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Sayce</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is + for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no + restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +Title: The Egypt of the Hebrews and Herodotos + +Author: A. H. Sayce + +Release Date: February 12, 2012 [Ebook #38843] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EGYPT OF THE HEBREWS AND HERODOTOS*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">The Egypt of the Hebrews and Herodotos</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">By</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">The Rev. A. H. Sayce</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Professor of Assyriology + at Oxford</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">London</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Rivington, Percical & + Co.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1895</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"> + <li><a href="#toc1">Preface</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc3">Chapter I. The Patriarchal Age.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc5">Chapter II. The Age Of Moses.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc7">Chapter III. The Exodus And The Hebrew + Settlement In Canaan.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc9">Chapter IV. The Age Of The Israelitish + Monarchies.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc11">Chapter V. The Age Of The Ptolemies.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc13">Chapter VI. Herodotos In Egypt.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc15">Chapter VII. In The Steps Of + Herodotos.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc17">Chapter VIII. Memphis And The Fayyûm.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc19">Appendices.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc21">Appendix I.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc23">Appendix II. Biblical + Dates.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc25">Appendix III. The + Greek Writers Upon Egypt.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc27">Appendix IV. + Archæological Excursions In The Delta.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc29">Index.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc31">Footnotes</a></li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevii">[pg vii]</span><a name="Pgvii" + id="Pgvii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Preface</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A few words of + preface are needful to justify the addition of another contribution + to the over-abundant mass of literature of which Egypt is the + subject. It is intended to supplement the books already in the hands + of tourists and students, and to put before them just that + information which either is not readily accessible or else forms part + of larger and cumbrous works. The travels of Herodotos in Egypt are + followed for the first time in the light of recent discoveries, and + the history of the intercourse between the Egyptians and the Jews is + brought down to the age of the Roman Empire. As the ordinary + histories of Egypt used by travellers end with the extinction of the + native Pharaohs, I have further given a sketch of the Ptolemaic + period. I have moreover specially noted the results of the recent + excavations and discoveries made by the Egypt <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="pageviii">[pg viii]</span><a name="Pgviii" id= + "Pgviii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Exploration Fund and by + Professor Flinders Petrie, at all events where they bear upon the + subject-matter of the book. Those who have not the publications of + the Fund or of Professor Petrie, or who do not care to carry them + into Egypt, will, I believe, be glad to have the essence of them thus + extracted in a convenient shape. Lastly, in the Appendices I have put + together information which the visitor to the Nile often wishes to + obtain, but which he can find in none of his guide-books. The + Appendix on the nomes embodies the results of the latest researches, + and the list will therefore be found to differ here and there from + the lists which have been published elsewhere. Those who desire the + assistance of maps should procure the very handy and complete + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Atlas of + Ancient Egypt</span></span>, published by the Egypt Exploration Fund + (price 3s. 6d.). It makes the addition of maps to this or any future + work on Ancient Egypt superfluous.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Discoveries follow + so thickly one upon the other in these days of active exploration + that <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageix">[pg ix]</span><a name= + "Pgix" id="Pgix" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> it is impossible for an + author to keep pace with them. Since my manuscript was ready for the + press Dr. Naville, on behalf of the Egypt Exploration Fund, has + practically cleared the magnificent temple of Queen Hatshepsu at Dêr + el-Bâhari, and has discovered beneath it the unfinished sepulchre in + which the queen fondly hoped that her body would be laid; Professor + Petrie has excavated in the desert behind Zawêdeh and opposite Qoft + the tombs of barbarous tribes, probably of Libyan origin, who settled + in the valley of the Nile between the fall of the sixth and the rise + of the eleventh dynasty; Mr. de Morgan has disinterred more jewellery + of exquisite workmanship from the tombs of the princesses of the + twelfth dynasty at Dahshûr; and Dr. Botti has discovered the site of + the Serapeum at Alexandria, thus obtaining for the first time a point + of importance for determining the topography of the ancient city.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The people whose + remains have been found by Professor Petrie buried their dead in open + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagex">[pg x]</span><a name="Pgx" id= + "Pgx" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> situated in the central court. But + his most interesting discovery is that of long subterranean passages, + once faced with masonry, and furnished with niches for lamps, where + the mysteries of Serapis were celebrated. At the entrance of one of + them pious visitors to the shrine have scratched their vows on the + wall of rock. Those who are interested in the discovery should + consult Dr. Botti's memoir on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">L'Acropole d'Alexandrie et le + Sérapeum</span></span>, presented to the Archæological Society of + Alexandria, 17th August 1895.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two or three other + recent discoveries may also find mention here. A Babylonian + seal-cylinder now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art at New York has + at last given me a clue to the native home of the Hyksos leaders. + This was in the mountains of Elam, on the eastern frontier of + Chaldæa. It was from these mountains that the Kassi descended upon + Babylonia and founded a dynasty there which lasted for nearly 600 + years, and the same movement which brought them into Babylonia may + have <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexi">[pg xi]</span><a name= + "Pgxi" id="Pgxi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> sent other bands of them + across Western Asia into Egypt. At all events, the inscription upon + the seal shows that it belonged to a certain Uzi-Sutakh, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the son of the Kassite,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the servant of Burna-buryas,”</span> who was the Kassite + king of Babylonia in the age of the Tel el-Amarna correspondence. As + the name of Sutakh is preceded by the determinative of divinity, it + is clear that we have in it the name of the Hyksos deity Sutekh.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a hieroglyphic + stela lately discovered at Saqqârah, and now in the Gizeh Museum, we + read of an earlier parallel to the Tyrian Camp at Memphis seen by + Herodotos. We learn from the stela that, in the time of King Ai, in + the closing days of the eighteenth dynasty, there was already a + similar <span class="tei tei-q">“Camp”</span> or quarter at Memphis + which was assigned to the Hittites. The inscription is further + interesting as showing that the authority of Ai was acknowledged at + Memphis, the capital of Northern Egypt, as well as in the + Thebaid.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lastly, Professor + Hommel seems to have <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexii">[pg + xii]</span><a name="Pgxii" id="Pgxii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + found the name of the Zakkur or Zakkal, the kinsfolk and associates + of the Philistines, in a broken cuneiform text which relates to one + of the Kassite kings of Babylonia not long before the epoch of + Khu-n-Aten. Here mention is made not only of the city of Arka in + Phœnicia, but also of the city of Zaqqalû. In Zaqqalû we must + recognise the Zakkur of Egyptian history. I may add that Khar or + Khal, the name given by the Egyptians to the southern portion of + Palestine, is identified by Professor Maspero with the Horites of the + Old Testament.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By way of + conclusion, I have only to say that those who wish to read a detailed + account of the manner in which the great colossus of Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> at Memphis was raised + and its companion statue disinterred must refer to the Paper + published by Major Arthur H. Bagnold himself in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proceedings</span></span> of the Society of + Biblical Archæology for June 1888.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A. H. Sayce.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October + 1895.</span></span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span><a name= + "Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter I. The Patriarchal + Age.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn there.”</span> + When he entered the country the civilisation and monarchy of Egypt + were already very old. The pyramids had been built hundreds of years + before, and the origin of the Sphinx was already a mystery. Even the + great obelisk of Heliopolis, which is still the object of an + afternoon drive to the tourist at Cairo, had long been standing in + front of the temple of the Sun-god.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The monuments of + Babylonia enable us to fix the age to which Abraham belongs. Arioch + of Ellasar has left memorials of himself on the bricks of Chaldæa, + and we now know when he and his Elamite allies were driven out of + Babylonia and the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg + 002]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Babylonian states were united into a single monarchy. This was 2350 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The united + monarchy of Egypt went back to a far earlier date. Menes, its + founder, had been king of This (or Girgeh) in Upper Egypt, and + starting from his ancestral dominions had succeeded in bringing all + Egypt under his rule. But the memory of an earlier time, when the + valley of the Nile was divided into two separate sovereignties, + survived to the latest age of the monarchy. Up to the last the + Pharaohs of Egypt called themselves <span class="tei tei-q">“kings of + the two lands,”</span> and wore on their heads the crowns of Upper + and Lower Egypt. The crown of Upper Egypt was a tiara of white linen, + that of Lower Egypt a throne-like head-dress of red. The double crown + was a symbol of the imperial power.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To Menes is + ascribed the building of Memphis, the capital of the united kingdom. + He is said to have raised the great dyke which Linant de Bellefonds + identifies with that of Kosheish near Kafr el-Ayyât, and thereby to + have diverted the Nile from its ancient channel under the Libyan + plain. On the ground that he thus added to the western bank of the + river his new capital was erected.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Memphis is the + Greek form of the old Egyptian Men-nefer or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Good Place.”</span> The final <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">r</span></span> was + dropped in Egyptian pronunciation at an early date, and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> thus arose the Hebrew forms of the name, + Moph and Noph, which we find in the Old Testament,<a id="noteref_1" + name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> while + <span class="tei tei-q">“Memphis”</span> itself—Mimpi in the + cuneiform inscriptions of Assyria—has the same origin. Another name + by which it went in old Egyptian times was Anbu-hez, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the white wall,”</span> from the great wall of brick, + covered with white stucco, which surrounded it, and of which traces + still remain on the northern side of the old site. Here a fragment of + the ancient fortification still rises above the mounds of the city; + the wall is many feet thick, and the sun-dried bricks of which it is + formed are bonded together with the stems of palms.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the midst of + the mounds is a large and deep depression, which is filled with water + during the greater part of the year. It marks the site of the sacred + lake, which was attached to every Egyptian temple, and in which the + priests bathed themselves and washed the vessels of the sanctuary. + Here, not long ago, lay the huge colossus of limestone which + represented Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> of the nineteenth + dynasty, and had been presented by the Egyptian Khedive to the + British Government. But it was too heavy and unwieldy for modern + engineers to carry across the sea, and it was therefore left lying + with its face prone in the mud and water of the ancient lake, a prey + to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name= + "Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the first comer who + needed a quarry of stone. It was not until after the English + occupation of Egypt that it was lifted out of its ignoble position by + Major Bagnold and placed securely in a wooden shed. While it was + being raised another colossus of the same Pharaoh, of smaller size + but of better workmanship, was discovered, and lifted beyond the + reach of the inundation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The two statues + once stood before the temple of the god Ptah, whom the Greeks + identified with their own deity Hephæstos, for no better reason than + the similarity of name. The temple of Ptah was coeval with the city + of Memphis itself. When Menes founded Memphis, he founded the temple + at the same time. It was the centre and glory of the city, which was + placed under the protection of its god. Pharaoh after Pharaoh adorned + and enlarged it, and its priests formed one of the most powerful + organisations in the kingdom.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The temple of + Ptah, the Creator, gave to Memphis its sacred name. This was + Hâ-ka-Ptah, <span class="tei tei-q">“the house of the double (or + spiritual appearance) of Ptah,”</span> in which Dr. Brugsch sees the + original of the Greek Aigyptos.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the glories of + the temple of Ptah have long since passed away. The worship of its + god ceased for ever when Theodosius, the Roman Emperor, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> closed its gates, and forbade any other + religion save the Christian to be henceforth publicly professed in + the empire. Soon afterwards came the Mohammedan conquest of Egypt. + Memphis was deserted; and the sculptured stones of the ancient shrine + served to build the palaces and mosques of the new lords of the + country. Fostât and Cairo were built out of the spoils of the temple + of Ptah. But the work of destruction took long to accomplish. As late + as the twelfth century, the Arabic writer 'Abd el-Latîf describes the + marvellous relics of the past which still existed on the site of + Memphis. Colossal statues, the bases of gigantic columns, a chapel + formed of a single block of stone and called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the green chamber”</span>—such were some of the wonders + of ancient art which the traveller was forced to admire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The history of + Egypt, as we have seen, begins with the record of an engineering feat + of the highest magnitude. It is a fitting commencement for the + history of a country which has been wrested by man from the waters of + the Nile, and whose existence even now is dependent on the successful + efforts of the engineer. Beyond this single record, the history of + Menes and his immediate successors is virtually a blank. No dated + monuments of the first dynasty have as yet been discovered. It may + be, as many Egyptologists think, that the Sphinx is older than + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name="Pg006" + id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Menes himself; but if so, that + strange image, carved out of a rock which may once have jutted into + the stream of the Nile, still keeps the mystery of its origin locked + up in its breast. We know that it was already there in the days of + Khephrên of the fourth dynasty; but beyond that we know nothing.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the second + dynasty a dated record still survives. Almost the first gift received + by the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford was the lintel-stone of an ancient + Egyptian tomb, brought from Saqqârah, the necropolis of Memphis, by + Dr. Greaves at the end of the seventeenth century. When, more than a + century later, the hieroglyphics upon it came to be read, it was + found that it had belonged to the sepulchre of a certain Sheri who + had been the <span class="tei tei-q">“prophet”</span> of the two + Pharaohs Send and Per-ab-sen. Of Per-ab-sen no other record remains, + but the name of Send had long been known as that of a king of the + second dynasty.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The rest of + Sheri's tomb, so far as it has been preserved, is now in the Gizeh + Museum. Years after the inscription on the fragment at Oxford had + been deciphered, the hinder portion of the tomb was discovered by + Mariette. Like the lintel-stone in the Ashmolean Museum, it is + adorned with sculptures and hieroglyphics. Already, we learn from it, + the hieroglyphic system of writing was complete, the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> characters being used not only to denote + ideas and express syllables, but alphabetically as well. The name of + Send himself is spelt in the letters of the alphabet. The art of the + monument, though not equal to that which prevailed a few generations + later, is already advanced, while the texts show that the religion + and organisation of the empire were already old. In the age of the + second dynasty, at all events, we are far removed from the beginnings + of Egyptian civilisation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With Snefru, the + first king of the fourth dynasty, or, according to another reckoning, + the last king of the third, we enter upon the monumental history of + Egypt. Snefru's monuments are to be found, not only in Egypt, but + also in the deserts of Sinai. There the mines of copper and malachite + were worked for him, and an Egyptian garrison kept guard upon the + Bedouin tribes. In Egypt, as has now been definitely proved by + Professor Petrie's excavations, he built the pyramid of Medûm, one of + the largest and most striking of the pyramids. Around it were ranged + the tombs of his nobles and priests, from which have come some of the + most beautiful works of art in the Gizeh Museum.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The painted + limestone statues of Ra-nefer and his wife Nefert, for instance, are + among the finest existing specimens of ancient Egyptian workmanship. + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" + id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> They are clearly life-like + portraits, executed with a delicacy and finish which might well + excite the envy of a modern artist. The character, and even the + antecedents of the husband and wife, breathe through their features. + While in the one we can see the strong will and solid common-sense of + the self-made man, in the other can be traced the culture and + refinement of a royal princess.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pyramids of + Gizeh are the imperishable record of the fourth dynasty. Khufu, + Khaf-Ra and Men-ka-Ra, the Kheops, Khephrên and Mykerinos of + Herodotos, were the builders of the three vast sepulchres which, by + their size and nearness to Cairo, have so long been an object of + pilgrimage to the traveller. The huge granite blocks of the Great + Pyramid of Khufu have been cut and fitted together with a marvellous + exactitude. Professor Petrie found that the joints of the + casing-stones, with an area of some thirty-five square feet each, + were not only worked with an accuracy equal to that of the modern + optician, but were even cemented throughout. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Though the stones were brought as close as 1/500 inch, + or, in fact, into contact, and the mean opening of the joint was 1/50 + inch, yet the builders managed to fill the joint with cement, despite + the great area of it and the weight of the stone to be moved—some + sixteen tons. To merely place such <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> stones in exact contact at the sides would be + careful work; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost + impossible.”</span><a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href= + "#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Professor Petrie + believes that the stones were cut with tubular drills fitted with + jewel points—a mode of cutting stone which it was left to the + nineteenth century to re-discover. The lines marked upon the stone by + the drills can still be observed, and there is evidence that not only + the tool but the stone also was rotated. The great pressure needed + for driving the drills and saws with the requisite rapidity through + the blocks of granite and diorite is indeed surprising. It brings + before us the high mechanical knowledge attained by the Egyptians in + the fourth millennium before our era even more forcibly than the + heights to which the blocks were raised. The machinery, however, with + which this latter work was effected is still unknown.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The sculptured and + painted walls of the tombs which surround the pyramids of Gizeh tell + us something about the life and civilisation of the period. The + government was a highly organised bureaucracy, under a king who was + already regarded as the representative of the Sun-god upon earth. The + land was inhabited by an industrious people, mainly agricultural, who + lived in peace and plenty. Arts <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page010">[pg 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and crafts of all kinds were cultivated, + including that of making glass. The art of the sculptor had reached a + high perfection. One of the most striking statues in the world is + that of Khaf-Ra seated on his imperial throne, which is now in the + Museum of Gizeh. The figure of the king is more than life-size; above + his head the imperial hawk stretches forth its wings, and on the + king's face, though the features bear the unmistakable impress of a + portrait, there rests an aspect of divine calm. And yet this statue, + with its living portraiture and exquisite finish, is carved out of a + dioritic rock, the hardest of hard stone.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fourth dynasty + was peaceably succeeded by the fifth and the sixth. Culture and + cultivation made yet further progress, and the art of the painter and + sculptor reached its climax. Those whose knowledge of Egyptian art is + derived from the museums of Europe have little idea of the perfection + which it attained at this remote period. The hard and crystallised + art of later ages differed essentially from that of the early + dynasties. The wooden figure of the 'Sheikh el-Beled'—the sleek and + well-to-do farmer, who gazes complacently on his fertile fields and + well-stocked farm—is one of the noblest works of human genius. And + yet it belongs to the age of the fifth or the sixth dynasty, like the + pictures in low relief, resembling exquisite embroidery on stone, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" + id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> which cover the walls of the + tombs of Ti and Ptah-hotep at Saqqârah.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first six + dynasties constitute what Egyptologists call the Old Empire. They + ended with a queen, Nit-aqer (the Greek Nitôkris), and Egypt passed + under sudden eclipse. For several centuries it lies concealed from + the eye of history. A few royal names alone are preserved; other + records there are as yet none. What befell the country and its rulers + we do not know. Whether it was foreign invasion or civil war, or the + internal decay of the government, certain it is that disaster + overshadowed for a while the valley of the Nile. It may be that the + barbarian tribes, whose tombs Professor Petrie has lately discovered + in the desert opposite Qoft, and whom he believes to have been of + Libyan origin, were the cause. With the tenth dynasty light begins + again to dawn. Mr. Griffith has shown that some at least of the tombs + cut out of the cliffs behind Siût belonged to that era, and that + Ka-meri-Ra, whose name appears in one of them, was a king of the + tenth dynasty. The fragmentary inscription, which can still be traced + on the walls of the tomb, seems to allude to the successful + suppression of a civil war.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The eleventh + dynasty arose at Thebes, of which its founders were the hereditary + chiefs. It introduces us to the so-called Middle Empire. But the + Egypt <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name= + "Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the Middle Empire + was no longer the Egypt of the Old Empire. The age of the great + pyramid-builders was past, and the tomb carved in the rock begins to + take the place of the pyramid of the earlier age. Memphis has ceased + to be the capital of the country; the centre of power has been + transferred to Thebes and the south. The art which flourished at + Memphis has been superseded by the art with which our museums have + made us familiar. With the transfer of the government, moreover, from + north to south, Egyptian religion has undergone a change. Ptah of + Memphis and Ra of Heliopolis have had to yield to Amon, the god of + Thebes. The god of the house of the new Pharaohs now takes his place + at the head of the pantheon, and the older gods of the north fall + more and more into the background.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Egypt of the + Middle Empire was divided among a number of great princes, who had + received their power and property by inheritance, and resembled the + great lords of the feudal age. The Pharaoh at first was little more + than the chief among his peers. But when the sceptre passed into the + vigorous hands of the kings of the twelfth dynasty, the influence and + authority of the feudal princes was more and more encroached upon. A + firm government at home and successful campaigns abroad restored the + supreme rule of the Pharaoh and made <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> him, perhaps more than had ever been the case + before, a divinely-instituted autocrat.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The wars of the + twelfth dynasty extended the Egyptian domination far to the south. + The military organisation of the Middle Empire was indeed its most + striking point of contrast to the Old Empire. The Egypt of the first + six dynasties had been self-contained and pacific. A few raids were + made from time to time against the negroes south of the First + Cataract, but only for the sake of obtaining slaves. The idea of + extending Egyptian power beyond the natural boundaries of Egypt has + as yet never presented itself. The Pharaohs of the Old Empire did not + need an army, and accordingly did not possess one. But with the + Middle Empire all this was changed. Egypt ceases to be isolated: its + history will be henceforth part of the history of the world. Foreign + wars, however, and the organisation of a strong government at home, + did not absorb the whole energies of the court. Temples and obelisks + were erected, art was patronised, and the creation of the Fayyûm, + whereby a large tract of fertile land was won for Egypt, not only + proved the high engineering skill of the age of the twelfth dynasty, + but constituted a solid claim for gratitude to its creator, + Amon-em-hat <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, on the part of all + succeeding generations.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The thirteenth + dynasty followed in the footsteps of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> its predecessor. We possess the names of more + than one hundred and fifty kings who belonged to it, and their + monuments were scattered from one end of Egypt to the other. The + fourteenth dynasty ended in disaster. Egypt was invaded by Asiatic + hordes, and the line of native Pharaohs was for a time extinct.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The invaders were + called by Manetho, the Egyptian historian, the Hyksos or Shepherd + Princes: on the monuments they are known as the Aamu or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Asiatics.”</span> At first, we are told, their progress + was marked by massacre and destruction. The temples were profaned and + overthrown, the cities burned with fire. But after a while the higher + culture of the conquered people overcame the conquerors. A king arose + among the invaders who soon adopted the prerogatives and state of the + Pharaohs. The fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth dynasties were + Hyksos.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Recent discoveries + have proved that at one time the dominion of the Hyksos extended, if + not to the first cataract, at all events far to the south of Thebes. + Their monuments have been found at Gebelên and El-Kab. Gradually, + however, the native princes recovered their power in Upper Egypt. + While the seventeenth Hyksos dynasty was reigning at Zoan, or Tanis, + in the north, a seventeenth Egyptian dynasty was ruling at Thebes. + But the princes of Thebes did not as yet venture to claim the + imperial <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg + 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + title. They still acknowledged the supremacy of the foreign + Pharaoh.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The war of + independence broke out in the reign of the Hyksos king Apopi. + According to the Egyptian legend, Apopi had sent messengers to the + prince of Thebes, bidding him worship none other god than + Baal-Sutekh, the Hyksos divinity. But Amon-Ra of Thebes avenged the + dishonour that had been done him, and stirred up his adorers to + successful revolt. For five generations the war went on, and ended + with the complete expulsion of the stranger. Southern Egypt first + recovered its independence, then Memphis fell, and finally the Hyksos + conquerors were driven out of Zoan, their capital, and confined to + the fortress of Avaris, on the confines of Asia. But even here they + were not safe from the avenging hand of the Egyptian. Ahmes I., the + founder of the eighteenth dynasty, drove them from their last refuge + and pursued them into Palestine.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The land which had + sent forth its hordes to conquer Egypt was now in turn to be + conquered by the Egyptians. The war was carried into Asia, and the + struggle for independence became a struggle for empire. Under the + Pharaohs of the eighteenth dynasty, Egypt, for the first time in its + history, became a great military state. Army after army <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> poured out of the gates of Thebes, and + brought back to it the spoils of the known world. Ethiopia and Syria + alike felt the tread of the Egyptian armies, and had alike to bow the + neck to Egyptian rule. Canaan became an Egyptian province, Egyptian + garrisons were established in the far north on the frontiers of the + Hittite tribes, and the boundaries of the Pharaoh's empire were + pushed to the banks of the Euphrates.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is probable + that Abraham did not enter Egypt until after the Hyksos conquest. But + before the rise of the eighteenth dynasty Egyptian chronology is + uncertain. We have to reckon it by dynasties rather than by years. + According to Manetho, the Old Empire lasted 1478 years, and a + considerable interval must be allowed for the troublous times which + intervened between its fall and the beginning of the Middle Empire. + We learn from the Turin papyrus—a list of the Egyptian kings and + dynasties compiled in the time of Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, but now, alas! in + tattered fragments—that the tenth dynasty lasted 355 years and 10 + days, the eleventh dynasty 243 years. The duration of the twelfth + dynasty is known from the monuments (165 years 2 months), that of the + thirteenth, with its more than one hundred and fifty kings, cannot + have been short. How long the Hyksos rule endured it is difficult to + say. Africanus, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg + 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + quoting from Manetho, as Professor Erman has shown, makes it 953 + years, with which the fragment quoted by Josephus from the Egyptian + historian also agrees. In this case the Hyksos conquest of Egypt + would have taken place about 2550 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Unfortunately the + original work of Manetho is lost, and we are dependent for our + knowledge of it on later writers, most of whom sought to harmonise + its chronology with that of the Septuagint. When we further remember + the corruptions undergone by numerical figures in passing through the + hands of the copyists, it is clear that we cannot place implicit + confidence in the Manethonian numbers as they have come down to us. + Indeed, the writers who have recorded them do not always agree + together, and we find the names of kings arbitrarily omitted or the + length of their reigns shortened in order to force the chronology + into agreement with that of the author. The twelfth dynasty reigned + 134 years according to Eusebius, 160 years according to Africanus; + its real duration was 165 years, 2 months, and 12 days.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the help of + certain astronomical data furnished by the monuments, Dr. Mahler, the + Viennese astronomer, has succeeded in determining the exact date of + the reigns of the two most famous monarchs of the eighteenth and + nineteenth dynasties, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg + 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Thothmes <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> and Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + Thothmes <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> reigned from the 20th + of March <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1503 to the 14th of + February <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1449, while the reign + of Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> lasted from <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1348 to <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1281. The date of + Thothmes <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> enables us to fix the + beginning of the eighteenth dynasty about <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1570.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The dynasties of + Manetho were successive and not contemporaneous. This fact was one of + the main results of the excavations and discoveries of Mariette + Pasha. The old attempts to form artificial schemes of + chronology—which, however, satisfied no one but their authors—upon + the supposition that some of the dynasties reigned together are now + discredited for ever. Every fresh discovery made in Egypt, which adds + to our knowledge of ancient Egyptian history, makes the fact still + more certain. There were epochs, indeed, when more than one line of + kings claimed sway in the valley of the Nile, but when such was the + case, Manetho selected what he or his authorities considered the sole + legitimate dynasty, and disregarded every other. Of the two rival + twenty-first dynasties which the monuments have brought to light, the + lists of Manetho recognise but one, and the Assyrian rule in Egypt at + a subsequent date is ignored in favour of the princes of Sais who + were reigning at the same time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If, then, any + reliance is to be placed on the length <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page019">[pg 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of time ascribed to the Hyksos dominion in the + valley of the Nile, and if we are still to hold to the old belief of + Christendom and see in the Hebrew wanderer into Egypt the Abram who + contended against Chedor-laomer and the subject kings of Babylonia, + it would have been about two centuries after the settlement of the + Asiatic conquerors in the Delta that Abraham and Sarah arrived at + their court. The court was doubtless held at Zoan, the modern Sân. + Here was the Hyksos capital, and its proximity to the Asiatic + frontier of Egypt made it easy of access to a traveller from + Palestine. We are told in the Book of Numbers (xiii. 22) that Hebron + was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt; and it may be that the + building here referred to was that which caused Zoan to become the + seat of the Hyksos power.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Asiatic migration + into Egypt was no new thing. On the walls of one of the tombs of + Beni-Hassan there is pictured the arrival of thirty-seven Aamu or + Asiatics <span class="tei tei-q">“of Shu,”</span> in the sixth year + of Usertesen <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> of the twelfth dynasty. + Under the conduct of their chief, Ab-sha, they came from the + mountains of the desert, bringing with them gazelles as well as kohl + for the ladies of the court. Four women in long bright-coloured robes + walk between groups of bearded men, and two children are carried in a + pannier on a donkey's back. The men are armed with bows, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> their feet are shod with sandals, and + they wear the vari-coloured garments for which the people of Phœnicia + were afterwards famed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the Hyksos + conquest Asiatic migration must naturally have largely increased. + Between northern Egypt and Palestine there must have been a constant + passage to and fro. The rulers of the land of the Nile were now + themselves of Asiatic extraction, and it may be that the language of + Palestine was spoken in the court of the Pharaoh. At all events, the + emigrant from Canaan no longer found himself an alien and a stranger + in <span class="tei tei-q">“the land of Ham.”</span> His own kin were + now supreme there, and a welcome was assured to him whenever he might + choose to come. The subject population tilled their fields for the + benefit of their foreign lords, and the benefit was shared by the + inhabitants of Canaan. In case of famine, Palestine could now look to + the never-failing soil of Egypt for its supply of corn.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If, therefore, + Abraham lived in the age when northern Egypt was subject to the rule + of the Hyksos Pharaohs, nothing was more natural than for him, an + Asiatic emigrant into Canaan, to wander into Egypt when the corn of + Palestine had failed. He would but be following in the wake of that + larger Asiatic migration which led to the rise of the Hyksos + dynasties themselves.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg + 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is, however, + a statement connected with his residence at the court of the Pharaoh + which does not seem compatible with the evidence of the monuments. We + are told that among the gifts showered upon him by the king were not + only sheep and oxen and asses, but camels as well. The camel was the + constant companion of the Asiatic nomad. As far back as we can trace + the history of the Bedouin, he has been accompanied by the animal + which the old Sumerian population of Babylonia called the beast which + came from the Persian Gulf. Indeed, it would appear that to the + Bedouin belongs the credit of taming the camel, in so far as it has + been tamed at all. But to the Egyptians it was practically unknown. + Neither in the hieroglyphics, nor on the sculptured and painted walls + of the temples and tombs, do we anywhere find it represented. The + earliest mention of it yet met with in an Egyptian document is in a + papyrus of the age of the Exodus, and there it bears the Semitic name + of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kamail</span></span>, the Hebrew <span lang="he" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gamal</span></span>.<a id="noteref_3" name= + "noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> + Naturalists have shown that it was not introduced into the northern + coast of Africa until after the beginning of the Christian era.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nevertheless it + does not follow that because the camel was never used in Egypt by the + natives of the country, it was not at times brought there by + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" + id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> nomad visitors from Arabia and + Palestine. It is difficult to conceive of an Arab family on the march + without a train of camels. And that camels actually found their way + into the valley of the Nile has been proved by excavation. When + Hekekyan Bey, in 1851-54, was sinking shafts in the Nile mud at + Memphis for the Geological Society of London, he found, among other + animal remains, the bones of dromedaries.<a id="noteref_4" name= + "noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The name of the + Pharaoh visited by Abraham is not told to us. As elsewhere in + Genesis, the king of Egypt is referred to only by his official title. + This title of <span class="tei tei-q">“Pharaoh”</span> was one which + went back to the early days of the monarchy. It represents the + Egyptian Per-âa, or <span class="tei tei-q">“Great House,”</span> and + is of repeated occurrence in the inscriptions. All power and + government emanated from the royal palace, and accordingly, just as + we speak of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Sublime Porte”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“Lofty Gate”</span> when we mean the Sultan + of Turkey, so the Egyptians spoke of their own sovereign as the + Pharaoh or <span class="tei tei-q">“Great House.”</span> To this day + the king of Japan is called the Mi-kado, or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Lofty Gate.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That the Hyksos + princes should have assumed the title of their predecessors on the + throne of Egypt <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg + 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is + not surprising. The monuments have shown us how thoroughly + Egyptianised they soon became. The court of the Hyksos Pharaoh + differed but little, if at all, from that of the native Pharaoh. The + invaders rapidly adopted the culture of the conquered people, and + with it their manners, customs, and even language. The most famous + mathematical treatise which Egypt has bequeathed to us was written + for a Hyksos king. It may be that the old language of Asia was + retained, at all events for a time, by the side of the language of + the subject population; but if so, its position must have been like + that of Turkish by the side of Arabic in Egypt during the reign of + Mohammed Ali. For several centuries the Hyksos could be described as + Egyptians, and the dynasties of the Hyksos Pharaohs are counted by + the Egyptian historian among the legitimate dynasties of his + country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was only in the + matter of religion that the Hyksos court kept itself distinct from + its native subjects. The supreme god of the Hyksos princes was + Sutekh, in whom we must see a form of the Semitic Baal. As has + already been stated, Egyptian legend ascribed the origin of the war + of independence to a demand on the part of the Hyksos Pharaoh Apopi + that the prince and the god of Thebes should acknowledge the + supremacy of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg + 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Hyksos deity. But even in the matter of religion the Hyksos princes + could not help submitting to the influence of the old Egyptian + civilisation. Ra, the sun-god of Heliopolis, was identified with + Sutekh, and even Apopi added to his name the title of Ra, and so + claimed to be an incarnation of the Egyptian sun-god, like the native + Pharaohs who had gone before him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When next we hear + of Egypt in the Old Testament, it is when Israel is about to become a + nation. Joseph was sold by his brethren to merchants from Arabia, who + carried him into Egypt. There he became the slave of Potiphar, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the eunuch of Pharaoh and chief of the + executioners,”</span> or royal body-guard. The name of Potiphar, like + that of Potipherah, the priest of On, corresponds with the Egyptian + Pa-tu-pa-Ra, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Gift of the + Sun-god.”</span> It has been asserted by Egyptologists that names of + this description are not older than the age of the twenty-second + dynasty, to which Shishak, the contemporary of Rehoboam, belonged; + but because no similar name of an earlier date has hitherto been + found, it does not follow that such do not exist. As long as our + materials are imperfect, we cannot draw positive conclusions merely + from an absence of evidence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That Potiphar + should have been an eunuch and yet been married seems a greater + obstacle to our <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg + 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + acceptance of the story. This, however, it need not be. Eunuchs in + the modern East, who have risen to positions of power and importance, + have possessed their harems like other men. In ancient Babylonia it + was only the service of religion which the eunuch was forbidden to + enter. Such was doubtless the case in Egypt also.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Egyptian research + has brought to light a curious parallel to the history of Joseph and + Potiphar's wife. It is found in one of the many tales, the + equivalents of the modern novel, in which the ancient Egyptians + delighted. The tale, which is usually known as that of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Two Brothers,”</span> was written by the scribe Enna + for Seti <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> of the nineteenth + dynasty when he was still crown-prince, and it embodies the folk-lore + of his native land. Enna lived under Meneptah, the probable Pharaoh + of the Exodus, and his work was thus contemporaneous with the events + which brought about the release of the Israelites from their + <span class="tei tei-q">“house of bondage.”</span> How old the + stories may be upon which it is based it is impossible for us to + tell.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here is Professor + Erman's translation of the commencement of the tale:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Once upon a time there were two brothers, born of one + mother and of one father; the elder was called Anup, the younger + Bata. Now Anup possessed a house and had a wife, whilst his younger + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" + id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> brother lived with him as a + son. He it was who wove (?) for him, and drove his cattle to the + fields, who ploughed and reaped; he it was who directed all the + business of the farm for him. The younger brother was a good + (farmer); the like of whom was not to be found throughout the + country.”</span> One day Anup sent Bata from the field to the house + to fetch seed-corn. <span class="tei tei-q">“And he sent his younger + brother,<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href= + "#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> and said + to him: Hasten and bring me seed-corn from the village. And his + younger brother found the wife of his elder brother occupied in + combing her hair. And he said to her: Rise up, give me seed-corn that + I may return to the field, for thus has my elder brother enjoined me, + to return without delaying. The woman said to him: Go in, open the + chest, that thou mayst take what thine heart desires, for otherwise + my locks will fall to the ground. And the youth went within into the + stable, and took thereout a large vessel, for it was his will to + carry out much seed-corn. And he loaded himself with wheat and dhurra + and went out with it. Then she said to him: How great is the burden + in thy arms? He said to her: Two measures of dhurra and three + measures of wheat make together five measures which rest on my arms. + Thus he spake to her. But she spake to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the youth and said: How great is thy strength! + Well have I remarked thy power many a time. And her heart knew + him.... And she stood up and laid hold of him and said unto him: Come + let us celebrate an hour's repose; the most beautiful things shall be + thy portion, for I will prepare for thee festal garments. Then was + the youth like unto the panther of the south for rage on account of + the wicked word which she had spoken to him. But she was afraid + beyond all measure. And he spoke to her and said: Thou, oh woman, + hast been like a mother to me and thy husband like a father, for he + is older than I, so that he might have been my begetter. Wherefore + this great sin that thou hast spoken unto me? Say it not to me + another time, then will I this time not tell it, and no word of it + shall come out of my mouth to any man at all. And he loaded himself + with his burden and went out into the field. And he went to his elder + brother, and they completed their day's work. And when it was + evening, the elder brother returned home to his house. And his + younger brother followed behind his oxen, having laden himself with + all the good things of the field, and he drove his oxen before him to + bring them to the stable. And behold the wife of his elder brother + was afraid because of the word which she had spoken, and she took a + jar of fat <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg + 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + was like to one to whom an evil-doer had offered violence, since she + wished to say to her husband: Thy younger brother has offered me + violence. And her husband returned home at evening, according to his + daily custom, and found his wife lying stretched out and suffering + from injury. She poured no water over his hands, as was her custom; + she had not lighted the lights for him, so that his house was in + darkness, and she lay there ill. And her husband said to her: Who has + had to do with thee? Lift thyself up! She said to him: No one has had + to do with me except thy younger brother, since when he came to take + seed-corn for thee, he found me sitting alone and said to me, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Come, let us make merry an hour and repose: + let down thy hair!’</span> Thus he spake to me; but I did not listen + to him (but said), <span class="tei tei-q">‘See! am I not thy mother, + and is not thy elder brother like a father to thee?’</span> Thus I + spoke to him, but he did not hearken to my speech, but used force + with me that I might not tell thee. Now if thou allow him to live I + will kill myself.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Then the elder brother began to rage like a panther: he + sharpened his knife and took it in his hand. And the elder brother + stood behind the door of the stable in order to kill the youth when + he came back in the evening to bring the oxen into the stable. Now + when the sun was setting and he had laden <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> himself with all the good things of the field, + according to his custom, he returned (to the house). And his cow that + first entered the stable said to him: Beware! there stands thy elder + brother before thee with his knife in order to kill thee; run away + from him! So he heard what the first cow said. Then the second + entered and spake likewise. He looked under the door of the stable, + and saw the feet of his brother, who was standing behind the door + with his knife in his hand. He threw his burden on the ground and + began to run away quickly. His elder brother ran after him with his + knife in his hand.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ra, the sun-god, + however, came to the help of the innocent youth, and interposed a + river full of crocodiles between him and his pursuer. All night long + the two brothers stood on either side of the water; in the morning + Bata convinced his brother that he had done no wrong, and reproached + him for having believed that he could be guilty. Then he added: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Go home now and see after thine oxen + thyself, for I will no longer stay with thee, but will go to the + acacia valley.”</span> So Anup returned to his house, put his wife to + death, and sat there in solitude and sadness.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Joseph, more + fortunate than Bata, rose from his prison to the highest office of + state. The dreams, through which this was accomplished, were in full + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" + id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> keeping with the belief of the + age. Dreams even to-day play an important part in the popular faith + of Egypt. In the days of the Pharaohs it was the same. Thothmes + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> cleared away the sand + that had overwhelmed the Sphinx, and built a temple between its paws, + in consequence of a dream in which Ra-Harmakhis had appeared to him + when, wearied with hunting, he had lain down to sleep under the + shadow of the ancient monument. A thousand years later Nut-Amon of + Ethiopia was summoned by a dream to march into Egypt. In Greek days, + when the temple of Abydos had fallen into ruin, an oracle was + established in one of its deserted chambers, and those who consulted + it received their answers in the <span class="tei tei-q">“true + dreams”</span> that came to them during the night. The dreams, + however, needed at times an interpreter to explain them, and of such + an interpreter mention is made in a Greek inscription from the + Serapeum at Memphis. At other times the dreamer himself could + interpret his vision by the help of the books in which the + signification of dreams had been reduced to a science.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The dreams of + Pharaoh and <span class="tei tei-q">“his two eunuchs,”</span> + however, <span class="tei tei-q">“the chief butler”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“the chief baker,”</span> were of a strange + and novel kind, and there were no books that could explain them. Even + the <span class="tei tei-q">“magicians”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“wise men”</span> of Egypt failed to understand the dream + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" + id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of Pharaoh. And yet, when the + Hebrew captive had pointed out its meaning, no doubt remained in the + mind of Pharaoh and his servants that he was right. From time + immemorial the Nile had been likened to a milch-cow, and the + fertilising water which it spread over the soil to the milk that + sustains human life. The cow-headed goddess Hathor or Isis watched + over the fertility of Egypt. It was said of her that she <span class= + "tei tei-q">“caused the Nile to overflow at his due time,”</span> and + the <span class="tei tei-q">“seven great Hathors”</span> were the + seven forms under which she was worshipped. In the seven kine, + accordingly, which stood <span class="tei tei-q">“upon the bank of + the river”</span> the Egyptian readily saw the life-giving powers of + the Nile.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It needed but the + word of the Pharaoh to change the Hebrew slave into an Egyptian + ruler, second only to the monarch itself. His very name ceased to be + Semitic, and henceforth became Zaphnath-paaneah. He even allied + himself with the exclusive priesthood of Heliopolis or On, marrying + Asenath, the daughter of the priest of Ra. By name and marriage, as + well as by position, he was thus adopted into the ranks of the native + aristocracy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such changes of + name are not unknown to the inscriptions. From time to time we meet + with the records of foreigners who had settled down in the valley of + the Nile and there received new names of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Egyptian origin. Thus a monument found at + Abydos tells us of a Canaanite from Bashan called Ben-Azan, who + received in Egypt the new name of Yu-pa-â and was the father of a + vizier of Meneptah, the Pharaoh of the Exodus. The Hittite wife of + Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> similarly adopted an + Egyptian name, and the tombstones of two Karians are preserved, in + which the Karian names of the dead are written in the letters of the + Karian alphabet, while a hieroglyphic text is attached which gives + the Egyptian names they had borne in Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The exact + transcription in hieroglyphics of the Egyptian name of Joseph is + still doubtful. But it is plain that it contains the Egyptian words + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">pa-ânkh</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the life,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“the living + one,”</span> which seem to be preceded by the particle <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">nti</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“of.”</span> The term <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">pa-ânkh</span></span> is sometimes applied to + the Pharaoh, and since Kames, the last king of the seventeenth + dynasty, assumed the title of Zaf-n-to, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“nourisher of the land,”</span> it is possible that in + Zaphnath-paaneah we may see an Egyptian Zaf-nti-pa-ânkh, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“nourisher of the Pharaoh.”</span> But the final solution + of the question must be left to future research.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is now more + easy to explain the cry which was raised before Joseph when he went + forth from the presence of the Pharaoh with the golden chain around + his neck and the royal signet upon his finger. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abrêk!</span></span>”</span> they shouted before + him, and an explanation of the word has been vainly sought in the + Egyptian language. It really is of Babylonian origin. In the + primitive non-Semitic language of Chaldæa <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abrik</span></span> signified <span class= + "tei tei-q">“a seer”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“soothsayer,”</span> and the term was borrowed by the + Semitic Babylonians under the two forms of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abrikku</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abarakku</span></span>. Joseph was thus + proclaimed a seer, and his exaltation was due to his power of + foreseeing the future. It was as a divinely-inspired seer that the + subjects of the Pharaoh were to reverence him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How a Babylonian + word like <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abrek</span></span> came to be used in Egypt it + is idle for us to inquire. Those who believe in the late origin and + fictitious character of the story of Joseph would find an easy + explanation of it. But easy explanations are not necessarily true, + either in archæology or in anything else. And since we now know that + Canaan, long before the time of Joseph, had fallen under Babylonian + influence, that the Babylonian language and writing were employed + there, and that Babylonian words had made their way into the native + idiom, it does not require much stretch of the imagination to suppose + that such words may have also penetrated to the court of the Asiatic + rulers of northern Egypt. Up to the era of the Exodus, Egypt and + Canaan were for several centuries as closely connected with each + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" + id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> other as were England and the + north of France in the age of the Normans and Plantagenets.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The prosperity of + Egypt depends upon the Nile. If the river rises to too great a height + during the period of inundation, the autumn crops are damaged or + destroyed. If, on the other hand, its rise is insufficient to fill + the canals and basins, or to reach the higher ground, the land + remains unwatered, and nothing will grow. Egypt, in fact, is the gift + of the Nile; let the channel of the great river be diverted + elsewhere, and the whole country would at once become an uninhabited + desert.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A low Nile + consequently brings with it a scarcity of food. When provisions + cannot be imported from abroad, famine is the necessary result, and + the population perishes in thousands. Such was the case in the + eleventh and twelfth centuries of our era, when the inundation was + deficient for several successive years. The Arabic writers, + El-Makrîzî and Abd-el-Latîf, describe the famines that ensued in + terrible terms. Abd-el-Latîf was a witness of that which lasted from + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 1200 to 1202, and of + the horrors which it caused. After eating grass, corpses, and even + excrement, the wretched inhabitants of the country began to devour + one another. Mothers were arrested in the act of cooking their own + children, and it was unsafe to walk in the streets for fear of being + murdered for food.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg + 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The famine + described by El-Makrîzî lasted, like that of Joseph, for seven years, + from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 1064 to 1071, and was + similarly occasioned by a deficient Nile. A hieroglyphic inscription, + discovered in 1888 by Mr. Wilbour in the island of Sehêl, contains a + notice of another famine of seven years, which occurred at an earlier + date. The island of Sehêl lies in the Cataract, midway between + Assouan and Philæ, and the inscription is carved on a block of + granite and looks towards the south. It is dated in the eighteenth + year of a king, who was probably one of the Ethiopian princes that + reigned over southern Egypt in the troublous age of the fourth and + fifth Ptolemies. According to Dr. Brugsch's translation, it states + that the king sent to the governor of Nubia saying: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I am sorrowing upon my high throne over those who belong + to the palace. In sorrow is my heart for the vast misfortune, because + the Nile flood in my time has not come for seven years. Light is the + grain; there is lack of crops and of all kinds of food. Each man has + become a thief to his neighbour. They desire to hasten and cannot + walk; the child cries, the youth creeps along and the old man; their + souls are bowed down. Their legs are bent together and drag along the + ground, and their hands rest in their bosoms. The counsel of the + great ones of the court is but emptiness. Torn open are the chests of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" + id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> provisions, but instead of + contents there is air. Everything is exhausted.”</span> The text then + goes on to declare how Khnum the Creator came to the help of the + Pharaoh, and caused the Nile once more to inundate the lands. In + return for this the king gave the priests of Khnum at Elephantinê + twenty miles of river bank on either side of the island, together + with tithes of all the produce of the country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dr. Brugsch has + brought to light yet another record of a famine in Upper Egypt which + belongs to an older period. Among the rock-cut tombs of El-Kab, where + the princes of Thebes held their court in the days of the Hyksos, is + one which commemorates the name of a certain Baba. The name occurs + elsewhere at El-Kab, and was that of the father of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Captain Ahmes,”</span> whose tomb is one of the most + interesting there, and who, in his youthful days, assisted Ahmes of + the eighteenth dynasty in driving the Hyksos from their last fortress + in Egypt. Baba enumerates his wealth and many good deeds, and adds: + <span class="tei tei-q">“When a famine arose, lasting many years, I + issued out corn to the city.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It may be that the + famine here referred to is the famine of Joseph. All we know about + the date of Baba is that he lived in the age of the Hyksos. If he + flourished before the war of independence and in <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> days when the authority of the Hyksos + Pharaoh was still paramount in Upper Egypt, we should have good + reason for believing that the famine of which he speaks was the same + as that described in Genesis. One of the results of the latter was + that the Egyptians parted with their lands and stock to Joseph, so + that henceforth they became the tenants of the Pharaoh, to whom they + paid a fifth of all their produce. If this statement is historical, + the administration of Joseph must have extended from one end of Egypt + to the other. His Hyksos master must have been like Apopi, of whom + the Sallier Papyrus tells us that <span class="tei tei-q">“the entire + country paid him tribute, together with its manufactured products, + and so loaded him with all the good things of Egypt.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The account of + Joseph's famine, however, betrays in one respect a sign of later + date. The famine is said to have extended to Canaan. But a famine in + Egypt and a famine in Canaan were not due to the same cause, and the + failure of the waters of the Nile would have no effect upon the crops + of Palestine. In Canaan it was the want of rain, not of the + inundation of the Nile, which produced a failure of corn. We hear + from time to time, in the inscriptions, of corn being sent from Egypt + to Syria, but it was when there was plenty on the banks of the Nile + and a scarcity of rain on the Syrian coast. The Hebrew <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> writer has regarded the history of the + past from a purely Asiatic rather than an Egyptian point of view.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Joseph must have + entered Egypt when it was still under Hyksos domination. The promise + made to Abraham (Gen. xv. 13) is very explicit: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a + land that is not theirs, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict + them four hundred years.”</span> Equally explicit is the statement of + the book of Exodus (xii. 40, 41): <span class="tei tei-q">“The + sojourning of the children of Israel who dwelt in Egypt was four + hundred and thirty years. And it came to pass at the end of the four + hundred and thirty years, even the self-same day it came to pass, + that all the hosts of the Lord went out from the land of + Egypt.”</span> Here thirty years—the length of a generation—are added + to the four hundred during which the Israelites were to be afflicted + in the land of the foreigner. If the Exodus took place in the latter + years of the nineteenth dynasty—-and, as we shall see, the Egyptian + monuments forbid our placing it elsewhere—the four hundred and thirty + years of the Biblical narrative bring us to the beginning of the last + Hyksos dynasty.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is a curious + fact that Egyptian history also knows of an epoch of four hundred + years which covers almost the same period as the four hundred years + of Genesis. Mariette Pasha, when excavating <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> at Sân, the ancient Zoan, found a stela which + had been erected in the reign of Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + by one of his officers, the governor of the Asiatic frontier. The + stela commemorates a visit to Sân made by the governor, on the fourth + day of the month Mesori, in the four hundredth year of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Set-âa-pehti, the son + of the Sun who loved him, also named Set-Nubti.”</span> Since Set or + Sutekh was the god of the Hyksos, while Sân was the Hyksos capital, + it is clear that Set-âa-pehti or Set-Nubti was a Hyksos prince who + claimed rule over the whole of Egypt, and with whom a Hyksos era + commenced. Professor Maspero and Dr. de Cara consider the prince in + question to have been really the god Sutekh himself; this, however, + is not the natural interpretation of the titles assigned to him, and + it is not improbable that Professor Wiedemann is right in identifying + him with a certain Hyksos Pharaoh, Set-[Nub?]ti, mentioned on a + monument discovered by Mariette at Tel-Mokdam. This latter Pharaoh is + entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“the good god, the star of Upper and + Lower Egypt, the son of the Sun, beloved by Sutekh, the lord of + Avaris.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But whether or not + the Hyksos Pharaoh of Tel-Mokdam is the same as Set-Nubti of Sân, it + would seem probable that the era connected with his name marked the + rise of the last Hyksos dynasty. According <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to Eusebius, the leader of this dynasty was + Saitês, a name which reminds us of Set-âa-[pehti]. Eusebius makes the + length of the dynasty 103 years, but Africanus, a more trustworthy + authority, gives it as 151 years. This would assign the rise of the + seventeenth dynasty, the last of Hyksos rule, to about <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1720, a date which + agrees very well with that of the monument of Sân.<a id="noteref_6" + name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> The + Exodus of the Israelites, if it took place in the reign of Meneptah, + would have happened about <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1270 (or <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1250, if it occurred in + the reign of Seti <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, as Professor Maspero + maintains); in this case the 430 years of sojourning in the land of + Egypt brings us to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1700 (or 1680). This + would be about twenty years after the establishment of the last + Hyksos line of Pharaohs, and one hundred and thirty years before the + foundation of the eighteenth dynasty. Joseph would thus have been + vizier of the country long before the war of independence broke out, + and there would have been time in abundance for him to have lived and + died before his friends and protectors were driven from the land they + had so long occupied.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Chronologically, + therefore, the Biblical narrative <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> fits in with the requirements of Egyptian + history, and allows us to see in the Hebrew captive the powerful + minister of a race of kings who, like himself, had come from the + highlands of Asia. But it must be remembered that it was only in the + north of Egypt that Hyksos rule made itself actually visible to the + eyes of the people. Southern Egypt was nominally governed by its + native princes, though they did not assume the title of king or + Pharaoh. They were <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hiqu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“hereditary chieftains,”</span> the last representatives + of the royal families of earlier days. They acknowledged the + supremacy of the Hyksos Pharaoh, and tribute was sent to him from + Thebes and El-Kab.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though Memphis, + the ancient capital of the country, was in the hands of the + strangers, Zoan, the Tanis of classical geography, was rather the + seat of Hyksos power. Protected by the marshes which surrounded it, + Zoan, the modern Sân, lay on the eastern side of the Delta at no + great distance from the frontier of Asia and the great Hyksos + fortress of Avaris. From Zoan, the <span class="tei tei-q">“road of + the Philistines,”</span> as it is called in the Pentateuch, ran + almost in a straight line to Pelusium and the south of Palestine, + skirting on one side the Mediterranean Sea, and leaving to the right + the lofty fortress-rock of El-Arîsh on the waterless <span class= + "tei tei-q">“river of Egypt.”</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Tanis had existed in the days of the Old + Empire, but either the Hyksos conquest or earlier invasions had + caused it to decay, and when the Hyksos court was established there + its ancient temple was already in ruins. The restoration of the city + was due to the Hyksos kings, who have left in it memorials of + themselves. The Hyksos sphinxes in the Museum of Gizeh, on one of + which the name of Apopi is engraved, were found there by Mariette, as + well as a curious group of two persons with enormous wigs holding + fish and water-fowl in their laps. When it is stated in the book of + Numbers (xiii. 22) that <span class="tei tei-q">“Hebron was built + seven years before Zoan,”</span> it is probable that the building of + Zoan by the Shepherd kings is meant.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In journeying from + southern Palestine to Zoan, Jacob and his sons had no very long + distance to traverse. Nor had they to pass through a long tract of + Egyptian territory. From the desert, with its roving bands of kindred + Bedouin, to the Pharaoh's court at Zoan, was hardly more than a day's + journey. There was little fear that the Semitic traveller would meet + with insult or opposition from the Egyptian <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span> on the way. The + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span> themselves were doubtless + then, as now, mixed with Semitic elements; it was needful to go + westward of Zoan in order to find Egyptians of pure + blood.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg + 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor was the land + of Goshen, the modern Wadi Tumilât, far from the Hyksos capital. It + lay to the south of Zoan, on the banks of a canal whose course is now + marked by the Freshwater Canal of Lesseps. The tourist who takes the + train from Ismailîyeh to Zagazig traverses the whole length of the + land of Goshen. The tradition that here was the territory assigned by + Joseph to his brethren lingered long into the Christian centuries, + and had been revived by more than one Egyptologist in later years. + But the question was finally settled by Dr. Naville, and the + excavations he undertook for the Egypt Exploration Fund. In 1883 he + disinterred the remains of Pa-Tum, or Pithom, one of the two + <span class="tei tei-q">“store-cities”</span> which the children of + Israel were forced to build. The ruins are now known as Tel + el-Maskhuteh, <span class="tei tei-q">“the mound of the + Statue,”</span> about twelve miles to the south-east of Ismailîyeh, + and the monuments discovered there show that the Pharaoh for whom the + city was built was Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> There was more than one + Pa-Tum, or temple-city of the Sun-god of the evening, and the Pa-Tum + of the eastern Delta is referred to in papyri of the nineteenth + dynasty. Thus, in the eighth year of Meneptah <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, an official report + speaks of the passage of certain Shasu or Bedouin from Edom through + the frontier-fortress of Thukut or Succoth, to <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the pools of the city of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Pa-Tum of Meneptah-hotep-hir-ma, in the + district of Thukut.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1884 Dr. + Naville excavated, at Saft el-Henneh, an ancient mound close to the + railway between Zagazig and Tel el-Kebîr. His excavations resulted in + the discovery that Saft el-Henneh marks the site of the ancient Qesem + or Qos (Pha-kussa in the Greek geographers), the capital of the nome + of the Egyptian Arabia. Qesem corresponds exactly with Geshem, which + represents in the Septuagint the Hebrew Goshen, and points to the + fact that the Egyptian Jews, to whom the Greek translation of the Old + Testament was due, recognised in the Biblical Goshen the Qeshem of + Egyptian geography.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The district + immediately around Saft el-Henneh is fertile, but the name of the + Egyptian Arabia which it once bore shows unmistakably who its + cultivators must have been. They were the Semitic nomads from the + East who, like their descendants to-day, occasionally settled on the + frontier-lands of Egypt, and became more or less unwilling + agriculturists. But the larger part of them remained shepherds, + leading a nomad life with their flocks and camels, and pitching their + tents wherever the monotony of the desert was broken by water and + vegetation. The Wadi Tumilât, into which the district of Saft + el-Henneh opened, was thus eminently suited for <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the residence of the Hebrew Bedouin. Here + they had food for their flocks, plenty of space for their + camping-grounds, and freedom from interference on the part of the + Egyptians, while in the background was a fertile district, in close + connection with the capital, where those of them who cared to + exchange a pastoral for an agricultural life could find rich soil to + sow and cultivate.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hard by Zagazig + are the mounds of the ancient Bubastis, and here the excavations + carried on by the Egypt Exploration Fund have brought to light + remains of the Hyksos Pharaohs, including one of Apopi. Bubastis, + therefore, must have been a Hyksos residence, and its temple was + adorned by the Hyksos kings. Between Bubastis and Heliopolis stood + Pa-Bailos, and of this town Meneptah <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + says at Thebes that <span class="tei tei-q">“the country around was + not cultivated, but left as pasture for cattle because of the + strangers, having been abandoned since the times of old.”</span> What + better proof can we have that the Arabian nome was in truth what the + land of Goshen is represented to be?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By a curious + coincidence, the Wadi Tumilât, the old land of Goshen, has, in the + present century, again been handed over to Bedouin and Syrians, and + again been the scene of an Exodus. Mohammed Ali was anxious to + establish the culture of the silk-worm in Egypt, and accordingly + planted mulberry-trees in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg + 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + Wadi Tumilât, and settled there a large colony of Syrians and + Bedouin. The Bedouin were induced to remain there, partly by the + pasturage provided for their flocks, partly by a promise of exemption + from taxes and military conscription. When Abbas Pasha became + Khedive, however, the promise was forgotten; orders were issued that + the free Bedouin of the Wadi Tumilât should be treated like the + enslaved <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span>, compelled to pay the + tax-gatherer, and to see their children driven in handcuffs and with + the courbash to serve in the army. But the orders were never carried + out. Suddenly, in a single night, without noise or warning, the whole + Bedouin population deserted their huts, and with their flocks and + other possessions disappeared into the eastern desert. The Pasha lost + his slaves, the culture of the silk-worm ceased, and when the + Freshwater Canal was cut not a single mulberry-tree remained.