diff options
Diffstat (limited to '38783.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 38783.txt | 1932 |
1 files changed, 1932 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/38783.txt b/38783.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c88b39a --- /dev/null +++ b/38783.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1932 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Women of Achievement, by Benjamin Brawley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Women of Achievement + Written for the Fireside Schools + +Author: Benjamin Brawley + +Release Date: February 7, 2012 [EBook #38783] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMEN OF ACHIEVEMENT *** + + + + +Produced by Suzanne Shell, Emmy and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + + +Women of Achievement + +Written for The Fireside Schools + +Under the auspices of the + +Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society + +by + +BENJAMIN BRAWLEY + +Dean of Morehouse College + + +Author of "A Short History of the American Negro," "The Negro in +Literature and Art," "Your Negro Neighbor," Etc. + + + + + Copyright, 1919 + by the + Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + I. Introduction.--The Negro Woman in American Life. + + II. Harriet Tubman. + + III. Nora Gordon. + + IV. Meta Warrick Fuller. + + V. Mary McLeod Bethune. + + VI. Mary Church Terrell. + + + + +[Illustration: JOANNA P. MOORE] + + + + +THE FIRESIDE SCHOOLS + + +The work of the Fireside Schools was begun in 1884 by Joanna P. Moore, +who was born in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, September 26, 1832, and +who died in Selma, Alabama, April 15, 1916. For fifty years Miss Moore +was well known as an earnest worker for the betterment of the Negro +people of the South. Beginning in the course of the Civil War, at Island +No. 10, in November, 1863, she gave herself untiringly to the work to +which she felt called. In 1864 she ministered to a group of people at +Helena, Arkansas. In 1868 she went to Lauderdale, Mississippi, to help +the Friends in an orphan asylum. While she was at one time left +temporarily in charge of the institution cholera broke out, and eleven +children died within one week; but she remained at her post until the +fury of the plague was abated. She spent nine years in the vicinity of +New Orleans, reading the Bible to those who could not read, writing +letters in search of lost ones, and especially caring for the helpless +old women that she met. In 1877 the Woman's American Baptist Home +Mission Society gave her its first commission. + +The object of the Fireside Schools is to secure the daily prayerful +study of God's word by having this read to parents and children +together; to teach parents and children, husbands and wives, their +respective duties one to another; to supply homes with good reading +matter; and also to inculcate temperance, industry, neighborly +helpfulness, and greater attention to the work of the church. The +publication of _Hope_, the organ of the Fireside Schools, was begun in +1885. Closely associated with the Schools are the Bible Bands, a single +band consisting of any two or three people in the same church or +neighborhood who meet to review the lessons in _Hope_ and to report and +plan Christian work. All the activities are under the general +supervision of the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society, though +the special Fireside School headquarters are at 612 Gay Street, +Nashville, Tennessee. The present work is dedicated to the memory of +Joanna P. Moore, and to the wives and mothers and sisters, now happily +numbered by the thousands, who are engaged in the work of the Fireside +Schools. + + + + +I. + +INTRODUCTION. + +The Negro Woman in American Life + + +In the history of the Negro race in America no more heroic work has been +done than that performed by the Negro woman. The great responsibilities +of life have naturally drifted to the men; but who can measure the +patience, the love, the self-sacrifice of those who in a more humble way +have labored for their people and even in the midst of war striven most +earnestly to keep the home-fires burning? Even before emancipation a +strong character had made herself felt in more than one community; and +to-day, whether in public life, social service, education, missions, +business, literature, music, or even the professions and scholarship, +the Negro woman is making her way and reflecting credit upon a race that +for so many years now has been struggling to the light. + +It was but natural that those should first become known who were +interested in the uplift of the race. If we except such an unusual and +specially gifted spirit as Phillis Wheatley, we shall find that those +who most impressed the American public before the Civil War were the +ones who best identified themselves with the general struggle for +freedom. Outstanding was the famous lecturer, Sojourner Truth. This +remarkable woman was born of slave parents in the state of New York +about 1798. She recalled vividly in her later years the cold, damp +cellar-room in which slept the slaves of the family to which she +belonged, and where she was taught by her mother to repeat the Lord's +Prayer and to trust God at all times. When in the course of the process +of gradual emancipation in New York she became legally free in 1827, her +master refused to comply with the law. She left, but was pursued and +found. Rather than have her go back, however, a friend paid for her +services for the rest of the year. Then there came an evening when, +searching for one of her children that had been stolen and sold, she +found herself without a resting-place for the night. A Quaker family, +however, gave her lodging. Afterwards she went to New York City, joined +a Methodist church, and worked hard to improve her condition. Later, +having decided to leave New York for a lecture tour through the East, +she made a small bundle of her belongings and informed a friend that +her name was no longer _Isabella_, as she had been known, but +_Sojourner_. Afterwards, as she herself said, finding that she needed +two names she adopted _Truth_, because it was intended that she should +declare the truth to the people. She went on her way, lecturing to +people wherever she found them assembled and being entertained in many +aristocratic homes. She was entirely untaught in the schools, but tall +and of commanding presence, original, witty, and always suggestive. The +stories told about her are numberless; but she was ever moved by an +abiding trust in God, and she counted among her friends many of the most +distinguished Americans of her time. By her tact and her gift of song +she kept down ridicule, and by her fervor and faith she won many friends +for the anti-slavery cause. + +It was impossible of course for any single woman to carry on the +tradition of such a character as Sojourner Truth. She belonged to a +distinct epoch in the country's history, one in which the rights of the +Negro and the rights of woman in general were frequently discussed on +the same platform; and she passed--so far as her greatest influence was +concerned--with her epoch. In more recent years those women who have +represented the race before the larger public have been persons of more +training and culture, though it has been practically impossible for any +one to equal the native force and wit of Sojourner Truth. Outstanding in +recent years have been Mrs. Booker T. Washington and Mrs. Mary Church +Terrell. The spread of culture, however, and the general force of the +social emphasis have more and more led those who were interested in +social betterment to come together so that there might be the greater +effect from united effort. Thus we have had developing in almost all of +our cities and towns various clubs working for the good of the race, +whether the immediate aim was literary culture, an orphanage, an old +folks' home, the protection of working girls, or something else +similarly noble. Prominent among the pioneers in such work were Mrs. +Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, of Boston, and Mrs. John T. Cook, of +Washington, D. C. No one can record exactly how much has been +accomplished by these organizations; in fact, the clubs range all the +way in effectiveness from one that is a dominating force in its town to +one that is struggling to get started. The result of the work, however, +would in any case sum up with an astonishing total. A report from +Illinois, fairly representative of the stronger work, mentioned the +following activities: "The Cairo hospital, fostered and under the +supervision of the Yates Club of Cairo; the Anna Field Home for Girls, +Peoria; Lincoln Old Folks' and Orphans' Home, founded by Mrs. Eva Monroe +and assisted by the Women's Club of Springfield; the Home for Aged and +Infirm Colored People, Chicago, founded by Mrs. Gabrella Smith and +others; the Amanda Smith Orphans' Home, Harvey; the Phillis Wheatley +Home for Wage-Earning Girls, of Chicago." In Alabama the State +Federation of Colored Women's Clubs has established and is supporting a +reformatory at Mt. Meigs for Negro boys, and the women are very +enthusiastic about the work. A beautiful and well ordered home for Negro +girls was established a few years ago in Virginia. Of the White Rose +Mission of New York we are told that it "has done much good. A large +number of needy ones have found shelter within its doors and have been +able to secure work of all kinds. This club has a committee to meet the +incoming steamers from the South and see that young women entering the +city as strangers are directed to proper homes." All such work is +touching in its tenderness and effectiveness. The National Association +of Colored Women's Clubs was founded in 1896. The organization has +become stronger and stronger until it is now a powerful and effective +one with hundreds of members. One of its recent activities has been the +purchase of the home of Frederick Douglass at Anacostia, D. C. + +In education, church life, and missions--special forms of social +service--we have only to look around us to see what the Negro woman is +accomplishing. Not only is she bearing the brunt of common school +education for the race; in more than one instance a strong character, +moved to do something, has started on a career of success a good +secondary or industrial school. Representative are the Voorhees Normal +and Industrial School, at Denmark, S. C., founded by Elizabeth C. +Wright; the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls, +founded by Mrs. M. M. Bethune; and the Mt. Meigs Institute, Mt. Meigs, +Alabama, founded by Miss Cornelia Bowen. Noteworthy for its special +missionary emphasis is the National Training School of Washington, of +which Miss Nannie H. Burroughs is the head. One of the most important +recent developments in education has been the appointment of a number +of young women as supervisors in county schools under the terms of the +will of Anna T. Jeanes, a Quaker lady of Philadelphia who left a +considerable sum of money