er his cheeks sae sweet and ruddy;
+  But now it waves o'er Carlisle yetts
+    In dripping ringlets, soil'd and bloody."
+
+Many persons in Hull supported the lost cause of Henry VI., but the
+governing authorities of the town gave their support to Edward IV., and
+those that were on the side of the fallen king met with little mercy at
+the hands of the local Aldermen. Mr. T. Tindall Wildridge, who has done so
+much to bring to light hidden facts in the history of Hull, tells us that
+the Aldermen in 1461 agreed that the head of Nicholas Bradshawe, for his
+violent language, be set at the Beverley Gate--the gate that was at a
+later period closed against Charles I., when he desired to enter Hull.
+
+A number of the inhabitants who would not renounce their allegiance to the
+House of Lancaster were ordered to leave the town on pain of death. "Among
+these outcasts," says Mr. Wildridge, "was a women, who, coming back again,
+was subjected to the indignity of the thewes (tumbrel or hand-barrow, in
+which scolds were customarily wheeled round the town previous to being
+ducked); she was thus led out of the Beverley Gate."
+
+On the walls and gates of York have been spiked many heads, and with
+particulars of a few of the more important we will bring to a close our
+gleanings on this gruesome theme, though not one without value to the
+student of history.
+
+Richard Scrope, Archbishop of York, strongly opposed the accession of
+Henry IV., and warmly advocated the claims of the Earl of March. A
+conspiracy against the king cost him and others their lives. It is
+recorded that the king directed Chief Justice Gascoigne to condemn the
+Archbishop to death. As might be expected from an upright judge who cast
+into prison the king's son for contempt of court, he firmly refused to be
+a party to a barbarous and unjust action. Another judge was quickly found
+ready to obey the king's behest, and the requisite condemnation was
+obtained. Scrope was beheaded on June 8th, 1405, in a field between
+Bishopthorpe and York. Thomas Gent, the old historian of York, gives a
+sympathetic account of the execution: "The poor unfortunate Archbishop was
+put upon a horse, about the value of forty pence, with a halter about its
+neck, but without a saddle on its back. The Archbishop gave thanks to God,
+saying, 'I never liked a horse better than I like this!' He twice sang the
+Psalm _Exaudi_, being habited in a sky-coloured loose garment, with
+sleeves of the same colour, but they would not permit him to wear the
+linen vesture used by bishops. At the fatal place of execution he laid his
+hood and tunic on the ground, offered himself and his cause to Heaven, and
+desired the executioner to give him five strokes, in token of the five
+wounds of our Saviour, which was done accordingly." This is the first
+instance of an English prelate being executed by the civil power. Lord
+Mowbray, Earl Marshal of England, Sir William Plumpton and others who were
+mixed up in the conspiracy were beheaded. The heads of the Archbishop and
+that of Mowbray were spiked and put up on the city walls.
+
+On the last day in the year 1460 was fought the battle of Wakefield,
+which ended in a victory for the house of Lancaster. Richard, Duke of
+York, the aspirant to the throne, and many of his loyal supporters were
+slain, some so severely wounded as to die shortly afterwards, and others
+taken prisoners to be subsequently beheaded. The Duke's head was cut from
+his body, encircled by a mock diadem of paper, and spiked above Micklegate
+Bar, York, with the face turned to the city:--
+
+  "So York may overlook the town of York."
+
+The head of the young Earl of Rutland, murdered by Lord Clifford, was also
+set up at York. The headless bodies of the unfortunate pair were quietly
+buried at Pontefract.
+
+The heads of the following Yorkists were also set up at York "for a
+spectacle to the people and also as a terror to adversaries:"--The Earl of
+Salisbury, Sir Edward Bouchier, Sir Richard Limbricke, Sir Thomas
+Harrington of London, Sir Thomas Neville, Sir William Parr, Sir Jacob
+Pykeryng, Sir Ralph Stanley, John Hanson, Mayor of Hull, and others.
+
+[Illustration: MICKLEGATE BAR, YORK.]
+
+The Lancastrians did not long enjoy their victory. Richard's son, the Earl
+of March, succeeded to his father's title and claimed the right to the
+English crown. On Palm Sunday, March 21st, 1461, the forces of the Red and
+the White Roses met at Towton-field. The battle raged during a blinding
+snowstorm, and the Yorkists gained a complete victory. Edward then
+proceeded to York and entered by Micklegate Bar. Here the saddening sight
+of the head of his father and other brave men who had fallen fighting for
+his cause were displayed, also that of his brother. He had them removed,
+and in their stead, to still keep up the ghastly show, were placed the
+heads of his foes at Towton, and amongst the number the Earl of
+Devonshire, Sir William Hill, the Earl of Kyme, and Sir Thomas Foulford.
+Shakespeare notices this act of retaliation in _Henry VI._ (Part III., Act
+II., Scene 6).
+
+  "_Warwick_: From off the gates of York fetch down the head,
+              Your father's head, which Clifford placed there:
+              Instead thereof, let this supply the room;
+              Measure for measure must be answered."
+
+Edward had the heads of his father and his brother taken to Pontefract,
+placed with their bodies, and then with great pomp the remains were
+removed to the church at Fotheringay and there reinterred.
+
+An attempt was made in 1569 to dethrone Elizabeth, and place in her stead
+Mary Queen of Scots. The leaders of the revolt were the Earls of
+Northumberland and Westmoreland. It ended in failure, and was the last
+trial with arms to restore the Papal power in England. The leaders for a
+time made their escape, but the government, with a vengeance that has
+seldom been equalled, cruelly punished the masses. Men were hanged at
+every market-cross and village-green from Wetherby to Newcastle, the large
+part of the north from whence the rebels had come. The Earl of
+Northumberland managed to evade capture for nearly two years by hiding in
+a wretched cottage. He was betrayed and brought to York. On August 22nd,
+1572, he was beheaded, and he died, we are told, "Avowing the Pope's
+supremacy, and denying subjection to the Queen, affirming the land to be
+in a schism, and her obedient subjects little better than heretics." The
+Earl's head was spiked above Micklegate Bar, where it remained for about a
+couple of years, and then it was stolen in the night by persons unknown.
+
+After the defeat of the Jacobites at Culloden on April 16th, 1746, the
+Duke of Cumberland on his route to London visited York, and left behind
+him a number of prisoners. On November 1st, ten of the rebels were hanged,
+drawn, and quartered, and a week later eleven more suffered a similar
+fate. The head of one of the unfortunate men, that of Captain Hamilton,
+was sent to Carlisle. The heads of Conolly and Mayne were spiked over
+Micklegate Bar, York, and eight years later were stolen. A reward was
+offered for the detection of the offenders. The following is a copy of the
+notice issued:--
+
+    "York, Guildhall, Feb. 4, 1754.
+
+    "Whereas on Monday night, or Tuesday morning last, the heads of two of
+    the rebels, which were fixed upon poles on the top of Micklegate Bar,
+    in this City, were wilfully and designedly taken down, and carried
+    away: If any person or persons (except the person or persons who
+    actually took down and carried away the same) will discover the person
+    or persons who were guilty of so unlawful and audacious an action, or
+    anywise hiding or assisting therein, he, she, or they shall, upon the
+    conviction of the offenders, receive a reward of Ten Pounds from the
+    Mayor and Commonality of the City of York.
+
+    "By order of the said Mayor and said Commonality, JOHN RAPER, Common
+    Clerk of the said City and County of the same."
+
+A tailor named William Arundel and an accomplice were found guilty of the
+crime. In addition to being fined, Arundel was committed to prison for
+two years.
+
+This last act closes a long and painful chapter in our history. Many of
+our larger old English towns have their gruesome tales of Rebel Heads on
+their chief gates.
+
+
+
+
+Burial at Cross Roads.
+
+
+It was customary in the olden time when a person committed suicide to bury
+the body at the meeting of four cross roads. We are told by writers who
+have paid special attention to this subject, that this strange mode of
+burial was confined to the humbler members of society. A careful
+consideration of this matter, from particulars furnished by parish
+registers and from other old-time records and writings, confirms the
+statement. Shakespeare, in the grave scene in _Hamlet_, puts into the
+mouths of the clowns who are preparing the grave of Ophelia something to
+the same effect. Here are his words:--
+
+    SECOND CLOWN: But is this law?
+
+    FIRST CLOWN: Ay, marry, is't; crowner's quest law.
+
+    SECOND CLOWN: Will you ha' the truth on't If this had not been a
+    gentlewoman, she should have been buried out o' Christian burial.
+
+    FIRST CLOWN: Why, there thou say'st; and the more pity that great folk
+    should have countenance in this world to drown or hang themselves more
+    than their even Christian (that is, their equal fellow Christian).
+
+Bearing somewhat on this subject, there is a striking passage in Hone's
+"Every Day Book." Mention is first made of a fatal duel in 1803. It
+appears two military officers quarrelled and fought at Primrose Hill,
+because their dogs had quarrelled in Hyde Park. Moralising on the fatal
+event, the writer concludes his reflections as follows:--"The humble
+suicide is buried with ignominy in a cross road, and the finger-post marks
+his grave for public scorn. The proud duellist reposes in a Christian
+grave beneath marble, proud and daring as himself." The more humane of our
+countrymen condemned burial at cross roads, and a much needed reform was
+brought about. Before reproducing the Act of Parliament respecting the
+burial of suicides it will not be without interest to give details of a
+few burials in the highways.
+
+Mr. Simpson in his interesting volume of Derby gleanings, states that on
+the 10th of July, 1618, "an old incorrigible rogue cut his own throat in
+the County Gaol, and was buried in Green Lane, Derby." We have not any
+particulars of this "incorrigible rogue." He would doubtless be interred
+at night, and a stake driven through his body.
+
+The parish register of West Hallam, in the same county, supplies another
+instance of burial at four lane ends. The entry reads thus;--"1698,
+Katharine, the wife of Tho. Smith, als Cutler, was found _felo de se_ by
+ye Coroner's inquest, and interred in ye cross ways near ye wind mill on
+ye same day." The local historian is silent respecting this case of
+suicide, and all that is now known of the poor woman's sad end is
+contained in the parish register.
+
+It is recorded in a Norwich newspaper, of 1728, that the body of a
+hat-presser, after a verdict of _felo de se_, was accordingly buried in
+the highway.
+
+Not far from Boston is a thorn tree known as the "Hawthorn tree," which is
+represented in a pretty picture in Pishey Thompson's well-known "History
+and Antiquities of Boston" (1856). It is in the parish of Fishtoft, and at
+the intersections of the Tower Lane and the road to Fishtoft Church by the
+low road to Freiston. "This tree," says Thompson, "is traditionally stated
+to have been originally a stake driven into the grave of a (female)
+suicide, who was buried at cross roads." The story is generally believed
+in the Boston district, although Mr. William Stevenson in a learned paper
+in "Bygone Lincolnshire," vol. II., p. 212, states as far as concerns the
+hawthorn growing from a stake driven into the ground the tradition has no
+foundation in fact.
+
+Mr. John Higson took interest in Lancashire lore, and from his gleanings
+we draw the following particulars of the suicide and burial of James Hill,
+a Droylsden innkeeper. He tells us that the poor fellow was inflamed with
+jealousy, suddenly disappeared, and about a fortnight afterwards was found
+hung or strangled in a tree in Newton Wood, near Hyde. A coroner's inquest
+pronounced it an act of suicide, and in accordance with the verdict, the
+corpse was interred on the 21st May, 1774, at the three-lane-ends, near
+the brook, close by the present Commercial Inn, Newton Moor. Much sympathy
+was exhibited towards Hill in Droylsden, and a band of resolute fellows,
+about three o'clock on the morning of the 5th June, disinterred his
+remains, and re-buried them in Ashton churchyard. A woman who casually met
+them spread the information, and they were glad to convey back the body on
+the 18th of the same month, when the final interment took place at Newton
+Moor. A number of Droylsdenians joined to defray the expense of a
+gravestone, on which the following epitaph was written by Joseph Willan,
+of Openshaw, and was neatly engraved:--
+
+    Here is Deposited the Body of the unfortunate
+                   JAMES HILL,
+  Late of Droylsden, who ended his Life May 6th, 1774,
+        In the forty-second year of his age.
+
+  Unhappy Hill, with anxious Cares oppress'd,
+  Rashly presumed to find Death his Rest.
+  With this vague Hope in Lonesome Wood did he
+  Strangle himself, as Jury did agree;
+  For which Christian burial he's denied,
+  And is consign'd to Lie at this wayside.
+
+  Reader!
+
+  Reflect what may be the consequences of a crime, which excludes the
+  possibility of repentance.
+
+In old parish registers we have found records of burials at cross roads,
+and Lancashire history furnishes several examples.
+
+It is stated in "Legends and Superstitions of the County of Durham," by
+William Brockie, published in 1886, that in the Mile End Road, South
+Shields, at the corner of the left-hand side going northward, just
+adjoining Fairless's old ballast way, lies the body of a suicide, with a
+stake driven through it. It is, I believe, a poor baker, who put an end to
+his existence seventy or eighty years ago, and who was buried in this
+frightful manner, at midnight, in unconsecrated ground. The top of the
+stake used to rise a foot or two above the ground within the last thirty
+years, and boys used to amuse themselves by standing with one foot upon
+it.
+
+Considerable consternation was caused in London towards the close of 1811
+on account of certain murders. The foul deeds were committed by an
+Irishman called John Williams. He was arrested, and during his confinement
+in Coldbathfields committed suicide. His remains were buried in Cannon
+Street, and a stake was driven through the body.
+
+Many curious items dealing with this custom may be found in the columns of
+old newspapers. The following particulars, for example, are drawn from the
+_Morning Post_, of 27th April, 1810:--"The officers appointed to execute
+the ceremony of driving the stake through the dead body of James Cowling,
+a deserter from the London Militia, who deprived himself of existence by
+cutting his throat at a public-house in Gilbert Street, Clare Market, in
+consequence of which a verdict of self-murder, very properly delayed the
+business until twelve o'clock on Wednesday night, when the deceased was
+buried in the cross roads at the end of Blackmoor Street, Clare Market."
+
+The most painful case which has come under our notice occurred at
+Newcastle-on-Tyne. Martha Wilson, the widow of a seaman, was last seen
+alive by her neighbours on Sunday, the 13th April, 1817, and on the
+following Tuesday she was found dead, suspended from a cord tied to a nail
+in her room at the Trinity House. She was subject to fits of melancholy,
+and had threatened to destroy herself. On the Wednesday following an
+inquest was held, and the jury returned a verdict of _felo de se_. Her
+mortal remains were buried in the public highway at night, and the strange
+sight was watched by a large gathering of the public. After a stake had
+been driven through the body of the poor widow the grave was closed.
+
+The last interment at cross roads in London of which we have been able to
+discover any account occurred in June, 1823, when a man named Griffiths,
+who had committed suicide, was buried at the junction of Eaton Street and
+Grosvenor Place and the King's Road. The burial took place about half-past
+one in the morning, and the old practice of driving a stake through the
+body in this case was not performed.
+
+Perhaps the few particulars we have given will be sufficient to fully
+illustrate the old-time custom of the burial of suicides at cross roads.
+At last the impropriety of the proceedings was forced upon Parliament, and
+on the 8th July, 1823, the Royal Assent was given to an Act "to alter and
+amend the law relating to the interment of the remains of any person found
+_felo de se_." The statute is brief, consisting of only two clauses,
+viz.:--
+
+    1. That after the passing of this Act, it shall not be lawful for any
+    coroner, or any other person having authority to hold inquests, to
+    issue any warrant or other process directing the interment of the
+    remains of persons against whom a finding of _felo de se_ shall be
+    had, in any public highway, but that such coroner or other officer
+    shall give directions for the private interment of the remains of such
+    person _felo de se_, without any stake being driven through the body
+    of such person, in the churchyard, or other burial ground of the
+    parish or place in which the remains of such person might by the laws
+    or custom of England be interred, if the verdict of _felo de se_ had
+    not been found against such person; such interment to be made within
+    twenty-four hours of the finding of the inquisition, and to take place
+    between the hours of nine and twelve at night.
+
+    2. Provided, nevertheless, that nothing herein contained shall
+    authorise the performing of any of the rites of Christian burial, or
+    the interment of the remains of any such person as aforesaid; nor
+    shall anything hereinbefore contained be taken to alter the laws or
+    usages relating to the burial of such persons, except so far as
+    relates to the interment of such remains in such churchyard or burial
+    ground, at such time and in such a manner as aforesaid.
+
+Another change was brought about in 1882 respecting the burial of
+suicides. We gather from "The Chronicles of Twyford," by F. J. Snell,
+M.A., that in the closing days of 1881 a factory operative, of
+irreproachable character, with his own hand took his life. The jury
+returned a verdict of _felo de se_, adding a rider to the effect that it
+was committed whilst the deceased was under great mental depression. "It
+was necessary," says Mr. Snell, "in order to comply with the requirements
+of the law, that the interment should take place between the hours of 9
+p.m. and midnight, and also within twenty-four hours of the issuing of the
+coroner's warrant. In this case it was issued about eight o'clock in the
+evening. The Superintendent of the Police was obliged to arrange for the
+funeral the same night. Some delay was caused through the absence of the
+cemetery keeper from home, but about 10 p.m. two excavators commenced
+digging the grave in a remote corner of the cemetery, and the interment
+took place a few minutes before midnight." After the burial, the pastor of
+the church with which the poor man was associated offered an extempore
+prayer. It is recorded that a large number of spectators watched with deep
+interest the proceedings, and that extreme indignation was felt throughout
+the town. In the following year, the two members for Tiverton introduced a
+bill into the House of Commons "to amend the law relating to the interment
+of any person found _felo de se_." The effect of the measure was to repeal
+the enactments requiring hurried burial without religious rites, and to
+sanction the interment "in any of the ways prescribed or authorised by the
+Burial Laws Amendment Act of 1880."
+
+
+
+
+Detaining the Dead for Debt.
+
+
+On the Continent, in Prussia for example, it was formerly the practice to
+detain the dead for debt. A belief long prevailed that such proceedings
+were legal in England, and in not a few cases, acting upon this
+supposition, corpses have been arrested, and in more instances precautions
+have been taken to avoid such painful events.
+
+The earliest record we have found on this theme occurs in the parish
+register of Sparsholt, Berkshire. "The corpse of John Matthews, of
+Fawler," it is stated, "was stopt on the churchway for debt, August 27,
+1689. And having laine there fower days, was, by Justices' warrant,
+buryied in the place to prevent annoyances--but about sixe weeks after, by
+an Order of Sessions, taken up and buried in the churchyard by the wife of
+the deceased."
+
+In the churchyard of North Wingfield, Derbyshire, a gravestone bears the
+following inscription:--
+
+            In Memory of
+               THOMAS,
+        Son of JOHN and MARY CLAY,
+  Who departed this life December 16th, 1724,
+       In the 40th year of his age.
+
+  What though no mournful kindred stand
+    Around the solemn bier,
+  No parents wring the trembling hand,
+    Or drop the silent tear.
+
+  No costly oak adorned with art
+    My weary limbs enclose,
+  No friends impart a winding sheet
+    To deck my last repose.
+
+The circumstances which led to the foregoing epitaph are thus narrated.
+Thomas Clay was a man of intemperate habits, and at the time of his death
+was indebted to Adlington, the village inn-keeper, to the amount of twenty
+pounds. The publican resolved to seize the body; but the parents of the
+deceased carefully kept the door locked until the day appointed for the
+funeral. As soon as the door was opened, Adlington rushed into the house
+and seized the corpse, and placed it on a form in the open street. Clay's
+friends refused to pay the publican's account, and after the body had been
+exposed for several days, the inn-keeper buried it in a bacon chest.
+
+This subject has received attention in the pages of _Notes and Queries_,
+and in the issue of May 2nd, 1896, the following appeared:--"At
+Brandeston, Suffolk," said a contributor, "there is a well-authenticated
+story of the body of the 'old squire,' Mr. John Revett or Rivett, who died
+in 1809, being removed secretly at night, by some of the servants and
+tenantry, from the library at Brandeston Hall, where it lay, to the church
+of Brandeston, which is in the park close by the Hall. Mr. Revett, like
+many of the family, had been very extravagant, keeping his own pack of
+hounds, etc.; and what with elections and unlimited hospitality, had got
+heavily into debt, and had involved the old family estate so, that
+Brandeston and Cretingham, which had been in the Revett family from 1480,
+got into Chancery after his death, and passed out of the family in 1830,
+or thereabouts. The belief of the people, with whom the old squire was
+very popular, was that if the body was not removed to the sanctuary it
+would be seized for debt; hence their action." A son of one of the old
+servants, whose father assisted in carrying the body to the church,
+related the story in 1895 to the correspondent of _Notes and Queries_. It
+is well known in the village.
+
+The most painful case of arresting a dead body which has come under our
+notice, is that of John Elliott, in 1811. The particulars are given in the
+"Annual Register," and also in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for that year,
+but not so fully nor correctly as in a newspaper report of that period,
+which is reproduced in the pages of _Notes and Queries_ for March 28th,
+1896. The facts of the case are as follow:--John Elliott, at the time of
+his death, on October 3rd, 1811, was indebted to Baker, a bricklayer, and
+Heasman, a carpenter, a small sum for work done. These two men, with two
+sheriffs' officers, on Monday, October 7th, proceeded to the house where
+Elliott lay dead, and were there met by the son of the deceased. He stated
+that his father was dead. The officers informed him that they had a
+warrant to arrest the deceased, and asked where the body lay. The son
+pointed out the room, saying the door was locked, and his mother had gone
+out and taken the key, but was expected every minute. After waiting a few
+minutes, one of the men violently kicked the door, broke it open, and
+entered the room where the body lay in a coffin. The body was identified,
+and possession taken of it. The interment was fixed by the family for the
+following Wednesday, and at four o'clock on that day, the undertaker and
+his man arrived for the purpose of removing the body to Shoreditch Church
+for burial, but Baker and Heasman and the sheriffs' men entered the house
+with a shell, and took it into the room where the corpse lay. After asking
+the son to pay the debt and prevent his father's body being taken away,
+and he replying that he was unable to discharge it, Baker and Heasman
+literally crammed the naked body into the shell, and put it into a cart
+before the house, where it remained over half-an-hour, attracting to the
+place a large number of people who behaved in a riotous manner. The body
+was then removed to Heasman's house, and placed in a cellar until October
+11th, when it was conveyed by him and others to Bethnal Green, and left in
+a burial vault.
+
+Such are the details briefly stated that were given to the judge who tried
+the men who committed this outrageous public indecency. The jury, after
+retiring for a few minutes, returned, and awarded damages L200.
+
+We have given at some length the foregoing case, to illustrate the lawless
+condition of the country at the commencement of this century. We may
+congratulate ourselves on living in happier times.
+
+It was currently reported at the death of Sheridan, in 1816, that an
+attempt would be made to detain his body for debt, but at his funeral no
+such action occurred.
+
+Mr. John Cameron, in his work issued in 1892, under the title of "The
+Parish of Campsie," states that in 1824 died the Rev. James Lapslie, vicar
+of the parish, who was, at the time of his death, in debt, and the
+proceedings of a creditor are thus related:--"On the day of the funeral,"
+says Mr. Cameron, "the body was arrested at the mouth of the open grave,
+and further procedure barred by some legal process, until the arresting
+creditor had satisfaction given him for the payment of the debt owing by
+the deceased. Sir Samuel Stirling, sixth baronet, became security to the
+arresting creditor, and the body was then consigned to the grave."
+
+Much reliable information on old-time subjects has been carefully
+chronicled by Mr. I. W. Dickinson, B.A., the author of "Yorkshire Life and
+Character." He tells us that in the earlier years of the present century
+it was generally believed that a corpse could be detained for debt, and it
+was, in several instances in the West Riding, successfully carried out,
+the friends subscribing on the spot in order to be enabled to pay their
+last respects to the dead. Mr. Dickinson also tells me of another West
+Riding belief, that a doctor, summoned to a sick bed, could legally take
+the nearest way, even through corn fields and private grounds, or whatever
+else intervened, without rendering himself liable for damages.
+
+We gather from _Notes and Queries_ of March 28th, 1896, that the fact was
+established in 1841, that the body of a debtor, dying in custody, cannot
+be detained in prison after death. It appears that Scott, gaoler of
+Halifax, acting for Mr. Lane Fox, the Lord of the Manor, detained the body
+of one of the debtors who died in prison. It was subsequently buried in
+the gaol in unconsecrated ground, on the refusal of the debtor's executors
+to pay the claims that were demanded of them. Action was taken against the
+gaoler, and at a trial at York Assizes he was convicted of breaking the
+laws of his country.
+
+
+
+
+A Nobleman's Household in Tudor Times
+
+
+The Earls of Northumberland, members of the Percy family, for a long
+period were a power in the north of England. Their pedigree has been
+traced back to Mainfred, a Danish chieftain who rendered great service to
+Rollo in the Conquest of Normandy. William de Perci, of Perci, near
+Villedieu, landed on the English shore with Duke William, and for valour
+at the battle of Hastings he was rewarded with extensive grants of land in
+Yorkshire.
+
+In their northern strongholds this noble family lived in stately style,
+and frequently figured on the battle-field, and took their share in events
+which make up the history of the country. The story of their lives, with
+its lights and shades, reads like a romance; but it is outside the purpose
+of our paper to linger over its romantic episodes. It may be stated that
+the fourth Earl was Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire, and by direction of King
+Henry VII., he had to make known to the inhabitants of his county the
+reasons for a most objectionable tax for the purpose of engaging in a war
+with Bretagne. This gave rise to a bitter feeling against him, the people
+erroneously believing that the tax was levied at his instigation. In 1489,
+a mob broke into his house at Cockledge, near Thirsk, murdering him and
+several of his servants. The Earl had been a generous man, and was much
+beloved, and his untimely death was deeply deplored. He was buried in
+Beverley Minster, and 14,000 people attended his funeral, which was
+conducted in a magnificent manner, at a cost of L1,037 6s. 8d., equalling
+some L10,000 in our current coin. Skelton, the poet laureate, in an elegy,
+lamented his "dolourous death." The lines commence:--
+
+  "I wayle, I wepe, I sobbe, I sigh ful sore
+    The dedely fate, the dolefulle destenny
+  Of him that is gone, alas! without restore
+    Of the blode royall, descending nobelly,
+  Whose Lordshipe doutles was slayne lamentably."
+
+His son, the fifth Earl, who was born at Leconfield Castle in the year
+1457, was a man of aesthetic tastes, and a patron of learning. He is
+described as being "vain and excessively fond of pomp and display." When
+the Princess Margaret journeyed to Scotland to marry the King, the Earl
+escorted her through Yorkshire. According to an old account, he was "well
+horst, upon a fayre courser, with a cloth to the ground of cramsyn
+velvett, all borded of orfavery, his armes very riche in many places uppon
+his saddle and harnys, and his sterrops gilt. With him was many noble
+Knights, all arrayed in his sayd Livery of Velvett with some goldsmith's
+work, great chaynes, and war wel mounted; a Herault, bearing his cotte and
+other gentylmen in such wayes array'd of his said Livery, sum in Velvett,
+others in Damask, Chamlett, etc., well mounted to the number of 300
+Horsys." The Princess made her public entry into Edinburgh riding on a
+pillion behind the King.
+
+The Earl had three castles, and lived at them alternately, and, as he had
+only sufficient furniture for one, it was removed from one house to the
+other when he changed residences. Seventeen carts and one waggon were
+employed to convey it.
+
+This Percy's taste for poetry prompted him to have painted on the walls
+and ceilings of his castles moral lessons in verse. The following may be
+quoted as a specimen:--
+
+  "Punyshe moderatly, and discretly correct,
+  As well to mercy, as to justice havynge a respect;
+  So shall ye have meryte for the punyshment,
+  And cause the offender to be sory and penitent.
+
+  If ye be movede with anger or hastynes,
+  Pause in youre mynde and your yre repress:
+  Defer vengeance unto your anger asswagede be;
+  So shall ye mynyster justice, and do dewe equyte."
+
+We have another proof of his love of poetry preserved in the British
+Museum, in the form of a beautiful manuscript engrossed on vellum, richly
+emblazoned, and superbly illuminated. It includes specimens of the best
+poetry then produced, and a metrical account of the Percy family, by one
+of the Earl's chaplains, named Peares. This interesting work was prepared
+under his directions.
+
+In the year 1512, he commenced the compilation of what we now call the
+"Northumberland Household Book," and it contains regulations and other
+details respecting his castles at Wressel and Leckonfield. From this
+curious work we obtain an interesting picture of the home life of a
+nobleman in Tudor times. We find that the Earl lived in state and
+splendour little inferior to that of the King. The household was
+conducted on the same plan as that of the reigning monarch, and the
+warrants were made out in the same form and style. "As the King had his
+Privy Council and great council of Parliament to assist him in enacting
+statutes and regulations for the public weal," says a writer who has made
+a study of this subject, "so the Earl of Northumberland had his council,
+composed of his principal officers, by whose advice and assistance he
+established this code of economic laws; as the King had his lords and
+grooms of the bed-chamber, who waited in their respective turns, so the
+Earl of Northumberland was attended by the constables and bailiffs of his
+several castles, who entered into waiting in regular succession." We
+further find that all the leading officers of his household were men of
+gentle birth, and consisted of "controller, clerk of the kitchen,
+chamberlain, treasurer, secretary, clerk of the signet, survisor, heralds,
+ushers, almoner, a schoolmaster for teaching grammar, minstrels, eleven
+priests, presided over by a doctor of divinity or dean of the chapel, and
+a band of choristers, composed of eleven singing men and six singing
+boys." The head officials sat at a table called the Knight's Board. Every
+day were expected to sit down to dinner 166 officers and domestic
+servants and fifty-seven visitors. The amount annually spent in
+house-keeping was L1,118 17s. 8d., representing in our money about
+L10,000.
+
+The number of daily meals was four, and consisted of breakfast taken at
+seven, dinner at ten, supper at four o'clock, and livery served in the
+bedroom between eight and nine, before retiring to rest. The lord sat at
+the head of the table in state. The oaken table, long and clumsy, stood in
+the great hall, and the guests were ranged according to their station on
+long, hard, and comfortless benches. The massive family silver salt cellar
+was placed in the middle of the table, and persons of rank sat above it,
+and those of an inferior position below it. There was a great display of
+pewter dishes and wooden cups, and plenty of food and liquor was on the
+table. But elegance did not prevail: forks had not been introduced, and
+fingers were used to convey food to the mouth.
+
+The allowances at the meals were most liberal. One perceives there was
+much wine and beer consumed in those days. Take, for example, that at
+breakfast. On flesh days it included "for my lord and lady a loaf of bread
+on trenchers, two manchets (loaves of fine meal), a quart of wine, half a
+chine of mutton, or a chine of beef boiled." The fare of the two elder
+children, "my Lord Percy, and Mr. Thomas Percy," consisted of "half a loaf
+of household bread, a manchet, one pottle of beer (two quarts!), a
+chicken, or else three mutton bones boiled." It will be noticed that wine
+was not served to the two young noblemen. The fare of the two little
+children is thus described: "Breakfasts for the nurcery, for my lady
+Margaret and Mr. Yngram Percy, a manchet, one quart of beer, three mutton
+bones boiled." My ladies' gentlewomen were served with "a pottle of beer,
+three mutton bones boiled, or else a piece of beef boiled." The breakfast
+on fish days was as follows:--"For my lord and my lady, a loaf of bread on
+trenchers, two manchets, a quart of beer, a quart of wine, two pieces of
+salt-fish, six baked herrings, or a dish of sprats; for the two elder
+sons, half a loaf of household bread, a manchet, a pottle of beer, a dish
+of butter, a piece of salt-fish, a dish of sprats, or three white (fresh)
+herrings; for the two children in the nursery, a manchet, a quart of beer,
+a dish of butter, a piece of salt-fish, a dish of sprats, or three white
+herrings; and for my lady's gentlewomen, a loaf of bread, a pottle of
+beer, a piece of salt-fish, or three white herrings." It will be observed
+that the family dined two to a plate or mess, this being the usual
+practice in the Middle Ages. The other meals were quite, if not more
+substantial than that of breakfast. The liveries, as we have previously
+stated, were consumed in the bed-chamber just before retiring to rest, and
+the Earl and Countess had placed on their table, "two manchets, a loaf of
+household bread, a gallon of beer, and a quart of wine." The wine was
+warmed and mixed with spices. After reading the preceding bills of fare,
+we are not surprised to learn that at this period the English people were
+regarded as the greatest eaters in Europe.
+
+In the "Northumberland Household Book" is a long and interesting list of
+articles and their prices, which were expected to last a year. It will not
+be without interest to reproduce a few of the more important items, as
+follow:--Wheat 236-1/2 quarters at 6s. 8d. The market price today is very
+different. Malt, as might be expected from the quantity of beer brewed, is
+a rather large total, being 249 quarters, I bushel, and the price 4s. per
+quarter; hops, 656 lbs., at 13s. 4d. per 120 lbs.; fat oxen, 109, at 13s.
+4d. each; lean oxen, 24, at 8s. each; to be fed in his lordship's
+pastures; sheep, 787, fat and lean, at 1s. 8d. each, one with another;
+porks (pigs), 25, at 2s. each; calves, 28, at 1s. 8d. each; lambs, 60, of
+which 10, at 1s. each, to serve from Christmas to Shrovetide, and 50, at
+10d. each, to serve from Easter to Midsummer. The list of fish is large,
+and includes 160 stock-fish at 2-1/2d. each for the Lent season;
+salt-fish, 1,122, at 4d. each; white herrings, 9 barrels, at 10s. the
+barrel; red herrings, 10 cades (each cade containing 500), at 6s. 8d. the
+cade; sprats, 5 cades (each cade containing 1,000), at 2s. the cade; salt
+salmon, 200, at 6d. each; salt sturgeon, 3 firkins, at 10s. each firkin;
+salt eels, 5 cags, at 4s. each. Thirty-six gallons of oil, at 11-1/2d. per
+gallon, were provided for frying the fish. Salt is entered twice--bay
+salt, 10 quarters, at 4s. the quarter; and white salt, 6-1/2 quarters, at
+4s. the quarter; vinegar, 40 gallons, at 4d. the gallon. The quantity of
+mustard, ready-made, is large, being 180 gallons, at 2-1/4d. per gallon.
+In old Christmas carols there are frequent allusions to mustard. During
+the Commonwealth, it was threatened to stop Christmastide festivals by Act
+of Parliament, and this caused the tallow-chandlers to loudly complain,
+for they could not sell their mustard on account of the diminished
+consumption of brawn. In the familiar old carol, sung annually at Queen's
+College, Oxford, is a line:--
+
+  "The boar's head with mustard."
+
+In a carol sung before Prince Henry, at St. John's College, Oxford, in
+1607, is a couplet:--
+
+  "Let this boar's head and mustard
+  Stand for pig, goose, and custard."
+
+Under the heading of spices are enumerated:--Pepper, 50 lbs., raisons of
+currants, 200 lbs., prunes, 151-1/2 lbs., ginger, 21-1/2 lbs., mace, 6
+lbs., cloves, 3-1/2 lbs., sugar, 200-1/4 lbs., cinnamon, 17 lbs., 3-1/2
+quarters almonds, 152 lbs., dates, 30 lbs., nutmegs, 1-1/4 lbs., grains of
+Paradise, 7 lbs., turnfole, 10-1/2 lbs., saunders, 10 lbs., powder of
+annes, 3-1/4 lbs., rice, 19 lbs., comfits, 19-1/2 lbs., galagals, 1/2 lb.,
+long pepper, 1/2 lb., blanch powder, 2 lbs. The amount of the foregoing is
+L25 19s. 7d. The list of wine embraces--Gascony wine, 10 tuns, 2
+hogsheads, at L4 14s. 4d. per tun, viz., red, 3 tuns, claret, 5 tuns, and
+white, 2 tuns, 2 hogsheads. There was also provided 90 gallons of
+verjuice, at 3d. per gallon; this was a sour juice of unripe grapes,
+apples, or crabs. A barrel and a half of honey was provided at a cost of
+33s. The foregoing are the chief items of food and drink for the annual
+consumption in a Tudor household.
+
+The fuel consisted of sea coal, 80 chaldrons, charcoal, 20 quarters, and
+4,140 faggots for brewing and baking. Sixty-four loads of wood had also to
+be provided, for the coal could not be burnt without it. The coal must
+have been poor.
+
+The expenses provide for the players at Christmas, and they appear to have
+acted 20 plays at 1s. 8d. per play. We find a bearward attended at
+Christmas for making sport with his beasts, and in the "Household Book" he
+is referred to amongst those receiving payments as follows:--
+
+    "Furst, my Lorde usith and accustomyth to gyff yerely the Kynge or the
+    Queene's _barwarde_, if they have one, when they custome to come unto
+    him, yerely--vj_s._ viij_d._"
+
+    "Item, my Lorde usith and accustomyth to gyfe yerly, when his
+    Lordshipe is at home, to his _barward_, when he comyth to my Lorde in
+    Christmas with his Lordshippe's beests, for makynge of his Lordship
+    pastyme, the said xi days--xx_s._"
+
+At this period, bear-baiting was a popular amusement. Sunday was a great
+day for the pastime. It was on the last Sunday of April, 1520, that part
+of the chancel of St. Mary's Church, Beverley, fell, killing a number of
+people. According to a popular tradition, a bear was being baited, and
+mass was being sung at the same time, but at the latter only fifty-five
+attended and all were killed, whereas at the former about a thousand were
+present. Hence the origin of the Yorkshire saying, "It is better to be at
+the baiting of a bear than the singing of a mass." An expert horseman was
+also employed in connection with the household. He had not to be afraid of
+a fence, and it was his duty to attend my Lord when hunting.
+
+
+
+
+Bread and Baking in Bygone Days.
+
+
+The earliest form of bread consisted of grain soaked in water, then
+pressed, and afterwards dried by means of the sun or fire. Another early
+kind of bread took the form of porridge or pudding, consisting of flour
+mixed with water and boiled. Next came the method of kneading dough, and
+the result was tough and unleavened bread.
+
+In Saxon times women made bread, and the modern title "lady" is softened
+from the Saxon _hlaf-dige_, meaning the distributor of bread. We learn
+from contemporary pictures that Anglo-Saxon bread consisted of round
+cakes, not unlike the Roman loaves of which we get representations in the
+pictures at Pompeii, and not unlike our Good-Friday cross-buns, which we
+are told come down to us from our Saxon forefathers.
+
+In connection with monasteries were bake-houses, and the work here would
+be done by the conversi or lay brothers. The holy bread in the mass was
+baked in the convents and churches by the priests or monks with much
+ceremony. Ovens were sometimes connected with old churches.
+
+Some of the monks in Saxon times do not appear to have fared well. We find
+it recorded that in the eighth century those at the Abbey of St. Edmund
+had to partake of barley bread because the income of the house was not
+sufficent to provide wheaten-bread twice or thrice daily.
+
+Towards the close of the thirteenth century the chief bakers who supplied
+London with bread lived at Stratford-le-Bow, Essex, doubtless on account
+of being near Epping Forest, where they could obtain cheap firewood. At a
+later period some were located at Bromley-by-Bow. The bread was brought to
+London in carts, and exposed for sale in Bread Street. The bakers attended
+daily excepting on Sundays and great festivals. It was no uncommon
+circumstance to seize the bread on its way to town for being of light
+weight, or made of unsound materials. It was not until the year 1302 that
+London bakers were permitted to sell bread in shops.
+
+A Royal Charter was granted in 1307 to the London Bakers' Company. The
+charter, we are told, "empowered the company to correct offences
+concerning the trade, to make laws and ordinances, to levy fines and
+penalties for non-observance thereof; and within the city and suburbs, and
+twelve miles round, to view, search, prove, and weigh all bread sold; and
+in case of finding it unwholesome, or not of due assize, to distribute it
+to the poor of the parish where it was found, and to impose fines, and
+levy the same by distress and sale of offenders' goods." When reform
+became the order of the day the power of the Bakers' Company passed away.
+
+There are various old-time statutes of the assize of bread in London. The
+earliest dates back to the days of Henry II. Another belongs to the reign
+of Henry III.; it regulated the price of bread according to the value of
+corn. A baker breaking the law was fined, and if his offence was serious
+he was placed in the pillory. These statutes were extended under Edward
+VI., Charles II., and Queen Anne.
+
+In 1266 bakers were commanded not to impress their bread with the sign of
+the cross, _Agnus Dei_, or the name of Jesus Christ.
+
+The lot of the baker in bygone times was a very hard one. He could not
+sell where he liked, and the price of his bread was regulated by those in
+authority. Pike, in his "History of Crime in England," says, "Turn where
+he might, the traveller in London in 1348 could hardly fail to light upon
+some group, which would tell him the character of the people he had to
+see. Here, perhaps, a baker with a loaf hung round his neck, was being
+jeered, and pelted in the pillory, because he had given short weight, or
+because, when men had asked him for bread, he had given them not a stone,
+but a lump of iron enclosed by a crust."
+
+At this period women were largely employed in the bakehouse. Women in
+mediaeval times performed much of the rougher kind of labour. Mr. Pike
+tells a tragic tale to illustrate the heartless character of bakehouse
+women in bygone times:--"At Middleton, in Derbyshire, there lived a man
+whose wife bore a name well known to readers of mediaeval romances, Isolda
+or Isoult. As he lay one night asleep in his bed, this female Othello took
+him by the neck and strangled him. As soon as he was dead, she carried the
+body to an oven which adjourned their chamber, and piled up a fire to
+destroy the traces of her guilt. But, though she had so far shown the
+energy and power of a man, her courage seems to have failed her at the
+last moment. She took to flight, and her crime was discovered."
+
+In the olden time, it was the practice of females to deliver bread from
+house to house in London. The bakers gave them thirteen articles for
+twelve, and the odd article appears to have been the legitimate profit
+which they were entitled to receive in return for their work. From this
+old custom we obtain the baker's dozen of thirteen. Bakers were not
+permitted to give credit to women retailers if they were known to be in
+debt to others. It was also against the law to receive back unsold bread
+if cold. The latter regulation would make the saleswomen energetic in
+their labours.
+
+In many places the ducking-stool was employed to punish offending bakers.
+The old records of Beverley contain references to this subject. "During
+the Middle Ages," it is stated on good authority, "scarcely any spectacle
+was so pleasing to the people of Central Europe as that of the public
+punishment of the cheating baker. The penalties inflicted on swindling
+bakers included confiscation of property, deprivation of civil and other
+rights, banishment from the town for certain periods, bodily punishment,
+the pillory, and the gibbet. If a baker was found guilty of an offence
+against the law, he was arrested and kept in safe custody till the gibbet
+was ready for him. It was erected as nearly as possible in the middle of
+the town, the beam projecting over a stagnant pool; at the end of the beam
+was a pulley, over which ran a rope fastened to a basket large enough to
+hold a man. The baker was forced into the basket, which was drawn up to
+the beam; there he hung over the muddy pool, the butt of the jeers and
+missiles of a jubilant crowd. The only way to escape was to jump into the
+dirty water and run through the crowd to his home, and if he did not take
+the jump willingly, he was sometimes helped out of the basket by means of
+a pole. In some towns a large cage was used instead of a basket, and,
+instead of taking a jump, the culprit was lowered into the filthy pool and
+drawn up again several times until the town authorities thought he had had
+enough." In some parts of Turkey it was, until recently, the rule to
+punish a baker who did not give full weight by nailing his ear to the
+doorpost. If he were out when the officers of justice arrived his son or
+his servant was punished in his stead, as the authorities were very much
+averse from making their men do the journey twice.
+
+The Court Leet records of many of our old English towns include items of
+interest bearing on this subject. At Manchester, at the Court Leet held
+October 1, 1561, it was resolved that no person or persons be permitted to
+make for sale any kind of bread in which butter is mixed, under a fine of
+10s. Later, the use of suet was forbidden. In 1595, we are told that "the
+Court Leet Jury of Manchester ordered that no person was to be allowed to
+use butter or suet in cakes or bread; fine, 20s. No baker or other person
+to be allowed to bake said cakes, &c.; fine, 20s. No person to be allowed
+to sell the same; fine, 20s." Next year, on September 30, we gather from
+the records that "eight officers were appointed to see that no flesh meat
+was eaten on Fridays and Saturdays, and twelve for the overseeing of them
+that put butter, cream, or suet in their cakes." We learn from the history
+of Worcester that an order was made in 1641 that the bakers were not to
+make spice bread or short cakes, "inasmuch as it enhaunced the price of
+butter."
+
+A rather curious regulation in bygone times was the one which enforced the
+baker of white bread not to make brown, and the baker of brown bread not
+to make white.
+
+Very heavy fines used to be inflicted on persons selling short weight of
+bread. "A baker was convicted yesterday," says the _Times_ of July 8th,
+1795, "at the Public Office, Whitechapel, of making bread to the amount of
+307 ounces deficient in weight, and fined a penalty of L64 7s." In the
+same journal, three days later, we read, "A baker was yesterday convicted
+in the penalty of L106 5s. on 420 ounces of bread, deficient in weight."
+The market records, week after week, in 1795, as a rule, record an
+increased price of grain, and by the middle of the year the matter had
+become serious. The members of the Privy Council gave the subject careful
+consideration, and strongly recommended that families should refrain from
+having puddings, pies, and other articles made of flour. With the
+following paragraph from the _Times_ of July 22nd, 1795, we close our
+notes on bread in bygone days:--"His Majesty has given orders for the
+bread used in his household to be made of meal and rye mixed. No other
+sort is to be permitted to be baked, and the Royal Family eat bread of the
+same quality as their servants do."
+
+
+
+
+Arise, Mistress, Arise!
+
+
+In the olden time in many places in the provinces it was the practice on
+Christmas-day morning to permit the servants and apprentices to remain in
+bed, and for the mistress to get up and attend to the household duties.
+The bellman at Bewdley used to go round the town, and after ringing his
+bell and saying, "Good-morning, masters, mistresses, and all, I wish you a
+merry Christmas," he sang the following:
+
+  "Arise, mistress, arise,
+  And make your tarts and pies,
+    And let your maids lie still;
+  For if they should rise and spoil your pies,
+    You'd take it very ill.
+  Whilst you are sleeping in your bed,
+  I the cold wintry nights must tread
+    Past twelve o'clock, &c."
+
+Bewdley was famous for its ringers and singers, and its town crier was a
+man of note. An old couplet says:
+
+  "For ringers, singers, and a crier
+  Bewdley excelled all Worcestershire."
+
+In Lancashire was heard the following, proclaimed in the towns and
+villages:
+
+      "Get up old wives,
+      And bake your pies,
+  'Tis Christmas-day in the morning;
+      The bells shall ring,
+      The birds shall sing,
+  'Tis Christmas-day in the morning."
+
+At Morley, near Leeds, a man was formerly paid for blowing a horn at 5
+a.m. to make known the time for commencing, and at 8 p.m. the hour for
+giving up work. His blast was heard daily except on Sundays. On
+Christmas-day morning he blew his horn and sang:
+
+  "Dames arise and bake your pies,
+    And let your maids lie still;
+  For they have risen all the year,
+    Sore against their will."
+
+
+
+
+The Turnspit.
+
+
+One of the most menial positions in an ancient feudal household was that
+of turnspit. A person too old or too young for more important duties
+usually performed the work. John Lydgate, the monk of Bury, who was born
+in 1375, and died in 1460, gives us a picture of the turnspit as
+follows:--
+
+  "His mouth wel wet, his sleeves right thredbare,
+  A turnbroche, a boy for hagge of ware,
+  With louring face noddynge and slumberyng."
+
+Says Aubrey that these servants "did lick the dripping for their pains."
+
+In the reign of Edward III., the manor of Finchingfield was held by Sir
+John Compes, by the service of turning the spit at His Majesty's
+coronation. This certainly appears a humble position for a knight to fill
+in "the gallant days of chivalry."
+
+The spits or "broches" were often made of silver, and were usually carried
+to the table with the fish, fowl, or joint roasted upon them.
+
+The humble turnspit was not overlooked by the guests in the days of old,
+when largess was bestowed. We gather from "Howard's Household Book" that
+Lord Howard gave four old turnspits a penny each. When Mary Tudor dined at
+Havering, she rewarded the turnbroches with sixteen-pence.
+
+Dogs as well as men performed the task of turning the spit from an early
+period, and old-time literature includes many references to the subject.
+Doctor Caius, the founder of the college at Cambridge bearing his name, is
+the earliest English writer on the dog. "There is," wrote Caius,
+"comprehended under the curs of the coarsest kind, a certain dog in
+kitchen service excellent. For when any meat is to be roasted they go into
+a wheel, where they, turning about with the weight of their bodies, so
+diligently look to their business, that no drudge nor scullion can do the
+feat more cunningly, whom the popular sort hereupon term turnspits."
+
+We have seen several pictures of dogs turning the spit, and an interesting
+example appears in a work entitled "Remarks on a Tour in North and South
+Wales," published in 1800. The dog is engaged in his by no means pleasant
+work. "Newcastle, near Carmarthen," says the author, "is a pleasant
+village. At a decent inn here a dog is employed as turnspit. Great care is
+taken that this animal does not observe the cook approach the larder; if
+he does, he immediately hides himself for the remainder of the day, and
+the guest must be contented with more humble fare than intended."
+
+Mr. Jesse, a popular writer on rural subjects, was a keen observer of
+old-time customs and institutions, and the best account of the turnspit
+that has come under our notice is from his pen. "How well do I remember,
+in the days of my youth," says Mr. Jesse, "watching the operations of a
+turnspit at the house of a worthy old Welsh clergyman in Worcestershire,
+who taught me to read. He was a good man, wore a bushy wig, black worsted
+stockings, and large plaited buckles in his shoes. As he had several
+boarders as well as day scholars, his two turnspits had plenty to do. They
+were long-bodied, crook-legged, and ugly dogs, with a suspicious, unhappy
+look about them, as if they were weary of the task they had to do, and
+expected every moment to be seized upon to do it. Cooks in those days, as
+they are said to be at present, were very cross, and if the poor animal,
+wearied with having a larger joint than usual to turn, stopped for a
+moment, the voice of the cook might be heard rating him in no very gentle
+terms. When we consider that a large, solid piece of beef would take at
+least three hours before it was properly roasted, we may form some idea of
+the task a dog had to perform in turning a wheel during that time. A
+pointer has pleasure in finding game, the terrior worries rats with
+eagerness and delight, and the bull-dog even attacks bulls with the
+greatest energy, while the poor turnspit performs his task with
+compulsion, like a culprit on a treadmill, subject to scolding or beating
+if he stops a moment to rest his weary limbs, and is then kicked about the
+kitchen when the task is over."
+
+The mode of teaching the dog its duties is described in a book of
+anecdotes published at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1809. It was more summary than
+humane. The dog was put in the wheel, and a burning coal with him; he
+could not stop without burning his legs, and so was kept upon the full
+gallop. These dogs were by no means fond of their profession. It was
+indeed hard work to run in a wheel for two or three hours, turning a piece
+of meat twice their own weight.
+
+In the same work two more anecdotes bearing on this theme also find a
+place, and are worth reproducing. "Some years ago," we are told, "a party
+of young men, at Bath, hired the chairmen on a Saturday night to steal all
+the turnspits in the town, and lock them up till the following evening.
+Accordingly, on Sunday, when everybody has roast meat for dinner, all the
+cooks were to be seen in the streets, 'Pray have you seen our Chloe?' asks
+one. 'Why,' replies the other, 'I was coming to ask if you had seen our
+Pompey.' Up came a third, while they were talking, to inquire for her
+Toby. And there was no roast meat in Bath that day. It is told of these
+dogs in this city, that one Sunday, when they had as usual followed their
+mistresses to church, the lesson for the day happened to be that chapter
+in Ezekiel, wherein the self-moving chariots are described. When first the
+word wheel was pronounced, all the curs pricked up their ears in alarm; at
+the second wheel they set up a doleful howl. When the dreadful word was
+uttered a third time, every one of them scampered out of church, as fast
+as he could, with his tail between his legs."
+
+Allusions to this subject may be found in some of the poets of the olden
+time, more especially in those of a political character. Pitt, in his _Art
+of Preaching_, has the following on a man who speaks much, but to little
+purpose:--
+
+  "His arguments in silly circles run,
+  Still round and round, and end where they begun.
+  So the poor turnspit, as the wheel runs round,
+  The more he gains, the more he loses ground."
+
+
+
+
+A Gossip about the Goose.
+
+
+The goose figures largely in the history, the legends, and the proverbial
+lore of our own and other lands. In ancient Egypt it was an object of
+adoration in the temple and an article of diet on the table. The Egyptians
+mainly took beef and goose flesh as their animal food, and it has been
+suggested that they expected to obtain physical power from the beef and
+mental vigour from the goose. To support this theory, it has been shown
+that other nations have eaten the flesh of wolves and drunk the blood of
+lions, hoping thereby to become fierce and courageous. Some other nations
+have refused to partake of the hare and the deer on account of the
+timidity of these animals, fearing lest by eating their flesh they should
+also partake of their characteristic fearfulness and timidity.
+
+Pliny thought very highly of the goose, saying "that one might almost be
+tempted to think these creatures have an appreciation of wisdom, for it is
+said that one of them was a constant companion of the peripatetic
+philosopher Lacydes, and would never leave him, either in public or when
+at the bath, by night or by day."
+
+The cackling of the goose saved Rome. According to a very old story, the
+guards of the city were asleep, and the enemy taking advantage of this,
+were making their way through a weak part of the fortifications, expecting
+to take the city by surprise. The wakeful geese hearing them, at once
+commenced cackling, and their noise awoke the Romans, who soon made short
+work of their foes. This circumstance greatly increased the gratitude of
+the Roman citizens for the goose.
+
+We gather from the quaint words of an old chronicler a probable solution
+of the familiar phrase, "To cook one's goose." "The kyng of Swedland"--so
+runs the ancient record--"coming to a towne of his enemyes with very
+little company, his enemyes, to slyghte his forces, did hang out a goose
+for him to shoote; but perceiving before nyghte that these fewe soldiers
+had invaded and sette their chief houlds on fire, they demanded of him
+what his intent was, to whom he replyed, 'To cook your goose'."
+
+In the days when the bow and arrow were the chief weapons of warfare, it
+was customary for the sheriffs of the counties where geese were reared to
+gather sufficient quantities of feathers to wing the arrows of the English
+army. Some of the old ballads contain references to winging the arrow with
+goose feathers. A familiar instance is the following:
+
+  "'Bend all your bows,' said Robin Hood;
+    'And with the gray goose wing,
+  Such sport now show as you would do
+    In the presence of the king'."
+
+To check the exportation of feathers, a heavy export duty was put upon
+them.
+
+The goose frequently figures in English tenures. In a poem by Gascoigne,
+published in 1575, there is an allusion to rent-day gifts, which appear to
+have been general in the olden time:
+
+  "And when the tenants come to pay their quarter's rent,
+  They bring some fowle at Midsummer, a dish of fish in Lent,
+  At Christmasse a capon, and at Michaelmasse a goose."
+
+A strange manorial custom was kept up at Hilton in the days of Charles II.
+An image of brass, known as Jack of Hilton, was kept there. "In the
+mouth," we are told, "was a little hole just large enough to admit the
+head of a pin; water was poured in by a hole in the back, which was
+afterwards stopped up." The figure was then set on the fire; and during
+the time it was blowing off steam, the lord of the manor of Essington was
+obliged to bring a goose to Hilton and drive it three times round the
+hall-fire. He next delivered the goose to the cook; and when dressed, he
+carried it to the table and received in return a dish of meat for his own
+mess.
+
+In bygone times, Lincolnshire was a great place for breeding geese; and
+its extensive bogs, marshes, and swamps were well adopted for the purpose.
+The drainage and cultivation of the land have done away with the haunts
+suitable for the goose; but in a great measure Lincolnshire has lost its
+reputation for its geese. Frequently in the time when geese were largely
+bred, one farmer would have a thousand breeding-geese, and they would
+multiply some sevenfold every year, so that he would have under his care
+annually, some eight thousand geese. He had to be careful that they did
+not wander from the particular district where they had a right to allow
+them to feed, for they were regarded as trespassers, and the owner could
+not get stray geese back unless he paid a fine of twopence for each
+offender.
+
+Within the last fifty years it was a common occurrence to see on sale in
+the market-place at Nottingham at the Goose Fair from fifteen to twenty
+thousand geese, which had been brought from the fens of Lincolnshire. A
+street on the Lincolnshire side of the town is called Goosegate.
+
+The origin of the custom of eating a goose at Michaelmas is lost in the
+shadows of the dim historic past. According to one legend, Saint Martin
+was tormented with a goose, which he killed and ate. He died after eating
+it; and ever since, Christians have, as a matter of duty, on the saint's
+day sacrificed the goose. We have seen from the preceding quotation from
+Gascoigne that the goose formed a popular Michaelmas dish from an early
+period.
+
+It is a common saying, "The older the goose the harder to pluck," when old
+men are unwilling to part with their money. The barbarous practice of
+plucking live geese for the sake of their quills gave rise to the saying.
+It was usual to pluck live geese about five times a year. Quills for pens
+were much in request before the introduction of steel pens. One London
+house, it is stated, sold annually six million quill pens. A professional
+pen-cutter could turn out about twelve hundred daily.
+
+Considerable economy was exercised in the use of quill pens. Leo Allatius,
+after writing forty years with one pen, lost it, and it is said he mourned
+for it as for a friend. William Hutton wrote the history of his family
+with one pen, which he wore down to the stump. He put it aside,
+accompanied by the following lines:
+
+  THIS PEN.
+
+  "As a choice relic I'll keep thee,
+  Who saved my ancestors and me.
+  For seven long weeks you daily wrought
+  Till into light our lives you brought,
+  And every falsehood you avoided
+  While by the hand of Hutton guided."
+
+  June 3, 1779.
+
+In conclusion, it may be stated that Philemon Holland, the celebrated
+translator, wrote one of his books with a single pen, and recorded in
+rhyme the feat as follows:
+
+  "With one sole pen I wrote this book,
+    Made of a gray goose quill;
+  A pen it was when I it took,
+    A pen I leave it still."
+
+
+
+
+Bells as Time-Tellers.
+
+
+The ringing of the bell in bygone times was general as a signal to
+commence and to close the daily round of labour. In some of the more
+remote towns and villages of old England the custom lingers at the
+ingathering of the harvest. At Driffield, in the East Riding of Yorkshire,
+for example, the harvest bell is still rung at five o'clock in the morning
+to arouse the labourers from their slumbers, and at seven in the evening
+the welcome sound of the bell intimates the time for closing work for the
+day.
+
+References to this subject may sometimes be found in parish accounts and
+other old church documents. In the parish chest of Barrow-on-Humber,
+Lincolnshire, is preserved a copy of the "Office and Duty of the Parish
+Clerk," bearing date of 1713, stating:--
+
+    "Item.--He is to ring a Bell Every working day morning at Break of the
+    day, and continue the ringing thereof until All Saints, and also to
+    ring a Bell Every Evening about the sunseting until harvest be fully
+    ended: which Bells are to begin to ring from the beginning of the
+    harvest."
+
+We learn from an old survey of the parish, still retained amongst the
+church papers, the reward given to the clerk for ringing the harvest bell.
+Says the document:--
+
+    "The Clarke Receiveth from Every Cottoger at Easter for Ringing the
+    Day and Night Bell in Harvest two pecks of wheat."
+
+Barrow-on-Humber became famous for its bells, beer, and singers. An old
+rhyme states:--
+
+  "Barrow for ringing,
+  And Barrow for singing,
+  And the Oak for good stout ale."
+
+The Oak is the sign of the village inn, and a place of more than local
+reputation for its strong, home-brewed ale.
+
+We have traces of the custom of ringing the harvest bell in various parts
+of the Midlands. At Moreton and at Walgrave, in Northamptonshire, the
+harvest bell was rung at four o'clock in the morning. At Spratton,
+Wellingborough, and other places in the county, the custom is still
+remembered, but not kept up.
+
+It was customary in many places, when the last load of grain was brought
+home, to deck it with the boughs of the oak and ash, and a merry peal of
+the church bells made known the news that the farmer had ended his
+harvest, the farm labourers riding on the top of the load to sing--
+
+      "Harvest home! harvest home!
+  The boughs they do shake, the bells they do ring,
+  So merrily we bring the harvest in, harvest in!
+  So merrily we bring the harvest in."
+
+In some of the more remote villages of the country, the gleaners' bell is
+rung as a signal to commence gleaning. By this means, to use the words of
+Mr. Thomas North, our leading authority on bell lore, the old and feeble,
+as well as the young and active, may have a fair start. At Lyddington,
+Rutland, says Mr. North, the clerk claims a fee of a penny a week from
+women and big children, as a recompense for his trouble. The parish clerk
+at West Deeping, Lincolnshire, claimed twopence a head from the gleaners,
+but as they refused to pay, he declined to ring the bell.
+
+Bearing on this theme may be included particulars of a bell formerly rung
+at Louth when the harvest on the "Gatherums" was ripe. "A piece of ground
+so called," writes Mr. North, "was in former times cultivated for the
+benefit of the poor. When the 'pescods' were ripe, the church bell was
+rung, which gave warning to the poor that the time had arrived when they
+might gather them; hence (it is said) _gather 'em_ or _gatherum_." From
+the church accounts is drawn the following:
+
+  "1536. Item for Knyllyng the bell in harvest for gatheringe
+    of the pescods                                                 iiijd."
+
+Similar entries occur in the books of the church.
+
+An inscription on a bell at Coventry, dated 1675, states:--
+
+  "I ring at six to let men know
+  When to and fro' their work to goe."
+
+At St. Ives a bell bears a pithy inscription as follows:--
+
+  "Arise, and go about your business."
+
+The bells of Bow are amongst the best known in England, and figure in the
+legendary lore as well as in the business life of London. Every reader is
+familiar with the story of Dick Whittington leaving the city in despair,
+resting on Highgate Hill, and hearing the famous bells, which seemed to
+say in their merry peals--
+
+  "Turn again, Whittington,
+  Thou worthy citizen,
+  Lord Mayor of London."
+
+In 1469, an order was given by the Court of the Common Council for Bow
+bell to be rung every night at nine o'clock. Nine was the recognised time
+for tradesmen to close their shops. The clerk, whose duty it was to ring
+the bell, was irregular in his habits, and the late performance of his
+duties disappointed the toiling apprentices, who thus addressed him:--
+
+  "Clerk of Bow bell,
+    With thy yellow locks,
+  For thy late ringing
+    Thy head shall have knocks."
+
+The clerk replied:--
+
+  "Children of Cheape,
+    Hold you all still,
+  For you shall hear Bow Bell
+    Ring at your will."
+
+The foregoing rhymes take us back to a period before clocks were in
+general use in this country. The parentage of the present clock cannot be
+traced with any degree of certainty. We learn that as early as 996,
+Gerbert, a distinguished Benedictine monk (subsequently Pope Sylvester
+II.), constructed for Magdeburg a clock, with a weight as a motive power.
+Clocks with weights were used in monasteries in Europe in the eleventh
+century. It is supposed that they had not dials to indicate the time, but
+at certain intervals struck a bell to make known the time for prayers.
+
+From the fact that a clock-keeper was employed at St. Paul's, London, in
+1286, it is presumed that there must have been a clock, but we have not
+been able to discover any details respecting it. There was a clock at
+Westminster in 1290, and two years later L30 was paid for a large clock
+put up at Canterbury Cathedral. Thirty pounds represented a large sum of
+money in the year 1292. About 1326 an astronomical clock was erected at
+St. Albans. It was the work of Richard de Wallingford, a blacksmith's son
+of the town, who rose to the position of Abbot there. In the earlier half
+of the fourteenth century are traces of numerous other clocks in England.
+According to Haydn's "Dictionary of Dates," in the year 1530 the first
+portable clock was made. This statement does not agree with a writer in
+"Chambers's Encyclopaedia" (edition 1890). "The date," we are told in that
+work, "when portable clocks were first made, cannot be determined. They
+are mentioned in the beginning of the fourteenth century. The motive power
+must have been a mainspring instead of a weight. The Society of
+Antiquaries of England possess one, with the inscription in Bohemian that
+it was made at Prague, by Jacob Zech, in 1525. It has a spring for motive
+power, with fusee, and is one of the oldest portable clocks in a perfect
+state in England."
+
+It is asserted that no clock in this country went accurately before the
+one was erected at Hampton Court, in 1540. Shakespeare, in his _Love's
+Labour's Lost_, gives us an idea of the unsatisfactory manner clocks kept
+time in the days of old. He says:--
+
+            ... "Like a German clock,
+  Still a-repairing; ever out of frame;
+  And never going aright."
+
+Coming down to later times, we may give a few particulars of the
+difficulty of ascertaining the time in the country in the earlier years of
+the last century.
+
+[Illustration: CLOCK, HAMPTON COURT PALACE.]
+
+Norrisson Scatcherd, the historian of Morley, near Leeds, gives in his
+history, published in 1830, an amusing sketch of a local worthy named John
+Jackson, better known as "Old Trash," poet, schoolmaster, mechanic,
+stonecutter, land-measurer, etc., who was buried at Woodkirk on May 19th,
+1764. "He constructed a clock, and in order to make it useful to the
+clothiers who attended Leeds market from Earls and Hanging Heaton,
+Dewsbury, Chickenley, etc., he kept a lamp suspended near the face of
+it, and burning through the winter nights, and he would have no shutters
+nor curtains to his window, so that the clothiers had only to stop and
+look through it to know the time. Now, in our age of luxury and
+refinement, the accomodation thus presented by 'Old Trash' may seem
+insignificant and foolish, but I can assure the reader that it was not.
+The clothiers in the early part of the eighteenth century were obliged to
+be upon the bridge at Leeds, where the market was held, by about six
+o'clock in the summer, and seven in the winter; and hither they were
+convened by a bell anciently pertaining to a Chantry Chapel, which once
+was annexed to Leeds Bridge. They did not all ride, but most went on foot.
+They did not carry watches, for few of them had ever possessed such a
+valuable. They did not dine on fish, flesh, and fowl, with wine, etc., as
+some do now. No! no! The careful housewife wrapped up a bit of oatcake and
+cheese in a little checked handkerchief, and charged her husband to mind
+and not get above a pint of ale at 'The Rodney.' Would Jackson's clock
+then be of no use to men who had few such in their villages? Who seldom
+saw a watch, but took much of their intelligence from the note of the
+cuckoo."
+
+For an extended period, the curfew bell has been a most important
+time-teller. The sounds are no longer heard as the signal for putting out
+fires, as they were in the days of the Norman kings. It is generally
+asserted that William the Conqueror introduced the curfew custom into
+England, but it is highly probable that he only enforced a law which had
+long been in existence in the kingdom, and which prevailed in France,
+Italy, Spain, and other countries on the Continent. Houses at this period
+were usually built of wood, and fires were frequent and often fatal, and
+on the whole it was a wise policy to put out household fires at night. The
+fire as a rule was made in a hole in the middle of the floor, and the
+smoke escaped through the roof. In an account of the manners and customs
+of the English people, drawn up in 1678, the writer states that before the
+Reformation, "Ordinary men's houses, as copyholders and the like, had no
+chimneys, but flues like louver holes; some of them were in being when I
+was a boy." In the year 1103, Henry I. modified the curfew custom. In
+"Liber Albus," we find a curious picture of London life under some of the
+Plantagenet kings, commencing with Edward I. It was against the city
+regulations for armed persons to wander about the city after the ringing
+of the curfew bell.
+
+We may infer from a circumstance in the closing days of William I., that
+from a remote period there was a religious service at eight o'clock at
+night. It will be remembered that the king died from the injuries received
+by the plunging of his horse, caused by the animal treading on some hot
+ashes. Shortly before his death he was roused from the stupor which
+clouded his mind, by the ringing of the vesper bell of a neighbouring
+church. He asked if it were in England and if it were the curfew bell that
+he heard. On being told that he was in his "own Normandy," and the bell
+was for evening prayer, he "charged them bid the monks pray for his soul,
+and remained for a while dull and heavy."
+
+At Tamworth, in 1390, a bye-law was passed, and "it provided that no man,
+woman, or servant should go out after the ringing of the curfew from one
+place to another unless they had a light in their hands, under pain of
+imprisonment." For a long period it was the signal for closing
+public-houses.
+
+
+
+
+The Age of Snuffing.
+
+
+In this country old customs linger long, and although the age of snuffing
+has passed away, in some quarters the piquant pinch still finds favour.
+Our ancient municipal corporations have been reformed, but old usages are
+still maintained and revived. In 1896 we saw an account in the newspapers
+of an amusing episode which occurred during a meeting of the Pontefract
+Town Council. One of the aldermen, noticing that the councillors had "to
+go borrowing" snuff, suggested the re-introduction of the old Corporation
+snuff-box. The official box, in the shape of an antler, was unearthed from
+underneath the aldermanic bench amidst much amusement, and the Mayor
+promised ere another sitting the article in question should be duly
+cleaned and replenished with the stimulating powder. Sir Albert K. Rollit,
+the learned and genial member of Parliament for South Islington, when
+Mayor of his native town of Hull a few years ago, presented to his brother
+members of the Corporation a massive and valuable snuff-box. The gift was
+much appreciated. In a compilation recently published under the title of
+"The Corporation Plate and Insignia of Office, &c., of the Cities and
+Towns of England and Wales," will be found particulars of snuff-boxes
+belonging to some of the older municipal bodies. In bygone times taking
+snuff was extremely popular, its palmy days in England being during the
+eighteenth century. Snuff was praised in poetry and prose. Peer and
+peasant, rich and poor, the lady in her drawing-room and the humble
+housewife alike enjoyed the pungent pinch. The snuff-box was to be seen
+everywhere.
+
+The earliest allusion we have to snuffing occurs in the narrative of the
+second voyage of Columbus in 1494. It is there related by Roman Pane, the
+friar, who accompanied the expedition, that the aborigines of America
+reduced tobacco to a powder, and drew it through a cane half a cubit long;
+one end of this they placed in the nose and the other upon the powder. He
+also stated that it purged them very much.
+
+Snuff and other forms of tobacco on their introduction had many bitter
+opponents. After the Great Plague the popularity of tobacco and snuff
+increased, for during the time of the terrible visitation both had been
+largely used as disinfectants. There is a curious entry in Thomas Hearne's
+Diary, 1720-21, bearing on this theme. He writes as follows under date of
+January 21:--"I have been told that in the last great plague in London
+none that kept tobacconists' shops had the plague. It is certain that
+smoaking was looked upon as a most excellent preservative. In so much that
+even children were obliged to smoak. And I remember that I heard formerly
+Tom Rogers, who was yeoman beadle, say that when he was that year when the
+plague raged a schoolboy at Eton, all the boys in the school were obliged
+to smoak in the school every morning, and that he was never whipped so
+much in his life as he was one morning for not smoaking." Pepys says in
+his Diary on June 7, 1665:--"The hottest day that ever I felt in my life.
+This day, much against my will, I did in Drury Lane see two or three
+houses marked with a red cross upon the doors, and 'Lord have mercy upon
+us!' writ there; which was a sad sight to me, being the first of the kind
+that to my remembrance I ever saw. It put me into ill-conception of myself
+and my smell, so that I was forced to buy some roll tobacco to smell and
+chew, which took apprehension." Another impetus to the habit of
+snuff-taking was given in 1702. Our Fleet was under the command of Sir
+George Rooke, and it is recorded that at Port Saint Mary, near Cadiz,
+several thousand barrels of choice Spanish snuff were captured. At Vigo on
+the homeward voyage more native snuff was obtained, and found its way to
+England, instead of the Spanish market, as it was originally intended. The
+snuff was sold at the chief English ports for the benefit of the officers
+and men. In not a few instances waggon-loads were disposed of at fourpence
+per pound. It was named Vigo snuff, and the popularity of the ware, its
+cheapness, and novelty were the means of its coming into general use. In
+no part of the world did it become and remain more popular than in North
+Britain. A volume published in London in 1702, entitled "A Short Account
+of Scotland," without the author's name, but apparently by a military
+officer, contains some interesting information on the social life of the
+people. We gather from this work that the chief stimulant of the Scotch at
+this period was snuff. "They are fond of tobacco," it is stated, "but
+more from the sneesh-box [snuff-box] than the pipe. And they made it so
+necessary that I have heard some of them say that, should their bread come
+in competition with it, they would rather fast than their sneesh should be
+taken away. Yet mostly it consists of the coarsest tobacco, dried by the
+fire, and pounded in a little engine after the form of a tap, which they
+carry in their pockets, and is both a mill to grind and a box to keep it
+in." At social gatherings the snuff-mull was constantly passed round, and
+we are told that each guest left traces of its use on the table, on his
+knees, the folds of his dress, and on the floor. The preacher's voice was
+impaired with excessive indulgence in snuff.
+
+Long before the English visitor had written his book on Scotland, attempts
+had been made to prohibit snuff-taking in church. At the Kirk Session of
+St. Cuthbert's, held on June 18, 1640, it was decided that every
+snuff-taker in church be amerced in "twenty shillings for everie falt."
+Under date of April 11, 1641, it is stated in the Kirk Session records of
+Soulton as follows:--"Statute with consent of the ministers and elders,
+that every one that takes snuff in tyme of Divine Service shall pay 6s.
+8d., and give one public confession of his fault." At Dunfermline, the
+Kirk Session had this matter under consideration, and the bellman was
+directed "to tak notice of those who tak the sneising tobacco in tyme of
+Divine Service, and to inform concerning them." A writer in a popular
+periodical, in a chapter on "The Divine Weed," makes a mistake, we think,
+presuming people smoked in church in bygone days. "At one period in the
+history of tobacco," says the contributor, "smoking was so common that it
+was actually practised in church." Previous to the visit of James the
+First to the University of Cambridge, in 1615, the Vice-Chancellor issued
+a notice to the students, which enjoined that "Noe graduate, scholler, or
+student of this Universitie presume to take tobacco in Saint Marie's
+Church, uppon payne of finall expellinge the Universitie." The taking of
+tobacco doubtless means using it in the form of snuff and not smoking it
+in a pipe.
+
+Later, and perhaps at the period under notice, a strong feeling prevailed
+against smoking in the public streets. In the records of the Methwold
+Manor, Norfolk, is an entry in the court books dated October 4, 1659, as
+follows:--"Wee agree that any person that is taken smookeing tobacco in
+the street, forfeit one shilling for every time so taken, and it shall be
+put to the uses aforesaid (that is to the use of the towne). We present
+Nicholas Barber for smoking in the street, and do amerce him one
+shilling." At a parish meeting held at Winteringham, on January 6, 1685,
+it was resolved:--"None shall smoke tobacco in the streets upon paine of
+two shillings for every default." Schoolmasters were forbidden to smoke.
+In the rules of Chigwell School, founded in 1629, only fourteen years
+after the visit of James to Cambridge, it is stated:--"The master must be
+a man of sound religion, neither Papist nor Puritan, of a grave behaviour,
+and sober and honest conversation, no tippler, or haunter of alehouses,
+and no puffer of tobacco."
+
+We may come to the conclusion from the facts we have furnished, that if
+persons were not permitted to smoke in the street, it is quite certain
+they would not be allowed to do so in the house of prayer.
+
+Preachers of all sections of the religious world delighted in a pinch of
+snuff. Sneezing was heard in the highest and humblest churches, and it
+even made St. Peter's at Rome echo. The practice so excited the ire of
+Pope Innocent the Twelfth that he made an effort in 1690 to stop it in
+his churches, and "solemnly excommunicated all who should dare to take
+snuff." Tyerman, in his "Life of Wesley," tells us the great trouble the
+famous preacher had with his early converts. "Many of them were absolutely
+enslaved to snuff; some drank drams, &c., to remedy such evils, the
+preachers were enjoined on no account to take snuff, or to drink drams
+themselves; and were to speak to any one they saw snuffing in sermon time,
+and to answer the pretence that drams cured the colic and helped
+digestion." Mr. Wesley cautioned a preacher going to Ireland against
+snuff, unless by order of a physician, declaring that no people were in
+such blind bondage to the silly, nasty, dirty custom as were the Irish. It
+is stated so far did Irishmen carry their love of snuffing, that it was
+customary, when a wake was on, to put a plate full of snuff upon the dead
+man's, or woman's stomach, from which each guest was expected to take a
+pinch upon being introduced to the corpse.
+
+In the earlier days of snuff-taking, people generally ground their own
+snuff by rubbing roll tobacco across a small grater, usually fixed inside
+the snuff-box. We find in old-time writings many allusions to making
+snuff from roll tobacco. In course of time snuff was flavoured with rich
+essences, and scented snuffs found favour with the ladies. The man of
+refinement prided himself on his taste for perfumed powder. We find it
+stated in Fairholt's book on "Tobacco," that in the reign of William III.
+the beaux carried canes with hollow heads, that they might the more
+conveniently inhale a few grains through the perforations, as they
+sauntered in the fashionable promenades. Women quickly followed the lead
+of men in snuffing, in spite of satire in the _Spectator_ and other papers
+of the period. The list of famous snuff-takers of the olden time is a long
+one, and only a few can be noticed here. Queen Charlotte heads the roll.
+She was persistent in the practice, and her unfilial and rude sons called
+her "Old Snuff." Captain Gronow, when a boy at Eton, saw the Queen in
+company with the King taking an airing on the Terrace at Windsor, and
+relates "that her royal nose was covered with snuff both within and
+without." Mrs. Siddons, "the queen of tragedy," largely indulged in the
+use of snuff, both on and off the stage, even while taking her more
+important characters. Mrs. Jordan, another "stage star," a representative
+of the comic muse, obtained animation from frequent use of snuff. Mrs.
+Unwin, the friend of Cowper, was extremely fond of it, and so was the
+poet, yet he was not a smoker. On snuff he wrote as follows:--
+
+  "The pungent, nose-refreshing weed,
+  Which whether pulverised it gain
+  A speedy passage to the brain,
+  Or whether touched with fire it rise
+  In circling eddies to the skies,
+  Does thought more quicken and refine
+  Than all the breath of all the Nine."
+
+Pope, in "The Rape of the Lock," refers to ladies with their snuff-boxes
+always handy, and the fair Belinda found hers particularly useful in the
+battle she waged:--
+
+  "See, fierce Belinda on the baron flies
+  With more than usual lightning in her eyes;
+  And this bred lord, with manly strength endued,
+  She with one finger and a thumb subdued.
+  Just where the breath of life his nostrils drew
+  A charge of snuff the wily virgin threw;
+  The gnomes direct, to every atom just,
+  The pungent grains of titillating dust.
+  Sudden with startling tears each eye o'erflows,
+  And the high dome re-echoes to his nose."
+
+Napoleon's legacy to the famous Lady Holland was a snuff-box, and Moore
+celebrated the gift in a verse written while he was in Paris in 1821:--
+
+  "Gift of the Hero, on his dying day,
+    To her who pitying watch'd, for ever nigh;
+  Oh, could he see the proud, the happy ray,
+    This relic lights up in her generous eye,
+  Sighing, he'd feel how easy 'tis to pay
+    A friendship all his kingdoms could not buy."
+
+Amongst ladies we have to include the charming Clarinda, a friend of
+Robert Burns, on whom he wrote when obliged to leave her:--
+
+  "She, the fair sun of all her sex,
+    Has blest my glorious day,
+  And shall, a glimmering planet, fix
+    My worship to its ray."
+
+[Illustration: PARTAKING OF THE PUNGENT PINCH.]
+
+She was much addicted to the use of snuff, more especially towards the
+closing years of her life, and to the last she was famous for her singular
+sprightliness in conversation. Dr. Deering wrote, about the end of the
+first half of the eighteenth century, a history of Nottingham, and in it
+he relates how ladies, enjoying their tea, between each dish regaled their
+nostrils with a pinch or two of snuff. The snuff-boxes carried by them
+were usually costly, and generally elegant in form. David Garrick gave his
+wife a gold snuff-box. George Barrington, the celebrated pickpocket and
+author, stole from Prince Orloff a snuff-box, set with brilliants, valued
+at L30,000. Barrington was transported to Botany Bay, and at the opening
+of Sydney Theatre, January 16, 1796, Young's tragedy, _The Revenge_, was
+performed by convicts, and a prologue from Barrington's pen contained this
+passage:--
+
+  "From distant climes, o'er widespread seas, we come,
+  Though not with much _eclat_, or beat of drum;
+  True patriots we, for, be it understood,
+  We left our country for our country's good.
+  No private views disgraced our generous zeal,
+  What urged our travels was our country's weal;
+  And none will doubt but that our emigration
+  Has proved most useful to the British nation."
+
+In the olden time it was customary for the English Court to present to an
+Ambassador on his return home a gold snuff-box, and only in late years has
+this practice been discontinued. George IV. made a fraudulent display of
+snuff-taking; he carried an empty box, and pretended to draw from it
+pinches and apply them to his nose. The great Napoleon could not endure
+smoking, but filled his waistcoat pocket with snuff, and partook of
+prodigious quantities. Nelson enjoyed his snuff, and his snuff-box finds a
+place among his relics at Greenwich. Literary men and dramatists figure
+in imposing numbers amongst snuff-takers. Dryden enjoyed snuff, and did
+not object to share the luxury with others. A favourite haunt of his was
+Will's Coffee-house in Bow Street, Covent Garden, where he was met by the
+chief wits of the time. In the "London Spy," by Ned Wright, it is related
+that a parcel of raw, second-rate beaux and wits were conceited if they
+had but the honour to dip a finger and thumb into Mr. Dryden's snuff-box.
+Addison, Bolingbroke, Congreve, Swift, and Pope were snuff-takers. Dr.
+Samuel Johnson carried large supplies in his waistcoat pocket, and his
+friend Boswell thus praised it:--
+
+  "Oh snuff! our fashionable end and aim!
+  Strasburg, Rappee, Dutch, Scotch,
+        Whate'er thy name;
+  Powder celestial! quintescence divine!
+  New joys entrance my soul while thou art mine."
+
+Arkbuckle, another Scottish poet, author of many humorous and witty poems,
+wrote in 1719 as follows:--
+
+  "Blest be his shade, may laurels ever bloom,
+  And breathing sweets exhale around his tomb,
+  Whose penetrating nostril taught mankind
+  First how by snuff to rouse the sleeping mind."
+
+The following lines are by Robert Leighton, a modern Scotch poet of
+recognised ability:--
+
+  THE SNUFFIE AULD MAN.
+
+  "By the cosie fireside, or the sun-ends o' gavels,
+    The snuffie auld bodie is sure to be seen;
+  Tap, tappin' his snuff-box, he snifters and sneevils,
+    And smachers the snuff frae his mou' to his een.
+  Since tobacco cam' in, and the snuffin' began,
+  The hasna been seen sic a snuffie auld man.
+
+  His haurins are dozen'd, his een sair bedizen'd,
+    And red round the lids as the gills o' a fish;
+  His face is a' bladdit, his sark-breest a' smaddit--
+    And snuffie a picture as ony could wish.
+  He maks a mere merter o' a' thing he does,
+  Wi' snuff frae his fingers an' draps frae his nose.
+
+  And wow but his nose is a troublesome member--
+    Day and nicht, there's nae end to its snuffie desire;
+  It's wide as the chimlie, it's red as an ember,
+    And has to be fed like a dry-whinnie fire,
+  It's a troublesome member, and gie's him nae peace,
+  Even sleepin' or eatin' or sayin' the grace.
+
+  The kirk is disturbed wi' his hauchin and sneezin',
+    The domime stoppit when leadin' the psalm;
+  The minister, deav'd out o' logic and reason,
+    Pours gall in the lugs that are gapin' for balm.
+  The auld folks look surly, the young chaps jocose,
+  While the bodie himsel' is bambazed wi' his nose.
+
+  He scrimps the auld wife baith in garnal and caddy;
+    He snuffs what wad keep her in comfort and ease;
+  Rapee, Lundyfitt, Prince's Mixture, and Taddy,
+    She looks upon them as the warst o' her faes.
+  And we'll ne'er see an end o' her Rooshian war
+  While the auld carle's nose is upheld like a Czar."
+
+Charles and Mary Lamb both enjoyed snuff, and doubtless felt its use
+assisted them in their literary labours. Here is a picture drawn by Mary
+of the pair as they were penning their "Tales from Shakespeare," sitting
+together at the same table. "Like a literary Darby and Joan," she says, "I
+taking snuff, and he groaning all the while, and saying he can make
+nothing of it, till he has finished, when he finds he has made something
+of it." Sterne was a snuff-taker, and when his wife was about to join him
+in Paris in 1762, he wrote a letter in which he said:--"You will find good
+tea upon the road from York to Dover; only bring a little to carry you
+from Calais to Paris. Give the custom-house officer what I told you. At
+Calais give more, if you have much Scotch snuff; but as tobacco is good
+here, you had best bring a Scotch mull and make it yourself; that is,
+order your valet to manufacture it, 'twill keep him out of mischief." In
+another letter he says:--"You must be cautious about Scotch snuff; take
+half a pound in your pocket, and make Lyd do the same." Sir Joshua
+Reynolds is described as taking snuff profusely. It is related that he
+powdered his waistcoat, let it fall in heaps upon the carpet, and even
+upon his palette, and it thus became mixed with his pigments and
+transferred to his pictures. Gibbon was a confirmed snuff-taker. In one of
+his letters he relates how he took snuff. "I drew my snuff-box," he said,
+"rapp'd it, took snuff twice, and continued my discourse, in my usual
+attitude of my body bent forwards, and my forefinger stretched out."
+
+Offering a pinch of snuff has always been regarded as a mark of civility,
+but there are some men who could not tolerate the practice. Frederick the
+Great, for example, disliked others to take snuff from his box. He was
+lying in the adjoining room to one where he had left his box, and his page
+helped himself to a pinch from it. He was detected, and Frederick said,
+"Put that box in your pocket; it is too small for both of us." George II.
+liked to have his box for his own exclusive use, and when a gentleman at a
+masquerade helped himself to a pinch, the King in great anger threw away
+the box.
+
+
+
+
+State Lotteries.
+
+
+For more than two-and-a-half centuries state lotteries were popular in
+this country. They were imported into England from the continent; prior to
+being known here they were established in Italy, and most probably they
+came to us from that country.
+
+An announcement of the first English lottery was made in 1566, and it
+stated that it would consist of forty-thousand lots or shares at ten
+shillings each. The prizes, many and valuable, included money, plate, and
+certain sorts of merchandise. The winner of the greatest and most
+excellent prize was entitled to receive "the value of five thousand
+poundes sterling, that is to say, three thousande poundes in ready money,
+seven hundred poundes in plate, gilte and white, and the reste in good
+tapisserie meete of hangings and other covertures, and certain sortes of
+good linen cloth." Tapisserie and good linen cloth figure in several of
+the prizes, or to give the spelling of the announcement, prices. A large
+number of small money prizes were offered, including ten thousand at
+fifteen shillings each, and nine thousand four hundred and eighteen at
+fourteen shillings each.
+
+The object of the lottery was to raise money to repair the harbours and to
+carry out other useful works. Although the undertaking was for an
+excellent purpose, and the prizes tempting, the sale of the tickets was
+slow, and special inducements were made by Queen Elizabeth to persons
+taking shares. Persons who "adventured money in this lottery" might visit
+several of the more important towns in "the Realme of Englande, and Dublyn
+and Waterforde in the Realm of Irelande," and there remain for seven days
+without any molestation or arrest of them for any manner of offence saving
+treason, murder, pyracie, or any other felonie, or for breach of her
+Majesties peace during the time of her coming abiding or returne.
+Doubtless these conditions would induce many to take shares. Public bodies
+as well as private persons invested money in lottery tickets. Not so much
+as a matter of choice as to comply with the urgent wishes of the queen and
+her advisers. The public had little taste for the lottery, but the leading
+people in the land were almost compelled to take shares, and the same may
+be said of chief cities and towns. In the city records of Winchester for
+example, under the year 1566, it is stated:--"Taken out of the Coffer the
+sum of L10 towards the next drawen of the lottery." On the 30th July,
+1568, is another entry as follows:--"That L3 be taken out of the Coffers
+of the cytie and be put into the lottery, and so muche money as shall make
+up evyn lotts with those that are contrybuting of the cytie, so that it
+passed not 10s."
+
+The eventful day arrived after long waiting for commencing the drawing of
+the lottery. The place selected for the purpose was at the west door of
+St. Paul's Cathedral, London. Operations were commenced in 1569, on
+January 11th, and continued day and night until May 6th.
+
+Some years passed before another state lottery took place. It is believed
+that one noticed by Stow in his "Annales," occurring in 1585, was the
+second. "A lotterie," chronicles Stow, "for marvellous, rich, and
+beautiful armour was begunne to be drawne at London in S. Paules
+Churchyard, at the great West gate (a house of timber and board being
+there erected for that purpose) on S. Peter's Day in the morning, which
+lotteries continued in drawing day and night, for the space of two or
+three dayes."
+
+Our first two Stuart kings do not appear to have employed the lottery as a
+means of raising money. James I. granted a lotterie in favour of the
+colony of Virginia. The prizes consisted of pieces of plate. It was drawn
+in a house built for the purpose near the West end of St. Paul's. The
+drawing commenced on the 29th June, and was completed by 20th July, 1612.
+It is said that a poor tailor won the first prize, viz. "foure thousand
+Crownes in fayre plate," and that it was conveyed to his humble home in a
+stately style. The lottery gave general satisfaction, it was plainly and
+honestly conducted, and knights, esquires and leading citizens were
+present to check any attempt at cheating. During the reign of Charles I.,
+in 1630, the earliest lottery for sums of money took place.
+
+The Puritans do not seem to have had any decided aversion to obtaining
+money by means of the lottery. During the Commonwealth it was resorted to
+for getting rid of forfeited Irish estates.
+
+At the restoration the real gaming spirit commenced and caused much misery
+and ruin. The lottery sheet was set up in many public places, and the
+Crown received a large revenue from this source. The financial arrangement
+of a lottery was simple, the state offered a certain sum of money to be
+repaid by a larger. We learn from Chambers's "Book of Days," that "The
+government gave L10 in prizes for every share taken, on an average. A
+great many blanks, or of prizes under L10 left of course, a surplus for
+the creation of a few magnificent prizes wherewith to attract the unwary
+public." It was customary for city firms known as lottery-office-keepers
+to contract for the lottery, and they always paid more than L10 per share,
+usually L16 was paid, which left the government a handsome profit. The
+contractors disposed of the tickets to the public for L20 to L22 each. The
+shares were frequently divided by the contractors into halves, quarters,
+eights, and sixteenths, and this was done at advanced prices. It was out
+of the clients for aliquot parts that the lottery-office-keepers reaped a
+heavy harvest. They were men who understood the art of advertising, and
+used pictures, poetry, and prose in a most effective manner. Our own
+collections of lottery puffs is curious and interesting. Some very good
+examples are reproduced in "A History of English Lotteries," by John
+Ashton, and published by the Leadenhall Press, London, in 1893.
+
+[Illustration: DRAWING A LOTTERY IN THE GUILDHALL, 1751]
+
+It is related that one firm of lottery ticket contractors gave an old
+woman fifty pounds a year to join them as a nominal partner on account of
+her name being Goodluck.
+
+We have stated that at the commencement of lotteries they were drawn near
+St. Paul's, subsequently the City Guildhall was the place, and later
+Cooper's Hall, Basinghall Street, was used for this purpose. Before the
+day appointed for the drawing of a lottery, public preparations had been
+made for it at Somerset House. Each lottery ticket had a counterpart and a
+counterfoil, and when the issue of the tickets was complete, an
+announcement was made, and a day fixed for the counterparts of the tickets
+to be sealed up in a box, and any ticket-holder might attend and see that
+his ticket was included with others in a box, and it was placed in a
+strong box and locked up with seven keys, then sealed with seven seals.
+Two other boxes, locked and sealed as the one with tickets, contained the
+prize tickets and blanks. These were removed with ceremony to the place of
+drawing. Four prancing horses would draw, on their own sledges, the
+wheels of fortune, each of which were about six feet in diameter. By their
+side galloped a detachment of Horse Guards. Arrived at their destination,
+the great wheels were placed at each end of a long table, where the
+managers of the lottery took their seats. With care the tickets were
+emptied into the wheels, and finally they were set in motion. Near each
+wheel stood a boy, usually from the Blue-Coat School. Simultaneously the
+lads put into the wheels their hands, each drawing a paper out. These they
+hold up, and an officer, called the proclaimer, calls out in a loud voice
+the number, say sixty! another responds a prize or blank, as the case may
+be, and the drawing thus proceeds until it is finished, often a long and
+tedious piece of work. If even a blank is first drawn, the owner of the
+ticket received a prize of a thousand pounds, and a similar sum was won by
+the owner of the last ticket drawn. The boys were well rewarded for their
+trouble, and on the whole the lotteries appear to have been fairly
+conducted.
+
+[Illustration: ADVERTISING THE LAST STATE LOTTERY.]
+
+We give a picture of a pageant-like machine, used in London to advertise
+the last state lottery. The artist by whom it was drawn wrote an
+entertaining letter respecting it. "As I was walking up Holborn on the
+9th of October, 1826," he says, "I saw a strange vehicle moving slowly on,
+and when I came up to it, found a machine, perhaps from twenty to thirty
+feet high, of an octagon shape, covered all over with lottery papers of
+various colours. It had a broad brass band round the bottom, and moved on
+a pivot; it had a very imposing effect. The driver and the horse seemed as
+dull as though they were attending a solemn funeral, whilst the different
+shopkeepers came to the doors and laughed; some of the people passing and
+repassing read the bills that were pasted on it, as if they had never read
+one before, others stationed themselves to look at it as long as it was in
+sight. It entered Monmouth Street, that den of filth and rags, where so
+great a number of young urchins gathered together in a few minutes as to
+be astonishing. There being an empty chair behind, one of them seated
+himself in it, and rode backwards; another said, 'let's have a stone
+through it,' and a third cried 'let's sludge it.' This was no sooner
+proposed than they threw stones, oyster shells, and dirt, and burst
+several of the sheets; this attack brought the driver from his seat, and
+he was obliged to walk by the side of his machine up the foul street
+which his show canvassed, halting now and then to threaten the boys who
+still followed and threw. I made a sketch, and left the scene."
+
+Powerful protests were made in parliament against the immorality of the
+lottery. It took a long time to bring those in office to a sense of their
+duty. The immense profits they yielded were extremely useful for state
+purposes. Mr. Parnell hit hard the men in power, and it was he who
+suggested that the following epitaph be inscribed on the tomb of a
+Chancellor of the Exchequer:--
+
+  "Here lies the
+  RIGHT HON. NICHOLAS VANSITTART,
+  once Chancellor of the Exchequer;
+  the parton of Bible Societies,
+  the builder of Churches,
+  a friend to the education of the poor,
+  an encourager of Savings' Banks,
+  and a supporter of Lotteries."
+
+On Wednesday, 18th October, 1826, the last state lottery was drawn in
+England, and it will not be without interest to reproduce from a London
+newspaper a report of the closing proceedings. "Yesterday afternoon," it
+is recorded, "at about half past six o'clock, that old servant of the
+State, the Lottery, breathed its last, having for a long period of years,
+ever since the days of Queen Anne, contributed largely towards the public
+revenue of the country. This event took place at Cooper's Hall, Basinghall
+Street; and, such was the anxiety on the part of the public to witness the
+last drawing of the lottery, that great numbers of persons were attracted
+to the spot, independently of those who had an interest in the
+proceedings. The gallery of the Cooper's Hall was crowded to excess long
+before the period fixed for the drawing (five o'clock), and the utmost
+anxiety was felt by those who had shares in the lottery, for the arrival
+of the appointed hour. The annihilation of lotteries, it will be
+recollected was determined upon in the session of Parliament before last;
+and thus, a source of revenue bringing into the treasury the sums of
+L250,000 and L300,000 per annum, will be dried up.
+
+This determination on the part of the legislature is hailed, by the
+greatest portion of the public, with joy, as it will put an end to a
+system which many believe to have fostered and encouraged the late
+speculations, the effects of which have been and are still severely felt.
+A deficiency in the public revenue, to the extent of L250,000 annually,
+will occur, however, in the consequence of this annihilation of lotteries,
+and it must remain for those who have strenuously supported the putting a
+stop to lotteries, to provide for the deficiency.
+
+Although that which ended yesterday was the last, if we are informed
+correctly, the lottery-office keepers have been left with a great number
+of tickets remaining on their hands--a pretty strong proof that the
+public, in general, have now no relish for these schemes."
+
+The drawing of the lottery commenced shortly after five o'clock, and ended
+at twenty minutes past six, so it did not take long to complete the last
+state lottery in England.
+
+Those most interested in lotteries did not let them die without trying to
+prove their value to the public and the state. Bish, who conducted an
+extensive business in tickets, issued an address as follows:--
+
+"At the present moment, when so many of the comforts of the poorer classes
+are more or less liable to taxation, it may surely be a question whether
+the abolition of lotteries, by which the State was a gainer of nearly
+half a million per annum, be, or be not, a wise measure!
+
+'Tis true that, as they were formerly conducted, the system was fraught
+with some evil. Insurances were allowed upon the fate of numbers through
+protracted drawings; and, as the insurances could be effected for very
+small sums, those who could ill afford loss, imbibed a spirit of gambling,
+which the legislature, very wisely, most effectually prevented, by
+adopting, in the year 1809, the present improved mode of deciding the
+whole lottery in one day.
+
+As the present conducted, the lottery is a voluntary tax, contributed to
+only by those who can afford it, and collected without trouble or expense;
+one by which many branches of the revenue are considerably aided, and by
+means of which hundreds of persons find employment. The wisdom of those,
+who at this time resign the income produced by it, adds to the number of
+the unemployed, may, as I have observed in a former address, surely be
+questioned.
+
+Mr. Pitt, whose ability on matters of financial arrangements few will
+question, and whose morality was proverbial, would not, I am bold to say,
+have yielded to the outcry against a tax, the continuing of which would
+have enabled him to let the labourer drink his humble beverage at a
+reduced price, or the industrious artisan to pursue his occupation by a
+cheaper light. But we live in other times--in the age of improvement! To
+stake patrimonal estates at hazard or _ecarte_, in the purlieus of St.
+James's, is merely amusement, but to purchase a ticket in the lottery, by
+which a man may gain an estate at a trifling risk, is--immoral! Nay,
+within a few hours of the time I write, were not many of our nobility and
+senators, some of whom, I dare say, voted against lotteries, assembled,
+betting thousands upon a horse race?
+
+In saying so much, it may be thought that I am somewhat presumptuous, or
+that I take a partial view of the case. It is, however, my honest opinion,
+abstracted from personal considerations, that the measure of abolishing
+lotteries is an unwise one, and, as such, I give it to that public, of
+which I have been, for many years, the highly favoured servant, and for
+whose patronage, though lotteries cease, my gratitude will ever continue."
+
+We will close our studies on this subject with a copy of an epitaph
+written in remembrance of these old-time institutions. It is as
+follows:--
+
+  In Memory of
+  THE STATE LOTTERY,
+  the last of a long line
+  whose origin in England commenced
+  in the year 1569,
+  which, after a series of tedious complaints,
+  _Expired_
+  on the
+  18th day of October, 1826.
+  During a period of 257 years, the family
+  flourished under the powerful protection
+  of the
+  British Parliament;
+  the Minister of the day continuing to
+  give them his support for the improvement
+  of the revenue.
+  As they increased, it was found that their
+  continuance corrupted the morals
+  and encouraged a spirit
+  of Speculation and Gambling among the lower
+  classes of the people;
+  thousands of whom fell victims to their
+  insinuating and tempting allurements.
+  Many philanthropic individuals
+  in the Senate,
+  at various times for a series of years,
+  pointed out their baneful influence
+  without effect,
+  His Majesty's Ministers
+  still affording them their countenance
+  and protection.
+  The British Parliament
+  being, at length, convinced of their
+  mischievous tendency,
+  His Majesty, GEORGE IV.,
+  on the 9th July, 1823,
+  pronounced sentence of condemnation
+  on the whole of the race;
+  from which time they were almost
+  NEGLECTED BY THE BRITISH PUBLIC.
+  Very great efforts were made by the
+  Partizans and friends of the family to
+  excite
+  the public feeling in favour of the last
+  of the race, in vain:
+  It continued to linger out the few
+  remaining
+  moments of its existence without attention
+  or sympathy, and finally terminated
+  its career, unregretted by any
+  virtuous mind.
+
+
+
+
+Bear-Baiting.
+
+
+Few sports in England have been more popular than bear-baiting. Other
+forms of amusement waned before its attractions. The Sovereign, in the
+days of old, had as a member of his Court a Bearward, as well as a
+Chancellor. In and about London the sport was largely patronised, but it
+was by no means confined to the Metropolis; in all parts of the country
+bear-baitings were held. Fitzstephen, a monk of Canterbury, who lived in
+the reign of Henry II., in his description of London, relates that in the
+forenoon of every holy day during the winter season, the youthful
+Londoners were amused with the baiting of bears and other animals. He says
+the bears were full grown.
+
+Edward III., in his proclamation, includes bear-baiting amongst
+"dishonest, trivial, and useless games." The proclamation does not appear
+to have had any lasting effect on the public as regards bear-baiting. The
+diversion increased in popularity.
+
+Southwark was a popular place for baiting animals, and Sunday the usual
+day for the amusement. Stow has several notes bearing on this theme. In
+respect to charges to witness the sport, he tells us "those who go to the
+Paris Garden, the Belle Sauvage, the Theatre, to behold bear-baiting,
+interludes, or fence-play, must not account (_i.e._, reckon on) any
+pleasant spectacle unless they first pay one penny at the gate, another at
+the entrie of the scaffold, and a third for quiet standing." We learn from
+Stow that at Southwark were two bear-gardens, the old and the new; places
+wherein were kept bears, bulls, and other beasts to be baited; as also
+mastiffs in their several kennels were there nourished to bait them. These
+bears and other beasts were baited in plots of ground scaffolded round for
+the beholders to stand safe. Stow condemns the foulness of these rude
+sights, and says the money idly thrown away upon them might have been
+given to the poor.
+
+In the reign of Henry VIII., Erasmus visited England, and he relates that
+many herds of bears were maintained at the Court for the purpose of being
+baited. We are further told by him that the rich nobles had their
+bearwards, and the Royal establishment its Master of the King's Bears.
+
+[Illustration: BEAR GARDEN, OR HOPE THEATRE. 1647.]
+
+Men were not wanting to raise their voices against this brutal sport even
+at the time kings favoured it. Towards the close of the reign of Henry
+VIII., Crowley wrote some lines, which we have modernised, as follows:--
+
+  "What folly is this to keep with danger
+  A great mastiff dog, and foul, ugly bear,
+  And to this intent to see these two fight
+  With terrible tearing, a full ugly sight.
+  And methinks these men are most fools of all
+  Whose store of money is but very small,
+  And yet every Sunday they will surely spend
+  A penny or two, the bear-ward's living to mend.
+  At Paris Garden, each Sunday, a man shall not fail
+  To find two or three hundred for the bear-ward's vale;
+  One halfpenny a piece they use for to give
+  When some have not more in their purses, I believe.
+  Well, at the last day their conscience will declare
+  That the poor ought to have all that they may spare,
+  If you therefore go to witness a bear fight
+  Be sure that God His curse will upon you alight."
+
+We may recognise the zeal of the writer, but we cannot commend the merits
+of his poetry.
+
+When Princess Elizabeth was confined at Hatfield House, she was visited by
+her sister, Queen Mary. On the morning after her arrival, after mass was
+over, a grand entertainment of bear-baiting took place, much to their
+enjoyment.
+
+Elizabeth, as a princess, took a delight in this sport, and when she
+occupied the throne she gave it her support. When the theatre, in the
+palmy days of Shakespeare and Burbage, was attracting a larger share of
+public patronage than the bear garden, she waxed indignant, and in 1591 an
+order was issued from the Privy Council, forbidding "plays to be performed
+on Thursdays because bear-baiting and such pastimes had usually been
+practised." The Lord Mayor followed the order with an injunction in which
+it was stated "that in divers places the players are not to recite
+their plays to the great hurt and destruction of the game of bear-baiting
+and suchlike pastimes, which are maintained for Her Majesty's pleasure."
+
+[Illustration: THE GLOBE THEATRE. TEMP. ELIZABETH.]
+
+During the famous visit in 1575, of Queen Elizabeth to the Earl of
+Leicester, at Kenilworth Castle, baiting thirteen bears by ban dogs (a
+small kind of mastiff), was one of the entertainments provided for the
+royal guest.
+
+History furnishes several instances of the Queen having animals baited for
+the diversion of Ambassadors. On May 25, 1559, the French Ambassadors
+dined with the Queen, and after dinner bulls and bears were baited by
+English dogs. She and her guests stood looking at the pastime until six
+o'clock. Next day the visitors went by water to the Paris Garden, where
+similar sports were held. In 1586, the Danish Ambassadors were received at
+Greenwich by Her Majesty, and bull and bear baiting were part of the
+amusements provided. Towards the close of her reign, the Queen entertained
+another set of Ambassadors with a bear-bait at the Cockpit near St.
+James's. Baiting animals appears to have been the chief form of amusement
+provided by the Queen for foreign visitors.
+
+Edmund Alleyn, founder of Dulwich College, was for a long time part owner
+of the bear gardens at Southwark. Mr. Edward Walford thinks that he was
+obliged to become a proprietor to make good his position as a player, and
+to carry out his theatrical designs. He had to purchase the patent office
+of "Beare ward," or "Master of the King's Beares." Alleyn is reputed to
+have had a well stocked garden. On one occasion, when Queen Elizabeth
+wanted a grand display of bear-baiting, Sir John Dorrington, the chief
+master of Her Majesty's "Games of Bulls and Bears," applied and obtained
+animals from Alleyn.
+
+The following advertisement written in a large hand was found amongst the
+Alleyn papers, and is supposed to be the original placard exhibited at the
+entrance of the bear-garden. It is believed to date back to the days of
+James I.:--
+
+    "Tomorrowe being Thursdaie shalbe seen at the Bear-gardin on the
+    banckside a greate mach plaid by the gamsters of Essex, who hath
+    chalenged all comers whatsoever to plaie v dogs at the single beare
+    for v pounds, and also to wearie a bull dead at the stake; and for
+    your better content shall have plasent sport with the horse and ape
+    and whiping of the blind beare. Vivat Rex!"
+
+The public had to be protected from the dogs employed in this sport.
+From the "Archives of Winchester," published 1856, a work compiled from
+the city records, we find it stated.--"By an Ordinance of the 4th of
+August, in the twenty-eighth year of the reign of Elizabeth, bull-dogs
+were prohibited roving throughout the city unmuzzled. Itm.--That noe
+person within this citie shall suffer or permit any of theire Mastife
+Doggs to goe unmusselled, uppon paine of everie defalte herein of 3s. 4d.
+to be levied by distresse, to the use of the Poore people of the citie."
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF BANKSIDE EARLY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.]
+
+James I. was a lover of hunting and other sports, and gave his patronage
+to bear-baiting. We learn from Nichols' "Progresses and Processions," that
+the King commanded that a bear which had killed a child which had
+negligently been left in the bear-house of the Tower, be baited to death
+upon a stage. The order was carried out in presence of a large gathering
+of spectators.
+
+In a letter written on July 12th, 1623, by Mr. Chamberlain to Sir Dudley
+Carleton, the following passage occurs:--"The Spanish Ambassador is much
+delighted in bear-baiting. He was last week at Paris Garden, where they
+showed him all the pleasure they could both with bull, bear, and horse,
+besides jackanapes, and then turned a white bear into the Thames, where
+the dogs baited him swimming, which was the best sport of all."
+
+Mr. William Kelly, in his work entitled "Notices Illustrative of the Drama
+and other Popular Amusements, Chiefly in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
+Centuries," has some very curious information relating to bear-baiting.
+The Leicester town accounts contain entries of many payments given to the
+bear-wards of Edward VI., Queen Elizabeth, and members of the nobility.
+Leicester had its bear-garden, but we learn from Mr. Kelly that the local
+authorities were not content to see the sport there, "as it was introduced
+at the Mayor's feast, at the Town Hall, which was attended by many of the
+nobility and gentry of the neighbourhood." We may suppose that, taking the
+place usually occupied by the "interlude," the bear was baited in the Hall
+in the interval between the feast and the "banquet" or dessert, and the
+company, like the Spanish Ambassador, no doubt witnessed the exhibition
+"with great delight." Much might be said relating to Leicester, but we
+must be content with drawing upon Mr. Kelly for one more item. "In the
+summer of 1589 (probably at the invitation of the Mayor), the High
+Sheriff, Mr. Skeffington, and 'divers other gentlemen with him,' were
+present at 'a great beare-beating' in the town, and were entertained, at
+the public expense, with wine and sugar, and a present of 'ten shillings
+in gold' was also made."
+
+A couplet concerning Congleton Church Bible being sold to purchase a bear
+to bait at the annual feast, has made the town known in all parts of the
+country. The popular rhyme says:--
+
+  "Congleton rare, Congleton rare,
+  Sold the Bible to pay for a bear."
+
+The scandal has been related in prose and poetry by many pens. Natives of
+the ancient borough are known as "Congleton Bears"--by no means a pleasant
+epithet. The inhabitants make the best of the story, and tell how just
+before the wakes their only bear died, and it was feared that they would
+be unable to obtain another to enjoy their popular sport. The bear-ward
+was most diligent in collecting money to buy another animal, but after all
+his exertions he failed to obtain the required amount. He at last made
+application to the local authorities, and as they had a small sum in the
+"towne's boxe" put aside for the purchase of a Bible for the chapel, it
+was lent, and it is presumed that the sum of 16s. was duly returned, and
+the scriptures were obtained.
+
+Egerton Leigh, in his "Cheshire Ballads," has an amusing poem bearing on
+this subject, and he concludes it as follows:--
+
+  "The townsmen, 'tis true, would explain it away,
+  In those days when Bibles were so dear they say,
+  That they th' old Bible swopped at the wakes for a bear,
+  Having first bought a new book.
+  Thus shrink they the sneer,
+  And taunts 'gainst their town thus endeavour to clear."
+
+The town accounts show how popular must have been the sport at Congleton.
+The following are a few items:--
+
+  1589. Imprimis to Mr. Trafforde, his man, the bearewarde          0  4 4
+
+        That was given Sir John Hollecrofts bearewarde              0  2 0
+
+  1591. Payd yt was given Shelmerdyne ye bearewarde at wakes        0  2 0
+
+  1597. Payd that was given to Mr. Haughton, of Haughton,
+        towards his man that had beares here                        0  5 0
+
+  1610. Kelsall bearward                                            0  5 0
+
+        To the players and bearewarde at the wakes                  0 15 0
+
+  1611. Bullward and bearward at wakes                              0 15 0
+
+  1612. William Hardern to fetch Shelmadene again with his
+        bears at Whitsuntide                                        0  1 3
+
+        He refused to come, and Bramt, the bearward, came
+        and was paid                                                0  6 8
+
+        Fetching the bears at the wakes                             0  3 6
+
+        Fetching two more bears 1s., bearward 15s.                  0 16 0
+
+  1613. Item payd to Willm. Statborne for fetching the
+        bearewarde (from Knutsford) at the wakes                    0  1 0
+
+  1621. Given Raufe Shelmerdyne for sport made by him with
+        his beares at Congleton Wakes                               0 10 0
+
+        Item paide to Brocke, the bearewarde, at Whitsuntide        0  5 8
+
+Such are a few examples of the many entries which appear in the Congleton
+town accounts relating to bear-baiting.
+
+Congleton is not the only place reproached for selling the church Bible
+for enabling the inhabitants to enjoy the pastime of bear-baiting. Two
+miles distant from Rugby is the village of Clifton, and, says a couplet,
+
+  "Clifton-upon-Dunsmore, in Warwickshire,
+  Sold the church Bible to buy a bear."
+
+Another version of the old rhyme is as follows:--
+
+  "The People of Clifton-super-Dunsmore
+  Sold ye Church Byble to buy a bayre."
+
+There is a tradition that in the days of old the Bible was removed from
+the Parish Church of Ecclesfield and pawned by the churchwardens to
+provide the means of a bear-baiting. Some accounts state this occurred at
+Bradfield, and not at Ecclesfield. The "bull-and-bear stake" at the latter
+Yorkshire village was near the churchyard.
+
+Under the Commonwealth this pastime was not permitted, but when the
+Stuarts were once more on the throne bear-baiting and other sports became
+popular.
+
+Hockley-in-the-Hole, near Clerkenwell, in the days of Addison, was a
+favourite place for the amusement. There is a reference to the subject in
+the _Spectator_ of August 11th, 1731, wherein it is suggested that those
+who go to the theatres for a laugh should "seek their diversion at the
+bear garden, where reason and good manners have no right to disturb them."
+
+Gay, in his "Trivia," devotes some lines to this subject. He says:--
+
+  "Experienced men inured to city ways
+  Need not the calendar to count their days,
+  When through the town, with slow and solemn air,
+  Led by the nostril walks the muzzled bear;
+  Behind him moves, majestically dull,
+  The pride of Hockley Hole, the surly bull,
+  Learn hence the periods of the week to name--
+  Mondays and Thursdays are the days of game."
+
+Towards the close of the last century the pastime, once the pleasure of
+king's and queens and the highest nobles in the land, was mainly upheld by
+the working classes. A bill, in 1802, was introduced into the House of
+Commons to abolish baiting animals. The measure received the support of
+Courtenay, Sheridan, and Wilberforce, men of power in Parliament, but Mr.
+Windham, who led the opposition, won the day. He pronounced it "as the
+first result of a conspiracy of the Jacobins and Methodists to render the
+people grave and serious, preparatory to obtaining their assistance in the
+furtherance of other anti-national schemes." The bill was lost by thirteen
+votes. In 1835, baiting animals was finally stopped by Act of Parliament.
+
+
+
+
+Morris-Dancers.
+
+
+Says Dr. Johnson: "the Morris-Dance, in which bells are jingled, or staves
+or swords clashed, was learned by the Moors, and was probably a kind of
+Pyrrhic, or military dance. "Morisco," says Blount (Span.), a Moor; also a
+dance, so called, wherein there were usually five men, and a boy dressed
+in a girl's habit, whom they called the Maid Marrion, or perhaps Morian,
+from the Italian Morione, a head-piece, because her head was wont to be
+gaily trimmed up. Common people called it a Morris-Dance." Such are the
+statements made at the commencement of a chapter on this subject in
+"Brand's Popular Antiquities."
+
+It is generally agreed that the Morris-Dance was introduced into this
+country in the sixteenth century. In the earlier English allusions it is
+called _Morisco_, a Moor, and this indicates its origin from Spain. It was
+popular in France before it was appreciated amongst our countrymen; some
+antiquaries assert that it came to England from our Gallic neighbours, or
+even from the Flemings, while others state that when John of Gaunt
+returned from Spain he was the means of making it known here, but we think
+there is little truth in the statement.
+
+Our countrymen soon united the Morris-Dance with the favourite pageant
+dance of Robin-hood. We discover many traces of the two dances in sacred
+as well as profane places. In old churchwarden's accounts we sometimes
+find items bearing on this theme. The following entries are drawn from the
+"Churchwardens' and Chamberlains' Books of Kingston-upon-Thames:"--
+
+  "1508.   For paynting of the _Mores_ garments for
+           sarten gret leveres                               0  2  4
+
+    "      For plyts and 1/4 of laun for the _Mores_
+           garments                                          0  2 11
+
+    "      For Orseden for the same                          0  0 10
+
+    "      For bellys for the daunsars                       0  0 12
+
+  1509-10. For silver paper for the _Mores_-dawnsars         0  0  7
+
+  1519-20. Shoes for the _Mores_-daunsars, the frere,
+           and Mayde Maryan, at 7d. a peyre                  0  5  4
+
+  1521-22. Eight yerds of fustyan for the
+           _Mores_-daunsars' coats                           0 16  0
+
+    "      A dosyn of gold skynnes for the Morres            0  0 10
+
+  1536-37. Five hats and 4 porses for the daunsars           0  0  4-1/2."
+
+It is stated that in 1536-37, amongst other clothes belonging to the play
+of Robin Hood, left in the keeping of the churchwardens, were "a fryer's
+coat of russet, with a kyrtle of worsted welted with red cloth, a mowren's
+cote of buckram, and 4 Morres daunsars cote of white fustain spangelyed,
+and two gryne saten cotes, and a dysardd's cote of cotton, and 6 payre of
+garters with bells."
+
+Some curious payments appear in the churchwardens' accounts of St. Mary's
+parish, Reading, and are quoted by Coates, the historian of the town.
+Under the year 1557, items as follow appear:--
+
+  "Item, payed to the Morrys-Daunsars and the
+    Mynstrelles, mete and drink at Whitsontide           0  3  4
+
+  Payed to them the Sonday after May Day                 0  0 20
+
+  Pd. to the Painter for painting of their cotes         0  2  8
+
+  Pd. to the Painter for 2 doz. of Lyvereys              0  0 20."
+
+The following is a curious note drawn from the original accounts of St.
+Giles', Cripplegate, London:--
+
+    "1571. Item, paide in charges by the appointment of the parisshoners,
+    for the settinge forth of a gyaunt morris-dainsers, with vj calyvers
+    and iij boies on horseback, to go in the watche befoore the Lade
+    Maiore uppon Midsomer even, as may appeare by particulars for the
+    furnishinge of same, vj. li. ixs. ixd."
+
+[Illustration: MORRIS DANCE, FROM A PAINTED WINDOW AT BETLEY.]
+
+We learn from the churchwardens' accounts of Great Marlow that dresses for
+the Morris-dance were lent out to the neighbouring parishes down to 1629.
+Some interesting pictures illustrating the usages of bygone ages include
+the Morris-dance, and gives us a good idea of the costumes of those taking
+part in it. A painted window at Betley, Staffordshire, has frequently
+formed the subject of an illustration, and we give one of it.
+
+Here is shown in a spirited style a set of Morris-dancers. It is described
+in Steven's "Shakespeare" (_Henry IV._, Part I.) There are eleven pictures
+and a Maypole. The characters are as follow:--1, Robin Hood; 2, Maid
+Marion; 3, Friar Tuck; 4, 6, 7, 10, and 11, Morris-dancers; 5, the
+hobby-horse; 8, the Maypole; 9, the piper; and 12, the fool. Figures 10
+and 11 have long streamers to the sleeves, and all the dancers have bells,
+either at the ankles, wrists, or knees. Tollett, the owner of the window,
+believed it dated back to the time of Henry VIII., _c._ 1535. Douce thinks
+it belongs to the reign of Edward IV., and other authorities share his
+opinion. It is thought that the figures of the English friar, Maypole, and
+hobby-horse have been added at a later period.
+
+Towards the close of the reign of James I., Vickenboom painted a picture,
+Richmond Palace, and in it a company of Morris-dancers form an attractive
+feature. The original painting includes seven figures, consisting of a
+fool, hobby-horse, piper, Maid Marion, and three dancers. We give an
+illustration of the first four characters and one of the dancers, from a
+drawing by Douce, produced from a tracing made by Grose. The bells on the
+dancer and the fool are clearly shown.
+
+We also present a picture of a Whitsun Morris-dance. In the olden time, at
+Whitsuntide, this diversion was extremely popular.
+
+Many allusions to the Morris-dancers occur in the writings of Elizabethan
+authors. Shakespeare, for example, in Henry V., refers to it thus:--
+
+  "And let us doit with no show of fear;
+  No! with no more than if we heard that England
+  Were busied with a Whitsun Morris-dance."
+
+In _All's Well that Ends Well_, he speaks of the fitness of a
+"Morris-dance for May-day." We might cull many quotations from the poets,
+but we will only make one more and it is from Herrick's "Hesperides,"
+describing the blessings of the country:--
+
+  "Thy _Wakes_, thy Quintals, here thou hast
+  Thy maypoles, too, with garlands grac'd
+  Thy _Morris-dance_, thy Whitsun-ale;
+  Thy shearing flat, which never fail."
+
+In later times the Morris-dance was frequently introduced on the stage.
+
+[Illustration: MORRIS DANCERS, TEMP. JAMES I. (_From a Painting by
+Vickenboom._)]
+
+As might be expected, the Puritans strongly condemned this form of
+pleasure. Richard Baxter, in his "Divine Appointment of the Lord's Day,"
+gives us a vivid picture of Sunday in a pleasure-loving time. "I have
+lived in my youth," says Baxter, "in many places where sometimes shows of
+uncouth spectacles have been their sports at certain seasons of the year,
+and sometimes _morrice-dancings_, and sometimes stage plays and sometimes
+wakes and revels.... And when the people by the book [of Sports] were
+allowed to play and dance out of public service-time, they could hardly
+break off their sports that many a time the reader was fain to stay till
+the piper and players would give over; and sometimes the _morrice-dancers_
+would come into the church in all their linen, and scarfs, and antic
+dresses, with morrice-bells jingling at their legs. And as soon as common
+prayer was read did haste out presently to their play again." Stubbes,
+in his "Anatomie of Abuses" (1585), writes in a similar strain.
+
+[Illustration: A WHITSUN MORRIS DANCE.]
+
+The pleasure-loving Stuarts encouraged Sunday sports, and James I., in his
+Declaration of May 24th 1618, directed that the people should not be
+debarred from having May-games, Whitsun-ales, and Morris-dances, and the
+setting up of May poles.
+
+During the Commonwealth, dancing round the Maypole and many other popular
+amusements were stopped, but no sooner had Charles II. come to the throne
+of the country than the old sports were revived. For a fuller account of
+this subject the reader would do well to consult Brand's "Popular
+Antiquities," and the late Alfred Burton's book on "Rush-Bearing," from
+both works we have derived information for this chapter.
+
+
+
+
+The Folk-Lore of Midsummer Eve.
+
+
+The old superstitions and customs of Midsummer Eve form a curious chapter
+in English folk-lore. Formerly this was a period when the imagination ran
+riot. On Midsummer Day the Church holds its festival in commemoration of
+the birth of St. John the Baptist, and some of the old customs relate to
+this saint.
+
+On the eve of Midsummer Day it was a common practice to light bonfires.
+This custom, which is a remnant of the old Pagan fire-worship, prevailed
+in various parts of the country, but perhaps lingered the longest in
+Cornwall. We gather from Borlase's "Antiquities of Cornwall," published in
+1754, that at the Midsummer bonfires, the Cornish people attended with
+lighted torches, tarred and pitched at the end, and made their
+perambulations round the fires, afterwards going from village to village
+carrying their torches before them. He regarded the usage as a survival of
+Druidical superstitions. In the same county it was a practice on St.
+Stephen's Down, near Launceston, to erect a tall pole with a bush fixed
+at the top of it, and round the pole to heap fuel. After the fire was lit,
+parties of wrestlers contested for prizes specially provided for the
+festival. According to an old tradition, an evil spirit once appeared in
+the form of a black dog, and since that time the wrestlers have never been
+able to meet on Midsummer Eve without being seriously injured in the
+sport.
+
+About Penzance, not only did the fisher-folk and their friends dance about
+the blazing fire, but sang songs composed for the joyous time. We give a
+couple of verses from one of these songs:--
+
+  "As I walked out to yonder green
+    One evening so fair,
+  All where the fair maids may be seen,
+    Playing at the bonfire.
+
+  Where larks and linnets sing so sweet,
+    To cheer each lively swain,
+  Let each prove true unto her lover,
+    And so farewell the plain."
+
+Mr. William Bottrell, one of the most painstaking writers on Cornish
+folk-lore, in an article written in 1873, asserts that not a few old
+people living in remote and primitive districts, "believe that dancing in
+a ring over the embers, around a bonfire, or leaping (singly) through its
+flames, is calculated to insure good luck to the performers, and serve as
+a protection from witchcraft and other malign influences during the
+ensuing year." Mr. Bottrell laments the decay of these pleasing old
+Midsummer observances. He tells us that within "the memory of many who
+would not like to be called old, or even aged, on a Midsummer's eve, long
+before sunset, groups of girls--both gentle and simple--of from ten to
+twenty years of age, neatly dressed and decked with garlands, wreaths, or
+chaplets of flowers, would be seen dancing in the streets."
+
+Some of the ancient Midsummer rites are still observed in Ireland. We have
+from an eyewitness some interesting items on the subject. People assemble
+and dance round fires, the children jump through the flames, and in former
+times coals were carried into corn fields to prevent blight. The peasants
+are not, of course, aware that the ceremony is a remnant of the worship of
+Baal. It is the opinion of not a few that the famous round towers of
+Ireland were intended for signal fires in connection with this worship.
+
+In the pleasant pages of T. Crofton Croker's "Researches in the South of
+Ireland," are particulars of a custom, observed on the eve of St. John's
+Day, of dressing up a broomstick as a figure, and carrying it about in the
+twilight from one cabin to the other, and suddenly pushing it in at the
+door, a proceeding which causes both surprise and merriment. The figure is
+known as Bredogue.
+
+The superstitious inhabitants of the Isle of Man formerly, on Midsummer
+Eve, lighted fires to the windward side of fields, so that the smoke might
+pass over the corn. The cattle were folded, and around the animals was
+carried blazing grass or furze, as a preventative against the influence of
+witches. Many other strange practices and beliefs prevailed.
+
+In Wales, in the earlier years of the present century, it was customary to
+fix sprigs of the plant called St. John's wort over the doors of the
+cottages, and sometimes over the windows, in order to purify the houses
+and drive away all fiends and evil spirits. It was the common custom in
+England in the olden time for people to repair to the woods, break
+branches from the trees, and carry them to their homes with much delight,
+and place them over their doors. The ceremony, it is said, was to make
+good the Scripture prophecy respecting the Baptist, that many should
+rejoice at his birth.
+
+Midsummer Eve has ever been famous as a time suitable for love
+divinations, and surely a few notes on love-lore cannot fail to find
+favour with our fair readers. In a popular story issued at the
+commencement of this century, from the polished pen of Hannah More, the
+heroine of the tale says that she would never go to bed on this night
+without first sticking up in her room the common plant called "Orpine,"
+or, more generally, "Midsummer Men," as the bending of the leaves to the
+right or the left indicate to her if her lover was true or false. The
+following charming lines refer to the ceremony, and are translated from
+the German poet, and given in Chambers's "Book of Days," so we may infer
+that the same superstition prevails in that country:--
+
+  "The young maid stole through the cottage door,
+  And blushed as she sought the plant of power:
+  'Thou silver glow-worm, oh, lend me thy light,
+  I must gather the mystic St. John's wort to-night--
+  The wonderful herb, whose leaf will decide
+  If the coming year shall make me a bride.'
+            And the glow-worm came
+            With its silvery flame,
+            And sparkled and shone
+            Through the night of St. John.
+
+      "And soon as the young maid her love-knot tied,
+                With noiseless tread,
+                To her chamber she sped,
+      Where the sceptral moon her white beams shed:
+      'Bloom here, bloom here, thou plant of power,
+      To deck the young bride in her bridal hour!'
+      But it droop'd its head, that plant of power,
+      And died the mute death of the voiceless flower;
+      And a wither'd wreath on the ground it lay,
+      More meet for a burial than a bridal day.
+      And when a year was passed away,
+          All pale on her bier the young maid lay;
+          And the glow-worm came
+          With its silvery flame,
+          And sparkled and shone
+          Through the night of St. John,
+  And they closed the cold grave o'er the maid's cold clay."
+
+We gather from Thorpe's "Northern Mythology," that in Sweden it was the
+practice to place under the head of a youth or maiden nine kinds of
+flowers, with a full belief that they would dream of their sweethearts.
+
+In England, in past times, the moss-rose was plucked with considerable
+ceremony on this eve for love divinations. Says the writer of a poem
+entitled "The Cottage Girl":--
+
+  "The moss-rose that, at fall of dew,
+  Ere eve its duskier curtain drew,
+  Was freshly gathered from its stem,
+  She values as the ruby gem;
+  And, guarded from the piercing air,
+  With all an anxious lover's care,
+  She bids it, for her shepherd's sake,
+  Await the New Year's frolic wake:
+  When faded in its altered hue,
+  She reads--the rustic is untrue!
+  But if its leaves the crimson paint,
+  Her sick'ning hopes no longer faint;
+  The rose upon her bosom worn,
+  She meets him at the peep of morn,
+  And lo! her lips with kisses prest,
+  He plucks it from her panting breast."
+
+"On the continent," says Dyer, in his "Folk-Lore of Plants," "the rose is
+still thought to possess mystic virtues in love matters, as in Thuringia,
+where the girls foretell their future by means of rose leaves." It appears
+from a contributor to Chambers's "Book of Days," that there was brought
+some time ago under the notice of the Society of Antiquarians a curious
+little ring, which had been found in a ploughed field near Cawood,
+Yorkshire. It was inferred from its style and inscription to belong to the
+fifteenth century. The device consisted of two orpine plants joined by a
+true-love knot, with this motto above: _Ma fiancee velt_, _i.e._, "My
+sweetheart is willing or desirous." We are told that the stalks of the
+plants were bent to each other, in token that the parties represented by
+them were to come together in marriage. The motto under the ring was _Joye
+l'amour feu_. It is supposed that it was originally made for some lover to
+give to his mistress on Midsummer Eve, as the orpine plant is connected
+with that time. The dumb cake is another item of Midsummer folk-lore:--
+
+  "Two make it,
+  Two bake it,
+  Two break it;"
+
+a third put it under their pillows, and this was all done without a word
+being spoken. If this was faithfully carried out it was believed that the
+diviners would dream of the men they loved.
+
+Sowing hempseed on this eve was once a general custom. We have noted
+particulars of the ceremony as carried out at Ashbourne, Derbyshire. At
+this village, when a young maiden wished to discover who would be her
+future husband, she repaired to the churchyard, and as the clock struck
+the witching hour of midnight, she commenced running round the church,
+continually repeating the following lines:--
+
+  "I sow hempseed, hempseed I sow;
+    He that loves me best
+  Come after me and mow."
+
+After going round the church a dozen times without stopping, her lover was
+said to appear and follow her. The closing scene of this spell is well
+described in a poem by W. T. Moncrieff:--
+
+  "Ah! a step. Some one follows. Oh, dare I look back?
+  Should the omen be adverse, how would my heart writhe.
+  Love, brace up my sinews! Who treads on my track?
+  'Tis he, 'tis the loved one; he comes with the scythe,
+  He mows what I've sown; bound, my heart, and be blithe.
+  On Midsummer Eve the glad omen is won,
+  Then hail to thy mystical virgil, St. John."
+
+From the charms of love let us briefly turn to a superstition relating to
+death. At one time it was believed, and in some country districts the
+superstition may yet linger, that anyone fasting during the evening, and
+then sitting at midnight in the church porch, would see the spirits of
+those destined to die that year come and knock at the church door. The
+ghosts were supposed to come in the same succession as the persons were
+doomed to pass away.
+
+A pleasing old custom long survived in Craven, Yorkshire, and other parts
+of the North of England, of new settlers in the town or village, on the
+first Midsummer Eve after their arrival, to set out before their doors a
+plentiful repast of cold beef, bread, cheese, and ale. We are told that
+neighbours who wished to cultivate their acquaintance sat down and partook
+of their hospitality, and thus "eat and drunk themselves into intimacy."
+Hone's "Every Day Book" has a note of this custom being observed at Ripon.
+"It was a popular superstition," wrote Grose, "that if any unmarried woman
+fasted on Midsummer Eve, and at midnight laid a clean cloth with bread,
+cheese, and ale, and then sat down as if going to eat, the street door
+being left open, the person whom she was afterwards to marry would come
+into the room and drink to her, bowing; and after filling a glass would
+leave the table, and, making another bow, retire."
+
+
+
+
+Harvest Home.
+
+
+Among the old-world customs connected with the times and seasons, that of
+celebrating the ingathering of the harvest with a rustic festival has
+survived many which have either passed away, and almost out of memory, or
+have come to have only a partial and precarious hold upon the minds of the
+present generation. The rush-cart maintains a feeble struggle for
+existence in a few northern localities, but each year shows diminished
+vigour; the May-day festival of the chimney-sweepers has become obsolete,
+and the dance round the May-pole an open-air ballet; and many old
+observances connected with the Christmas season which were formerly common
+to all England are now kept up only in these northern counties, where the
+flavour of antiquity seems to be much more highly appreciated than in the
+south. But the harvest home festival holds its ground with equal
+persistency in both portions of the kingdom, and has of late years been
+invested with additional glories, sometimes with a superabundance of them
+which threatens a reaction. There were some features of the older
+celebrations of the ingathering of the fruits of the earth, however,
+which, from various causes, have fallen into disuse, and which many of us
+would gladly, if it were possible, see restored.
+
+We could welcome, for instance, the songs into which the joyous feelings
+of the harvesters broke forth in the old times as the last load of grain
+was carried off the field, and when the lads and lasses, with the older
+rustics, had partaken of a good supper in the farmer's kitchen, and
+afterwards danced to the music of the fiddle or pipes in the barn. There
+are many references to the feasting and singing and dancing customs of
+this season in the poetry of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
+Tusser tells us that:--
+
+  "In harvest time, harvest folk, servants and all,
+  Should make all together, good cheer in the hall,
+  And fill the black bowl, so blithe to their song,
+  And let them be merry, all harvest time long."
+
+Peele, in his "Old Wives' Tales," makes his harvesters sing:--
+
+  "Lo, here we come a-reaping, a-reaping,
+    To reap our harvest fruit;
+  And thus we pass the year so long,
+    And never be we mute."
+
+Stevenson, in his "Twelve Months," says, "In August the furmety pot
+welcomes home the harvest cart, and the garland of flowers crowns the
+captain of the reapers. The battle of the field is now stoutly fought. The
+pipe and the tabor are now busily set a-work, and the lad and the lass
+will have no lead in their heels. Oh, 'tis a merry time, wherein honest
+neighbours make good cheer, and God is glorified in his blessings on the
+earth." Tusser's verse reminds us of another feature of these old
+celebrations of which little trace remains at the present day, that is,
+the temporary suspension of all social inequality between employer and
+employed. There would be less reason to regret this change, however, if,
+in place of the temporary obliviousness of class distinctions, we could
+see more genial intercourse all through the year.
+
+The clergy seem to have been less in evidence at the harvest rejoicings of
+those days than at present. There was a tithe question even two centuries
+ago, for Dryden, in his _King Arthur_, makes his festive rustics sing:--
+
+  "We've cheated the parson, we'll cheat him again,
+  For why should the blockhead have one in ten?
+          One in ten! one in ten!
+  For staying while dinner is cold and hot,
+  And pudding and dumpling are burnt to the pot!
+          Burnt to pot! burnt to pot!
+  We'll drink off our liquor while we can stand.
+  And hey for the honour of England!
+          Old England! Old England!"
+
+There is some comfort for the loss of the singing and dancing customs of
+the old times in that the fact the heavy drinking of the period has also
+become a thing of the past, and perhaps also in the reflections arising
+from the misuse of music of which some curious illustrations have been
+preserved by Mr. Surtees. The historian mentions, in his "History of
+Durham," having read a report of the trial of one Spearman, for having
+made a forcible entry into a field at Birtley, and mowed and carried away
+the crop, a piper playing on the top of the loaded waggon for the purpose
+of making the predatory harvesters work the faster, so as to get away
+before their roguish industry could be interrupted. It may be noted in
+passing that a similar use of music is shown in the following entry in the
+parish accounts of Gateshead, under the date of 1633:--"To workmen for
+making the streets even at the King's coming, 18s. 4d.: and paid to the
+piper for playing to the menders of the highway, five several days, 3s.
+4d."
+
+Many local variations exist in the customs associated with the harvest
+home festivities observed in different parts of the country, especially in
+the north, where all old customs and observances, like the provincial
+dialects, have lingered longest, and still linger when they have died out
+and been forgotten in the south. In Cleveland, it is, or used to be, the
+custom, on forking the last sheaf on the wagon, for the harvesters to
+shout in chorus:--
+
+  "Weel bun and better shorn,
+  Is Master ----'s corn;
+  We hev her, we hev her,
+  As fast as a feather.
+        Hip, hip, hurrah!"
+
+A similar custom exists in Northumberland, where it is called "shouting a
+kirn." It consists in a simultaneous shout from the whole of the people
+present. In some localities the shout is preceded by a rhyme suitable to
+the occasion, recited by the clearest-voiced persons among those
+assembled. Mr. James Hardy gives the following as a specimen:--
+
+  "Blessed be the day our Saviour was born,
+  For Master ----'s corn's all well shorn;
+  And we will have a good supper to-night,
+  And a drinking of ale, and a kirn! a kirn!"
+
+All unite in a simultaneous shout at the close, and he who does not
+participate in the ringing cheer is liable to have his ears pulled. In
+Glendale, an abbreviated version of the rhyme is used, with a variation,
+as follows:--
+
+  "The master's corn is ripe and shorn,
+  We bless the day that he was born,
+      Shouting a kirn! a kirn!"
+
+Are these customs observed at the present day? This is an age of change.
+We have used the present tense in the foregoing references, but it is in
+the past tense that we read in Chambers's "Book of Days," that, "In the
+North of England, the reapers were accustomed to leave a good handful of
+grain uncut; they laid it down flat, and covered it over; when the field
+was done, the bonniest lass was entrusted with the pleasing duty of
+cutting the final handful, which was presently dressed up with various
+sewings, tyings, and trimmings like a doll, and hailed as a Corn Baby or
+Kirn Dolly. It was carried home in triumph with music of fiddles and
+bagpipes, set up conspicuously at night during supper, and usually
+preserved in the farmer's parlour for the remainder of the year. The fair
+maiden who cut this handful of grain was called the Har'st Queen." A
+similar custom prevailed, with local variations, in Shropshire,
+Gloucestershire, Hertfordshire, Devonshire, and other parts of England. In
+Lincolnshire, and some other counties, handbells were rung by those riding
+on the last load, and the following rhyme sung:--
+
+  "The boughs do shake and the bells do ring,
+  So merrily comes in our harvest in,
+  Our harvest in, our harvest in!
+                              Hurrah!"
+
+Writers on local customs formerly observed in different parts of the
+country, have preserved the memory of a curious one connected with the
+last handful of wheat. In some parts the reapers threw their sickles at
+the reserved handful, and he who succeeded in cutting it down shouted, "I
+have her!" "What have you?" the others cried out. "A mare!" he replied.
+"What will you do with her?" was then asked. "Send her to ----," naming
+some neighbouring farmer whose harvest work was not completed. This rustic
+pleasantry was called "crying the mare." The rejoicings attendant on the
+bringing in of the last load of corn are thus described in the "Book of
+Days":--"The waggon containing it was called the hock cart; it was
+surmounted by a figure formed out of a sheaf, with gay dressings,
+intended to represent the goddess Ceres. In front men played merry tunes
+on the pipe and tabor, and the reapers tripped around in a hand-in-hand
+ring, singing appropriate songs, or simply by shouts and cries giving vent
+to the excitement of the day. In some districts they sang or shouted as
+follows:--
+
+  "Harvest home, harvest home!
+  We ploughed, we have sowed,
+  We have reaped, we have moved,
+  We have brought home every load.
+    Hip, hip, hip, harvest home!"
+
+In some parts the figure on the waggon, instead of an effigy, was the
+prettiest of the girl-reapers, decked with summer flowers, and hailed as
+the Harvest Queen. Bloomfield, in one of his Suffolk ballads, thus
+preserves the memory of this custom:--
+
+  "Home came the jovial Hockey load,
+    Last of the whole year's crop;
+  And Grace among the green boughs rode,
+    Right plump upon the top."
+
+These and many other harvest-home customs undoubtedly had their origin in
+heathen times, in common with those associated with the New Year, the
+Epiphany, May Day, and many other festivals.
+
+Not the least important part of the harvest home observances was the
+supper which closed them, and which took place in the kitchen of the
+farmhouse or in the barn, the master and mistress presiding. The fare on
+these occasions was substantial and plentiful, and good home-brewed ale
+was poured out abundantly--we are afraid too much so. The harvest home
+supper of the sixteenth century, as graphically portrayed by Herrick,
+included:--
+
+  "Foundation of your feast, fat beef,
+  With upper stories, mutton, veal,
+  And bacon, which makes full the meal;
+  With several dishes standing by,
+  As here a custard, there a pie,
+  And here all-tempting frumentie.
+  And for to make the merry cheer,
+  If smirking wine be wanting here,
+  There's that which drowns all care, stout beer."
+
+Instead of a formal vote of thanks to the givers of the feast, the
+prevailing feeling was expressed in a song, one version of which runs as
+follows:--
+
+  "Here's health to our master,
+    The load of the feast;
+  God bless his endeavours,
+    And send him increase.
+  May prosper his crops, boys,
+    And we reap next year;
+  Here's our master's good health, boys,
+    Come, drink off your beer!
+
+  Now harvest is ended,
+    And supper is past;
+  Here's to our mistress's health, boys,
+    Come, drink a full glass.
+  For she's a good woman,
+    Provides us good cheer;
+  Here's our mistress's good health, boys.
+    Come, drink off your beer!"
+
+Over the greater part of England a harvest-thanksgivings service has, at
+the present day, taken the place of the festive observances of former
+times. It would be useless to regret the passing away of the old customs,
+even if there was much more reason for such a feeling; for change is an
+inevitable condition of existence, and we can no more recall the old
+things which have passed away than we can replace last year's snow on the
+wolds. Even the harvest-thanksgiving service, with its accompanying cereal
+and horticultural decorations of church and chapel, seems destined to a
+change. The decorations are too often overdone. We have seen in some
+churches piles of fruit and vegetables that would furnish a shop, in
+addition to sheaves of corn and stacks of quartern loaves. In some
+instances, a more deplorable display has been made in the shape of a
+model of a farmyard, thus turning the place of worship into a show.
+Sometimes, too, the sermon has no reference to the harvest. Sometimes,
+again, the service is held before the harvest has been gathered in; or
+thanks are offered for an abundant harvest when it has notoriously been
+deficient. Perhaps the need of a collection at this particular time may
+account for these discrepancies. Such mistakes are easily avoided,
+however, and no fault can reasonably be found with these celebrations when
+religious zeal is kept within the bounds of discretion.
+
+
+
+
+Curious Charities.
+
+
+We obtain some interesting side-lights on the condition of the people in
+the past from old-time charities. Several of the prison charities founded
+in bygone times are extremely quaint and full of historic interest. One
+Frances Thornhill appears to have had a desire to make the prison beds
+comfortable. She left the sum of L30 for the Corporation of the city of
+York to provide straw for the beds of the prisoners confined in York
+Castle. The local authorities in these later years appear to have received
+the interest on the capital without carrying out the conditions of the
+charity.
+
+Bequests of fuel suggest to the mind the time when persons not only
+suffered from imprisonment but also from cold. At Bury St. Edmund's, L10
+was left by Margaret Odiam for a minister to say mass to the inmates of
+the jail, and for providing faggots to warm the long ward in which the
+poor prisoners were lodged. In 1787, Elizabeth Dean, of Reading, left L156
+17s. 5d., the interest of which she directed to be spent in buying
+firewood for the county jail.
+
+At Norwich, a worthy man named John Norris left Consols to the value of
+L300 for buying beef and books for the felons confined in the jail. The
+prison food is now regulated by law and the charity beef is banished, but
+we believe the interest is spent in supplying the prisoners with
+literature. Even as late as 1821, John Hall left Consols to the value of
+L127 16s. for providing a Christmas dinner of the good old English fare of
+roast beef and plum pudding for the criminals in the Northampton county
+prison. In 1556, Thomas Cattell left a rent charge of L35 a year for
+buying beef and oatmeal for the poor prisoners of Newgate and other London
+prisons.
+
+A singular bequest was made in the year 1556, by Griffith Ameridith, of
+Exeter, and it amounted to L524 4s. 11d. in Consols, "for providing
+shrouds for prisoners executed at Kingswell, and for the maintenance of a
+wall round the burial ground." "But," says a writer on this theme,
+"probably for want of subjects for shrouds, the income is now, without any
+authority, applied to a distribution of serge petticoats to old women."
+One advantage of the change is that the new recipients can at least
+express their gratitude. In the olden time it was by no means an uncommon
+practice for criminals about to be executed to proceed to the gallows in
+shrouds. On July 30th, 1766, two men were hanged at Nottingham for
+robbery. "On the morning of their execution," says a local record, "they
+were taken to St. Mary's Church, where they heard 'the condemned sermon,'
+and then to their graves, in which they were permitted to lie down to see
+if they would fit. They walked to the place of execution in their
+shrouds." At an execution in the same town in 1784, we read in a local
+newspaper report that the unfortunate men were attired in their shrouds.
+To add to the impressiveness of the condemned sermon, the coffins in which
+the condemned criminals were to be buried, were exhibited during the
+service.
+
+Charities and collections in churches were formerly very common in this
+country for freeing British subjects from slavery in foreign lands. In
+1655, Alicia, Duchess of Dudley, by a deed poll, directed L100 per annum
+to be drawn from the rents of certain lands situated in the parish of
+Bidford, Warwickshire, for redeeming poor English Christian slaves or
+captives from the Turks. Thomas Betson, of Hoxton Square, London, by will
+dated 15th February, 1723, left a considerable fortune for the redemption
+of British slaves in Turkey and Barbary. He died in 1725, and five years
+later the property was estimated to be worth about L22,000, and the
+interest on half the amount was to be devoted to ransoming his countrymen
+from slavery. In the year 1734, it is stated that 135 men were freed by
+this charity. Between the years 1734 and 1826, the large sum of L21,088
+8s. 2-1/2d. was expended in the admirable cause of freeing the captive.
+Many of the old church books contain entries respecting collections for
+this object. In the books of Holy Cross, Westgate, Canterbury, is a long
+list of the names of persons in the parish in March, 1670, contributing
+L02 07s. 04d., for "Redeeming the Captives in Turkye."
+
+Sir John Gayer, was in his time a leading London merchant, an Alderman for
+the ward of Aldgate, and a popular Lord Mayor. He lived in the reigns of
+James I. and Charles I., and was a man of great enterprise, ready to
+encounter perils in foreign lands to forward his commercial projects. On
+one memorable occasion he was travelling with a caravan of merchants
+across the desert of Arabia, and by some accidental means managed to
+separate himself from his friends, and at night-fall was alone. His
+position was one of great peril: he heard the roaring of wild animals, but
+failed to find any place of refuge. We gather from the story of his life
+that:--"He knelt down and prayed fervently, and devoutly promised, that if
+God would rescue him from his impending danger the whole produce of his
+merchandise should be given as an offering in benefactions to the poor, on
+his return to his native country. At this extremity a lion of an unusually
+large size was approaching him. Death appeared inevitable, but the prayer
+of the good man had ascended to heaven, and he was delivered. The lion
+came up close to him. After prowling round him, smelling him, bristling
+his shaggy hair, and eyeing him fiercely, he stopped short, turned round,
+and trotted quietly away, without doing the slightest injury. It is said
+that Sir John Gayer remained in the same suppliant posture till the
+morning dawned, when he pursued his journey, and happily came up with his
+friends, who had given up all hope of again seeing him." The journey was
+concluded without further misadventure, a ready market found for the
+goods, and old England reached in safety with increased wealth. Sir John
+did not forget his vow, and many were the deeds of charity he performed,
+more especially to the poor of his own parish of St. Katharine Cree. One
+of bequests amounting to L200 was left to the needy of that parish on
+condition that a "sermon should be occasionally preached in the church to
+commemorate his deliverance from the jaws of the lion." The sermon is
+known as the "Lion Sermon."
+
+In the church of St. Katharine Cree within the altar rails is a carved
+head of Gayer. On the right hand side is a text, as follows:--"The eyes of
+the Lord are over the righteous, and his ears are open unto their
+prayers--Ps. 34, v. 15;" on the left hand side this text appears:--"The
+effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much--James V.,
+xvi.;" and under the figure this motto:--"Super Astra Spero." There is a
+brass bearing the following inscription:--
+
+                  In Memory of
+               SIR JOHN GAYER, KNT.,
+    Founder of the "Lion Sermon" who was descended from
+        the Old West Country Family of Gayer,
+               and was born at Plymouth,
+     and became Sheriff of this City of London in 1635,
+           and Lord Mayor of London in 1647.
+
+    He was a member of the Levant or Turkey Company, and of the Worshipful
+    Company of Fishmongers, London, and President of Christ's Hospital,
+    London, and a liberal donor to and pious founder of Charities.
+
+    This City has especial reason to be proud of him, for rather than
+    withdraw his unflinching assertion of the Native Liberties of the
+    Citizens, and his steadfast support of King Charles I., he submitted
+    to imprisonment in the Tower at the hands of the Parliament in 1647
+    and 1648, and his "Salva Libertate" became historical.
+
+    He resided in this Parish, and "Dyed in peace in his owne house" on
+    the 20th of July 1649, and he now lies buried in a Vault beneath this
+    Church of St. Katharine Cree, Leadenhall St.
+
+    This Memorial Brass was subscribed for by Members of and Descendants
+    from the Family of Gayer, and was placed here by them in testimony of
+    their admiration for and appreciation of the noble character and many
+    virtues of their illustrious ancestor.
+
+          The work of organising this Memorial was carried out by
+    Edmund Richard Gayer, M.A. of Lincoln's Inn, Esq., Barrister at Law,
+                                    1888.
+
+There are a number of ancient bequests for ringing bells and lighting
+beacons to guide travellers by night. These were very useful charities,
+for in the days of old, lands were generally unenclosed, and the roads
+poorly constructed. It was difficult for the wayfarer to find his way when
+the nights were dark. At the ancient village of Hessle, near Hull, a bell
+is still rung every night except Sunday, at 7 o'clock. Long, long ago, so
+runs the local story, a lady was lost on a dark night near the place, and
+was in sore distress, fearing that she would have to wander about in the
+cold until daylight. Happily, the ringing of the Hessle bells enabled her
+to direct her course to the village in safety, although she had to wend
+her weary steps over a trackless country. In gratitude for her delivery
+she left a piece of land to the parish clerk, on condition that he rang
+every evening one of the church bells.
+
+A similar story is related respecting a Barton-on-Humber bell ringing
+custom. Richard Palmer left in 1664 a bequest to the sexton of Workingham,
+Berkshire, for ringing a bell every evening at eight, and every morning at
+four o'clock. One reason for ringing this, was "that strangers and others
+who should happen, on winter nights, within hearing of the ringing of the
+said bell, to lose their way in the country, might be informed of the time
+of the night, and receive some guidance into the right way."
+
+John Wardall, in his will dated 29th August, 1656, provided for a payment
+of L4 per annum being made to the Churchwardens of St. Botolph's,
+Billingsgate, London, "to provide a good and sufficient iron and glass
+lanthorn, with a candle, for the direction of passengers to go with more
+security to and from the water-side, all night long, to be fixed at the
+north-east corner of the parish church, from the feast-day of St.
+Bartholomew to Lady-Day; out of which sum L1 was to be paid to the sexton
+for taking care of the lanthorn." In 1662 a man named John Cooke made a
+similar bequest for providing a lamp at the corner of St. Michael's Lane,
+next Thames Street.
+
+In past ages churches were frequently unpaved and the floor usually
+covered with rushes. Not a few persons have left money and land for
+providing rushes for churches. In these latter days rushes are no longer
+strewn on the floor for keeping the feet warm in cold weather, but at a
+number of places old rights are maintained by the carrying out of the
+custom. At Clee, Lincolnshire, for example, the parish officials possess
+the right of cutting rushes from a certain piece of land for strewing the
+floor of the church every Trinity Sunday. The churchwardens preserve their
+rights by cutting a small quantity of grass annually and strewing it on
+the church floor. At Old Weston, Huntingdonshire, a similar custom still
+lingers. "A piece of land," says Edwards in his "Remarkable Charities,"
+"belongs, by custom, to the parish clerk for the time being, subject to
+the condition of the land being mown immediately before Weston feast,
+which occurs in July, and the cutting thereof strewed on the church floor,
+previous to divine service on the feast Sunday, and continuing there
+during divine service." At Pavenham, Bedfordshire, the church is annually
+strewn with grass cut from a certain field, on the first Sunday after the
+11th July. "Until recently," says a well-informed correspondent, "the
+custom was for the churchwardens to claim the right of removing from the
+field in question as much grass as they could 'cut and cart away from
+sunrise to sunset.' A few years ago this arrangement was altered into a
+yearly payment on the part of the tenant of the field of one guinea." The
+money is spent in purchasing grass for spreading on the church floor. The
+parishioners have always taken a deep interest in this old custom. On the
+benefaction table of Deptford Church is recorded that "a person unknown
+gave half-a-quarter of wheat, to be given in bread on Good Friday, and
+half a load of rushes at Whitsuntide, and a load of pea-straw at
+Christmas yearly, for the use of the church." In 1721, an offer of 21s.
+per annum was accepted in lieu of the straw and rushes, and in 1744, the
+sum of 10s. yearly in place of the half-quarter of wheat.
+
+John Rudge, by his will dated 17th April, 1725, left a pound a year to a
+poor man to go round the parish church of Trysull, Staffordshire, during
+the delivery of the sermon, to keep people awake and drive out of the
+church any dogs which might come in. Richard Brooke left 5s. a year for a
+person to keep quiet during divine service the boys in the Wolverhampton
+church and churchyard.
+
+At Stockton-in-the-Forest, Yorkshire, is a piece of land called "Petticoat
+Hole," and it is held on the condition of providing a poor woman of the
+place every year with a new petticoat.
+
+We will close this chapter with particulars of a novel mode of
+distributing a charity. At Bulkeley, Cheshire, a charity of 19s. 2d. was
+given to the poor as follows. The overseer obtained the amount in coppers,
+placed them in a peck measure, and invited each of the poor folks to help
+himself or herself to a handful.
+
+
+
+
+An Old-Time Chronicler.
+
+
+We have frequently referred to the writings of John Stow in this work, and
+we think a short account of his life and labours will prove interesting to
+our readers.
+
+From the ranks of tailors have sprung many famous men. Not one more
+worthy, perhaps, than honest John Stow, the painstaking compiler of works
+which have found a lasting place in historic literature.
+
+Stow was a Londoner of Londoners, born in 1525, in the parish of St.
+Michael, Cornhill. His father and grandfather were citizens, and appear to
+have been most worthy men. John Stow was trained under his father to the
+trade of a tailor. At an early age he took an interest in the study of
+history and antiquities, and, as years ran their course, his love of
+research increased. We have had handed down to us from the pen of Edmund
+Howes, his literary executor, a well-drawn word-portrait of Stow. We learn
+that he was tall in stature, and, as befits the ideal student, lean in
+body and face. His eyes were small and clear, and his sight excellent. As
+might be expected, through long and active use, his memory was very good.
+He was sober, mild, and corteous, and ever ready to impart information to
+those that sought it.
+
+He lived in an historically attractive age. It was a period when some of
+our greatest countrymen worked and talked amongst men. Gifted authors made
+the time glorious in our literary annals. Stow's fame mainly rests on
+being an exact and picturesque describer of the London of Queen Elizabeth.
+His _Survey_ is not a mere topographical account of the city, but a
+pleasantly penned picture, full of life and character, of the social
+condition, manners, customs, sports, and pastimes of the people.
+
+John Stow was most minute as a writer, and his attention to slight
+circumstances has caused some critics to make merry over his productions.
+Fuller, for example, spoke of him "as such a smell-feast that he cannot
+pass by the Guildhall but his pen must taste the good cheer therein." It
+is his consideration of minor matters that renders his book so valuable to
+the student of bygone times. We may quote, to illustrate this, a few
+lines from his _Survey of London_. After a description of the Abbey of St.
+Clare, he writes: "Near adjoining to this Abbey, on the south side
+thereof, was sometime a farm belonging to the said nunnery, at which farm
+I myself, in my youth, have fetched many a halfpennyworth of milk, and
+never had less than three ale pints for a halfpenny in the summer, nor
+less than one ale quart for a halfpenny in the winter, always hot from the
+kine, as the same was milked and strained. One Trolop, afterwards Goodman,
+was farmer there, and had thirty or forty kine to the pail. Goodman's son,
+being heir to his father's purchase, let out the ground first for the
+grazing of horses, and then for garden plots, and lived like a gentleman
+thereby."
+
+In about his fortieth year, Stow gave up his business as a tailor and
+devoted his entire life to antiquarian pursuits. Fame he won, but not
+fortune. In place of being wealthy in his old age, he, as we shall
+presently see, suffered from poverty. His principal works include his
+_Summary of English Chronicles_, first issued in 1561. In 1580, his
+_Annals; or, a General Chronicle of England_ was published. His most
+important work was given to the world in 1598, under the title of a
+_Survey of London and Westminster_. Besides writing the foregoing original
+books, he assisted on the continuation of Holinshed's _Chronicle_ and
+Speght's edition of Chaucer, and he was employed on other undertakings.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN STOW'S MONUMENT.]
+
+Many a long journey Stow made in search of information. He could not ride,
+and had to travel on foot. In the midst of great trials it is recorded
+that his good humour never forsook him. In his old age he was troubled
+with pains in his feet, and quietly remarked that his "afflictions lay in
+the parts he had formerly made so much use of."
+
+We might well suppose that Stow's blameless life would render him free
+from suspicion, and that his grateful countrymen would regard with respect
+his great work in writing the history of England. Such was not the case.
+It was thought that his researches would injure the reformed religion, and
+on this miserable plea he was cast into prison, and his humble home was
+searched. We obtain from the report of the searchers an interesting
+account of the contents of Stow's library. It consisted, we are told, of
+"great collections of his own, of his English chronicles, also a great
+sort of old books, some fabulous, as _Sir Gregory Triamour_, and a great
+parcel of old manuscript chronicles in parchment and paper; besides
+miscellaneous tracts touching physic, surgery, herbs, and medical
+receipts, and also fantastical popish books printed in old time, and
+others written in old English on parchment."
+
+John Stow failed to make much money, but on the whole, he lived a peaceful
+life, enjoying the many pleasures that fall to the lot of the student.
+Happily for him, to use Howes' words, "He was careless of the scoffers,
+backbiters, and detractors."
+
+It is Howes who also tells that Stow always protested never to have
+written anything either of malice, fear, or favour, nor to seek his own
+particular gain or vain-glory, and that his only pains and care was to
+write the truth.
+
+At the age of four score years, his labours received State acknowledgment.
+It was indeed a poor acknowledgment, for, in answer to a petition, James
+I. granted him a licence to beg. Stow sought help, to use his own words,
+as "a recompense for his labour and travel of forty-five years, in setting
+forth the _Chronicles of England_, and eight years taken up in the _Survey
+of the Cities of London and Westminster_, towards his relief in his old
+age, having left his former means of living, and also employing himself
+for the service and good of his country."
+
+The humble request was granted, and the document says:--"Whereas our
+loving subject, John Stow (a very aged and worthy member of our city of
+London), this five-and-forty years hath, to his great charge, and with
+neglect of his ordinary means of maintenance (for the general good, as
+well of posterity as of the present age), compiled and published divers
+necessary books and chronicles; and therefore we, in recompense of these
+his painful labours, and for encouragement of the like, have, in our Royal
+inclination, been pleased to grant our Letters Patent, under our Great
+Seal of England, thereby authorising him, the said John Stow, to collect
+among our loving subjects their voluntary contributions and kind
+gratuities."
+
+The foregoing authority to beg was granted for twelve months, but, as the
+response was so small, it pleased the King to extend the privilege for
+another year. From one parish in the City of London he only received seven
+shillings and sixpence--a poor reward, to use Stow's words, "of many a
+weary day's travel, and cold winter night's study."
+
+His end now was drawing near, and mundane trials were almost over. On the
+5th of April, 1605, his well-spent life closed, and his mortal remains
+were laid to rest in his parish church of St. Andrew, Undershaft. Here may
+still be seen the curious and interesting monument which his loving widow
+erected. It is pleasant to leave the busy streets of the great metropolis
+and repair to the quiet sanctuary where rests the old chronicler, and look
+upon his quaint monument, and reflect on ages long passed. When the Great
+Fire of 1666 destroyed the London Stow had so truthfully described, his
+monument escaped destruction.
+
+
+Ye Ende
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  Abingdon, customs at, 56
+
+  Advertisement, novel, 194-197
+
+  Age of Snuffing, 168-185
+
+  Alleyn, Edward, founder of Dulwich College, 212
+
+  Altrincham, Mayor of, 60-61
+
+  Ambassadors, at bear-baitings, 211, 215-216
+
+  America, Muffs in, 45-46;
+    Cold places of worship, 46-47
+
+  Anglo-Saxon bread, 134
+
+  An Old-Time Chronicler, 266-274
+
+  Arise, Mistress, Arise!, 142-143
+
+  Armstrong, Sir Thomas, 84-87
+
+  Arrows, 152
+
+  Ashbourne, custom at, 241
+
+
+  Baker's dozen, 138
+
+  Baiting animals stopped by Act of Parliament, 221
+
+  Banbury, customs at, 58
+
+  Banks, Mrs. G. L., on hair-dressing, 38
+
+  Bankside, plan of, 213
+
+  Barber's shop, 21
+
+  Barley bread, 135
+
+  Baxter, Richard, on Sunday pleasure, 231
+
+  Barbers fined, 32
+
+  Barrington, G., poet and pickpocket, 180-181
+
+  Barrister's wig, 18, 19
+
+  Barrow bells, 157
+
+  Bear-baiting, 132-133, 205-221
+
+  Bells as Time-Tellers, 156-167
+
+  Bell ringing bequests, 261-262
+
+  Beverley, funeral at, 123;
+    bear-baiting at, 133
+
+  Bewdley, custom at, 142
+
+  Bish, Mr., on Lotteries, 200-202
+
+  Blue-Coat boys, draw at lotteries, 194
+
+  Boar's-head with mustard, 131
+
+  Bonfires, 234, 235
+
+  Bow bells, 159
+
+  Boroughbridge, Battle of, 77
+
+  Brandeston, removing a dead body to the church for protection, 117
+
+  Bread and Baking in Bygone Days, 134-141
+
+  Bread Street, 135
+
+  Bribes for the Palate, 63-73
+
+  British slaves, freeing, 257-258
+
+  Briscoe, J. P., on Nottingham customs, 61-62
+
+  Bromley-by-Bow, bakers at, 135
+
+  Burial at Cross Roads, 105-114
+
+  Burying the mace, 53
+
+  Butter and suet, prohibiting the use of in making bread, 140
+
+  Byng, Admiral, shot, 45
+
+
+  Cade, Jack, 81
+
+  Caius, Dr., on dogs, 145
+
+  Cambridge, regulations relating to tobacco, 173
+
+  Candles for lighting the streets, 52
+
+  Canterbury, curious customs at, 52-53
+
+  Capture of snuff, 171
+
+  Carlisle, Earl of, beheaded, 78-79
+
+  Carlisle, heads spiked at, 92-95
+
+  Charles II. and wigs, 7
+
+  Charlotte, Queen, gives up using hair-powder, 36;
+    taking snuff, 176
+
+  Christmas rhymes, 142
+
+  Chronicler, an Old-Time, 266-274
+
+  Churches, snuff taking in, 172-175
+
+  Clarinda, Burns on, 178
+
+  Clee, custom at, 263
+
+  Clergy and the wig, 15-17
+
+  Clifton rhyme, 219-220
+
+  Clocks, introduction of, 160
+
+  Clothiers in eighteenth century, 165
+
+  Closing shops, time for, 160
+
+  Cobham, Eleanor, trial of, 80
+
+  Cockledge, murder at, 123
+
+  Combing the wig, 10
+
+  Concerning Corporation Customs, 48-62
+
+  Congleton, bear-baiting at, 217-218
+
+  Conspiracy to assassinate William III., 87
+
+  Cooper's Hall, Lotteries at, 193
+
+  Cornish Insurrection, 81;
+    folk-lore, 234-236
+
+  Corporation snuff-boxes, 168-169
+
+  Craven cartoon, 242
+
+  Crop Clubs, 34
+
+  Curious Charities, 255-265
+
+  Curious window at Betley, 225-227
+
+  Curfew bell, 166-167
+
+
+  Dagger Money, 57
+
+  Death, Superstitions relating to, 242
+
+  Death of William I., 167
+
+  Deering on snuff-taking, 178
+
+  Detaining the Dead for Debt, 115-121
+
+  Derby, suicide, burial of a, 106
+
+  Discarding wigs in court, 19
+
+  Doctors' muffs, 42
+
+  Dogs, earliest writer on, 145;
+    in muffs, 44
+
+  Droylsden, suicide, burial of, 108-109
+
+  Druidical superstitions, 234
+
+  Dryden, Haunt of, 182
+
+  Ducking Stool, 138
+
+  Duels, 106
+
+
+  Earle, Mrs. A. M., on American Muffs, 46
+
+  Early closing of public-houses, 167
+
+  Eating custom, 242-243
+
+  Ecclesfield, tradition at, 220
+
+  Edward III., proclamation of, against bear-baiting, 205
+
+  Egypt, goose in, 150
+
+  Egyptians, invent wigs, 1
+
+  Eldon, Lord, objects to the wig, 18
+
+  Elizabeth, enjoys baiting animals, 208
+
+  Epitaphs, 109, 116, 197, 203-204, 260-261
+
+  Erasmus in England, 206
+
+  Exeter, salmon given at, 70
+
+
+  False hair, 20, 22
+
+  Famous snuff takers, 176
+
+  Fathers of the Church denounce wigs, 3
+
+  Felo-de-se, Acts relating to, 112-114
+
+  Female follies, 30
+
+  Fined for arresting the dead, 118-119, 121
+
+  Fined for being deficient in elegance, 52
+
+  First English lottery, 186-188
+
+  Fish, presentation of, 70
+
+  Fisher, Bishop, beheaded, 81-82
+
+  Fishtoft, burial of a suicide at, 107
+
+  Fitstephen on bear-baiting, 205
+
+  Fletcher, Captain, 88-89
+
+  Folk-Lore of Midsummer Eve, 234-243
+
+  France, Mania for Wigs in, 6-7
+
+  Funeral, stately, 123
+
+
+  Garrick, Mrs., 178
+
+  George II., a selfish snuff-taker, 185
+
+  Glayer, Sir John, 258-261
+
+  Globe Theatre, 209
+
+  Gold-dust used for hair-powder, 28
+
+  Gossip about the Goose, 150-155
+
+  Great Plague, tobacco and snuff used during, 169-171
+
+  Guinea-pigs, 35
+
+
+  Harvest bell, 156, 157-158
+
+  Harvest Home, 244-254
+
+  Hair, cut off with a bread-knife, 44
+
+  Hale, Sir Matthew, 63-64
+
+  Hamlet, Grave scene in, 105
+
+  Hampton Court Palace, clock at, 162-163
+
+  Hannibal and his wigs, 5-6
+
+  Hartlepool, strange enactment at, 62
+
+  Hawarden attacked, 74
+
+  Heart-breakers, 20
+
+  Hempseed, sowing, 241
+
+  Henzner, Paul, 84
+
+  Herrick on harvest customs, 252-253
+
+  Hilton, Jack of, 152
+
+  Hockley-in-the-Hole, 220
+
+  Holy bread, 134
+
+  Hope theatre, 207
+
+  Horse Guards, protect the lottery wheel, 193
+
+  Howard's Household Book, 145
+
+  Hull, curious ordinances at, 51-53;
+    Sheriff to provide his wife with a scarlet gown, 52;
+    Andrew Marvell and Hull ale, 71-73;
+    head spiked at, 95;
+    ducking-stool at, 96;
+    Mayor slain, 98;
+    snuff-box at, 168-169
+
+
+  Incorporation of towns, 48
+
+  Inscription on bells, 159
+
+  Ireland, St. John's eve in, 236-237
+
+  Irish folk-lore, 175
+
+
+  Jackson, John, and his clock, 162-166
+
+  Jacobites, defeat of, 102
+
+  James I. and tobacco, 173;
+    orders a bear to be baited to death, 215
+
+  Johnson, Dr. Samuel, and his snuff, 182
+
+  Judge's wig, 18
+
+
+  Keeping people awake, 255
+
+  Kenilworth, bears baited at, 211
+
+  King eating meal and rye bread, 141
+
+  Kingston-upon-Thames, Morris Dancers at, 223
+
+  Knocking feet in meeting houses, 47
+
+
+  Lady, origin of, 134
+
+  Lamb, Charles and Mary, 184
+
+  Lanthorns, bequests for providing, 262-263
+
+  Last Lottery in England, 198-200
+
+  Layer, Councillor, 87-88
+
+  Leconfield castle, 123
+
+  Leeds bridge, market on, 165
+
+  Leicester, mace lowering at, 51;
+    bear-baiting at, 216-217
+
+  Leighton, Robert, poem by, 183-184
+
+  Letters from the dead to the living, 11
+
+  Licence to beg, 272-273
+
+  Lincolnshire geese, 153
+
+  Lion Sermon, 258-261
+
+  London Bakers' Company, 135-136
+
+  London Bridge, 75-84
+
+  London, burials of suicides, 110-111
+
+  Love divinations, 238-240
+
+  Louth, ringing custom at, 158
+
+  Lowering the mace, 51
+
+  Ludlow, customs at, 59
+
+  Lycians, heads shaven and wigs worn, 5
+
+
+  Mace, as a weapon and as an ensign of authority, 49
+
+  Manchester, curious baking regulations, 140
+
+  Manorial service, curious, 144, 152
+
+  Margarett, Princess, 49, 123-124
+
+  Mar, Rising of, 87
+
+  Marvell, Andrew, and Hull ale, 71-73
+
+  Mary, Queen of Scots, 102
+
+  May-pole, 233
+
+  Meals in the olden time, 127-129
+
+  Medical men and the wig, 17-18
+
+  Men wearing Muffs, 40-47
+
+  Michaelmas goose, 154
+
+  Micklegate Bar, York, 98-99;
+    heads stolen from, 103
+
+  Milk, price of, in the olden time, 268
+
+  More, Sir Thomas, beheaded, 83
+
+  Morley, custom at, 143
+
+  Morris-Dancers, 222-233
+
+  Municipal Reform Act, 48
+
+  Murder, strange story of a, 137
+
+
+  Napoleon taking snuff, 181;
+    snuff-box, 177-178
+
+  Newcastle-on-Tyne, assize custom at, 56-58;
+    presents of wine and sugar loaves, 64-66;
+    brank at, 66, 67;
+    burial of a suicide, 111
+
+  Nobleman's Household in Tudor Times, 122-133
+
+  North Wingfield, dead body stopped at, 115-116
+
+  Northumberland Household Book, 125-133
+
+  Norwich, burial of a suicide, 107
+
+  Nottingham, burying the mace at, 53-55;
+    ale and bread custom, 61-62;
+    town's presents, 69;
+    Goose Fair, 154
+
+  Novel mode of distributing a charity, 265
+
+
+  Over, Mayor of, 60-61
+
+  O'Connell, D., and his wig, 22-23
+
+
+  Parading a head, 79
+
+  Parliament sitting at Shrewsbury, 75
+
+  Palm-Sunday, battle on, 101
+
+  Penzance, customs at, 235
+
+  Pepys and his wigs, 7-9;
+    muffs, 41;
+    on the Plague, 170
+
+  Percy family, 122-133
+
+  Peter the Great obtaining the loan of a wig, 23
+
+  Petticoat charity, 265
+
+  Pig-tail, 12, 14
+
+  Pillory, bakers in the, 137
+
+  Pipes and tobacco for judges, 58
+
+  Piper playing to workmen, 247-248
+
+  Pliny on the goose, 150
+
+  Poets' Corner, Johnson and Goldsmith in, 91-92
+
+  Porpoise regarded as a delicacy, 69
+
+  Pope on Belinda, 177
+
+  Potatoes, preservation of, 70-71
+
+  Powdering the Hair, 28-39
+
+  Pontefract Castle, head spiked at, 77
+
+  Prison charities, 255-256
+
+  Punishing bakers, 138-140, 141
+
+  Puritans and lotteries, 189
+
+
+  Quill pens, 155
+
+
+  Ramillie Wig, 13
+
+  Reading, Morris Dancers at, 224
+
+  Rebel Heads on City Gates, 74-104
+
+  Revolt against Henry IV., 79
+
+  Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 184-185
+
+  Riot, Wig, 25-27
+
+  Rollit, Sir Albert K., 168
+
+  Rome saved by the cackling of the goose, 151
+
+  Roper, Margaret, 83, 85
+
+  Rushes for church floors, 263-265
+
+  Rye, authority of Mayor, 62
+
+  Rye House Plot, 84-87
+
+
+  Saxons colouring their hair, 28
+
+  Scarlet gowns for the Mayoress, 52
+
+  Scotland, wigs in, 36-37;
+    muff in, 42;
+    body arrested in, 120;
+    snuff taking in, 171-173
+
+  Scott, Sir Walter, on wigs, 37
+
+  School-boys obliged to smoke, 170
+
+  Schoolmasters forbidden to smoke, 174
+
+  Scrope, Richard, beheaded, 96-97
+
+  Selkirk, Making a sutor of, 59
+
+  Selling the Church Bible to pay for a Bear, 217-220
+
+  Sheridan, curious report respecting, 120
+
+  Shrewsbury, Parliament sitting at, 75
+
+  Shrouds for prisoners, 256-257
+
+  Shouting a kirn, 248-250
+
+  Slaves, freeing christian, 257-258
+
+  Smoking forbidden in the streets, 173-174
+
+  Snuffing, earliest allusion to, 169
+
+  Southampton, Mayoress of, 50
+
+  South Shields, suicide, burial of, 109-110
+
+  Sowing hempseed, 241
+
+  Sparsholt, dead body detained at, 115
+
+  Speaker's wig, 18
+
+  Spice bread, making prohibited, 140
+
+  St. Albans, clock at, 161
+
+  St. Paul's Lotteries drawn at the doors of, 188
+
+  State Lotteries, 186-204
+
+  Stealing wigs, 24-25
+
+  Sterne, a snuff taker, 184
+
+  Stow, John, 266-274
+
+  Stratford-le-Bow, bakers at, 135
+
+  Sugar-loaves, presentation of, 62-69
+
+
+  Tamworth, curious bye-law at, 167
+
+  Taxing hair-powder, 31, 33;
+    repealing tax, 39
+
+  Taylor, John, on Hull ale, 72-73
+
+  Tea and snuff, 178
+
+  Temple Bar, 84-92
+
+  Test Act, 48
+
+  Thewes at Hull, 96
+
+  Towneley, Colonel, 88-92
+
+  Towton-field, battle of, 101
+
+  Turnspit, The, 144-149
+
+  Twyford, suicide, burial of, 113-114
+
+
+  Unwin, Mrs., fond of snuff, 177
+
+
+  Valuable snuff-boxes, 181
+
+  Vesper bell, 167
+
+
+  Wakefield, battle of, 97-98
+
+  Wales, subjugation of, 74
+
+  Wallace, Sir William, 75
+
+  Watches not usually carried, 165
+
+  Welsh rebels beheaded, 74
+
+  Wesley, Rev. John, and snuff-taking, 175
+
+  West Hallam, burial at four lane ends, 107
+
+  West Riding lore, 120-121
+
+  When Wigs were Worn, 1-27
+
+  Whittington, Dick, 159
+
+  Whitsun morris dance, 228
+
+  Wigs, 1-27;
+    Riots, 25-27
+
+  Wildridge, T. Tindall, on Hull, 95
+
+  Winchester, presents of sugar loaves at, 66-69;
+    curious regulations, 215
+
+  Women wearing wigs, 9, 22
+
+  Worcester, curious baking regulation, 140
+
+  Wressel Castle, 125
+
+  Wycombe, customs at, 55-56
+
+
+  York, Duke of, slain, 98;
+    head spiked, 98
+
+  York, Lord Mayor of, 49
+
+  York, walls and gates of, 96-104
+
+
+
+
+  SOME RECENT BOOKS PUBLISHED BY
+  WILLIAM ANDREWS & CO.,
+  5, FARRINGDON AVENUE, LONDON, E.C.
+
+
+Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church.
+
+EDITED BY William Andrews, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Demy 8vo., 7s. 6d. Numerous Illustrations._
+
+CONTENTS:--Church History and Historians--Supernatural Interference in
+Church Building--Ecclesiastical Symbolism in Architecture--Acoustic
+Jars--Crypts--Heathen Customs at Christian Feasts--Fish and
+Fasting--Shrove-tide and Lenten Customs--Wearing Hats in Church--The Stool
+of Repentance--Cursing by Bell, Book, and Candle--Pulpits--Church
+Windows--Alms-Boxes and Alms-Dishes--Old Collecting
+Boxes--Gargoyles--Curious Vanes--People and Steeple
+Rhymes--Sun-Dials--Lack of the Clock-House--Games in Churchyards--Circular
+Churchyards--Church and Churchyard Charms and Cures--Yew Trees in
+Churchyards.
+
+    "A very entertaining work."--_Leeds Mercury._
+
+    "A well-printed, handsome, and profusely illustrated work."--_Norfolk
+    Chronicle._
+
+    "There is much curious and interesting reading in this popular volume,
+    which moreover has a useful index."--_Glasgow Herald._
+
+    "The contents of the volume is exceptionally good reading, and crowded
+    with out-of-the-way, useful, and well selected information on a
+    subject which has an undying interest."--_Birmingham Mercury._
+
+    "In concluding this notice it is only the merest justice to add that
+    every page of it abounds with rare and often amusing information,
+    drawn from the most accredited sources. It also abounds with
+    illustrations of our old English authors, and it is likely to prove
+    welcome not only to the Churchman, but to the student of folk-lore and
+    of poetical literature."--_Morning Post._
+
+    "We can recommend this volume to all who are interested in the notable
+    and curious things that relate to churches and public worship in this
+    and other countries."--_Newcastle Daily Journal._
+
+    "It is very handsomely got up and admirably printed, the letterpress
+    being beautifully clear."--_Lincoln Mercury._
+
+    "The book is well indexed."--_Daily Chronicle._
+
+    "By delegating certain topics to those most capable of treating them,
+    the editor has the satisfaction of presenting the best available
+    information in a very attractive manner."--_Dundee Advertiser._
+
+    "It must not be supposed that the book is of interest only to
+    Churchmen, although primarily so, for it treats in such a skilful and
+    instructive manner with ancient manners and customs as to make it an
+    invaluable book of reference to all who are concerned in the seductive
+    study of antiquarian subjects."--_Chester Courant._
+
+
+The Cross, in Ritual, Architecture, and Art.
+
+BY THE REV. GEO. S. TYACK, B.A.
+
+_Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d. Numerous Illustrations._
+
+The author of this Volume has brought together much valuable and
+out-of-the-way information which cannot fail to interest and instruct the
+reader. The work is the result of careful study, and its merits entitle it
+to a permanent place in public and private libraries. Many beautiful
+illustrations add to the value of the Volume.
+
+    "This book is reverent, learned, and interesting, and will be read
+    with a great deal of profit by anyone who wishes to study the history
+    of the sign of our Redemption."--_Church Times._
+
+    "A book of equal interest to artists, archaeologists, architects, and
+    the clergy has been written by the Rev. G. S. Tyack, upon 'The Cross
+    in Ritual, Architecture, and Art.' Although Mr. Tyack has restricted
+    himself to this country, this work is sufficiently complete for its
+    purpose, which is to show the manifold uses to which the Cross, the
+    symbol of the Christian Faith, has been put in Christian lands. It
+    treats of the Cross in ritual, in Church ornament, as a memorial of
+    the dead, and in secular mason work; of preaching crosses, wayside and
+    boundary crosses, well crosses, market crosses, and the Cross in
+    heraldry. Mr. Tyack has had the assistance of Mr. William Andrews, to
+    whom he records his indebtedness for the use of his collection of
+    works, notes, and pictures; but it is evident that this book has cost
+    many years of research on his own part. It is copiously and well
+    illustrated, lucidly ordered and written, and deserves to be widely
+    known."--_Yorkshire Post._
+
+    "This is an exhaustive treatise on a most interesting subject, and Mr.
+    Tyack has proved himself to be richly informed and fully qualified to
+    deal with it. All lovers of ecclesiastical lore will find the volume
+    instructive and suggestive, while the ordinary reader will be
+    surprised to find that the Cross in the churchyard or by the roadside
+    has so many meanings and significances. Mr. Tyack divides his work
+    into eight sections, beginning with the pre-Christian cross, and then
+    tracing its development, its adaptations, its special uses, and
+    applications, and at all times bringing out clearly its symbolic
+    purposes. We have the history of the Cross in the Church, of its use
+    as an ornament, and of its use as a public and secular instrument;
+    then we get a chapter on 'Memorial Crosses,' and another on 'Wayside
+    and Boundary Crosses.' The volume teems with facts, and it is evident
+    that Mr. Tyack has made his study a labour of love, and spared no
+    research in order, within the prescribed limits, to make his work
+    complete. He has given us a valuable work of reference, and a very
+    instructive and entertaining volume."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._
+
+    "An engrossing and instructive narrative."--_Dundee Advertiser._
+
+    "As a popular account of the Cross in history, we do not know that a
+    better book can be named."--_Glasgow Herald._
+
+
+Old Church Lore.
+
+BY WILLIAM ANDREWS, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Demy 8vo., 7s. 6d._
+
+CONTENTS--The Right of Sanctuary--The Romance of Trial--A Fight between
+the Mayor of Hull and the Archbishop of York--Chapels on Bridges--Charter
+Horns--The Old English Sunday--The Easter Sepulchre--St. Paul's
+Cross--Cheapside Cross--The Biddenden Maids Charity--Plagues and
+Pestilences--A King Curing an Abbot of Indigestion--The Services and
+Customs of Royal Oak Day--Marrying in a White Sheet--Marrying under the
+Gallows--Kissing the Bride--Hot Ale at Weddings--Marrying Children--The
+Passing Bell--Concerning Coffins--The Curfew Bell--Curious Symbols of the
+Saints--Acrobats on Steeples--A carefully prepared Index--Illustrated.
+
+    "An interesting volume."--_The Scotsman._
+
+    "A worthy work on a deeply interesting subject.... We commend this
+    book strongly."--_European Mail._
+
+    "The book is eminently readable, and may be taken up at any moment
+    with the certainty that something suggestive or entertaining will
+    present itself."--_Glasgow Citizen._
+
+    "Mr. Andrews' book does not contain a dull page.... Deserves to meet
+    with a very warm welcome."--_Yorkshire Post._
+
+
+A Lawyer's Secrets.
+
+BY HERBERT LLOYD.
+
+AUTHOR OF "THE CHILDREN OF CHANCE," ETC.
+
+_Price One Shilling._
+
+
+"Mr. Herbert Lloyd gives us a succession of stories which may reasonably
+be taken to have their origin in the experience of a lawyer practicing at
+large in the criminal courts. It is natural that they should be of a
+romantic nature; but romance is not foreign to a lawyer's consulting room,
+so that this fact need not be charged against this lawyer's veracity....
+The stories, seven in all, cover the ground of fraud and murder, inspired
+by the prevailing causes of crime--greed and jealousy. Our lawyer is happy
+in having the majority of his clients the innocent victims of false
+charges inspired and fostered in a great measure by their own folly; but
+this is a natural phase of professional experience, and we are only
+concerned with the fact that he generally manages it as effectively in the
+interests of his clients as his editor does in presenting them to his
+audience."--_Literary World._
+
+"A volume of entertaining stories.... The book has much the same interest
+as a volume of detective stories, except that putting the cases in a
+lawyer's mouth gives them a certain freshness. It is well written, and
+makes a capital volume for a railway journey."--The Scotsman.
+
+"A very entertaining volume."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._
+
+
+Legal Lore: Curiosities of Law and Lawyers.
+
+EDITED BY WILLIAM ANDREWS, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Demy 8vo., Cloth extra, 7s. 6d._
+
+CONTENTS:--Bible Law--Sanctuaries--Trials in Superstitious Ages--On
+Symbols--Law Under the Feudal System--The Manor and Manor Law--Ancient
+Tenures--Laws of the Forest--Trial by Jury in Old Times--Barbarous
+Punishments--Trials of Animals--Devices of the Sixteenth Century
+Debtors--Laws Relating to the Gipsies--Commonwealth Law and
+Lawyers--Cock-Fighting in Scotland--Cockieleerie Law--Fatal
+Links--Post-Mortem Trials--Island Laws--The Little Inns of Court--Obiter.
+
+    "There are some very amusing and curious facts concerning law and
+    lawyers. We have read with much interest the articles on Sanctuaries,
+    Trials in Superstitious Ages, Ancient Tenures, Trials by Jury in Old
+    Times, Barbarous Punishments, and Trials of Animals, and can heartily
+    recommend the volume to those who wish for a few hours' profitable
+    diversion in the study of what may be called the light literature of
+    the law."--_Daily Mail._
+
+    "Most amusing and instructive reading."--_The Scotsman._
+
+    "The contents of the volume are extremely entertaining, and convey not
+    a little information on ancient ideas and habits of life. While
+    members of the legal profession will turn to the work for incidents
+    with which to illustrate an argument or point a joke, laymen will
+    enjoy its vivid descriptions of old fashioned proceedings and often
+    semi-barbaric ideas to obligation and rectitude."--_Dundee
+    Advertiser._
+
+    "The subjects chosen are extremely interesting, and contain a quantity
+    of out-of-the-way and not easily accessible information.... Very
+    tastefully printed and bound."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._
+
+    "The book is handsomely got up; the style throughout is popular and
+    clear, and the variety of its contents, and the individuality of the
+    writers gave an added charm to the work."--_Daily Free Press._
+
+    "The book is interesting both to the general reader and the
+    student."--_Cheshire Notes and Queries._
+
+    "Those who care only to be amused will find plenty of entertainment in
+    this volume, while those who regard it as a work of reference will
+    rejoice at the variety of material, and appreciate the careful
+    indexing."--_Dundee Courier._
+
+    "Very interesting subjects, lucidly and charmingly written. The
+    versatility of the work assures for it a wide popularity."--_Northern
+    Gazette._
+
+    "A happy and useful addition to current literature."--_Norfolk
+    Chronicle._
+
+    "The book is a very fascinating one, and it is specially interesting
+    to students of history as showing the vast changes which, by gradual
+    course of development have been brought about both in the principles
+    and practice of the law."--_The Evening Gazette._
+
+
+In The Temple
+
+By a BARRISTER-AT-LAW.
+
+_Price One Shilling._
+
+This book opens with a chapter on the history of the Temple. Next follows
+an account of the Knight Templars. The story of the Devil's Own is given
+in a graphic manner. A Sketch of Christmas in the Temple is included. In
+an entertaining manner the reader is informed how to become a Templar, the
+manner of keeping terms is described, and lastly, the work concludes with
+a chapter on call parties.
+
+    "Amusing and interesting sketches."--_Law Times._
+
+    "Pleasing gossip about the barristers' quarters."--_The Gentlewoman._
+
+    "A pleasant little volume."--_The Globe._
+
+
+The Red, Red Wine.
+
+BY THE REV. J. JACKSON WRAY.
+
+_Crown 8vo., 330 pp. A portrait of the Author and other illustrations._
+
+_Price 3s. 6d._
+
+"This, as its name implies, is a temperance story, and is told in the
+lamented author's most graphic style. We have never read anything so
+powerful since 'Danesbury House,' and this book in stern and pathetic
+earnestness even excels that widely-known book. It is worthy a place in
+every Sunday School and village library; and, as the latest utterance of
+one whose writings are so deservedly popular, it is sure of a welcome. It
+should give decision to some whose views about Local Option are
+hazy."--_Joyful News._
+
+"The story is one of remarkable power."--_The Temperance Record._
+
+"An excellent and interesting story."--_The Temperance Chronicle._
+
+
+Faces on the Queen's Highway.
+
+BY FLO. JACKSON.
+
+_Elegantly Bound, Crown 8vo., price 2s. 6d._
+
+Though oftenest to be found in a pensive mood, the writer of this very
+dainty volume of sketches is always very sweet and winning. She has
+evidently a true artist's love of nature, and in a few lines can limn an
+autumn landscape full of colour, and the life which is on the down slope.
+And she can tell a very taking story, as witness the sketch "At the Inn,"
+and "The Master of White Hags," and all her characters are real, live
+flesh-and-blood people, who do things naturally, and give very great
+pleasure to the reader accordingly. Miss Jackson's gifts are of a very
+high order.--_Aberdeen Free Press._
+
+
+The Doomed Ship; or, The Wreck in the Arctic Regions.
+
+BY WILLIAM HURTON.
+
+_Crown 8vo., Elegantly Bound, Gilt extra, 3s. 6d._
+
+"There is no lack of adventures, and the writer has a matter-of-fact way
+of telling them."--_Spectator._
+
+"'The Doomed Ship,' by William Hurton, is a spirited tale of adventures in
+the old style of sea-stories. Mr. Hurton seems to enter fully into the
+manliness of sea life."--_Idler._
+
+
+Chronologies and Calendars.
+
+BY JAMES C. MACDONALD, F.S.A. Scot.
+
+_Crown 8vo., price 7s. 6d._
+
+"It is unlike most books on its subject in being brief and readable to an
+unlearned student. But its chief interest and its unquestionable value is
+for those who consider dates more curiously than most men need do in an
+age in which incorporated societies endeavour to persuade a man to insure
+his life by presenting him with an illuminated table of days. Those who
+are engaged in original historical researches will find it invaluable both
+for study and for reference."--_The Scotsman._
+
+"A large amount of carefully prepared information."--_Aberdeen Free
+Press._
+
+
+The Quaker Poets of Great Britain and Ireland.
+
+BY EVELYN NOBLE ARMITAGE.
+
+_Demy 8vo., cloth extra, 7s. 6d._
+
+The volume opens with a brief sketch of the Rise of the Society of
+Friends, and Characteristics of its Poetry. Biographical Notices and
+Examples of the best Poems of the Chief Quaker Poets of Great Britain and
+Ireland.
+
+    "The book throughout is a good example of scholarly and appreciative
+    editing."--_The Times._
+
+    "The book is well worth reading, and evinces signs of careful
+    selection and treatment of themes."--_Liverpool Daily Post._
+
+    "Mrs. Armitage's book was worth compiling, and has claims on others
+    than members of the Society of Friends."--_Newcastle Daily Leader._
+
+    "The volume is well worth careful study."--_Manchester Guardian._
+
+    "This is a charming and even captivating book."--_Friends' Quarterly
+    Examiner._
+
+
+Stepping Stones to Socialism.
+
+BY DAVID MAXWELL, C.E.
+
+_Crown 8vo., 140 pp.; fancy cover, 1s.; cloth bound, 2s._
+
+CONTENTS:--In a reasonable and able manner Mr. Maxwell deals with the
+following topics:--The Popular meaning of the Word Socialism--Lord
+Salisbury on Socialism--Why There is in Many Minds an Antipathy to
+Socialism--On Some Socialistic Views of Marriage--The Question of Private
+Property--The Old Political Economy is not the Way of Salvation--Who is My
+Neighbour?--Progress, and the Condition of the Labourer--Good and Bad
+Trade: Precarious Employment--All Popular Movements are Helping on
+Socialism--Modern Literature in Relation to Social Progress--Pruning the
+Old Theological Tree--The Churches: Their Socialistic Tendencies--The
+Future of the Earth in Relation to Human Life--Socialism is Based
+on Natural Laws of Life--Humanity in the Future--Preludes to
+Socialism--Forecasts of the Ultimate Form of Society--A Pisgah-top View of
+the Promised Land.
+
+    "A temperate and reverent study of a great question."--_London
+    Quarterly Review._
+
+    "Mr. David Maxwell's book is the timely expression of a
+    richly-furnished mind on the current problems of home politics and
+    social ethics."--_Eastern Morning News._
+
+    "Quite up-to-date."--_Hull Daily Mail._
+
+
+The Studies of a Socialist Parson.
+
+BY THE REV. W. H. ABRAHAM, M.A. (London).
+
+_Crown 8vo., Price One Shilling._
+
+The volume consists of sermons and addresses, given mostly at the St.
+Augustine's Church, Hull. The author in his preface says, "It is the duty
+of the clergyman to try and understand what Socialism is, and to lead men
+from the false Socialism to the true."
+
+CONTENTS:--The Working-man, Past and Present: A Historical Review--Whither
+are we going?--National Righteousness--The True Value of Life--Christian
+Socialism--Jesus Christ, the True Socialist--Socialism, through Christ or
+without Him?--The Great Bread Puzzle--Labour Day, May 1, 1892--The People,
+the Rulers, and the Priests--Friendly Societies--Trades' Unions--The
+People's Church--On some Social Questions--The Greatest Help to the true
+Social Life--The Great I Am--God as a present force--Signs of the Times.
+
+    "The volume is deserving of all praise."--_Glasgow Herald._
+
+    "An admirable contribution to the solution of difficult problems. Mr.
+    Abraham has much that is valuable to say, and says it
+    well."--_Spectator._
+
+    "The book is as a whole sensitive and suggestive. The timely words on
+    'Decency in Journalism and Conversation' deserve to be widely
+    read."--_London Quarterly Review._
+
+
+Yorkshire Family Romance.
+
+BY FREDERICK ROSS, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Elegantly bound in cloth gilt, Demy 8vo., 6s._
+
+CONTENTS:--The Synod of Streoneshalh--The Doomed Heir of Osmotherley--St.
+Eadwine, the Royal Martyr--The Viceroy Siward--Phases in the Life of a
+Political Martyr--The Murderer's Bride--The Earldom of Wiltes--Blackfaced
+Clifford--The Shepherd Lord--The Felons of Ilkley--The Ingilby Boar's
+Head--The Eland Tragedy--The Plumpton Marriage--The Topcliffe
+Insurrection--Burning of Cottingham Castle--The Alum Workers--The Maiden
+of Marblehead--Rise of the House of Phipps--The Traitor Governor of Hull.
+
+    "The grasp and thoroughness of the writer is evident in every page,
+    and the book forms a valuable addition to the literature of the North
+    Country."--_Gentlewoman._
+
+    "Many will welcome this work."--_Yorkshire Post._
+
+
+Legendary Yorkshire.
+
+BY FREDERICK ROSS, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Elegantly bound in cloth gilt, Demy 8vo., 6s._
+
+CONTENTS:--The Enchanted Cave--The Doomed City--The Worm of
+Nunnington--The Devil's Arrows--The Giant Road Maker of Mulgrave--The
+Virgin's Head of Halifax--The Dead Arm of St. Oswald the King--The
+Translation of St. Hilda--A Miracle of St. John--The Beatified
+Sisters--The Dragon of Wantley--The Miracles and Ghost of Watton--The
+Murdered Hermit of Eskdale--The Calverley Ghost--The Bewitched House of
+Wakefield.
+
+    "It is a work of lasting interest, and cannot fail to delight the
+    reader."--_Beverley Recorder._
+
+    "The history and the literature of our county are now receiving marked
+    attention, and Mr. Andrews merits the support of the public for the
+    production of this and other interesting volumes he has issued. We
+    cannot speak too highly of this volume, the printing, the paper, and
+    the binding being faultless."--_Driffield Observer._
+
+
+In Folly Land.
+
+BY CAP AND BELLS.
+
+_Crown 8vo., One Shilling._
+
+"'Folly Land' is the title of a neatly-produced shilling volume of
+humorous verse by a writer who--if we are not misinformed--veils a
+well-known name under the nom de guerre of 'Cap and Bells.' Some of the
+comic poems, 'A Wicked Story' and 'Just my Luck,' for instance, are funny.
+A humorous and unhackneyed recitation is always a welcome addition to the
+not varied repertoire of the professional or amateur reciter, and some of
+the contents of 'Folly Land' are likely to become popular."--_The Star._
+
+
+Biblical and Shakespearian Characters Compared.
+
+BY THE REV. JAMES BELL.
+
+_Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d._
+
+Between the Hebrew Bible and Shakespeare there exists some interesting and
+instructive points of resemblance, especially in respect of their ways of
+life and character. No doubt certain inevitable differences also exist
+between them, but these do not hide the resemblance; rather they serve to
+set it, so to speak, in bolder relief.
+
+The author in this volume treats or this striking resemblance, under
+certain phases, between Hebrew Prophecy and Shakespearian Drama.
+
+The following are the chief "Studies" which find a place in the
+work:--Hebrew Prophecy and Shakespeare: a Comparison--Eli and Hamlet--Saul
+and Macbeth--Jonathan and Horatio--David and Henry V.--Epilogue.
+
+    "One of the most suggestive volumes we have met with for a long
+    time."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._
+
+    "A deeply interesting book."--_The Methodist Times._
+
+    "A highly interesting and ingenious work."--_British Weekly._
+
+
+The New Fairy Book.
+
+Edited by WILLIAM ANDREWS, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Price 4s. 6d. Demy 8vo._
+
+This volume contains Fifteen New Fairy Stories by Popular Authors. Many
+charming original illustrations are included.
+
+It is beautifully printed in bold clear type, and bound in a most
+attractive style.
+
+    "A very delightful volume, and eminently qualified for a gift book....
+    The stories are bright and interesting."--_Glasgow Herald._
+
+    "We hope the book will get into many children's hands."--_Review of
+    Reviews._
+
+    "We can recommend the stories for their originality, and the volume
+    for its elegant and tasteful appearance."--_Westminster Gazette._
+
+
+Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great Britain.
+
+Chronicled from the Earliest to the Present Time.
+
+BY WILLIAM ANDREWS, F.R.H.S.
+
+_Fcap. 4to. Bevelled boards, gilt tops. Price 4s._
+
+This work furnishes a carefully prepared account of all the great Frosts
+occurring in this country from A.D. 134 to 1887. The numerous Frost Fairs
+on the Thames are fully described, and illustrated with quaint woodcuts,
+and several old ballads relating to the subject are reproduced. It is
+tastefully printed and elegantly bound.
+
+    "A very interesting volume."--_Northern Daily Telegraph._
+
+    "A great deal of curious and valuable information is contained in
+    these pages.... A comely volume."--_Literary World._
+
+    "An interesting and valuable work."--_West Middlesex Times._
+
+    "A volume of much interest and great importance."--_Rotherham
+    Advertiser._
+
+
+Andrews's Library of Masterpieces of Choice Literature.
+
+This series of works consists of reprints carefully edited, with notes,
+etc., of a number of works which have long been out of print, but which
+are of undoubted merit, and volumes that cultured book-lovers will prize.
+Only the very best works in our literature are included in the series, and
+are carefully printed on good paper, and suitably bound. In all cases
+limited editions are printed.
+
+The first three volumes of the series are as follow:--
+
+_Crown 8vo., bound in Cloth, 2s. each._
+
+
+The Months: Descriptive of the Successive Beauties of the Year.
+
+BY LEIGH HUNT.
+
+With Biographical Introduction by William Andrews, F.R.H.S.
+
+
+A Song to David
+
+BY CHRISTOPHER SMART.
+
+Edited, with Notes, by J. R. Tutin.
+
+
+Carmen Deo Nostro, _Te Decet_ Hymnus: Sacred Poems.
+
+BY RICHARD CRASHAW.
+
+Edited by J. R. Tutin.
+
+London: William Andrews & Co., 5, Farringdon Avenue.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLAND IN THE DAYS OF OLD***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 38905.txt or 38905.zip *******
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+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
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