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the land of + Goshen, the Israelitish settlers throve and multiplied. But a time + came when a new king arose <span class="tei tei-q">“which knew not + Joseph,”</span> and when the descendants of Jacob seemed to the + Egyptians a source of danger. Like Abbas Pasha in a later century, + the Pharaoh determined to reduce the free-born Israelites into the + condition of public slaves, and by every means in his power to + diminish <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg + 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + their number. The male children were destroyed, the adults compelled + to labour at the cities the Egyptian monarch was building in their + neighbourhood, and the land in which they lived was surrounded by + Egyptian garrisons and controlled by Egyptian officers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The slaves, + however, succeeded in escaping from their <span class= + "tei tei-q">“house of bondage.”</span> Under the leadership of Moses + they made their way into the eastern desert, and received, at Sinai + and Kadesh-Barnea, the laws which were henceforth to govern them. The + army sent to pursue them was swallowed up in the waters of the sea, + and the district they had occupied was left desolate.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A variety of + reasons had led Egyptologists to the belief that in the Pharaoh of + the Oppression we were probably to see Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, the Sesostris and + Osymandyas of Greek story, was the third king of the nineteenth + dynasty, and one of the most striking figures of Egyptian history. + His long reign of sixty-seven years was the evening of Egyptian + greatness. With his death the age of Egyptian conquests passed away, + and the period of decay set in. Like Louis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span> of France, the + <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">grand monarque</span></span> of ancient Egypt + exhausted in his wars the resources and fighting population of his + country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But it was as a + builder rather than as a conqueror <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + was famous. Go where we will in Egypt or Nubia, we find traces of his + architectural activity. There is hardly a place where he has not left + his name. His whole reign must have been occupied with the + construction of cities and temples, or the restoration and + enlargement of previously existing ones, and, in spite of its length, + it is difficult to understand how so vast an amount of work could + have been accomplished in the time. Much of the work, however, is + poor and scamped; it bears, in fact, marks of the feverish haste with + which it was carried through. Much of it, on the other hand, is + grandiose and striking in its colossal proportions and boldness of + design. The shattered granite colossus at the Ramesseum, once nearly + sixty feet in height, the fragment of a standing figure of granite + found by Professor Flinders Petrie at Sân, which must originally have + been over a hundred feet high, the great hall of columns at Karnak, + the temple of Abu-Simbel in Nubia, are all so many witnesses of vast + conceptions successfully realised. Abu-Simbel, indeed, where a + mountain has been hollowed into a temple, and a cliff carved into the + likeness of four sitting figures, each with an unrivalled expression + of divine calm upon its countenance, justly claims to be one of the + wonders of the world.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Apart from the + colossal proportions of so many of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> them, the buildings of Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + are distinguished by another trait. They were erected to the glory of + the Pharaoh rather than of the gods. It is the name and titles of + Ramses that everywhere force themselves upon our notice, and often + constitute the chief decoration of the monument. He must have been + vainglorious above all other kings of Egypt, filled with the pride of + his own power and the determination that his name should never be + forgotten upon the earth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not strange, + therefore, that Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> should be the most + prominent figure in ancient Egyptian history. His name and the + shattered relics of his architectural triumphs force themselves upon + the attention of the traveller wherever he goes. His long reign, + moreover, was a period of great literary activity, and a considerable + portion of the literary papyri which have survived to us was written + during his lifetime. He was, furthermore, the last of the conquering + Pharaohs; the last of the Theban monarchs whose rule was obeyed from + the mountains of Lebanon and the plateau of the Haurân to the + southern frontiers of Ethiopia. With his death the empire, which had + been founded by the military skill and energy of the kings of the + eighteenth dynasty, began to pass away. His son and successor, + Meneptah, had to struggle for bare existence against an invasion of + barbarian hordes, and the sceptre dropped from <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the feeble hands of Seti <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, who next followed, into + those of rival kings. The nineteenth dynasty ended in the midst of + civil war and foreign attack: for a while Egypt submitted to the rule + of a Syrian stranger, and when Setnekht, the founder of the twentieth + dynasty, restored once more the native line of kings, he found a + ruined and impoverished country, scarcely able to protect itself from + hostile assault.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the age of the + twentieth dynasty was still distant when Jacob and his sons journeyed + into Egypt, or even when his descendants, under the leadership of + Moses, succeeded in escaping from the land of their slavery. Before + that age arrived more than one revolution was destined to pass over + the valley of the Nile, which had momentous consequences for the + foreign settlers in Goshen. The Hyksos were driven back into Asia, + and a united Egypt once more obeyed the rule of a native Pharaoh.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the centre of + power had been shifted from the north to the south. Memphis and Zoan + had to make way for Thebes, and it is probable that the monarchs of + the eighteenth dynasty, under whom Egypt recovered its independence, + had Nubian blood in their veins. A new life was breathed into the + ancient kingdom of Menes, and for the first time in its history Egypt + became a great military power. The war was transferred from the Delta + to Asia itself; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg + 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Canaan and Syria were conquered, and an Egyptian empire established, + which extended as far as the Euphrates. With this empire in Asia, + however, came Asiatic influences, ideas, and beliefs. The Pharaohs + intermarried with the royal families of Asia, and little by little + their court became semi-Asiatic. Then followed reaction and + counter-revolution. A new king arose—the founder of the nineteenth + dynasty—<span class="tei tei-q">“who knew not Joseph,”</span> + representing the national antagonism to the Asiatic foreigner and his + religious faith. For a while the Asiatic was proscribed; and the + expulsion of the stranger and his religion, which Arabi endeavoured + to effect in our time, was successfully effected in the troublous + days which saw the fall of the eighteenth dynasty. In this war + against the hated Asiatic the Israelites were involved; their + children were destroyed lest they should multiply, and they + themselves were degraded into public slaves. We have now to trace the + events which led to such a result, and to show how the political + history of Egypt was the ultimate cause of the Israelitish + Exodus.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name= + "Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter II. The Age Of + Moses.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the eastern + bank of the Nile, about midway between Minieh and Assiout, the + traveller from Cairo to Assouan passes a line of mounds which are + known by the name of Tel el-Amarna. <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tel</span></span> + is the name given to the artificial mounds which cover the remains of + ancient cities, while <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">el-Amarna</span></span> denotes the Bedouin + tribe of Beni-Amran whose descendants inhabit the district in which + the line of mounds is found. Between the mounds and the Nile is a + fertile strip of bank, green with corn in the winter and spring, and + shaded with groves of lofty palms. On the other side of them is a + tawny desert plain, shut in by an amphitheatre of hills. The + limestone cliffs of the latter are broken in three places, where + ravines lead through them to the Arabian plateau beyond. The central + ravine is short and rugged; that to the north, however, though its + lofty walls of rock seem at times almost to meet, eventually carries + the explorer by a slow ascent into the heart of the Arabian + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" + id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> desert. About three miles from + its mouth, and in a side-valley, the tomb has lately been discovered + of the founder of the city, of which the mounds of Tel el-Amarna are + now the sole representatives. The tomb is worthy of the monarch for + whom it was intended. In the distant solitude of the desert gorge, it + is cut deep into the solid rock. Steps first convey the visitor + downwards to the huge door of the sepulchre. Within is a broad + sloping passage, to the right of which are the sculptured chambers in + which the body of one of the Pharaoh's daughters once rested, while + at the end of it is a vast columned hall, within which the + sarcophagus of the Pharaoh himself was placed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Pharaoh had + been named by his father, Amenôphis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, after himself, but + Amenôphis <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> had not long mounted the + throne before he gave himself a new name, and was henceforth known as + Khu-n-Aten, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Glory of the Solar + Disk.”</span> The change of name was the outward sign and token of a + religious revolution. The king publicly renounced the ancient + religion of Egypt, of which he was the official representative, and + declared himself a convert to an Asiatic form of faith. The very name + of Amon, the supreme god of Thebes and of the royal family to which + Khu-n-Aten belonged, was proscribed, and erased from the monuments + wherever it occurred. In the temples and tombs and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> quarries alike it was defaced; even the + name of the king's own father, which contained it, was not spared. + When the arm of the persecutor was thus extended to the written and + sculptured monument, we cannot suppose that the adherents of the + ancient cult would be treated with a gentle hand.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was not long + before the Pharaoh and the powerful hierarchy of Thebes were at open + war. But the priesthood proved too strong for the king. He quitted + the capital of his fathers and built himself a new city farther + north. It is the site of this city which is now covered by the mounds + of Tel el-Amarna.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Towards the + northern side of it rose the palace of the Pharaoh, whose ruins have + been explored by Professor Flinders Petrie. It was one of the most + gorgeous edifices ever erected by man. The walls and columns were + inlaid with gold and bronze and stones of various colours, and + adorned with statuary and painting. Even the floors were frescoed; + and, if we may judge from the one discovered by Professor Petrie, the + art was of the highest order. The plants and animals and fish + depicted on it are drawn with a perfection and a truthfulness to + nature which seem to belong to the nineteenth century of our era + rather than to the fifteenth century before Christ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The public offices + of the government adjoined the palace, and around it were the houses + of the nobles <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg + 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + officers of the court. They too reflected the gay and brilliant + adornment of the royal palace, and their walls were enlivened by + frescoes, which represented the scenes of every-day life. Among the + public offices was the archive-chamber, to which the documents of + state had been transferred from Thebes, as well as the foreign + office, where scribes were busily engaged in correspondence with the + governors of the Asiatic provinces of the empire and the princes of + foreign states.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the centre of + the city rose the great temple of Aten, the solar disk, the new + object of the Pharaoh's adoration. Though the name was Egyptian, the + deity and his cult were alike of Asiatic origin. The Aten, in fact, + to whom the temple had been reared, was the Asiatic Baal. He was the + Sun-god, whose visible manifestation was the solar disk. But it was a + Sun-god who was not only supreme over all other gods; they were + absorbed into him, and existed only in so far as he endowed them with + divine life. It is thus that Aten-Ra, the solar disk of the Sun-god, + is addressed by the Pharaoh's queen: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou + disk of the Sun, thou living god, there is none other beside thee! + Thou givest health to the eyes through thy beams, Creator of all + things!”</span> One of Khu-n-Aten's officers, on the walls of his + tomb, speaks in similar terms: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou, O god, + who in truth art the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg + 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + living one, standest before the two eyes. Thou art he which createst + what never was, which formest everything, which art in all things: we + also have come into being through the word of thy mouth.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The new faith of + Egypt was a combination of the worship of Baal with the philosophic + conceptions which had gathered round the worship of the Egyptian + Sun-god, Ra, at Heliopolis. The worship of Baal had lost its + grossness, and been refined into a form of monotheism. But the + monotheism was essentially pantheistic; there was, indeed, but one + god to whom adoration was paid, but he was universally diffused + throughout nature. The personal character of the Asiatic Baal seems + to have disappeared in the Aten worship of Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Along with the new + religion came a new style of art. Asiatic artists and workmen + manufactured the variegated glass and bright-coloured porcelain of + Tel el-Amarna, or discarded the conventionalism of Egyptian art in + their delineation of animal and vegetable life, while architecture + branched out in new directions, and the sculptor exaggerated the + peculiarities of the king's personal appearance. Every effort, in + fact, was made to break away from the past, and from the mannerisms + and traditions of Egyptian art. That art had been closely associated + with the ancient religion of the country, and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> with the change of religion came a change + in all things else.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The causes of the + change can now in great measure be traced. To some extent it was due + to the character of the king himself. A plaster cast of his face, + taken immediately after death, has been found by Professor Petrie, + and is an eloquent witness of what the man himself was like. It is + the face of a philosopher and a mystic, of one whose interest lay + rather in the problems of religious belief than in the affairs of + state. In studying it we feel that the man to whom it belonged was + destined to be a religious reformer.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But this destiny + was assisted by the training and education which Khu-n-Aten had + received. His mother, Teie, bore a foremost part in the introduction + of the cult of Aten. She must have been a woman of strong character, + and her influence over her son must also have been great. If, as is + probable, Khu-n-Aten was very young when he ascended the throne, the + religious reform he endeavoured to effect must have been in great + measure his mother's work. That she had aroused deep feelings of + hatred among the adherents of the older creed may be gathered from + the condition of Khu-n-Aten's tomb. Though the body of the Pharaoh + was despoiled, and the sarcophagus in which it rested shattered into + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" + id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> fragments, they had + nevertheless been deposited in the sepulchre that had been + constructed to receive them. But no trace of the queen-mother's mummy + has been met with, and the corridor in the royal tomb, which seems to + have been excavated for her, has never been finished, any more than + the two or three tombs which were cut in the immediate neighbourhood. + After the death of her son, Queen Teie seems to have found no + protector from the vengeance of her enemies.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is probable + that Teie was of Asiatic birth, though no certain proof of it has yet + been found. Her husband, Amenôphis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, was fond of connecting + himself by marriage with the royal houses of Asia, and more than one + of the wives who occupied a secondary rank in the Pharaoh's household + were of Asiatic extraction. His own mother had been an Asiatic + princess, the daughter of the king of Mitanni, the Aram-Naharaim of + the Old Testament. From Mitanni also had come two of his own wives, + as well as the wife of his son and successor, Amenôphis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> + (Khu-n-Aten).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is little + room for wonder that, with their Asiatic proclivities and + half-Asiatic descent, the later Pharaohs of the eighteenth dynasty + should have surrounded themselves with Asiatic officials and + courtiers. The conquest of Western Asia by Thothmes <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> had <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> brought Asiatic fashions into Egypt. + Thothmes himself, on the walls of his temple at Karnak, shows the + spirit of an Asiatic rather than of an Egyptian conqueror. The + inscriptions engraved upon them differ wholly from those which + usually adorn the walls of an Egyptian temple. There are no praises + or lists of the gods, no description of the offerings made to them, + no interminable catalogue of the empty titles of the Pharaoh; we + have, on the contrary, a business-like account of his campaigns, much + of it copied from the memoranda of the scribes who accompanied the + army on its march. It reads like an inscription on the walls of an + Assyrian palace rather than one belonging to an Egyptian temple. It + is, in fact, unique, the solitary example of a historical text which + the great monuments of Egypt have bequeathed to us. It is, of itself, + an eloquent testimony to the influence which Asia had already + acquired in the valley of the Nile.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The conquests of + Thothmes <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> placed the northern + boundary of the Egyptian empire at the banks of the Euphrates. The + kingdoms to the east, including Assyria, offered tribute to the + Egyptian monarch, and those of northern Syria and eastern Asia Minor + paid him homage. Farther south, Palestine, Phœnicia, and the land of + the Amorites, which lay to the north of Palestine, became Egyptian + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" + id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> provinces, garrisoned by + Egyptian troops and administered by Egyptian officers. Even the + country beyond the Jordan, Bashan and the Haurân, formed part of the + Egyptian empire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In many cases the + native princes were left to manage the affairs of their several + states, like the protected princes of modern India, but they were + controlled by <span class="tei tei-q">“commissioners”</span> sent + from the valley of the Nile. More frequently their place was taken by + Egyptian governors, a very considerable number of whom, however, were + of Canaanitish descent. This, indeed, is one of the most remarkable + facts connected with the Egyptian empire in Asia; it was governed for + the Pharaoh by natives rather than by Egyptians. But this was not + all. Under Khu-n-Aten Egypt itself was invaded by the Asiatic + stranger. The high places about the court were filled with foreigners + whose names proclaim their Canaanitish origin; even the Vizier was + called Dudu, the Biblical Dodo, to which the name of David is akin. + The adherents of the cult of Aten who gathered round the Pharaoh at + Tel el-Amarna seem largely to have belonged to Asia instead of + Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Even the official + language and writing were of Asiatic derivation. The language was + that of Babylonia, the script was the cuneiform syllabary of the same + country. The Babylonian script and language <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> were used from the banks of the Euphrates to + those of the Nile. They were the common medium of intercourse + throughout the civilised world. It is in these that an Egyptian + official writes to his master, and it is again in these that the + reply is sent from the Egyptian foreign office.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fact is a very + surprising one, but recent discoveries have tended to explain it. At + a very remote epoch Babylonian armies had made their way to the west, + and Palestine was a province of Babylonia long before it became a + province of Egypt. The long-continued and deep-seated influence of + Babylonia brought to it the culture and civilisation of the + Babylonian cities. The Babylonian system of writing formed a very + important element in this ancient culture, and, along with the + language of which it was the expression, took deep root in Western + Asia. How long it continued to be employed there may be gathered from + the fact that each district of Western Asia developed its own + peculiar form of cuneiform script.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All this we have + learned from a discovery made in 1887 in the mounds of Tel el-Amarna. + Among the ruins of the foreign office of Khu-n-Aten, which adjoined + the royal palace, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span> found a collection of + clay tablets inscribed with cuneiform or wedge-shaped characters. + They turned out to be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg + 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + foreign correspondence of Khu-n-Aten and his father. When Khu-n-Aten + quitted Thebes he took with him the archives of his father, and to + these were subsequently added the official letters which he himself + received.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Altogether, about + three hundred tablets were discovered. But no one was on the spot who + could appreciate their value, and, owing to a series of deplorable + accidents, several of them were injured or destroyed before they fell + into European hands. Eighty-two found their way to the British + Museum, more than 160 fragments are at Berlin, the Gizeh Museum + possesses 56, and a few are in the hands of private individuals.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The tablets have + thrown a new and unexpected light on the history of the past. To find + that the language and script of Babylonia were the common medium of + literary and official intercourse throughout Western Asia in the + century before the Exodus was sufficiently startling; it was much + more startling to find that this early period was emphatically a + literary era. Letters passed to and fro along the high-roads upon the + most trifling subjects, and a constant correspondence was maintained + between the court of the Pharaoh and the most distant parts of + Western Asia. The Bedouin chiefs beyond the Jordan send letters + protesting their loyalty to the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Egyptian monarch, and declaring that their + forces were at his disposal; the vassal-king of Jerusalem begs for + help from Egypt to protect him against his personal enemies; the + governors of Phœnicia and the land of the Amorites describe the + threatening attitude of the Hittites in the north; the king of + Mitanni or Aram-Naharaim dwells with pride on his relationship to the + ruler of the Egyptian empire; while the kings of Assyria and + Babylonia ask that gold may be sent them from Egypt, where it is as + plentiful as <span class="tei tei-q">“the dust,”</span> or discuss + questions of international policy or commercial interest. We are + suddenly transported to a world much like our own;—a world in which + education is widely spread, where schools and scholars abound, and + libraries and archive-chambers exist.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The nature of the + cuneiform system of writing would of itself indicate that schools + were numerous. It was a system which was extraordinarily difficult to + learn. Unlike the hieroglyphs of Egypt, no assistance was afforded to + the memory by any resemblance between the characters and external + objects; like the Chinese characters of to-day, they consisted merely + of groups of conventionally arranged lines or wedges. Like the + Egyptian hieroglyphs, however, the number of characters was extremely + large, and each character not only represented more than one + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" + id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> phonetic value, but it could + also be used ideographically to express ideas. Thus the same + character may not only represent the phonetic values <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">kur</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mat</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">nat</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">lat</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sat</span></span>, and + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gin</span></span>; it may also denote the ideas + of <span class="tei tei-q">“country,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mountain,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“conquest.”</span> But this was not all. The original + picture-writing out of which the cuneiform syllabary developed, had + been invented by the primitive non-Semitic population of Chaldæa, + from whom it had been afterwards adopted and adapted by their Semitic + successors. Accordingly, whole groups of characters which denoted a + particular word in Sumerian—the non-Semitic language of ancient + Chaldæa—were taken over by the Semites and used by them to denote the + same word, though, of course, with a totally different pronunciation. + In Sumerian, for example, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mer-sig</span></span> signified <span class= + "tei tei-q">“trousers,”</span> but though the two characters + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mer</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sig</span></span> + continued to be written in Semitic times in order to express the + word, the pronunciation attached to them was <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sarbillu</span></span>, the modern Arabic + <span lang="ar" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ar"><span style= + "font-style: italic">shirwâl</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pupil, + therefore, who wished to learn the cuneiform syllabary at all + thoroughly was compelled to know something of the old Sumerian + language of Chaldæa. It was far more necessary in his case than a + knowledge of Latin would be in our own. Moreover, it was necessary + for him to learn the various forms which the same cuneiform character + assumed in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg + 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + different countries or at different periods in the same country. + These various forms were very numerous, and they often differed more + than black letter differs from ordinary modern type.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fact, then, + that the cuneiform syllabary was studied and used from the banks of + the Euphrates to those of the Nile, brings with it the further fact + that throughout this area there must have been numerous schools and + teachers. Time and persevering labour were needed for its + acquisition, while a knowledge of the Babylonian language which + accompanied its study could not have been obtained without the help + of teachers. It is accordingly a matter of no small astonishment that + the letters received at the Egyptian foreign office were written, not + only by professional scribes, but also by officials and soldiers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally the + study of the foreign syllabary and language was facilitated in every + possible way. In his excavations at Tel el-Amarna, Professor Flinders + Petrie has discovered fragments of lists of cuneiform characters, as + well as of comparative dictionaries of Semitic Babylonian and + Sumerian. Moreover, a Babylonian mythological text has been found, in + which the words have been divided from one another by dots of red + paint, in order to assist the learner in making his way through the + legend.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This mythological + text is not the only one which <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> has been met with among the tablets of Tel + el-Amarna. The existence of such texts is a proof that the literature + of Babylonia, as well as its language and script, was carried to the + West. From very remote times public libraries, consisting for the + most part of clay-books, were to be found in the Babylonian and + Assyrian cities, and when Babylonian culture made its way to the + West, similar libraries must have sprung up there also. The + revelations made to us by the tablets of Tel el-Amarna show that + these libraries, like those of Babylonia, were stocked with books + written upon clay, many of which contained copies of Babylonian + legends and myths.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the + mythological tales discovered at Tel el-Amarna is the latter portion + of a story which described the creation of the first man, Adapa or + Adama, and the introduction of death into the world. Adapa had broken + the wings of the south wind, and was accordingly ordered to appear + before Anu, the lord of the sky. There he refused to touch the food + and water of <span class="tei tei-q">“death”</span> that were offered + him, and when subsequently the heart of Anu was <span class= + "tei tei-q">“softened”</span> towards him, he refused also the food + and water of <span class="tei tei-q">“life.”</span> Whereupon + <span class="tei tei-q">“Anu looked upon him and raised his voice in + lamentation: <span class="tei tei-q">‘O Adapa, wherefore eatest thou + not? wherefore drinkest thou not? The gift of life cannot now be + thine.’</span> ”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg + 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The beginning of + the story has been in the British Museum many years. It is a fragment + of a copy of the myth which was made for the library of Nineveh some + eight centuries after the rest of the story, which has now been + disinterred on the banks of the Nile, had been buried under the ruins + of Khu-n-Aten's city. I copied it nearly twenty years ago, but had to + wait for the discovery of the tablets of Tel el-Amarna before + ascertaining its true meaning and significance. Nineveh and Tel + el-Amarna had to unite in the restoration of the old Babylonian + myth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Canaan was the + country in which the two streams of Babylonian and Egyptian culture + met together, and we now know that Canaan was the centre of that + literary activity which the Tel el-Amarna tablets have revealed to + us. Canaan, in the age of the eighteenth dynasty, was emphatically + the land of scribes and letter-writers. If libraries existed anywhere + in Western Asia, they would surely have done so in the cities of + Canaan.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of these + cities, Kirjath-Sepher, or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Book-town,”</span> is mentioned in the Old Testament. It + was also called Kirjath-Sannah, or <span class="tei tei-q">“City of + Instruction,”</span> doubtless from the school which was attached to + its library. The site of it is unfortunately lost; should it ever be + recovered, we may expect to find beneath it literary treasures + similar to those which the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg + 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + mounds of Assyria and Babylonia have yielded. Perhaps some day the + papyri of Egypt will tell us where exactly to look for it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A reference to it + has already been met with. In the time of Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, an Egyptian scribe + composed an ironical account of the adventures of a military officer + in Palestine. The officer in question was called a Mohar, a word + borrowed from the Babylonians, in whose language it signified + <span class="tei tei-q">“an envoy.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Egyptian work + is consequently usually known as <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Travels of a + Mohar</span></span>, and it gives us an interesting picture of Canaan + shortly before the Israelitish Exodus. The author was clearly very + proud of his geographical knowledge, and has therefore introduced the + names of a large number of places. In one passage he asks: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Hast thou not seen Kirjath-Anab together + with Beth-Sopher? Dost thou not know Adullam and Zidiputha?”</span> + Dr. W. Max Müller, to whom the correct reading of the passage is due, + points out that the scribe has interchanged the words Kirjath, + <span class="tei tei-q">“city,”</span> and Beth, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“house,”</span> and that he ought to have written + Beth-Anab and Kirjath-Sopher. That he was acquainted, however, with + the meaning of the Canaanitish word Sopher (in Egyptian Thupar) is + shown by his adding to it the determinative of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“writing.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sopher</span></span>, in fact, means + <span class="tei tei-q">“scribe,”</span> just as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sepher</span></span> means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“book,”</span> and indicates the fact that <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Kirjath-Sepher was not only a town of + books, but of book-writers as well. It will be remembered that + Beth-Anab, <span class="tei tei-q">“the house of grapes,”</span> in + the abbreviated form of Anab, is associated with Kirjath-Sepher in + the Old Testament (Josh. xi. 21; xv. 49, 50), just as it is in the + Egyptian papyrus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Tel + el-Amarna tablets we have a picture of Canaan in the century which + preceded the Exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt. As we have seen, + it was at that time an Egyptian province. We can thus understand why, + in the tenth chapter of Genesis, Canaan is made a brother of Mizraim, + or Egypt. For a while it obeyed the same sovereign and was + administered by the same laws; the natives of Canaan held office in + the court of the Pharaoh, and Egyptian governors ruled in the + Canaanitish cities. It was not until after the death of Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, of the nineteenth + dynasty, and about the very time when the Israelites were escaping + from their house of bondage, that Canaan ceased to be an Egyptian + dependency. From that time forward it was politically and + geographically severed from the valley of the Nile, and the + geographer could never again couple it with the land of Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Khu-n-Aten + was Pharaoh, the cities of Canaan were numerous and wealthy. The + people were highly cultured, and excelled especially as <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> workers in gold and silver, as + manufacturers of porcelain and vari-coloured glass, and as weavers of + richly-dyed linen. Their merchants already traded to distant parts of + the known world. The governors appointed by the Pharaoh were for the + most part of native origin, and at times a representative of the old + line of kings was left among them, though an Egyptian prefect was + often placed at his side. The governors were controlled by the + presence of Egyptian garrisons, as well as by the visits of an + Egyptian <span class="tei tei-q">“commissioner.”</span> Their + rivalries and quarrels form the subject of many of the letters which + have been found at Tel el-Amarna, both sides appealing to the Pharaoh + for protection and help, and alike protesting their loyalty to him. + It seems to have been the part of Egyptian policy to encourage these + quarrels, or at all events to hold an even balance between the rival + governors.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As long as the + power of Egypt remained intact, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">these quarrels</span></em>, which sometimes + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">resulted in + open war</span></em>, offered no cause for alarm. Egyptian troops + could always be sent to the scene of disturbance before it could + become dangerous. But in the troublous days of Khu-n-Aten's reign, + when Egypt itself was restless and inclined for revolt, the position + of affairs was changed. The Egyptian forces were needed at home, and + the Pharaoh was compelled to turn a deaf ear <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to the piteous appeals that were made to him + for assistance. The enemies of Egyptian rule began to multiply and + grow powerful. In the south the Khabiri or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Confederates”</span> threatened the Egyptian domination; + in the north, Amorite rebels intrigued with the Hittites and with the + kings of Naharaim and Babylonia, while in all parts of Palestine the + Sute or Bedouin were perpetually on the watch to take advantage of + the weakness of the government.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was the + vassal-king of Jerusalem, Ebed-tob by name, who was especially + menaced by the Khabiri. In his letters he describes himself as unlike + the other governors, in that he had been appointed to his office by + the <span class="tei tei-q">“arm”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“oracle”</span> of <span class="tei tei-q">“the Mighty + King,”</span> the supreme deity of his city. It was not from his + father or his mother, consequently, that he had derived his royal + dignity. He was, in fact, a priest-king, like his predecessor + Melchizedek, to whom Abram had paid tithes. Ebed-tob, however, was + unable to make head against his enemies the Khabiri. One by one the + towns which were included in the territory of Jerusalem, from Keilah + and Gath-Karmel to Rabbah, fell into their hands; the Pharaoh was + unable to send him the help for which he so earnestly begged, and we + finally hear of his having fallen into the hands of his Bedouin + enemy, Labai, along with the cities of which he was in charge. Labai + was in alliance with <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg + 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a + certain Malchiel, who also writes letters to the Egyptian monarch, as + well as with Tagi of Gath and the Khabiri. The latter seem to have + given the name of Hebron, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Confederacy,”</span> to the old city of Kirjath-Arba.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Megiddo was the + seat of an Egyptian governor, like Gaza, near Shechem. The name of + Shechem has not been found in the Tel el-Amarna tablets, but a + reference is made to its <span class="tei tei-q">“mountain,”</span> + in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Travels of a Mohar</span></span>. Either Mount + Ebal or Mount Gerizim must consequently have been already well known + in Egypt. Another Egyptian governor was in command of Phœnicia. + Gebal, north of Beyrût, was his chief residence, but he had palaces + also at Tyre and Zemar, in the mountains of the interior. In one of + his letters he alludes to the wealth of Tyre, which must therefore + have been already famous.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Phœnicia and + Palestine are alike included under the name of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Canaan”</span> in the cuneiform documents, though in the + hieroglyphic records they are called Zahi and Khal (or Khar). North + of Palestine came <span class="tei tei-q">“the land of the + Amorites,”</span> of which Ebed-Asherah and his son, Aziru or Ezer, + were governors, and to the east of the Jordan was <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the field of Bashan.”</span> The Egyptian supremacy was + acknowledged as far south as the frontier of Edom; the latter country + preserved its independence.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such was the + condition of Canaan when the cuneiform correspondence of Tel + el-Amarna comes suddenly to an end. The death of Khu-n-Aten had been + the signal for a revolt against the faith which he had endeavoured to + impose upon Egypt, as well as against the Asiatic influences by which + he had been surrounded. He left daughters only behind him. One of + them was married to a prince who, in order to secure the throne, was + forced to return to the old religion of the country, and to call + himself by the name of Tutânkh-Amon. But his reign was short, like + those of one or two other relations and followers of Khu-n-Aten who + have left traces of themselves upon the monuments. A rival king, Ai + by name, held possession of Egypt for a while, and after his death + Hor-m-hib, the Armais of Manetho, ruled once more at Thebes over a + united Egypt, and the worship of the solar disk was at end.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the ruins of + Tel el-Amarna show that the restoration of the old creed and the + overthrow of Khu-n-Aten's adherents had not been without a struggle. + Most of the tombs in the cliffs and sandhills which surround the old + city have been unfinished: the followers of the new cult for whom + they were intended have never been allowed to occupy them. The royal + sepulchre itself, as we have seen, is in an equally unfinished + condition, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg + 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + sarcophagus in which the body of the king rested was violated soon + after his mummy had been placed in it. Indeed, it had never been + deposited in the niche that had been cut to receive it; its shattered + fragments were discovered far away on the floor of the great columned + hall. The capital of the <span class="tei tei-q">“heretic + king”</span> was destroyed by its enemies soon after his death, and + never inhabited again. The ruins of its palace and houses were full + of broken statues and other objects which their owners had no time to + carry away. The city lasted only for about thirty years, and the + sands of the desert then began to close over its fallen greatness. + How sudden and complete must have been its overthrow is proved by the + cuneiform tablets; not only were these imperial archives not carried + elsewhere, the correspondence contained in them breaks off suddenly + with a half-told tale of disaster and dismay. The Asiatic empire of + Egypt is falling to pieces, its enemies are enclosing it on every + side; the Hittites have robbed it of its northern provinces, and + revolt is shaking it from within. The governors and vassals of the + Pharaoh send more and more urgent requests for instant aid: + <span class="tei tei-q">“If troops come this year, then there will + remain both provinces and governors to the king, my lord; but if no + troops come, no provinces or governors will remain.”</span> But no + answer was returned to these <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> pressing appeals, and the sudden cessation of + the correspondence under the ruins of the Egyptian foreign office + itself gives us the reason why.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the first + acts of Hor-m-hib after the settlement of affairs at home was to + chastise the Asiatics, who had doubtless taken advantage of the + momentary weakness of Egypt. With the death of Hor-m-hib, after a + reign of five years,<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href= + "#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> the + eighteenth dynasty came to an end. Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, + the founder of the nineteenth dynasty, introduced a new type of royal + name, and also, as we learn from the monuments, a new type of royal + face. After a short reign of two years, he was succeeded by his son, + Seti <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, in whose name we have an + evidence that the proscribed worship of the god Set—the god of the + Delta—was again taken under royal patronage. It was an indication + that the new dynasty traced its descent from northern Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Seti <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> + once more led the Egyptian armies to victory in Asia. With the spoils + of conquest temples were built and decorated, and the names of + conquered nations engraved upon their walls. One of these temples was + at Abydos, the most beautiful of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> all those which have been left to us in Egypt. + But Seti's fame as a builder was far eclipsed by that of his son and + successor, Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, and even the temples + which he had raised at Abydos and Qurnah were completed, and to a + certain extent appropriated, by his better-known son.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We are told in the + Book of Exodus that two of the <span class="tei tei-q">“treasure + cities”</span> which the Israelites built for the Pharaoh of the + Oppression were <span class="tei tei-q">“Pithom and Raamses.”</span> + The discovery of Pithom was, as we have already seen, the inaugural + work of the Egypt Exploration Fund. The discovery, as has been + already stated, was made by Dr. Naville, who was led to the site by + certain monuments of Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, which had been found + there by the French engineers of M. de Lesseps. These monuments + consisted of a great tablet and monolith of red granite, two sphinxes + of exquisitely polished black granite, and a broken shrine of red + sandstone which had been transported to Ismailîyeh, where they formed + the chief ornament of the little public garden. As they all showed + that Tum, the setting sun, was the supreme deity of the place from + which they had come, Dr. Naville concluded that it would prove to be + Pi-Tum, <span class="tei tei-q">“the abode of Tum,”</span> the Pithom + of Scripture, and not the companion city of Raamses, as Lepsius had + believed.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg + 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The mounds from + which the monuments had been disinterred are about twelve miles to + the west of Ismailîyeh, and are called Tel el-Maskhuteh, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Mound of the Image.”</span> In the last century, + however, they were known as Abu Kêshêd, and were famous for a + half-buried monolith of granite representing Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + seated between Tum and Râ, the hieroglyphic inscription on the back + of which has been published by Sir Gardner Wilkinson. The canal made + by the Pharaohs for uniting the Nile with the Red Sea, and afterwards + cleared of the sand that choked it by Darius, by Trajan, and by the + Arab conqueror 'Amru, skirted the southern side of the mounds. At + present the modern Freshwater Canal runs along their northern edge, + to the north of which again is the line of the railway from Cairo to + Suez. The fortifications erected by Arabi, however, hide the site of + the old city from the traveller in the train.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dr. Naville's + excavations proved him to have been right in identifying Tel + el-Maskhuteh with Pithom. The inscriptions he found there showed that + its ancient name was Pi-Tum, and that it stood in the district of + Thukut, the Succoth of the Old Testament. The name of this district + was already known from papyri of the age of the nineteenth dynasty, + and Dr. Brugsch had pointed out its identity with the Biblical + Succoth.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg + 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the discovery + of the ancient name was not the only result of the explorer's work. + It turned out that the city had been built by Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, and that it contained a + number of large brick buildings which seem to have been intended for + magazines. Here, then, at last was a proof that the Egyptologists + were correct in making Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> the Pharaoh of the + Oppression.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The site of + Raamses or Ramses, the companion city of Pithom, has still to be + discovered. But it cannot be far distant from Tel el-Maskhuteh, and, + like the latter, must have been in that land of Goshen in which the + Israelites were settled. The discoveries which enabled Dr. Naville to + determine the boundaries of the land of Goshen and to fix the site of + its ancient capital have already been described. The site of Zoan, + the modern Sân, had long been known, and the excavations, first of + Mariette Pasha and then of Professor Flinders Petrie, have laid bare + the foundations of its temple and brought to light the monuments of + the kings who enriched and adorned it. Built originally in the age of + the Old Empire, it was restored by the Hyksos conquerors of Egypt, + and became under them a centre of influence and power.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Goshen, Zoan and + Pithom, the sites around which the early history of Israel gathered, + have thus been brought to light. The disputes which have raged + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" + id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> about them are at last ended. + Here and there a persistent sceptic, who has been reared in the + traditions of the past, may still express doubts concerning the + discoveries of recent years, but for the Egyptologist and the + archæologist the question has been finally settled. We can visit + <span class="tei tei-q">“the field of Zoan”</span> and explore the + mounds of Pithom with no misgivings as to their identity. When the + train carries us from Ismailîyeh to Cairo, we may feel assured that + we are passing through the district in which Jacob and his family + were settled, and where the kinsfolk of Moses had their homes. The + Egypt of the patriarchs and the Exodus was an Egypt narrow in compass + and easily traversed in these days of steam; it represented the + western part of the Delta, more especially the strip of cultivable + land which stretches along the banks of the Freshwater Canal from + Zagazig to Ismailîyeh: that is all. The eastern and northern Delta, + Upper Egypt—even the district in which Cairo now stands—lay outside + it. The history which attaches itself to them is not the history of + the early Israelites.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name= + "Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter III. The Exodus And The Hebrew + Settlement In Canaan.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> was the last of the + conquering Pharaohs of native Egyptian history. The Asiatic empire of + Thothmes <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> was in some measure + restored by the victories of his father and himself. The cities of + Palestine yielded him an unwilling obedience. Gaza, and the other + towns in what was afterwards the territory of the Philistines, were + garrisoned by Egyptian troops, and on the walls of the Ramesseum were + depicted his conquest of Shalem or Jerusalem, Merom, Beth-Anath, and + other Canaanite states, in his eighth year. Egyptian armies again + marched northward into Syria along the highroad that led past the + Phœnician cities, and on the banks of the Nahr el-Kelb, or Dog's + River, near Beyrût, the Pharaoh erected a tablet in commemoration of + his successes. On the eastern side of the Jordan also Egyptian + authority once more prevailed. In front of the northern pylon of the + temple of Luxor, Ramses <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg + 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + erected six colossal figures of himself, and on their + recently-uncovered bases are inscribed the names of the various + nations he claimed to have subdued. Among them we find, for the first + time in the Egyptian records, the name of Moab, following immediately + upon that of Assar, the Asshurim of Genesis xxv. 3. That the + insertion of the name was not an idle boast we learn from a discovery + lately made by Dr. Schumacher. On the eastern side of the Jordan, but + at no great distance from the Lake of Tiberias, is a monolith called + the <span class="tei tei-q">“Stone of Job.”</span> On this the German + explorer has found Egyptian sculptures and hieroglyphs. Above the + figure of the Pharaoh are the cartouches of Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, and opposite the king, + on the left, a local deity is represented with a full face and the + crown of Osiris, over whom is written the name of Akna-zapn, or + <span class="tei tei-q">“Yakin of the North.”</span> The monument is + an evidence of a permanent occupation of the country by the + Egyptians, as the name and figure of the god indicate that it was + erected, not by the Egyptians themselves, but by the Egyptianised + natives of the land.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Along the Syrian + coast Seti <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> had already carried his + arms. His campaigns were followed by those of his son. Arvad, the + shores of the Gulf of Antioch, and even Cilicia, are enumerated among + the conquests of the Pharaoh. He even claims to have <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> defeated the armies of Assyria, of Matena + or Mitanni, the Aram-Naharaim of Scripture, and of Singar in + Mesopotamia. At Luxor, on the western walls of the newly excavated + court, we hear of his having been at Tunip (now Tennib), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in the land of Naharaim,”</span> of his capture of a + fortress of the Kati in the same district, and of how <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Pharaoh”</span> had taken a city in <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the land of Satuna.”</span> Satuna was one of those + countries in the far north whose name is never mentioned elsewhere in + the Egyptian texts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Syrian + conquests, however, could never have been long in the Pharaoh's + possession. Between them and Palestine lay the southern outposts of + the Hittite race. In the troublous times which followed the death of + Khu-n-Aten, the Hittites had overrun <span class="tei tei-q">“the + land of the Amorites”</span> to the north of Canaan, and fixed their + southern capital in the holy city of Kadesh, on the Orontes. It was a + stronghold against which the forces of Ramses were hurled in vain. + For twenty years did the struggle continue between the Pharaoh of + Egypt and <span class="tei tei-q">“the great king of the + Hittites,”</span> and at last, exhausted by the long conflict, in + which neither party had gained the advantage, the two enemies agreed + upon peace. A treaty was signed on the twenty-first of the month + Tybi, in the twenty-first year of the reign of Ramses (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1327), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in the city of Ramses,”</span> to which the Hittite + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" + id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ambassadors had come. Ramses, + on the one side, and Khita-sir, the son of Mul-sir, the Hittite + prince, on the other, bound themselves in it to eternal friendship + and alliance. In case of war they were to send troops to one + another's help, and they agreed to put to death any criminals who + might fly from the one country to the other. Political offenders, + however, who had taken refuge in the territory of one or other of the + two contracting parties, were not to be injured. It was of course the + Canaanitish subjects of the Pharaoh, who adjoined the Hittite + kingdom, that were principally affected by these stipulations. It was + further determined that on no pretext whatever should any change be + made in the boundaries of the two monarchies. The treaty was placed + under the protection of the deities of Egypt and the Hittites, and a + Hittite copy of it was engraved on a silver plate. The agreement was + cemented by the marriage of Ramses to a daughter of the Hittite king, + who thereupon assumed an Egyptian name.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Northern Syria was + thus formally conceded to the powerful conquerors who had descended + from the mountains of Kappadokia, while Palestine remained under + Egyptian dominion. But it was not destined to do so long. Ramses was + succeeded by Meneptah, the fourteenth of his many sons, who had + reigned only four years when the very existence of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> his kingdom was threatened by a + formidable invasion from the west and north. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The peoples of the north”</span> swarmed out of their + coasts and islands, and a great fleet descended upon Egypt, in + conjunction with the Libyans and Maxyes of northern Africa. Aqaiush + or Achæans, Shardana or Sardinians, Tursha or Tyrsenians appear among + them, as well as Leku from Asia Minor, and Zakkur, who a little later + are the colleagues and brethren of the Philistines. Part of the Delta + was overrun and devastated before the Pharaoh could make head against + his foes. But a decisive battle was at length fought at Pa-Alu-sheps, + not far from Heliopolis, which ended in the complete overthrow of the + invading hordes. Egypt was saved from the danger which had threatened + it, but it seems never to have recovered from the shock. The power of + the government was weakened in the valley of the Nile itself, and one + by one the foreign conquests passed out of its grasp. The sceptre of + Seti <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, who followed Meneptah, + seems to have dropped into the hands of a usurper, Amon-messu by + name: the history of the period is, however, involved in obscurity, + and all that is certain is that the empire of Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + was lost, and that Egypt itself fell into a state of decadence. With + Si-Ptah the nineteenth dynasty came to an inglorious + end.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name= + "Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Its fall was the + signal for internal confusion and civil war. A Syrian foreigner, + Arisu by name, possessed himself of the throne of the Pharaohs, and + Egypt for a while was compelled to submit to Canaanitish rule. Its + leading nobles were in banishment, its gods were deprived of their + customary offerings, and famine was added to the horrors of war. A + deliverer came in the person of Set-nekht, the founder of the + twentieth dynasty. He drove the stranger out the country, and + restored it again to peace and prosperity. Hardly had his task been + completed when he died, and was succeeded by his son, Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> Under him a transient + gleam of victory and conquest visited once more the valley of the + Nile.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was well for + Egypt that she possessed an energetic general and king. The same + hordes which had threatened her in the reign of Meneptah now again + attacked her with increased numbers and greater chances of success. + In the fifth year of Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, the fair-skinned + tribes of the western desert poured into the Delta. The Maxyes, under + their chieftains Mdidi, Mâshakanu, and Mâraiu, and the Libyans, under + Ur-mâr and Zut-mâr, met the Pharaoh in battle at a place which ever + afterwards bore a name commemorative of their defeat. The victory of + the Egyptians was, in fact, decisive. As <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> many as 12,535 slain were counted on the field + of battle, and captives and spoil innumerable fell into the hands of + the victors.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But Ramses was + allowed only a short breathing-space. Three years after the Libyan + invasion, and doubtless in connection with it, came a still more + formidable invasion on the part of the barbarians of the north. This + time they came partly by land, partly by sea. Vast hordes of them had + marched out of Asia Minor, overrunning the kingdoms of the Hittites, + of Naharaim, of Carchemish, and of Arvad, and carrying with them + adventurers and recruits from the countries through which they + passed. First they pitched their camp in <span class="tei tei-q">“the + land of the Amorites,”</span> and then marched southward towards the + frontiers of Egypt. The place of the Aqaiush was taken by the Daanau + or Danaans, but the Zakkur again formed part of the invading host, + this time accompanied by Pulsata or Philistines, and Shakalsh or + Siculians. By the side of the land army moved a fleet of ships, and + fleet and army arrived together at the mouths of the Nile. The cities + in the extreme south of Palestine, once occupied by Egyptian + garrisons, were captured by the Philistines, and became henceforward + their assured possession.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the main body + of the invaders were not so fortunate. The Egyptian forces were ready + to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name= + "Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> receive them, and + their ships had scarcely entered the mouth of the Nile before they + were attacked by the Egyptian fleet. The battle ended in the complete + annihilation of the attacking host. A picture of it is sculptured on + the walls of Medînet Habu at Thebes, the temple-palace which Ramses + built to commemorate his victories, and we can there study the ships + of the European barbarians and the features and dress of the + barbarians themselves. In the expressive words of the Egyptian + scribe, <span class="tei tei-q">“they never reaped a harvest any + more.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ramses, however, + was even now not left at rest. Three years later the Maxyes again + assailed Egypt under Mashashal, the son of Kapur, but once more + unsuccessfully. Cattle, horses, asses, chariots and weapons of war in + large quantities fell into the hands of the Egyptians, as well as + 2052 captives, while 2175 men were slain. From this time forward + Egypt was secure from attack on its western border.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Freed from the + necessity of defending his own territories, Ramses now carried the + war into Asia. What in later days was the land of Judah was overrun + by his forces; Gaza and the districts round Hebron and Salem or + Jerusalem were occupied, and the name of the Dead Sea appears on the + walls of Medînet Habu for the first time in Egyptian history. The + Egyptian army even crossed to the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> eastern side of the Jordan and captured the + Moabite capital.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another campaign + led it along the Phœnician coast into northern Syria. Hamath was + taken, and Ramses seems to have penetrated as far as the slopes of + the Taurus. He even claims to have defeated the people of Mitanni or + Aram-Naharaim on the eastern bank of the Euphrates. The kings of the + Hittites and the Amorites, like the chiefs of the Zakkur and the + Philistines, were already prisoners in his hands.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the northern + campaigns of Ramses were intended to strike terror rather than to + re-establish the Asiatic empire of Egypt. No attempt was made to hold + the cities and districts which had been overrun. Though a temple was + erected to Amon on the frontiers of the later Judæa, even Gaza was + given up, and the fortress which had so long defended the road from + Canaan into Egypt was allowed to pass into Philistine hands. It was + the same with the campaign which the Pharaoh conducted at a later + date against the <span class="tei tei-q">“Shasu”</span> or Bedouin of + Edom. For the first time an Egyptian army succeeded in making its way + into the fastnesses of Mount Seir, slaying the warriors of Edom, and + plundering their <span class="tei tei-q">“tents.”</span> The Edomite + chief himself was made a prisoner. The expedition <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> had the effect of protecting the Egyptian + mining establishments in the Sinaitic peninsula as well as the + maritime trade with southern Arabia. Large quantities of malachite + were brought year by year from the Egyptian province of Mafka or + Sinai, and the merchant-vessels of Ramses coasted along the Red Sea, + bringing back with them the precious spices of Yemen and + Hadhramaut.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> died after a reign of + more than thirty-two years, and the military renown of Egypt expired + with him. His exact date is still a matter of doubt, but his + accession must have fallen about <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> + 1200. The date is important, not only because it closes the history + of Egypt as a conquering power, but also as it marks a great era of + migration among the northern populations of the Mediterranean, as + well as the permanent settlement of the Philistines in Palestine. It + was, moreover, the period to which the Israelitish invasion of Canaan + must belong.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> overran the southern + portion of Palestine, and built the temple of the Theban god at the + spot now known as Khurbet Kan'an, not far from Hebron, the Israelites + could not as yet have entered the Promised Land. There is no + reference to the Egyptians in the Pentateuch, and there is no + reference to the Israelites in the hieroglyphic texts of Medînet + Habu. Hebron, Migdal, Karmel <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of Judah, Ir-Shemesh and Hadashah, all alike + fell into the hands of the Egyptian invaders, but neither in the + Egyptian nor in the Hebrew records is there any allusion to a + struggle between Egypt and Israel. When Joshua entered Canaan all + these cities belonged to the Canaanites, and when Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> attacked them this was + also the case. The Palestinian campaign of Ramses must have prepared + the way for the Israelitish conquest; it could not have followed + after it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Moreover, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the five lords of the Philistines”</span> + seem to have already been settled in the extreme south when the + Israelitish invasion took place (Josh. xiii. 3). Yet it also seems + clear from the Egyptian monuments that the settlement was not fully + completed until after the Asiatic campaigns of the Pharaoh had + occurred. The Philistines indeed formed part of the great invading + host which poured through Syria and assailed Egypt in the early part + of his reign, but Gaza was one of his conquests, and its possession + enabled him to march into Canaan. Before Gaza could become a + Philistine city it was needful that its Egyptian garrison should be + withdrawn. Professor Prášek believes that the Philistine occupation + of southern Canaan took place in the year <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1209, since the Roman + historian Justin tells us that in this year a king of Ashkelon + stormed the city of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg + 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Sidon, and that the Sidonians fled to a neighbouring part of the + coast, and there founded Tyre. However this may be, the Philistine + settlement in Canaan must be ascribed to the age of Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, and it was already + with the Philistines that the Israelites came into conflict under + almost the earliest of their judges.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the date of + the Israelitish conquest of Canaan is closely bound up with that of + the Exodus out of Egypt. It is true that when we are told of the + forty years' wandering in the desert, the word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“forty”</span> is used, as it is elsewhere in the Old + Testament, as well as upon the Moabite Stone, to denote an + indeterminate period of time. It was a period during which the + greater part of the generation that had left Egypt had time to die. + Joshua and Caleb indeed remained, and Othniel, the brother of Caleb, + lived to deliver Israel from the king of Aram-Naharaim, and to be the + first of the judges. But otherwise it was a new generation which was + led to conquest by Joshua.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> was the Pharaoh of the + Oppression, the Pharaoh of the Exodus must have been one of his + immediate successors. Egyptologists have hesitated between Meneptah, + Seti <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, and Si-Ptah. There is + much to be said in favour of each. None of them reigned long, and + after the death of Meneptah the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> sceptre fell into feeble hands, and the + Egyptian monarchy went rapidly to decay.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Native tradition, + as reported by the historian Manetho, made Meneptah the Pharaoh under + whom the children of Israel escaped from their house of bondage. + Amenôphis or Meneptah, it was said, desired to see the gods. He was + accordingly instructed by the seer Amenôphis, the son of Pa-apis, to + clear the land of the leprous and impure. This he did, and 80,000 + persons were collected from all parts of Egypt, and were then + separated from the other inhabitants of the country and compelled to + work in the quarries of Tûra, on the eastern side of the Nile. Among + them there happened to be some priests, one of whom was Osarsiph, a + priest of On, and the sacrilegious act of laying hands on them was + destined to be avenged by the gods. The seer prophesied that the + impure lepers would find allies, and with their help would govern + Egypt for thirteen years, when a saviour should arise in the person + of Amenôphis himself. Not daring to tell the king of this prediction, + he put it in writing and then took away his own life. After a time + the workers in the quarries were removed to Avaris, the deserted + fortress of the Hyksos, on the Asiatic frontier of the Egyptian + kingdom. Here they rose in rebellion under Osarsiph, who organised + them into a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg + 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + community, and gave them new laws, forbidding them to revere the + sacred animals, and ordering them to rebuild the walls of Avaris. He + also sent to the descendants of the Hyksos at Jerusalem, begging for + their assistance. A force of 200,000 men was accordingly despatched + to Avaris, and the invasion of Egypt decided on. Amenôphis retired + into Ethiopia without striking a blow, carrying with him his son + Sethos, who was also called Ramesses after his grandfather, as well + as the sacred bull Apis, and other holy animals. The images of the + gods were concealed, lest they should be profaned by the invaders. + Amenôphis remained in Ethiopia for thirteen years, while Osarsiph, + who had taken the name of Moses, together with his allies from + Jerusalem, committed innumerable atrocities. At last, however, + Amenôphis and his son Sethos returned, each at the head of an army; + the enemy were defeated and overthrown, and finally pursued to the + borders of Syria.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The tradition is a + curious mixture of fact and legend. Osarsiph is but an Egyptianised + form of Joseph, the first syllable of which has been explained as + representing the god of Israel (as in Ps. lxxxi. 5), and has + accordingly been identified with Osar or Osiris. The ancient Egyptian + habit of regarding the foreigner as impure has been interpreted to + mean that the followers of Osarsiph were lepers. The <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Exodus of the Israelites has been + confounded with the invasion of the northern barbarians in the reign + of Meneptah, as well as with the troublous period that saw the fall + of the nineteenth dynasty when the throne of Egypt was seized by the + Syrian Arisu. And, lastly, the hated Hyksos have been introduced into + the story; their fortress Avaris is made the rallying-place of the + revolted lepers, and it is through the help they send from Jerusalem + that the rule of Osarsiph or Moses is established in the valley of + the Nile.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An interesting + commentary on the legend has been furnished by a papyrus lately + acquired by M. Golénischeff, and dating from the age of Thothmes + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> On the last page is a + sort of Messianic prophecy, the hero of which has the name of Ameni, + a shortened form of Amenôphis. <span class="tei tei-q">“A + king,”</span> it says, <span class="tei tei-q">“will come from the + south, Ameni the truth-declaring by name. He will be the son of a + woman of Nubia, and will be born in.... He will assume the crown of + Upper Egypt, and will lift up the red crown of Lower Egypt. He will + unite the double crown.... The people of the age of the son of man + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sic</span></span>) will rejoice and establish + his name for all eternity. They will be far from evil, and the wicked + will humble their mouths for fear of him. The Asiatics (Âmu) will + fall before his blows, and the Libyans before his flame. The wicked + will wait on his judgments, the rebels on his <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> power. The royal serpent on his brow will + pacify the revolted. A wall shall be built, even that of the prince, + so that the Asiatics may no more enter into Egypt.”</span> In this + Ameni we should probably see the Amenôphis of the Manethonian + story.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Against the + identification of Meneptah with the Pharaoh of the Exodus it has, + however, been urged that he seems on the whole to have been a + successful prince. His kingdom passed safely through the shock of the + Libyan and northern invasions, and notices which have survived to us + show that, at all events in the earlier part of his reign, Gaza and + the neighbouring towns still acknowledged his authority. At Zaru, on + the Asiatic frontier of Egypt, a young scribe, Pa-ebpasa by name, was + stationed, whose duty it was to keep a record of all those who + entered or left the country by <span class="tei tei-q">“the way of + the Philistines.”</span> Some of his notes, made in the third year of + Meneptah, are entered on the back of his school copybook, which is + now in the British Museum. One of them tells us that on the fifteenth + of Pakhons Baal— ... the son of Zippor of Gaza, passed through with a + letter to Baal-marom(?)-ga[b]u, the prince of Tyre; another that + Thoth, the son of Zakarumu, and the policeman Duthau, the son of + Shem-baal, as well as Sutekh-mes, the son of Epher-dagal, had come + from Gaza with a message to the king.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A curious + despatch, dated in Meneptah's eighth year, goes to show that at that + time the kinsfolk of the Israelites still had liberty to pass from + the desert into the land of Goshen and there find pasturage for their + flocks. One of his officials informs him that certain Shasu or + Bedouin from Edom had been allowed to pass the Khetam or fortress of + Meneptah Hotep-hima in the district of Succoth, and make their way to + the lakes of the city of Pithom, in the district of Succoth, + <span class="tei tei-q">“in order to feed themselves and their herds + on the possessions of Pharaoh, who is there a beneficent sun for all + peoples.”</span> The document may be interpreted in two ways. It may + be taken as a proof that the Israelites had not yet fled from Egypt, + and that there was consequently as yet no restraint placed by the + Egyptians upon the entrance of the Asiatic nomads into their country, + or it may be regarded as implying that the land of Goshen was already + deserted, so that there was abundance of room for both shepherds and + flocks. On behalf of this view a passage may be quoted from the great + inscription of Meneptah at Karnak, in which we read that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the country around Pa-Bailos (the modern Belbeis) was + not cultivated, but left as pasture for cattle because of the + strangers. It was abandoned since the time of the ancestors.”</span> + More probably, however, this means that the land in <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> question was not inhabited by Egyptian + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span>, but given over to the + Hebrew shepherds and the <span class="tei tei-q">“mixed + multitude”</span> of their Bedouin kinsmen.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A more serious + objection to making Meneptah the Pharaoh of the Exodus is the fact + that his son Seti <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> was already acknowledged + as heir to the throne during his father's lifetime. The <span class= + "tei tei-q">“tale of the two brothers,”</span> to which we have + already had to refer, was dedicated to him while he was still + crown-prince. Indeed, it would even appear that he was associated + with his father on the throne, since the cartouches of Meneptah and + Seti <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> are found side by side + in the rock-temple of Surarîyeh. It would seem, therefore, that the + first-born of the Pharaoh, who was destroyed on the night of the + Passover, could not have been a son of Meneptah—at all events, if his + heir and future successor were his first-born son. That Meneptah + should have been buried in one of the royal tombs of Bibân el-Molûk + at Thebes, and received divine honours after his death, is of less + consequence. As has often been remarked, no mention is made in the + narrative of the Exodus that the Pharaoh himself was drowned, and + though Meneptah's tomb (No. 8) is unfinished, the cult that was paid + to his memory indicates that his mummy was deposited in it. It was + plundered centuries ago, and the numerous Greek inscriptions on its + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" + id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> walls make it clear that it + was open to visitors in the Roman age.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Professor Maspero + has suggested that the Pharaoh of the Bible was Seti <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + We know that Seti must have been a weak prince, and that his rule was + disputed. A usurper, Amon-messu by name, seized the crown either + during his lifetime or at his death, and governed at Thebes, while + the authority of the lawful line of princes was still acknowledged in + the north. We also know that he must have died suddenly, for his tomb + at Thebes (No. 15), though begun magnificently, was never finished. + Its galleries and halls were hewn out of the rock, but never adorned + with sculptures and paintings, and, except at the entrance, we have + merely outline sketches, which were never filled in. His cartouches, + however, are found in another tomb, not far off (No. 13), and after + his death worship was paid to him and his wife.