for the improvement of the rural schools of +the South. In church work we all know the extent to which women have had +to bear the burden not only of the regular activities but also of the +numerous "rallies" that still so unfortunately afflict our churches. +Deserving of special mention in connection with social service is the +work of those who have labored under the auspices of the Young Women's +Christian Association, which has done so much for the moral well-being +of the great camps in the war. In foreign mission work one of the +educational institutions sustained primarily by Northern Baptist +agencies--Spelman Seminary--stands out with distinct prominence. Not +only has Spelman sent to Africa several of her daughters from this +country, the first one being Nora Gordon in 1889; she has also educated +several who have come to her from Africa, the first being Lena Clark, +and for these the hope has ever been that they would return to their own +country for their largest and most mature service. + +In the realm of business the Negro woman has stood side by side with her +husband in the rise to higher things. In almost every instance in which +a man has prospered, investigation will show that his advance was very +largely due to the faith, the patience, and the untiring effort of his +wife. Dr. B. T. Washington, in his book _The Negro in Business_, gave +several examples. One of the outstanding instances was in the story of +Junius G. Groves, famous potato grower of Edwardsville, Kansas. This man +moved from his original home in Kentucky to Kansas at the time of the +well-known "Exodus" of 1879, a migration movement which was even more +voluntary on the part of the Negro than the recent removal to the North +on the part of so many, this latter movement being in so many ways a +result of war conditions. Mr. Groves in course of time became a man of +large responsibilities and means. It is most interesting, however, to go +back to his early days of struggle. We read as follows: "Soon after +getting the crop planted Mr. Groves decided to marry. When he reached +this decision he had but seventy-five cents in cash, and had to borrow +enough to satisfy the demands of the law. But he knew well the worth and +common sense of the woman he was to marry. She was as poor in worldly +goods as himself; but their poverty did not discourage them in their +plans. * * * * During the whole season they worked with never-tiring +energy, early and late; with the result that when the crop had been +harvested and all debts paid they had cleared $125. Notwithstanding +their lack of many necessaries of life, to say nothing of comforts, they +decided to invest $50 of their earnings in a lot in Kansas City, Kansas. +They paid $25 for a milk cow, and kept the remaining $50 to be used in +the making of another crop." In the course of a few years Mr. Groves, +with the help of his wife, now the mother of a large family, gathered in +one year hundreds of thousands of bushels of white potatoes, surpassing +all other growers in the world. Similarly was the success of E. C. +Berry, a hotel-keeper of Athens, Ohio, due to his wife. "At night, after +his guests had fallen asleep, it was his custom to go around and gather +up their clothes and take them to his wife, who would add buttons which +were lacking, repair rents, and press the garments, after which Mr. +Berry would replace them in the guests' rooms. Guests who had received +such treatment returned again and brought their friends with them." In +course of time Mr. and Mrs. Berry came to own the leading hotel in +Athens, one of fifty rooms and of special favor with commercial +travelers. + +Such examples could be multiplied indefinitely. It is not only in such +spheres that the worth of the Negro woman has been shown, however. +Daily, in thousands of homes, in little stores and on humble farms, +effort just as heroic has been exerted, though the result is not always +so evident. On their own initiative also women are now engaging in large +enterprises. The most conspicuous example of material success is +undoubtedly Mme. C. J. Walker, of the Mme. C. J. Walker Manufacturing +Company, of Indianapolis and New York, a business that is now conducted +on a large scale and in accordance with the best business methods of +America. Important also in this connection is the very great +contribution that Negro women--very often those without education and +opportunity--are making in the ordinary industrial life of the country. +According to the census of 1910, 1,047,146, or 52 per cent. of those at +work, were either farmers or farm laborers, and 28 per cent. more were +either cooks or washerwomen. In other words, a total of exactly 80 per +cent. were doing some of the hardest and at the same time some of the +most necessary work in our home and industrial life. These are workers +whose worth has never been fully appreciated by the larger public, and +who needed the heavy demands of the great war to call attention to the +actual value of the service they were rendering. + +The changes in fact brought about within the last few years, largely as +a result of war conditions, are remarkable. As Mary E. Jackson, writing +in the _Crisis_, has said: "Indiana reports [Negro women] in glass +works; in Ohio they are found on the night shifts of glass works; they +have gone into the pottery works in Virginia; wood-working plants and +lumber yards have called for their help in Tennessee." She also quotes +Rachel S. Gallagher, of Cleveland, Ohio, as saying of the Negro women in +that city: "We find them on power sewing-machines, making caps, waists, +bags, and mops; we find them doing pressing and various hand operations +in these same shops. They are employed in knitting factories as winders, +in a number of laundries on mangles of every type, and in sorting and +marking. They are in paper box factories doing both hand and machine +work, in button factories on the button machines, in packing houses +packing meat, in railroad yards wiping and cleaning engines, and doing +sorting in railroad shops. One of our workers recently found two colored +girls on a knotting machine in a bed spring factory, putting the knots +in the wire springs." + +In the professions, such as medicine and law, and in scholarship as +well, the Negro woman has blazed a path. One year after Oberlin College +in Ohio was founded in 1833, thirty years before the issuing of the +Emancipation Proclamation, the trustees took the advanced ground of +admitting Negro men and women on equal terms with other students. Of the +Northern colleges and universities Oberlin still leads in the number of +its Negro women graduates, but in recent years other such institutions +as Radcliffe, Wellesley, Columbia, and Chicago have been represented in +an increasing number by those who have finished their work creditably +and even with distinction in many instances. More and more each year are +young women at these institutions going forward to the attainment of the +higher scholastic degrees. In connection with medicine we recall the +work in the war of the Negro woman in the related profession of nursing. +It was only after considerable discussion that she was given a genuine +opportunity in Red Cross work, but she at once vindicated herself. In +the legal profession she has not only been admitted to practice in +various places, but has also been appointed to public office. It must be +understood that such positions as those just remarked are not secured +without a struggle, but all told they indicate that the race through its +womanhood is more and more taking part in the general life of the +country. + +In keeping with the romantic quality of the race it was but natural that +from the first there should have been special effort at self-expression +in literature, music, and other forms of art. The first Negro woman to +strike the public imagination was Phillis Wheatley, who even as a young +girl wrote acceptable verse. Her _Poems on Various Subjects_ published +in 1773 at once attracted attention, and it was fitting that the first +Negro woman to become distinguished in America should be one of +outstanding piety and nobility of soul. Just a few years before the +Civil War Frances Ellen Watkins, better known as Mrs. F. E. W. Harper, +entered upon her career as a writer of popular poetry. At the present +time attention centers especially upon Mrs. Georgia Douglas Johnson, who +early in 1918 produced in _The Heart of a Woman_ a little volume of +delicate and poignantly beautiful verse, and from whom greater and +greater things are expected, as she not only has the temperament of an +artist but has also undergone a period of severe training in her chosen +field. In the wider field of prose--including especially stories, +essays, and sketches--Mrs. Alice Moore Dunbar-Nelson is prominent. In +1899 she produced _The Goodness of St. Rocque, and other stories_, and +since then has continued her good work in various ways. The whole field +of literature is a wide one, one naturally appealing to many of the +younger women, and one that with all its difficulties and lack of +financial return does offer some genuine reward to the candidate who is +willing to work hard and who does not seek a short cut to fame. + +In music the race has produced more women of distinction than in any +other field. This was natural, for the Negro voice is world famous. The +pity is that all too frequently some of the most capable young women +have not had the means to cultivate their talents and hence have fallen +by the wayside. Some day it is to be hoped that a great philanthropist +will endow a real conservatory at which such persons may find some +genuine opportunity and encouragement in their development in their days +of struggle. In spite of all the difficulties, however, there have been +singers who have risen to very high things in their art. Even before the +Civil War the race produced one of the first rank in Elizabeth Taylor +Greenfield, who came into prominence in 1851. This artist, born in +Mississippi, was taken to Philadelphia and there cared for by a Quaker +lady. The young woman did not soon reveal her gift to her friend, +thinking that it might be frowned upon as something too worldly. Her +guardian learned of it by accident, however, and one day surprised her +by asking, "Elizabeth, is it true that thee can sing?" "Yes," replied +the young woman in confusion. "Let me hear thee." And Elizabeth sang; +and her friend, realizing that she had a voice of the first quality, +proceeded to give her the best instruction that it was possible to get. +Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield had a marvelous voice embracing twenty-seven +notes, reaching from the sonorous bass of a baritone to the highest +soprano. A voice with a range of more than three octaves naturally +attracted much attention in both England and America, and comparisons +with Jenny Lind, then at the height of her great fame, were frequent. +In the next generation arose Madame Selika, a cultured singer of the +first rank, and one who by her arias and operatic work generally, as +well as by her mastery of language, won great success on the continent +of Europe as well as in England and America. The careers of some later +singers are so recent as to be still fresh in the public memory; some in +fact may still be heard. It was in 1887 that Flora Batson entered on the +period of her greatest success. She was a ballad singer and her work at +its best was of the sort that sends an audience into the wildest +enthusiasm. In a series of temperance meetings in New York she sang for +ninety consecutive nights, with never-failing effect, one song, "Six +Feet of Earth Make Us All One Size." Her voice exhibited a compass of +three octaves, but even more important than its range was its remarkable +sympathetic quality. Early in the last decade of the century appeared +also Mrs. Sissieretta Jones, whose voice at once commanded attention as +one of unusual richness and volume, and as one exhibiting especially the +plaintive quality ever present in the typical Negro voice. + +At the present time there are several promising singers; and there are +also those who in various ways are working for the general advancement +of the race in music. Mrs. E. Azalia Hackley, for some years prominent +as a concert soprano, has recently given her time most largely to the +work of teaching and showing the capabilities of the Negro voice. +Possessed of a splendid musical temperament, she has enjoyed the benefit +of three years of foreign study and generally inspired many younger +singers or performers. Prominent among many excellent pianists is Mrs. +Hazel Harrison Anderson, who also has studied much abroad and who has +appeared in many noteworthy recitals. Mrs. Maud Cuney Hare, of Boston, a +concert pianist, has within the last few years given several excellent +lecture-recitals dealing with Afro-American music. + +As between painting and sculpture the women of the race have shown a +decided preference for sculpture. While there are some students of +promise, no woman has as yet achieved distinction on work of really +professional quality in the realm of painting. On the other hand there +have been three or four sculptors of genuine merit. As early as 1865 +Edmonia Lewis began to attract attention by her busts of prominent +people. Within the last few years the work of Mrs. May Howard Jackson, +of Washington, has attracted the attention of the discerning; and that +of Mrs. Meta Warrick Fuller is reserved for special comment. + +Any such review as this naturally has its limitations. We can indicate +only a few of the outstanding individuals here and there. At least +enough has been said, however, to show that the Negro woman is making +her way at last into every phase of noble endeavor. In the pages that +follow we shall attempt to set forth at somewhat greater length the life +and work of a few of those whose achievement has been most signal and +whose interest in their sisters has been unfailing. + + + + +[Illustration: + +IN MEMORY OF + +HARRIET TUBMAN + +BORN A SLAVE IN MARYLAND ABOUT 1821 DIED IN AUBURN, N.Y. MARCH 10TH, +1913 + +CALLED THE "MOSES" OF HER PEOPLE. DURING THE CIVIL WAR, WITH RARE +COURAGE, SHE LED OVER THREE HUNDRED NEGROES UP FROM SLAVERY TO FREEDOM, +AND RENDERED INVALUABLE SERVICE AS NURSE AND SPY. + +WITH IMPLICIT TRUST IN GOD SHE BRAVED EVERY DANGER AND OVERCAME EVERY +OBSTACLE, WITHAL SHE POSSESSED EXTRAORDINARY FORESIGHT AND JUDGMENT SO +THAT SHE TRUTHFULLY SAID-- + +"ON MY UNDERGROUND RAILROAD I NEBBER RUN MY TRAIN OFF DE TRACK AND I +NEBBER LOS' A PASSENGER." + + * * * * * + + THIS TABLET IS ERECTED + BY THE CITIZENS OF AUBURN + .1914. + +Used through courtesy of John Williams, Inc., Bronze Foundry and Iron +Works, New York, N. Y.] + + + + +HARRIET TUBMAN + + + + +II. + +HARRIET TUBMAN[A] + + +Greatest of all the heroines of anti-slavery was Harriet Tubman. This +brave woman not only escaped from bondage herself, but afterwards made +nineteen distinct trips to the South, especially to Maryland, and +altogether aided more than three hundred souls in escaping from their +fetters. + +Araminta Ross, better known by the Christian name _Harriet_ that she +adopted, and her married name of _Tubman_, was born about 1821 in +Dorchester County, on the eastern shore of Maryland, the daughter of +Benjamin Ross and Harriet Greene, both of whom were slaves, but who were +privileged to be able to live their lives in a state of singular +fidelity. Harriet had ten brothers and sisters, not less than three of +whom she rescued from slavery; and in 1857, at great risk to herself, +she also took away to the North her aged father and mother. + +When Harriet was not more than six years old she was taken away from her +mother and sent ten miles away to learn the trade of weaving. Among +other things she was set to the task of watching muskrat traps, which +work compelled her to wade much in water. Once she was forced to work +when she was already ill with the measles. She became very sick, and her +mother now persuaded her master to let the girl come home for a while. + +Soon after Harriet entered her teens she suffered a misfortune that +embarrassed her all the rest of her life. She had been hired out as a +field hand. It was the fall of the year and the slaves were busy at such +tasks as husking corn and cleaning up wheat. One of them ran away. He +was found. The overseer swore that he should be whipped and called on +Harriet and some others that happened to be near to help tie him. She +refused, and as the slave made his escape she placed herself in a door +to help to stop pursuit of him. The overseer caught up a two-pound +weight and threw it at the fugitive; but it missed its mark and struck +Harriet a blow on the head that was almost fatal. Her skull was broken +and from this resulted a pressure on her brain which all her life left +her subject to fits of somnolency. Sometimes these would come upon her +in the midst of a conversation or any task at which she might be +engaged; then after a while the spell would pass and she could go on as +before. + +After Harriet recovered sufficiently from her blow she lived for five or +six years in the home of one John Stewart, working at first in the house +but afterwards hiring her time. She performed the most arduous labor in +order to get the fifty or sixty dollars ordinarily exacted of a woman in +her situation. She drove oxen, plowed, cut wood, and did many other such +things. With her firm belief in Providence, in her later years she +referred to this work as a blessing in disguise as it gave her the firm +constitution necessary for the trials and hardships that were before +her. Sometimes she worked for her father, who was a timber inspector and +superintended the cutting and hauling of large quantities of timber for +the Baltimore ship-yards. Her regular task in this employment was the +cutting of half a cord of wood a day. + +About 1844 Harriet was married to a free man named John Tubman. She had +no children. Two years after her escape in 1849 she traveled back to +Maryland for her husband, only to find him married to another woman and +no longer caring to live with her. She felt the blow keenly, but did not +despair and more and more gave her thought to what was to be the great +work of her life. + +It was not long after her marriage that Harriet began seriously to +consider the matter of escape from bondage. Already in her mind her +people were the Israelites in the land of Egypt, and far off in the +North _somewhere_ was the land of Canaan. In 1849 the master of her +plantation died, and word passed around that at any moment she and two +of her brothers were to be sold to the far South. Harriet, now +twenty-four years old, resolved to put her long cherished dreams into +effect. She held a consultation with her brothers and they decided to +start with her at once, that very night, for the North. She could not go +away, however, without giving some intimation of her purpose to the +friends she was leaving behind. As it was not advisable for slaves to be +seen too much talking together, she went among her old associates +singing as follows: + + When dat ar ol' chariot comes + I'm gwine to leabe you; + I'm boun' for de Promised Land; + Frien's, I'm gwine to leabe you. + + I'm sorry, frien's, to leabe you; + Farewell! oh, farewell! + But I'll meet you in de mornin'; + Farewell! oh, farewell! + + I'll meet you in de mornin' + When you reach de Promised Land; + On de oder side of Jordan, + For I'm boun' for de Promised Land. + +The brothers started with her; but the way was unknown, the North was +far away, and they were constantly in terror of recapture. They turned +back, and Harriet, after watching their retreating forms, again fixed +her eyes on the north star. "I had reasoned dis out in my min'," said +she; "there was one of two things I had a right to, liberty or death. If +I could not have one, I would have de other, for no man should take me +alive. I would fight for my liberty as long as my strength lasted, and +when de time came for me to go, the Lord would let them take me." + +"And so without money, and without friends," says Mrs. Bradford, "she +started on through unknown regions; walking by night, hiding by day, but +always conscious of an invisible pillar of cloud by day, and of fire by +night, under the guidance of which she journeyed or rested. Without +knowing whom to trust, or how near the pursuers might be, she carefully +felt her way, and by her native cunning, or by God-given wisdom she +managed to apply to the right people for food, and sometimes for +shelter; though often her bed was only the cold ground, and her watchers +the stars of night. After many long and weary days of travel, she found +that she had passed the magic line which then divided the land of +bondage from the land of freedom." At length she came to Philadelphia, +where she found work and the opportunity to earn a little money. It was +at this time, in 1851, after she had been employed for some months, that +she went back to Maryland for her husband only to find that he had not +been true. + +In December, 1850, she had visited Baltimore and brought away a sister +and two children. A few months afterwards she took away a brother and +two other men. In December, 1851, she led out a party of eleven, among +them being another brother and his wife. With these she journeyed to +Canada, for the Fugitive Slave Law was now in force and, as she quaintly +said, there was no safety except "under the paw of the British Lion." +The winter, however, was hard on the poor fugitives, who unused to the +climate of Canada, had to chop wood in the forests in the snow. Often +they were frost-bitten, hungry, and almost always poorly clad. But +Harriet was caring for them. She kept house for her brother, and the +fugitives boarded with her. She begged for them and prayed for them, and +somehow got them through the hard winter. In the spring she returned to +the States, as usual working in hotels and families as a cook. In 1852 +she once more went to Maryland, this time bringing away nine fugitives. + +It must not be supposed that those who started on the journey northward +were always strong-spirited characters. The road was rough and attended +by dangers innumerable. Sometimes the fugitives grew faint-hearted and +wanted to turn back. Then would come into play the pistol that Harriet +always carried with her. "Dead niggers tell no tales," said she, +pointing it at them; "you go on or die!" By this heroic method she +forced many to go onward and win the goal of freedom. + +Unfailing was Harriet Tubman's confidence in God. A customary form of +prayer for her was, "O Lord, you've been with me in six troubles; be +with me in the seventh." On one of her journeys she came with a party of +fugitives to the home of a Negro who had more than once assisted her and +whose house was one of the regular stations on the so-called Underground +Railroad. Leaving her party a little distance away Harriet went to the +door and gave the peculiar rap that was her regular signal. Not meeting +with a ready response, she knocked several times. At length a window was +raised and a white man demanded roughly what she wanted. When Harriet +asked for her friend she was informed that he had been obliged to leave +for assisting Negroes. The situation was dangerous. Day was breaking and +something had to be done at once. A prayer revealed to Harriet a place +of refuge. Outside of the town she remembered that there was a little +island in a swamp, with much tall grass upon it. Hither she conducted +her party, carrying in a basket two babies that had been drugged. All +were cold and hungry in the wet grass; still Harriet prayed and waited +for deliverance. How relief came she never knew; she felt that it was +not necessarily her business to know. After they had waited through the +day, however, at dusk there came slowly along the pathway on the edge of +the swamp a man clad in the garb of a Quaker. He seemed to be talking to +himself, but Harriet's sharp ears caught the words: "My wagon stands in +the barnyard of the next farm across the way. The horse is in the +stable; the harness hangs on a nail;" and then the man was gone. When +night came Harriet stole forth to the place designated, and found not +only the wagon but also abundant provisions in it, so that the whole +party was soon on its way rejoicing. In the next town dwelt a Quaker +whom Harriet knew and who readily took charge of the horse and wagon for +her. + +Naturally the work of such a woman could not long escape the attention +of the abolitionists. She became known to Thomas Garrett, the +great-hearted Quaker of Wilmington, who aided not less than three +thousand fugitives to escape, and also to Grit Smith, Wendell Phillips, +William H. Seward, F. B. Sanborn, and many other notable men interested +in the emancipation of the Negro. From time to time she was supplied +with money, but she never spent this for her own use, setting it aside +in case of need on the next one of her journeys. In her earlier years, +however, before she became known, she gave of her own slender means for +the work. + +Between 1852 and 1857 she made but one or two journeys, because of the +increasing vigilance of slaveholders and the Fugitive Slave Law. Great +rewards were offered for her capture and she was several times on the +point of being taken, but always escaped by her shrewd wit and what she +considered warnings from heaven. While she was intensely practical, she +was also a most firm believer in dreams. In 1857 she made her most +venturesome journey, this time taking with her to the North her old +parents who were no longer able to walk such distances as she was forced +to go by night. Accordingly she had to hire a wagon for them, and it +took all her ingenuity to get them through Maryland and Delaware. At +length, however, she got them to Canada, where they spent the winter. As +the climate was too rigorous, however, she afterwards brought them down +to New York, and settled them in a home in Auburn, N. Y., that she had +purchased on very reasonable terms from Secretary Seward. Somewhat later +a mortgage on the place had to be lifted and Harriet now made a +noteworthy visit to Boston, returning with a handsome sum toward the +payment of her debt. At this time she met John Brown more than once, +seems to have learned something of his plans, and after the raid at +Harper's Ferry and the execution of Brown she glorified him as a hero, +her veneration even becoming religious. Her last visit to Maryland was +made in December, 1860, and in spite of the agitated condition of the +country and the great watchfulness of slaveholders she brought away with +her seven fugitives, one of them an infant. + +After the war Harriet Tubman made Auburn her home, establishing there a +refuge for aged Negroes. She married again, so that she is sometimes +referred to as Harriet Tubman Davis. She died at a very advanced age +March 10, 1913. On Friday, June 12, 1914, a tablet in her honor was +unveiled at the Auditorium in Albany. It was provided by the Cayuga +County Historical Association, Dr. Booker T. Washington was the chief +speaker of the occasion, and the ceremonies were attended by a great +crowd of people. + +The tributes to this heroic woman were remarkable. Wendell Phillips said +of her: "In my opinion there are few captains, perhaps few colonels, +who have done more for the loyal cause since the war began, and few men +who did before that time more for the colored race than our fearless and +most sagacious friend, Harriet." F. B. Sanborn wrote that what she did +"could scarcely be credited on the best authority." William H. Seward, +who labored, though unsuccessfully, to get a pension for her granted by +Congress, consistently praised her noble spirit. Abraham Lincoln gave +her ready audience and lent a willing ear to whatever she had to say. +Frederick Douglass wrote to her: "The difference between us is very +marked. Most that I have done and suffered in the service of our cause +has been in public, and I have received much encouragement at every step +of the way. You, on the other hand, have labored in a private way. I +have wrought in the day--you in the night. I have had the applause of +the crowd and the satisfaction that comes of being approved by the +multitude, while the most that you have done has been witnessed by a few +trembling, scarred, and footsore bondmen and women, whom you have led +out of the house of bondage, and whose heartfelt 'God bless you' has +been your only reward." + +Of such mould was Harriet Tubman, philanthropist and patriot, bravest +and noblest of all the heroines of freedom. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[A] While this sketch is drawn from various sources, I feel specially +indebted to Sarah H. Bradford's "Harriet, the Moses of Her People." This +valuable work in turn includes a scholarly article taken from the +"Boston Commonwealth" of 1863 and loaned to Mrs. Bradford by F. R. +Sanborn. This article is really the foundation of the sketch.--B. B. + + + + +[Illustration: NORA A. GORDON] + + + + +NORA GORDON + + + + +III. + +NORA GORDON + + +This is the story of a young woman who had not more than ordinary +advantages, but who in our own day by her love for Christ and her zeal +in his service was swept from her heroic labor into martyrdom. + +When Nora Gordon went from Spelman Seminary as a missionary to the +Congo, she had the hope that in some little way she might be used for +the furtherance of the Master's kingdom. She could hardly have foreseen +that she would start in her beloved school a glorious tradition; and +still less could she have seen the marvellous changes taking place in +the Africa of the present. She had boundless faith, however,--faith in +God and in the ultimate destiny of her people. In that faith she lived, +and for that faith she died. + +Nora Antonia Gordon was born in Columbus, Georgia, August 25, 1866. +After receiving her early education in the public schools of La Grange, +in the fall of 1882 she came to Spelman Seminary. It was not long before +her life became representative of the transforming power of +Christianity. Being asked, "Do you love Christ?" she answered "Yes"; but +when there came the question, "Are you a Christian?" she replied "No." +It was not long, however, before she gained firmer faith, and two months +after her entrance at Spelman she was definitely converted. Now followed +seven years of intense activity and growth--of study, of summer +teaching, of talks before temperance societies, of service of any +possible sort for the Master. She brought to Christ every girl who was +placed to room with her. A classmate afterwards testified of her that +the girls always regarded Nora somewhat differently from the others. She +was the counsellor of her friends, ever ready with sweet words of +comfort, and yet ever a cheerful companion. In one home in which she +lived for a while she asked the privilege of having prayer. The man of +the house at first refused to kneel and the woman seemed not interested. +In course of time, however, the wife was won and then the man also +knelt. At another time she wrote, "Twenty-six of my scholars were +baptized to-day;" and a little later she said, "Ten more have been +added." + +In 1885 Nora Gordon completed her course in the Industrial Department, +in 1886 the Elementary Normal, and in 1888 the Higher Normal Course. Her +graduation essay was on the rather old and sophomoric subject, "The +Influence of Woman on National Character;" but in the intensity of her +convictions and her words there was nothing ordinary. She said in part: +"Let no woman feel that life to her means simply living; but let her +rather feel that she has a special mission assigned her, which none +other of God's creatures can perform. It may be that she is placed in +some rude little hut as mother and wife; if so, she can dignify her +position by turning every hut into a palace, and bringing not only her +own household, but the whole community, into the sunlight of God's love. +Such women are often unnoticed by the world in general, and do not +receive the appreciation due them; yet we believe such may be called +God's chosen agents." Finally, "we feel that woman is under a twofold +obligation to consecrate her whole being to Christ. Our people are to be +educated and christianized and the heathen brought home to God. Woman +must take the lead in this great work." + +After her graduation in 1888 Nora Gordon was appointed to teach in the +public schools of Atlanta. She soon resigned this work, however, in the +contemplation of the great mission of her life. The secretary of the +Society of the West wrote to Spelman to inquire if there was any one who +could go to assist Miss Fleming, a missionary at work in Palabala in the +Congo. Four names were sent, and the choice of the board was Nora A. +Gordon. The definite appointment came in January, 1889. On Sunday +evening, February 17, an impressive missionary service was held in the +chapel at Spelman. Interesting items were given by the students with +reference to the slave-trade in East Africa and the efforts being made +for its suppression, also with reference to Mohammedanism, the spiritual +awakening among the Zulus, and the mission stations established, +especially those on the Congo. Several letters were read, one from Miss +Fleming exciting the most intense interest; and throughout the meeting +was the thought that Nora Gordon was also soon to go to Africa. On March +6 a farewell service was held, and attended by a great crowd of people, +among them the whole family of the consecrated young woman; and she +sailed March 16, 1889. + +First of all she went to London, tarrying at the Missionary Training +Institute conducted by Rev. and Mrs. H. Grattan Guinness. Under date +April 11 she wrote: "It has been so trying to remain here so long +waiting. I feel that this is the dear Lord's first lesson to me in +patience. I am thankful to say that I feel profited by my stay. * * * * +Yesterday coming from the city we saw a number of flags hanging across +the street, and among them was the United States flag. Never before did +the Stars and Stripes seem so beautiful. I am glad Miss Grover put one +in my box. * * * * I do praise God for every step I get nearer to my +future home. We expect to sail next Wednesday, April 17, from Rotterdam +on the steamer _African_, Dutch line. We hope to get to the Congo in +three weeks." + +For two years she labored at Palabala, frequently writing letters home +and occasionally sending back to her beloved Spelman a box of curios. +Said she of those among whom she worked: "When the people are first +gathered into a chapel for school or religious services, it is sad and +amusing to see how hard they try to know just what to do, a number +sitting with their backs to the preacher or teacher. When the teacher +reproves a child, every man, woman, and child feels it his or her duty +to yell out too at the offender and tell him to obey the teacher. Often +in the midst of a sermon a man in the congregation will call out to the +preacher, 'Take away your lies,' or 'We do not believe you,' or 'How can +this or that be?' One of the first workers, after speaking to a crowd of +heathen, asked them all to close their eyes and bow their heads while he +would pray to God. When the missionary had finished his prayer and +opened his eyes, every person had stealthily left the place." Then +followed a detail of the atrocities in the Congo and of the encounters +between the natives and the Belgian officers, and last of all came the +pertinent comment: "The Congo missionary's work is twofold. He must +civilize, as well as Christianize, the people." + +Early in 1891 Nora Gordon, sadly in need of rest and refreshment, went +from Palabala for a little stay at Lukungu. Hither had come Clara A. +Howard, Spelman's second representative, under appointment of the +Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the East. Lukungu is a station two +hundred and twenty miles from the mouth of the Congo, in a populous +district, and was the center from which numerous other schools and +churches sprang. The work was in charge of Mr. Hoste, an Englishman, +who, when Miss Gordon wrote of him in 1894, had spent ten years on the +Congo without going home. Other men were associated with him, while the +elementary schools, the care of the boys and girls, and work among the +women, naturally fell to the women missionaries. A little later in 1891 +Nora Gordon left Palabala permanently to engage in the work at Lukungu. +Under date September 25 she wrote to her friends back home: "Doubtless +Clara has told you of my change to this place. You can not imagine how +glad we are to be together here. I have charge of the printing-office +and help in the afternoon school. I am well, happy, and am enjoying my +work. In the office I have few conveniences and really not the things we +need. Mr. Hoste has written the first arithmetic in this language and I +am now putting it up. I was obliged to stop work on it to-day because my +figures in type gave out, and you know we have no shops in this land. +My boys in the office are doing nicely." + +Thus she worked on for two years more--hoping, praying, trusting. By +1893 her health was in such condition that it was deemed wise for her to +return to America. So she did, and she brought back two native girls +with her. All the while, however, her chief thought was upon the work to +which she had given herself, and she constantly looked forward to the +time when she might be able to go back to Africa. In 1895 she became the +wife of Rev. S. C. Gordon, who was connected with the English Baptist +Mission at Stanley Pool. She sailed with her husband from Boston in July +and reached the Congo again in August. The station was unique. It was an +old and well established mission, the center of several others in the +surrounding country. It had excellent brick houses, broad avenues and +good fruit-trees, and the students were above the average in +intelligence. But soon the shadow fell. Nora Gordon herself saw much of +the well known Belgian atrocities in the Congo. She saw houses burned +and the natives themselves driven out by the state officials. They +crossed over into the French Congo; but hither Protestants were not +allowed to come to preach to them. In spite of the great heartache, +however, and declining health the heroic woman worked on, giving to +those for whom she labored her tenderest love. Seven months after the +death of her second child a change was again deemed necessary, and she +once more turned her face homeward. After two months in Belgium and +England she came again to America, and to Spelman. But her strength was +now all spent. She died at Spelman January 26, 1901. She was only +thirty-four; but who can measure in years the love and faith, the hope +and sorrow, of such a life? + +Nora Gordon started a tradition, Spelman's richest heritage. Three other +graduates followed her. Clara Howard was in course of time forced by the +severe fevers to give up her work, and she now labors at home in the +service of her Alma Mater. Ada Jackson became the second wife of Rev. S. +C. Gordon and also died in service. Emma B. DeLany was commissioned in +1900 and still labors--in recent years with larger and larger +success--in Liberia. Within two or three years of Nora Gordon's return +in 1893, moreover, not less than five native African girls had come to +Spelman. The spirit still abides, and if the way were just a little +clearer doubtless many other graduates would go. Even as it is, however, +the blessing to the school has been illimitable. + + * * * * * + +Such have been the workers, such the pioneers. To what end is the love, +the labor--the loneliness, the yearning? + +It is now nearly five hundred years since a prince of Portugal began the +slave-trade on the west coast of Africa. Within two hundred years all of +the leading countries of western Europe had joined in the iniquitous +traffic, and when England in 1713 drew up with France the Peace of +Utrecht she deemed the slave-trade of such importance that she insisted +upon an article that gave her a practical monopoly of it. Before the end +of the eighteenth century, however, the voice of conscience began to be +heard in England, and science also began to be interested in the great +undeveloped continent lying to the South. It remained for the work of +David Livingstone, however, in the middle of the nineteenth century +really to reveal Africa to the rest of the world. This intrepid explorer +and missionary in a remarkable series of journeys not only traversed +the continent from the extreme South to Loanda on the West Coast and +Quilimane on the East Coast; he not only made known the great lake +system of Central Africa; but he left behind him a memory that has +blessed everyone who has followed in his steps. Largely as a result of +his work and that of his successor, Stanley, a great congress met in +Berlin in 1884 for the partition of Africa among the great nations of +Europe. Unfortunately the diplomats at this meeting were not actuated by +the noble impulses that had moved Livingstone, so that more and more +there was evident a mad scramble for territory. France had already +gained a firm foothold in the northwest, and England was not only firmly +intrenched in the South but had also established a rather undefined +protectorate over Egypt. Germany now in 1884 entered the field and in +German East Africa, German Southwest Africa, Kamerun, and the smaller +territory of Togoland in the West ultimately acquired a total of nearly +a million square miles, or one-eleventh of the continent. All of this +she lost in the course of the recent great war. Naturally she has +desired to regain this land, but at the time of writing (November, 1918) +there is no likelihood of her doing so, a distinguished Englishman, Mr. +Balfour, the foreign secretary, having declared that under no +circumstances can Germany's African colonies be returned to her, as such +return would endanger the security of the British empire, and that is to +say, the security of the world. This problem is but typical of the +larger political questions that press for settlement in the new Africa. +Whatever the solution may be, one or two facts stand out clearly. One is +that Africa can no longer rest in undisturbed slumber. A terrible war, +the most ruinous in the history of humanity, has strained to the utmost +the resources of all the great powers of the world. Where so much has +been spent it is not to be supposed that the richest, the most fertile, +land in the world will indefinitely be allowed to remain undeveloped. +Along with material development must go also the education and the +spiritual culture of the natives on a scale undreamed of before. In this +training such an enlightened country as England will naturally play a +leading role, and America too will doubtless be called on to help in +more ways than one. It must not be supposed, however, that the task is +not one of enormous difficulties. As far as we have advanced in our +missionary activities in America, we have hardly made a beginning in +the great task of the proper development of Africa. Here are +approximately 175,000,000 natives to be trained and Christianized. Let +us not make the common mistake of supposing that they are all ignorant +and degraded savages. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Many +individuals have had the benefit of travel and study in Europe and more +and more are themselves appreciating the great problems before their +country. It is true, however, that the great mass of the population is +yet to be reached. In the general development delicate questions of +racial contact are to be answered. Unfortunately, in the attitude of the +European colonist toward the native, South Africa has a race problem +even more stern than that of our own Southern states. As for religion we +not only find paganism and Mohammedanism, but we also see Catholicism +arrayed against Protestantism, and perhaps most interesting of all, a +definite movement toward the enhancement of a native Ethiopian church, +with the motto "Africa for the Africans." Let us add to all this +numerous social problems, such as polygamy, the widespread sale of rum, +and all the train of African superstition, and we shall see that any one +who works in Africa in the new day must not only be a person of keen +intelligence and Christian character, but also one with some genuine +vision and statesmanship. Workers of this quality, if they can be found, +will be needed not by the scores or hundreds, but by the thousands and +tens of thousands. No larger mission could come to a young Negro in +America trained in Christian study than to make his or her life a part +of the redemption of the great fatherland. The salvation of Africa is at +once the most pressing problem before either the Negro race or the +Kingdom of Christ. Such a worker as we have tried to portray was Nora +Gordon. It is to be hoped that not one but thousands like her will +arise. Even now we can see the beginning of the fulfilment of the +prophecy, "Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch +out her hands unto God." + + + + +[Illustration: META WARRICK FULLER] + + + + +META WARRICK FULLER + + + + +IV. + +META WARRICK FULLER[B] + + +The state of Massachusetts has always been famous for its history and +literature, and especially rich in tradition is the region around +Boston. On one side is Charlestown, visited yearly by thousands who make +a pilgrimage to the Bunker Hill Monument. Across the Charles River is +Cambridge, the home of Harvard University, and Longfellow, and Lowell, +and numerous other men whose work has become a part of the nation's +heritage. If one will ride on through Cambridge and North Cambridge and +Arlington, he will come to Lexington, where he will find in the little +Lexington Common one of the most charming spots of ground in America. +Overlooking this he will see the Harrington House, and all around other +memorials of the Revolution. Taking the car again and riding about seven +miles more he will come to Concord, and here he will catch still more of +the flavor of the eighteenth century. Walking from the center of the +town down Monument Street (he _must_ walk now; there is no trolley, and +a carriage or automobile does not permit one to linger by the wayside), +he will come after a while to the Old Manse, once the home of Emerson +and of Hawthorne, and then see just around the corner the Concord Bridge +and the statue of the Minute Man. There is a new bridge now, one of +concrete; the old wooden one, so long beloved, at length became unsafe +and had to be replaced. In another direction from the center of the town +runs Lexington Road, within about half a mile down which one will see +the later homes of Emerson and Hawthorne as well as that of Louisa May +Alcott. Near the Alcott House, back among the trees, is a quaint little +structure much like a Southern country schoolhouse--the so-called +Concord School of Philosophy, in which Emerson once spoke. It is all a +beautiful country--beautiful most of all for its unseen glory. One gives +himself up to reflection; he muses on Evangeline and the Great Stone +Face and on the heroic dead who did not die in vain--until a lumbering +truck-car on the road calls him back from it all to the workaday world +of men. + +It is in this state of Massachusetts, so rich in its tradition, that +there resides the subject of the present sketch. About halfway between +Boston and Worcester, in the quiet, homelike town of Framingham, on a +winding road just off the main street, lives Meta Warrick Fuller, the +foremost sculptor of the Negro race. + +There are three little boys in the family. They keep their mother very +busy; but they also make her very happy. Buttons have to be sewed on and +dinners have to be prepared for the children of an artist just as well +as for those of other people; and help is not always easy to get. But +the father, Dr. S. C. Fuller, a distinguished physician, is also +interested in the boys, so that he too helps, and the home is a happy +one. + +At the top of the house is a long roomy attic. This is an improvised +studio--or, as the sculptor would doubtless say, the workshop. Hither, +from the busy work of the morning, comes the artist for an hour or half +an hour of modeling--for rest, and for the first effort to transfer to +the plastic clay some fleeting transient dream. + +Meta Warrick Fuller was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 9, +1877. For four years she attended the Pennsylvania School of Industrial +Art, and it was at this institution that she first began to force +serious recognition of her talent. Before very long she began to be +known as a sculptor of the horrible, one of her first original pieces +being a head of Medusa, with a hanging jaw, beads of gore, and eyes +starting from their sockets. At her graduation in 1898 she won a prize +for metal work by a crucifix upon which hung the figure of Christ in +agony, and she also won honorable mention for her work in modeling. In a +post-graduate year she won a much coveted prize in modeling. In 1899 +Meta Warrick (then best known by her full name, Meta Vaux Warrick) went +to Paris, where she worked and studied three years. Her work brought her +in contact with many other artists, among them Augustus St. Gaudens, the +sculptor of the Robert Gould Shaw Monument at the head of Boston Common. +Then there came a day when by appointment the young woman went to see +Auguste Rodin, who after years of struggle and dispraise had finally won +recognition as the foremost sculptor in France if not in the world. The +great man glanced one after another at the pieces that were presented to +him, without very evident interest. At length, thrilled by the figure +in "Silent Sorrow," sometimes referred to as "Man Eating His Heart Out," +Rodin beamed upon the young woman and said, "Mademoiselle, you _are_ a +sculptor; you have the sense of form." With encouragement from such a +source the young artist worked with renewed vigor, looking forward to +the time when something that she had produced should win a place in the +Salon, the great national gallery in Paris. "The Wretched," one of the +artist's masterpieces, was exhibited here in 1903, and along with it +went "The Impenitent Thief." This latter production was demolished in +1904, after meeting with various unhappy accidents. In the form as +presented, however, the thief, heroic in size, hung on the cross torn by +anguish. Hardened, unsympathetic, and even defiant, he still possessed +some admirable qualities of strength, and he has remained one of the +sculptor's most powerful conceptions. In "The Wretched" seven figures +greet the eye. Each represents a different form of human anguish. An old +man, worn by hunger and disease, waits for death. A mother yearns for +the loved ones she has lost. A man bowed by shame fears to look upon his +fellow-creatures. A sick child suffers from some hereditary taint. A +youth is in despair, and a woman is crazed by sorrow. Over all is the +Philosopher who suffers perhaps more keenly than the others as he views +the misery around them, and who, powerless to relieve it, also sinks +into despair. + +Other early productions were similarly characterized by a strongly +romantic quality. "Silent Sorrow" has already been remarked in passing. +In this a man, worn and gaunt and in despair, is represented as leaning +over and actually eating out his own heart. "Man Carrying Dead Body" is +in similar vein. The sculptor is moved by the thought of one who will be +spurred on by the impulse of duty to the performance of some task not +only unpleasant but even loathsome. She shows a man bearing across his +shoulder the body of a comrade that has evidently lain on the +battlefield for days. The thing is horrible, and the man totters under +the great weight; but he forces his way onward until he can give it +decent burial. Another early production was based on the ancient Greek +story of Oedipus. This story was somewhat as follows: Oedipus was the +son of Laius and Jocasta, king and queen of Thebes. At his birth an +oracle foretold that the father Laius would be killed by his son. The +child was sent away to be killed by exposure, but in course of time was +saved and afterwards adopted by the King of Corinth. When he was grown, +being warned by an oracle that he would kill his father and marry his +mother, he left home. On his journey he met Laius and slew him in the +course of an altercation. Later, by solving the riddle of the sphinx, he +freed Thebes from distress, was made king of the city, and married +Jocasta. Eventually the terrible truth of the relationship became known +to all. Jocasta hanged herself and Oedipus tore out his eyes. The +sculptor portrays the hero of the old legend at the very moment that he +is thus trying to punish himself for his crime. There is nothing +delicate or pretty about all such work as this. It is grewsome in fact, +and horrible; but it is also strong and intense and vital. Its merit was +at once recognized by the French, and it gave Meta Warrick a recognized +place among the sculptors of America. + +On her return to America the artist resumed her studies at the School of +Industrial Art, winning in 1904 the Battles first prize for pottery. In +1907 she produced a series of tableaux representing the advance of the +Negro for the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition, and in 1913 a group +for the New York State Emancipation Proclamation Commission. In 1909 she +became the wife of Dr. Solomon C. Fuller, of Framingham, Massachusetts. +A fire in 1910 unfortunately destroyed some of her most valuable pieces +while they were in storage in Philadelphia. Only a few examples of her +early work, that happened to be elsewhere, were saved. The artist was +undaunted, however, and by May, 1914, she had sufficiently recovered +from the blow to be able to hold at her home a public exhibition of her +work. + +After this fire a new note crept into the work of Meta Warrick Fuller. +This was doubtless due not so much to the fire itself as to the larger +conception of life that now came to the sculptor with the new duties of +marriage and motherhood. From this time forth it was not so much the +romantic as the social note that was emphasized. Representative of the +new influence was the second model of the group for the Emancipation +Proclamation Commission. A recently emancipated Negro youth and maiden +stand beneath a gnarled, decapitated tree that has what looks almost +like a human hand stretched over them. Humanity is pushing them forth +into the world while at the same time the hand of Destiny is restraining +them in the full exercise of their freedom. "Immigrant in America" is in +somewhat similar vein. An American woman, the mother of one strong +healthy child, is shown welcoming to the land of plenty the foreigner, +the mother of several poorly nourished children. Closely related in +subject is the smaller piece, "The Silent Appeal," in which a mother +capable of producing and caring for three sturdy children is shown as +making a quiet demand for the suffrage and for any other privileges to +which a human being is entitled. All of these productions are clear cut, +straightforward, and dignified. + +In May, 1917, Meta