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A despatch, + written during his reign, relates to the escape of two fugitives who + had travelled along the very road which the Israelites attempted to + take. The scribe tells us that he set out in pursuit of them from the + royal city of Ramses on the evening of the 9th of Epiphi, and had + arrived at the Khetam or fortress of Succoth the following day. Two + days later he reached another Khetam, and there learned that the + slaves were already safe in the desert, having passed <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the lines of fortification to the north + of the Migdol of King Seti. The account is an interesting + illustration of the flight, on a far larger scale, that must have + taken place about the same time. The geography of the despatch is in + close harmony with that of the Book of Exodus, and bears witness to + the contemporaneousness of the latter with the events it professes to + record. It is a geography which ceased to be exact after the age of + the nineteenth dynasty.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is thus + possible that Seti <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, instead of Meneptah, is + the Pharaoh whose host perished in the waves of the Red Sea. But + there is yet another claimant in Si-Ptah, with whom the nineteenth + dynasty came to an end. Dr. Kellogg has argued ably on behalf of him, + and it is possible that the views of this scholar are correct. + Si-Ptah's right to the throne was derived from his wife, Ta-user, and + he reigned at least six years. That he followed Seti <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + has long been admitted, on the authority of Manetho, though doubts + have been cast on it in consequence of a statement of Champollion + that he found the name of Seti written over that of Si-Ptah in the + tomb of the latter at Bibân el-Molûk (No. 14). All doubts, however, + are now set at rest by an inscription I copied at Wadi Halfa two + years ago, in which the writer, Hora, the son of Kam, declares that + he had formerly belonged to the palace of Seti <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, and had engraved + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" + id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the inscription in the third + year of Si-Ptah. In another inscription in the same place, dated also + in Si-Ptah's reign, the author states that he had been an ambassador + to the land of Khal or Syria. Intercourse with Asia was therefore + still maintained.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Si-Ptah's tomb at + Thebes was usurped by Setnekht, the founder of the twentieth dynasty. + It is even doubtful whether the king for whom it was made was ever + buried in it. In the second sepulchral hall the lid of his + sarcophagus was discovered, but of the sarcophagus itself there was + no trace. Perhaps it had been appropriated by Set-nekht. At any rate, + those who believe that the Pharaoh of the Exodus perished in the Red + Sea will find in Si-Ptah a better representative of him than in + Meneptah or Seti. And the period of anarchy which followed upon his + death may be regarded as the natural sequel of the disasters that + befel Egypt before the children of Israel were permitted to go.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">However this may + be, the question of the date of the Exodus is reduced to narrow + limits. The three successors of Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + reigned altogether but a short time. Manetho gives seven years only + to Si-Ptah, five years to Amon-messu, and we know from the monuments + that Meneptah and Seti <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> can have reigned but a + very few years. Thirty or forty years at most will have covered the + period that elapsed <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg + 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + between the death of the great Ramses and the downfall of his + dynasty. Then came a few years of confusion and anarchy, followed by + the reign of Setnekht. If we place the accession of Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1230, we cannot be far + wrong.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When that + happened, the Israelites were hidden out of the sight of the great + nations of the world among the solitudes of the desert. They were + pitching their tents on the frontiers of Mount Seir, in the near + neighbourhood of their kinsmen in Edom and Midian. There, at Sinai + and Kadesh-barnea, they were receiving a code of laws, and being + fitted to become a nation and the conquerors of Canaan. Were they + included among the Shasu of Mount Seir whose overthrow is + commemorated by Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For an answer we + must turn to the twenty-first chapter of the Book of Numbers. There + we read how it is said in the book of the wars of the Lord: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Waheb in Suphah and the brooks of Arnon, and + the stream of the brook that goeth down to the dwelling of Ar, and + lieth upon the border of Moab.”</span> Of the war against the + Amorites on the banks of the Arnon we know something, but the Old + Testament has preserved no record of the other war, which had its + scene in Suphah. Where Suphah was we know from the opening of the + Book of Deuteronomy, which tells us that the words of Moses were + addressed to the people <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg + 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“in the plain over against Suph.”</span> + Suph, in fact, was the district which gave its name to the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">yâm + Sûph</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“Sea of Suph,”</span> + the Red Sea of the authorised version, the modern Gulf of Akabah. + Here were the Edomite ports of Eloth and Ezion-geber, where Solomon + built his fleet of merchantmen (1 Kings ix. 26), and here too was the + region which faced <span class="tei tei-q">“the plain”</span> on the + southern side of Moab.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The barren ranges + of Mount Seir run down southward to Ezion-geber and Eloth, at the + head of the Gulf of Akabah. And it was just in the ranges of Mount + Seir that Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> tells us he smote the + Shasu and plundered their tents. When he made this expedition, the + Israelites were probably still encamped on the borders of Edom. They + had not as yet entered Canaan when he marched through the later + Judæa, and crossed the Jordan into Moab, and his campaign against the + Shasu of the desert did not take place many years later. At Medînet + Habu, the <span class="tei tei-q">“chief of the Shasu”</span> figures + among his prisoners by the side of the kings of the Hittites and the + Amorites.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Was <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the war of the Lord”</span> in Suphah waged against the + Pharaoh of Egypt? Chronology is in favour of it, and if the enemies + of the Israelites were not the Egyptian army, it is hard to say who + else they could have been. We know from the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Pentateuch that they were not the people of + Edom; <span class="tei tei-q">“meddle not with them,”</span> the + Israelites were enjoined; the children of Esau were their + <span class="tei tei-q">“brethren,”</span> and God had <span class= + "tei tei-q">“given Mount Seir unto Esau for a possession.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But whether or not + Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> and the tribes of + Israel ever came into actual conflict, it must have been during his + reign that the first Israelitish conquests in Canaan were made. The + settlement of the twelve tribes in Palestine was coeval with the + final decay of the Egyptian monarchy.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name= + "Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IV. The Age Of The Israelitish + Monarchies.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> was the last of the + great Pharaohs in whose veins ran native Egyptian blood. His + successors all bore the same name as himself, but they possessed + neither his energy nor his power to rule. He had saved Egypt from + further attack from without, and it was well he had done so, for the + feeble monarchs of the twentieth dynasty would have been unable to + resist the foe. They ceased even to build or to erect the monuments + which testified to the prosperity of the country and the progress of + its art. The high-priests of Amon gradually usurped their authority, + and a time came at length when the last of the Ramses fled into exile + in Ethiopia, and a new dynasty governed in his stead. But the rule of + the new monarchs was hardly acknowledged beyond the Delta; Thebes was + practically independent under its priest-kings, and though they + acknowledged the authority of the Tanite Pharaohs in name, they + acted, in real fact, as if they were independent sovereigns. One of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" + id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> them, Ra-men-kheper, built + fortresses not only at Gebelên in the south, but also at El-Hîbeh in + the north, and thus blocked the river against the subjects of the + Tanite princes, as well as against invaders from the south. At times, + indeed, the Tanite Pharaohs of the twenty-first dynasty exercised an + actual sovereignty over Upper Egypt, and Smendes, the first of them, + quarried stone at Dababîyeh, opposite Gebelên, with which to repair + the canal of Luxor; but, as a general rule, so far as the south was + concerned, they were Pharaohs only in name. The rival dynasty of + Theban high-priests was at once more powerful and more king-like. + They it was who, in some moment of danger, concealed the mummies of + the great monarchs of the eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties in the + pit at Dêr el-Bahâri, and whose own mummies were entombed by the side + of those of a Thothmes and a Ramses.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Egyptian wife + of Solomon was the daughter of one of the last Pharaohs of the + twenty-first dynasty. She brought with her as a dowry the Canaanitish + city of Gezer. Gezer had been one of the leading cities of Palestine + in the days of the Tel el-Amarna correspondence, and through all the + years of Israelitish conquest it had remained in Canaanitish hands. + It was a Pharaoh of Tanis, and not an Israelite, into whose + possession it was destined finally to fall.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The waning power + of Solomon in Israel coincided with the waning power of the + twenty-first dynasty. Long before the death of the Hebrew monarch, a + new dynasty was reigning over Egypt. Shishak, its founder, was of + Libyan origin. His immediate forefathers had commanded the Libyan + mercenaries in the service of the Pharaoh, and inscriptions lately + discovered in the Oasis of El-Khargeh write the name Shashaka. The + Egyptians slightly changed its pronunciation and made it Shashanq, + but in the Old Testament the true form is preserved.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Shishak brought + new vigour into the decaying monarchy of the Nile. The priest-kings + of Thebes went down before him, along with the effete Pharaohs of + Tanis. It may be that Solomon attempted to assist his father-in-law; + if he did so, the only result was to bring trouble upon himself. His + rebel subject Jeroboam fled to Egypt, and found shelter and + protection in Shishak's court.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Shishak must have + looked on with satisfaction while the neighbouring empire of Israel + fell to pieces, until eventually the central power itself was + shattered in twain. The rebel he had so carefully nurtured at his own + court was the instrument which relieved him of all further fear of + danger on the side of Asia. So far from being a menace to Egypt, + Jerusalem now lay at the mercy of the Egyptian armies, and in the + fifth <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name= + "Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> year of Rehoboam, + Shishak led his forces against it. The strong walls Solomon had built + were of no avail; its temple and palace were plundered, and the + golden shields in its armoury were carried away. A record of the + campaign was engraved by the conqueror on the southern wall of the + temple of Amon at Karnak. There we read how he had overthrown the Amu + or Asiatics, and the Fenkhu or people of Palestine, and underneath + are the cartouches, each with the head of a captive above it, which + contain the names of the conquered places. At the outset come the + names of towns in the northern kingdom of Israel. But, as Professor + Maspero remarks, this does not prove that they were actually among + the conquests of Shishak. If Jeroboam had begged his aid against + Judah, and thereby acknowledged himself the vassal of the Pharaoh, it + would have been a sufficient pretext for inserting the names of his + cities among the subject states of Egypt. But it may be that the + campaign was directed quite as much against Israel as against Judah, + and that Judah suffered most, simply because it had to bear the brunt + of the attack.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In any case, the + list of vanquished towns begins first with Gaza, the possession of + which was necessary before the Egyptian army could force its way into + Palestine; then come Rabbith of Issachar, Taanach, near Megiddo, + Hapharaim and Beth-Horon, while <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Mahanaim, on the eastern side of the Jordan, is + also included among them. But after this the list deals exclusively + with the towns and villages of Judah, and of the Bedouin tribes in + the desert to the south of it. Thus we have Ajalon and Makkedah, + Socho and Keilah, Migdol and Beth-anoth. Then we read the names of + Azem and Arad, farther to the south, as well as of the Hagaraim or + <span class="tei tei-q">“Enclosures”</span> of Arad, and Rabbith + 'Aradai, <span class="tei tei-q">“Arad the capital.”</span> Next to + Arad comes the name of Yurahma, the Jerahme-el of the Old Testament, + the brother of Caleb the Kenizzite (1 Chron. ii. 42) whose land was + ravaged by David (1 Sam. xxx. 29). But the larger portion of the list + is made up of the names of small villages and even Bedouin + encampments, or of such general terms as Hagra, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“enclosure,”</span> Negebu, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + south,”</span> 'Emeq, <span class="tei tei-q">“the valley,”</span> + Shebbaleth, <span class="tei tei-q">“a torrent,”</span> Abilim, + <span class="tei tei-q">“fields,”</span> Ganat, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“garden,”</span> Haideba, <span class="tei tei-q">“a + quarry,”</span> and the Egyptian Shodinau, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“canals.”</span><a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href= + "#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> Among + them we look in vain even for names like those of Gezer and + Beer-sheba. Jerusalem, too, is conspicuous by its absence, unless we + agree with Professor Maspero in seeing it in the last name of the + list (No. 133), of which only the first syllable is preserved. Were + it not for the record in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg + 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + First Book of Kings, we should never have known that the campaign of + Shishak had inflicted such signal injury on the kingdom of Judah.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Champollion, + indeed, the first discoverer of the list and of its importance, + believed that he had found in it the name of the Jewish capital. The + twenty-ninth cartouche reads Yaud-hamelek, which he explained as + signifying <span class="tei tei-q">“the kingdom of Judah,”</span> + while Rosellini made it <span class="tei tei-q">“the king of + Judah.”</span> But both interpretations are impossible. <span lang= + "he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Melek</span></span>, it is true, means + <span class="tei tei-q">“king”</span> in Hebrew, but <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king of Judah”</span> would have to be <span lang="he" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">melek-Yaudah</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“kingdom of Judah,”</span> <span lang="he" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">malkûth-Yaudah</span></span>. In the Semitic + languages the genitive must follow the noun that governs it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yaud-hamelek is + the Hebrew Ye(h)ud ham-melech <span class="tei tei-q">“Jehud of the + king.”</span> Jehud was a town of Dan (Josh. xix. 45), which Blau has + identified with the modern El-Yehudîyeh, near Jaffa, and the title + attached to it in the Egyptian list implies that it was an appanage + of the crown. The faces of the prisoners who surmount the cartouches + are worthy of attention. The Egyptian artists were skilled + delineators of the human features, and an examination of their + sculptures and paintings has shown that they represented the + characteristics of their models with wonderful truth and accuracy. + For ethnological purposes their portraits of foreign races are of + considerable <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg + 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + importance. Now the prisoners of Shishak have the features, not of + the Jew, but of the Amorite. The prisoners who served as models to + the Egyptian sculptors at Karnak must therefore have been of Amorite + descent. It is a proof that the Amorite population in southern + Palestine was still strong in the days of Rehoboam and Shishak. The + Jews would have been predominant only in Jerusalem and the larger + cities and fortresses of the kingdom. Elsewhere the older race + survived with all its characteristic features; the Israelitish + conquest had never rooted it out. Hence it is that it still lives and + flourishes in its ancient home. The traveller in the country + districts of Judah looks in vain for traces of the Jewish race, but + he may still see there the Amorite just as he is depicted on the + monuments of Egypt. The Jews, in fact, were but the conquering and + dominant caste, and with the extinction of their nationality came + also in Judah the extinction of their racial type. The few who + remained were one by one absorbed into the older population of the + country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Shishak died soon + after his Jewish campaigns. None of his successors seem to have + possessed his military capacity and energy. One of them, however, + Osorkon <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, appears to have made an + expedition against Palestine. Among the monuments disinterred at + Bubastis by Dr. Naville for the Egyptian <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page111">[pg 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Exploration Fund are the inscribed blocks of + stone which formed the walls of the second hall of the temple. This + hall was restored by Osorkon, who called it the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Festival Hall”</span> of Amon, which was dedicated on + the day of Khoiak, in the twenty-second year of the king's reign. On + one of the blocks the Pharaoh declares that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“all countries, the Upper and Lower Retennu, are hidden + under his feet.”</span> The Upper Retennu denoted Palestine, the + Lower Retennu Northern Syria, and though the boast was doubtless a + vainglorious one, it must have had some foundation in truth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Second Book + of Chronicles (xiv. 9-15) we are told that when Asa was on the Jewish + throne, <span class="tei tei-q">“there came out against them Zerah + the Ethiopian with an host of a thousand thousand and three hundred + chariots.”</span> The similarity between the names Zerah and Osorkon + has long been noticed, and the reign of Osorkon <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + would coincide with that of Asa. Dr. Naville, therefore, is probably + right in believing that some connection exists between the campaign + of Zerah and the boast of Osorkon. It is true that the Chronicler + calls Zerah an Ethiopian, and describes his army as an Ethiopian + host; but this seems due to the fact that the next kings of Egypt who + interfered in the affairs of Palestine, So and Tirhakah, were of + Ethiopian descent. In the time <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of Asa, at any rate, when the twenty-second + dynasty was ruling over Egypt, no Ethiopian army could have entered + Judah without the permission of the Egyptian monarch. However, Dr. + Naville draws attention to the fact that Osorkon seems to have had + some special tie with Ethiopia. His great festival at Bubastis was + attended by natives of Ethiopia, the Anti came with their gifts from + <span class="tei tei-q">“the land of the negroes,”</span> and are + depicted like the priests on the walls of the hall.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But troublous + times were in store for Egypt. The twenty-second dynasty came to an + end, and a period followed of confusion, civil war, and foreign + invasion. The kings of Ethiopia sailed down the Nile and swept the + country from Assuan to the sea. Petty princes reigned as independent + sovereigns in the various cities of Egypt, and waged war one against + the other. Pi-ankhi the Ethiopian was content with their momentary + submission; he then retired to his ancestral capital at Napata, + midway between Dongola and Khartûm, carrying with him the spoils of + the Nile. Another Ethiopian, Shabaka or Sabako, the son of Kashet, + made a more permanent settlement in Egypt. He put to death the + nominal Pharaoh, Bak-n-ran-f or Bokkhoris, and founded the + twenty-fifth dynasty. Order was again restored, the petty princes + suppressed, and Egypt <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg + 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> as + well as Ethiopia obeyed a single head. The roads were cleared of + brigands, the temples and walls of the cities were rebuilt, and trade + could again pass freely up and down the Nile.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An Egyptian + civilisation and an Egyptian religion had been established in + Ethiopia since the days of the eighteenth dynasty. For some + centuries, even after they had become independent of Egypt, the + ruling classes boasted of the purity of their Egyptian descent. But + before the age of Sabako the Egyptian element had been absorbed by + the native population. We have learned from a monument of the + Assyrian king, Esar-haddon, lately found at Sinjerli, in northern + Syria, that Sabako and his successors had all the physical + characteristics of the negro. But no sign of this is allowed to + appear on the Egyptian monuments. With the contempt for the black + race which still distinguishes them, the Egyptians refused to + acknowledge that their Pharaohs could be of negro blood. In the + sculptures and paintings of the Nile, accordingly, the kings of the + Ethiopian dynasty are represented with all the features of the + Egyptian race.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In spite, however, + of all attempts to conceal the fact, we now know that they were + negroes in reality. But they brought with them a vigour and a + strength of will that had long been wanting among the rulers + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" + id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of Egypt. And it was not long + before their Asiatic neighbours found that a new and energetic power + had arisen on the banks of the Nile. Assyria was now extending its + empire throughout Western Asia, and claiming to control the politics + of Syria and Palestine. The Syrian princes looked to Egypt for help. + In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 720, Assyria and Egypt + met face to face for the first time. Sib'e, the Tartan, or + commander-in-chief, of the Egyptian armies, with Hanno of Gaza and + other Syrian allies, blocked the way of the Assyrian invaders at + Raphia, on the border of Palestine. The victory was won by the + Assyrian Sargon. Hanno was captured, and Sib'e fled to the Delta. But + Sargon turned northward again, and did not follow up his success. He + was content with receiving the tribute of Pharaoh (Pir'u) + <span class="tei tei-q">“king of Egypt,”</span> of Samsi, the queen + of Arabia, and of Ithamar the Sabæan.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Sib'e we must + see the So or Seve of the Old Testament (2 Kings xvii. 4). He is + there called <span class="tei tei-q">“king of Egypt,”</span> but he + was rather one of the subordinate princes of the Delta, who acted as + the commander-in-chief of <span class="tei tei-q">“Pharaoh.”</span> + Pharaoh, it would seem, was still Bak-n-ran-f.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A few years later + Sabako was established on the throne. He reigned at least twelve + years, and was succeeded by his brother-in-law, Tirhakah, the Tarqû + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" + id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the Assyrian texts. Under + him, Egypt once more played a part in Jewish history.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was trust in + <span class="tei tei-q">“Pharaoh, king of Egypt,”</span> that made + Hezekiah revolt from Assyria after Sargon's death. The result was the + invasion of his kingdom by Sennacherib in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 701. Tirhakah moved + forward to help his ally. But his march diverted the attention of the + Assyrian monarch only for a while. The armies of Sennacherib and + Tirhakah met at Eltekeh, and Tirhakah the Pharaoh of Egypt was forced + to retire. Both claim a victory in their inscriptions. Sennacherib + tells us how <span class="tei tei-q">“the kings of Egypt and the + bowmen, chariots, and horses of the king of northern Arabia, had + collected their innumerable forces and gone to the aid”</span> of + Hezekiah and his Philistine allies, and how in sight of Eltekeh, + <span class="tei tei-q">“in reliance on Assur,”</span> he had + <span class="tei tei-q">“fought with them and utterly overthrown + them.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“The charioteers and the sons + of the king of Egypt, together with the charioteers of the king of + northern Arabia,”</span> he had <span class="tei tei-q">“taken + captive in the battle.”</span> Tirhakah, on the other hand, on a + statue now in the Gizeh Museum, declares that he was the conqueror of + the Bedouin, the Hittites, the Arvadites, the Assyrians, and the + people of Aram-Naharaim. The battle, in fact, was a Kadmeian victory. + Tirhakah was so far defeated that he was forced to retreat to his own + dominions, while <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg + 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Sennacherib's victory was not decisive enough to allow him to pursue + it. He contented himself with marching back into Judah, burning and + plundering its towns and villages, and carrying their inhabitants + into captivity. Then came the catastrophe which destroyed the larger + part of his army and obliged him to return ignominiously to his own + capital. The spoils and captives of Judah were the only fruits of his + campaign. His rebellious vassal went unpunished, and the strong + fortress of Jerusalem was saved from the Assyrian. Though Sennacherib + made many military expeditions during the remaining twenty years of + his reign, he never came again to the south of Palestine.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Egypt lay + sheltered from invasion behind Jerusalem. But with the death of + Sennacherib there came a change. His son and successor, Esar-haddon, + was a good general and a man of great ability. Manasseh of Judah + became his vassal, and the way lay open to the Nile. With a large + body of trained veterans he descended upon Egypt (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 674). The sheikh of the + Bedouin provided him with the camels which conveyed the water for the + army across the desert. Three campaigns were needed before Egypt, + under its Ethiopian ruler, could be subdued. But at last, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 670, Esar-haddon drove + the Egyptian forces before him in fifteen days (from the 3rd to the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" + id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> 18th of Tammuz or June) all + the way from the frontier to Memphis, thrice defeating them with + heavy loss, and wounding Tirhakah himself. Three days later Memphis + fell, and Tirhakah fled to Ethiopia, leaving Egypt to the conqueror. + It was after this success that the Assyrian monarch erected the stêlê + at Sinjerli, on which he is portrayed with Tirhakah of Egypt and Baal + of Tyre kneeling before him, each with a ring through his lips, to + which is attached a bridle held by the Assyrian king.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Egypt was + reorganised under Assyrian rule, and measures taken to prevent the + return of the Ethiopians. It was divided into twenty satrapies, the + native princes being appointed to govern them for their Assyrian + master. At their head was placed Necho, the vassal king of Sais. + Esar-haddon now returned to Nineveh, and on the cliffs of the Nahr + el-Kelb, near Beyrout, he engraved a record of his conquest of Egypt + and Thebes by the side of the monument whereon, seven centuries + previously, Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> had boasted of his + victories over the nations of Asia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At first the + Egyptian princes were well pleased with their change of masters. But + in Thebes there was a strong party which sympathised with Ethiopia + rather than with Assyria. With their help, Tirhakah returned in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 668, sailed down the + Nile, and took <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg + 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Memphis by storm. Esar-haddon started at once to suppress the revolt. + But on the way to Egypt he died on the 10th of Marchesvan or October, + and his son, Assur-bani-pal, followed him on the throne.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Ethiopian army + was encountered near Kar-banit, in the Delta. A complete victory was + gained over it, and Tirhakah was compelled to fly, first from + Memphis, then from Thebes. The tributary kings whom he had displaced + were restored, and Assur-bani-pal left Egypt in the full belief that + it was tranquil. But hardly had he returned to Nineveh before a fresh + revolt broke out there. Tirhakah began to plot with the native + satraps, and even Necho of Sais was suspected of complicity. The + commanders of the Assyrian garrisons, accordingly, sent him and two + other princes (from Tanis and Goshen) loaded with chains to Assyria. + But Assur-bani-pal, either really convinced of Necho's innocence or + pretending to be so, not only pardoned him but bestowed upon him a + robe of honour, as well as a sword of gold and a chariot and horses, + and sent him back to Sais, giving at the same time the government of + Athribis, whose mounds lie close to Benha, to his son, Psammetikhos. + Meanwhile Tirhakah had again penetrated to Thebes and Memphis, where + he celebrated the festival in honour of the appearance of a new Apis. + But his power was no longer what <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> it once had been, and even before the return of + Necho he found it prudent to retire to Ethiopia. There he died a few + months later.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Thebaid, + however, continued in a state of revolt against the Assyrian + authority. Another Ethiopian king, whom the Assyrians call Urd-Aman, + had succeeded Tirhakah, and was battling for the sovereignty of + Egypt. Urd-Aman is usually identified with the Pharaoh Rud-Amon, + whose name has been met with on two Egyptian monuments, but about + whom nothing further is known. Some scholars, however, read the name + Tand-Aman, and identify it with that of Tuatan-Amon or Tuant-Amon, + whose royal cartouches are engraved by the side of those of Tirhakah + in the temple of Ptah-Osiris at Karnak. An inscription found built + into a wall at Luxor mentions his third year, and a large stêlê + erected by him at Napata was discovered among the ruins of his + capital in 1862, and is now in the Museum of Gizeh. On this he states + that in the first year of his reign he was excited by a dream to + invade the north. Thebes opened its gates to him, and after + worshipping in the temple of Amon at Karnak, he marched to Memphis, + which he captured after a slight resistance. Then he proceeded + against the princes of the Delta, who, however, shut themselves up in + their cities or else submitted to him.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One day Paqrur of + Goshen appeared at Memphis to do him homage, much to the surprise and + delight of the Ethiopian king. As Paqrur was the prince of Pi-Sopd or + Goshen, who had been sent to Nineveh along with Necho, the date of + Tuatan-Amon is pretty clear. How he came to quit Egypt, however, he + does not vouchsafe to explain.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether Urd-Aman + were Rud-Amon or Tuatan-Amon, he gave a good deal of trouble to the + Assyrians. Thebes was securely in his hands, and from thence he + marched upon Memphis. The Assyrian garrison and its allies were + defeated in front of the city, which was then blockaded and taken + after a long siege. Necho was captured and put to death, and + Psammetikhos escaped the same fate only by flight into Syria. But + Assyrian revenge did not tarry long. Assur-bani-pal determined to put + an end to Egyptian revolt and Ethiopian invasion once for all. A + large army was despatched to the Nile, which overthrew the forces of + Rud-Amon in the Delta and pursued him as far as Thebes. Thence he + fled to Kipkip in Ethiopia, and a terrible punishment was inflicted + on the capital of southern Egypt. The whole of its inhabitants were + led away into slavery. Its temples—at once the centres of + disaffection and fortresses against attack—were half-demolished, its + monuments and palaces were destroyed, and all its <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> treasures, sacred and profane, were + carried away. Among the spoil were two obelisks, more than seventy + tons in weight, which were removed to Nineveh as trophies of victory. + The injuries which Kambyses has been accused of inflicting on the + ancient monuments of Thebes were really the work of the + Assyrians.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How great was the + impression made upon the oriental world by the sack of Thebes may be + gathered from the reference to it by the prophet Nahum (iii. 8-10). + Nineveh itself is threatened with the same overthrow. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Art thou better than No of Amon, that was situate among + the rivers, that had the waters round about it, whose rampart was the + sea, (the Nile), and her wall was from the sea? Ethiopia and Egypt + were her strength, and it was infinite; Put and Lubim were thy + helpers. Yet was she carried away, she went into captivity: her young + children also were dashed in pieces at the top of all the streets: + and they cast lots for her honourable men, and all her great men were + bound in chains.”</span> As the destruction of Thebes took place + about <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 665, the date of + Nahum's prophecy cannot have been much later.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Assyrian + inscriptions Thebes is called Ni', corresponding with the No of the + Old Testament. Both words represent the Egyptian Nu, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“city,”</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg + 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Thebes being pre-eminently <span class="tei tei-q">“the city”</span> + of Upper Egypt. Its patron-deity was Amon, to whom its great temple + was dedicated, and hence it is that Nahum calls it <span class= + "tei tei-q">“No of Amon.”</span> Divided as it was into two halves by + the Nile, and encircled on either side by canals, one of + which—<span class="tei tei-q">“the southern water”</span>—still runs + past the southern front of the temple of Luxor, it could truly be + said that its <span class="tei tei-q">“rampart was the sea.”</span> + To this day the Nile is called <span class="tei tei-q">“the + sea”</span> by the natives of Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Ethiopians + penetrated into Egypt no more. The twenty satrapies were + re-established; and Psammetikhos received his father's principality, + though the precedence among the vassal-kings was given to Paqrur of + Goshen. For a time the country was at peace.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fifteen years + later, however, an event occurred which shook the Assyrian empire to + its foundations. A revolt broke out which spread throughout the whole + of it. The revolt was headed by Assur-bani-pal's brother, the Viceroy + of Babylonia, and for some time the result wavered in the balance. + But the good generalship and disciplined forces of Assyria eventually + prevailed, and she emerged from the struggle, exhausted indeed, but + triumphant. The empire, however, was shrunken. Gyges of Lydia had + thrown off his allegiance, and had assisted <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Psammetikhos of Sais to make Egypt independent. + While the Assyrian armies were battling for existence in Asia, + Psammetikhos, with the Ionian and Karian mercenaries from Lydia, was + driving out the Assyrian garrisons and overcoming his brother + satraps. One by one they disappeared before him, and at last he had + the satisfaction of seeing Egypt a united and independent monarchy, + under a monarch who claimed to be of native race.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The blood of the + founder of the twenty-sixth dynasty was, however, mixed. He seems to + have been, partly at least, of Libyan descent, and it is even + doubtful whether his name is pure Egyptian. Like his father, he + surrounded himself with foreigners: the Greeks and Karians, with + whose help he had gained his throne, were high in favour, and + constituted the royal body-guard. The native Egyptian army, we are + told, deserted the king in disgust and made their way to Ethiopia. + However that may be, Greek troops were settled in <span class= + "tei tei-q">“camps”</span> in the Delta, Greek merchants were allowed + to trade and even to build in Egypt, and the Karians became dragomen, + guides, and interpreters between the natives and the European + tourists who began to visit the Nile.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was during the + reign of Psammetikhos <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 664-610) that the great + invasion of nomad Scyths, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg + 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + referred to in the earlier chapters of Jeremiah, swept over Western + Asia. They sacked the towns of the Philistines and made their way to + the Egyptian frontier, but there they were bought off by + Psammetikhos. After their dispersion, the Egyptian Pharaoh turned his + eyes towards Palestine, with the intention of restoring the Asiatic + empire of Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> The twenty-sixth dynasty + was an age of antiquarian revival; not content with restoring Egypt + to peace and prosperity, its kings aimed also at restoring the Egypt + of the past. Egyptian art again puts on an antique form, temples are + repaired or erected in accordance with ancient models, and literature + reflects the general tendency. The revival only wanted originality to + make it successful; as it is, the art of the twenty-sixth dynasty is + careful and good, and under its rule Egypt enjoyed for the last time + a St. Luke's summer of culture and renown.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The power of + Assyria was passing away. The great rebellion, and the wars in Elam + which followed, had drained it of its resources. The Scythic invasion + destroyed what little strength was left. Before Psammetikhos died + Nineveh was already surrounded by its foes, and four years later it + perished utterly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The provinces of + the west became virtually independent. Josiah of Judah still called + himself a vassal <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg + 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + the Assyrian monarch, but he acted as if the Assyrian monarchy did + not exist. The Assyrian governor of Samaria was deprived of his + authority, and Jewish rule was obeyed throughout what had been the + territory of the Ten Tribes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The weakness of + Assyria was the opportunity of Egypt. The earlier years of the reign + of Psammetikhos were spent in reorganising his kingdom and army, in + suppressing all opposition to his government, and in rebuilding the + ruined cities and temples. Then he marched into Palestine and + endeavoured to secure once more for Egypt the cities of the + Philistines. Ashdod was taken after a prolonged siege, and an + Egyptian garrison placed in it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The successor of + Psammetikhos was his son Necho, who carried out the foreign policy of + his father. The old canal which ran from the Red Sea at Suez to the + Nile near Zagazig, and which centuries of neglect had allowed to be + choked, was again partially cleared out, and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the tongue of the Egyptian sea was cut off”</span> (Isa. + xi. 15). Ships were also sent from Suez under Phœnician pilots to + circumnavigate Africa. Three years did they spend on the voyage, and + after passing the Straits of Gibraltar, finally arrived safely at the + mouths of the Nile. There an incredulous people heard that as they + were sailing westward the sun was on their right + hand.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg + 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But long before + the return of his ships, Necho had placed himself at the head of his + army and entered on the invasion of Asia. The Syrians were defeated + at Migdol, and Gaza was occupied. The Egyptian army then proceeded to + march along the sea-coast by the ancient military road, which struck + inland at the Nahr el-Kelb. But the Jewish king, pleading his duty to + his Assyrian suzerain, attempted to block the way; the result was a + battle in the plain of Megiddo, where the Jewish forces were totally + routed, and Josiah himself carried from the field mortally wounded. + Necho now overran northern Syria as far as the Euphrates, and then + returned southward to punish the Jews. Jerusalem was captured by + treachery, and Jehoahaz, the new king, deposed after a reign of only + three months. The Pharaoh then made his brother Eliakim king in his + stead, changing his name to Jehoiakim. The city was fined a talent of + gold and a hundred talents of silver, and Necho sent his armour to + the temple of Apollo near Miletus as a thank-offering to the god of + his Greek mercenaries.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The empire of + Thothmes was restored, at all events in Asia. But it lasted hardly + more than three years. In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 605 a decisive battle + was fought at Carchemish, on the Euphrates, now Jerablûs, between + Necho and the Babylonian prince <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Nebuchadrezzar, who commanded the army of his + father Nabopolassar. The Egyptians fled in confusion, and the Asiatic + empire was utterly lost. The Jewish king transferred his allegiance + to the conqueror, and for three years <span class="tei tei-q">“became + his servant.”</span> Then he rebelled, probably in consequence of a + fresh attempt made by the Egyptians to recover their power in + Palestine. The attempt, however, failed, and a Babylonian army was + sent against Jerusalem. Jehoiakim was already dead, but his son + Jehoiachin, along with the leading citizens, the military class, and + the artisans—<span class="tei tei-q">“ten thousand captives”</span> + in all—was carried into exile in Babylonia (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 599). His uncle + Zedekiah was placed on the throne, and for nearly nine years he + remained faithful to his Babylonian master.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then came + temptation from the side of Egypt. Psammetikhos <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, who had succeeded his + father Necho in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 594, prepared to march + into Palestine, and contest the supremacy over Western Asia with the + Babylonian monarch. A Babylonian army was already besieging the + revolted city of Jerusalem when the forces of the Pharaoh appeared in + sight. The Babylonians broke up their camp and retired, and it seemed + as if the rebellion of the Jewish king had been successful (Jer. + xxxvii. 5, 11; Ezek. xvii. 15).</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But it was not for + long. The Egyptians returned to <span class="tei tei-q">“their own + land,”</span> and the siege of Jerusalem was recommenced. At last, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 588, the city was + taken, its king and most of its inhabitants led into captivity, and + its temple and palace burned with fire. Judah was placed under a + Babylonian governor, and the authority of the Babylonians + acknowledged as far as Gaza.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Psammetikhos + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> had died in the + preceding year, and his son Uahabra, the Apries of the Greeks, the + Hophra of the Old Testament, occupied his place. The army which had + gone to the help of Zedekiah had doubtless been sent by him. He had + recaptured Gaza, and marched along the coast to Sidon, which he + captured, and Tyre, which was in rebellion against the Chaldæans, + while his fleet defeated the combined forces of the Cyprians and + Phœnicians, and held the sea. A hieroglyphic inscription, erected by + a native of Gebal and commemorative of the invasion, has recently + been found near Sidon. But the Egyptian conquests were again lost + almost as quickly as they had been made.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Palestine became a + Babylonian province up to the frontiers of Egypt. Many of the Jews + who had been left in it fled to Egypt. Their numbers were reinforced + by a band of outlaws, of whom Johanan was the leader, who had + murdered the Babylonian <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg + 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + governor and had dragged into Egypt with them the prophet Jeremiah + and his scribe Baruch. Jeremiah in vain protested against their + conduct, and predicted that Hophra should be slain by his enemies, + and that Nebuchadrezzar should set up his throne on that very + pavement <span class="tei tei-q">“at the entry of Pharaoh's house in + Tahpanhes”</span> where the prophet was then standing. Tahpanhes is + almost certainly Tel ed-Defneh, the Daphnæ of Greek geography, which + stands in the mid-desert about twelve miles to the west of Kantara on + the Suez Canal, and where Professor Flinders Petrie made excavations + for the Egypt Exploration Fund in 1886. There he found the remains of + a great fortress and camp, which had been built by Psammetikhos + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> for his Greek + mercenaries. The walls of the camp were forty feet in thickness, and + the ruins of the fortress still go by the name of the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Castle of the Jew's Daughter.”</span> In front of it is + a brick pavement, just like that described by Jeremiah.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Daphnæ, in fact, + was one of the chief fortresses of Egypt on the side of Asia, and it + was accordingly the chief station of the Greek mercenaries. It + commanded the entrance to the Delta, and was almost the first place + in Egypt that the traveller from Palestine who came by the modern + caravan road would approach. It was, therefore, the first + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" + id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> settlement at which Jewish + fugitives who wished to avoid the Babylonian garrison at Gaza would + be likely to arrive. And it was also the first object of attack on + the part of an invader from the East. Its possession opened to him + the way to Memphis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That + Nebuchadrezzar actually invaded Egypt, as Jeremiah had predicted, we + now know from a fragment of his annals. In his thirty-seventh year + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 567) he marched into + Egypt, defeating the Pharaoh Amasis, and the soldiers of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Phut of the Ionians,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“a + distant land which is in the midst of the sea.”</span> The enemies, + therefore, into whose hands Hophra was to fall were not the + Babylonians. They were, in fact, his own subjects.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He had pursued the + Hellenising policy of his predecessors with greater thoroughness than + they had done, and had thus aroused the jealousy and alarm of the + native population. The Greek mercenaries alone had his confidence, + and the Egyptians accused him of betraying the native troops whom he + had sent to the help of the Libyans against the Greek colony of + Kyrênê. Amasis (or Ahmes), his brother-in-law, put himself at the + head of the rebels. A battle was fought near Sais between the Greek + troops of Hophra on the one side and the revolted Egyptians on the + other, which ended in the defeat of the Greeks and the capture of + Hophra himself. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg + 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Amasis was proclaimed king (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 570), and though the + captive Pharaoh was at first treated with respect, he was afterwards + put to death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The change of + monarch made little difference to the Greeks in Egypt. They were too + valuable, both as soldiers and as traders, for the Pharaoh to + dispense with their services. The mercenaries were removed from + Daphnæ to Memphis, in the very heart of the kingdom, and fresh + privileges were granted to the merchants of Naukratis. The Pharaoh + married a Greek wife, and a demotic papyrus, now at Paris, even + describes how he robbed the temples of Memphis, On and Bubastis of + their endowments and handed them over to the Greek troops. + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Council”</span> which sat under him + ordered that <span class="tei tei-q">“the vessels, the fuel, the + linen, and the dues”</span> hitherto enjoyed by their gods and their + priests should be given instead to the foreigner. In this act of + sacrilege the Egyptians of a later day saw the cause of the downfall + of their country. The invasion of Nebuchadrezzar had passed over it + without producing much injury; indeed, it does not seem to have + extended beyond the eastern half of the Delta. But a new power, that + of Cyrus, was rising in the East. Amasis had foreseen the coming + storm, and had occupied Cyprus in advance. If Xenophon is to be + believed, he had also sent troops to the aid <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of Krœsus of Lydia. But all was of no avail. + The power of Cyrus steadily increased. The empires of Lydia and + Babylonia went down before it, and when his son Kambyses succeeded + him in July, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 529, the new empire + extended from the Mediterranean to India and from the Caspian to the + borders of Egypt. It was clear that the fertile banks of the Nile + would be the next object of attack.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Greek vanity + asserted that the actual cause of the invasion was the Greek + mercenary Phanês. He had deserted to Kambyses, and explained to him + how Egypt could be entered. That Phanês was a name used by the + Egyptian Greeks we know from its occurrence on the fragment of a + large vase discovered by Professor Petrie at Naukratis. Here we read: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Phanês the son of Glaukos dedicated me to + Apollo of Naukratis.”</span> But the invasion of Egypt by Kambyses + was the necessary consequence of the policy which had laid the whole + of the oriental world at his father's feet.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amasis died while + the army of Kambyses was on its march (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 526), and his son + Psammetikhos <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> had to bear the brunt + of the attack. A battle was fought near Pelusium, and though the + Greek and Karian auxiliaries did their best, the invading forces + gained the day. The Pharaoh fled to Memphis, which was thereupon + besieged by Kambyses. The <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg + 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + siege was a short one. The city of <span class="tei tei-q">“the White + Wall”</span> was taken, Psammetikhos made a prisoner, and his son, + together with two thousand youths of the leading Egyptian families, + was put to death. For a while Psammetikhos himself was allowed to + live, but the fears of the conqueror soon caused him to be executed, + and with his death came the end of the twenty-sixth dynasty and the + independence of Egypt.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name= + "Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter V. The Age Of The + Ptolemies.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Judah had profited + by the revolution which had been so disastrous to the monarchy of the + Nile. The overthrow of the Babylonian empire and the rise of Cyrus + had brought deliverance from exile and the restoration of the temple + and its services. In the Jewish colony at Jerusalem, Cyrus and his + successors had, as it were, a bridle upon Egypt; gratitude to their + deliverer and freedom to enjoy the theocracy which had taken the + place of the Davidic monarchy made the Jewish people an outpost and + garrison upon whose loyalty the Persian king could rely.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The yoke of the + Zoroastrian Darius and his descendants pressed heavily, on the other + hand, upon the priests and people of Egypt. Time after time they + attempted to revolt. Their first rebellion, under Khabbash, saved + Greece from the legions of Darius and postponed the day of Persian + invasion to a time when the incapable Xerxes sat upon the throne of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" + id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> his energetic father. A second + time they rose in insurrection in the reign of Artaxerxes + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, the successor of Xerxes. + But under Artaxerxes <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> came a more formidable + outbreak, which ended in the recovery of Egyptian independence and + the establishment of the last three dynasties of native kings.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For sixty-five + years (from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 414 to 349) Egypt + preserved its independence. More than once the Persians sought to + recover it, but they were foiled by the Spartan allies of the Pharaoh + or by the good fortune of the Egyptians. But civil feuds and + cowardice sapped the strength of the Egyptian resistance. Greek + mercenaries and sailors now fought in the ranks of the Persians as + well as in those of the Egyptians, and the result of the struggle + between Persia and Egypt was in great measure dependent on the amount + of pay the two sides could afford to give them. The army was + insubordinate, and between the Greek and Egyptian soldiers there was + jealousy and feud. Nektanebo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 367-49), the last of + the Pharaohs, had dethroned his own father, and though he had once + driven the Persian king Artaxerxes Ochus back from the coasts of + Egypt, he failed to do so a second time. The Greeks were left to + defend themselves as best they could at Pelusium, while Nektanebo + retired to Memphis with 60,000 worthless native troops. From thence + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" + id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> he fled to Ethiopia with his + treasures, leaving his country in the hands of the Persian. Ochus + wreaked his vengeance on the Egyptian priests, destroying the + temples, demanding a heavy ransom for the sacred records he had + robbed, setting up an ass—a symbol in Egyptian eyes of all that was + evil and unclean—as the patron-god of the conquered land, and slaying + the sacred bull Apis in sacrifice to the new divinity. The murder of + Ochus by his Egyptian eunuch Bagoas was the penalty he paid for these + outrages on the national faith.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Egypt never again + was free. Its rulers have been of manifold races and forms of faith, + but they have never again been Egyptians. Persians, Greeks and + Romans, Arabs, Kurds, Circassians, Mameluk slaves and Turks, + Frenchmen and Englishmen, have all governed or misgoverned it, but + throughout this long page of its history there is no sign of native + political life. Religion or taxation has alone seemed able to stir + the people into movement or revolt. For aspirations after national + freedom we look in vain.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Persian was + not left long in the possession of his rebellious province. Egypt + opened her gates to Alexander of Macedon, as in later ages she opened + her gates to the Arab 'Amru. The Greeks had long been associated in + the Egyptian mind with opposition to the hated Persian, and it was as + a Greek that <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg + 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Alexander entered the country. Memphis and Thebes welcomed him, and + he did his best to prove to his subjects that he had indeed come + among them as one of their ancient kings. Hardly had he reached + Memphis before he went in state to the temple of Apis and offered + sacrifice to the sacred bull. Then, after founding Alexandria at the + spot where the native village of Rakoti stood, he made his way to the + Oasis of Ammon, the modern Siwah, among the sands of the distant + desert, and there was greeted by the high-priest of the temple as the + son of the god. Like the Pharaohs of old, the Macedonian conqueror + became the son of Amon-Ra, and in Egypt at least claimed divine + honours.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before leaving + Egypt Alexander appointed the nomarchs who were to govern it, and + ordered that justice should be administered according to the ancient + law of the land. He also sent 7000 Samaritans into the Thebaid; some + of them were settled in the Fayyûm, and in the papyri discovered by + Professor Petrie at Hawâra mention is made of a village which they + had named Samaria. Appointing Kleomenês prefect of Egypt and + collector of the taxes, Alexander now hurried away to the Euphrates, + there to overthrow the shattered relics of the Persian Empire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was while he + was at Ekbatana that his friend <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page138">[pg 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Hêphæstiôn died, and Alexander wrote to Egypt + to inquire of the oracle of Ammon what honours it was lawful for him + to pay to the dead man. In reply Hêphæstiôn was pronounced to be a + god, and a temple was accordingly erected to him at Alexandria, and + the new lighthouse on the island of Pharos was called after his + name.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Alexander + died suddenly and unexpectedly, the council of his generals which + assembled at Babylon declared his half-brother, Philip Arridæus, to + be his successor. But they reserved to themselves all the real power + in Alexander's empire. Ptolemy, the son of Lagos, chose Egypt as the + seat of his government, which was accordingly handed over to him by + Kleomenês on his arrival there, a year after the accession of the new + king. His first act was to put Kleomenês to death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then came the long + funeral procession bearing the corpse of Alexander from Babylon to + the tomb that was to be erected for him in his new city of + Alexandria. More than a year passed while it wound its way slowly + from city to city, till at last it arrived at Memphis. Here the body + of the great conqueror rested awhile until the gorgeous sepulchre was + made ready in which it was finally to repose.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was plain that + Ptolemy was aiming at independent power. Perdikkas, the regent, + accordingly <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg + 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + attacked him, carrying in his train the young princes, Philip + Arridæus, and Alexander Ægos, the infant son of Alexander. But the + invading army was routed below Memphis, Perdikkas was slain, and the + young princes fell into the hands of the conqueror. From this time + forward, Ptolemy, though nominally a subject, acted as if he were a + king.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nikanôr was sent + into Syria to annex it to Egypt. Jerusalem alone resisted the + invaders, but it was assaulted on the Sabbath when the defenders + withdrew from the walls, and all further opposition was at end. + Palestine and Cœle-Syria were again united with the kingdom on the + Nile.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The union, + however, did not last long. In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 315 Philip Arridæus was + murdered, and Alexander was proclaimed successor to his empty + dignity. The year following, Antigonus, the rival of Ptolemy in Asia + Minor, made ready to invade Egypt. But Ptolemy had already conquered + Kyrênê and Cyprus, and was master of the sea. Syria and Palestine, + however, submitted to Antigonus, and though Ptolemy gained a decisive + victory over his enemies at Gaza, he did not think it prudent to + pursue it. He contented himself, therefore, with razing the + fortifications of Acre and Jaffa, of Samaria and Gaza.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 312 the generals of + Alexander, who still called themselves the lieutenants of his son, + came to a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg + 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + general agreement, each keeping that portion of the empire which he + had made his own. The agreement was almost immediately followed by + the murder of Alexander Ægos. Cleopatra, the sister of the great + Alexander, and his niece Thessalonika alone remained of the royal + family, and Cleopatra, on her way to Egypt to marry Ptolemy, was + assassinated by Antigonus (in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 308), and Alexander's + niece soon afterwards shared the same fate. The family of + <span class="tei tei-q">“the son of Ammon,”</span> the annihilator of + the Persian Empire, was extinct.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two years later, + in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 306, an end was put to + the farce so long played by the generals of Alexander, and each of + them assumed the title of king. Ptolemy took that of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king of Egypt.”</span> To this the Greeks afterwards + added the name of Sôtêr, <span class="tei tei-q">“Saviour,”</span> + when his supplies of corn had saved the Rhodians from destruction + during their heroic defence of their city against the multitudinous + war-ships of Antigonus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Throughout his + rule, Ptolemy never forgot the needs and interests of the kingdom + over which he ruled. Alexandria was completed, with its unrivalled + harbours, its stately public buildings, its broad quays and its + spacious streets. From first to last it remained the Greek capital of + Egypt. It was Greek in its origin, Greek in its architecture, Greek + in its population; Greek also in its character, its manners, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" + id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and its faith. Cut off from + the rest of Egypt by the Mareotic Lake, and enjoying a European + climate, it was from its foundation what it is to-day, a city of + Europe rather than of Egypt. From it, as from an impregnable + watch-tower, the Ptolemies directed the fortunes of their kingdom: it + was not only the key to Egypt, it was also a bridle upon it. The + wealth of the world passed through its streets and harbours; the + religions and philosophies of East and West met within its halls. + Ptolemy had founded in it a university, a prototype of Oxford and + Cambridge in modern England, of the Azhar in modern Cairo. In the + Museum, as it was called, a vast library was gathered together, and + its well-endowed chairs were filled with learned professors from all + parts of the Greek world, who wrote books and delivered lectures and + dined together at the royal charge.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the Greeks + were not the only inhabitants of the new city. The Jews also settled + there in large numbers on the eastern side of the town, attracted by + the offers of Ptolemy and the belief that the rising centre of trade + would be better worth inhabiting than the wasted fields of Palestine. + All the rights of Greek citizenship were granted to them, and they + were placed on a footing almost of equality with Ptolemy's own + countrymen.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The native + Egyptians were far worse treated. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> They had become <span class="tei tei-q">“the + hewers of wood and carriers of water”</span> for their new Greek + masters. It was they who furnished the government with its revenue, + but in return they possessed no rights, no privileges. When land was + wanted for the veterans of the Macedonian army, as, for example, in + the Fayyûm, it was taken from them without compensation. Taxes, ever + heavier and heavier, were laid upon them; and every attempt at + remonstrance or murmuring was visited with immediate punishment. The + Egyptian had no rights unless he could be registered a citizen of + Alexandria, and this it was next to impossible for him to be.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is true that + the Egyptians were told all this was done in order that their own + laws and customs might not be interfered with. While the Greeks and + Jews were governed by Greek law, the Egyptians were governed by the + old law of the land. But it was forgotten that the laws were + administered by Greeks, and that the higher officials were also + Greeks, who, as against an Egyptian, possessed arbitrary power. It + was only amongst themselves, as between Egyptian and Egyptian, that + the natives of the country enjoyed any benefit from the laws under + which they lived; wherever the government and the Greeks were + concerned, they were like outcasts, who could be punished, but not + tried.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg + 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nevertheless the + country for many years remained tranquil. Unlike the Persians, the + Greeks respected the religion of the people. Ptolemy did his utmost + to conciliate the priesthood; their temples were restored and + decorated, their festivals were treated with honour; above all, their + endowments were untouched. And with the priesthood disposed to be + friendly towards him, Ptolemy had no reason to be afraid. The priests + were the national leaders; they it was who had stirred up the revolts + against the Persian, and the temples in which they served had been + the fortresses and rallying-points of the rebel armies. The Egyptians + have always been an intensely religious people; whatever may have + been their form of creed, whether pagan, Christian, or Moslem, they + have clung to it with tenacity and battled for it, sometimes with + fanatical zeal. Religion will arouse them when nothing else can do + so; by the side of it even the love of gain has but little + influence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Besides + conciliating the priesthood, Ptolemy planted garrisons of Greeks in + several parts of the country. Bodies of veterans colonised the + Fayyûm, and Ptolemais, now Menshîyeh, in Upper Egypt, was a Greek + city modelled in all respects upon Alexandria. The public accounts + were kept in Greek, and though the clerks and tax-gatherers were + usually <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span><a name= + "Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> natives who had + received a Greek education, many of them were Greeks by birth and + even Jews. <span class="tei tei-q">“Ostraka,”</span> or inscribed + potsherds, have been found at Thebes, which show that in the days of + Ptolemy Physkôn, a Jew, Simon, the son of Eleazar, farmed the taxes + there for the temple of Amon. As he did not himself know Greek, his + receipts were written for him by one of his sons. After his death he + was succeeded in his office by his son Philoklês. The name is + noticeable, as it shows how rapidly the Jews of Egypt could become + wholly Greek. The religion of his forefathers was not likely to sit + heavily on the shoulders of the tax-gatherer of a heathen temple, and + we need not wonder at the Hellenisation of his family. Simon was a + sample of many of his brethren: in adopting Greek culture the Jews of + Egypt began to forget that they were Jews. It required the shock of + persecution at Jerusalem, and the Maccabean war of independence to + recall them to a recollection of their past history and a sense of + the mission of their race.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the rise of + the Greek kingdom in Egypt, the canonical books of the Old Testament + come to an end. Jaddua, the last high-priest recorded in the Book of + Nehemiah (xii. 7, 22), met Alexander the Great at Mizpeh, and if + Josephus is to be trusted, obtained from him a recognition of the + ancient <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name= + "Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> privileges of the Jews + and their exemption from taxation every Sabbatical year. The First + Book of Chronicles (iii. 23) seems to bring the genealogy of the + descendants of Zorobabel down to an even later date. But where the + canonical books break off, the books of the Apocrypha begin. Jesus + the son of Sirach, in his prologue to the Book of Ecclesiasticus, + tells us that he had translated it in Egypt from Hebrew into Greek, + when Euergetês, the third Ptolemy, was king, and thirty-eight years + after its compilation by his grandfather Jesus. Like most of the + apocryphal books, it thus had a Palestinian origin, but its + translation into Greek indicates the intercourse that was going on + between the Jews of Palestine and those of Egypt, as well as the + general adoption of the Greek language by the Egyptian Jews.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The translation of + the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek about the same period is a yet more + striking illustration of the same fact. The name of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Septuagint,”</span> which the translation still retains, + perpetuates the legend, derived from the false Aristæas, of its + having been made all at one time by seventy (or seventy-two) + translators. But internal evidence shows that such could not have + been the case. The various books of the Canon were translated at + different times, and the translators exhibit very different degrees + of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name= + "Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ability and + acquaintance with the Hebrew language. The Pentateuch was the first + to be rendered into Greek; the other books followed afterwards, and + it would appear that the Book of Ecclesiastes never found a place in + the translation at all. The Greek translation of the book which is + now found in the Septuagint was probably made by Aquila.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was under + Ptolemy <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, who justified his title + of Philadelphus, or <span class="tei tei-q">“Brother-loving,”</span> + by the murder of his two brothers, that the work of translation was + begun. Ptolemy Sôtêr, his father, had resigned his crown two years + before his death, and the event proved that his confidence in his + son's filial piety was not misplaced. The coronation of Philadelphus + at Alexandria was celebrated with one of the most gorgeous pageants + the world has ever seen, the details of which are preserved by + Athenæus. Under the new king the internal development of the monarchy + went on apace. The canal was opened which connected the Nile with the + Red Sea, and at its outlet near Suez a town was built called Arsinoê, + after the king's sister. The ports of Berenikê and Philotera (now + Qoseir) were constructed and fortified on the coast of the Red Sea, + and roads made to them from Koptos and Syênê on the Nile. In this way + the ivory and gems of the Sudân could be brought to Egypt without + passing through the hostile territories <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of the Ethiopians in Upper Nubia. In the + eastern desert itself the mines of emerald and gold were worked until + the royal revenue was increased to more than three millions sterling + a year.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though Ptolemy + Philadelphus was fond of show, he was not extravagant, and his income + was sufficient not only to maintain a large army and navy and protect + efficiently the frontier of his kingdom, but also to leave a large + reserve fund in the treasury. It was said to amount to as much as a + hundred millions sterling. It was no wonder, therefore, that + Alexandria became filled with sumptuous buildings. The Pharos or + lighthouse was finished by Sôstratos, as well as the tomb of + Alexander, whose body was moved from Memphis to the golden + sarcophagus which had been prepared for it. The library of the Museum + was stocked with books until 400,000 rolls of papyrus were collected + together, and men of science and learning from all parts of the world + were attracted to it by the munificence of the king. The principal + librarianship, however, changed hands on the accession of the new + king. Demetrius Phalereus, the ex-tyrant of Athens, who had been the + first librarian, had offended Philadelphus by advising that the crown + should descend to his elder brother instead of to himself, and he had + accordingly to make way for Zênodotos of Ephesus, famous as a critic + of Homer.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg + 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the books + which found a place in the great library of Alexandria was doubtless + the Greek translation of the Pentateuch. Philadelphus showed + remarkable favour to the Jews. The Jewish captives of his soldiers + were ransomed by him and given homes in various parts of Egypt. One + hundred and twenty thousand slaves were thus freed, the king paying + for each 120 drachmas, or 30 shekels, the price of a slave according + to the Mosaic Law. It is quite possible that there may be some truth + in the legend that the Greek translation of the Old Testament was + made at his desire. Whether or not we believe that he sent two Greek + Jews, Aristæus and Andræus, with costly gifts to Eleazar the + high-priest at Jerusalem, asking him to select fit men for the + purpose, he was probably not unwilling that a copy of the sacred + books of his Jewish subjects, in a form intelligible to the Greeks, + should be added to the library. We must not forget that it was he who + employed Manetho, the priest of Sebennytos, to write in Greek the + history of his country, which he compiled from the hieroglyphic + monuments and hieratic papyri of the native temples.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ptolemy + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, Euergetês, the eldest + son of Philadelphus, succeeded his father in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 246. A war with Syria + broke out at the beginning of his reign, and the march of the + Egyptian army as far as <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg + 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Seleucia, the capital of the Syrian kingdom on the Euphrates, was one + uninterrupted triumph. On his return, Ptolemy laid his offerings on + the altar at Jerusalem, and thanked the God of the Jews for his + success. The Jewish community might well be pardoned for believing + that in the conqueror of Syria they had a new proselyte to their + faith.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Egyptians had + equal reason to be satisfied with their king. Among the spoils of his + Syrian campaign were 2500 vases and statues of the Egyptian deities + which Kambyses had carried to Persia nearly three centuries before. + They were restored to the temples of Upper Egypt, from which they had + been taken, with stately ceremonies and amid the rejoicing of the + people, and Ptolemy was henceforth known among his subjects as + Euergetês, their <span class="tei tei-q">“Benefactor.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Euergetês, in + fact, seems to have been the most Egyptian and least Greek of all the + Ptolemies. Alone among them he visited Thebes and paid homage to the + gods of Egypt. Their temples were rebuilt and crowded with offerings, + and the priesthood naturally regarded him as a king after their own + heart. He, too, like the Pharaohs of old, turned his attention to the + conquest of Ethiopia, which his predecessors had been content to + neglect.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href= + "#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> It was + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" + id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> under Euergetês, moreover, + that the so-called Decree of Canôpus was drawn up in hieroglyphics + and demotic Egyptian as well as in Greek. Its occasion was the death + of Berenikê, the king's daughter, to whom the Egyptian priests + determined to grant divine honours. It is the first time that we find + the old script and language of Egypt taking its place by the side of + that of the Macedonian conqueror, and it is significant that the + Greek transcript occupies the third place.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Judah had hitherto + remained tranquil and at peace under the government of the Ptolemies. + The high-priests had taken the place of the kings, and their + authority was undisputed. At times, indeed, the coveted dignity was + the cause of family feuds. Jonathan, the father of Jaddua (Neh. xii. + 11, 22), had murdered his brother Joshua, whom he suspected of trying + to supplant him, and the example he set was destined to have + followers. But outside his own family the high-priest ruled with + almost despotic power. Simon the Just (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 300), with whom ends + the list of <span class="tei tei-q">“famous men”</span> given by + Jesus the son of Sirach (iv. 1-21), repaired and fortified the temple + as well as the fortress which guarded it. Jewish tradition ascribed + to him the completion of the Canon of the Old Testament which had + been begun by Ezra, and it was through him that the oral <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Mosaic tradition of Pharisaism made its + way to Antigonus Socho, the first writer of the Mishna or text of the + Talmud, and the teacher of the founder of Sadduceism. The grandson of + Simon, Onias <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, imperilled the + authority his predecessors had enjoyed. His covetousness led him to + withhold the tribute of £3000, due each year from the Temple to the + Jewish king, and in spite of an envoy from Ptolemy and the + remonstrances of his countrymen, he refused to give it up.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Jerusalem was + saved by the address and readiness of Joseph, the brother of Onias. + He hastened to Egypt, ingratiated himself with Ptolemy, and succeeded + in being appointed farmer of the taxes for Syria and Palestine. The + Jews were saved, but a rival power to that of the high-priest was + established, which led eventually to civil war. The greed of Onias + was the first scene in the drama which is unfolded in the Books of + the Maccabees.