Warrick Fuller took second prize in a competition +under the auspices of the Massachusetts Branch of the Woman's Peace +Party, her subject being "Peace Halting the Ruthlessness of War." War is +personified as on a mighty steed and trampling to death numberless human +beings. In one hand he holds a spear on which he has transfixed the head +of one of his victims. As he goes on his masterful career Peace meets +him and commands him to cease his ravages. The work as exhibited was in +gray-green wax and was a production of most unusual spirit. + +Among other prominent titles are "Watching for Dawn," a conception of +remarkable beauty and yearning, and "Mother and Child." An early +production somewhat detached from other pieces is a head of John the +Baptist. This is one of the most haunting creations of Mrs. Fuller. In +it she was especially successful in the infinite yearning and pathos +that she somehow managed to give to the eyes of the seer. It bears the +unmistakable stamp of power. + +In this whole review of this sculptor's work we have indicated only the +chief titles. She is an indefatigable worker and has produced numerous +smaller pieces, many of these being naturally for commercial purposes. +As has been remarked, while her work was at first romantic and often +even horrible, in recent years she has been interested rather in social +themes. There are those, however, who hope that she will not utterly +forsake the field in which she first became distinguished. Through the +sternness of her early work speaks the very tragedy of the Negro race. +In any case it is pleasant to record that the foremost sculptor of the +race is not only an artist of rank but also a woman who knows and +appreciates in the highest possible manner the virtues and the beauties +of the home. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[B] For the further pursuit of this and related subjects the attention +of the reader is invited to the author's "The Negro in Literature and +Art" (Duffield & Co., New York, N. Y., 1918). + + + + +[Illustration: MARY McLEOD BETHUNE] + + + + +MARY McLEOD BETHUNE + + + + +V. + +MARY McLEOD BETHUNE + + +On October 3, 1904, a lone woman, inspired by the desire to do something +for the needy ones of her race and state, began at Daytona, Florida, a +training school for Negro girls. She had only one dollar and a half in +money, but she had faith, energy, and a heart full of love for her +people. To-day she has an institution worth not less than one hundred +thousand dollars, with plans for extensive and immediate enlargement, +and her school is one of the best conducted and most clear-visioned in +the country. Such has been the result of boundless energy and thrift +joined to an unwavering faith in God. + +Mary McLeod was born July 10, 1875, in a three-room log cabin on a +little cotton and rice farm about three miles from Mayesville, South +Carolina, being one in the large family of Samuel and Patsy McLeod. +Ambitious even from her early years, she yearned for larger and finer +things than her environment afforded; and yet even the life that she +saw around her was to prove a blessing in disguise, as it gave to her +deeper and clearer insight into the problems, the shortcomings, and the +needs of her people. In course of time she attended a little mission +school in Mayesville, and she was converted at the age of twelve. Later +she was graduated at Scotia Seminary, Concord, North Carolina, and then +she went to the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago. In the years of her +schooling she received some assistance from a scholarship given by Miss +Mary Chrisman, a dressmaker of Denver, Colorado. Mary McLeod never +forgot that she had been helped by a working woman. Some day she +intended to justify that faith, and time has shown that never was a +scholarship invested to better advantage. + +In 1898 Mary McLeod was married. She became the mother of one son. Not +long after, the family moved to Palatka, Florida. Now followed the hard +years of waiting, of praying, of hoping; but through it all the earnest +woman never lost faith in herself, nor in God. She gained experience in +a little school that she taught, she sang with unusual effect in the +churches of the town, and she took part in any forward movement or +uplift enterprise that she could. All the while, however, she knew that +the big task was yet to come. She prayed, and hoped, and waited. + +By the fall of 1904 it seemed that the time had come. In a little rented +house, with five girls, Mrs. Bethune began what is now the Daytona +Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls. By means of concerts +and festivals the first payment of five dollars was made on the present +site, then an old dump-pile. With their own hands the teacher and the +pupils cleared away much of the rubbish, and from the first they invited +the co-operation of the people around them by lending a helping hand in +any way they could, by "being neighborly." In 1905 a Board of Trustees +was organized and the school was chartered. In 1907 Faith Hall, a +four-story frame house, forty by fifty feet, was "prayed up, sung up, +and talked up;" and we can understand at what a premium space was in the +earlier days when we know that this building furnished dormitory +accommodations for teachers and students, dining-room, reading room, +storerooms, and bathrooms. To the rear of Faith Hall was placed a +two-story structure containing the school kitchen and the domestic +science room. In 1909 the school found it necessary to acquire a farm +for the raising of live stock and vegetables and for the practical +outdoor training of the girls. After six weeks of earnest work the +twelve-acre tract in front of the school was purchased. In 1914 a Model +Home was built. In this year also an additional west farm of six acres, +on which was a two-story frame building, was needed, asked for and +procured. In March, 1918, the labors of fourteen years were crowned by +the erection and dedication of a spacious auditorium; and among the +speakers at the dedication were the Governor of Florida and the +Vice-President of the United States. Efforts now look forward to a great +new dormitory for the girls. + +Such a bare account of achievements, however, by no means gives one an +adequate conception of the striving and the hopings and the praying that +have entered into the work. To begin with, Daytona was a strategic place +for the school. There was no other such school along the entire east +coast of Florida, and as a place of unusual beauty and attractiveness +the town was visited throughout the winter by wealthy tourists. From the +very first, however, the girls were trained in the virtues of the home, +and in self-help. Great emphasis was placed on domestic science, and +not only for this as an end in itself, but also as a means for the +larger training in cleanliness and thrift and good taste. "We notice +strawberries are selling at fifty and sixty cents a quart," said a +visitor, "and you have a splendid patch. Do you use them for your +students or sell them?" "We never eat a quart when we can get fifty +cents for them," was the reply. "We can take fifty cents and buy a bone +that will make soup for us all, when a quart of berries would supply +only a few." + +For one interested in education few pictures could be more beautiful +than that of the dining-room at the school in the morning of a day in +midterm. Florida is warm often even in midwinter; nevertheless, rising +at five gives one a keen appetite for the early breakfast. The ceiling +is low and there are other obvious disadvantages; but over all is the +spirit of good cheer and of home. The tablecloths are very white and +clean; flowers are on the different tables; at the head of each a +teacher presides over five or six girls; the food is nourishing and +well-prepared; and one leaves with the feeling that if he had a sister +or daughter he would like for her to have the training of some such +place as this. + +Of such quality is the work that has been built up; and all has been +accomplished through the remarkable personality of the woman who is the +head and the soul of every effort. Indomitable courage, boundless +energy, fine tact and a sense of the fitness of things, kindly spirit, +and firm faith in God have deservedly given her success. Beyond the +bounds of her immediate institution her influence extends. About the +year 1912 the trustees felt the need of so extending the work as to make +the school something of a community center; and thus arose the McLeod +Hospital and Training School for Nurses. In 1912, moved by the utter +neglect of the children of the turpentine camp at Tomoka, Mrs. Bethune +started work for them in a little house that she secured. The aim was to +teach the children to be clean and truthful and helpful, to sew and to +sweep and to sing. A short school term was started among them, and the +mission serves as an excellent practice school for the girls of the +senior class in the Training School. A summer school and a playground +have also been started for the children in Daytona. Nor have the boys +and young men been neglected. Here was a problem of unusual difficulty. +Any one who has looked into the inner life of the small towns of +Florida could not fail to be impressed by the situation of the boys and +young men. Hotel life, a shifting tourist population, and a climate of +unusual seductiveness, have all left their impress. On every side to the +young man beckons temptation, and in town after town one finds not one +decent recreation center or uplifting social influence. Pool-rooms +abound, and the young man is blamed for entering forbidden paths; but +all too often the Christian men and women of the community have put +forth no definite organized effort for his uplift. All too often there +results a blasted life--a heartache for a mother, or a ruined home for +some young woman. In Daytona, in 1913, on a lot near the school campus, +one of the trustees, Mr. George S. Doane, erected a neat, commodious +building to be used in connection with the extension work of the +institution as a general reading-room and home for the Young Men's +Christian Association; and this is the only specific work so being done +for Negro boys in this section of the state. A debating club, an +athletic club, lecture club, and prayer-meetings all serve as means +toward the physical, intellectual, and spiritual development of the +young men. A "Better Boys Movement" is also making progress and the +younger boys are becoming interested in canning and farming as well as +being cared for in their sports and games. + +No sketch of this woman's work should close without mention of her +activities for the nation at large. Red Cross work or a Liberty Loan +drive has alike called forth her interest and her energy. She has +appeared on some great occasions and before distinguished audiences, +such as that for instance in the Belasco Theatre in Washington in +December, 1917, when on a noteworthy patriotic occasion she was the only +representative of her race to speak. + +Her girls have