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Euergetês was the + last of the <span class="tei tei-q">“good”</span> Ptolemies. His son + and successor, Ptolemy <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, was the incarnation of + weakness, cruelty and vice. He began his reign with the murder of his + mother and only brother, taking the title of Philopator—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Lover of his Father”</span>—by way of compensation. + Syria was reconquered by Antiochus the Great, but his Greek phalanxes + were beaten at Raphia by the Egyptians, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> now armed and trained in the Macedonian + fashion, and the gratitude of Philopator showed itself in a visit to + the temple at Jerusalem, where he sacrificed to the God of the Jews + and attempted to penetrate into the Holy of Holies. A tumult was the + consequence, and the exasperated king on his return to Egypt deprived + the Jews of their Greek citizenship, and ordered them to be tattooed + with the figure of an ivy-leaf in honour of Bacchus, and to sacrifice + on the altars of the Greek gods.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Jews had + hitherto been the staunch supporters of the royal house of Egypt, and + had held the fortress of Jerusalem for it against the power of Syria. + But Philopator had now alienated them for ever. Nor was he more + successful with the native Egyptians. First the Egyptian troops + mutinied; then came revolt in Upper Egypt. The Ethiopian princes, + whose memorials are found in the Nubian temples of Debod and Dakkeh, + were invited to Thebes, and an Ethiopian dynasty again ruled in Upper + Egypt. The names of the kings who composed it have recently been + found in deeds written in demotic characters.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Philopator died of + his debaucheries after a reign of seventeen years (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 204), leaving a child + of five years of age—the future Ptolemy Epiphanês—to succeed him. The + Alexandrine mob was in a state <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of riot, the army was untrustworthy, and + Antiochus was again on the march against Syria. The Egyptian forces + were defeated at Banias (Cæsarea Philippi), the Jews having gone over + to the invader, in return for which Antiochus remitted the taxes due + from Jerusalem, and not only released all the ministers of the temple + from future taxation, but sent a large sum of money for its support. + By a treaty with Rome the possession of the country was assured to + him (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 188), and colonies of + Mesopotamian Jews were settled in Lydia and Phrygia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile Ptolemy + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, Epiphanês, was growing + up, and in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 196 accordingly it was + determined that he should be crowned. The coronation took place at + Memphis, and a decree was made lightening the burdens of the country, + relieving the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span> from being impressed for + the navy, and granting further endowments to the priests. It is this + decree which is engraved on the famous Rosetta Stone.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the revolt of + the Egyptians still continued, and had already spread northward. + Reference is made in the decree to rebellion in the Busirite nome of + the Delta, and to a siege of the city of Lykopolis, in which the + insurgents had fortified themselves. It was at this time, too, that + the city of Abydos was taken by storm and its temples finally ruined, + as we gather from a Greek scrawl on the walls of the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> temple of Seti. But in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 185 a decisive victory + was gained by the Greek mercenaries over the revolted Egyptians. + Their four leaders surrendered on the king's promise of a free + pardon, and were brought before him at Sais. There, however, he tied + them to his chariot-wheels in imitation of Achilles, and dragged them + still living round the city walls, after which he returned to + Alexandria and entered his capital in triumph.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The crimes of + Epiphanês led to his murder in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 180, and his + seven-year-old son, Ptolemy <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span>, Philomêtor, was + proclaimed king under the regency of his mother. While she lived + there was peace, but after her death the Syrian king, Antiochus + Epiphanês, threw himself upon Egypt, captured his nephew Philomêtor, + and held his court in Memphis. Thereupon Philomêtor's younger + brother, whose corpulency had given him the nickname of Physkôn, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Bloated,”</span> proclaimed himself king + at Alexandria, and called upon Rome for help. Antiochus withdrew, + leaving Philomêtor king of the Egyptians, and Physkôn, who had taken + the title of Euergetês <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, king of the Greeks at + Alexandria. Thanks to the brotherly forbearance of Philomêtor, the + two reigned together in harmony for several years. Antiochus + Epiphanês, however, had again invaded Egypt, but had been warned off + its soil by the Roman <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg + 155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + ambassadors. Rome now affected to regard the kingdom of the Ptolemies + as a protected state, and the successors of Alexander were in no + condition to resist the orders of the haughty republic. Things had + indeed changed since the days when Philadelphus in the plenitude of + his glory deigned to congratulate the Italian state on its defeat of + the Epirots, and the Roman senate regarded his embassy as the highest + of possible honours.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The command of the + Romans to leave Egypt alone was sullenly obeyed by Antiochus + Epiphanês. But he had no choice in the matter. He had more than + enough on his hands at home without risking a quarrel with Rome. The + Jews were in full rebellion. The Hellenising party among + them—<span class="tei tei-q">“the ungodly”</span> of the Books of + Maccabees—had grown numerous and strong, and had united themselves + with the civil rivals of the high-priests. Between the party of + progress and the orthodox supporters of the Law there was soon open + war, and in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 175, Antiochus + Epiphanês, tempted by the higher bribe, was induced to join in the + fray, and throw the whole weight of his power on the side of + innovation. Onias <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> was deposed from the + high-priesthood, and his brother Joshua, the leader of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the ungodly,”</span> was appointed in his place, with + leave to change the name of the Jews to that of Antiochians. Joshua + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" + id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> forthwith took the Greek name + of Jason, established a gymnasium at Jerusalem, sent offerings to the + festival of Heraklês at Tyre, and discouraged the rite of + circumcision. But Jason's rule was short-lived. A Benjamite, + Menelaus, succeeded in driving him out of the country and usurping + the office of high-priest, while Onias was put to death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second Syrian + invasion of Egypt took place two years later. The story of the check + received by Antiochus Epiphanês came to Judæa with all the + exaggerations usual in the East; Antiochus was reported to be dead, + and Jason accordingly marched upon Jerusalem, massacred his + opponents, and blockaded Menelaus in the citadel. But Antiochus had + been wounded only in his pride, and he turned back from the Nile + burning with mortification and anxious to vent his anger upon the + first who came in his way. The outrage committed by Jason was a + welcome pretext. The defenceless population of Jerusalem was partly + massacred, partly sold into slavery, and under the guidance of + Menelaus he entered the Temple and carried away the sacred vessels, + as well as its other treasure. Philip the Phrygian was appointed + governor of the city, while Menelaus remained high-priest.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Severer measures + were to follow. In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 168 there had been a + rising in Jerusalem, which was <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> thereupon captured on a Sabbath-day by the + Syrian general, the greater part of it being sacked and burned, and a + portion of the city wall thrown down. A garrison was established on + Mount Zion, which at that time overlooked the Temple-hill, and a + fierce persecution of the Jews commenced. Every effort was made to + compel them to forsake their religion, to eat swine's flesh, and to + worship the gods of the Greeks. It was then that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the abomination of desolation”</span> was seen in the + Holy of Holies, the temples of Samaria and Jerusalem being + re-dedicated to Zeus Xenios and Zeus Olympios, and that at Jerusalem + befouled with the rites of the Syrian Ashtoreth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thousands of the + orthodox Jews fled to Egypt, where they found shelter and welcome. + Among them was Onias, the eldest son of Onias <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii</span></span>. Philomêtor granted him + land in the nome of Heliopolis, and allowed him to build there a + temple in which the worship of the Hebrew God should be carried on as + it had been at Jerusalem. Excavation goes to show that the temple was + erected at the spot now called Tel el-Yehudîyeh, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Mound of the Jewess,”</span> not far from Shibîn + el-Kanâtir. Here was an old deserted palace and temple of Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, and here the Jews were + permitted to establish themselves and found a city, which they called + Onion.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg + 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to + Josephus, its older name had been Leontopolis. The temple, which was + destroyed by Vespasian after the Jewish war, was fortified like that + at Jerusalem, and the porcelain plaques enamelled with rosettes and + lotus-buds, which had been made for Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, were employed once + more to ornament it. Long ago the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span> discovered among its + ruins, and then broke up, a marble bath, such as is used to-day by + the Jewish women for the purpose of purification, and in the + adjoining necropolis Dr. Naville found the tombs of persons who bore + Jewish names. Onias was not allowed to build his new temple without a + protest from the stricter adherents of the Law that it was forbidden + to raise one elsewhere than in the sacred city of David. But he was a + man of ready resource, and all opposition was overcome when he + pointed to the prophecy of Isaiah (xix. 19): <span class= + "tei tei-q">“In that day there shall be an altar to the Lord in the + midst of the land of Egypt.”</span> The Egyptian Jews had already + secured their own version of the Scriptures; they now had their own + temple, their own priesthood, and their own high-priest. True, their + co-religionists in Judæa never ceased to protest against this rival + centre of their religious faith, and to denounce Onias as the first + schismatic; but their brethren in Egypt paid no attention to their + words, and the temple <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg + 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + Onion continued to exist as long as that of Jerusalem.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Onias exercised an + influence not only over his own countrymen, but over the mind of the + king as well. Philomêtor, like Euergetês, had Jewish leanings, and + the high-priest of Onion was admitted to high offices of state. So + also was Dositheus, <span class="tei tei-q">“the priest and + Levite,”</span> who, in <span class="tei tei-q">“The Rest of the + Chapters of the Book of Esther”</span> (x. 1), tells us that in the + fourth year of Philomêtor, he and his son Ptolemy had brought to + Egypt <span class="tei tei-q">“this epistle of Phurim,”</span> which + had been translated into Greek at Jerusalem by Lysimachus, the son of + Ptolemy. Philomêtor even acted as a judge in the great religious + controversy which raged between the Jews and the Samaritans. They + called upon him to decide whether the temple should have been built + on Mount Moriah or Mount Gerizim, and which of them had altered the + text of Deuteronomy xxvii. 12, 13. Philomêtor decided in favour of + the Jews, as his duty towards his numerous Jewish subjects perhaps + compelled him to do, and his religious zeal even carried him so far + as to order the two unsuccessful advocates of the Samaritan cause to + be put to death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While the king of + Egypt was thus acting like a Jew, the king of Syria was engaged in a + fierce struggle with the Jewish people. The national party + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" + id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> had risen under Mattathias, + the priest of Modin, and his five sons, of whom the third, Judas + Maccabæus, was the ablest and best-known. One after another the + Syrian armies were overthrown, and in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 165 the Temple was + purified and repaired, and a new altar dedicated in it to the Lord of + Hosts. Two years later Antiochus Epiphanês died while on the march + against Judæa, and with him died also the power of Syria. Rival + claimants for the throne, internal and external discord, treachery + and murder, sapped the foundations of its strength, and in spite of + assassinations and religious quarrels, of Edomite hostility and the + efforts of the Hellenising party among the Jews themselves, the power + of the Maccabees went on increasing. The high-priesthood passed to + them from the last of the sympathisers with the Greeks, and Jonathan, + the brother and successor of Judas, was treated by the king of Syria + with royal honours. Treaties were made with Sparta and Rome, and his + successor, Simon, struck coins of his own. After his murder his son + John Hyrcanus extended the Jewish dominion as far north as Damascus, + annihilating Samaria and its temples and conquering the Edomites, + whom he compelled to accept the Jewish faith. Aristobulus, who + followed him, took the title of king, and added Ituræa to his + kingdom, while his brother Alexander Jannæus <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> attacked Egypt and annexed the cities of the + Phœnician coast. But with royal dignity had come royal crimes. Both + Aristobulus and Alexander had murdered their brothers, and their + Greek names show how the champions of Jewish orthodoxy were passing + over into the camp of the foe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Long before all + this happened, many changes had fallen upon Egypt. Philomêtor died in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 145. He had been weak + enough to forgive his rebellious and ungrateful brother twice when he + had had him in his power. Once he had been compelled to go to Rome to + plead his cause before the senate, and there be indebted to an + Alexandrine painter for food and lodging; on the second occasion + Physkôn had endeavoured to rob him of Cyprus by a combination of mean + treachery and intrigue.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reward of his + brotherly forbearance was the murder by Physkôn of Philomêtor's young + son Ptolemy Philopator <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> immediately after his + death. Onias, the Jewish high-priest, held Alexandria for Philopator, + but his uncle Physkôn was favoured by the Romans, whose word was now + law. Physkôn accordingly began his long reign of vice and cruelty, + interrupted only by temporary banishment to Cyprus. Then followed his + widow, Cleopatra Kokkê, a woman stained with every possible and + impossible crime. She held her own, however, against all opponents, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" + id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> including her own son Ptolemy + Lathyrus, thanks to her two Jewish generals, Khelkias and Ananias, + the sons of the high-priest Onias. Palestine and Syria again became a + battle-field where the fate of Egypt was decided, and while Cleopatra + was aided by the Jews, Lathyrus found his allies among the + Samaritans.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was in the + midst of these wars and rumours of wars, when men had lost faith in + one another and themselves, and when the Jews after struggling for + bare existence were beginning to treat on equal terms with the great + monarchies of the world, that that curious Apocalypse, the Book of + Enoch, seems to have been composed, at all events in its original + form. It is a vision of the end of all things and the judgment of + mankind, and it embodies the fully developed doctrine of the angelic + hierarchy to which reference is made in the Book of Daniel.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cleopatra was + murdered by her younger and favourite son, and Lathyrus succeeded + after all in obtaining the throne of Egypt, which he ascended under + the title of Sôtêr <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 87). His short reign of + six years was signalised by the destruction of Thebes. Upper Egypt + was still in a state of effervescing discontent, and the crimes of + the last reign caused it to break into open rebellion. The government + was weak and wicked; the Greeks had lost <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> their vigour and power to rule, and their + armies were now mere bodies of unruly mercenaries. But the Thebans + were not wealthy or strong enough to withstand Alexandria when helped + by the resources of the Mediterranean. The revolt was at last + suppressed, Thebes taken by storm, and its temples, which had been + used as fortresses, battered and destroyed. The population was put to + the sword or carried into slavery, and the capital of the conquering + Pharaohs of the past ceased to exist. Its place was taken by a few + squalid villages which clustered round the ruins of its ancient + shrines. Karnak and Luxor, Medinêt Habu and Qurnah, were all that + remained of the former city. Under the earlier Ptolemies it had been + known as Diospolis, <span class="tei tei-q">“the city of Zeus”</span> + Amon, the metropolis of Upper Egypt; from this time forward, in the + receipts of the tax-gatherers, it is nothing more than a collection + of <span class="tei tei-q">“villages.”</span> Its priests were + scattered, its ruined temples left to decay. What the Assyrian had + failed to destroy and the Persian had spared was overthrown by a + Ptolemy who called himself a king of Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the death of + Lathyrus the internal decay of the monarchy went on rapidly. A prey + to civil war and usurpation, it was allowed to exist a little longer + by the contemptuous forbearance of the Romans, who waited to put an + end to it until they had drained it <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of its treasures. The kingdom of the Asmonæans + at Jerusalem also had tottered to its fall. Family murders and civil + feuds had become almost as common among them as among the Ptolemies, + and as in Egypt, so too in Palestine, Rome was called in to mediate + between the rival claimants for the crown. In <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 63 Jerusalem was + captured by Pompey after a three months' siege, its defenders + massacred, its fortifications destroyed, and its royal house + abolished. The Roman victor entered the Holy of Holies, and Palestine + was annexed to the Roman empire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the remnant + which still retained the faith of their forefathers the Roman + conquest and the profanation of the temple gave new strength to the + conviction that the Messiah and saviour of Israel must surely soon + appear. The conviction finds expression in the so-called Psalms of + Solomon, of which only a Greek copy survives. The high hopes raised + by the successes of the Maccabean family were dashed for ever, and + the temporal power of Judah had vanished away. Henceforth it existed + as a nation only on sufferance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Egypt it was + not long before the Jews discovered how grievous had been the change + in their fortunes. They ceased to be feared, and therefore respected: + the mob and rulers of Alexandria had for them now only hatred and + contempt. Their citizenship <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg + 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> was + taken away, with its right to the enjoyment of their own magistrates + and courts of justice, and they were degraded to the rank of the + native Egyptians, whom the lowest Greek vagabond in the streets of + Alexandria could maltreat with impunity. They did not recover their + old privileges until Augustus had reorganised his Egyptian province, + and though they were again deprived of them by Caligula, when Philo + went in vain to plead for his countrymen before the emperor, they + were restored by Claudius, and even Vespasian after the Jewish war + did not interfere with them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The house of + Ptolemy fell ignobly. But it fell amid the convulsions of a civil war + which rent the empire of its conquerors to the foundation, and among + the ruins of the Roman republic. Cleopatra, its last representative, + bewitched not only the coarser Mark Antony but even the master mind + of Julius Cæsar. Her charms were fatal to the life and reputation of + the one; they nearly proved equally fatal to the life of the other. + Besieged with her in the palace of the Ptolemies by the Alexandrine + mob, Cæsar's life trembled for a while in the balance. But the + Library of Alexandria was given in its stead; he saved himself by + firing the docks and shipping, and the flames spread from the harbour + to the halls of the Museum. The precious papyri perished in the + flames, and the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg + 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + rooms in which the learning and talent of the Greek world had been + gathered together were a heap of blackened ruins. It is true that + Cleopatra subsequently obtained from Mark Antony the library of + Pergamos, with its 200,000 volumes, which she placed in the temple of + Serapis, but the new library never equalled the old, either in its + extent or in the value of its books.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cleopatra and Mark + Antony died by their own hands, and Augustus was left master of Egypt + and the Roman world (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 30). Cæsarion, the son + of Cleopatra and Julius Cæsar, was put to death, and Egypt was + annexed to the emperor's privy purse. It never, therefore, became a + province of the Roman empire: unhappily for its inhabitants, it + remained the emperor's private domain. Its prefect was never allowed + to be of higher rank than the equestrian order, and a senator was + forbidden to set foot in it. Its cities could not govern themselves, + and the old Greek law, which restricted the rights of citizenship to + the Greeks and Jews and prevented any native Egyptians from sharing + them, was left in force. Egypt was the granary of Rome, and the + riches of its soil and the industry of its inhabitants made it + needful that no rival to the reigning sovereign should establish + himself in it. History had shown with what ease the country could be + invaded and occupied and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg + 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + with what difficulty the occupier could be driven out. And the master + of Egypt commanded the trade between East and West; he commanded also + the Roman mob whose mouths were filled with Egyptian corn. It was + dangerous to allow a possible rival even to visit the valley of the + Nile.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The history of + Alexandria under the Romans is the history of Alexandria rather than + of the Egyptians. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span> laboured for others, not + for themselves, and the burdens which weighed upon them became ever + greater and more intolerable. Now and again there were outbreaks in + Upper Egypt, which were, however, quickly repressed, and in the third + century the barbarian Blemmyes made Coptos and Ptolemais their + capitals. The reconquest of the Thebaid by Probus (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 280) was judged worthy + of a triumph. About eight years later the whole country was once more + in rebellion, and proclaimed their leader Akhilleus emperor. The war + lasted for nine years, and the whole force of the empire was required + to finish it. The emperor Diocletian marched in person into Upper + Egypt and besieged Coptos, the centre of the revolt. After a long + siege the city was taken and razed to the ground. But the war had + ruined the people. The embankments were broken, the canals choked up, + the fields untilled and overrun by the barbarians from the Sûdan or + the Bedouin of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg + 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + eastern desert. Diocletian, when the struggle was over, found himself + obliged to withdraw the Roman garrisons south of the First Cataract, + and to fix the frontier of the empire at Assuan.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The war was + followed by the great persecution of the Christians, the last + expiring effort of Roman paganism against the invasion of the new + faith. Christianity had become a mighty power in the Roman world, + which threatened soon to absorb all that was left of the Rome of the + past, with its patriotism, its devotion to the emperor, its law and + its administration. The struggle between it and the empire of + Augustus could no longer be delayed. The edict of Diocletian was + signed, and the empire put forth its whole strength to crush its + rival and root Christianity out of its midst.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the attempt + came too late. The new power was stronger than the old one, and the + persecution only proved how utterly the old Rome had passed away. The + empire bowed its head and became Christian; the bishops took the + place of the prefects and senators of the past, and theological + disputations raged in the halls of philosophy. Nowhere had the + persecution been fiercer than in Egypt; nowhere had the martyrs and + confessors of the Church been more heroic or more numerous.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The result was one + which we should hardly have <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg + 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + expected. Hitherto Christianity in Egypt had been Greek. It was + associated with Alexandria and the Greek language, not with the + villages and tongue of the people. Its bishops and theologians were + Greeks, and the school of Christian Platonism which flourished in + Alexandria had little in common with Egyptian ideas. With the + Diocletian persecution, however, came a change. Even while it was + still at its height, martyrs and confessors come forward who bear + Egyptian and not Greek names. Hardly is it over before the native + population joins in one great body the new religion. Osiris and Isis + make way for Christ and the Blessed Virgin, the Coptic alphabet + replaces the demotic script of heathenism, and the bodies of the dead + cease to be embalmed. It is difficult to account for the suddenness + and completeness of the change. The decay of the Roman power, and + therewith the barriers between Greek and Egyptian, may have had + something to do with it. So too may the revolt in Upper Egypt, which + united in one common feeling of nationality all the elements of the + population. Perhaps a still more potent cause was the spectacle of + the heroism and constancy of those who suffered for the Christian + faith. The Egyptian has always been deeply religious, and his very + enjoyment of life makes him admire and revere the ascetic. But + whatever may <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg + 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + have been the reason, the fact remains: before the persecution of + Diocletian Egyptian Christianity had been Greek; when the persecution + was over it had become Copt. The pagans who still survived were not + Egyptians but the rich and highly-educated Greeks, like the poet + Nonnus, who was tortured to death by St. Shnûdi, or the gifted + Hypatia, whose flesh was torn from her bones with oyster-shells by + the monks of St. Cyril.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The literature of + Coptic Christianity was almost wholly religious. Little else had an + interest for the devoted adherents of the new faith. The romances + which had delighted their forefathers were replaced by legends of the + saints and martyrs, and Christian hymns succeeded to the poems of the + past. We owe to this passion for theology the preservation of + productions of the Jewish and Christian Churches which would + otherwise have been lost. The Book of Enoch, quoted though it is by + St. Jude, would have perished irrevocably had it not been for Coptic + Christianity. The Church of Abyssinia, a daughter of that of Egypt, + has preserved it in an Ethiopic translation, and portions of the + Greek original from which the translation was made have been found in + a tomb at Ekhmîm, which was excavated in 1886. It has long been known + that the text used by the Abyssinian translator must have differed + considerably <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg + 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + from that of which extracts have been preserved for us in the Epistle + of St. Jude and the writings of the Byzantine historians Kedrenos and + George the Syncellus; the newly-discovered fragments now enable us to + see what this text actually was like. If the original book was + written in Aramaic it would seem that at least two authorised Greek + versions of it existed, one of which was used in Europe and Syria, + the other in Egypt. Which was the older and more faithful we have yet + to learn.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The excavations at + Ekhmîm have brought to light fragments of two other works, both + belonging to the early days of Christianity and long since lost. One + of these is supposed by its first editor, M. Bouriant, to be the + Apocalypse of St. Peter; it opens with an account of the + Transfiguration, which is followed by a vision of heaven and hell. + The book appears to have been composed or interpolated by a Gnostic, + as there is a reference in it to <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Æon”</span> in which Moses and Elias dwelt in glory. The other work + is of more importance. It is the Gospel known to the early Church as + that of St. Peter, and the portion which is preserved contains the + narrative of the Passion and Resurrection of Christ. Throughout the + narrative the responsibility for the death of our Lord is transferred + from Pilate to the Jews; when the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> guard who watched the tomb under the centurion + Petronius ran to tell Pilate of the resurrection they had witnessed, + <span class="tei tei-q">“grieving greatly and saying: Truly he was + the son of God”</span>: he answered: <span class="tei tei-q">“I am + clean of the blood of the son of God: I too thought he was + so.”</span> Docetic tendencies, however, are observable in the + Gospel: at all events the cry of Christ on the cross is rendered, + <span class="tei tei-q">“My power, (my) power, thou hast forsaken + me!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What further + discoveries of the lost documents of early Christianity still await + us in Egypt it is impossible to say. It is only during the last few + years that attention has been turned towards monuments which, to the + students of Egyptian antiquity, seemed of too recent a date. + Countless manuscripts of priceless value have already perished + through the ignorance of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span> and the neglect of the + tourist and <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style="font-style: italic">savan</span></span>, to whom + the term <span class="tei tei-q">“Coptic”</span> has been synonymous + with <span class="tei tei-q">“worthless.”</span> But the soil of + Egypt is archæologically almost inexhaustible, and the land of the + Septuagint, of the Christian school of Alexandria, and of the + passionate theology of a later epoch, cannot fail to yield up other + documents that will throw a flood of light on the early history of + our faith. It is only the other day that, among the Fayyûm papyri now + in the British Museum, there was found a fragment of the Septuagint + version of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg + 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + Psalms older than the oldest <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ms.</span></span> of the Bible hitherto + known. And the traveller who still wishes to see the Nile at leisure + and in his own way will find in the old Egyptian quarries behind Dêr + Abu Hannes, but a little to the south of the city which Hadrian + raised to the memory of Antinous, abundant illustrations of the + doctrine and worship of the primitive Coptic Church. He can there + study all the details of its ancient ecclesiastical architecture cut + out of the living rock, and can trace how the home of a hermit became + first a place of pilgrimage and then a chapel with its altar to the + saints. The tombs themselves, inscribed with the Greek epitaphs of + the sainted fugitives from persecution, still exist outside the caves + in which they had dwelt. We can even see the change taking place + which transformed the Greek Church of Alexandria into the Coptic + Church of Egypt. On either side of a richly-carved cross is the + record of <span class="tei tei-q">“Papias, son of Melito the + Isaurian,”</span> buried in the spot made holy by the body of St. + Macarius, which is written on the one side in Greek, on the other + side in Coptic. Henceforward Greek is superseded by Coptic, and the + numerous pilgrims who ask St. Victor or St. Phœbammon to pray for + them write their names and prayers in the native language and the + native alphabet. With the betrayal of Egypt to the Mohammedans by + George the Makaukas the doom <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of the Greek language and Bible was sealed. + Coptic had already become the language of the Egyptian Church, and + though we still find quotations from the Greek New Testament painted + here and there on the walls of rock-cut shrines they are little more + than ornamental designs. Christian Egypt is native, not Greek.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name= + "Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VI. Herodotos In + Egypt.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From Coptic + Christianity, just preparing to confront twelve centuries of + Mohammedan persecution, we must now turn back to Pagan Greece. The + Persian wars have breathed a new life into Greece and its colonies, + and given them a feeling of unity such as they never possessed + before. Athens has taken its place as leader not only in art and + literature, but also in war, and under the shelter of her name the + Ionians of Asia Minor have ventured to defy their Persian lord, and + the Ionic dialect has ceased to be an object of contempt. The Greek, + always restless and curious to see and hear <span class= + "tei tei-q">“some new thing,”</span> is now beginning to indulge his + tastes at leisure, and to visit as a tourist the foreign shores of + the Mediterranean. Art has leaped at a single bound to its perfection + in the sculptures of Pheidias; poetry has become divine in the + tragedies of Æschylus and Sophocles, and history is preparing to take + part in the general development. The modern world of Europe is + already born.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg + 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The founder of + literary history—of history, that is to say, which aims at literary + form and interest—was Herodotos of Halikarnassos. If Greek tradition + may be trusted, his uncle had been put to death by Lygdamis, the + despot of the city, and the subsequent expulsion of the tyrant was in + some measure due to the political zeal of the future historian. + Herodotos was wealthy and well educated, as fond of travel as the + majority of his countrymen, and not behind them in curiosity and + vanity. He had cultivated the literary dialect of Ionia, perhaps + during his stay in Samos, and had made good use there of the library + of Polykratês, the friend and correspondent of Amasis. What other + libraries he may have consulted we do not know, but his history shows + that he had a considerable acquaintance with the works of his + predecessors, whom he desired to eclipse and supersede. Hekatæus of + Miletus, who had travelled in Egypt as far south as Thebes, if not + Assuan, and had written a full account of the country, its people and + its history, Xanthus, the Lydian, who had compiled the annals of his + native land, beside numberless other authors, historians and + geographers, poets and dramatists, philosophers and physicists, had + been made to contribute to his work. Now and again he refers to the + older historians when he wishes to correct or contradict them; more + frequently he <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg + 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + silently incorporates their statements and words without mentioning + them by name. It was thus, we are told by Porphyry, that he + <span class="tei tei-q">“stole”</span> the accounts given by Hekatæus + of the crocodile, the hippopotamus and the phœnix, and the + incorrectness of his description of that marvellous bird, which, like + Hekatæus, he likens to an eagle, proves that the charge is correct. + Reviewers did not exist in his days, nor were marks of quotation or + even footnotes as yet invented, and Herodotos might therefore plead + that, although he quoted freely without acknowledgment, he was not in + any real sense a plagiarist. He only acted like other Greek writers + of his time, and if his plagiarisms exceeded theirs it was only + because he had read more and made a more diligent use of his + note-book.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is we, and not + the Greek world for which he wrote, who are the sufferers. It is + frequently difficult, if not impossible, for us to tell whether + Herodotos is speaking from his own experience or quoting from others, + whose trustworthiness is doubtful or whose statements may have been + misunderstood. From time to time internal evidence assures us that we + are dealing, not with Herodotos himself, but with some other writer + whose remarks he has embodied. His commentators have continually + argued on the supposition that, wherever the first person is used, it + is <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name= + "Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Herodotos himself who + is speaking. Statements of his accordingly have been declared to be + true, in spite of the contrary evidence of oriental research, + because, it is urged, he is a trustworthy witness and has reported + honestly what he heard and saw. But if he did not hear and see the + supposed facts, the case is altered and the argument falls to the + ground.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos took + part in the foundation of the colony of Thurii in southern Italy in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 445, and there, rather + than at the Olympic festival, as later legend believed, he read to + the assembled Greeks the whole or a part of his history. His travels + in Egypt, therefore, must have already taken place. Their approximate + date, indeed, is fixed by what he tells us about the battlefield of + Paprêmis (iii. 12).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Paprêmis, for + the first time, an Egyptian army defeated the Persian forces. Its + leader was Inarôs the Libyan, and doubtless a large body of Libyans + was enrolled in it. Along with Amyrtæos he had led the Egyptians to + revolt in the fifth year of the reign of Artaxerxes <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 460). Akhæmenes, the + satrap of Egypt, was routed and slain, and for six years Egypt + maintained a precarious freedom. The fortresses at Memphis and + Pelusium, however, remained in the hands of the Persians, and in + spite of all the efforts of the Egyptians, they could not be + dislodged. Greek aid accordingly was sought, and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the Athenians, still at war with Persia, + sent two hundred ships from Cyprus to the help of the insurgents. The + ships sailed up the Nile as far as Memphis, where the Persian + garrison still held out.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All attempts to + oust it proved unavailing, and the approach of a great Persian army + under Megabyzos obliged the Greeks to retreat to the island of + Prosopites. Here they were blockaded for a year and a half; then the + besiegers turned the river aside and marched over its dry bed against + the camp of the allies, which they took by storm. The Greek + expedition was annihilated, and Inarôs fell into the hands of his + enemies, who sent him to Persia and there impaled him. Amyrtæos, + however, still maintained himself in the marshes of the Delta, and in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 449 Kimon sent sixty + ships of the Athenian fleet to assist him in the struggle. But before + they could reach the coast of Egypt news arrived of the death of + Kimon, and the ships returned home. Four years later, if we may trust + Philokhorus, another Egyptian prince, Psammetikhos, who seems to have + succeeded Amyrtæos, sent 72,000 bushels of wheat to Athens in the + hope of buying therewith Athenian help. But it does not appear to + have been given, and Egypt once more sullenly obeyed the Persian + rule. We learn from Herodotos (iii. 15) that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the great king”</span> even allowed Thannyras and + Pausiris, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg + 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + sons of his inveterate enemies Inarôs and Amyrtæos, to succeed to the + principalities of their fathers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Paprêmis was + visited by Herodotos, and he saw there the sham fight between the + priests at the door of the temple on the occasion of their chief + festival. He also went to the site of the battle-field, and there + beheld <span class="tei tei-q">“a great marvel.”</span> The skeletons + of the combatants lay on separate sides of the field just as they had + fallen, and whereas the skulls of the Persians were so thin that they + could be shattered by a pebble, those of the Egyptians were thick and + strong enough to resist being battered with a stone. The cause of + this difference was explained to him by the dragoman: the Egyptians + shaved their heads from childhood and so hardened the bones of it + against the sun, while the Persians shaded their heads by constantly + wearing caps of thick felt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not many years + could have elapsed since the battle had occurred. The visit of the + Greek traveller to the scene of it may therefore be laid between + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 455 and 450. The + patriots of Egypt must have been still struggling for their liberty + among the marshes of the northern Delta.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the rebellion + must have been practically crushed. No Greek could have ventured into + Persian territory while his countrymen were fighting against + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" + id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> its Persian masters. The army + of Megabyzos must have done its work, and the Athenian fleet been + utterly destroyed. Moreover, it is evident that when Herodotos + entered the valley of the Nile the country was at peace. His + references to the war are to a past event, and when he speaks of + Inarôs and Amyrtæos it is of men who have ceased to be a danger to + the foreign government. The passage, indeed, in which he notices the + peaceable appointment of their sons to the principalities of their + fathers may have been inserted after his return to Greek lands, but + this makes no difference as to the main fact. When he came to Egypt + it had again lapsed into tranquil submission to the Persian + power.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 450, Kimon, the son of + Miltiades, had destroyed the naval power of Persia, and in the + following year Megabyzos was overthrown at Salamis. It was then that + the <span class="tei tei-q">“peace of Kimon”</span> is said to have + been concluded between Athens and the Persian king, which put an end + to the long Persian war, freed the Greek cities of Asia, and made the + Mediterranean a Greek sea. The reality of the peace has been doubted, + because there is no allusion to it in the pages of Thucydides, and it + may be that it was never formally drawn up. But the fact embodied by + the story remains: for many years to come there was truce between + Greece and Persia, and the independence <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of the Greek colonies in Asia Minor was + acknowledged at the Persian court. The year 449 marks the final + triumph of Athens and the beginning of Persian decline.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Had Herodotos + travelled in Egypt a year or two later, the ease and security with + which he did so would be readily explained. But in this case we + should be brought too near the time when his history was finished and + he himself was a resident in Italy. We must therefore believe that he + was there before the final blow had been struck at Persian supremacy + in the Mediterranean, but when the Athenian invasion of Egypt was + already a thing of the past, and the unarmed trader and tourist were + once more able to move freely about.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For more than half + a century Egypt had been closed to Greek curiosity. There had been an + earlier period, when the Delta at least had been well-known to the + Hellenic world. The Pharos of the future Alexandria is already + mentioned by Homer (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> iv. 355); it was there, + <span class="tei tei-q">“in front of Egypt,”</span> that Menelaos + moored his ships and forced <span class="tei tei-q">“Egyptian + Prôteus”</span> to declare to him his homeward road. Even + <span class="tei tei-q">“Egyptian Thebes,”</span> with its hundred + temple-gates, is known both to the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> + (ix. 381) and to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> (iv. 126), and the Pharaoh + Polybos dwelt there when Alkandra, his wife, loaded Menelaos with + gifts. Greek mercenaries <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg + 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + enabled Psammetikhos to shake off the yoke of Assyria, and Greek + traders made Naukratis and Daphnæ wealthy centres of commerce. Solon + visited Egypt while Athens was putting into practice the laws he had + promulgated, and there he heard from the priest of Sais that, by the + side of the unnumbered centuries of Egyptian culture, the Greeks were + but children and their wisdom but the growth of to-day. Before the + Ionic revolt had broken out, while Ionia and Egypt were still sister + provinces of the same Persian empire, Hekatæos of Miletus had + travelled through the valley of the Nile, enjoying advantages for + information which no Greek could possess again till Egypt had become + a Macedonian conquest, and embodying his knowledge and experiences in + a lengthy book.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the Persian + wars had put an end to all this peaceful intercourse between Greece + and the old land of the Pharaohs, and the Karian dragomen who had + made their living by acting as interpreters between the Greeks and + the Egyptians were forced to turn to other work. At length, however, + Egypt was once more open to visitors, and once more, therefore, + visitors came from Greece. Anaxagoras, the philosopher and friend of + Periklês, was among the first to arrive and to investigate the causes + of the rise and fall of the Nile. Hellanikos the historian, too, the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" + id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> older contemporary of + Herodotos, seems to have travelled in Egypt, though doubt has been + cast on the authenticity of the works in which he is supposed to have + recorded his experiences of Egyptian travel. At any rate, Herodotos + found a public fresh and eager to hear what he had to tell them about + the dwellers on the Nile.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos must + have reached Egypt in the summer. When he arrived, the whole of the + Delta was under water. He describes with the vividness of an + eye-witness how its towns appeared above the surface of the water, + like the islands in the Ægean, and how the traveller could sail, not + along the river, but across the plain. At the time of the inundation, + he says, all Egypt <span class="tei tei-q">“becomes a sea, above + which the villages alone show themselves.”</span> The voyage from + Naukratis to Memphis was direct and rapid, and the tourists in making + it passed by the pyramids instead of the apex of the Delta.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In northern Egypt + the rise of the Nile begins to be perceptible during the first few + days of July. Criers go about the streets of Cairo announcing each + day how high it has risen, and in the first or second week of August + the ceremony of cutting the Khalîg or Canal of Cairo, and therewith + declaring that the Nile was once more flooding its banks, used to be + observed with great rejoicings. It is, in fact, in <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> August that the land is first covered + with the flood. For another month the height of the water continues + to increase, and then for a short while to remain stationary. But + towards the end of October, when the canals of Upper Egypt are + emptied, there is again another rise, soon followed by a rapid fall. + If the Delta was like a sea when Herodotos saw it, he must have been + there between the beginning of July and the end of October.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These are the + limits of the time which he could have spent in the country. That he + did not remain till after the fall of the river and the drying up of + the land is evident from incidental statements in his work. Thus when + he visited the Fayyûm it was like the Delta, a sea of waters, and the + pyramids of Biahmu, which Professor Petrie's excavations have shown + to have always stood on dry land, as they still do to-day, were seen + by him in the middle of a vast lake. Nowhere, indeed, is there any + hint of his having seen the country in its normal condition. Even his + reference to Kerkosôros, at the apex of the Delta, which every + traveller to Memphis had to pass except at the period of high Nile, + is derived from <span class="tei tei-q">“the Ionian”</span> writers + of a previous generation, not from his own experience. Neither in + going nor in returning was his boat obliged to pass that way. We need + not be surprised, therefore, at finding <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that the festivals he witnessed in the Egyptian + towns were those which took place in the summer.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos had not + the time to imitate the example of his predecessor Hekatæos and visit + Upper Egypt, nor, indeed, was the summer a fitting season for doing + so. Consequently, while he lavishes his admiration on the temples and + pyramids of the Delta, of Memphis and of the Fayyûm, he has nothing + to say about the still more striking temples of the south. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Hundred-gated Thebes,”</span> whose fame had + already penetrated to the Homeric Greeks, and whose tombs and colossi + led the Greek tourists of the Macedonian age to scribble upon them + their expressions of admiration and awe, is known to him only by + name. The extravagance of his praise is reserved for the Labyrinth; + about the nobler and more majestic buildings of the capital of Upper + Egypt he is absolutely silent. Against the statues of the Egyptian + kings which Hekatæos saw at Thebes, Herodotos can bring only a + smaller number which he saw at Memphis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The monuments even + now contain evidence that, after the age of Hekatæos, Greek + sightseers did not make their way into southern Egypt until the + Macedonian conquest had made travel there easy and safe. At + Abu-Simbel in Nubia and Abydos in Upper Egypt are the records of the + Greek mercenaries <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg + 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + Psammetikhos and their Greek and Karian contemporaries who visited + the oracle of Abydos. But then comes a long blank in the history of + Greek writing in Egypt. With the foundation of Alexander's empire a + new epoch in it begins. From that time forward the walls of the tombs + and temples were covered with the scrawls of innumerable Greek + visitors. At Thebes the royal tombs were especial objects of + attention, and ciceroni led the inquisitive stranger round them just + as they do to-day.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But among all the + mass of Greek names that have been collected from the monuments of + Upper Egypt we find neither that of Herodotos nor of any other of his + countrymen of the same age. In fact, it was not a time for + sightseeing in the southern valley of the Nile. The population were + in only half-repressed rebellion against their Persian rulers, and + the whole country swarmed with bandits. Persian authority was + necessarily weaker than in the north, and the people were more + combative and had near allies in the desert, the Bedouin and the + Ethiopians. A voyage up the river was even more dangerous than in the + anarchical days of the last century: pirates abounded, and out of + reach of the Persian garrison at Memphis the traveller carried his + life in his hand. As in the time of Norden no Egyptian bey could or + would allow the traveller in Nubia to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> go south of Dirr, so in the time of Herodotos + the southern limit of the foreigner's travels was the Fayyûm. The + <span class="tei tei-q">“Egypt into which Greeks sail”</span> was, as + he himself declares, the Egypt which lay north of the Theban nome and + Lake Mœris.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Even a visit to + the Fayyûm was doubtless a bold and unusual undertaking, and on this + account Herodotos describes what he saw there at more than ordinary + length, and extols the wonders of the district at the expense of the + better-known monuments of Memphis and the Delta. But the Oasis had + suffered much from the civil troubles which had afflicted Egypt. The + dykes which kept out the inundation had been neglected, and the + fertile nome was transformed into a stagnant lake. Herodotos saw it + as the French <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style="font-style: italic">savans</span></span> saw it at + the beginning of the present century; the embankments were broken, + and fields and roads were alike submerged.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the walls of + the capital of the province, whose mounds now lie outside Medînet + el-Fayyûm, Herodotos looked northward over a vast expanse of water. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Nearly in the middle of it,”</span> he tells + us, <span class="tei tei-q">“stand two pyramids, each of them rising + 304 feet above the water ... and both surmounted by colossal stone + figures seated upon a throne.”</span> The shattered fragments of the + colossi were found by Professor Petrie in 1888, scattered round the + pyramidal <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg + 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + pedestals, twenty-one feet high, on which they had been placed. Cut + out of hard quartzite sandstone, they represented Amon-em-hat + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, the creator of the + Fayyûm, and their discoverer calculates that they were each + thirty-five feet in height. The fragments are now at Oxford in the + Ashmolean Museum. The statues faced northward, and the court within + which they stood was surrounded by a wall with a gateway of red + granite. The pedestals still remain fairly intact, and the road by + the side of which they had been erected is still used to-day. The + monuments, in fact, were erected high above the inundation, and that + Herodotos should have seen them in the midst of the water is but a + further proof of the condition of the country at the time. The Lake + Mœris he describes was not the true Mœris of Egyptian geography; it + was the Fayyûm itself buried beneath the flood.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The total height + of the colossi from the ground, according to Professor Petrie, was + about sixty feet. Between this and the 304 feet assigned to them by + the Greek traveller there is indeed a wide difference. But Herodotos + could not have seen them close at hand, and the measurement he gives + must have been a mere guess. It warns us, however, not to put + overmuch faith in his statements, even when they are the results of + personal observation. He was but a tourist, not a man of science, and + he cared more for the tales <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg + 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + his dragoman and novel sights than for scientific surveying and + exactitude.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hence comes the + assertion that before the time of Menes the whole country between the + sea and Lake Mœris was a marsh. Such a statement is intelligible only + if we remember that, when Herodotos sailed up the Nile, its banks + were inundated on either side. Had he seen the country south of + Memphis as the modern traveller sees it when the water is subsiding + and green fields begin to line the course of the river, he could + never have entertained the belief. But all distinction between the + Delta and the rest of Egypt was hidden from him by the waters of the + inundation. That he should have made the Fayyûm the limit of the + marsh is indeed natural; it was the limit of his exploration of Upper + Egypt, and consequently he did not know that from Memphis southward + to Edfu the valley of the Nile presents the same features.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The strange error + he twice commits in imagining that there were vaults under the + pyramid of Kheops in an island formed by a canal which the builder + had introduced from the Nile is due to the same cause. Doubtless his + dragoman had told him something of the kind. A subterraneous chamber + in the rock actually exists under the great pyramid, as was + discovered by Caviglia, and there are pyramids into <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> whose lower chambers the Nile has long + since infiltrated. Professor Maspero found his exploration of the + pyramids of Lisht, south of Dahshûr, stopped by the water which had + filled them, and Professor Petrie had the same experience in the + brick pyramid of Howâra, though here the infiltration of the water + seems to have been caused by a canal dug in Arab times. But the + pyramids of Gizeh stand on a plateau of limestone rock secure against + the approach of water, and the story reported by Herodotos is more + probably the result of misapprehension on his own part than of + intentional falsehood on the part of his guides. His ready credence + of it, however, can be explained only by the condition of the country + at the time of his visit. The whole land was covered with water, and + in going to Memphis he had to sail by the pyramids themselves. It was + in a boat that his visit to them must have been made; and it was + easy, therefore, to believe that a canal ran from the water on which + he sailed through the tunnelled rock whereon they stood. He did not + know that the lowest chamber of the pyramid was high above the utmost + level of the flood.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Surprise has often + been expressed that Herodotos should make no mention of the Sphinx, + which to Arabs and modern Europeans alike has appeared one of most + noteworthy monuments of Gizeh. But <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> in sailing along the canal which led from + Memphis to the pyramids he would have passed by it without notice. As + his boat made its way to the rocky edge on which the huge sepulchres + of Kheops and Khephren are built, it would have been concealed from + his view; and buried as it was in sand his guides did not think it an + object of such surpassing importance as to lead him to it over the + burning sand. In the immediate neighbourhood of the great pyramid he + was surrounded by monuments more interesting and more striking, which + were quite enough to occupy his day and satisfy his curiosity.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">South of the + Fayyûm and the adjoining city of Herakleopolis, whose ruins are now + known as Ahnas el-Medîneh, all that Herodotos has to tell us is + derived from older authors. Now and then, it is true, the first + person is used, and we think for a moment that he is describing his + own adventures. But he is merely quoting from others, and there are + no marks of quotation in the manuscript to show us that such is the + case. His book is thus like that of another and later Egyptian + traveller, Mr. J. A. St. John, whose <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Egypt and + Nubia</span></span> was published in English only fifty years ago. He + too embodies the narratives of his predecessors in the record of his + own journey up the Nile without any notice or signs that he is doing + so, and it is not until we suddenly light on the name of an earlier + writer at <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg + 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + bottom of the page that we become aware of the fact. Herodotos has + not given us even this help; and we need not wonder, therefore, that + commentators who have never been in Egypt have been deceived by his + method of work. But he has preserved fragments of older writers which + would otherwise have been lost, and if he has mingled them with the + stories he heard from the dragomen of Memphis and Sais, or the + answers he received to his questions about Greek legends, we must not + feel ungrateful.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Upper Egypt is + mentioned only incidentally in his narrative, and, as might be + expected in a writer who had to depend upon others for his + information, what he tells us about it is very frequently incorrect. + Thus he asserts that the hippopotamus was <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sacred in the nome of Paprêmis, but nowhere else in + Egypt,”</span> although it was also worshipped in Thebes, and he + fancies that all the cats in the country were embalmed and buried at + Bubastis, all the hawks and mice at Buto, and all the ibises at + Hermopolis or Damanhur. But this was because he had visited these + places and had not travelled in the south. Had he done so, he would + never have imagined that the body of every cat or hawk that died was + carried to a distant place in the Delta. Indeed, in the hot weather + of the summer months, anything of the kind would have been + impossible. Cemeteries, however, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of these sacred animals are found all up and + down the Nile. The mummies of the sacred cats are to be met with in + the cliffs of Gebel Abu Foda, at Thebes, and above all at Beni + Hassan, where a little to the south of the Speos Artemidos such + quantities of them were recently discovered as to suggest that a + commercial profit might be made out of their bones. Tons of them were + accordingly shipped to Liverpool, there to be converted into manure; + but as it was found that the mummified bones refused to yield to the + process, the exportation ceased. Mummies of the sacred hawks were + disinterred in equal numbers when the ancient cemeteries of Ekhmîm + were excavated a few years ago, and the construction of the canal on + the eastern bank opposite Abutîg has lately brought to light another + of their burial-places, thus fixing the site of Hierakon, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the city of the Hawk,”</span> the capital of + the twelfth nome.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In his geography + of the river above the Fayyûm Herodotos was similarly misinformed. + Thus, he avers that <span class="tei tei-q">“the country above the + Fayyûm for the distance of a three days' voyage resembles the country + below it.”</span> A three days' voyage would mean about eighty miles, + since he reckons it a voyage of seven days from the sea to the + Fayyûm, a distance of about 190 miles. Dahabîyeh travellers will + willingly assent to the calculation. With a fair wind, a day's voyage + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195" + id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is about thirty miles, more or + less, so that 190 miles could be easily traversed in seven days. Now + eighty miles would bring the visitor from the Fayyûm to Qolosaneh and + the Gebel et-Têr. For many miles before reaching the Gebel the banks + of the Nile wear a very different aspect from that which they present + lower down. In place of a dull monotony of sand-banks and level + plains, there are picturesque lines of cliff, amphitheatres of desert + and rugged headlands. It is only as far as Feshn, twenty miles to the + south of Herakleopolis, that the description of Herodotos is correct. + It is, in fact, merely based on what he could see from the + southernmost point to which he attained.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The view which he + had from thence over the flat desert reaches of Libya led him to make + another statement equally wide of the truth. It is that for four days + after leaving Heliopolis the valley of the Nile is narrow, but that + then it once more becomes broad. But such was the case only where the + Fayyûm and the province of Beni-Suef spread towards the west, and + there too only when they are covered with the waters of the + inundation. Elsewhere the cultivated valley is for the most part + narrower even than in the neighbourhood of Memphis, where it seemed + to the Greek traveller to be so confined; here and there, indeed, as + at Abydos and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg + 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Thebes, it broadens out for a space, but otherwise the wilderness + encroaches upon it ever more and more until at Silsilis the barren + rocks obliterate it altogether.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos knows + nothing of the great monuments of Thebes, and the Pharaohs + accordingly whose names he records have no connection with the + ancient capital of the empire. They belong to Memphis, to the Fayyûm, + and to the Delta—none of them to Thebes. Even Sesostris, in whom some + of the features of Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> may be detected, reigns + in the north rather than in the south. Of all the multitudinous + monuments that he has left, two only are known to the Greek + traveller, and these are the two statues of himself which stood + before the temple of Ptah in Memphis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of Thothmes and + Amenôphis and the other great monarchs of the eighteenth dynasty + whose memorials were to be found chiefly in the south, Herodotos had + never heard. All that he knew of the kings of Egypt before the age of + Psammetikhos was derived from the stories which his guides attached + to the monuments which he actually saw. Had he visited the temples + and tombs of Thebes and Abydos and Assuan we should have been told + how Memnon led his troops to Troy or how Osymandyas conquered the + world. But we have to turn to others for the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> dragoman's tales of Upper Egypt; Herodotos + could not record them, for he was never there. The Fayyûm is the + southernmost limit of his historical knowledge, because it is also + the southernmost limit of his geographical knowledge.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And yet here and + there we come across notices of Upper Egypt, some of which have been + written by an eye-witness. But the eye-witness was not Herodotos + himself, and in giving them he generally gives an indication of the + fact. Thus he describes Khemmis or Ekhmîm as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“near Neapolis,”</span> the modern Qeneh, although the + distance between the two towns is really ninety-five miles, a voyage + of at least three days, and Neapolis was but an insignificant city by + the side of Khemmis itself, or of other towns like This and Abydos + that were nearer to it. Even Tentyris or Denderah, with its ancient + temple of Hathor opposite Neapolis, was more important and + better-known, while Thebes itself was only forty-five miles higher up + the river.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the account + given by Herodotos of Khemmis and its temple is a mere product of the + imagination. Indeed, he implies that he received it from certain + <span class="tei tei-q">“people of Khemmis”</span> whom he had + questioned, probably through his interpreter. They told him that the + temple, of which a few remains are still visible, and which was + really dedicated to Min or Amon-Khem, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> was that of the Greek hero Perseus—a name + suggested, it may be, by its likeness to that of the sacred persea + tree. Each year, it was further alleged, gymnastic games in the Greek + fashion were celebrated in honour of the foreign deity, who at times + appeared to his worshippers, leaving behind him his sandal famous in + Greek mythology. But the inventive powers of the informants of the + Greek traveller did not stop here. He further assures us that the + pylon of the temple bore on the summits of its two towers two images + of the deity. The statement is of itself sufficient to discredit the + whole story and to prove that Herodotos could never have seen the + temple with his own eyes. The watch-towers that guarded the entrance + of an Egyptian temple never had, and never could have, images on + their roofs. They were needed for other purposes, and the very idea + of their supporting statues was contrary to the first principles of + Egyptian architecture and religion. It was a conception wholly + Greek.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Equally wide of + the truth is what Herodotos has to tell us about the First Cataract. + Like other travellers to Egypt before and since he was anxious to + learn something about the sources of the Nile. But neither + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Egyptians nor the Libyans nor the + Greeks”</span> whom he met could give him any information. Perhaps + had he sailed as far as Assuan some of the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ethiopians who lived there might have been more + communicative. At last, however, he was introduced to one of the + sacred scribes in the temple of Neit at Sais—the only Egyptian + priest, in fact, of higher rank, whom he seems to have conversed + with—and the scribe humoured the curiosity of the traveller to the + utmost of his desires, though even Herodotos suspected that he was + being made fun of. However, as in duty bound, he gravely writes down + what he was told. <span class="tei tei-q">“Two mountains are there + with pointed tops, between Syênê, a city of the Thebais, and + Elephantinê, which are called Krôphi and Môphi. Out of the heart of + these mountains flow the sources of the Nile, which are bottomless, + half the water running towards Egypt and the north, while the other + half goes to Ethiopia and the south. That the sources are bottomless + was proved by Psammetikhos, the king of Egypt, for after letting down + into them a rope several hundred thousand fathoms in length, he did + not find the bottom.”</span> Herodotos adds that this was probably + because there were violent eddies in the water which carried the rope + away.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Egyptian priests + did not, as a rule, know Greek, and they avoided any kind of + intercourse with the <span class="tei tei-q">“unclean”</span> + foreigner. Even to have conversed with him would have caused + pollution. Consequently <span class="tei tei-q">“the priests”</span> + to whom Herodotos so frequently <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> alludes were merely the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“beadles”</span> of the day, who took the tourist over + the temples and showed him the principal objects of interest. The + sacred scribe of Sais was an exception to the general rule. Since the + days of Psammetikhos, Sais had been accustomed to Greek visitors, and + the prejudices against them were less strong there than in other + Egyptian towns. It is quite possible, therefore, that the scribe whom + Herodotos met was acquainted with the Greek language, and that no + dragoman was required to interpret his words.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is a reason + for thinking that such was the case. The story of Krôphi and Môphi, + in spite of the suspicions of Herodotos, is remarkably correct; even + the name of Krôphi has not undergone a greater amount of + transformation than it might have done if Herodotos had written it + down himself from the scribe's mouth. It is the Egyptian Qerti or + Qoriti, <span class="tei tei-q">“the two holes”</span> out of which + Egyptian mythology supposed Hâpi, the Nile-god, to emerge at the + period of the inundation. The Qerti were at the foot of the granite + peaks of Senem, the island of Bigeh, and of the opposite cliff on the + southern side of the First Cataract. We can almost fix the exact spot + where one of these Qerti was believed to have been. On the western + bank of Philæ, immediately facing Bigeh, is a portal built in the + reign of Hadrian, on the inner <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> north wall of which is a picture of it. We see + the granite blocks of Bigeh piled one upon the other up to the summit + of the island where Mut the divine mother, and Horus the saviour, sit + and keep watch over the waters of the southern Nile. Below is the + cavern, encircled by a guardian serpent, within which the Nile-god is + crouched, pouring from a vase in either hand the waters of the river. + Though in certain points Herodotos has misunderstood his informant, + on the whole the story of Krôphi and Môphi is a fairly accurate page + from the volume of Egyptian mythology. Even the jingling Môphi may be + derived from the Egyptian <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">moniti</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mountains”</span> between which the river ran, though + Lauth may be right in holding that Krôphi is Qer-Hâpi, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the hollow of the Nile,”</span> and Môphi Mu-Hâpi, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the waters of the Nile.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But in one point + the Greek historian has made a serious mistake. It was not between + Assuan and Elephantinê that the sources of the Nile were placed, but + between Bigeh and the mainland, on the other side of the Cataract. + Between Assuan and Elephantinê there are no <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mountains,”</span> only the channel of the river. In + saying therefore that Krôphi and Môphi were mountains and that they + rose between Syênê and Elephantinê, Herodotos proves beyond all + possibility of doubt that he had never been at the spot. Had + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" + id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> he actually visited Assuan the + words of the sacred scribe would have been reported more + correctly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Elephantinê + honours were paid to <span class="tei tei-q">“the great”</span> god + of the Nile, who rose from his caverns in the neighbourhood. Of this + we have been assured by a mutilated Greek inscription on a large slab + of granite which was discovered by English sappers at Assuan in 1885. + It records the endowments and privileges which were granted to the + priests of Elephantinê by the earlier Ptolemies, and one line of it + refers to the places <span class="tei tei-q">“wherein is the fountain + of the Nile.”</span> But long before the days of the Ptolemies and of + Greek visitors to Egypt, when the First Cataract was the boundary of + Egyptian rule and knowledge, the fountain of the Nile was already + placed immediately beyond it. This infantile belief of Egyptian + mythology was preserved, like so much else of prehistoric antiquity, + in the mythology of later days. In the temple of Redesîyeh, on the + road from Edfu to Berenikê, an inscription relates how Seti + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> dug a well in the desert + and how the water gushed up, <span class="tei tei-q">“as from the + depth of the two Qerti of Elephantinê.”</span> Here the bottomless + springs are transferred from Bigeh to Elephantinê, thus explaining + how Herodotos could have been led into his error of supposing them to + be two mountains between Elephantinê and Assuan. Doubtless the sacred + scribe had marked the position <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of the island of Bigeh by its relation to the + better known island of Elephantinê.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The very name of + the city which stood on the southern extremity of Elephantinê implied + that here, in the days of its foundation, was placed the source of + the Egyptian Nile. It was called Qebhu, the city of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“fresh water,”</span> a word represented by the picture + of a vase from which water is flowing. At times the city was also + called Abu, but Abu was more correctly the name of the island on + which it stood. Abu, in fact, signified the island <span class= + "tei tei-q">“of elephants,”</span> of which the Greek Elephantinê was + but a translation. In that early age, when it first became known to + the Egyptians, the African elephant must still have existed + there.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos does not + seem to have been aware that Elephantinê was an island as well as a + city. Except where he is reporting the words of the sacred scribe, he + always speaks of it as <span class="tei tei-q">“a city,”</span> + sometimes to the exclusion of the more important Syênê. It is another + sign that his voyage up the Nile did not extend so far.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We need not point + out other instances of his ignorance of the country above the Fayyûm. + Those which have been already quoted are enough. The summer months + which he spent in Egypt were more than fully employed in visiting the + wonders of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg + 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Memphis and the chief cities of the Delta, and in exploring the + Fayyûm. Upper Egypt was closed to him, as it was to the rest of his + countrymen for many a long day.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But we are now + able to trace his journey with some degree of exactness. He must have + arrived about the beginning of July at the mouth of the Kanôpic arm + of the Nile—the usual destination of Greek ships—and thus have made + his way by Hermopolis or Damanhur to the Greek capital Naukratis. + There he doubtless hired his Karian dragoman, with whom he sailed + away over the inundated land to Sais. But his expedition to Sais was + only an excursion, from which he returned to continue his voyage in a + direct line past Prosôpitis and the pyramids of Gizeh to Memphis. + There he inspected the great temple of Ptah, whom his countrymen + identified with their Hephæstos, and from thence he went by water to + see the pyramids. It was while he was at Memphis, moreover, that he + paid a visit to Heliopolis, with its university and its temple, of + which all that is left to-day is the obelisk of Usertesen. Next he + made his voyage up the Nile, past the brick pyramids of Dahshûr, to + Anysis or Herakleopolis, and from thence to the Fayyûm. Then he + returned to Memphis, and then again passing Heliopolis sailed + northward to Bubastis and Buto. It was now <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> probably that he made excursions to Paprêmis + and Busiris, though our ignorance of the precise situation of these + places unfortunately prevents us from being certain of the fact. + Eventually he found himself at Daphnæ, on the Pelusiac branch of the + Nile. This brought him to Pelusium, where he took ship for Tyre.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name= + "Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VII. In The Steps Of + Herodotos.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let us follow + Herodotos in his Egyptian journey and meet him where he landed at the + Kanôpic mouth of the Nile. The place had been known to Greek sailors + in days of which tradition alone had preserved a memory. It was here + that pirates and traders had raided the fields of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span> or exchanged slaves and + Ægean vases for the precious wares of Egypt in the age when Achæan + princes ruled at Mykenæ and Tiryns. Guided by the island of Pharos, + they had made their way a few miles eastward to the mouth of the + great river which is called Aigyptos in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Egypt was at + last opened to Greek trade and enterprise in the time of the + twenty-sixth dynasty it was still the Kanôpic arm of the Nile towards + which their vessels had to steer. Nowhere else were they allowed to + land their goods or sail up the sacred stream of the Nile. If stress + of weather drove them to some other part of the coast, they + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" + id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> were forced to remain there + till the wind permitted them to sail to Kanôpos or to send their + goods in native boats by the same route. From time immemorial the + coast of the Delta had been carefully guarded against the piratical + attacks of the barbarians of the north. Watch-towers and garrisons + were established at fitting intervals along it, which were under the + charge of a special officer. The mouth of the Kanôpic branch of the + river was guarded with more than usual care, and here was the + custom-house through which all foreign goods had to pass.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Kanôpos, from + which the arm of the river took its name, was a small but wealthy + city. It was called in Egyptian Peguath, sometimes also Kah-n-Nub, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the soil of gold”</span> from the yellow + sand on which it was built, though Greek vanity believed that this + name had been given to it from Kanôbos, the pilot of Menelaos, whose + tomb was of course discovered there. In later days, when Alexandria + had absorbed its commerce and industry, it became, along with the + outlying Zephyrion, a fashionable Alexandrine suburb. It was filled + with drinking-shops and chapels, to which the pleasure-loving crowds + of Alexandria used to make their way by the canal that united the two + cities. The sick came also to seek healing in the temple of Serapis, + or to ask the god to tell them the means of cure. The rich, too, had + their <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name= + "Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> villas close to the + shrine of Aphroditê Arsinoê, on the breezy promontory of Zephyrion, + while the rocks on the shore were cut into luxuriously-fitted baths + for those who wished to bathe in the sea.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The site of + Zephyrion is now occupied by the little village of Abukîr, memorable + in the annals of England and France. In 1891 Daninos Pasha made some + excavations there which brought to light a few scanty remains of the + temple of Aphroditê. The foundations of its walls were found, as well + as two limestone sphinxes inscribed with the name of Amon-em-hat + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, and three great statues + of red granite, one of them upright, the others seated. The upright + figure was that of Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> with a roll of papyrus + in his hand; while the other two were female, one of them being a + representation of Hont-mâ-Ra, the Pharaoh's wife. The sphinxes and + statues must have been brought from some older building to decorate + the shrine of the Alexandrine goddess, and their discoverer believes + that the figure of Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> is older even than the + age of that monarch, who has usurped it, and that it goes back to the + epoch of the twelfth dynasty. Other relics of the temple—fragments of + red granite from some gigantic naos, portions of statues, broken + sphinxes, and a colossal human foot—strew the rocks at the foot of + the promontory whereon Zephyrion stood and bear <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> witness to the intensity of Christian + zeal when paganism was abolished in Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Kanôpic arm of + the Nile has long since been filled up, and the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellah</span></span> ploughs his field or the + water-fowl congregate in the stagnant marsh where Greek trading ships + once sailed. But a large part of the marsh is now in process of being + reclaimed, and the engineers who have been draining and washing it + have come across many traces of the ancient Kanôpos. It lay to the + east of Zephyrion, between the shore and the marshy lake.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though the journey + from Alexandria to Abukîr must now be undertaken in a railway + carriage and not in a barge, it is still pleasant in the early + autumn. We pass through fertile gardens and forests of fig-trees, + past groves of palm with rich clusters of red dates hanging from + them, while the cool sea-breeze blows in at the window, and the clear + blue sky shines overhead. But instead of temples and taverns we find + at the end of our journey nothing but sand and sea-shells, broken + monuments, and a deserted shore.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The vessel in + which Herodotos must have gone from Kanôpos to Naukratis was probably + native rather than Greek. It would have differed in one important + respect from the Nile-boats of to-day. Its sail was square, not + triangular like the modern lateen sails which have been introduced + from the Levant. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg + 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> But + in other respects it resembled the vessels which are still used on + the Nile. Part of the deck was covered with the house in which the + traveller lived, and which was divided into rooms, and fitted up in + accordance with the ideas of the day. Awnings protected it from the + sun, and the sides of the boat as well as the rudder were brilliantly + painted.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the way to + Naukratis the voyager passed Hermopolis, the modern Damanhur, a name + which is merely the old Egyptian <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dema n + Hor</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-q">“City of Horus.”</span> + It is not surprising, therefore, that Herodotos refers to the city, + though the statement he makes in regard to it is not altogether + correct. All the dead ibises of Egypt, he says, were carried to + Hermopolis to be embalmed and buried. Such might have been the case + on the western side of the Delta, but it was true only of that + limited district. There was another Hermopolis in the east of the + Delta, called Bah in ancient Egyptian, Tel el-Baqlîyeh in modern + times, where a large burial-place of the sacred ibises was discovered + by the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span> six or seven years ago. + Tel el-Baqlîyeh is the second station on the line of railway from + Mansurah to Abu Kebîr, and from it have come the bronze ibises and + ibis-heads which have filled the shops of the Cairene dealers in + antiquities. The bronzes were found among the multitudinous mummies + of the sacred <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg + 211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + bird, like the bronze cats in the cemetery of the sacred cat at + Bubastis. Bah was, in fact, the holy city of the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“nome of the Ibis.”</span> The mound of the old city has + now been almost demolished by the hunter for <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">antikas</span></span>, but Dr. Naville noticed + some fragments of inscribed stone in the neighbouring village which + led him to believe that Nektanebo <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + once intended to erect a temple here to Thoth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From Hermopolis to + Naukratis was a short distance. Naukratis was the capital of the + Egyptian Greeks, and its site, which had been lost for centuries, was + discovered by Professor Flinders Petrie in 1884, when he was working + for the Egypt Exploration Fund. The Fund had been formed with the + primary intention of finding the sites of Pithom and Naukratis, and + it had been hardly two years in existence before that intention was + fulfilled.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If we leave the + train at Teh el-Barûd, the junction of the Upper Egyptian line of + railway with that from Alexandria to Cairo, and turn our faces + westward, we shall have a pleasant walk of about five miles, part of + it under an avenue of trees, to a mound of potsherds which covers + several acres in extent and is known to the natives as Kôm Qa'if. + This mound represents all that is left of Naukratis. To the west of + it runs a canal, the modern successor of the ancient Kanôpic branch + of the Nile.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg + 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Professor + Petrie first visited the spot, the diggers for <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sebah</span></span> had already been busily at + work. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sebah</span></span> is the nitrous earth from + the sites of old cities, which is used as manure, and to the search + for it we owe the discovery of many memorials of the past. At Kôm + Qa'if the larger part of the earth had been removed, and all that + remained were the fragments of pottery which had been sifted from it. + But the fragments were sufficient to reveal the history of the place. + Most of them belonged to the archaic period of the Greek vase-maker's + art, and were such as had never before been found in the land of + Egypt. It was evident that the great city whose site they covered + must have been the Naukratis of the Greeks.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As soon as + Professor Petrie had settled down to the excavation of the mound, a + few months after his discovery, the evidence of inscriptions was + added to the evidence of potsherds. An inscribed stone from the mound + was standing at the entrance of the country-house in which he lived, + and on turning it over he found it was engraved with Greek letters + which recorded the honours paid by <span class="tei tei-q">“the city + of the Naukratians”</span> to Heliodôros the priest of Athêna and the + keeper of its archives. For two winters first Mr. Petrie and then Mr. + Ernest Gardner worked at the ruins, and though more excavations are + needed before they can be exhaustively explored, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the plan of the old city has been mapped + out, the history of its growth and decline has been traced, and a + vast number of archaic Greek inscriptions from the dedicated vases of + its temples have been secured.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the south of + the town were the fortress and camp of the Greek mercenaries, who + were probably settled there by Psammetikhos. The camp was surrounded + by a wall, and within it stood the Hellênion, the common altar of the + Ionians from Khios, Teos, Phokæa and Klazomenæ, of the Dorians from + Rhodes, Knidos, Halikarnassos and Phasêlis, and of the Æolians of + Mytilênê. The great enclosure still remains, as well as the lower + chambers of the fort, and Mr. Petrie found that in the time of + Ptolemy Philadelphus, when it was no longer needed for purposes of + defence, it was provided with a stately entrance, to which an avenue + of ruins led from the west.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The traders and + settlers built their houses north of the camp. Here too the Greek + sailors and merchants, who had taken no part in the erection of the + great altar, and who perhaps had no relations among the soldiers of + the fort, built special temples for themselves. If we walk across the + level ground which separates the fort from the old city, the first + heap of rubbish we come to marks the site of the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> temple and sacred enclosure of Castor and + Pollux. A little to the north was the still larger temple and + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">temenos</span></span> or sacred enclosure of + Apollo, and adjoining it, still on the north side, was the temple of + Hêrê, whose <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">temenos</span></span> was the largest of all. + The temple of Apollo had been erected by the Milesians, and that it + was the oldest in the city may be gathered from the archaic character + of the inscriptions on the potsherds discovered in the trench into + which the broken vases of the temple were thrown. The Samians were + the builders of the temple of Hêrê, and Herodotos tells us that there + was another dedicated to Zeus by the Æginetans. The ruins of this, + however, have not yet been found, but far away towards the northern + end of the ruin a small temple and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">temenos</span></span> of Aphroditê have been + brought to light. Here Rhodôpis worshipped, who had been freed from + slavery by the brother of Sappho, and whose charms were still + celebrated at Naukratis in the days of Herodotos.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + potsherds disinterred from the rubbish-trench of the temple of Apollo + were portions of a large and beautiful bowl dedicated to <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Phanês, the son of Glaukos.”</span> Mr. Gardner is + probably right in believing that this is the very Phanês who deserted + to Kambyses, and, according to the Greek story, instructed him how to + march <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name= + "Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> across the desert into + Egypt. It may be that Herodotos saw the bowl when it was still + intact, and that the story of the deserter was told him over it; in + any case, it was doubtless at Naukratis, and possibly from the + priests of Apollo, that he heard it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the west of the + temple of Apollo and divided from it only by a street, Mr. Petrie + found what had been a manufactory of scarabs. They were of the blue + and white kind that was fashionable in the Greek world in the sixth + century before our era, and the earliest of them bear the name of + Amasis. From Naukratis they were exported to the shores of Europe and + Asia along with the pottery for which the Greek city was famous.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On his way to + Naukratis Herodotos had passed two other Greek settlements, Anthylla + and Arkhandropolis. But we do not yet know where they stood. Nor do + we know the position of that <span class="tei tei-q">“Fort of the + Milesians”</span> which, according to Strabo, was occupied by + Milesian soldiers near Rosetta in the time of Psammetikhos, before + they sailed upon the river into <span class="tei tei-q">“the nome of + Sais”</span> and there founded Naukratis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The city of Sais + was one of the objects of Herodotos's journey. In the period of the + inundation it was within an easy distance of Naukratis, so that an + excursion to it did not require much time. Sais was <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the birthplace and capital of the + Pharaohs of the twenty-sixth dynasty; it was here that Psammetikhos + raised the standard of rebellion against his Assyrian suzerain with + the help of the Greek mercenaries, and his successors adorned it with + splendid and costly buildings. When Herodotos visited it, it had lost + none of its architectural magnificence. He saw there the palace from + which Apries had gone forth to attack Amasis, and to which he + returned a prisoner; the great temple of Neit, with its rows of + sphinxes and its sacred lake; and the huge naos of granite which two + thousand men spent three whole years in bringing from Assuan. It had + been left just outside the enclosure within which the temple stood, + as well as the tombs of Apries and Amasis, and even of the god Osiris + himself. True, there was a rival sepulchre of Osiris at Abydos, + venerated by the inhabitants of Upper Egypt since the days of the Old + Empire, but Abydos was far distant from Sais, and when the latter + city became the capital of the kingdom there was none bold enough to + deny its claim. Herodotos, at all events, who never reached Abydos, + was naturally never informed of the rival tomb.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He was told, + however, of the mystery-play acted at night on the sacred lake of + Sais in memory of the death and resurrection of Osiris, and he was + told also of the shameful insult inflicted by Kambyses on + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" + id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the dead Amasis. It was said + that the Pharaoh's mummy had been dragged from its resting-place, and + after being scourged was burnt to ashes. The Egyptian priests bore no + good-will to Kambyses, and it may be, therefore, that the story is + not true.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sais was under the + protection of the goddess Neit, the unbegotten mother of the sun. + When the Greeks first came there, they identified the goddess with + their own Athêna, led thereto by the similarity of the names. But + this identification led to further results. As Athêna was the patron + goddess of Athens, so it was supposed that there was a special + connection between Sais and Athens. While Athêna was fabled to have + come from Libya, Kekrops, the mythic founder of Athens, was + transformed into an Egyptian of Sais. It was from a priest of Sais, + moreover, that Solon, the Athenian legislator, learned the wisdom of + the Egyptians.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The squalid + village of Sa el-Hagar, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sais of the + stone,”</span> is the modern representative of the capital of + Psammetikhos. In these days of railways it is difficult of access, as + there is no station in its neighbourhood. In the earlier part of the + century, however, when the traveller had to go from Alexandria to + Cairo in a dahabîyeh, he was compelled to pass it, and it was + consequently well-known to the tourist. But little is left of the + populous city and its stately <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> monuments except mounds of disintegrated brick, + a large enclosure surrounded by a crude brick wall seventy feet + thick, and the sacred lake. The lake, however, is sacred no longer; + shrunken in size and choked with rubbish, it is a stagnant pool in + the winter, and an expanse of half-dried mud in the late spring. It + is situated within the great wall, which is that of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">temenos</span></span> of Neit. Stone is valuable + in the Delta, and hardly a fragment of granite or limestone survives + from all the buildings and colossal monuments that Herodotos saw. But + in 1891 a great number of bronze figures of Neit, some of them inlaid + with silver, were found there by the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span>. They are of the careful + and finished workmanship that marks the age of the twenty-sixth + dynasty, and on one of the largest of them is a two-fold inscription + in Egyptian hieroglyphs and the letters and language of the Karians. + It was dedicated to the goddess of Sais in the reign of Psammetikhos + by a son of a Karian mother and an Egyptian father who bore both an + Egyptian and a Karian name. It is an interesting proof of the + readiness of some at least among the natives of Sais to mingle with + the foreigner, and it shows further that the Karian mercenaries, like + the Greeks, brought their wives and daughters along with them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos seems to + have been at Sais when the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg + 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + festival of <span class="tei tei-q">“burning lamps”</span> was + celebrated there. On the night of the festival lamps were lighted + round about the houses in the open air, the lamps being cups filled + with salt and oil, on the surface of which a wick floated. All who + could thronged to Sais to take part in the ceremonies; those who + could not be there lighted their lamps at home and so observed the + rites due to Neit. The festival took place in the summer, probably at + the time of the summer solstice, and the illuminations characteristic + of it are still perpetuated in some of the numerous festivals of + modern Egypt. The annual festival in honour of Isis was observed all + over Egypt in the same way.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the Greek + traveller approached Memphis the pyramids of Gizeh were shown to him + towering over the water on his right. His visit to them was reserved + to another day, and he continued to sail on to the ancient capital of + the country. Memphis was still in all its glory. Its lofty walls of + crude brick, painted white, shone in the sun, and its great temple of + Ptah still preserved the monuments and records of the early dynasties + of Egypt. Built on an embankment rescued from the Nile, it was said, + by Menes, the first monarch of the united kingdom, Memphis, though of + no great width, extended along the banks of the river for a distance + of half-a-day's journey. To the west, in the desert, lay its + necropolis, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg + 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + city of the dead, reaching from Abu Roâsh on the north to Dahshûr on + the south. On the opposite side of the Nile, a little to the north, + was the fortress of Khri-Ahu, which guarded the approach to the + river. Where Cairo now stands Herodotos saw only sand and water. Even + Khri-Ahu was merely an insignificant village at the foot of a + fortress of mud brick; the strong walls and towers of hewn stone in + which the Roman legion afterwards kept ward over Egypt were as yet + unbuilt. All who could afford it lived in Memphis and its suburbs, + and the rock-hewn tombs at the foot of the citadel of modern Cairo + are of the Roman age.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From Memphis to + Heliopolis was rather more than twenty miles, or a morning's row on + the river. Herodotos, therefore, after having been told at Memphis of + the experiment made by Psammetikhos to discover the origin of + language, speaks of having <span class="tei tei-q">“turned + into”</span> Heliopolis in order to make further inquiries about the + matter, <span class="tei tei-q">“for the Heliopolitans are said to be + the best informed of the Egyptians.”</span> We may gather from his + words that he made an excursion to Heliopolis while he was staying in + Memphis. But he would have passed it again on his homeward + voyage.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The site of + Heliopolis is well-known to every tourist who has been to Cairo. The + drive to the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg + 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + garden and ostrich-farm of Matarîyeh and the obelisk of Usertesen + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> is a pleasant way of + filling up an afternoon. But of the ancient city of Heliopolis or On, + with its famous temple of Ra, the Sun-god, its university of learned + priests, and its innumerable monuments of the past, there is little + now to be seen. The obelisk reared in front of its temple a thousand + years before Joseph married the daughter of its high-priest still + stands where it stood in his day; but the temple has vanished + utterly. So, too, has the sister obelisk which was erected by its + side, and of which Arabic historians still have something to say. + Nothing is left but the mud-brick wall of the sacred enclosure, and a + thick layer of lime-stone chippings which tell how the last relics of + the temple of the Sun-god were burnt into lime for the Cairo of + Ismail Pasha. One or two fragments were rescued from destruction by + Dr. Grant Bey, the most noticeable of which is a portion of a + cornice, originally 30 feet 4 inches in length, which had been + erected by Nektanebo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, the last of the native + Pharaohs. Blocks with the names of the second and third Ramses are + also lying near the western gate of the enclosure, and in the eastern + desert are the tombs of the dead. Nothing more remains of the old + capital of Egyptian religion and learning. The destruction is indeed + complete; the spoiler whom Jeremiah saw <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page222">[pg 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> in prophetic vision has broken <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the images of Beth-Shemesh,”</span> and burnt with fire + <span class="tei tei-q">“the houses of the gods of the + Egyptians.”</span> If we would see the obelisks and images of On we + must now go to the cities and museums of Europe or America. It was + from Heliopolis that the huge scarab of stone now in the British + Museum was originally brought to Alexandria, and at Heliopolis + Cleopatra's Needle was first set up by Thothmes <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> in front of the temple + of Amon.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Heliopolis was the + centre and source of the worship of the Sun-god in ancient Egypt, in + so far, at all events, as he was adored under the name of Ra. The + worship goes back to prehistoric days. Menes was already a + <span class="tei tei-q">“son of Ra,”</span> inheriting his right to + rule from the Sun-god of On. The theology of Heliopolis is + incorporated in the earliest chapters of the Book of the Dead, that + Ritual of the Departed, a knowledge of which ensured the safe passage + of the dead man into the world to come. It was in the great hall of + its first temple that Egyptian mythology believed Horus to have been + cured of his wounds after the battle with Set. The origin of the + temple, in fact, like the origin of the school of priests which + gathered round it, was too far lost in the mists of antiquity for + authentic history to remember.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As befitted its + theological character, Heliopolis was rich in sacred animals. The + bull Mnêvis, in which <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg + 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + Sun-god was incarnated, was a rival of the bull Apis of Memphis, the + incarnation of Ptah. The two bulls point to a community of worship + between the two localities in that primeval age when neither Ra of + Heliopolis nor Ptah of Memphis was known, and when the primitive + Egyptian population—whoever they may have been—were plunged in the + grossest superstitions of African fetichism. Herodotos did not hear + of the bull Mnêvis. But he was acquainted with the story of another + sacred animal of Heliopolis, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bennu</span></span> or Phœnix, the sacred bird + of Ra. Indeed, the fame of the phœnix had long before penetrated to + Greece. Hesiod alludes to it, and the account of the marvellous bird + given by Herodotos was <span class="tei tei-q">“stolen,”</span> we + are told by Porphyry, from his predecessor Hekatæos. Hekatæos says + that it was like an eagle, whereas the monuments show that it was a + heron, and Herodotos follows him in the blunder. We may argue from + this, as Professor Wiedemann does, that Herodotos himself never saw + its picture. But otherwise his account is correct. Its wings were red + and gold, and it represented the solar cycle of five hundred + years.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Strabo + visited Heliopolis in the age of Augustus he found it already half + deserted. Its schools and library had been superseded by those of + Alexandria, and although the houses in which the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> priestly philosophers had once lived were + still standing, they were now empty. Among them was the house in + which Plato and Eudoxos had studied not long after the time when + Herodotos was there. In spite, therefore, of the Persian wars + Herodotos must have found the ancient university still famous and + flourishing. Just as in the Cairo of to-day the whole circle of + Mohammedan science is taught in the University of El-Azhar on the + basis of the Qorân, so in the Heliopolis which Herodotos visited all + the circle of Egyptian knowledge was still taught and learned on the + basis of the doctrines of the Heliopolitan school. The feelings with + which the Greek traveller viewed the professors and their pupils—if, + indeed, he was allowed to do so—must have been similar to those with + which an English tourist now passes through the Azhar mosque.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From Heliopolis + Herodotos continued his voyage down the Pelusiac arm of the Nile to + Bubastis, thus following nearly the same line of travel as the modern + tourist who goes by train from Cairo to Zagazig. The rubbish heaps of + Tel Basta, just beyond the station of Zagazig, mark the site of + Bubastis, called Pi-beseth in the Old Testament (Ezek. xxx. 17), + Pi-Bast, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Temple of Bast,”</span> by the + Egyptians. The cat-headed goddess Bast presided over the fortunes of + the nome and city, where she was identified <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> with Sekhet, the lion-headed goddess of + Memphis. But the cat and the lion never lay down in peace together. + As a hieroglyphic text at Philæ puts it, Sekhet was cruel and Bast + was kindly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The exclusive + worship of Bast at Bubastis, however, dated from the time of Osorkon + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> of the twenty-second + dynasty, as Dr. Naville's excavations have made plain. Before that + period other deities, more especially Butô and Amon-Ra, reigned + there. Bast, in fact, was of foreign origin. She was the feminine + form of Bes, the warrior god who came from the coasts of Arabia, and + her association with the cat perhaps originated far away in the + south.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The description + given by Herodotos of Bubastis and its festival is clearly that of an + eye-witness. He tells us how the temple stands in the middle of the + town surrounded by a canal which is shaded with trees, and how the + visitor looks down upon it from the streets of the city, which had + grown in height while the level of the temple had remained unaltered. + He tells us further how a broad street runs from it to the + market-place, and thence to a chapel dedicated to Hermês, and how at + the great annual festival crowds of men and women flocked to it in + boats, piping and singing, clapping the hands and dancing, offering + sacrifices when they arrived at the shrine, and drinking wine to + excess. A similar sight can be <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> seen even now in the month of August at Tantah, + where the religious fair is thronged by men and women indulging in + all the amusements recounted by the old Greek traveller, sometimes + beyond the verge of decency. Wine alone is absent from the modern + feast, its place being taken by <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hashish</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">raki</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the festival + was held in honour of Bast, it was probably an annual commemoration + of the great <span class="tei tei-q">“Shed-festival”</span> of thirty + years celebrated by Osorkon II. in his twenty-second year, and + depicted on the walls of the hall which Dr. Naville has discovered. + The <span class="tei tei-q">“Shed-festival”</span> took place during + the month of August—in the time of the sixth dynasty on the 27th of + Epiphi. It was probably, therefore, at the end of August or the + beginning of September that Herodotos found himself in the city of + Bast.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The description + Herodotos gives of the position of the temple is still true to-day. + The temple, which he pronounced to be the prettiest in Egypt, is now + in ruins, like the houses and streets that encircled it. But the + visitor to Tel-Bast still looks down upon its site from the + rubbish-mounds of the ruined habitations, and can still trace the + beds of the canals which were carried round it. Even the street which + led to the market-place is still visible, and Dr. Naville has found + the remains of the little temple which <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Herodotos supposed to be that of Hermês, the + Egyptian Thoth. In this, however, he was wrong. Like the larger + edifice, it was dedicated to Bast, and seems to have been used as a + treasury. It was, therefore, under the protection of Thoth, whose + figure decorated its walls, and Dr. Naville is doubtless right in + believing that this has led to the mistake of Herodotos or his + guides. Osorkon <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> consecrated in it large + quantities of precious things, including about £130,300 in gold and + £13,000 in silver—an evident proof that the internal condition of his + kingdom was flourishing.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dr. Naville's + excavations were undertaken for the Egypt Exploration Fund in + 1887-89, and were chiefly made among the broken columns and + dislocated stones of the larger temple. They have given us the + outlines of its history. Like most of the great temples of Egypt, its + foundation went back to the very beginning of Egyptian civilisation. + The Pharaohs of the Old Empire repaired or enlarged it, and the names + of Kheops and Khephren, as well as of Pepi <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, + have been found upon its blocks. The kings of the twelfth and + thirteenth dynasties embellished it, and even the Hyksos princes did + the same. In the days when they had adopted the culture and customs + of Egypt and were holding royal state at Zoan, two of them at least + restored and beautified the temple of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Bubastis and called themselves the sons of Ra. + One of them, Apophis, may have been the Apophis whose demand that the + vassal-king of Thebes should worship Sutekh instead of Amon brought + about the war of independence; the other, Khian User-n-Set-Ra, the + Iannas of Manetho, has engraved his name on a colossal lion which was + carried to Babylon by some Chaldæan conqueror.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The monarchs of + the eighteenth dynasty continued the pious work of the Hyksos whom + they had expelled. But the civil disturbances which attended the fall + of the dynasty caused injury to the temple, and we find Seti + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> and Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + once more restoring it. The kings of the twentieth dynasty have also + left memorials in it, but it was under the twenty-second dynasty—the + successors of Shishak—that Bubastis reached the highest point of its + prosperity. The princes who followed Shishak made the city their + capital and its temple their royal chapel. The great festival hall + was built by Osorkon <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> between the entrance + hall and the main court, and the worship of Bast was exclusively + installed in it. Temple and city alike underwent but little change + down to the days of Herodotos. It was after his visit that the last + addition was made to the sacred buildings. With the recovery of + Egyptian independence after the successful revolt from Persia + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" + id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> came a new era of + architectural activity, and Nektanebo <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, + the first king of the thirtieth dynasty, erected a great hall in the + rear of the shrine. After this the history of the temple fades out of + view.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos was told + that the height of the mound on which the city of Bubastis stood was + an indication of the evil deeds of its inhabitants. Sabako, the + Ethiopian conqueror, it was said, had caused the sites of the + Egyptian cities to be raised by convict labour, just as they had been + previously raised by those who cut the canals under Sesostris. But + the whole story was an invention of the dragomen. The disintegration + of the crude brick of which the houses of Egypt are built makes them + quickly decay and give place to other buildings, which are erected on + the mound they have formed. As the city grows in age, so does the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tel</span></span> or mound whereon it stands + grow in height, and had Herodotos travelled in Upper Egypt he would + have seen the process going on under his eyes. In the Delta, + moreover, there was a special cause for the great height of the + city-mounds. The water of the inundation percolated through the + ground, and in order that the lower floor of a house should be dry, + it was necessary to build it on a series of vaults or cellars. A few + years ago these vaults were very visible in some of the old houses of + Tel-Bast. They had no outlet, either <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> by door or window, and were consequently never + employed as store-rooms. Their sole use was to keep the rest of the + house dry.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The cemetery of + the sacred cats was on the western side of the town. But the cats do + not appear to have been embalmed, as elsewhere in Egypt; they were + either buried or burned. Among the bones which have been sent to + England naturalists have found none of our modern domestic cat. + Several, however, of the bronze cats of the Ptolemaic age which have + been discovered with the bones unmistakably represent the domestic + animal. Generally they have the small head of the modern Egyptian + puss.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A little below Bubastis”</span> Herodotos passed the + deserted <span class="tei tei-q">“camp”</span> and fortress of the + Ionian and Karian mercenaries of Psammetikhos, and saw the slips for + their vessels and the ruins of their houses still standing on the + shore. Amasis had transferred them to Memphis, in the belief that it + was rather from his Egyptian subjects that he needed protection than + from his neighbours in Asia. The site of the camp was discovered and + partially excavated by Professor Petrie for the Egypt Exploration + Fund in 1886, and one of the results of his discoveries was to show + that it was also the site of the frontier fortress called by the + Greeks Daphnæ. What its <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg + 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Egyptian name was we do not know with certainty, though it is + probable that Professor Petrie is right in holding it to be the + Tahpanhes of the prophet Jeremiah. It is now known as Tel + ed-Deffeneh.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The drying up of + the Pelusiac arm of the Nile has brought the desolation of the desert + to Tel ed-Deffeneh. The canal which has replaced it is brackish; Lake + Menzaleh, which bounds the Tel to the east, is more brackish still. + The land is impregnated with salt, and covered in places with drifts + of sand. There is no cultivated soil nearer than Salahîyeh, twelve + miles away; no water-way less distant than Kantara on the Suez + Canal.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The greater part + of the ancient site lies between Lake Menzaleh on the east and a + swamp out of which the canal flows on the west, and it covers a large + acreage of ground. Northward are the canal, a marsh, and mounds of + sand, and beyond the canal lies the cemetery of the ancient fortress, + as well as a suburb which was probably the Karian quarter. In the + centre of the site rises the Tel proper, a great mound of + disintegrated brickwork called <span class="tei tei-q">“the palace of + the Jew's daughter.”</span> Excavation soon made it clear that it + represented the fortress of Daphnæ, and that it was built by + Psammetikhos when he settled his Greek garrison there. For a frontier + fortress no place could have been better chosen. It guarded + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" + id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the eastern branch of the + Nile, while from its summit we look across the desert, on one side + along the high-road which once led to Syria, and on the other as far + as the mounds of Tanis. The fort itself has crumbled into dust, but + the vaulted chambers on which it was erected still exist, as well as + the <span class="tei tei-q">“pavement”</span> at its entrance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pottery found + at Tel ed-Deffeneh is early Greek, but of a different type from that + of Naukratis. Like the latter, it would seem to have been + manufactured on the spot and exported from thence to all parts of the + Greek world. Jewellery, too, appears to have been made there by the + Greek or Karian artisans who lived under the protection of their + military kinsmen. But the manufacture of both pottery and jewellery + came to a sudden end. When Amasis removed the mercenaries to Memphis + in the middle of the sixth century before Christ the civilian + population departed with them. Between that date and a new and + unimportant settlement in the Ptolemaic period the site seems to have + been deserted. When Herodotos passed it by, it had no + inhabitants.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From Daphnæ to + Pelusium the voyage was short. Pelusium, once the key of Egypt, has + shared the fate of Daphnæ. The channel of the river that flowed by it + has become a dreary reach of black salt mud, and the fields which + once supplied the city with food are <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> wastes of sterile soil or mountains of yellow + sand. Not even a solitary Bedouin disturbs the solitude of the spot + at most seasons of the year. All that reminds the traveller of human + life as he encamps on the edge of the sand-dunes is the electric + light which flashes through the night from Port Said far away on the + horizon.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the midst of + the desolate waste of poisonous mud rise the two large mounds which + alone are left of Pelusium. On the larger of these, to the westward, + lie the granite columns and other relics of the Roman temple, beneath + which, and below the present level of the water, are the ruins of the + temple of the Pharaonic age. The ground is strewn with broken glass + and pottery, some Roman, some Saracenic.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Egyptian name + of Pelusium is still unknown, and before we can discover it + excavations upon its site will be necessary. Ezekiel calls it Sin + (xxx. 15, 16)—at least, if the commentators are to be trusted—and + when the Greeks sought an etymology for the name they gave it in + their own word for <span class="tei tei-q">“mud.”</span> But it was a + famous spot in the records of Egyptian history. Avaris, the Hyksos + stronghold, must have been in its neighbourhood, and it was outside + its walls that the Persian conquest of Egypt was decided. The + battle-field where the army of Kambyses, led by the Greek deserter + Phanês, overthrew the Greek <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg + 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + mercenaries of the Pharaoh, was near enough for Herodotos to walk + over it and compare the skulls of the Egyptian and Persian + combatants, as he had already done at Paprêmis. Here, too, he was + shown the spot where the Greek and Karian soldiers of Psammetikhos + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> had slaughtered the + sons of Phanês over a huge bowl in the sight of their father, and + after mixing the blood of the boys with wine and water, had savagely + drunk it and then rushed to the battle.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not far from + Pelusium another tragedy took place four centuries after Herodotos + had been there. The fugitive Pompey was welcomed to the shore by + Septimius, the general of the Roman forces in Egypt, and Akhillas, + the commander of the Egyptian army, and murdered by them as he + touched the land. Akhillas then hastened to Alexandria, to besiege + Cæsar in the royal palace, and the burning of the great library was + the atonement for Pompey's death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Down even to the + middle ages Pelusium was still the seaport of the eastern Delta. It + held the place now occupied by Port Said. It was from its quays that + the vessels started for the Syrian coast. In one that was bound for + Tyre, Herodotos took his passage and ended his Egyptian tour.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But he had visited + certain cities in the Delta into which we have been unable to follow + him, owing to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg + 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + uncertainty that still hangs over their exact position. Besides the + places already described, we know that he saw Butô, which is coupled + with Khemmis, as well as Paprêmis and Prosôpitis, and probably also + Busiris.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Khemmis—which must + be carefully distinguished from the other Khemmis, the modern + Ekhmîm—was, he tells us, a floating island <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in a deep broad lake by the side of the temple at + Butô,”</span> where Lêtô, the Egyptian Uaz, was worshipped. Brugsch + identifies this island of Khemmis with the town and marshes of Kheb, + where the young Horus was hidden by his mother Isis out of the reach + of Set. Kheb was in the nome called that of Menelaos by the Greeks, + the capital of which seems to have been Pa-Uaz, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the temple of Uaz,”</span> transformed by Greek tongues + into Butô, and of which another city was Kanôpos. Butô, or at least + the twin-city where the great temple of the goddess stood, is + probably now represented by Tel Fera'în, not far to the west of Fuah, + at the extremity of the Mahmudîyeh canal. It was thus within easy + distance of Kanôpos on the one side and of Sais on the other, and + Herodotos might have visited it from either one of them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But after all it + is not certain that he did so. Butô is mentioned again by him in a + passage which shows that it could not have been Pa-Uaz, but must + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" + id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> have rather lain on the + eastern side of the Delta, in the land of Goshen, where the desert + adjoined the <span class="tei tei-q">“Arabian nome.”</span> It is + where he tells us about <span class="tei tei-q">“the winged + serpents”</span> which fly in the spring-time from Arabia to Egypt, + on the confines of which they are met and slain by the sacred ibises. + Anxious to learn something about them, he visited the spot where the + yearly encounter took place, and there saw the ground strewn with the + bones and spines of the slaughtered snakes. This spot, he further + informs us, is in the Arabian desert, where it borders on + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Egyptian plain,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“hard by the city of Buto.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thanks to the + excavations made by Mr. Griffith for the Egypt Exploration Fund at + Tel en-Nebêsheh, near Salahîyeh, we now know where this eastern city + of Buto stood. Its Egyptian name was Am, and it was the capital of + the nineteenth nome of Am-pehu, but it was consecrated to the worship + of the goddess Uaz, who was symbolised by a winged snake. The great + temple of the goddess was built on the western side of the town, and + the Pharaohs of the twelfth dynasty, as well as Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + and his successors, and the Saites of the twenty-sixth dynasty, had + all helped to endow and embellish it. When the Greek garrison was + established in the neighbourhood at Daphnæ, a colony of Cyprian + potters settled at Am. But in the age of the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ptolemies it fell into decay, and by the + beginning of the Roman era its magnificence belonged to the past.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Just beyond the + precincts of the town was the Arabian desert, the realm of Set. The + legend of Isis and Horus was accordingly transferred to it, and its + patron goddess became Uaz of Butô, who, under the form of Isis, + concealed Horus in its marshes. Was it here, therefore, in the Pa-Uaz + of Am, that the Butô of Herodotos has to be looked for, rather than + in the Menelaite nome?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We know that he + must have passed the city of Am on his way from Bubastis to Daphnæ, + and his expedition to the desert in search of the winged serpents + shows that he stopped there. On the other hand, his account of the + floating island of Khemmis was derived from his predecessor Hekatæos, + and when he states that the Butô with which it was connected was + built on the Sebennytic branch of the Nile, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“as one sails up it from the sea,”</span> it would seem + certain that his account of this Butô was also quoted from the older + writer. And yet it is difficult to believe that his description of + the monolithic shrine which stood there is not given at first-hand. + Perhaps the best explanation would be that Herodotos really made an + excursion to the city, but has so skilfully mingled what he himself + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" + id="Pg238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> saw there with the description + of Hekatæos as to make it impossible to separate the two.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The site of + Paprêmis is absolutely unknown, and we have no clue even to its + relative position. But Prosôpitis may be the fourth nome, Sapi-ris or + <span class="tei tei-q">“Sapi of the south.”</span> In Byzantine + times its capital bore the name of Nikiu, which Champollion long ago + identified with the Coptic Pshati and the modern Abshadi, not far + from Menûf. Menûf stands in a straight line due westward of Benha, + and would have lain directly in the path of the traveller on his way + from Naukratis to Memphis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was in the + island of Prosôpitis that the Athenian fleet was blockaded by the + Persians under Megabazus, and captured only when the river was turned + into another channel, after the blockade had lasted for a year and a + half. Immediately westward of Menûf, in fact, an island is formed by + the Rosetta and Damietta branches of the Nile which unite at the + southern end of it, and are joined together towards the north by the + Bahr el-Fara'-unîyeh. But the island is twenty-seven miles long by + fifteen wide, and it is difficult to understand how this could have + been blockaded by the Persian army, much less defended by the crews + of seventy vessels, for the space of a year and a half. Herodotos + indeed asserts that the island of Prosôpitis <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> was nine skhœnœ, or about sixty miles in + circumference, and that it contained many cities; but this only makes + the difficulty the greater.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lastly, we come to + Busiris, which is described by the Greek traveller as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in the centre of the Delta.”</span> This description + exactly suits the position of Pa-Usar or Busiris, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the temple of Osiris, the lord of Mendes,”</span> and + the capital of the Busirite nome. Its modern representative is + Abusir, a little to the south of Semennûd or Sebennytos, on the + railway line from Tanta to Mansûrah. If Herodotos really visited this + place, he must have done so from Sais, to the west of which it lies + in a pretty direct line. But the distance was considerable, and there + is nothing in the language he uses in regard to it which obliges us + to believe that he was really there. His description of the festival + held there in honour of Isis is not that of an eye-witness; indeed, + the remark he adds to it that <span class="tei tei-q">“all the + Karians who live in Egypt slash themselves on the forehead with + swords”</span> in their religious exercises goes to show that it + could not have been so. All he knows about the festival is that, + after sacrificing, men and women strike themselves in honour of + Osiris. The Karians, however, who cut their heads like the Persian + devotees of Huseyn in modern Cairo, were not Egyptians, and therefore + would not have been <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg + 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + allowed to join in the mysteries of the worship of Osiris; moreover, + they did not live in Busiris, but in the Karian quarter of Memphis. + What Herodotos tells us about them plainly comes from his Karian + dragoman, and refers to some native Karian festival.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There was more + than one Pa-Usar or Temple of Osiris in Lower Egypt. Next to that in + the Busirite nome, the most famous was that of the Ur-Mer or the bull + Mnêvis, in the environs of Heliopolis. This latter Herodotos would + have seen when he paid his visit to the city of the Sun-god, and this + too was near Memphis, where the Karians lived.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There was yet + another Busiris a little to the north of Memphis itself. According to + Pliny, its inhabitants made their living by climbing the pyramids for + the amusement of strangers, like the Bedouin of Gizeh to-day. Its + name has been preserved in the village and pyramids of Abusir. But + neither the Busiris of Memphis nor the Busiris of Heliopolis was + <span class="tei tei-q">“in the centre of the Delta,”</span> and it + would seem that in this instance also Herodotos is either quoting + from other travellers or is mixing their experiences with his own. + With the Busiris of Memphis and the Busiris of Heliopolis he was + doubtless acquainted: with the Busiris of the middle Delta we must + conclude he was not. Hence his <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> scanty notice of the festival that was + celebrated there; hence also his reference to the Karian settlers in + Memphis and their religious ceremonies. We must remember that + Herodotos was not the first Greek tourist in Egypt, and that he too + had his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Murray</span></span> and his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baedeker</span></span> + like the tourist of to-day.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name= + "Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VIII. Memphis And The + Fayyûm.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have followed + Herodotos in his travels through the Delta, have seen him make his + way from Kanôpos and Naukratis to Memphis and back again to Pelusium, + and it is now time to accompany him through Memphis itself and the + Fayyûm. There are no longer any uncertain sites to identify; from + Memphis southward all is clear and determined.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the visitor the + interest of Memphis centred in its temple of Ptah. It was round the + temple that the city had grown up, and as the city had been the + capital of the older dynasties, so the temple had been their royal + chapel. When the supremacy passed from Memphis to Thebes, it passed + also from Ptah the god of Memphis to Amon the god of Thebes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is the great + temple of Ptah, accordingly, about which Herodotos has most to tell + us. Other localities in Memphis, such as the citadel and the palace, + the Karian quarter, or <span class="tei tei-q">“the Tyrian + Camp”</span> with its shrine of Ashtoreth, are noticed only + incidentally. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg + 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> But + the great temple and its monuments are described as fully as was + possible for an <span class="tei tei-q">“impure”</span> foreigner, + who was not permitted to enter its inner courts and who was + unacquainted with the Egyptian language.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The history of + Egypt known to Herodotos before the age when Greek mercenaries and + traders were settled in the country by Psammetikhos is almost wholly + connected with the monuments of the temple which were shown to him. + And a very curious history it is—a collection of folk-tales, partly + Egyptian, but mainly Karian or Greek in origin, and not always of a + seemly character, which the dragomen attached to the various objects + the visitor saw. Even the royal names round which they revolved were + sometimes indiscoverable in the authentic annals of Egypt. But the + stories were all gravely noted down by the traveller, and though they + have lost nothing in the telling, it is probable that they have not + always been reported by him correctly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In one respect, at + all events, this mythical history of Egypt is the creation of + Herodotos himself and not of his guides. This is the order in which + he has arranged the kings. It is the order in which he visited the + monuments to which the dragomen attached their names, and it thus + throws a welcome light on the course of his movements. With this clue + in our hands we can follow him from one part of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the temple of Ptah to another, and can + trace his footsteps as far as the Fayyûm.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is true he + asserts that his list of kings was given on the authority of + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Egyptians and the priests,”</span> and + that it was they who reckoned three hundred and forty-one generations + from Menes, the founder of the kingdom, to Sethos, the antagonist of + Sennacherib, the number of kings and high-priests during the period + being exactly equal to the number of generations. But it can easily + be shown that the calculation was made by Herodotos himself, and that + neither the <span class="tei tei-q">“Egyptians,”</span> whose + language he did not understand, nor the sacristans, whom he dignifies + with the title of priests, are in any way responsible for the absurd + statement that a generation and a reign are equivalent terms. The + number of kings whose names he heard from his dragoman is exactly + eleven; in addition to these, he tells us, the names of three hundred + and thirty kings were read to him from a papyrus roll by one of the + temple scribes; so that the number three hundred and forty-one is + obtained by adding the three hundred and thirty names to the eleven + which were furnished him by his guides. Among the three hundred and + thirty must have been included some of the latter, though the Greek + traveller did not know it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Memphis + Herodotos learned that Menes was <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page245">[pg 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the first king of united Egypt, though the + further statements he records in regard to him are not easily + reconcilable one with the other. On the one hand he was informed that + in his time all Egypt was a marsh except the Thebaic nome—a piece of + information which seemed to Herodotos consonant with fact—on the + other hand, that the land on which Memphis was built was a sort of + huge embankment reclaimed from the Nile by Menes, who forced the + river to leave its old channel under the plateau of Gizeh and to run + in its present bed. Mariette believed that the dyke by means of which + the first of the Pharaohs effected this change in the course of the + river still exists near Kafr el-Ayyât, and it is geologically clear + that the Nile once ran along the edge of the Libyan desert, and that + the rock out of which the Sphinx was carved must have been one of + those which jutted out into the stream.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But it was not on + account of his engineering works that the name of Menes has been + preserved in the histories of Herodotos. It was because he was the + founder of the temple of Ptah and the city of Memphis. The temple + which was the object of the tourist's visit owed its origin to him, + and the traveller's sight-seeing naturally began with the mention of + his name.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before Herodotos + could be shown round such <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg + 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + parts of the sanctuary as were accessible to strangers, it was + necessary that he should be introduced to the authorities and receive + their permission to visit it. Accordingly he was ushered into what + was perhaps the library of the temple, and there a scribe read to him + out of a roll the names of the three hundred and thirty kings, + beginning with Menes and ending with Mœris. To three only does a + story seem to have been attached, either by the scribe or by the + interpreter, and only three names therefore did Herodotos enter in + his note-book. The first of these was that of Menes, the second that + of Nitôkris, the third that of Mœris. Nitôkris was celebrated not + only because she was the one native woman who had ruled the country, + but also because she had treacherously avenged the death of her + brother and then flung herself into the flames. Neit-aker, as she was + called in Egyptian, was actually an historical personage; she was the + last sovereign of the sixth dynasty, but was very far from being the + only queen who had reigned over Egypt. As regards Mœris the + statements of Herodotos are only partially correct. He is said to + have built the propylæa on the north side of the temple of Ptah, to + have dug the great lake of the Fayyûm, and to have erected the + pyramids which Herodotos believed he had seen standing in the middle + of it. Mœris, however, was not the name of <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a king, but the Egyptian words Mi ur or + <span class="tei tei-q">“great lake”</span>; the Fayyûm was not + created by the excavation of an artificial reservoir, but by banking + out the water which had filled the oasis from geological times; and + the monuments seen by Herodotos were not pyramids, but statues on + pyramidal bases erected by Amon-em-hat <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> of the twelfth dynasty + in front of an ancient temple. Nor could any educated Egyptian have + alleged that a king of the twelfth dynasty, who was not even the last + monarch of that dynasty itself, closed the line of the Pharaohs. The + whole account must rest on a combination of the Greek historian's own + erroneous conclusions with the misinterpreted statements of the + Egyptian <span class="tei tei-q">“priest.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mœris, in the + topographical chronology of Herodotos, was followed by Sesostris, but + this was because the tourist, after leaving the scribe's chamber, + first visited the northern side of the temple. Here stood the two + colossal figures of Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> in front of the + entrance, which, after centuries of neglect and concealment, have + again become objects of interest. The larger one, forty-two feet in + length, was discovered in 1820 and presented by Mohammed Ali to the + British Government, but, as might have been expected, was never + claimed. For years it lay on its face in the mud and water, but in + 1883 Major Bagnold turned it round and raised it, and finally + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" + id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> placed it in the shed, where + it is now safe from further injury. The son and daughter of the + Pharaoh were originally represented standing beside him. Major + Bagnold also brought to light the companion statue, of lesser height + and of a different stone. This is in a better state of preservation, + and has been set up on a hillock by the side of a stêlê which was + discovered at the same time. Fragments of papyri inscribed with Greek + and demotic have been found at the north-eastern foot of the hillock, + and it may be that they mark the site of the chamber where Herodotos + listened to the words of the roll.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Northward of the + colossi was the sacred lake, said to have been formed by Menes, and + now a stagnant pond. At its south-eastern corner the foundations have + recently been laid bare of small square rooms, the walls of which + have been adorned with sculptures. But the waters of the inundation + have followed the excavators, and the walls are fast perishing under + the influence of moisture and nitrous salt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About Sesostris + the guides of Herodotos had a good deal to say. But nothing of it was + history—not even his conquests in Europe and Scythia, his excavation + of the canals which rendered Egypt unfit for horses and chariots, his + equal division of the land among his subjects, or his having been the + sole <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name= + "Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Egyptian monarch who + governed Ethiopia. How even a dragoman of Memphis could have imagined + that it had ever been possible to cultivate the Egyptian soil without + canals it is difficult to understand, and still more difficult to + imagine how a traveller who had seen the Delta could have believed a + statement of the kind. The only explanation can be that Herodotos + never saw the Delta in its normal condition when the inundation had + ceased to cover the land. That Sesostris should have been supposed to + have been the only Pharaoh who established his power in Ethiopia is + but a proof how little was known of the real history of Egypt by + either Herodotos or his informants.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The origin of the + name given to this Pharaoh of the dragoman's imagination is still a + puzzle. The statues in front of the temple of Ptah, to which the name + was attached, were set up by Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, and in a papyrus we + find the name Sesetsu given as the popular title of the same monarch. + Perhaps it means <span class="tei tei-q">“the son of Set is + he.”</span> We know that Set, the ancient god of the Delta, was a + special object of worship in the family of Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, and his father Seti was + named after the god. Sesetsu would correspond with fair exactitude to + the Sesoôsis of Diodoros; for Sesostris we should have to presuppose + the form Sesetsu-Ra.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg + 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The son and + successor of Sesostris, according to Herodotos, was Pherôn. The name + is merely a mispronounced Pharaoh, the Egyptian Per-âa or + <span class="tei tei-q">“Great House.”</span> Pherôn undertook no + military expedition, being blind in consequence of his impiety in + hurling his spear at too high a Nile. After ten years of blindness an + oracle came to him from Butô that he would be cured if he would wash + his eyes in the urine of a woman who had been true to her husband. + Trial after trial was made in vain, and when at last the king + recovered his sight he collected all the women in whose case he had + failed into <span class="tei tei-q">“a city now called the Red + Mound,”</span> and there burnt them, city and all. He then erected + the two obelisks which stood in front of the temple of Ra at + Heliopolis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are many + <span class="tei tei-q">“Red Mounds”</span> in Egypt, and the name + Kom el-Ahmar or <span class="tei tei-q">“Red Mound”</span> is + accordingly very plentiful in a modern map of the country. Wherever + kiln-baked bricks have been used in the construction of a building, + or where the wall or houses of a city have been burnt, the mound of + ruins to which they give rise is of a reddish colour. Such a mound + must have existed in the neighbourhood of Heliopolis in the days of + Herodotos. There is still a Kom el-Ahmar close to Tel el-Yehudîyeh, + where the Jewish temple of Onias was built. But <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Red Mound”</span> of the guides was probably one + that was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg + 251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + visible from the pylon of the great temple of Heliopolis, where the + obelisks stood with which the story of it was associated. The + obelisks had indeed been erected by a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Pharaoh,”</span> but it was not a son of Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> They had been set up by + Usertesen <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> of the twelfth dynasty + nearly fifteen centuries before Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + was born.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As Pherôn was the + son of Sesostris it was necessary for Herodotos to introduce him into + his list immediately after his father, even though he had left no + monument behind him in the temple of Memphis. But after Pherôn he + returns to his series of <span class="tei tei-q">“Memphite”</span> + kings. This time it is <span class="tei tei-q">“a Memphite whose + Greek name is Prôteus,”</span> and whose shrine was situated in the + midst of <span class="tei tei-q">“the Tyrian Camp”</span> or + settlement on the <span class="tei tei-q">“south side of the temple + of Ptah.”</span> The tourist, therefore, walked round the eastern + wall of the great temple from north to south, and as the pylon on + this side of the sanctuary was connected with the name of a king who + was the builder of a brick pyramid seen on the way to the Fayyûm, an + account of it is deferred till later. The next monument Herodotos + came to was accordingly of Phœnician and not of Egyptian origin.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Prôteus in fact + was a Phœnician god, worshipped, Herodotos tells us, along with the + foreign Aphroditê, whom he suspects to be the Greek Helen in + disguise. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg + 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> The + Phœnician Aphroditê, however, was really Ashtoreth, which the Greeks + pronounced Astartê, the Istar of the Babylonians and Assyrians. But + the <span class="tei tei-q">“priests,”</span> or rather the guides of + the traveller, were equal to the occasion, and on his asking them + concerning Helen they at once gave him a long story about her arrival + and adventures in Egypt. Prôteus was at the time the king in Memphis, + and not the sea-god of ships and prophetic insight, as Homer had + imagined, and he very properly took Helen away from Paris and kept + her safely till Menelaos arrived after the Trojan war to claim his + wife. Accordingly Prôteus, the Phœnician <span class="tei tei-q">“old + man of the sea,”</span> has gone down among the three hundred and + forty-one Pharaohs of Egypt whose names were recounted to Herodotos + by the <span class="tei tei-q">“priests.”</span> There could not be a + better illustration of the real character of his <span class= + "tei tei-q">“priestly”</span> informants, or of the worthlessness of + the information which they gave him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When, however, + Herodotos goes on to assert that <span class="tei tei-q">“they + said”</span> that Rhampsinitos succeeded Prôteus in the kingdom, he + is dealing with them unjustly. The supposed fact must have come from + his own note-book. After visiting the Tyrian Camp, on the south side + of the great temple, the traveller was taken to its western entrance, + where he was told that the propylæa had been erected by Rhampsinitos, + as well as two <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg + 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + colossal statues in front of them. The order in which he saw the + monuments determined the order in which the names of Prôteus and + Rhampsinitos occurred in his note-book, and the order in his + note-book determined the order of their succession.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Rhampsinitos + represents a real Egyptian king. He is Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> of the twentieth + dynasty, the last of the conquering Pharaohs, and the builder of + Medînet Habu at Thebes. But Herodotos was never at Thebes, and had + consequently never heard of the superb temple and palace Ramses had + built there. All that he knows of the architectural works of the + Pharaoh are the insignificant additions he made to the temple of + Memphis. Of the real Pharaoh he is equally ignorant. In place of the + vanquisher of the hordes of the north, the monarch who annihilated + the invaders from the Ægean and captured or sunk their ships, the + conqueror who carried his arms into Palestine and Syria, we have the + hero of a folk-tale. Rhampsinitos and his treasury have become the + subject of the story of the master-thief, a story which in various + forms is found all over the world, and perhaps goes back to the + infancy of mankind. Why this story should have been attached to + Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> it is just as + impossible for us to know as it is to understand why the name of + Neit, the goddess of Sais and the twenty-sixth dynasty, should have + been <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name= + "Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> combined with that of + the Theban Pharaoh of the twentieth. Rhampsinitos, Ramessu-n-Neit or + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ramses of Neit,”</span> indicates the period + in which alone the name could have been formed. It must have been the + invention of the Karian dragomen who came into existence under the + Saitic dynasty.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> was, however, as we + learn from the great Harris papyrus, one of the wealthiest of + Egyptian princes. The gifts he made to the temples of the gods, more + especially to that of Amon of Thebes, are almost fabulous in amount. + His trading ships brought him the wares of the south and north; and + the gold-mines of the eastern desert, as well as the copper and + malachite mines of the province of Mafkat, the Sinaitic Peninsula of + our modern maps, were actively worked in his reign. The chambers of + one of his treasuries still exist at Medînet Habu, and we can still + see depicted on their walls the vases of precious metal which he + deposited in them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rhampsinitos + of folk-lore was similarly rich. He built a treasury for his wealth + beside his palace, which should secure it against all attempts at + robbery. But the architect left in it a stone which could be easily + removed by any one who knew its secret, and before he died the secret + was communicated to his two sons. To the amazement of the king, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255" + id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> therefore, the gold began to + disappear, though his seals remained unbroken and the doors fast + locked. He set a trap, accordingly, by the side of the chests of + gold; and one of the thieves was caught in it. He thereupon induced + his brother to cut off his head, so that his body might not be + recognised, and to decamp with it. Next morning Rhampsinitos found + the headless corpse, which was thereupon exposed to public view under + the protection of armed guards, who were ordered to arrest whoever + showed any signs of recognising it. The mother of the dead man, + frantic at the treatment of his body, which would deprive him of all + hope in the next world, threatened to disclose the whole story unless + her surviving son could secure his brother's corpse and give it + honourable burial. Loading several asses with wine-skins, therefore, + he drove them past the place where the guards sat over the corpse. + There he allowed some of the wine to escape, accidentally as it were, + and when the guards began eagerly to drink it he craftily encouraged + them to do so until they had all fallen into a drunken sleep. He then + seized the body and carried it to his mother. The king was now more + than ever desirous of discovering such a master-thief, and ordered + his daughter to adopt the Babylonian custom of sitting in public and + admitting the attentions of any one who passed <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> on condition that he told her the + cleverest trick he had ever performed. The thief provided himself + with the arm of a mummy, which he concealed under his cloak, and thus + prepared presented himself to the princess and disclosed to her all + he had done. As she tried to seize him, he left the dead man's arm in + her hand and escaped. The king, struck with admiration, determined + that so exceedingly clever a youth should be his own son-in-law, and + issued a proclamation not only pardoning him but allowing him to + marry his daughter. Such was the way in which Egyptian history was + constructed by the combined efforts of the popular imagination, the + foreign dragomen, and Herodotos!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After all, + however, the master-thief did not succeed Rhampsinitos on the throne. + After passing the western entrance of the temple of Ptah, Herodotos + arrived again at the northern side, from which he had started, and, + as he was not allowed to enter the sanctuary, there was nothing + further for him to see. His next visit, accordingly, was to the + pyramids of Gizeh, and the pyramidal builders—Kheops, Khephren, and + Mykerinos of the fourth dynasty—are made to follow Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> of the twentieth, who + lived more than two thousand years after them. It does not say much + for the judgment of our classical scholars that before the + decipherment of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg + 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + hieroglyphs they should have preferred the chronology of Herodotos to + that of Manetho.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos, like a + true sight-seer, found nothing in Memphis to interest him except the + temple. About the city itself he has nothing to say, not even about + the stuccoed city-wall which gave to it its name of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the White Wall.”</span> Portions of this wall are still + standing at the northern end of the mounds which cover the site of + Memphis. Like all the other city-walls of ancient Egypt, it is built + of sun-dried bricks, bound together with the stems of palm-trees, and + was once of great thickness. At the southern end of the mounds are + the remains of the kilns in which the potters of the Roman and + Byzantine age baked their vases of blue porcelain. Some of their + failures still lie on the surface of the ground.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos went to + the pyramids of Gizeh by water, across the lake on the western side + of the city, which he states had been made by Menes, and then along a + canal. At Gizeh his love of the marvellous was fully satisfied. He + inspected the pyramids and the causeway along which the stones had + been brought from the quarries of Turah for building them, and + listened reverentially to all the stories which his guides told him + about them and their builders. The measurements he gives were in most + cases probably made by himself. But in saying that <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> there were hieroglyphic inscriptions + <span class="tei tei-q">“in the pyramid”</span> he has made a + mistake. There were no inscriptions either in it or outside it, + unless it were a few hieratic records left by visitors on the lower + casing-stones of the monument. At the same time it is certain that + Herodotos saw the hieroglyphs, and that his guide pretended to + translate them, since they contained, according to him, an account of + the quantity of radishes, onions, and leeks eaten by the workmen when + building the great pyramid, as well as the amount of money which it + cost. But the vegetables represented Egyptian characters—the radish, + for instance, being probably <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">rod</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“fruit”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“seed,”</span> and the mention of them is a proof that it + really was a hieroglyphic text which the dragoman proposed to + interpret. It is even possible that the guide knew the hieroglyphic + symbols for the numerals; if so, it would explain his finding in them + the number of talents spent by Kheops upon his sepulchre, and it + would also show that the inscriptions were engraved, not <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in the pyramid,”</span> but in an adjoining tomb. In + fact, this seems the simplest explanation of what Herodotos says + about them; like many another traveller, he forgot to note where + exactly the inscriptions were inscribed, and when he came to write + his book assumed that they were in the pyramid itself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to the + dragoman's legend, Kheops and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Khephren were cruel and impious tyrants, while + their successor Mykerinos (Men-ka-Ra) was a good and merciful ruler. + The key to this description of them is probably to be found in the + statement of Diodorus Siculus that the people threatened to drag + their bodies from their tombs after death and tear them in pieces, so + that through fear of such a fate the Pharaohs took care to have + themselves buried in a secret place. This secret place is the + subterranean island, with its chambers, which Herodotos says was made + under the great pyramid by means of a canal in order that the king + might be entombed there. The myth must have originated in the fact + that in the days of Herodotos the mummies of Kheops and Khephren were + not to be found in their pyramids, which had been rifled centuries + before, and the story of the cruelty and impiety of the two kings + accordingly grew up to account for the fact.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The righteousness + of Mykerinos was visited with the anger and punishment of the gods, + since it had been destined that the Egyptians should be + evil-entreated for one hundred and fifty years, and his piety and + justice had averted from them part of their doom. This view of + destiny and the action of the gods was as essentially Greek as it was + foreign to the Egyptian mind, and it is not surprising therefore + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name="Pg260" + id="Pg260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that the decree of heaven was + announced to the unhappy Pharaoh through that thoroughly Greek + institution, an oracle. We are reading in the story a Greek tragedy + rather than a history of Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was part of the + punishment of Mykerinos that he should lose his daughter, and the + dragomen thus managed to connect the pyramid at Gizeh with a gilded + wooden image of a cow in the palace at Sais, which, since the reign + of Psammetikhos, must have been well-known to them. The cow, which + was really a symbol of Neit in the form of Hathor, with what + Herodotos supposed to be the disk of the sun between its horns, + though it was really the moon, was imagined to be hollow, and to be + the coffin of the daughter of the Pharaoh. The wooden figures which + stood beside it were further imagined to represent the concubines of + the king. There were, however, other stories about both the figures + and the cow, less reputable to the royal character, but equally + showing how entirely ignorant Herodotos's informants were of Egyptian + religion and custom. Though they knew that at the festival of Osiris + the cow was carried out into the open air, they said this was because + the daughter of Mykerinos when dying had asked her father that she + might once a year see the sun. Can there be a stronger proof of the + gulf that existed between the native <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page261">[pg 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Egyptian and the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“impure”</span> stranger, even when the latter belonged + to the caste of dragomen? To us the representation of Hathor under + the form of a cow with the lunar orb between its horns seems an + elementary fact of ancient Egyptian religion; the modern tourist sees + it depicted time after time on the walls of temples and tombs, and + the modern dragoman has begun to learn something about its meaning. + But in the fifth century before our era the dragoman and the tourist + were alike foreigners, who were not permitted to penetrate within the + temples, and there were neither books nor teachers to instruct them + in the doctrines of the Egyptian faith.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos must + have returned to Memphis after his visit to the pyramids, before + setting forth on his voyage to the south. Had he gone straight from + Gizeh to the Fayyûm along the edge of the desert, he would have + passed the step-pyramid and the Serapeum at Saqqâra. It is difficult + to believe that, had he done so, he would have told us nothing about + the burial-place of the sacred bulls and the huge sarcophagi of + granite in which they were entombed. The subterranean gallery begun + by Psammetikhos was still open, and each Apis as he died was buried + in it down to the end of the Ptolemaic period. At a later date, when + the Persian empire had been overthrown, the Serapeum became a + favourite place <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg + 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + pilgrimage for Greek visitors to Memphis. A Greek temple was built + over the sepulchres of the bulls, Greek recluses took up their abode + in its chambers, and Greek tourists inscribed their names on the + sphinxes which lined the approach to the sanctuary.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos knew all + about the living Apis, and the marks on the body of the bull which + proved his divinity, as well as about the court in the temple of Ptah + at Memphis, which Psammetikhos had built for the accommodation of the + incarnate god. He was well acquainted also with the legend which made + Kambyses slay the sacred bull and scourge its priests, and he tells + us how the latter buried the body of their slaughtered deity in + secret. But neither he nor his guides knew where the burial took + place, or where the mummies of the bulls had been entombed from time + immemorial. Had they done so we should have heard something about it. + But, instead of this, we are told that the dead oxen were buried in + the suburbs of the town where they had died, their horns being + allowed to protrude above the ground in order to mark the spot. When + the flesh was decayed the bones were conveyed in boats to a city in + the island of Prosôpitis, called Atarbêkhis, and there deposited in + their last resting-place.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page263">[pg 263]</span><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is evident, + therefore, that the great cemetery of Memphis was not visited by + travellers, and that the guides accordingly knew nothing about it. + The Egyptians probably had the same feeling in regard to it as their + Moslem descendants; the graves would be profaned if the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“impure”</span> foreigner walked over them. The + <span class="tei tei-q">“impure”</span> foreigner, moreover, was + usually satisfied with the three pyramids of Gizeh; he did not care + to make another long expedition in the sun to the western desert in + order to see there another pyramid. And, apart from the pyramid, + there was little for him to visit. It is doubtful whether he would + have been permitted to descend into the burying-place of the bulls, + and the buildings above it were probably of no great size.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But whatever might + have been the reason, Saqqâra and its Serapeum were unknown to the + dragomen, and consequently to Herodotos as well. He must have started + for the Fayyûm from Memphis and have sailed up the channel of the + Nile itself. If he noticed the pyramids of Dahshûr and Mêdûm, they + would have been in the far distance, and have appeared unworthy of + attention after what he had seen at Gizeh. Soon after passing Mêdûm, + however, it would have been necessary for him to leave the river and + make his way inland by the canal which joined the Bahr Yûsuf at + Illahûn. Here he would <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg + 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + have been close to the great brick pyramid whose secret has been + wrested from it by Professor Petrie, and here too he would have seen, + a little to the south, the city of Herakleopolis, the Ahnas + el-Medîneh of to-day, standing on the rubbish-mounds of the past on + the eastern bank of the Bahr Yûsuf.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herakleopolis, + called Hininsu in Egyptian and the cuneiform inscriptions, was the + capital of a nome which the Greek writers describe as an island. It + was, in fact, enclosed on all sides by the water. On the east is the + Nile; on the west the Bahr Yûsuf, itself probably an old channel of + the river; northward a canal unites the two great streams, while + southward another canal (or perhaps a branch of the river) once did + the same in the neighbourhood of Ahnas. Strabo still speaks of it as + a great <span class="tei tei-q">“island”</span> which he passed + through on his way to the Fayyûm from the north.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The route followed + by Strabo must have been that already traversed by Herodotos. He too + must have passed through the island of Hininsu on his way to the + Fayyûm, and his scheme of Egyptian chronology ought to contain + evidence of the fact.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And this is + actually the case. Mykerinos, he teaches us, was succeeded by a king + named Sasykhis or Asykhis, who built not only the eastern propylon of + the temple of Ptah at Memphis, but also a brick <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> pyramid, about which, of course, his + guides had a characteristic story to tell him. That the story was of + Greek origin is shown by the inscription, which they professed had + been engraved by order of the Pharaoh, but which only a Greek could + have invented. The brick pyramid must have been that of Illahûn. The + two brick pyramids of Dahshûr would have been invisible from the + river, and even to a visitor on the spot the state of ruin in which + they are would have made them seem of little consequence. His + attention would have been wholly absorbed by the massive pyramids of + stone at the foot of which they stand.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The brick pyramid + of Howâra, again, cannot be the one meant by Herodotos. It formed + part of the buildings connected with the Labyrinth, the size and + splendour of which overshadowed in his eyes all the rest. There + remains, therefore, only the brick pyramid of Illahûn, by the side of + which, as we have seen, the voyage of Herodotos would have led + him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pyramid of + Illahûn, when seen near at hand, is indeed a very striking object. It + is the only one of the brick pyramids which challenges comparison + with the pyramids of stone, and may well have given occasion for the + story which was repeated to the Greek tourist. Its striking character + is due to the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg + 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + fact that the brick superstructure is raised upon a plateau of rock, + which has been cut into shape to receive it. The excavations of + Professor Petrie in 1890 revealed the name of its builder. This was + Usertesen <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> of the twelfth dynasty, + the king in the sixth year of whose reign the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Asiatics”</span> arrived with their tribute of antimony + as depicted in the tomb of Khnum-hotep at Beni-Hassan. How the guides + came to call him Sasykhis is difficult to explain. Perhaps it is the + Egyptian Sa-Sovk, <span class="tei tei-q">“the son of Sovk”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“Sebek”</span> the crocodile-god of the + Fayyûm, whom the Greeks termed Sûkhos. The Pharaohs of the twelfth + dynasty, as creators and benefactors of the Fayyûm, the nome of the + crocodile, were specially devoted to its worship, and in their + inscriptions they speak of the works they had undertaken for their + <span class="tei tei-q">“father Sovk.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After Sasykhis, + Herodotos continues, <span class="tei tei-q">“there reigned a blind + man named Anysis, from the city of Anysis: while he was reigning the + Ethiopians and Sabako, king of Ethiopia, invaded Egypt with a large + force, so the blind man fled into the marshes, and the Ethiopian + ruled Egypt for fifty years.”</span> After his departure in + consequence of a dream the blind man returned from the marshes, where + he had lived in an artificial island called Elbô, which no one could + rediscover until Amyrtæos found it again. <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Anysis, of course, is the name of a city, not + of a man, and, in making it both, Herodotos has committed a similar + mistake to that which he has made in transforming Pi-Bast, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the temple of Bast,”</span> and Pi-Uaz, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the temple of Uaz,”</span> into the names of + his goddesses Bubastis and Butô. It is, in fact, merely the Greek + form of the Hebrew Hanes, and the Hebrew Hanes is the Egyptian + Hininsu, which, according to a well-known rule of Semitic and + Egyptian phonetics, was pronounced Hinissu. We learn from the Book of + Isaiah (xxx. 4) that Hanes was playing a prominent part in Egyptian + politics at the very time when Sabako and his Ethiopians occupied the + country. The ambassadors of Hezekiah who were sent from Jerusalem to + ask the help of the Egyptian monarch against the common Assyrian + enemy came not only to Zoan in the Delta, but to Hanes as well. Zoan + and Hanes must have been for the moment the two centres of Egyptian + government and the seats of the Pharaoh's court.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The intermittent + glimpses that we get of Egyptian history in the stormy period that + preceded the Ethiopian conquest show how this had come to be the + case. Shishak's dynasty, the twenty-second, had been followed by the + twenty-third, which Manetho calls Tanite, and which, therefore, must + have had its <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg + 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id="Pg268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + origin in Zoan. While its second king, Osorkon <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, was reigning at Tanis + and Bubastis, the first sign of the coming Ethiopian invasion fell + upon Egypt. Piankhi Mi-Amon, the king of Napata, descended the Nile, + and called upon the rival princes of Egypt to acknowledge him as + their head. Osorkon, who alone possessed a legitimate title to the + supreme sovereignty, seems to have obeyed the summons, but it was + resisted by two of the petty kings of Upper Egypt, those of Ashmunên + and Annas, as well as by Tef-nekht or Tnêphakhtos, the prince of + Sais. Ashmunên and Ahnas were accordingly besieged, and Ashmunên soon + fell into the invader's hands. Ahnas and the rest of the south + thereupon submitted, and Piankhi marched against Memphis. In spite of + the troops and provisions thrown into it by Tef-nekht, the old + capital of the country was taken by storm, and all show of resistance + to the conqueror was at an end. From one extremity of the country to + the other the native rulers hastened to pay homage to the Ethiopian + and to accept his suzerainty.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Piankhi caused the + account of his conquest to be engraved on a great stêlê of granite + which he set up on Mount Barkal, the holy mountain of Napata. Here he + gives a list of the seventeen princes among whom the cities of Egypt + had been parcelled out, and each of whom claimed independent or + semi-independent <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg + 269]</span><a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + authority. Out of the seventeen, four bear upon their foreheads the + royal uræus, receive the title of kings, and have their names + enclosed in a cartouche. Two of them are princes of the north, + Osorkon of Bubastis and Tanis, and Aupet of Klysma, near Suez. The + other two represent Upper Egypt. One is the king of Sesennu or + Ashmunên, the other is Pef-dod-Bast of Hininsu or Ahnas. Thebes is + wholly ignored.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The conquest of + Piankhi proved to be but momentary. The Ethiopians retired, and Egypt + returned to the condition in which they found it. It was a nation + divided against itself, rent with internal wars and private feuds, + and ready to fall into the hands of the first invader with military + ability and sufficient troops. Two states towered in it above the + rest; Tanis in the north and Ahnas in the south. Tanis had succeeded + to the patrimony of Bubastis and Memphis; Ahnas to that of + Thebes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sabako, therefore, + fixed his court at Zoan and Hanes, simply because they had already + become the leading cities, if not the capitals, of the north and the + south. And to Zoan and Hanes, accordingly, the Jewish envoys had to + make their way. The princes of Judah assembled at Zoan; the + ambassadors went farther, even to Hanes. It is noteworthy that a + century later the Assyrian king Assur-bani-pal still <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> couples together the princes of Ahnas and + Zoan in his list of the satraps of Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Anysis or Hanes + was the extreme limit of Herodotos's voyage. As afterwards in the + days of Strabo, it was the entrance to the Fayyûm, and the traveller + who wished to visit the Fayyûm had first to pass through the city + which the Greeks called Herakleopolis. The patron-god of the city was + Hershef, whose name was the subject of various unsuccessful attempts + at an etymology on the part of the Egyptians. But, like the names of + several other deities, its true origin was lost in the night of + antiquity. In Plutarch it appears in a Greek dress as Arsaphes. The + god was invested with warlike attributes, and hence it was that he + was identified by the Greeks with their own Hêraklês. His temple + stood in the middle of the mounds of the old city, which the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fellahin</span></span> call Umm el-Kimân, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the mother of mounds.”</span> In 1891 they + were partially excavated by Dr. Naville for the Egypt Exploration + Fund, but little was found to repay the expense and labour of the + work. The site of the temple was discovered somewhat to the + north-east of the four columns which are alone left of an early + Coptic church. But hardly more than the site can be said still to + exist. A few blocks of stone inscribed with the names of Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> and Meneptah, and a + fragment of a temple built by <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page271">[pg 271]</span><a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Usertesen <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, are almost all that + survive of its past. Even the necropolis failed to produce monuments + of antiquity. Its tombs had been ransacked by treasure-hunters and + used again as places of burial in the Roman era, and Dr. Naville + found in it only a few traces of the eighteenth dynasty.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And yet there had + been a time when Herakleopolis was the capital of Egypt. The ninth + and tenth dynasties sprang from it, and the authority of the tenth + dynasty, at all events, was, as we now know, acknowledged as far as + the Cataract. Professor Maspero and Mr. Griffith have shown that + three of the tombs in the hill behind Assiout (Nos. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>) + belong to that age. Hollowed out of the rock, high up in the cliff + above the tombs of the twelfth dynasty, their mutilated inscriptions + tell us of the ancient feudal lords of the nome, Tef-aba and his son + Khiti, the latter of whom won battles for his master, the Pharaoh + Mer-ka-Ra. Thebes was in open rebellion; so also was Herakleopolis + itself, the home of the Pharaoh's family, and Khiti provided ships + and soldiers in abundance for him. The fleet filled the Nile from + Gebel Abu Foda on the north to Shotb on the south, and the forces of + the rebels were annihilated. For awhile the authority of the Pharaoh + was restored; but the power of the Theban princes remained unshaken, + and a time came when the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg + 272]</span><a name="Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Thebans of the eleventh dynasty succeeded to the heritage of the + Herakleopolites of the tenth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Who the + <span class="tei tei-q">“blind”</span> king of Anysis may have been + we do not know. But he was certainly not the legitimate Pharaoh, + although Herakleopolite vanity may have wished him to be thought so. + According to Manetho, the Tanites of the twenty-third dynasty were + followed by the twenty-fourth dynasty, consisting of a single Saite, + Bokkhoris, whom the monuments call Bak-n-ran-f. Bokkhoris is said to + have been burnt alive by his conqueror Sabako. In making the latter + reign for fifty years, Herodotos has confused the founder of the + dynasty with the dynasty itself. The length of his reign is variously + given by the two copyists of Manetho—Africanus and Eusebius—as eight + and twelve years; the last cypher can alone be the right one, as an + inscription at the gold mines of Hammamât mentions his twelfth year. + He was followed by two other Ethiopian kings, the second of whom was + Tirhakah, and the whole length of the dynasty seems to have been + fifty-two years. The Christian copyists, indeed, with their customary + endeavour to reduce the chronology of the Egyptian historian, make it + only forty and forty-four years; but the monuments show that + Herodotos, with his round half century, is nearer the truth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From a + topographical point of view the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page273">[pg 273]</span><a name="Pg273" id="Pg273" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> introduction of Sabako and the Ethiopian + between Ahnas and the Fayyûm is out of place. But the story told to + Herodotos prevented him from doing otherwise. The blind king is said + to have fled to the marshes of the Delta, and there to have remained + in concealment until the end of the Ethiopian rule, when he was once + more acknowledged as Pharaoh. The legend of Sabako is thus only an + episode in the history of the Herakleopolite prince.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the blind + Anysis we ought to pass to the kings of the twelfth dynasty who + created the Fayyûm and erected the monuments which the Greek + traveller saw there. We do not do so for two reasons. Herodotos had + already mentioned king Mœris and the lake and pyramids he made when + describing the list of kings which the sacred scribe had read to him + in Memphis. He could not count the Egyptian monarch twice, at the + beginning as well as the end of his eleven topographical Pharaohs. + Then, again, the story told him about the Labyrinth connected its + origin with Psammetikhos, with whom the Greek history of Egypt began. + From this point forward Herodotos no longer derived his information + from <span class="tei tei-q">“the Egyptians themselves,”</span> that + is to say, from his guides and dragomen, but <span class= + "tei tei-q">“from the rest of the world.”</span> By <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the rest of the world”</span> he means the Greeks. The + story of the Labyrinth is accordingly <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page274">[pg 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> relegated to what may be termed the second + division of his Egyptian history, and forms part of his account of + the rise of the twenty-sixth dynasty.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Between the blind + king of Ahnas, therefore, and the supposed builder of the Labyrinth, + a folk-tale is interposed which once more takes us back to the temple + of Ptah at Memphis. It is attached to an image in the temple, which + represents a man with a mouse in his hand, and it is evident that + Herodotos heard it after his return from the Fayyûm. Had he heard of + it when he was previously in Memphis, it would have been recorded in + an earlier part of his book. Moreover, the statue stood within the + temple, which the tourist was not allowed to enter, so that he would + not have seen it at the time of his visit to the great Egyptian + sanctuary. Whether he ever saw it at all is doubtful; perhaps he may + have caught a glimpse of it through the open gate of the temple like + the glimpses of sculptured columns in Mohammedan mosques which the + older travellers in the East have boasted of securing. But more + probably he heard about it from others, more especially from the + dragoman he employed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The story is a + curious mixture of Egyptian and Semitic elements, while the + inscription which the dragomen pretended to read upon the statue is a + Greek invention. A priest of Ptah, so it ran, whose <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name="Pg275" id="Pg275" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> name was Sethos, became king of Egypt. + His priestly instincts led him to neglect and ill-treat the army, + even to the extent of robbing them of the twelve acres of land which + each soldier possessed of right. Then Sennacherib, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“king of the Arabians and Assyrians,”</span> marched + against him, and the army refused to fight. In his extremity the + priest-king entered the shrine of his god and implored him with tears + to save his worshipper. Sleep fell upon the suppliant, and he beheld + the god standing over him and bidding him be of good courage, for no + harm should happen to him. Thereupon Sethos proceeded to Pelusium + with such volunteers as he could find—pedlars, artisans, and + tradesmen—and there found the enemy encamped. In the night, however, + field-mice entered the camp of the Assyrians and gnawed their + bowstrings and the thongs of their shields, so that in the morning + they found themselves defenceless, and the Egyptians gained an easy + victory. In memory of the event the stone image of the king was + erected in the temple of Ptah with a field-mouse in his hand.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The statue must + have been that of Horus, to whom alone, along with Uaz, the + field-mouse was sacred. But it was apparently only in a few + localities that such was the case. The figure of the animal is found + on coins of Ekhmîm, and a bronze <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page276">[pg 276]</span><a name="Pg276" id="Pg276" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> image of it discovered at Thebes, and now in + the British Museum, is dedicated to <span class="tei tei-q">“Horus, + the lord of Sekhem,”</span> or Esneh. At <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Buto,”</span> where the two deities were worshipped + together, we may expect to find a cemetery of field-mice like that of + the cats at Bubastis, and the Liverpool Museum possesses two bronze + mice, both on the same stand, which were discovered in the mounds of + Athribis near Benha. Horus was the god of Athribis, where he was + adored under the name of Kheti-ti.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The priest-king of + the folk-tale has taken the place of the historical Tirhakah. The + name of his enemy, Sennacherib, however, has been remembered, though + he is called king of <span class="tei tei-q">“the Arabians”</span> as + well as of the Assyrians. But the title must be of Egyptian origin. + The <span class="tei tei-q">“Arabians”</span> of the Greek writer are + the Shasu, the Bedouin <span class="tei tei-q">“plunderers”</span> of + the Egyptian monuments, and none but an Egyptian would have described + an Asiatic invader by such a name.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 701, during his + campaign against Hezekiah of Judah, that the Assyrian monarch met the + forces of Tirhakah. The Ethiopian lord of Egypt had marched to the + help of his Jewish ally, and at the little village of Eltekeh the + battle took place. Tirhakah was defeated and driven back into Egypt, + while Sennacherib was left to continue his campaign <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page277">[pg 277]</span><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and reduce his rebellious vassal to + obedience. In the insolence of victory he sent Hezekiah a letter + declaring that, in spite of the promises of his God, Jerusalem should + be delivered into the hands of its foes. Then it was that Hezekiah + entered the sanctuary of the temple, and, spreading out the letter + before the Lord, besought Him to save himself and the city from the + Assyrian invader. The prayer was heard: Isaiah was commissioned to + declare that the Assyrian king should never come into Jerusalem; and + the Assyrian host perished mysteriously in a single night.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Half-a-century + later a similar event happened in Assyria itself. Its king, + Assur-bani-pal, surrounded by insurgent enemies, was suddenly + attacked by Te-umman of Elam. While he was keeping the festival of + the goddess Istar at Arbela, a message was brought to him from the + Elamite monarch that he was on his march to destroy Assyria and its + gods. Thereupon Assur-bani-pal went into the temple of the goddess, + and, bowing to the ground before her, with tears implored her help. + Istar listened to the prayer, and that night a seer dreamed a dream + wherein she appeared and bade him announce to the king that Istar of + Arbela, with quivers behind her shoulders and the bow and mace in her + hand, would fight in front of him and overthrow his foes. The + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" + id="Pg278" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> prophecy was fulfilled, and + before long the Elamite army was crushed, and the head of Te-umman + sent in triumph to Nineveh.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Judah and + Assyria we are dealing with history, in the story of Sethos with a + folk-tale, and it is impossible therefore not to believe that the + conduct of the priest of Ptah has been modelled upon that of Hezekiah + and Assur-bani-pal. The basis of it is Semitic rather than Egyptian; + it would have been told more appropriately of Sennacherib than of the + Egyptian Pharaoh. Perhaps it had its source among the Phœnicians of + the Tyrian camp at Memphis, or even among the Egyptianised Jews who + carried Jeremiah into Egypt. Whatever may have been its origin, it + does not belong to the realm of history.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Even with the + appearance of Psammetikhos upon the stage, the Egyptian history of + Herodotos does not yet commence. Before it can do so, he has to + finish his wanderings and his sight-seeing, to be quit of his + dragomen and of the topographical chronology that he built upon their + stories. Through Herakleopolis lay the entrance to the Fayyûm, and + the Fayyûm united the folk-lore of the guides with the sober history + of the Greek epoch in Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos knows + that Psammetikhos was king of Sais and that his father's name had + been Necho. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg + 279]</span><a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> But + when he goes on to say that Necho had been slain by the Ethiopian + Sabako, and that Psammetikhos himself had been driven in consequence + into Syria, he takes us into the domain of fiction and not of fact. + Necho had been one of twenty Egyptian satraps under Esar-haddon and + Assur-bani-pal, and though he had once been carried in chains to + Assyria on a charge of treason, he had returned to his government + loaded with honours. Sabako had been dead long before, and Tirhakah + was vainly endeavouring to drive the Assyrians and their + vassal-satraps out of Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Still further from + the truth was the legend which associated Psammetikhos with the + Fayyûm. When the Egyptians had been <span class= + "tei tei-q">“freed,”</span> we are told, after the reign of the + priest of Ptah, there arose twelve kings who divided the country + between them. They married into each other's families and swore an + oath ever to remain friends. By way of leaving a monument of + themselves they built the Labyrinth, with its twelve courts, each + court for a king, six of them being on the north side and six on the + south. But an oracle had announced that this friendly intercourse + would be broken if ever one of them at their annual gathering in the + temple of Ptah should pour a libation to the god from a bronze + helmet. The prince who did so would become king of all Egypt. This + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg 280]</span><a name="Pg280" + id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> untoward accident eventually + occurred. Psammetikhos on one occasion accidentally used his helmet + in place of the proper libation-bowl, and he was thereupon chased + away by his colleagues, first into the marshes and then into Syria. + An oracle, however, again came to his help. It declared that he would + be avenged when men of bronze came from the sea, and, taking the + hint, he hired some Ionian and Karian pirates, armed with bronze, who + had landed for the sake of plunder, and with their assistance became + undisputed master of Egypt. With this story of the foundation of the + twenty-sixth dynasty, the Egyptian folk-lore of Herodotos came fitly + to an end.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The twelve kings + owe their origin to the twelve courts of the Labyrinth. They are a + reminiscence of the twenty vassal-kings or satraps whom the Assyrians + appointed to govern the country, and among whom Psammetikhos and his + father had been included. But even the twelve courts are not + altogether correct. We learn from Strabo that there were many more + than twelve—as many, in fact, as were the nomes of Egypt. This makes + us distrustful of the further statement of Herodotos that the halls + contained one thousand five hundred chambers above the ground, and + one thousand five hundred below. The information must have come from + the guides, and it is not likely that he verified <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page281">[pg 281]</span><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> it. To count three thousand chambers + would have occupied at least a day.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the time of + Strabo it was known that the real builder of the Labyrinth was + Maindês, that is to say, Mâ(t)-n-Ra, or Amon-em-hat <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> of the twelfth dynasty. + The excavations of Professor Petrie at Howâra in 1888 have proved the + fact. He succeeded in penetrating into the central chamber of the + brick pyramid which formed part of the building, and there, deep in + water, he found the sarcophagus and the shattered fragments of some + of the funerary vases of the dead Pharaoh. They were all that had + been left by the spoilers of a long-past age, but they were + sufficient to show who the Pharaoh was. He had not been buried alone. + In another chamber of the pyramid was the sarcophagus of his daughter + Neferu-Ptah, who must have died before the pyramid was finally + closed. The labyrinth itself has been used as a quarry or burnt into + lime long ago. On its floor of hard plaster lie the chippings of the + stones which composed it, six feet in thickness, and covering a far + larger area than that of any other Egyptian temple of which we know. + There was none other which could vie with it in size.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amon-em-hat + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> seems to have left + another memorial of himself further north—at least, such is the + natural interpretation of Mr. de Morgan's <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page282">[pg 282]</span><a name="Pg282" id="Pg282" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> recent discoveries at Dahshûr. Though the + pyramid did not repay his engineering skill with even a scrap of + inscription, he found tombs on its northern side which prove that + here also was a burial-place of the twelfth dynasty. Two long + corridors had been cut out of the rock, one above the other, and at + intervals along their northern walls square chambers had been + excavated, in which were placed the sarcophagi of the dead. + Inscriptions show for whom they were intended. Nofer-hont, + Sont-Senebt, Sit-Hathor and Menit, were the royal princesses who had + been entombed within them in the time of Amon-em-hat <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> Their jewels had been + hidden in two natural hollows in the stone floor of the corridors, + and had thus escaped the eye of the ancient treasure-hunter. We can + see them now in the Gizeh Museum, and thus learn to what an exquisite + state of perfection the art of the goldsmith had already been + brought.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among them we may + notice large sea-shells of solid gold, enamelled lotus-flowers and + necklaces of amethyst, carnelian and agate beads. Of + beautifully-worked gold ornaments there is a marvellous profusion. + But nothing surpasses the golden pectorals inlaid with precious + stones. The work is so perfect as to make it difficult to believe + that we have before us a mosaic and not enamel. On one of the + pectorals the cartouche of Usertesen <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> is supported + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page283">[pg 283]</span><a name="Pg283" + id="Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> on the paws of two hawk-headed + lions, crowned with the royal feathers, and trampling under their + feet the bodies of the foe. On another Amon-em-hat <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> is represented smiting + the wild tribes of the Sinaitic Peninsula. By the side of this + jewellery of the twelfth dynasty, that of Queen Ah-hotep of the + seventeenth, found by Mariette at Thebes, looks formal and + degenerate. In jewellery, as in all things else in ancient Egypt, the + earlier art is the best.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From Amon-em-hat + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> of the twelfth dynasty + to the founder of the twenty-sixth, two thousand years later, is a + far cry, and how the Labyrinth came to be connected with the latter + by the guides of Herodotos it is hard to say. The bronze helmet of + Psammetikhos indicates that the story is of Greek origin. That was a + Greek head-dress; no Egyptian, much less an Egyptian Pharaoh, would + ever have worn it. The head-dress of the Egyptian monarch was of + linen, coloured red for Lower Egypt, white for the south.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotos seems to + have visited Howâra from the capital of the Fayyûm, much as a + traveller would do to-day. At least, such is the inference which we + may draw from his words. Its position is defined as being + <span class="tei tei-q">“a little above Lake Mœris, near the city of + the Crocodiles.”</span> But we must remember that the Lake Mœris of + the Greek tourist included not <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page284">[pg 284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> only the actual lake, but also the inundation, + which covered at the time the cultivated land of the Fayyûm. Nor was + it, as he supposed, an artificial piece of water excavated in a + district which was <span class="tei tei-q">“terribly + waterless,”</span> the excavators of which were wasteful enough to + fling all the earth they had extracted into the Nile twenty miles + away. It was, on the contrary, an oasis reclaimed from marsh and + water by the wise engineering labours of the kings of the twelfth + dynasty and the embankments which they caused to be erected. So far + from destroying the precious cultivable ground by turning it into a + lake, they drained the lake so far as was possible, and thereby + created a new Egypt for the cultivators of the soil.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the walls of + the city of the Crocodiles Herodotos looked out over a vast expanse + of water, which he thought was the creation of the Pharaohs, but + which was really the result of man's neglect. The dykes were broken + which should have kept back the flood and prevented it from swamping + the summer crops. It was with this view of almost boundless waters + that the journey of Herodotos up the Nile came to an end. He returned + to Memphis, and from thence pursued the way along which we have + followed him to Pelusium and the sea. His note-book was filled with + memoranda of all the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page285">[pg + 285]</span><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + wonders he had seen; of the strange customs he had observed among the + Egyptian people; above all, with the folk-tales which his guides had + poured into his ear. At a later day, when his eastern travels were + over, and he had leisure for the work, he combined all this with the + accounts written by his predecessors, and added a new book to the + libraries of ancient Greece. From the outset it was a success, and + though malicious critics endeavoured to condemn and supersede it, + though Thukydides contradicted its statements in regard to Athens, + though Ktêsias declared that its oriental history was a romance and + Plutarch discoursed on the <span class="tei tei-q">“malignity”</span> + of its author, the book survived all attacks. We have lost the work + of Hekatæos of Miletos, we have lost also—what is a more serious + misfortune—that of the careful and well-informed Hekatæos of Abdera, + but we still have Herodotos with us. And in spite of our own + knowledge and his ignorance, in spite even of his innocent vanity and + appropriation of the words of others, it is a pleasure to travel with + him in our hand and visit with him the scenes he saw. Nowhere else + can we find the folk-lore which grew and flourished in the + meeting-place of East and West more than two thousand years ago, and + in which lay the germs of much of the folk-lore of our own childhood. + It may even be that some of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page286">[pg 286]</span><a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> stories which the modern dragoman relates to + the modern traveller on the Nile have no better parentage than the + guides of Herodotos. Cairo is the successor of Memphis, and 'the + caste' of the dragomen is not yet extinct.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page287">[pg 287]</span><a name= + "Pg287" id="Pg287" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Appendices.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Appendix I.</span></h2> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Egyptian Dynasties According To + Manetho (As Quoted By Julius Africanus,</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 120%">220), Etc.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[The excerpts + of Africanus are known from George the Synkellos (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 790) and Eusebius + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 326): where + Eusebius differs from Synkellos the fact is stated.]</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Each king is + followed by the number of years reigned.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + i.</span></span>—Thinites: 8 kings.</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Menes</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">62</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Athôthis his son</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">57</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Kenkenes his son</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">31</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Ouenephes his son</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">23</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Ousaphaidos his son (Ousaphaes, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">20</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Miebidos his son (Niebaes, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">26</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Semempses his son</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">18</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Biênakhes his son (Oubienthes + or Vibethis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">26</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">253</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">252</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Really</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">263)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg + 288]</span><a name="Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + ii.</span></span>—Thinites: 9 kings.</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Boêthos (Bôkhos, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">38</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Kaiekhôs (Khoos or Kekhous, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">39</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Binôthris (Biophis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">47</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Tlas (unnamed by <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">17</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Sethenês (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">41</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Khaires (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">17</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Nepherkheres</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">25</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Sesôkhris</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">48</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9. Kheneres (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">30</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">302</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">297)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + iii.</span></span>—Memphites: 9 kings.</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Nekherophes (Nekherôkhis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">28</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Tosorthros (Sesorthos, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">29</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Tyreis (unnamed by <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">7</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Mesôkhris (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">17</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Sôyphis (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">16</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Tosertasis (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">19</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Akhes (unnamed by <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">42</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Sêphouris (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">30</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9. Kerpheres (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">26</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">214</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">197)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + iv.</span></span>—Memphites: 8 kings. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 17.)</p><a name="Pg289" id="Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Sôris (unnamed by <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">29</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Souphis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> (3rd king of + the dynasty, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">63</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Souphis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">66</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Menkheres (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">63</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Ratoises (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">25</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Bikheris (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">22</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Seberkheres (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">7</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Thamphthis (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">9</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">277</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">448</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Really</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">284)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + v.</span></span>—Elephantines: 9 kings.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 31 kings, including Othoês or Othius the First and Phiôps; the + others are unnamed.)</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Ouserkheres</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">28</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Sephres</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">13</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Nepherkheres</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">20</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Sisires or Sisikhis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">7</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Kheres or Ekheres</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">20</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Rathoures</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">44</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Menkheres</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">9</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Tankheres</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">44</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9. Ounos or Obnos</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">33</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">248</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Really</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">218)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + vi.</span></span>—Memphites: 6 kings. (No number in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</p><a name="Pg290" id= + "Pg290" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Othoês</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">30</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Phios</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">53 (or 3)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Menthu-Souphis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">7</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Phiôps (lived 100 years)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">94</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Menthe-Souphis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Nitôkris, a queen</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">12</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">160</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">245)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + vii.</span></span>—70 Memphites for 70 days. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 5 kings for 75 days, or 75 years according to the Armenian + Version.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + viii.</span></span>—27 Memphites for 146 years. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 5 kings for 100 years, or 9 kings according to the Armenian + Version.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + ix.</span></span>—19 Herakleopolites for 409 years. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 4 kings for 100 years.)</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Akhthoes</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">?</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + x.</span></span>—19 Herakleopolites for 185 years.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xi.</span></span>—16 Thebans for 43 years, after whom Ammenemes + reigned 16 years.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">End of + Manetho's first book, the kings of the first eleven dynasties + reigning altogether 2300 years (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 2200) and 70 days (really 2287 years and 70 days).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xii.</span></span>—Thebans: 7 kings.</p><a name="Pg291" id= + "Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Sesonkhôsis, son of + Ammenemes</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">46</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Ammanemes, slain by his + eunuchs</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">38</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Sesôstris</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">48</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Lakhares (Lamaris or Lambares, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>), the builder of + the Labyrinth</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">8</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Ammeres (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">8</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Ammenemes (unnamed by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">8</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Skemiophris his sister (unnamed + by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">4</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">160</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">245)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xiii.</span></span>—Thebans: 60 kings for 453 years.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xiv.</span></span>—Xoites: 76 kings for 134 years. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 484 years).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xv.</span></span>—Shepherds: 6 Phœnician strangers at Memphis for + 284 years. (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> Thebans for 250 + years).</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Saites</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">19</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Bnôn</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">44</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Pakhnan</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">61</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Staan</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">50</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Arkles</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">49</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Aphôbis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">61</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">284</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xvi.</span></span>—Shepherds: 32 kings for 582 years. + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> 5 Thebans for 190 + years).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xvii.</span></span>—Shepherds: 43 kings for 151 years and 43 + Thebans for 151 years. (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> Shepherds, Phœnician + strangers for 103 years:</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Saites</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">19</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Bnôn</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">40</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Arkles (Arm. Version)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">30</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Aphôphis (Arm. Version)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">14</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">103</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg + 292]</span><a name="Pg292" id="Pg292" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xviii.</span></span>—Thebans: 16 kings. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 14 kings.)</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Amôs[is]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">25</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Khebrôs (Khebrôn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">13</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Amenôphthis (Amenôphis for 21 + years, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">24</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Amensis or Amersis (omitted by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">22</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Misaphris (Miphris for 12 + years, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">13</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Misphragmouthôsis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">26</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Touthmôsis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">9</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Amenôphis Memnôn</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">31</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9. Horos (Oros, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">37</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">10. Akherres (Akhenkheres or + Akhenkherses for 16 or 12 years, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">32</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">11. Rathôs (omitted by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">6</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">12. Khebrés (Akherres for 8 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">12</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">13. Akherres (Kherres for 15 + years, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">12</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">14. Armeses (Armais Danaos, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">5</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">15. Ramesses (Ramesses Ægyptos for + 68 years, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">16. Amenôphath (Amenôphis for 40 + years, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">19</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">263</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">348</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Really</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">287)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xix.</span></span>—Thebans: 7 kings. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 5 kings.)</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Sethôs (for 55 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">51</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Rapsakes (Rampses for 66 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">61</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Ammenephthes (for 8 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">20</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Ramesses (omitted by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">60</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Ammenemmes (for 26 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">5</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Thouôris or Polybos</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">7</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">209</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">194</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Really</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">204)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page293">[pg + 293]</span><a name="Pg293" id="Pg293" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xx.</span></span>—Thebans: 12 kings for 135 years. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 172 or 178 years.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the 12 + kings were:—</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nekhepsôs</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">19</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Psammouthis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">13</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Kêrtos</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">16 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> 12)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Rampsis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">45</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Amenses or Ammenemes</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">26</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Okhyras</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">14</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">137</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxi.</span></span>—Tanites: 7 kings.</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Smendes</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">26</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Psousennes (for 41 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">46</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Nephelkheres (Nepherkheres, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">4</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Amenôphthis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">9</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Osokhôr</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">6</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Psinakhes</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">9</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Psousennes (for 35 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">14</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">130</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">130</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Really</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">114)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxii.</span></span>—Bubastites: 9 kings. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 3 kings.)</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Sesonkhis (Sesonkhôsis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">21</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Osorthôn</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">15</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3, 4, 5. Unnamed (omitted by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">25</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Takelôthis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">13</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7, 8, 9. Unnamed (omitted by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">42</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">120</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">44</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Really</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">116)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg + 294]</span><a name="Pg294" id="Pg294" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxiii.</span></span>—Tanites; 4 kings. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 3 kings.)</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Petoubates (Petoubastes for 25 + years, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">40</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Osorkhô Hêraklês (Osorthôn for + 9 years, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">8</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Psammous</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">10</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Zêt (omitted by <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">31</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">89</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">44)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxiv.</span></span>—One Saite.</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Bokkhôris the legislator (for + 44 years, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">6</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxv.</span></span>—Ethiopians: 3 kings.</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Sabakôn (for 12 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">8</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Sebikhôs his son (for 12 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">14</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Tearkos (Tarakos for 20 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">18</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">40</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">44)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxvi.</span></span>—Saites: 9 kings. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 1, Ammeris the Ethiopian for 18 or 12 years.)</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Stephinates (Stephinathis, the + 2nd king, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">7</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Nekhepsôs (the 3rd king, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">6</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Nekhaô (for 6 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">8</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Psammêtikhos (for 44 or 45 + years, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">54</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Nekhaô II.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">6</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Psammouthis II. (or + Psammitikhos, for 17 years, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>) 6</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Ouaphris, (for 25 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">19</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Amôsis (for 42 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">44</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9. Psammekherites (omitted by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">1/2</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">———-</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">150-1/2</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">167)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page295">[pg + 295]</span><a name="Pg295" id="Pg295" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxvii.</span></span>—Persians: 8 kings.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Each king is + followed by the number of years and months reigned.)</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Kambyses, in the 5th year of + his reign (for 3 years, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">6 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Dareios, son of Hystaspes</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">36 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Xerxes I.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">21 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Artabanos (omitted by + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">0 7</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Artaxerxes</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">41 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Xerxes II.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">0 2</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Sogdianos</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">0 7</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Dareios, son of Xerxes</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">19 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">124 4</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">120 4)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxviii.</span></span>—One Saite.</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Amyrtaios</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">6 0</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxix.</span></span>—Mendesians: 4 kings. (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> + 5 kings.)</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Nepherites I. or + Nekherites</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">6 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Akhôris</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">13 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Psammouthes</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">1 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span> inserts Mouthis + here, 1 year.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Nepherites II.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">0 4</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">20 4</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">21 4)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxx.</span></span>—Sebennytes: 3 kings.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Each king is + followed by the number of years reigned.)</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Nektanebes I. (for 10 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">18</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Teôs</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">2</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Nektanebes II. (for 8 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">18</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">38</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">20)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg + 296]</span><a name="Pg296" id="Pg296" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxxi.</span></span>—Persians: 3 kings.</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Okhos, in his 20th year (for 6 + years, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">2</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Arses (for 4 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">3</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Dareios (for 6 years, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">4</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">——</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">9</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eus.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">16)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Dynasties Of Manetho According + To Josephus.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xv.</span></span>—Hyksôs or Shepherds.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the + overthrow of Timaios, the last king of the fourteenth dynasty, a + period of anarchy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Each king is + followed by the number of years and months reigned.)</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Salatis at Memphis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">13 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Beon</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">44 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Apakhnas</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">36 7</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Apôphis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">61 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Yanias or Annas</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">50 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Assis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">49 2</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasties + xviii.</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xix.</span></span>—Thebans.</p><a name="Pg297" + id="Pg297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Tethmôsis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">25 4</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Khebrôn his son</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">13 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Amenôphis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">20 7</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Amesses his sister</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">21 9</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Mephres</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">12 9</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Mephramouthôsis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">25 10</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Thmôsis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">9 8</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Amenôphis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">30 10</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9. Oros</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">36 5</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">10. Akenkhres his daughter</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">12 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">11. Rathôtis her brother</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">9 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">12. Akenkheres <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">12 5</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">13. Akenkheres <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">12 3</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">14. Armais</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">4 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">15. Ramesses</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">1 4</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">16. Armesses Miamoun</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">60 2</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">17. Amenôphis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">19 6</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">18. Sethôsis Ægyptos and Ramesses + (or Hermeus) Danaos</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">59 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">19. Rhampses his son</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">66 0</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">20. Amenôphis his son</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">?</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">21. Sethôs Ramesses his son</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">?</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[The order + ought to be: 15, 18, 19 (identical with 16), 20 (identical with + 17).]</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Theban Kings Of Egypt According + To Eratosthenes.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Each king is + followed by the number of years reigned.)</p><a name="Pg298" id= + "Pg298" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Mênes, a Thênite of Thebes, + interpreted <span class="tei tei-q">“of Amon”</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">62</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Athôthes, son of Mênes, + interpreted <span class="tei tei-q">“born of + Thoth”</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">59</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Athôthes <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">32</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Diabiês his son, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“loving his comrades”</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">19</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Pemphôs his brother, + interpreted <span class="tei tei-q">“son of + Hêraklês”</span> (Semempsis)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">18</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Toigar the invincible + Momkheiri, a Memphite, interpreted <span class= + "tei tei-q">“with superfluous limbs”</span> + (Tosorthros)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">79</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Stoikhos his son, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“insensate Arês”</span> [? + Set]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">6</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Gosormies (perhaps + Tosertasis)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">30</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9. Mares his son, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“Sun-given”</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">26</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">10. Anôyphis his son, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“promiscuous”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“festive”</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">20</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">11. Sirios, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“son of side-locks”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“unenvied”</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">18</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">12. Khnoubos Gneuros, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“the golden son of the + golden”</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">22</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">13. Rauôsis, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“chief ruler”</span> + (Ratoises)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">13</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">14. Biyres (Bikheres)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">10</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">15. Saôphis, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“long-haired”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“tradesman”</span> (Kheops)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">29</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">16. Saôphis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + (Khephren)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">27</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">17. Moskheres, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“given to the Sun”</span> + (Mykerinos)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">31</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">18. Mousthis</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">33</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">19. Pammes Arkhondes (Pepi + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">35</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">20. Pappos the Great (Pepi + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">100</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">21. Ekheso-Sokaras + (Sokar-m-saf)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">22. Nitôkris, a queen, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“Nit the victorious”</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">6</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">23. Myrtaios the given to + Amon</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">22</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">24. Thyosi-mares, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“the strong Sun”</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">12</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">25. Thirillos or Thinillos, + interpreted <span class="tei tei-q">“who has increased his + father's strength”</span> (Nefer-ka-Ra Terel)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">8</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">26. Semphroukrates, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“Hêraklês Harpokrates”</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">18</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">27. Khouthêr Tauros the tyrant + (perhaps Akhthoês)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">7</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">28. Meures</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">12</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">29. Khômaephtha, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“a world loving Ptah”</span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">11</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">30. Soikouniosokhos the + tyrant</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">60</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">31. Pente-athyris</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">16</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">32. Stammenes <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> (Amen-m-hat + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">23</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">33. Sistosi-khermes, interpreted + <span class="tei tei-q">“Heraklês the strong”</span> + (Usertesen <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">55</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">34. Maris (Amen-m-hat <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">43</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">35. Siphyas (Siphthas), + interpreted <span class="tei tei-q">“Thoth the son of + Ptah”</span> (Si-Ptah)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">5</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">36. Name lost</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">14</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">37. Phrourôn or Neilos + (Sebek-neferu-Ra)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">5</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">38. Amouthantaios</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">63</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg 299]</span><a name= + "Pg299" id="Pg299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">The Egyptian Kings According To The + Monuments.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + i.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="5"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Abydos.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Saqqârah.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Turin Papyrus.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Meni</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Meni</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Menes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Teta</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Atut</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Athothis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Atota</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Kenkenes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ata</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ouenephes <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Husapti</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Husapti</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ousaphaidos</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mer-ba-pa</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mer-ba-pen</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mer-ba-pen, 73 yrs. Miebidos</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Samsu</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Samsu, 72 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Semempses</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Qabh(u)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Qabhu</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Qabhu, 83 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Bienekhes.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + ii.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="5"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Abydos.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Saqqârah.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Turin Papyrus.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Buzau</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Bai-nuter</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Buzau), 95 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Boêthos</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Kakau</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Kakau</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Kakau</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Kaiekhos</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ba-nuter-en</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ba-nuter-en</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ba-nuter-en, 95 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Binothris</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Uznas</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Uznas</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Uznas), 70 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Tlas</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Senda<a id="noteref_10" name= + "noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Send</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Senda, 74 (?) yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sethenes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nefer-ka-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Nefer-ka-Ra), 70 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nepherkheres.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + iii.</span></span></p><a name="Pg300" id="Pg300" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="5"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Abydos.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Saqqârah.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Turin Papyrus.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nefer-ka-Sokar</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nefer-ka-Sokar (? 2) 8 yrs. 4 + mths. 2 dys.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nekherophes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Zefa</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Hu-Zefa, 25(?) yrs. 8 mths. 4 + dys.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Tosorthros</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Babai</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Zazai</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Zazai, 37 yrs. 2 mths. 1 day.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Tyreis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Neb-ka</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Neb-ka-(Ra), 19 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mesokhris</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Zoser-Sa</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Zoser</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Zoser, 19 yrs. 2 mths.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sôyphis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Teta <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Zoser-teta</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Zoser-teta, 6 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Tosertasis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sezes</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Neb-ka-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Akhes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nefer-ka-Ra <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Nefer-ka-Ra), 6 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sephouris</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">10.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Huni</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Huni, 24 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Kerpheres.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + iv.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="5"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Abydos.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Saqqârah.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Turin Papyrus.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Snefru</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Snefru</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Snefru, 24 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Soris</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Khufu</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Khufuf</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Khufu), 23 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Souphis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ra-dad-f</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ra-dad-f</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Ra-dad-f), 8 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ratoises</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Khâ-f-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Khâ-f-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Souphis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Men-kau-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">[Men]-kau-[Ra]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Menkheres</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Shepseskaf</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Shepseskaf</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Seberkheres (?)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + v.</span></span></p><a name="Pg301" id="Pg301" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="5"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Abydos.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Saqqârah.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Turin Papyrus.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">User-ka-f</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">User-ka-f</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Userkaf), 28 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ouserkheres</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sahu-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sahu-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Sahu-Ra), 4 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sephres</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Kaka</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Kaka), 2 yrs.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nefer-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nefer-ar-ka-Ra<a id="noteref_11" + name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Nefer-ar-ka-Ra), 7 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nepherkheres</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Shepses-ka-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Shepses-ka-Ra), 12 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sisires</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Khâ-nefer-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Kheres</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Akau-Hor, 7 yrs.<a id="noteref_12" + name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Rathoures</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ra-n-user (An)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Ra-n-user-An), 25 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Men-kau-Hor</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Men-ka-Hor</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Men-ka-Hor, 8 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Menkheres</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">10.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Dad-ka-Ra (Assa)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mâ-ka-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Dad(-ka Ra Assa), 28 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Tankheres</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">11.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Unas</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Unas</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Unas, 30 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Obnos.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + vi.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="5"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Abydos.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Saqqârah.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Turin Papyrus.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Teta <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Teta</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Othoes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">User-ka-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Ati?)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Meri-Ra (Pepi <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Pepi <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Pepi <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>), 20 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Phios</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mer-n-Ra Miht-m-saf <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mer-n-Ra <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Miht-m-saf <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>), 14 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Methousouphis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nefer-ka-Ra (Pepi <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nefer-ka-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Pepi <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> ), 9 (4) + yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Phiops</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mer-n-Ra Miht-m-saf <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">(Miht-m-saf <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>), 1 yr. 1 + mth.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Menthesouphis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Neit-aker, a queen</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nitokris.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasties + vii. and viii.</span></span><a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" + href="#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a></p><a name="Pg302" + id="Pg302" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Turin Papyrus.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Abydos.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Nefer-ka, 2 yrs. 1 mth. 1 + dy.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Nuter-ka-Ra</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Neferus, 4 yrs. 2 mth. 1 + dy.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Men-ka-Ra</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Ab-n-Ra I., 2 yrs. 1 mth. 1 + dy.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Nefer-ka-Ra <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. ... 1 yr. 8 dys.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Nefer-ka-Ra <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> Nebi</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Ab-n-Ra <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Dad-ka-Ra Shema</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Hanti</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Nefer-ka-Ra <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> Khondu</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Pest-sat-n-Sopd</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Mer-n-Hor</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Pait-kheps</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Snefer-ka <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9. Serhlinib.<a id="noteref_14" + name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">9. Ka-n-Ra.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">10. Nefer-ka-Ra <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span> Terel</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">11. Nefer-ka-Hor</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">12. Nefer-ka-Ra <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span> + Pepi-Seneb</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">13. Snefer-ka <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> Annu</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">14. [User-]kau-Ra</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">15. Nefer-kau-Ra</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">16. Nefer-kau-Hor</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">17. Nefer-ar-ka-Ra.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + ix.</span></span> Monuments.</p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Khiti (or Khruti) <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> Mer-ab-Ra (the + Akhthoes of Manetho)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Âa-hotep-Ra Skhâ-n-Ra</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Aah-mes(?)-Ra</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mâa-ab-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Se-n(?)-mu-Ra<a id="noteref_15" + name="noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Khâ-user-Ra</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + x.</span></span></p><a name="Pg303" id="Pg303" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Monuments.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Turin Papyrus.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mer-ka-Ra</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nefer-hepu-Ra</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nefer-ka-Ra</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ra-hotep-ab + Amu-si-Hor-nez-hirtef</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Khiti <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Se-heru-herri</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">[Ameni?]<a id="noteref_16" name= + "noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mer ...</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Meh ...</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Hu ...<a id="noteref_17" name= + "noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xi.</span></span><a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href= + "#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Karnak.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Other Monuments.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Antef <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">I.</span></span>, Prince (of + Thebes)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Seshes-Hor-ap-mâa-Ra Antuf-Aa</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Men[tu-hotep <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>] the + Pharaoh</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Neb-hotep Mentu-hotep <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Antef <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Uah-ânkh [Ter?]-seshes ap-mâa-Ra + Antef-Aa, his son</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Antef <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Seshes-herher-mâa-Ra Antef, his + brother</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nuter-nefer Neb-taui-Ra + Mentu-hotep <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Antef <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nub-kheper-Ra Antauf (more than 50 + yrs.)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Neb-[khru]-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Neb-khru-Ra Mentu-hotep + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> (more than 46 + yrs.)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Queen Aah</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Antef <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> her son</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">10. S-ânkh-ka-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">S-ânkh-ka-Ra<a id="noteref_19" + name="noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg + 304]</span><a name="Pg304" id="Pg304" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xii.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="3"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Monuments.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Turin Papyrus.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Amen-m-hat <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> S-hotep-ab-Ra + alone, 20 yrs. With Usertesen <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, 10 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">S-hotep-ab-Ra, 19 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ammenemes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Usertesen<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> Kheper-ka-Ra + alone, 32 yrs. With Amen-m-hat <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, 3 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">... 45 yrs. 7 mths.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sesonkhosis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Amen-m-hat <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> Nub-kau-Ra + alone, 29 yrs. With Usertesen <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, 6 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">... 3[2] yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ammanemes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Usertesen <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + Khâ-kheper-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">... 19 yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sesostris</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Usertesen <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> Khâ-kau-Ra + (more than 26 yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">... 3[8] yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Lakhares</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Amen-m-hat <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> Mâat-n-Ra, 43 + yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">... 4[3] yrs.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ammeres</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Amen-m-hat <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> + Mâ-khru-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mâ-khru-[Ra], 9 yrs. 3 mths. 27 + dys.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ammenemes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Sebek-nefru-Ra (a queen)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sebek-nefru-Ra, 3 yrs. 10 mths. 24 + dys.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Skemiophris</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sum of years of twelfth dynasty: + 213 years 1 mth. 17 days.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page305">[pg + 305]</span><a name="Pg305" id="Pg305" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasties + xiii.</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span> Turin + Papyrus.<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href= + "#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 1. Sebek-hotep <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> + [Sekhem]-khu-taui-Ra (son of Sebek-nefru-Ra), 1 yr. 3 mths. + 24 dys. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 2. Sekhem-ka-Ra, 6 yrs. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 3. Ra Amen-m-hat <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 4. S-hotep-ab-Ra <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 5. Aufni, 2 yrs. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 6. S-ânkh-ab-Ra [Ameni Antuf Amen-m-hat], 1 yr. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 7. S-men-ka-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 8. S-hotep-ab-Ra <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 9. S-ânkh-ka-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 10, 11. Destroyed + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 12. Nezem-ab-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 13. Ra-Sebek-hotep <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 14. Ran-seneb + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 15. Autu-ab-Ra <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> (Hor)<a id= + "noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 16. Sezef-[ka]-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 17. Sekhem-khu-taui-Ra <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> Sebek-hotep + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 18. User-n-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 19. S-menkh-ka-Ra Mer-menfiu + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 20. ... ka-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 21. S-user-set-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 22. Sekhem-uaz-taui-Ra Sebek-hotep <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 23. Khâ-seshesh-Ra Nefer-hotep, son of Ha-ânkh-f + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 24. Si-Hathor-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 25. Khâ-nefer-Ra Sebek-hotep <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 26. [Khâ-ka-Ra] + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 27. [Khâ-ânkh-Ra Sebek-hotep <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span>] + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 28. Khâ-hotep-Ra Sebek-hotep <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span>, 4 yrs. 8 mths. + 29 dys. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 29. Uab-Ra Aa-ab, 10 yrs. 8 mths. 29 dys. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 30. Mer-nefer-Ra Ai, 23 yrs.<a id="noteref_22" name= + "noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> + 8 mths. 18 dys. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 31. Mer-hotep-Ra Ana, 2 yrs. 2 mths. 9 dys. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 32. S-ânkh-n-s-uaztu-Ra, 3 yrs. 2 mths. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 33. Mer-sekhem-Ra Anran,<a id="noteref_23" name="noteref_23" + href="#note_23"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> + 3 yrs. 1 mth. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 34. S-uaz-ka-Ra Ur, 5 yrs. ... mth. 8 dys. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 35. Anemen ... Ra + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page306">[pg + 306]</span><a name="Pg306" id="Pg306" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 36-46. Destroyed + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 47. Mer-kheper-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 48. Mer-kau-Ra Sebek-hotep <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 49-53. Destroyed + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 54. ... mes-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 55. ... mât-Ra Aba + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 56. Nefer-uben-Ra <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 57. ... ka-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 58. S-uaz-n-Ra. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 59-60. Destroyed + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 61. Nehasi-Ra<a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href= + "#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 62. Khâ-khru-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 63. Neb-f-autu-Ra, 2 yrs. 5 mths. 15 dys. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 64. S-heb-Ra, 3 yrs. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 65. Mer-zefa-Ra, 3 yrs. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 66. S-uaz-ka-Ra, 1 yr. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 67. Neb-zefa-Ra, 1 yr. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 68. Uben-Ra <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 69-70. Destroyed + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 71. [Neb-]zefa-Ra <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, 4 yrs. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 72. [Nefer-]Uben-Ra <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 73. Autu-ab-Ra <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 74. Her-ab-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 75. Neb-sen-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 76-79. Destroyed + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 80. S-kheper-n-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 81. Dad-khru-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 82. S-ânkh-ka-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 83. Nefer-tum-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 84. Sekhem ... Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 85. Ka ... Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 86. Nefer-ab-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 87. A ... ka-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 88. Khâ ... Ra, 2 yrs. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 89. Nez-ka ... Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 90. S-men ... Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 91-111. Destroyed. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 112. Sekhem ... Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 113. Sekhem ... Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 114. Sekhem-us ... Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 115. Sesen ... Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 116. Neb-ati-uzu-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 117. Neb-aten-uzu-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 118. S-men-ka-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 119. S-user-[aten]-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 120. Khâ-sekhem-[hent]-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Some 37 more names are illegible. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasties + xiii.</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span> Karnak.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 1. ... ka. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 2. S-uaz-n-Ra (Nefer-ka-Ra) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 3. S-ankh-ab-Ra (T. P. 6) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 4. Sekhem-khu-taui-Ra (T. P. 17) + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page307">[pg + 307]</span><a name="Pg307" id="Pg307" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 5. Sekhem-s-uaz-taui-Ra. (T. P. 22) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 6. Khâ-seshesh-Ra (T. P. 23) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 7. Khâ-nefer-Ra (T. P. 25) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 8. Khâ-ka-Ra (T. P. 26) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 9. Khâ-ânkh-Ra (T. P. 27) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 10. Kha-hotep-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 11. S-nefer-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 12. ... Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 13. Ses-user-taui-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 14. Mer-sekhem-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 15. Sekhem-uaz-khâu-Ra (Sebek-m-saf <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 16. S-uah-n-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 17. [Sekhem]-uah-khâu-Ra (Sebek-m-saf <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 18. Za ... Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 19. S-uaz-n-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 20. S-nefer ... Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 21. ... Ra. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Other + Monuments.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Men-khâu-Ra An-ab + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sekhem-ap-taui-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nefer-kheper-ka-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mut-r-ka-n-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ta-neb-n-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sekhem-nefer-khâu-Ra Apheru-m-saf + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mâa-nt-n-Ra Ter-n-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Senb-in-mâ + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uazd + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khâ-nefrui + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Men-nefer-Ra (Menophres) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sekhem-sheddi-taui-Ra Sebek-m-saf <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ra-seshes-men-taui Tehuti]. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasties + xv.</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xvi.</span></span> Turin Papyrus.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 1. Abehnas ... (?) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 2. Apepi + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 3. A ... + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Other + Monuments.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shalati (?) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Banân (?) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ya'qob-hal (<span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Jacob-el”</span>) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khian S-user-(Set-)n-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apepi <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> Aa-user-Ra + (reigned more than 33 years) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apepi <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> Aa-ab-taui-Ra. + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page308">[pg + 308]</span><a name="Pg308" id="Pg308" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xvii.</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Skenen-Ra Taa <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> (contemporary + with Apepi <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Skenen-Ra Taa <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> Aa + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Skenen-Ra Taa <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> Ken + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uaz-kheper-Ra Ka-mes, and wife Aah-hotep. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Other kings of + the seventeenth dynasty were:—</p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Si-pa-ar-Ahmes + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aah-hotep + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + S-khent-neb-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amen-sa + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kheper-ka-n-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + S-nekht-n-Ra. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xviii.</span></span></p><a name="Pg309" id="Pg309" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Neb-pehuti-Ra Aahmes (more than + 20 yrs.), and wife Nefert-ari-Aahmes<a id="noteref_25" + name="noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Amosis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Ser-ka-Ra Amen-hotep + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, his son (20 + yrs. 7 mths.); his mother at first regent</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Amenôphis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Aa-kheper-ka-Ra Tehuti-mes + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, his son, and + wife Aahmes Meri-Amen, and Queen Amen-sit.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Chebron (?)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Aa-kheper-n-Ra Tehuti-mes + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, his son (more + than 9 yrs.), and wife (sister) Hashepsu <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> Mâ-ka-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Amensis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Khnum Amen Hashepsu + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> Mâ-ka-Ra, his + sister (more than 16 yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Amensis (?)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Ra-men-kheper Tehuti-mes + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, her brother, + (57 yrs. 11 mths. 1 dy., <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1503, March + 20-1449, Feb. 14<a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href= + "#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Misaphris</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Aa-khepru-Ra Amen-hotep + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, his son (more + then 5 yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Misphragmu-thosis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Men-khepru-Ra Tehuti-mes + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, his son (more + than 7 yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Touthmosis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9. Neb-mâ-Ra Amen-hotep + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, his son, + (more then 35 yrs.), and wife Teie</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Amenôphis II.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">10. Nefer-khepru-Ra Amen-hotep + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> + Khu-n-aten<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href= + "#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a>, + his son (more than 17 yrs), and wife Nefrui-Thi + S-âa-ka-khepru-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Horos</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">11. Ankh-khepru-Ra, and wife + Meri-Aten</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Akherres</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">12. Tut-ânkh-Amen Khepru-neb-Ra, + and wife Ankh-nes-Amen</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Rathotis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">13. + Aten-Ra-nefer-nefru-mer-Aten</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">14. Ai Kheper-khepru-ar-mâ-Ra and + wife Thi more than 4 yrs.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">15. Hor-m-hib Mi-Amen + Ser-khepru-Ka (more than 3 yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Armais</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xix.</span></span></p><a name="Pg310" id="Pg310" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Men-pehuti-Ra Ramessu + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> (more than 2 + yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ramesses</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Men-mâ-Ra Seti I. Mer-n-Ptah + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> (more than 27 + yrs.), and wife Tua</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sethos</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. User-mâ-Ra (Osymandyas) + Sotep-n-Ra Ramessu <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> Mi-Amen + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> + 1348-1281)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Mer-n-Ptah <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> Hotep-hi-ma + Ba-n-Ra Mi-Amen</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ammenephthes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. User-khepru-Ra Seti II. + Mer-n-Ptah <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sethos Ramesses</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Amen-mesu Hik-An Mer-kha-Ra + Sotep-n-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Amenemes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Khu-n-Ra Sotep-n-Ra Mer-n-Ptah + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> Si-Ptah (more + than 6 yrs.), and wife Ta-user</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Thouoris</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xx.</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 1. Set-nekt Merer Mi Amon (recovered the kingdom from the + Phœnician Arisu) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 2. Ramessu <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> Hik-An (more + than 32 yrs.) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 3. Ramessu <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> Hik-Mâ Mi-Amen + (more than 11 yrs.) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 4. Ramessu <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> + User-mâ-s-kheper-n-Ra Mi-Amen (more than 4 yrs.) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 5. Ramessu <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span> Neb-mâ-Ra + Mi-Amen Amen-hir-khopesh-f (Ramessu Meri-Tum in northern + Egypt) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 6. Ramessu <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span> At-Amen + User-mâ-Ra Mi-Amen + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 7. Ramessu <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span> + Set-hir-khopesh-f Mi-Amen User-mâ-Ra Khu-n-Amen + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 8. Ramessu <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> Si-Ptah + S-khâ-n-Ra Mi-Amen (19 yrs.) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 9. Ramessu <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span> Nefer-ka-Ra + Mi-Amen Sotep-n-Ra (more than 10 yrs.) + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 10. Ramessu <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xi.</span></span> + Amen-hir-khopesh-f Kheper-mâ Ra Sotep-n-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 11. Ramessu <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xii.</span></span> Men-mâ-Ra + Mi-Amen Sotep-n-Ptah Khâ-m-uas (more than 27 yrs.) + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page311">[pg + 311]</span><a name="Pg311" id="Pg311" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty xxi. + Illegitimate.</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 1. Hir-Hor Si-Amen, High-priest of Amon at Thebes, and wife + Nezem-mut + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 2. Piankhi, High-priest, and wife Tent-Amen + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 3. Pinezem <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, High-priest, and + wife Hont-taui + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 4. Pinezem <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, King, and wife + Mâ-ka-Ra + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 5. Men-kheper-Ra, High-priest, and wife Isis-m-kheb + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 6. Pinezem <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, High-priest. + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty xxi. + Legitimate.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Nes-Bindidi Mi-Amen</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Smendes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. P-seb-khâ-n <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> Mi-Amen + Aa-kheper-Ra Sotep-n-Amen</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Psousennes <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. [Nefer-ka-Ra]</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nephelkheres</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Amen-m-apt</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Amenophthis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Osokhor</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Pinezem (?)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Psinakhes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Hor P-seb-khâ-n <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Psousennes <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxii.</span></span></p><a name="Pg312" id="Pg312" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Shashanq <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> Mi-Amen + Hez-kheper-Ra Sotep-n-Ra, son of Nemart (more than 21 + yrs.), and wife Ka-râ-mât</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sesonkhis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Usarkon <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> Mi-Amen + Sekhem-kheper-Ra (married Mâ-ka-Ra, daughter of P-seb-khâ-n + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Osorkon</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Takelet <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> Mi-Amen Si-Isis + User-mâ-Ra Sotep-n-Amen (more than 23 yrs.)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Usarkon <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> Mi-Amen + Si-Bast User-mâ-Ra (more than 23 yrs.)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Shashanq <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> Mi-Amen + Sekhem-kheper-Ra</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Takelet <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> Mi-Amen + Si-Isis Hez-kheper-Ra (more then 15 yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Takelothis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">7. Shashanq <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> Mi-Amen + Si-Bast User-mâ-Ra (52 yrs.)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">8. Pimai Mi-Amen User-mâ-Ra + Sotep-n-Amen</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">9. Shashanq <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> Aa-kheper-Ra + (more than 37 yrs.)</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxiii.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. S-her-ab-Ra Petu-si-Bast</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Petoubastes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Usarkon <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> Mi-Amen + Aa-kheper-Ra Sotep-n-Amen</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Osorkho</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. P-si-Mut User-Ra + Sotep-n-Ptah</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Psammos</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Zet.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Interregnum.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Egypt, divided + between several princes, including Tef-nekht (Tnephakhthos), + father of Bak-n-ran-f. It is overrun by Piankhi the Ethiopian, + while Usarkon <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> reigns at Bubastis. + The son and successor of Piankhi is Mi-Amen-Nut.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxiv.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Bak-n-ran-f Uah-ka-Ra (more + than 16 yrs.)<a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href= + "#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Bokkhoris</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page313">[pg + 313]</span><a name="Pg313" id="Pg313" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxv.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Shabaka Nefer-ka-Ra, son of + Kashet (12 yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sabako</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Shabataka Dad-ka-Ra</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Sebikhos</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Taharka Nefer-tum-khu-Ra or + Tirhakah (26 yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Tearkos</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Interregnum.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Assyrian + conquest and division of Egypt into twenty satrapies, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 672-660. Taharka + and his successor Urdamanu (Rud-Amen), or, as the name may also + be read, Tandamane (Tanuath-Amen), make vain attempts to recover + it. In Manetho the period is represented by Stephinates + (Sotep-n-Nit), Nekhepsos and Nekhao, the last of whom is called + in the Assyrian inscriptions Niku, the father of Psammetikhos, + and vassal-king of Memphis and Sais.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxvi.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Psamtik <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> Uah-ab-Ra and + wife Mehet-usekh (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 664-610)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Psammetikhos</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Nekau Nem-ab-Ra and wife Mi-Mut + Nit-aker (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 610-594)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nekhao</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Psamtik <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> Nefer-ab-Ra, + and wife Nit-aker (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 594-589)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Psammouthis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Uah-ab-Ra Haa-ab-Ra and wife + Aah-hotep (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 589-570)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ouaphris</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Aah-mes Si-Nit Khnum-ab-Ra and + wife Thent-kheta (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 570-526)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Amosis</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">6. Psamtik <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> Ankh-ka-n-Ra + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 526-525)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Psammekherites</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg + 314]</span><a name="Pg314" id="Pg314" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxvii.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Kambathet Sam-taui Mestu-Ra + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 525-519)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Kambyses</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Ntariush <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> Settu-Ra + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 521-485)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Dareios <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Khabbash Senen Tanen + Sotep-n-Ptah (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 485)</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Khsherish (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 484)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Xerxes <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Artakhsharsha (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 465-425)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Artaxerxes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Ntariush Mi-Amen-Ra (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 424-405)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Dareios <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxviii.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Amen-ar-t-rut<a id="noteref_29" + name="noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> + (more than 6 yrs.), <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 415</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Amyrtaios</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxix.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Nef-âa-rut <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> Ba-n-Ra + Mi-nuteru (more than 4 yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nepherites <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Hakori Khnum-mâ-Ra Sotep-n-Ptah + (13 yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Akhoris</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. P-si-Mut User-Ptah-sotep-n-Ra + (1 yr.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Psammouthes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">4. Hor-neb-kha (1 yr.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Mouthes</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">5. Nef-âa-rut <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> (1 yr.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nepherites <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dynasty + xxx.</span></span></p> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="2"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Manetho.</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1. Nekht-Hor-hib Ra-snezem-ab + Sotep-n-Anhur, son of Nef-âa-rut <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> (9 yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nektanebes <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">2. Zihu (1 yr.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Teôs</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell">3. Nekht-neb-f Kheper-ka-Ra (18 + yrs.)</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell">Nektanebes <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page316">[pg 316]</span><a name= + "Pg316" id="Pg316" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Appendix II. Biblical + Dates.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1348-1281. Ramses + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, the Pharaoh of the + Oppression, and builder of Pithom.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cir.</span></span> + 1200. Campaign of Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> in Judah and + Moab.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cir.</span></span> + 960. Solomon marries the daughter of the Tanite Pharaoh, and + receives Gezer.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cir.</span></span> + 925. Shishak (Shashanq <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>) invades Palestine and + takes Jerusalem.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cir.</span></span> + 900. Invasion of Judah by Zerah (Osorkon <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">725. Hoshea of + Israel makes alliance with So of Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">720. Sargon + defeats the <span class="tei tei-q">“Pharaoh”</span> and Sibe his + general at Raphia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">701. Defeat of + Tirhakah by Sennacherib at Eltekeh.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">674. Invasion of + Egypt by Esar-haddon.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">670. Tirhakah + driven from the frontier to Memphis and thence to Ethiopia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">668. Revolt of + Egypt suppressed by Assur-bani-pal.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">665. Destruction + of Thebes (No-Amon) by the Assyrians.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">609. Necho + invades Asia; defeat and death of Josiah.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">605. Necho + defeated at Carchemish by Nebuchadrezzar; loss of Asiatic + possessions.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cir.</span></span> + 585. The Jews fly to Egypt, carrying Jeremiah with them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">567. Egypt + invaded by Nebuchadrezzar.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page317">[pg 317]</span><a name="Pg317" id="Pg317" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">320. Palestine + seized by Ptolemy <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>; many Jews settled by + him in Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cir.</span></span> + 280. The Greek translation of the Old Testament commenced.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">167. Onias + permitted by Ptolemy Philometor to build the temple at Onion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">4. Flight of the + Holy Family into Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 70. Vespasian orders + the prefect Lupus to close the temple at Onion.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page326">[pg 326]</span><a name= + "Pg326" id="Pg326" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a> <a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Appendix III. The Greek Writers Upon + Egypt.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(1) Hekataios of + Miletos, tyrant, statesman, and writer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 500-480. Sent as + ambassador to the Persians after the suppression of the Ionic + revolt. Travelled in Egypt as far as Thebes. His account of Egypt + contained in his great work on geography, now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(2) Thales of + Miletos, philosopher, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 500. Wrote on the + causes of the inundation of the Nile.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(3) Hellanikos + of Mytilênê, historian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 420. Wrote an account + of Egypt and a journey to the oasis of Ammon, now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(4) Herodotos of + Halikarnassos, historian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 445-430. Travelled in + Egypt as far as the Fayyûm. His account of Egypt chiefly contained + in the second book of his histories.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(5) Demokritos + of Abdera, philosopher, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 405. Spent five years + in Egypt, and wrote books on geography and on the Ethiopic + hieroglyphics, now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(6) Aristagoras + of Miletos, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 350. Wrote a history + of Egypt in at least two books, now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(7) Eudoxos of + Knidos, philosopher. Visited Egypt in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 358, and wrote an + account of it in his work on geography, now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(8) Leo of + Pella, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 330. Wrote a book on + the Egyptian gods, now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(9) Hekataios of + Abdera, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 300. Lived at the + court <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page327">[pg 327]</span><a name= + "Pg327" id="Pg327" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of Ptolemy + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, travelled up the Nile + and examined the Theban temples. Wrote a history of Egypt, the + first book of which was on Egyptian philosophy, now lost. The + account of the Ramesseum (the temple of Osymandyas or Usir-mâ-Ra) + given by Diodôros is derived from his work.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(10) Manetho, + Egyptian priest of Sebennytos, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> + 270. Compiled the history of Egypt in Greek from the records + contained in the temples. Corrected many of the errors of + Herodotos, according to Josephus. The work was divided into three + parts, and Josephus quotes from it the account of the Hyksos + conquest, the list of the kings of the eighteenth dynasty, and the + Egyptian legend of the Israelitish Exodus. An epitome of the + history was probably added at the end of the work. We know it from + the list of dynasties quoted by the Christian writers Julius + Africanus (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 220) and Eusebius, + both of whom endeavoured to harmonise its chronology with that of + the Old Testament. The work of Africanus is lost, but the list of + dynasties has been preserved by Georgios the Synkellos or Coadjutor + of the Patriarch of Constantinople (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 792), who has added + two other lists professedly from Manetho, but really from + post-Christian forgeries (<span class="tei tei-q">“The Old + Chronicle”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“The Book of + Sôthis”</span>). Eusebius quotes from a copyist of Africanus, or + some unknown copyist of Manetho himself, and his list has been + preserved (like that of Africanus) by George the Synkellos, as well + as in an Armenian translation. Manetho also wrote (in Greek) on + Egyptian festivals and religion, but all his works are lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(11) + Eratosthenes of Kyrênê, geographer, chronologist, astronomer and + mathematician, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 275-194. Librarian of + the Alexandrine Museum under Ptolemy <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> First fixed the + latitude of places by measuring the length of the sun's shadow at + noon on the longest day in Alexandria and then <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page328">[pg 328]</span><a name="Pg328" id="Pg328" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> calculating the distance to Assuan, + where there was no shadow at all. In his work on chronology (now + lost) he gave a list of Theban kings, selected from the various + dynasties, like the lists of Karnak or Abydos. This has been + preserved, along with an attempt to translate the meaning of the + names. The translations, however, are erroneous, as they are made + from the Greek forms of the names compared with words then current + in the decaying Egyptian of the day.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(12) Ptolemy of + Megalopolis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 200. Wrote a history + of Ptolemy Philopator, now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(13) Kallixenos + of Rhodes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 210. Wrote a + description of Alexandria in four or more books, now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(14) Philistos + of Naukratis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 225. Wrote a + description of Naukratis, a history of Egypt in twelve books, and + an account of Egyptian religion in three books: all lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(15) Kharôn of + Naukratis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 160. Wrote on + Naukratis and on the succession of the Ptolemaic priests; the works + are lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(16) Lykeas of + Naukratis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 160. Wrote an account + of Egypt, now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(17) + Agatharkhides of Knidos, geographer and historian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 120. Gave an account + of the working of the Egyptian gold-mines (in his geographical work + on the Red Sea) which has been preserved by Photios.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(18) Lysimakhos + of Alexandria, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 50. Wrote a history + of Egypt containing the Egyptian legend of the Hebrew Exodus, which + has been preserved by Josephus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(19) L. + Cornelius Alexander Polyhistor, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 82-60. Wrote an + account of Egypt in three books; now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(20) Diodôros of + Sicily (Diodorus Siculus), historian, travelled in Egypt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 57, published his + great historical work, called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliothêkê</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 28. The first book of + it devoted <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page329">[pg + 329]</span><a name="Pg329" id="Pg329" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + to Egypt and Ethiopia. Quoted largely from Herodotos, Hekataios of + Abdera, Ephoros and other authors now lost. We are dependent on him + for a connected history of Egypt during the Persian period.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(21) Ptolemy of + Mendes, historian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 1. Wrote a history of + Egypt in three (?) books, now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(22) Strabo of + Amasia, geographer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 20. Travelled in + Egypt. The last (17th) book of his great work on geography is + devoted to Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(23) Apion of + El-Khargeh, grammarian and historian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 40. Pleaded for the + Alexandrines against Philo and the Jews before Caligula. Wrote a + history of Egypt in five books, the third of which discussed the + Hebrew Exodus; now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(24) Khairêmôn + of Naukratis, stoic philosopher, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 50. Was Nero's + teacher. Wrote an account of Egypt and an explanation of the + hieroglyphics; now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(25) Josephus, + son of the Jewish priest Matthias, born <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 37, received his + freedom and the name of Flavius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 69. Quotes from + Manetho, Lysimakhos, etc., in his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiquities of the + Jews</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Contra Apionem</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(26) Plutarch of + Khaironeia, moralist, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 125. Wrote at Delphi + his treatise on Isis and Osiris, which is of great value for the + history of the Osiris-myth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(27) Ptolemy of + Alexandria, geographer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 160. Egypt is + thoroughly and scientifically treated in his great work on + geography.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(28) St. Clement + of Alexandria, head of the Alexandrine (Christian) School, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 191-220. Many + references to Egyptian history and religion in his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Strômateis</span></span>. He divides Egyptian + writing into hieroglyphic, hieratic and epistolographic (or + demotic), the first being further divided into alphabetic and + symbolic, and the symbolic characters into imitative, figurative + and rebus-like.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page330">[pg + 330]</span><a name="Pg330" id="Pg330" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(29) Julius + Africanus, Christian apologist, wrote in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 221 his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chronology</span></span>, in five books; now + lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(30) Porphyry of + Batanea, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 233-305, wrote a + history of the Ptolemies; now lost.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(31) Eusebios, + bishop of Cæsarea, published in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 326 his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chronicle</span></span>, containing a list of + Manetho's dynasties. The work has been preserved in an Armenian + translation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(32) Horapollo + of Nilopolis, grammarian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 390, wrote a work on + the hieroglyphics in Coptic, which was translated into Greek by + Philippos. Only the ideographic values of the characters are given, + but they are mostly correct.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page331">[pg 331]</span><a name= + "Pg331" id="Pg331" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> <a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Appendix IV. Archæological Excursions + In The Delta.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(1) Tel + el-Yehudîyeh or Onion.—Take the train from Cairo at 10 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.m.</span></span>, reaching Shibîn + el-Qanâter at 12.25. Leave Shibîn el-Qanâter at 5.57 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">p.m.</span></span>, reaching Cairo at + 6.50. Donkeys can be procured at Shibîn, but it is a pleasant walk + of a mile and a half through the fields (towards the south-east) to + the Tel. There is a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">café</span></span> at Shibîn adjoining the + station, but it is advisable to take lunch from Cairo.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(2) Kôm el-Atrib + or Athribis.—The mounds lie close to the station of Benha el-´Asal, + north-east of the town, and can easily be explored between two + trains. All trains between Cairo and Alexandria stop at Benha.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(3) + Naukratis.—The mounds of Naukratis (Kôm Qa´if) lie nearly five + miles due west of the station of Teh el-Barûd on the line between + Cairo and Alexandria, where all trains stop except the express. The + first half of the walk is along a good road under an avenue of + trees, but after a village is reached it leads through fields. + Donkeys are not always to be had at Teh el-Barûd. The low mounds + west of the station are not earlier than the Roman period.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(4) Kanôpos or + Aboukir.—A train leaves the Ramleh station at Alexandria at 7.40 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.m.</span></span>, and reaches Aboukir + at 10.42 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.m.</span></span>, returning from + Aboukir at 4.42 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">p.m.</span></span> It is a short walk + northwards from the station to the temple of Zephyrion discovered + by Daninos Pasha in 1891. Then <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page332">[pg 332]</span><a name="Pg332" id="Pg332" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> walk eastward along the shore, where the + rocks have been cut into baths and numerous relics of antiquity lie + half-covered by the waves.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(5) The Monument + of Darius, near Suez.—A ride of rather more than five miles through + the desert north of Suez along the line of the Freshwater Canal + brings us to the fragments of one of the granite stelæ erected by + Darius to commemorate his re-opening of the Canal between the Red + Sea and the Nile. Traces of the cuneiform and hieroglyphic + inscriptions can still be detected upon some of them. The stelæ + were erected at certain intervals along the line of the Canal, and + the remains of three others of them have been found, on a mound one + kilometre south of Tel el-Maskhûtah or Pithom, a little to the east + of the station of the Serapeum on the Suez Canal, and on the side + of a mound between the 61st kilometre of the Canal and the + telegraphic station of Kabret. From Ismailîyeh to Tel el-Maskhûtah + is a ride across the desert of eleven miles.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(6) Tanis or + Zoan.—The easiest way of visiting Tanis or Sân is to sleep at + Mansûrah, where there is a very tolerable hotel, and go by the + morning train (at 9.15) to the station of Abu ´l-Shekûk, arriving + there at 10.55 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.m.</span></span> One of the small + dahabiyehs which ply on the Mo'izz canal, which passes the station + and runs to Sân, should have been previously engaged, and a servant + sent with food the day before from Mansûrah to get it ready. It is + advisable also to send cantine and bedding. A few hours (8 to 10) + will take the traveller to Sân, where he can remain as long as he + wishes. There is sufficient water in the canal all the year round + to float the dahabiyeh. On the way to Abu ´l-Shekûk the station of + Baqlîyeh is passed (at 9.41 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.m.</span></span>), close to which (to + the east) is Tel el-Baqlîyeh or Hermopolis Parva. The twin mounds + of Tmei el-Amdîd (Mendes and Thmuis) are not far to the east of the + station of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page333">[pg + 333]</span><a name="Pg333" id="Pg333" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Simbellauên, which is reached at 10.11 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.m.</span></span> (or by the 6.45 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.m.</span></span> train from Mansûrah + at 7.30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.m.</span></span>). Donkeys should be + telegraphed for beforehand. The great monolithic granite shrine of + Amasis still stands on the mounds. Tel en-Nebêsheh is only eight + miles south-east of Sân.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(7) Horbêt or + Pharbaithos.—Leaving Mansûrah at 9.15 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.m.</span></span>, the train reaches + Abu-Kebir at 11.55, where donkeys can be easily procured. It is a + pleasant ride of three miles through the fields to Horbeit and the + gigantic monoliths of Nektanebo. The train leaves Abu-Kebir for + Zagazig and Cairo at 4 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">p.m.</span></span>, reaching Zagazig at + 4.32 and Cairo at 6.50 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">p.m.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(8) Behbit + (Egyptian Hebit, Roman Iseum).—The granite ruins of the temple of + Isis, built by Ptolemy <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, lie eight miles by + river north of Mansûrah, and are less than half-an-hour's walk from + the eastern bank of the river. Delicate bas-reliefs have been + carved on the granite blocks. The ruins are a favourite object of + picnic parties from Mansûrah.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(9) Bubastis or + Tel Bast.—The ruins of the ancient city are a few minutes' walk + from the railway station and can be visited between two trains. The + site of the temple is in the middle of the mounds, the ruins of the + old houses rising up on all sides of it. There is a poor hotel in + Zagazig, kept by a Greek.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(10) Sais or Sâ + el-Hagar.—This has become difficult of access since the + construction of the railway from Alexandria to Cairo. The nearest + railway station is Kafr ez-Zaiyât, from which it is distant (by + donkey) about five hours. The voyage by river involves the passage + of several bridges.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(11) Tel + ed-Deffeneh.—Tents and camels are necessary, as well as drinking + water, for that of the canal and Lake Menzaleh is brackish. Either + go by train to Salahîyeh <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page334">[pg + 334]</span><a name="Pg334" id="Pg334" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + (leaving Cairo at 5 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">p.m.</span></span>, arriving at 9.35 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">p.m.</span></span>), or, better, sleep + at Ismailîyeh, and go thence by tramway to Kantara. The distance + across the desert to Tel ed-Deffeneh from Salahîyeh and Kantara is + about the same (eleven miles), but donkeys are more easily + procurable at Kantara than camels. At Kantara (on the east side of + the canal) are monuments and a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tel</span></span> (perhaps that of Zaru). The + excursion may be combined with one to Pelusium, passing Tel el-Hir + on the way. From Kantara to Pelusium is rather more than + half-a-day's journey. Encamp at the edge of the sand-dunes, + one-and-a-half miles from the mounds of Pelusium, walking to them + over the mud, which sometimes will not bear the weight of a camel. + No fresh water is procurable there.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page335">[pg 335]</span><a name= + "Pg335" id="Pg335" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> <a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Index.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + A + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abrêk</span></span>, <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ab-sha, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abshadi, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">238</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abu, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">203</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abukîr, <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">208</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abu-Simbel, <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">48</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">186</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abusir, <a href="#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">240</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abutig, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abydos, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a>, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, <a href="#Pg196" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>, <a href= + "#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Achæans, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">84</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adapa or Adama, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">66</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Æginetans, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">214</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Africanus, <a href="#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">16</a>, <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">40</a>, <a href="#Pg286" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ah-hotep, Queen, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">283</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Annas el-Medîneh, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">36</a>, <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">192</a>, <a href="#Pg264" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a>, <a href="#Pg269" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">269</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aigyptos, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">206</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Akhæmenes, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">178</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Akhillas, <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Akhilleus, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexander Ægos, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">139</a>, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">140</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexander's Tomb, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">138</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexandria, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">140</a>, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">147</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Am, Am-pehu, <a href="#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">236</a>, <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">237</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amasis (Ahmes <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>), <a href="#Pg130" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg215" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>, <a href="#Pg216" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>, <a href= + "#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>, + <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">232</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ameni, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">94</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amenôphis <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg053" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href= + "#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>, + <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">196</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> (Khu-n-Aten), + <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amon, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">12</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg122" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>, <a href= + "#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>, + <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">242</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amon-em-hat <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg013" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a>, <a href= + "#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>, + <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">247</a>, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">281-3</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg208" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amorites, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a>, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg101" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>, <a href="#Pg110" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amyrtæos, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">178</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg266" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anaxagoras, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antiochus, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anthylla, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anysis, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">204</a>, <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">266</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apis, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">223</a>, <a href="#Pg261" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apopi, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg042" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>, <a href="#Pg045" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>, <a href= + "#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Apries" id="Index-Apries" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apries, <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">128</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg216" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arabian nome, <a href="#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">236</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arabians, <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">276</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arad, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">108</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aram-Naharaim (Mitanni), <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">58</a>, <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arioch, <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">1</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Armais (Hor-m-hib), <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arisu, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">84</a>, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">94</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arkhandropolis, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arsaphes (Her-shef), <a href="#Pg270" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">270</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arvad, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashdod, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">125</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashkelon, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">90</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashmunên, <a href="#Pg268" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">268</a>, <a href="#Pg269" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">269</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashtoreth, <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">242</a>, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">252</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asshurim, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assur-bani-pal, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">120</a>, <a href="#Pg269" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">269</a>, <a href="#Pg277" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assyria, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">59</a>, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">82</a>, <a href="#Pg275" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asykhis or Sasykhis, <a href="#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">264</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Atarbekhis, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">262</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aten (-Ra), <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">55</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athêna, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athenians, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg238" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athribis, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">276</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aupet, <a href="#Pg269" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">269</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Avaris, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#Pg092" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>, <a href= + "#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>. + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page336">[pg 336]</span><a name= + "Pg336" id="Pg336" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + B + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baba, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">36</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylonians, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bagnold, Major, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">4</a>, <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">247</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bah, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">210</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bahr Yûsuf, <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">263</a>, <a href="#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">264</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bashan, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bast, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bata, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Benha, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">238</a>, <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">276</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beni-Hassan, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">194</a>, <a href="#Pg266" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berenikê, <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">146</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bes, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">225</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Biahmu, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">185</a>, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">188</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bigeh, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a>, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">203</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blemmyes, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bokkhoris, <a href="#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">272</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Book of the Dead, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bouriant, M., <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">171</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brugsch, <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">26</a>, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg335" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">335</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bubastis, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">110</a>, <a href="#Pg112" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a>, <a href="#Pg193" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>, <a href= + "#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>, + <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg267" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Busiris, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">239</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Butô, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">204</a>, <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>, <a href="#Pg235" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg250" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a>, <a href="#Pg267" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + C + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cæsar, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a>, <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">234</a>, + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cæsarion, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">166</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cairo, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">220</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canaan, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— libraries in, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + camel, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">21</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + canal, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">125</a>, <a href="#Pg146" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carchemish, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">126</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canopus, Decree of, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">150</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + cats, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">225</a>, <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cilicia, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Champollion, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">109</a>, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">238</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christianity, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + circumnavigation of Africa, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">125</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cleopatra, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">140</a>, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">165</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + colossus at Memphis, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">247</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + colossi of Fayyûm, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">188</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coptos, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coptic alphabet, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + cuneiform, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">60-65</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— tablets, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">61</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyprian potters, <a href="#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">236</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + D + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dahabiyeh voyage, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dakkeh, <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">152</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dahshûr, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">204</a>, <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">263</a>, <a href="#Pg265" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a>, <a href="#Pg282" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Damanhur, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">204</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Danaans, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">86</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daninos Pasha, <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">208</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daphnæ, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">129</a>, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">131</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg230" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dead Sea, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Debod, <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">152</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + De Cara, Dr., <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + De Morgan, Mr., <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">281</a>, <a href="#Pg300" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">300</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demetrius Phalereus, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Denderah, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dêr Abu Hannes, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diocletian, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diodoros, <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">247</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diospolis (Thebes), <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">163</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + dreams, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">30</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dudu, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">60</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ebed-Asherah, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ebed-tob, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ecclesiasticus, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">145</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Edom, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">72</a>, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg096" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>, <a href= + "#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">101-103</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egypt, etymology of, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">4</a>, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">206</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ekhmîm, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a>, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">235</a>, <a href="#Pg275" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elbo, <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">266</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eleazar, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">148</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elephantinê, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">201</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + El-Hibeh, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + El-Kab, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">14</a>, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">36</a>, <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + El-Khargeh, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">106</a>. + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page337">[pg 337]</span><a name= + "Pg337" id="Pg337" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eltekeh, <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">276</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Enna, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Enoch, book of, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">170</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Erman, Professor, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">25</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esar-haddon, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">116</a>, <a href="#Pg118" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Pg279" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esneh, <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">276</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ethiopians, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">112</a>, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">122</a>, <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg152" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>, <a href= + "#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>, + <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">266</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eusebius, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">40</a>, <a href="#Pg286" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Exodus, <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">38</a>, <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">40</a>, <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg051" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>, <a href= + "#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ezer, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + F + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fayyûm, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">13</a>, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">137</a>, <a href="#Pg141" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a>, <a href="#Pg142" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a>, <a href= + "#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, + <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">188</a>, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">194</a>, <a href="#Pg196" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>, <a href="#Pg246" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + famines, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">34-38</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fenkhu, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">107</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + G + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gardner, Mr. E., <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">212</a>, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">214</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gaza, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg090" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href= + "#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, + <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">126</a>, <a href="#Pg128" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>, <a href="#Pg139" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gebal (Byblos), <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gebel Abu Foda, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a>, <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">271</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gebelên, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gezer, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goshen, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">44</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>, <a href="#Pg120" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>, <a href= + "#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Golénischeff, M., <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">94</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grant-Bey, Dr., <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greeks, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">123</a>, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">131</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Griffith, Mr., <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">11</a>, <a href="#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">236</a>, <a href="#Pg271" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">271</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gyges, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">122</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + H + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hadashah, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">90</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hamath, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">88</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hammamât, <a href="#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">272</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hanes (Ahnas), <a href="#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">267</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hapi (Nile), <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hathor, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">31</a>, <a href="#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">260</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + hawks, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hebron, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hekatæos, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">176</a>, <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">177</a>, <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>, <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, <a href= + "#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>, + <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">237</a>, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">285</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helen, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">251</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heliopolis, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">204</a>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">220</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a>, <a href="#Pg250" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hellanikos, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hellenion, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + helmet, bronze, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">283</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hephæstion, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">138</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herakleopolis (Ahnas), <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">192</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>, <a href="#Pg204" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>, <a href= + "#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a>, + <a href="#Pg270" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">270-271</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hermes, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">227</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hermopolis, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">204</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Her-shef (Arsaphes), <a href="#Pg270" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">270</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hezekiah, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">115</a>, <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">276</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hierakon, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hininsu (Ahnas), <a href="#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">264</a>, <a href="#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">267</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + hippopotamus, <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">177</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">193</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hittites, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">74</a>, <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>, <a href="#Pg086" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>, <a href= + "#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Homer, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">182</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hont-mâ-Ra, <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">208</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hophra, <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#Index-Apries" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Apries</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hor-m-hib, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">75</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horus, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">201</a>, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">222</a>, <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>, <a href="#Pg237" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a>, <a href= + "#Pg275" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Howâra, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#Pg265" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">265</a>, <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a>, <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Huseyn, feast of, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">239</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hyksos, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">14</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg038" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>, <a href="#Pg039" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href= + "#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a>, + <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">42</a>, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">227</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hypatia, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">170</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + I + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iannas, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">228</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ibises, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">210</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Illahun, <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">263</a>, <a href="#Pg265" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">265</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inaros, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">178</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">181</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + inundation, <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">184</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ionians, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a>, <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">230</a>, <a href="#Pg280" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isis, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a>, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">235</a>, <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Istar, <a href="#Pg277" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">277</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + J + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jaddua, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">144</a>, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">150</a>. + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page338">[pg 338]</span><a name= + "Pg338" id="Pg338" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jason, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jerahmeel, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">108</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jeroboam, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">106</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jerusalem, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg106" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>, <a href= + "#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>, + <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">126</a>, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">127</a>, <a href="#Pg134" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>, <a href="#Pg139" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jews, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a>, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">144</a>, <a href="#Pg148" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>, <a href="#Pg152" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>, <a href= + "#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, + <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a>, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">159</a>, <a href="#Pg162" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg164" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Joseph, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">24</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg093" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg221" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Josiah, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">126</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Judah, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg107" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + K + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kadesh, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a>, + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kambyses, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">132</a>, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg262" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ka-meri-Ra, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">11</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kanôpos, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207-209</a>, <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kanôpic arm of Nile, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">206</a>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">209</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Karians, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">123</a>, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">183</a>, <a href="#Pg187" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>, <a href="#Pg218" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>, <a href= + "#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>, + <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">239</a>, <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">242</a>, <a href="#Pg254" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a>, <a href="#Pg280" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kafr el-Ayyât, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">245</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kellogg, Dr., <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">99</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kerkasoros, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">185</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khabiri, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khabbash, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">134</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khal, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">100</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khaf-Ra (Khephren), <a href="#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">256</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kheb, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khemmis, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a>, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">235</a>, <a href="#Pg237" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kheops (Khufu), <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg256" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>, <a href="#Pg258" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khephren (Khaf-Ra), <a href="#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">256</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kheti-ti, <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">276</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khian (Iannas), <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">228</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khita-sir, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khiti, <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khri-Ahu, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">220</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khu-n-Aten (Amenôphis <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>), <a href="#Pg053" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kimon, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">181</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kirjath-sepher, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">68</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kleomenes, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">137</a>, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">138</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Klysma, <a href="#Pg269" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">269</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kokkê (Cleopatra), <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kom el-Ahmar, <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">250</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kôm Qa'if, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Krophi, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">199-201</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ktêsias, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">285</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kyrênê, <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">130</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + L + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Labai, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Labyrinth, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">186</a>, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">273</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leku, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">84</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leontopolis, <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">158</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lepsius, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">76</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leto, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Libyans, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">84</a>, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">106</a>, <a href="#Pg123" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>, <a href="#Pg130" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lisht, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + M + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maccabees, the, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">160</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mafkat (Sinai), <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">254</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mahanaim, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">108</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mahler, Professor, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg308" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">308</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maindes, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">281</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manasseh, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">116</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manetho, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">14</a>, <a href="#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">16</a>, <a href="#Pg018" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>, <a href="#Pg073" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>, <a href= + "#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>, + <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">100</a>, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">148</a>, <a href="#Pg228" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>, <a href="#Pg257" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>, <a href= + "#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">272</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mariette, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg245" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a>, <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mark Antony, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">166</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maspero, Professor, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#Pg271" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">271</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Master-thief, tale of, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">253</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maxyes, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">84</a>, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Medînet Habu, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#Pg253" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>, <a href= + "#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mêdum, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a>, <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">263</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Megabyzos, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">181</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Megabazus, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">238</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Megiddo, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">107</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melchizedek, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Memnon, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">196</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Memphis, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg219" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>, <a href="#Pg242" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mendes, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">239</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menelaus (the Jew), <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menelaite nome, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a>, <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">237</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menes, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">190</a>, <a href="#Pg244" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a>, <a href="#Pg246" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>. + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page339">[pg 339]</span><a name= + "Pg339" id="Pg339" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meneptah, <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">40</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg049" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href= + "#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>, + <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">92</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">96</a>, <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, <a href="#Pg270" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menshîyeh (Ptolemais), <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">143</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menzaleh, Lake, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menûf, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">238</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mer-ka-Ra, <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Merom, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">80</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Messianic prophecy, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">94</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + mice, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg275" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">275</a>, <a href="#Pg276" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Miletus, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">126</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milesians, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">214</a>, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">215</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Min, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mitanni (Aram Naharaim), <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">58</a>, <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>, <a href="#Pg088" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mnevis, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a>, <a href="#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">240</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moab, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mohar, Travels of a</span></span>, <a href= + "#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moph (Memphis), <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mophi, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">201</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mœris, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">188</a>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg273" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a>, <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Museum, the, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a>, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg165" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mut, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">201</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mykerinos (Men-ka-Ra), <a href="#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">256</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg264" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + N + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nahum, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">121</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + name, change of, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">31</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Napata, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">112</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">119</a>, <a href="#Pg268" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">268</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naville, Dr., <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">44</a>, <a href="#Pg076" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>, <a href="#Pg078" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href= + "#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>, + <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">158</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>, <a href="#Pg226" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a>, <a href= + "#Pg270" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a>, + <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naukratis, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">131</a>, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">132</a>, <a href="#Pg204" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>, <a href="#Pg209" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neapolis (Qeneh), <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nebuchadrezzar, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">127</a>, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">129</a>, <a href="#Pg130" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Necho of Sais, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a>, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Pg120" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>, <a href="#Pg278" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg125" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neferu-Ptah, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">281</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neit, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">199</a>, <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">216</a>, <a href="#Pg218" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>, <a href="#Pg253" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>, <a href= + "#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nektanebo <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg229" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg135" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>, <a href= + "#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>, + <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nikanor, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">139</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nikiu, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">238</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nile, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">31</a>, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">34</a>, <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>, <a href="#Pg184" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sources of, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">198</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nineveh, <a href="#Pg124" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">124</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nitokris, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">11</a>, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">246</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + No-Amon (Thebes), <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">121</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Noph (Memphis), <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Norden, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">187</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nut-Amon, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">30</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + O + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + On (Heliopolis), <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">31</a>, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">131</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Onias, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg162" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg250" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg151" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Onion, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Osarsiph, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">92</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Osiris, <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">216</a>, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">239</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Osorkon <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg227" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg110" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>, <a href= + "#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>, + <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">226</a>, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">228</a>, <a href="#Pg268" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">268</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ostraka, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">144</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Osymandyas, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">196</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + P + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pausírís, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Papias, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paprêmis, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">178</a>, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">180</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg205" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href= + "#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pa-Uaz (Butô), <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peguath, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pelusiac arm of Nile, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pelusium, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">178</a>, <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">232</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pepi <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg227" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perdikkas, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">138</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pergamos, library of, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">166</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perseus, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">198</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peter, Apocalypse of St., <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">171</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Gospel of St., <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">171</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Petrie, Professor W. F., <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">7</a>, <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a>, <a href="#Pg011" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a>, <a href= + "#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>, + <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">54</a>, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">57</a>, <a href="#Pg065" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>, <a href="#Pg078" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href= + "#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>, + <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">137</a>, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">185</a>, <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>, <a href="#Pg191" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>, <a href= + "#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>, + <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a>, <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">266</a>, <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phanês, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">132</a>, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">214</a>, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg234" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phakussa, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a>. + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page340">[pg 340]</span><a name= + "Pg340" id="Pg340" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pharaoh, meaning of, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">22</a>, <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">250</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pharos, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">182</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pherôn, <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">250</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philæ, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philistines, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">84</a>, <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>, <a href="#Pg088" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href= + "#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philotera (Qoseir), <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">146</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phut, <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">130</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + phœnix, <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">177</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">223</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pi-ankhi, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">112</a>, <a href="#Pg268" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">268</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pi-Sopd, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">120</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pithom, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">169</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plato, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plutarch, <a href="#Pg270" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">270</a>, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">285</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Polybos, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">182</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Polykratês, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">176</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pompey, <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">164</a>, <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">234</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Potiphar, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">24</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Probus, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prosôpitis, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">238</a>, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">262</a>, <a href="#Pg335" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">335</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Proteus, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">182</a>, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">251</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Psalms of Solomon, <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">164</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Psammetikhos <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg118" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>, <a href= + "#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>, + <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">122</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>, <a href="#Pg243" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a>, <a href= + "#Pg278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg127" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg132" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>, <a href= + "#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptah, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">4</a>, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">196</a>, <a href="#Pg204" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>, <a href="#Pg242" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg274" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">274</a>, <a href="#Pg279" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptolemais, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptolemy <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, Lagos, <a href= + "#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, Philadelphus, + <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">146</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg213" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg148" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg151" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg152" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg154" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Physkôn, <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Lathyrus, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pyramid, the great, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">190</a>, <a href="#Pg256" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Q + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Qebhu, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">203</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Qerti, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a>, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">202</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Qoseir, <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">146</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + R + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ra, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">12</a>, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">24</a>, <a href="#Pg029" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>, <a href="#Pg056" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>, <a href= + "#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Raamses (city), <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">76</a>, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">98</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ra-men-kheper, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg075" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg003" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>, <a href= + "#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a>, + <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">18</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg047" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#Pg068" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a>, <a href= + "#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>, + <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg117" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>, <a href="#Pg196" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>, <a href= + "#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>, + <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">208</a>, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">228</a>, <a href="#Pg236" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a>, <a href="#Pg247" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>, <a href= + "#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a>, + <a href="#Pg270" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">270</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg085" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85-90</a>, <a href= + "#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>, + <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">157</a>, <a href="#Pg253" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>, <a href="#Pg254" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ra-nefer, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Raphia, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">114</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Red Mound, <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">250</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Retennu, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhampsinitos (Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>), <a href="#Pg252" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhodopis, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">214</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rome, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">155</a>, <a href="#Pg164" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rosetta Stone, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + S + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sabako, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">110</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg266" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>, <a href="#Pg269" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">269</a>, <a href= + "#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sadducees, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sa el-Hagar (Sais), <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saft el-Henneh (Goshen), <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">43</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sais, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">204</a>, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">215</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samaritans, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">137</a>, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">159</a>, <a href="#Pg162" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samians, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">214</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sapi-ris, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">238</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sappho, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">214</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sardinians, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">84</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sargon, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">114</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sasykhis or Asykhis, <a href="#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">264</a>, <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">266</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Satrapies, Assyrian, in Egypt, <a href="#Pg117" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>, <a href="#Pg122" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>, <a href= + "#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Satuna, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schumacher, Dr., <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scyths, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">123</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sebah</span></span>, <a href="#Pg212" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sebek, <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">266</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sebennytic arm of Nile, <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">237</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sehêl, stela of, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sekhem (Esneh), <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">276</a>. + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page341">[pg 341]</span><a name= + "Pg341" id="Pg341" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sekhet, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">225</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Semennûd (Sebennytos), <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">239</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Send, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Senem (Bigeh), <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sennacherib, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">114</a>, <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">244</a>, <a href="#Pg275" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Septimius, <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Septuagint, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">145</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serapeum, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serapis, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + serpents, winged, <a href="#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">236</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sesetsu (Sesostris), <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">249</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sesostris (Ramses <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>), <a href="#Pg047" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href= + "#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>, + <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">247</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Set, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a>, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">222</a>, <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>, <a href="#Pg237" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a>, <a href= + "#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sethos, <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">244</a>, <a href="#Pg275" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">275</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seti <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg075" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>, <a href= + "#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg084" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>, <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97-100</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Set-nekht, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">100</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shasu (Bedouin), <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">276</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shechem, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shed-festival, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">226</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shepherd kings, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">14</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sheri, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shishak, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">106</a>, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">228</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sib'e (So), <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">114</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siculians, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">86</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sidon, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">128</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Simon the Just, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">150</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sin, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sinai, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg254" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a>, <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Singar, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Si-Ptah, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">84</a>, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">99</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smendes, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Snefru, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + So (Sib'e), <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">114</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Solomon, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Solon, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a>, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">217</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sostratos, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sphinx, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">30</a>, <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#Pg245" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. John, J. A., <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">192</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Strabo, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a>, <a href="#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">264</a>, <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Succoth, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sumerian, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">64</a>, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">65</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Suphah, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">101</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sutekh, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg228" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + T + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tahpanhes, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">129</a>, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">131</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tand-Amon, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">119</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tanis (<span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#Index-Zoan" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Zoan</a>), <a href= + "#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tantah, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">226</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ta-user, Queen, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">99</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teie, Queen, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">57</a>, <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">58</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tel el-Amarna, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">52</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tel el-Baqlîyeh, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">210</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tel ed-Deffeneh, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">129</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">231</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tel el-Yehudîyeh, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a>, <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">250</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tel en-Nebêsheh, <a href="#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">236</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tel Fera'in, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tel Mokdam, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thannyras, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thebes, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">12</a>, <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">50</a>, <a href="#Pg163" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>, <a href="#Pg182" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>, <a href= + "#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, + <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a>, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">196</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + This (Girgeh), <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thothmes <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg018" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>, <a href= + "#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>, + <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">196</a>, <a href="#Pg222" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thukydides, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">285</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tirhakah, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">114</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg272" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">272</a>, <a href="#Pg276" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tnêphakhtos, <a href="#Pg268" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">268</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tunip, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Turah, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Turin Papyrus, <a href="#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">16</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tut-ankh-Amon, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Two brothers, Tale of, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">25</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyre, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg234" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyrian camp, <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">242</a>, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">251</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyrsenians, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">84</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + U + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uaz, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a>, <a href="#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">236</a>, <a href="#Pg237" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a>, <a href="#Pg275" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Urd-Amon, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">119</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ur-mer, <a href="#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">240</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Usertesen <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg221" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>, <a href= + "#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg019" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a>, <a href= + "#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>, + <a href="#Pg270" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">270</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg282" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a>. + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page342">[pg 342]</span><a name= + "Pg342" id="Pg342" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + W + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wadi Tumilât (Goshen), <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">43</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wiedemann, Professor, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">223</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wilbour, Mr., <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + X + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Xanthos, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">176</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Y + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yaud-hamelek, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">109</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Z + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zagazig, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zahi, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zakkur, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">84</a>, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">86</a>, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zaphnath-paaneah, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">32</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zemar, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zenodotos, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zephyrion, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zerah, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Zoan" id="Index-Zoan" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zoan (Sân, Tanis), <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg039" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg041" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href= + "#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>, + <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">48</a>, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg267" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a>. + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> <a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hosea ix. 6; Isaiah xix. 13; Jeremiah + ii. 16.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href= + "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh</span></span> + (first edition), p. 44.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href= + "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pap. Anastasi</span></span>, i. p. 23, line + 5.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href= + "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Horner, in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Philosophical + Transactions of the Royal Society</span></span>, 1855-58.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href= + "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Brugsch's translation, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Egypt under the + Pharaohs</span></span>, Eng. trans. first edition, i. p. 266.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href= + "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ramses <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> reigned from + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1348 to 1281; if the + stela of Sân had been erected in the twenty-eighth year of his + reign, four hundred years would take us back to <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 1720. The Syrian wars + were concluded by the treaty with the Hittites in the twenty-first + year of his reign.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href= + "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is the length of the reign as + given by Manetho, and with this agree all the dated monuments of + Hor-m-hib, with the exception of a fragment in the British Museum + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Egyptian + Inscriptions</span></span>, 5624), which has been supposed to refer + to his seventh and twenty-first years. But the king to whom these + dates refer is uncertain, and Dr. Birch may be right in considering + that Amenôphis is meant.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href= + "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Maspero's exhaustive paper + <span class="tei tei-q">“The List of Sheshonq at Karnak,”</span> in + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria + Institute</span></span>, xxvii. (1893-94).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href= + "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sharpe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of + Egypt</span></span>, i. p. 346.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href= + "#noteref_10">10.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The inscription of Sheri, the prophet + of Send, part of which is in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford and + part at Cairo, makes Per-ab-sen the successor of Send. He will have + corresponded to the Khaires of Manetho.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href= + "#noteref_11">11.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In an inscription now at Palermo a + King Ahtes is mentioned by the side of Nefer-ar-ka-Ra.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href= + "#noteref_12">12.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the tomb of Mera, discovered by Mr. + de Morgan at Saqqârah in 1894, Akau-Hor stands between Unas and + Teta.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href= + "#noteref_13">13.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">One of the kings of the seventh + dynasty was Dad-nefer-Ra Dudu-mes, whose name is conjoined with + those of the sixth dynasty kings at El-Kab, and who built at + Gebelên.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href= + "#noteref_14">14.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The last five names are thus given by + Lauth.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href= + "#noteref_15">15.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The names of these six kings are found + only on scarabs, and are placed here by Professor Petrie.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href= + "#noteref_16">16.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ameni is mentioned in a papyrus along + with Khiti.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href= + "#noteref_17">17.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to Lauth, the Turin papyrus + gives nineteen kings to the tenth dynasty, and 185 years.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href= + "#noteref_18">18.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to Petrie's arrangement. + Lieblein further includes in the dynasty, Ra-snefer-ka, Ra ..., + User-n-Ra, Neb-nem-Ra, and An-âa.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href= + "#noteref_19">19.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to Lieblein the Turin + papyrus makes the sum of the eleventh dynasty 243 years, + Neb-khru-Ra reigning 51 years.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href= + "#noteref_20">20.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to Brugsch.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href= + "#noteref_21">21.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">His name has been found by Mr. de + Morgan at Dahshûr.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href= + "#noteref_22">22.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to Maspero, thirteen + years.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href= + "#noteref_23">23.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maspero: Andû.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href= + "#noteref_24">24.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Monuments of Nehasi, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the negro,”</span> have been found at Tel Mokdam and + San.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href= + "#noteref_25">25.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the eighteenth year of Aahmes, + Queen Amen-sit is associated with him on a stêlê found at + Thebes.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href= + "#noteref_26">26.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to Dr. Mahler's astronomical + determination. Thothmes counted sixteen years of his sister's reign + as part of his own. Hashepsu was only his half-sister, his mother + being Ast, who was probably not of royal blood. The mother of + Hashepsu was Hashepsu <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href= + "#noteref_27">27.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Called Khuri[ya] in one of the Tel + el-Amarna tables. Hence the Horos of Manetho.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href= + "#noteref_28">28.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">There is a contract in the Louvre + drawn up at Thebes in the sixteenth year of his reign.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href= + "#noteref_29">29.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to Wiedemann.</dd> + </dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EGYPT OF THE HEBREWS AND HERODOTOS*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader33" id="rightpageheader33"></a><a name= + "pgtoc34" id="pgtoc34"></a><a name="pdf35" id="pdf35"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">February 12, + 2012 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI + edition 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Produced by Delphine Lettau, David + King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team + at <http://www.pgdp.net/>.</span></span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader36" id="rightpageheader36"></a><a name= + "pgtoc37" id="pgtoc37"></a><a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project + Gutenberg</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file + should be named 38843-h.html or 38843-h.zip.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all + associated files of various formats will be found in: <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/8/8/4/38843/" class= + "block tei tei-xref" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style= + "font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">/dirs/3/8/8/4/38843/</span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated + editions will replace the previous one — the old editions will be + renamed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the + works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a + United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and + you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without + permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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