gone into many spheres of life and have regularly made +themselves useful and desirable. Nearly two hundred are now annually +enrolled at the school. The demand for them as teachers, seamstresses, +or cooks far exceeds the supply. In great homes and humble, in country +or in town, in Daytona or elsewhere--North, South, East, West--they +remember the motto of their teacher and of the Master of all, "Not to be +ministered unto but to minister;" and year after year they accomplish +better and better things for the school that they love so well and +through it for the Kingdom of God. + + * * * * * + +Two thousand years ago the Savior of Mankind walked upon the earth, a +man of sorrows and acquainted with grief; and the people hid as it were +their faces from him. But one day he went into the home of a Pharisee +and sat him down to meat. And a woman of the city, when she knew that +Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster box of +ointment, exceeding precious, and began to wash his feet with her tears, +and did wipe them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and +anointed them with the ointment. And there were some that had +indignation among themselves, and said, Why was this waste of the +ointment made? But Jesus said, Let her alone. She hath wrought a good +work on me. She hath done what she could. Verily, I say unto you, +Wheresoever this gospel shall be preached throughout the whole world, +this also that she hath done shall be spoken of for a memorial of her. + +To-day as well as centuries ago the Christ is before us, around us, +waiting. We do not always know him, for he appears in disguise, as a +little orphan, or a sick old woman, or even perhaps as some one of high +estate but in need of prayer. Let us do what we can. Let each one prove +herself an earnest follower. To such end is the effort of Mary McLeod +Bethune; and as we think of all that she has done and is doing let us +for our own selves once more recall the beautiful words of Sister Moore: +"There is no place too lowly or dark for our feet to enter, and no place +so high and bright but it needs the touch of the light that we carry +from the Cross." + + + + +[Illustration: MARY CHURCH TERRELL] + + + + +MARY CHURCH TERRELL + + + + +VI. + +MARY CHURCH TERRELL + + +With the increasingly complex problems of American civilization, woman +is being called on in ways before undreamed of to bear a share in great +public burdens. The recent great war has demonstrated anew the part that +she is to play in our factories, our relief work, our religious +organizations--in all the activities of our social and industrial life. +The broadening basis of the suffrage in some states and the election of +a woman to a seat in Congress have also emphasized the fact that in the +new day woman as well as man will have to bear the larger +responsibilities of citizenship. In all this intense life the Negro +woman has taken a part, and she will have to do still more in the +future. Even before the Civil War there were women of the race who +labored, sometimes in large ways, for the influencing of sentiment and +the salvation of their people. In the present period of our country's +history new problems arise, sometimes even more delicate than those that +went before them and even more difficult of solution--problems of +education, readjustment, and of the proper moulding of public opinion. +They call for keen intelligence, broad information, rich culture, and +the ability to meet men and women of other races and other countries on +the broad plane of cosmopolitanism. In public life and in the higher +graces of society no woman of the race has commanded more attention from +the American and the international public than Mary Church Terrell. + +The life of this woman is an example of the possibilities not only of +Negro but of American womanhood. She has appeared on platforms with men +and women of other races, sometimes sturdy opponents on public +questions, and more than held her own. She has attended an international +congress in Europe and surpassed all the other women from her country in +her ability to address audiences in languages other than English. With +all this she has never forgotten the religious impulse that is so strong +in the heart of her people and that ultimately is to play so large a +part in their advancement. One admirer of her culture has said, "She +should be engaged to travel over the country as a model of good manners +and good English." + +Mary Church was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the daughter of Robert R. +and Louisa Ayres Church. When she was yet very young her parents sent +her to Ohio to be educated, and here she remained until she was +graduated from the classical course in 1884. Then for two years she +taught at Wilberforce University in Ohio, and for one year more in a +high school in Washington. Desirous of broadening her attainments, +however, she now went to Europe for a period of study and travel. She +remained two years, spending the time in France, Switzerland, Germany, +and Italy, generally improving herself in language. On her return she +resumed her work in Washington, and she was offered the registrarship at +Oberlin College, a distinct compliment coming as it did from an +institution of such high standing. She declined the attractive position, +however, because of her approaching marriage to Robert H. Terrell, a +graduate of Harvard College and formerly principal of a high school in +Washington, who was appointed to a judgeship in the District of Columbia +by President Roosevelt. + +Since her marriage Mrs. Terrell has written much on topics of general +interest and from time to time has formally appeared as a public +lecturer. One of her strongest articles was that on Lynching in the +_North American Review_ for June, 1904. The centenary of the birth of +Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1912 found her unusually well posted on the +life and work of the novelist, so that after she lectured many times on +the subject she brought together the results of her study in an +excellent pamphlet. She was the first president of the National +Association of Colored Women's Clubs, was twice re-elected, and, +declining to serve further, was made honorary president for life. She +was chosen as one of the speakers at the International Congress of Women +held in Berlin in June, 1904. Said the _Washington Post_ of her +performance on this occasion: "The hit of the Congress on the part of +the American delegates was made by Mrs. Mary Church Terrell of +Washington, who delivered one speech in German and another in equally +good French. Mrs. Terrell is a colored woman who appears to have been +beyond every other of our delegates prominent for her ability to make +addresses in other than her own language." In a letter to some of the +largest newspapers in the country Mrs. Ida Husted Harper said further: +"This achievement on the part of a colored woman, added to a fine +appearance and the eloquence of her words, carried the audience by +storm and she had to respond three times to the encores before they were +satisfied. It was more than a personal triumph; it was a triumph for her +race." + +Mrs. Terrell has ever exhibited an intense interest in public affairs. +On the occasion of the discharge of the Negro soldiers in Brownsville, +Texas, in 1906, she at once comprehended the tremendous issues involved +and by her interviews with men high in the nation's life did much for +the improvement of a bad situation. When, some years ago, Congress by +resolution granted power to the Commissioners of the District of +Columbia to appoint two women upon the Board of Education for the public +schools, Mrs. Terrell was one of the women appointed. She served on the +Board for five years with signal ability and unusual success, and on the +occasion of her resignation in 1912 was given a magnificent testimonial +by her fellow-citizens. + +It would be difficult to record all the different things that Mary +Church Terrell has done or the numerous ways in which she has turned +sentiment on the race problem. In recent years she has been drawn more +and more to her own home. She is in constant demand as a speaker, +however, and one or two experiences or incidents must not pass +unremarked. In 1906 she was invited by Prof. Jeremiah W. Jenks to come +to Cornell University to deliver her address on the Bright Side of the +Race Problem. She was introduced by Prof. F. A. Fetter of the Department +of Economics. When she had finished her lecture she was greeted by +deafening applause, and then she was surrounded by an eager crowd +desirous of receiving an introduction. One enthusiastic woman exclaimed, +as she warmly shook the speaker's hand, "I was so glad to hear you say +something about the bright side, and--do you know?--every Southern +faculty woman was here." A little later she was the guest of honor at a +reception in the home of Ex-Ambassador Andrew D. White, the first +president of Cornell University. + +Just what Mary Church Terrell means as an inspiration to the young women +of the Negro race one might have seen some years ago if he could have +been present at Spelman Seminary on the occasion of the twenty-fifth +anniversary of this the largest school for Negro girls in the world. She +was preceded on the program by one or two prominent speakers who tried +to take a broad view of the race problem but who were plainly baffled +when they came face to face with Southern prejudice. When Mrs. Terrell +rose to speak the air was tense with eagerness and anxiety. How she +acquitted herself on this occasion, how eloquently she plead, and how +nimbly and delicately she met her opponents' arguments, will never be +forgotten by any one who was privileged to hear her. + +The compliments that have been paid to the eloquence, the grace, the +culture, the tact, and the poise of this woman are endless. She exhibits +exceptional attainments either on or off the platform. Her words bristle +with earnestness and energy, quickly captivating an audience or holding +the closest attention in conversation. Her gestures are frequent, but +always in sympathetic harmony. Her face is inclined to be sad in repose, +but lights quickly and effectively to the soul of whatever subject she +touches. Her voice is singularly clear and free from harsh notes. She +exhibits no apparent effort in speaking, and at once impresses an +audience by her ease, her courage, and her self-abnegation. Through all +her work moreover constantly thrills her great hope for the young men +and women of her race, so many of whom she has personally inspired. + +Such a woman is an asset to her country and an honor to the race to +which she belongs. + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Women of Achievement, by Benjamin Brawley + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMEN OF ACHIEVEMENT *** + +***** This file should be named 38783.txt or 38783.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/7/8/38783/ + +Produced by Suzanne Shell, Emmy and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |