diff options
Diffstat (limited to '38773.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 38773.txt | 3570 |
1 files changed, 3570 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/38773.txt b/38773.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0b0ce1 --- /dev/null +++ b/38773.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3570 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, Number 102, +October 11, 1851, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, Number 102, October 11, 1851 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: February 6, 2012 [EBook #38773] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, OCTOBER 11, 1851 *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Library of Early Journals.) + + + + + +[Transcriber's note: Original spelling varieties have not been +standardized; "TR:" as in [TR: Lilith] marks a transcriber's note. +Characters with macrons have been marked in brackets with an equal +sign, as [=e] for a letter e with a macron on top. Underscores +have been used to indicate _italic_ fonts, or _emphasis_ in Greek. +A list of volumes and pages in "Notes and Queries" has been added +at the end.] + + + + +NOTES and QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION + +FOR + +LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + +VOL. IV.--NO. 102. SATURDAY, OCTOBER 11. 1851. + +Price Threepence. Stamped Edition, 4_d._ + + + + +CONTENTS. + + Page + + + NOTES:-- + + Effigies of English Sovereigns extant in France, by + W. S. Gibson 265 + + Arabic Inscriptions--Mocatteb Mountains, by T. J. + Buckton 266 + + Additions to Cunningham's Hand-book of London 267 + + Richard Rolle of Hampole, No. II. 268 + + A Funeral in Hamburgh, by W. S. Hesleden 269 + + Folk Lore:--The Baker's Daughter--"Pray remember the + Grotto" on St. James's Day--The King's Evil--Bees 269 + + The Caxton Coffer, by Bolton Corney 270 + + Minor Notes:--Braham Moor--Portraits of Burke 270 + + QUERIES:-- + + General James Wolfe, who fell at Quebec 271 + + Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy 272 + + Minor Queries:--Colonies in England--Buxtorf's + Translation of the "Treatise on Hebrew Accents" + by Elias Levita--The Name "Robert"--Meaning of + "Art'rizde"--Sir William Griffith of North + Wales--The Residence of William Penn--Martial's + Distribution of Hours--Moonlight--Ash-sap given to + new-born Children--Cockney--Full Orders--Earwig--The + Soul's Errand 272 + + MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--Call a Spade, a Spade--Prince + Rupert's Drops--"Worse than a Crime"--Arbor Lowe, + Stanton Moor, Ayre Family--Bishop of Worcester "On + the Sufferings of Christ"--Lord Clifford--Latin + Translation of Sarpi's Council of Trent--Livery + Stables 274 + + REPLIES:-- + + Mabillon's Charge against the Spanish Clergy--Campanella + and Adami--Wilkes MSS., by Henry Hallam 275 + + Printing 276 + + The Pendulum Demonstration, &c. 277 + + Winifreda--"Childe Harold," by Samuel Hickson 277 + + The Three Estates of the Realm, by William Fraser 278 + + Meaning of Whig and Tory, by David Stevens 281 + + Recovery of Lost Authors of Antiquity, by Kenneth + R. H. MacKenzie 282 + + MS. Note in a Copy of Liber Sententiarum 282 + + Replies to Minor Queries:--Warnings to Scotland--Fides + Carbonaria--Fire Unknown--Pope and Flatman--Pope's + Translations or Imitations of Horace--Lord Mayor + not a Privy Councillor--Herschel anticipated--Sanford's + Descensus--Pope's "honest Factor"--"A little Bird told + me," &c. 283 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 285 + + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 286 + + Notices to Correspondents 286 + + Advertisements 287 + + + + +Notes. + + +THE EFFIGIES OF ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS EXTANT IN FRANCE. + +In the year 1816, Mr. Charles Stothard discovered in a cellar (as it is +described) of one of the buildings adjoining the ruined abbey at +Fontevraud, which was then used as a prison, the monumental effigies of +King Henry II., Eleanor of Aquitaine his queen, King Richard I., and +Queen Isabella of Angouleme. It had been feared that these monuments +shared the destruction of the royal tombs from which they were torn, in +the fearful outrages of the Revolution; but they were found to have +escaped the general havoc, although they had suffered some mutilation. +They are described to be sculptures almost coeval with the decease of +the sovereigns represented, and to possess such a chaste grandeur and +simplicity of character as to add great artistic value to their +historical importance. Mr. Stothard represented to the English +government of that day the propriety of rescuing such venerable +monuments from further injury, and of bringing them to Westminster +Abbey; and an application appears to have been made, through some +official channel, to the French authorities; but it was not successful, +though it had the effect, as it is said, of inducing the latter to +direct measures to be taken for the better preservation of these +effigies. About the same time, Mr. Stothard discovered the monumental +effigy of Queen Berengaria in the ruins of her once-stately abbey-church +of L'Espan, near Mans, which he found converted into a barn; but it was +then in contemplation to place this effigy in the church of St. Julien +there, when the restoration of that edifice should be completed. A +memoir (which I cannot here obtain) on the sepulchral statues of English +sovereigns at Fontevraud was read in 1841 in the congress of the Society +for Preserving the Historical Monuments of France; and by the researches +of M. Deville, a distinguished antiquary of Normandy, another effigy of +King Richard "of the Lion Heart" was brought to light in 1838, from +beneath the modern pavement of the choir of Rouen Cathedral, and was +shortly afterwards made known in England by the very interesting +communication made by Mr. Albert Way to the Society of Antiquaries of +London, and published in vol. xxix. of the _Archaeologia_. + +I am not aware that attention has been otherwise drawn to these effigies +since the publication of Mr. Stothard's great work, nor can I find that +his suggestion has at any time been revived, or that the steps which may +have been taken at Fontevraud for rescuing these monuments from +the gradual demolition which seemed to threaten them, were such as are +likely to insure their ultimate preservation. What those steps were, or +what is the present state of these interesting memorials, I have not +been able to learn; but, inasmuch as it appears that the tombs they +covered have been destroyed; that in the fury of revolutionary violence +the remains of the royal dead were scattered to the winds; and that the +abbey church of Fontevraud itself fell into a state of ruin, if not of +desecration; it will probably be agreed that the removal of these +monuments to Westminster Abbey is unobjectionable, and that their +deposit among the effigies of our early sovereigns in that glorious +edifice would be appropriate, and is much to be desired. Being strongly +impressed with that opinion, I trouble you with this note, which, if you +should deem it worthy of insertion, may elicit some information, and +perhaps lead to an application for leave to remove these monuments, and +place them in Westminster Abbey. The present time seems favourable for +such an effort; and if the object in view should have the sanction of +Queen Victoria, the interference of Her Majesty would probably prevail. + + W. SIDNEY GIBSON. + + Newcastle-upon-Tyne. + + +ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS--MOCATTEB MOUNTAINS. + +The principle of decyphering propounded for the Nineveh inscriptions +(Vol. iv., p. 220.) is available equally, and with better prospect of +speedy solution, in the case of those of _Mocatteb_. A very interesting +narrative is given of these in Laborde's _Mount Sinai and Petra_ (p. +248). The site of them is seventy miles direct distance south-east from +Suez, and they extend on the rock three miles and more in length, at a +height of ten or twelve feet, and in the line of route to Sinai, which +is distant fifty miles south-east from Mocatteb. They also lie not only +in the usual caravan route, but almost in a direct line drawn from +Ethiopia to the cities of Nineveh and Babylon. Nimrod is represented as +an Ethiopian (Gen. x. 8.), "_Cush begat Nimrod_" = "_Nimrod was an +Ethiopian by descent_." The whole of this invaluable monument of the +most ancient geography, the tenth of Genesis, must be read with +reference to _nations_, and not individuals. + +Both the valley and the mountains are named from these "Inscriptions" = +_Mocatteb_ in Arabic; that fact alone indicates considerable antiquity, +especially in a country like Arabia, where the fashion of changing any +usage, especially that of names of places, has never prevailed. The +vicinity of these inscriptions to that portion of the world wherein the +Mosaic law had its origin, and probably, as a necessary consequence, the +invention of an alphabet also; and likewise the great question of +ancient intercourse between Egypt, Ethiopia, Assyria (Chaldea), and +India, have rendered the interpretation of the Mocatteb inscriptions a +problem of paramount interest, insomuch that Bishop Clayton offered a +considerable sum of money for a copy of them. In the _Royal Society's +Transactions_, vol. ii. part vi. 1832, are specimens of 187 of these, +whereof nine are Greek and one Latin. Some of them are doubtless of the +sixth century. + +Coutelle and Roziere (_Antiquities_, vol. v. p. 57.) copied seventy-five +of them, and Pococke and Montague give a few specimens. Seetzen, +Burkhardt, and Henneker _saw_ them; and Niebuhr may be said to have been +sent out expressly on their account, but the result was _nil_. Cosmus, +Montfaucon, Neitzchitz, Monconys, Koischa, and others, mention them, and +they have been seen by a caravan of persons familiar with Arabic, Greek, +Hebrew, Syriac, Coptic, Latin, Armenian, Turkish, English, Illyrian, +German, and Bohemian, to all of whom they were equally inexplicable. +Since the discovery of Daguerre, we are placed in a position to obtain a +real _fac-simile_ of the whole of these inscriptions, at a small expense +of time or money. Any person familiar with the use of the daguerrotype +(the less learned the better) could now speedily furnish what the good +Bishop so fervently longed after, were he only provided with the small +sum of a few hundred pounds to take him thither and bring back his +invaluable treasures. Although the Mocatteb are graven with an iron pen +in the rock (Job xix. 24.), they are not everlasting, for the rains have +had some effect in obliterating them, being cut, not on granite, as was +formerly thought, but on red sandstone. It is worth remark, that +although Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, he +rejected entirely the hieroglyphic system of writing, and that no +mention or allusion is made to the art of writing till 1491 B.C., in Ex. +xvii. 14.[1], just prior to the delivery of the law, and in +connection with the account of Jethro, his father-in-law; subsequently, +constant allusion is made to writing. There is only one reference to +this art in Homer (_Il._ z. 168.). The author of Job, who appears to +have had a much more enlarged knowledge of art and science than Moses, +speaks of the cutting and painting (for so the Arabic and Hebrew words +should be rendered, and not _printing_) on a roll, _i.e._ with the +_style_ and _brush_; also of the cutting (_felling_) with a chisel (in +Arabic, a _digger_) on lead, or on a rock.[2] + + [Footnote 1: "Jehovah said to Moses, Write this as a memorandum on + a roll, and let it be read to Joshua, that I intend to obliterate + entirely the memory of Amalek here below. And Moses built an altar + and called it _Jehovah Nissi_ (Jehovah is my banner). The reason + he assigned for the name was that a hand (power) opposed to the + throne of Jah was (the cause of) Jehovah's perpetual warfare + against Amalek." This is the _sense_ of the Hebrew as it stands, + in the current language of our day, and not a copy of the words + merely,--an error, it is conceived, into which most of the + translators, from the Seventy downwards, have often fallen. If a + conjectural criticism might be offered, let [Hebrew: kaf], _caf_, + be inserted for [Hebrew: nun], _nun_, and instead of Jehovah + _Nissi_ (banner), read Jehovah _Cissi_, "Jehovah is my _throne_;" + then the reason assigned by Moses for the name becomes + intelligible, which it certainly is not in the existing text, + undoubtedly very ancient, being confirmed by the Samaritan.] + + [Footnote 2: The word, correctly translated _for ever_, according + to the Masoretic system, means "as a witness or testimony," if + pointed with _Tsereh_ instead of _Pathach_. The general sense of + this chapter, in some respects obscure, appears to be, "I seek for + justice, but cannot obtain it. Every obstacle is put in my way. + Neither my own kindred nor servants obey me. Look at my most + wretched condition; although I call you friends, you all hate me. + You are not satisfied with persecuting my body, but you afflict my + soul also. Oh that I could make an impression upon you. I would + set forth my petition for relief from your persecutions on a roll, + on lead, or on a rock, as a constant memorial in testimony of my + sufferings and your hate; as I know that my Goel (Redeemer or + Avenger) lives, and will at length ascend from the dust (sand or + soil). (In his approach he raises a cloud of dust.) Then arise and + destroy this (memorial), for, living, I shall get a judgment on my + case, being personally present and not by representative, although + I may be hardly able to attend from mental anxiety. Then you will + say, why did we persecute him, we were all wrong. And you will + fear punishment because you will learn that justice must be + satisfied." + + Divested of its highly poetic diction, the above gives the subject + matter in the vernacular.] + +The examination of the copies of the inscriptions already in our +possession will probably determine whether the language is hieroglyphic, +syllabic, or alphabetic. The principal point is to enumerate the +characters found to be clearly distinct from each other. Should there be +found two to three hundred decidedly _distinct_ characters--assuming it +to be one language and one uniform character of that language, for many +nations (peoples) use more than one character--the language _a priori_ +must be _hieroglyphic_. If 70 to 90, it will be _syllabic_; but if only +20 to 50, it may be safely concluded that it is alphabetic. The letters +distinct from each other may be less than 20, inasmuch as in the Arabic, +most probably the language which will solve this problem, one character +represents several sounds, the points, usually omitted, alone +distinguishing the difference between _be_, _te_, _tse_, _nun_, and +_jod_, between _jim_, _ha_ and _cha_, between _dal_ and _zal_, between +_re_ and _se_, _sin_ and _shin_, _zad_ and _dad_, _fe_ and _kaf_, &c. +&c. On the other hand, the language has increased the number of its +characters, by distinguishing _initial_ from _medial_ and _terminal_ +letters, having retained only thirteen originally distinct characters in +its alphabet. + +The Ethiopic, written from left to right, has manifestly furnished the +Arabs with their cursive character, the one uniformly printed, written +from right to left, or otherwise both have derived them from a common +source. Of the intimate relation early subsisting between the Ethiopians +and their Shemitic congeners in Asia, one remarkable instance is the +former retaining to themselves exclusively "the exalted horn," so often +mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the wearing of which has been long +abandoned by every other family of that race. + + T. J. BUCKTON. + + Lichfield. + + +ADDITIONS TO CUNNINGHAM'S HAND-BOOK OF LONDON. + +_St. Stephen's Church, Walbrook._--Sir Robert Chicheley, alderman and +twice Lord Mayor of London, is said, in Wm. Ravenhill's _Short Account +of the Company of Grocers from their Original_ (4to. Lond. 1689), to +have purchased the ground whereon St. Stephen's church stands, and to +have built, at his own charge, the church which was afterwards replaced +by the edifice of Sir Christopher Wren. The founder was a member of that +company, and to them he gave the advowson. He was the youngest of three +brothers, of whom the eldest was Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of +Canterbury _temp._ Henry VI. The second brother was Sir William, who, +like Robert, was an alderman, and a member of the Grocers' Company. From +the younger brother, Robert, descended Sir Thomas Chicheley, who was +Master of the Ordnance and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the +reign of Charles II. + +_Grocers' Hall._--In 1411 the custos or warden and brethren of the +Grocers' Company purchased of Robert Lord Fitzwalter his mansion-house +and lands, extending from near the Old Jewry to Walbrook in the centre +of the city of London, for 320 marks, and soon afterwards laid the +foundation of their new Common-hall. In 1429 they had license to acquire +lands of the value of 500 marks. There was "a fair open garden behind, +for air and diversion, and before the house, within the gate, a large +court-yard." The company, after the fire of London, rebuilt and enlarged +the old Hall, says Ravenhill in his _Account of the Grocers' Company_ +(Lond. 1689), "with offices and accommodations far beyond any other +place, for the most commodious seat of the chief magistrate." (See Mr. +Cunningham's quotation from Strype, as to its civic uses.) King Charles +II. accepted the office of Master of the Company, and they set up his +statue in the Royal Exchange. See Ravenhill's _Short Account of +the Company of Grocers_, and Howel's _Londinopolis_, fol. Lond. 1657. + + W. S. G. + + Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Sept. 1851. + + +RICHARD ROLLE OF HAMPOLE, NO. II. + +Owing to my absence from England, I was unable to answer the Queries +which were put to me (No 94., p. 116.) by your respected correspondent +J. E. The word _guistroun_ (as also _Salhanas_) was merely an error of +the press; and with respect to the others, I concur, for the most part, +in the learned observations of MR. SINGER (No 96., p. 159.). +_Quistroun_, it may be added, is found in a MS. chronicle quoted in the +preface to the French version of _Havelok_, and with the explanation "de +sa quisyne." The singular form of _chaunsemlees_ is written +_chauncemele_ in the _Promptuar. Parvul._, and rendered _subtelaris_, +which, according to Ducange, would correspond exactly to _slipper_. + +I now beg to present your readers with a fresh series of extracts from +the same volume. The first, though rather long, will not easily bear +abbreviation. It is somewhat in the style of Piers Ploughman, but +earlier by several years. The subject is the unfaithfulness of the +clergy in the former half of the fourteenth century:-- + + "[thorn]is word is mekil agen [thorn]ese clerkis + [thorn]'t schuld kenne lewid folk good werkis, + And gader hem to goddis hord + Wi[thorn] rightful lyf and goddis word. + Hem auhte [thorn]inke if [thorn]ei wer wise + How [thorn]ei schul stonde at goddis assise, + And gelden acountes of all hir wit + How [thorn]ei in [thorn]'e world han spent it. + Lord what schul [thorn]ese persouns say + Whan [thorn]ei schul come on domys day + To gelde of al hir lyf acounte + And what hir rentis may amounte, + [thorn]at [thorn]ei of lewid men take her + Hir soulis hele hem to ler, + And diden not so but lyued in lust + Of flesch, [thorn]'t maki[thorn] [thorn]'e soule rust. + For riche persouns louen mor now + Flesch-liking mor [thorn]an [thorn]'e soule prow [_i.e._ profit]; + [thorn]ei wene to sewe cristis trace [_i.e._ follow His track] + Wi[thorn] hunting and w't [thorn]'e deer chace; + [thorn]ei fedin hir flesch wi[thorn] good mete + [thorn]'t lewid folk hem tilen and gete; + [thorn]ei lyuen on lewid folkis traueyle + And nouht to hem [thorn]ei auayle. + For ther [thorn]ei schuld w't sarmoun tille + [thorn]e lewid folkis herte and wille + To right longing of heuene-riche bewhile, + Wi[thorn] wikkid example [thorn]ei hem begile: + For wikkid example [thorn]ei hem geue + In wikkednes alway for to leue. + For [thorn]er [thorn]ei schuld hem meknes schewe + [thorn]ei schewe hem pride and vnthewe, + And ther [thorn]ei schulde teche hem dele + And parte w't god of hir catele, + Ther teche [thorn]ei hem wi[thorn] couetise + To spar hir good in euyl wise. + For we seen so these persouns spar + [thorn]'t [thorn]ei suffre pore men mysfar; + We see hem fayr grehoundis fede + And suffren [thorn]'e pore to deyen for nede, + And euyl example [thorn]us [thorn]ei gyue + To hir pareschyns euyle to lyue. + For me [thorn]inke[thorn] it is no ferly [_i.e._ wonder] + [thorn]ouh lewid folk lyue in foly, + Whan [thorn]ei seen prestis and persouns + Mistake agen god as felouns. + Goddis felouns I hem calle + [thorn]'t maki[thorn] man in synne falle, + Wi[thorn] example of euyl lyf + [thorn]'t is now in [thorn]is world ful ryf. + [thorn]erfor I rede persouns and prestis + [thorn]'t [thorn]ei ber god on hir brestis, + And [thorn]enk how al hir mete and drink + Comi[thorn] of her pareschyns swink, + And teche [thorn]ei hem how [thorn]at [thorn]ei + Schul toward heuene take [thorn]'e wei, + And after holde hem wel [thorn]erinne + And kepe hem fro dedli synne. + For wel is hem [thorn]'t wi[thorn] preching + Mai tele [_i.e._ allure] soulis to heuene king." + +2. Nor was the author of these sermons less severe in rebuking the +faults of the layman. The following is a specimen of his plain-spoken +fervour:-- + + "But crist of [thorn]'t man seyth wites [_i.e._ reproaches] + [thorn]at in sarmoun not delytes. + For many folis heren a sarmoun + Wi[thorn] outen ony deuocioun; + [thorn]'t is in Englisch loue-longing, + [thorn]'t auhte of mannes herte spring + Toward [thorn]'e blisse [thorn]'t lasti[thorn] ay, + And not toward [thorn]'e worldis play. + But sum men sitten at sarmoun + [thorn]'t wer better ben atte toun; + On worldis wele [thorn]ink [thorn]ei so mekil + [thorn]'t is deceyuabil fals and fekil, + [thorn]at sarmoun sauoureth hem nouht + So is hir herte menyng (?) in [thorn]ouht. + And sum other seli gomes + [thorn]'t for to her sarmoun comes, + And goddis word so litil kepi[thorn] + [thorn]'t at [thorn]'e preching manye slepi[thorn]: + At goddis word [thorn]ei ben sleping + And at [thorn]'e tauerne hous waking: + At lyche-wake [_i.e._ corpse-watching] and sinful plawes, + [thorn]ei ben waking til [thorn]'e day dawes, + But whan [thorn]ei come sarmoun to her + [thorn]ei ben so heuy and so swer, + [thorn]'t hir heuedis [thorn]ei may not hold vp + But hongen it in [thorn]'e fendis cup." + +3. Yet with regard to one class of questions, the tongue of the preacher +was restrained. After touching the subject of confession and the frailty +of some confessors, he adds in a significant way: + + "Of [thorn]is mater coude I sey mar, + But God wod [thorn]'t I ne dar, + For beter is skilful pes to holde + [thorn]an in speche ben to bolde." + +4. The following extract will not fail to interest the student of +prophecy:-- + + "Get wone ful many iewis thore, [_i.e._ in captivity] + And so schul [thorn]ei don euer more, + Til ageyn domes day, + [thorn]an schul [thorn]ei [thorn]ens out-stray, + And ouer al [thorn]er [thorn]ei go + Cristen folk schul [thorn]ei slo; + And [thorn]ei schul receyue antecrist + And wene [thorn]'t he be ih[=u] crist; + And sone after comi[thorn] domes day, + As we in prophecye her say." + +5. The last passage I shall cite is a curious exposition of the First +Commandment (p. 455.):-- + + "[thorn]'e first heste is [thorn]is: [thorn]u schalt worschipen [thorn]i lord god & him + alone seruyn. In [thorn]'t heste is forboden to don any sacrifice to + mawmettis or worschipe to fals goddis. In [thorn]'t heste also is + forboden al maner wicchecraftis, enchauntementis, wi[thorn] seruys and + markis and al manere experimentis, coniuraciouns, as men wone to + do and maken for thynges i-stolen, in bacynes, in swerdis and in + certeyn names wreten and enclosed, holi water and holi candel and + o[thorn]ere manye maneris whiche ben nought good to neuene. In [thorn]'t heste + also is forboden al maner iogelyng and for to tellyn of [thorn]ing [thorn]'t + is to comen, be sterres and planets, or be metell, or be destene, + or be schynynge of [thorn]'e pawme of mannes hond or eny o[thorn]ere maneris. + For [thorn]ei aproperen to man [thorn]ing [thorn]'t oneliche falle[thorn] to god, to witen + of [thorn]inges [thorn]'t arn to come," &c. + + C. H. + + St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge. + + +A FUNERAL IN HAMBURGH. + +MR. GATTY'S observations (Vol. iii., p. 499.) regarding the funeral of +an Irish labourer, have reminded me that while on a visit some years ago +to a brother in the city of Hamburgh, we one Sunday spent the day with a +worthy pastor of a small village a few miles from that city, where we +went early enough to attend morning service in the village church; and +in the afternoon, while indulging with our pipes and coffee in an alcove +in the pastor's garden, I observed a funeral approach the churchyard +gate, and understanding that the ceremony was different to what I had +been accustomed to, I laid down my pipe and walked into the churchyard +to observe what passed, and my movement induced my brother and another +or two to become spectators also. The funeral party having arranged +themselves at the entrance, the ceremony commenced as follows. The +parish clerk or verger walked first, having a lemon in one hand and a +bunch of evergreen in the other; he was followed by six choristers or +singing boys, then six men as bearers carrying the coffin, and after +them the mourners and other attendants. As soon as the cavalcade moved +off, the clerk or verger gave out a strophe of some psalm or hymn, which +he and the boys chanted while moving round the churchyard; and thus +chanting they followed a green path, which I discovered was kept close +mown for the purpose; and I observed our worthy pastor had joined the +cavalcade, though alone, and at some little distance from the mourners. +I understood it was customary thus to move three times round, but being +a very sultry afternoon, the party made two turns serve, when coming to +the open grave the bearers let down the coffin into it, and then another +strophe was chanted, which ended, the mourners took a last look at the +coffin, and silently dropped their sprigs of evergreen upon it; the +bearers then each took a spade, already provided for them, and quickly +filled up the grave, and adjusted its form, when the funeral party +returned silently home as they came. The pastor had now retreated again +to the alcove in his garden, where we soon joined him, and he told me +that as we had gone to witness the ceremony, it would have been thought +disrespectful had he not also shown himself, though it did not appear +that his attendance was necessary. The general practice here observed of +the bearers filling up the grave, shows that the Irish labourers had +some more general custom for their practice than MR. GATTY appears to be +aware of. + + W. S. HESLEDEN. + + +FOLK LORE. + +_The Baker's Daughter._--_Ophelia_ (Act IV. Sc. 5.) says that + + "The owl was a baker's daughter." + +This reminds me of a Welsh tradition concerning the female who refused a +bit of dough from the oven to the Saviour "when He hungered," and was +changed into _Cassek gwenwyn_, [Hebrew: Lilith] _lilish_[TR: Lilith], +_lamia_, _strix_, the night spectre, _mara_, or screech-owl. + + G. M. + +_"Pray remember the Grotto" on St. James's Day_ (Vol. i., p. 5.).--The +interesting note with which MR. WILLIAM J. THOMS presented the firstborn +of "NOTES AND QUERIES," may perhaps admit of a postscript, borrowed from +one of Mr. Jerdan's well-deserving pupils, the _Literary Gazette_ +for 1822: + + "I am inclined to believe that the illuminated grottos of + oyster-shells for which the London children beg about the streets, + are the representatives of some Catholic emblem which had its day, + as a substitute for a more classical idol. I was struck in London + with the similarity of the plea which the children of both + countries urge in order to obtain a halfpenny. The 'It is but once + a year, sir!' often reminded me of the + + 'La Cruz de Mayo + Que no come ni bebe + En todo el ano.' + + 'The Cross of May, + Remember pray, + Which fasts a year and feasts a day.'" + + _Letters from Spain._ By Don Leucadio Doblado. + +This to prove that I _did_ remember the grotto. + + * & ? + + Manpadt House. + +_The King's Evil._--One Mr. Bacon of Ferns, being an one-and-twentieth +son born in wedlock, without a daughter intervening, has performed +prodigious cures in the king's evil and scrofulous cases, by stroking +the part with his hand. (_The Gentleman's Magazine_ for December 1731, +p. 543.) + + * & ? + +_Bees._--Being at a neighbour's house about a month ago, the +conversation turned upon the death of a mutual acquaintance a short time +prior to my visit. A venerable old lady present asked, with great +earnestness of manner, "Whether Mr. R.'s bees had been informed of his +death?" (Our friend R. had been a great bee-keeper.) No one appeared to +be able to answer the old lady's question satisfactorily, whereat she +was much concerned, and said, "Well, if the bees were not told of Mr. +R's death they would leave their hives, and never return. Some people +give them a piece of the funeral cake; I don't think that is absolutely +necessary, but certainly it is better to tell them of the death." Being +shortly afterwards in the neighbourhood of my deceased friend's +residence, I went a little out of my way to inquire after the bees. Upon +walking up the garden I saw the industrious little colony at full work. +I learned, upon inquiring of the housekeeper, that the bees had been +properly informed of Mr. R.'s death. + +I was struck with the singularity of this specimen of folk-lore, and +followed up the subject with further inquiries amongst my acquaintance. +I found that in my own family, upon the death of my mother, some +five-and-twenty years ago, the bees were duly informed of the event. A +lady friend also told me, that twenty years ago, when she was at school, +the father of her school-mistress died, and on that occasion the bees +were made acquainted with his death, and regaled with some of the +funeral cake. + +I wish to know whether this custom prevails in any other, and what part +of England, and to what extent? + + L. L. L. + + North Lincolnshire. + + +THE CAXTON COFFER. + +Reflecting on the extreme rarity of the works which issued from the +press of Caxton, the question arises, What number of copies was he +accustomed to print? On that point, as it seems, we have only +conjectures. + +Maittaire assumes that the number was about 200; an opinion which I +shall not controvert. Dibdin, however, inclines to think, with regard to +_The golden legend_ and other works of the same class, "that at least +400 copies were struck off;" and in support of this conjecture, cites +the practice of Sweynheym and Pannartz, as proved by the memorial +addressed in their behalf to Sixtus IV., by J. Andrea, bishop of Aleria, +in 1472, which practice he thus states:-- + + "If we are to judge from the celebrated list of the number of + copies of the different works printed by those indefatigable + typographical artists, Sweynheym and Pannartz, it would appear + that 275 was the usual number of copies of a particular work; + although sometimes they ventured to strike off as many as 550; + and, twice, not fewer than 1100 copies." + +Now, our renowned bibliographer misinterprets the important document +which he cites. Sweynheym and Pannartz printed 300 copies of a +_Donatus_, and the same number of a _Speculum vitae humanae_, and of two +more works. In all other cases, each impression of the works which +proceeded from their press consisted of only 275 copies. The words +_Volumina quingenta quinquaginta_ refer to works of which two editions +were published, or which were in two volumes; and the words _Volumina +mille centum_, to a work of which there were two editions of two volumes +each. So the conjecture of Dibdin loses its best support. + +As Sweynheym and Pannartz printed only 275 copies of the works of such +authors as St. Augustin and St. Jerome, of Caesar, Cicero, Livy, Ovid, +Quinctilian, and Virgil--works which must have found purchasers in all +parts of Europe--it is rather improbable that Caxton should have +ventured to exceed that number with respect to books for which, being +chiefly translations, there could be no demand beyond the shores of +England. + + BOLTON CORNEY. + + +Minor Notes. + +_Braham Moor._--The following _remarkable_ account of this place by John +Watson, Esq., of Malton, in the year 1781, may be interesting to some of +the readers of your paper. Braham is situated five miles S.W. of +Tadcaster, and close to, and in, the remains of the old Roman road +called "Watling Street:"-- + + "Upon the middle of this moor a man may see ten miles around him; + within those ten miles there is as much free stone as would build + ten cities as large as York; within those ten miles there is as + much good oak timber as would build those ten cities; there is as + much limestone, and coals to burn it into lime, as the building of + those ten cities would require; there is also as much clay and + sand, and coals to burn them into bricks and tiles, as would build + those ten cities; within those ten miles there are two iron forges + sufficient to furnish iron for the building of those ten cities, + and 10,000 tons to spare; within those ten miles there is lead + sufficient for the ten cities, and 10,000 fodders to spare; within + those ten miles there is a good coal seam sufficient to furnish + those ten cities with firing for 10,000 years; within those ten + miles there are three navigable rivers, from any part of which a + man may take shipping and sail to any part of the world; within + those ten miles there are _seventy_ gentlemen's houses, all + _keeping coaches_, and the least of them an esquire, and ten parks + and forests well stocked with deer; within those ten miles are ten + market towns, one of which may be supposed to return 10,000_l._ + per week." + + CHAS. W. MARKHAM. + + Becca Hall, Tadcaster. + +_Portraits of Burke._--Through the kindness of a friend I have just +examined what I take to be an interesting and curious work of art, viz., +a miniature of the great Edmund Burke, painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, +and said to be the _only miniature_ he ever painted. It is a small oval +of ivory executed in water colours, and represents him past the meridian +of life, his hair combed back from his ample forehead, and powdered; the +coat (according to the fashion of the day) without a collar, and, as +well as the waistcoat, of a chocolate colour; a white stock, and the +shirt frill of lace; the features, although retaining great animation +and intelligence, are round and plump. The painting is carefully and +delicately finished. The same friend also possesses another miniature of +the same right honourable gentleman (artist unknown), deserving notice: +it is in a much larger oval, and drawn in coloured crayons. This +likeness represents the statesman at a much earlier period of life, and +is most exquisitely executed: his fine auburn hair in natural waves, if +I may use the expression, is also thrown off the face, the features +rather sharp, the nose prominent, the eyes brilliant, the lips +beautifully expressed, and, on the whole, one of the most highly +finished specimens of this style I ever saw: the costume the same as +that already described, the colour being a snuff-brown. In this +portrait, a black ribbon crosses the lace frill, indicating the presence +of an eye-glass, an appendage not observable in portraits taken later in +life. The lady who owns these paintings is the widow of a gentleman +lately deceased, who being related to, was brought up under the +guardianship of this great man, and was by him introduced into public +life; circumstances which prove the authenticity of the works thus +briefly described. + + M. W. B. + + Bruges, Sept. 26, 1851. + + + + +Queries. + + +GENERAL JAMES WOLFE, WHO FELL AT QUEBEC. + +A short time ago I accidentally became possessed of a small packet of +autograph letters, by this distinguished man, to a very intimate friend +and brother officer. These letters were found in an old military chest, +which had belonged to the latter. They are twelve in number; the first +is dated Glasgow, 2d April, 1749, and the last, Salisbury, 1st December, +1758, on the eve of his embarkation with the memorable expedition +against Quebec. The letters are written in a small and remarkably neat +hand, and Wolfe's seal is still adhering to some of them. They contain +much honourable sentiment, and proofs of a warm generous heart. + +The perusal of these curious letters, and their allusions to passing +incidents, have excited a desire to become better acquainted with the +details of Wolfe's personal history; but in this I experience +considerable difficulty, from the meagreness with which his biographers +appear to have treated the subject. I shall accordingly feel much +obliged by any of your military, or other correspondents, favouring me +with references to the fullest and best account of this distinguished +officer. I am anxious to obtain information, in particular, on the +following points. + +1. Wolfe's family connexions? I am aware who his father was, but should +like to know if the former had any brothers or sisters, and who is the +present representative? What was his mother's name and family? + +2. Where was Wolfe educated? In one of the letters he mentions that he +was taken from his studies at fifteen, and entered the army at that +early age. + +3. The different regiments in which he held a commission, with his rank +in each, the steps and date of promotion? + +4. His _first_ and subsequent military services? + +5. How long was he stationed in Scotland, on what duty, and in what +places? + +6. In particular, was he engaged in the formation of any of the military +roads in that country, _when_ and _where_? + +7. Did he serve in Scotland during the rebellion of 1745-46, and was he +present at the battle of Culloden? If so, in what regiment, and with +what rank? + +8. Are there any good portraits of Wolfe extant, and where are they to +be seen? + +9. Was his body brought to England, and are memorials of him preserved, +such as his sword, pistols, &c.? His spurs were lately in the possession +of a gentleman near Glasgow. + + [Ezh.] + + +WALKER'S SUFFERINGS OF THE CLERGY. + +Is it the intention of the Ecclesiastical History Society to publish a +new edition of Walker's _Sufferings of the Clergy_? At the time when the +society was instituted it was on the list of works to be published by +them. + +Surely, if that is the case, somewhat might be done to correct the many +inaccuracies, and, in other ways, increase the value of a work which has +preserved the memory of some of the most exalted acts of Christian +heroism that England has ever witnessed. + +Will the editor of "NOTES AND QUERIES" open his pages to receive notes +and corrections for a future edition of _The Sufferings of the Clergy_? + + DRYASDUST. + + [It is believed that the trading speculation, miscalled a Society, + has ended with considerable loss to both undertakers and + subscribers; and is not likely to publish any more of the works + which figured in its rhodomontade prospectus. Certainly it is very + desirable that there should be a new, careful, and critical + edition of Walker; and any assistance which can be rendered by + "NOTES AND QUERIES" will be at the service of anybody who will + undertake such a work. It would be well, however (and it is + mentioned here with general reference to all such cases, though it + is particularly applicable to the present), if the learned doctor + would specify some mode by which the readers of "NOTES AND + QUERIES", may address him directly. The Editor suggests this, not + to save himself trouble, or because he grudges room (or rather + would grudge room if he had it) for many voluminous and important + communications, which would be very valuable to the Doctor, but + which, from length, and want of general interest, could not be + inserted in this little work. It is probable that he would by this + mode obtain many communications which the writers would not send + to "NOTES AND QUERIES," from being aware that they could not be + inserted. There would be nothing in this to prevent his + maintaining his incognito; and, therefore, the Editor ventures to + request his correspondents to send to "NOTES AND QUERIES" anything + that is brief, and may promise to be of general interest; and to + address anything which may be more voluminous to DR. DRYASDUST, at + our publisher's, No. 186. Fleet Street.] + + +Minor Queries. + +207. _Colonies in England._--Can any of your correspondents give me any +information about a colony of Spaniards said to exist at Brighton; of +Flemings in Pembrokeshire; of Frisians in Lancashire; of Moors in (I +think) Staffordshire; and of some Scandinavian race, with dark eyes and +dark hair, at Yarmouth in Norfolk. I should feel thankful for the +mention of other colonies besides these, if any more exist, as I believe +many do, in other parts of England. + + THEOPHYLACT. + +208. _Buxtorf's Translation of the "Treatise on Hebrew Accents," by +Elias Levita._--John Buxtorf the elder, in his _Bibliotheca Rabbinica_ +(printed along with his useful book _De Abbreviaturis Hebraicis_: Basil, +1630), p. 345., speaking of the curious and valuable work on the Hebrew +Accents, by R. Elias Levita, called + + [Hebrew: Sefer Tuv Ta'am], + +says, "Habemus cum Latine a nobis translatum." + +Can any of your readers inform me whether this translation was ever +printed; and, if not, whether the MS. of it is known to exist? + + JAMES H. TODD. + + Trin. Coll. Dublin. + +209. _The Name "Robert."_--Can any of your readers offer any suggestions +as to how the name "Robert," and its various diminutives, became +connected with so much diablerie? + +Besides the host of _hob_-goblins, _hob_-thrush, _hob_-with-the-lantern, +and the Yorkshire _Dobbies_, we have those two mysterious wights _Robin_ +Hood and _Robin_ Goodfellow, and "superstitious favourite" the _Robin_ +Redbreast. It is a term also frequently applied to idiotcy (invariably +among our lower orders linked with the idea of super-naturalism). +_Hobbil_ in the northern and _Dobbin_ in the midland districts of +England are terms used to denote a heavy, torpid fellow. The French +_Robin_ was formerly used in the same sense. + + SAXONICUS. + +210. _Meaning of "Art'rizde."_--In Halliwell's _Archaic Dictionary_, p. +821. col. 2., there is a quotation from Middleton's _Epigrams and +Satyres_, 1608. Will you, or any of your readers, be kind enough to +inform me what is the meaning of the word "Art'rizde" which occurs in the +quotation, and also give some information as to the book from which it +is quoted? Dyce professes to publish _all_ of Middleton's known works, +but in his edition (1840) there are no epigrams to be found. + + QUAESO. + +211. _Sir William Griffith of North Wales._--Elizabeth, daughter of +William Fiennes, Constable of Dover Castle, who was slain at the battle +of Barnet, 10 Edw. IV., married, according to the pedigrees of Fiennes, +"_Sir William Griffith, of North Wales, Knt._" It appears there were +several persons of this name, and one styled Chamberlain of North Wales, +but no such wife is given to him. Can any of your Welsh genealogists +_identify_ the Sir William Griffith by reference to any evidence or +authorities, manuscript or otherwise, which state the marriage, and show +whether Elizabeth Fiennes had any issue? + + G. + +212. _The Residence of William Penn._--I have been informed that Chatham +House, opposite the barracks at Knightsbridge, was the residence of +Penn. This house was built in 1688; it had formerly large garden grounds +attached both in front and behind. Another account informed me that a +house, now known as the "Rising Sun," was the honoured spot. This house +has only of late years been turned into a public-house; it is of neat +appearance, and the date of 1611 is, or was till lately, to be seen at +the two extremes of the copings. Query, Can either of these houses be +pointed out with certainty as having been the residence of the great +Quaker, and, if so, which? Why was the first-mentioned house called +Chatham House? + + H. G. D. + +213. _Martial's Distribution of Hours._-- + + "Prima salutantes atque altera continet hora; + Exercet raucos tertia causidicos. + In quintam varios extendit Roma labores, + Sexta quies lassis ----" + + Martial, iv. 8. + +These lines are the forenoon portion of Martial's well-known +distribution of hours and occupation. + +Taking these hours then, for the sake of simplification, at the equinox, +when they assimilate in length to our modern hours and assuming it as +granted that "_quies lassis_" refers to the noon-tide siesta, and +therefore that "_sexta_" cannot signify any time previous to our twelve +o'clock, or noon, I wish to ask the classical readers of "NOTES AND +QUERIES"-- + +1st. How far into the day are we carried by the expression "_in +quintam_?" + +2nd. If no farther than to a point equivalent to our eleven o'clock, +A.M., in what way is the vacant hour between that point and _sexta_, or +noon, accounted for by Martial? + + A. E. B. + + Leeds. + +214. _Moonlight._--A sermon of Dr. Pusey's contains the following +beautiful illustrations of the danger of much knowledge and little +practice: + + "The pale cold light of the moon, which enlightens but warns not, + putrifies what it falls upon." + +Will any one inform me whether this is a physical truth, or only an +allowable use of a popular opinion? + + PHILIP HEDGELAND. + +215. _Ash-sap given to new-born Children._--Lightfoot, in his _Flora +Scotia_, vol. ii. p. 642., says-- + + "That in many parts of Scotland (the Highlands), at the birth of a + child the nurse or midwife puts one end of a great stick of the + ash-tree into the fire, and while it is burning receives into a + spoon the sap or juice which oozes out at the other end, and + administers this as the first spoonfuls of liquor to the new-born + babe."--Phillip's _Sylva Flora_. + +Why? + + G. CREED. + +216. _Cockney._--In John Minshieu's _Ductor in Linguas_, published in +1617, the origin of this word is thus explained:-- + + "That a citizen's son riding with his father out of London into + the country, and being a novice and merely ignorant how corn and + cattle increased, asked, when he heard a horse neigh, what the + horse did? His father answered, the horse doth neigh. Riding + further he heard a cock crow, and said, doth the _cock neigh_ + too?" + +I should not have troubled you with this story had I not been anxious to +ascertain the real origin of the word "Cockney," about which Johnson +seems to have been nearly as much in the dark as I am. For any other and +more rational explanation I shall be much obliged, as well as by being +informed from what source Minshieu derived this story of a cock and a +horse, which I am confident I have met with elsewhere, and which is +probably familiar to many of your readers. + + H. C. + + Workington. + +217. _Full Orders._--This term is well understood to mean those orders +conferred in the church which elevate a deacon to the rank of a priest, +capable of a full and entire performance of the duties of the Christian +ministry. An interesting point has recently been stirred afresh, +touching the validity of any ministerial commission which does not draw +its authority from the imposition of episcopal hands. I am not proposing +to start a controversial question, unsuited to the quiet and pleasant +pages of "NOTES AND QUERIES;" but there branches out from this question +a Query solely relating to the Church of England, and involving no +dispute; and therefore I beg to ask, whether our church holds that a +bishop can confer the full orders of the priesthood without any +concomitant laying on of the hands of the presbytery? The rubric in the +office for the Ordering of Priests, says, "_The Bishop with the Priests +present shall lay their hands severally upon the head of every one that +receiveth the order of Priesthood_:" and the Bishop then says, "Receive +the Holy Ghost for the office and work of a Priest in the Church of God, +now committed unto thee by the imposition of our hands," &c. Is, then, +the aid of the priests _essential_ to the due performance of the rite? +Does the expression "_our_ hands" mean both bishop's and priests' hands, +as the joint instruments of conveying authority to do the work and +office of a priest? Is there any instance of an Anglican bishop +ordaining a priest without assistance? I am aware that Beveridge +considers that the bishop's hands alone are sufficient; that it has +never been the practice in the Greek or the Eastern churches for priests +to take a part in the ceremony of conferring "full orders;" and that the +custom of their doing so is referred to a decree of the Council of +Carthage, A.D. 398, which says, "When a priest is ordained, the +bishop blessing him and laying the hand upon his head, let all the +priests also, that are present, hold their hands upon his head, by the +hands of the bishop." Without the slightest reference to which is really +the orthodox method, I would merely ask, whether the Church of England +could _legally_ forego the intervention of the priests, just as the +Church of Scotland dispenses with the aid of bishops in the act of +conferring "full orders?" + + ALFRED GATTY. + +218. _Earwig._--Can any correspondent furnish a derivation of _ear-wig_ +superior to the ones in vogue? + + [Greek: AXON.] + +219. _The Soul's Errand._--I will thank any one to tell me on what +grounds the stanzas called the _Soul's Errand_ are reported to have been +written by Sir Walter Raleigh the night before his execution. The first +stanza is (memoriter)-- + + "Go, soul, the body's guest, + Upon a thankless errant! + Fear not to touch the best, + The truth shall be thy warrant. + Go, since I needs must die, + And give the world the lie." + +It will be satisfactory to hear at the same time in what work they are +to be found. A nobleman of high rank is said to have them engraved on a +silver table of the period. + + AEGROTUS. + + +Minor Queries Answered. + +_Call a Spade, a Spade._--What is the origin of the common saying _to +call a spade, a spade_? Is it an old proverb or a quotation? In a letter +of Melancthon's to Archbishop Cranmer respecting the formularies of the +Anglican Church, dated May 1st, 1548, the following sentence occurs, +which seems to be another form of it:-- + + "In Ecclesia rectius, _scapham, scapham dicere_; nec objicere + posteris ambigua dicta." + +Is _scapham, scapham dicere_, I would also ask, a classical quotation, +or a modern Latin version of the other expression? + + W. FRASER. + + [Mr. Halliwell, in his _Dictionary_, says, "The phrase _To call a + spade a spade_ is applied to giving a person his real character or + qualities. Still in use." "I am plaine, I must needs call _a spade + a spade_, a pope a pope."--_Mar-Prelate's Epitome_, p. 2.] + +_Prince Rupert's Drops._--At the risk of being thought somewhat +ignorant, I beg for enlightenment with regard to the following passage +extracted from a late number of _Household Words_:-- + + "Now the first production of an author, if only three lines long, + is usually esteemed as a sort of Prince Rupert's Drop, which is + destroyed entirely if a person make on it but a single scratch." + +If you, or some of your correspondents, would not think this too trivial +a matter to notice, and would inform me what the allusion to "Prince +Rupert's Drop" refers to, I should be very much obliged. + + YRAM. + + [For the history of Prince Rupert's Drops our correspondent is + referred to our 100th Number, p. 234. These philosophical toys, + which exhibit in the most perfect manner the effects of expansion + and contraction in melted glass, are made by letting drops of + melted glass fall into cold water. Each drop assumes an oval form + with a tail or neck resembling a retort; and possesses this + singular property, that if a small portion of the tail is broken + off the whole bursts into powder with an explosion, and a + considerable shock is communicated to the hand that grasps it.] + +_"Worse than a Crime."_--Who first remarked, with reference to the +murder of the Duc D'Enghien by Napoleon, "It was worse than a crime, it +was a blunder?" + + T. ALLASON. + + Furnival's Inn, Oct. 3. 1851. + + [This saying has always been attributed to Talleyrand; and it is + so clearly the remark of a clever politician, but lax moralist, + that we have little doubt it has been very justly appropriated to + that distinguished sayer of good things.] + +_Arbor Lowe, Stanton Moor, Ayre Family._--Can any of your readers oblige +me with information respecting the Druidical remains at Arbor Lowe and +Stanton Moor, in the Peak of Derbyshire? I am unable to find any but +meagre notices; and in one or two so-called histories of Derbyshire, +they are only casually mentioned. Also any particulars concerning the +old family of the Ayres, who formerly lived at Birchever, and whose +house still stands in a very ruinous condition at the foot of the Routor +Rocks? + +I have heard that some very singular histories are connected with the +family. + + H. + + [Arbor Lowe and Stanton Moor will be found very fully described by + that indefatigable Derbyshire antiquary Mr. Bateman, in his + _Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire_, published in 1848.] + +_Bishop of Worcester "On the Sufferings of Christ."_--Who was the Bishop +of Worcester about the year 1697? I have a book by him _On the +Sufferings of Christ_, and it only states by Edward Bishop of Worcester. +I presume it is Dr. Stillingfleet. + + [Greek: Sigma.] + + [This work is by Bishop Stillingfleet; the first edition was + published in 1696, and Part II. in 1700, the year following the + Bishop's death.] + +_Lord Clifford._--Is the present Lord Clifford lineally descended from +the Lord Clifford who was Lord High Treasurer _temp._ Charles II., or +whether he derives through any collateral branch? + + CLERICUS. + + [The present Lord Clifford, the eighth baron, is lineally + descended from Thomas first Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, who was + so created 22nd April, 1672.] + +_Latin Translation of Sarpi's Council of Trent._--Can any one inform me +who translated this into Latin? I have a copy of an early edition, +without printer's name or place of publication, and with the fictitious +name _Petri Suavis Polani_; an anagram, though not an accurate one, of +_Pauli, Sarpis, Veneti_. The date is 1622, and over it is the device of +a man under a tree, round which a vine twines, with "non solus" on a +scroll. At the foot of the title-page is a MS. note in the handwriting +of Rev. Francis Boult, who was a dissenting minister in Shrewsbury about +a hundred years ago. It would enable those who have access to public +libraries (which I have not) to answer the question above proposed. _Si +scire cupias quis interpres hanc historiam ex Italico in Latinum +sermonem verterit, consula opusculum Degorii Wheare, Relectiones +Hyamales vocatum pag. 219 et 220._ + + E. H. D. D. + + [This is the first edition of the very inaccurate Latin + translation of Sarpi's _Council of Trent_. The first two chapters + were translated by Sir Adam Newton, and the last two by William + Bedell, afterwards Bishop of Kilmore.] + +_Livery Stables._--What is the meaning of _livery_ stables, and when +were they first so called? + + J. C. W. + + [_Livery_, i.e. _delivery_, from the French _livrer_, to deliver. + To the origin of this word (says Junius) these words of Chaucer + allude, "that is the conisance of my _livery_, to all my Servants + _delivered_." Richardson also gives the following quotation from + Spenser explanatory of it:--"What _livery_ is, wee by common use + in England know well enough, namely, that it is allowance of + horse-meate, as they commonly use the word in stabling, as to + keepe horses at _livery_:--the which word, I guesse, is derived of + _livering_ or delivering forth their nightly foode. So in great + houses the livery is said to be served up for all night, that is, + their evening's allowance for drinke. And livery is also called + the upper weede which a serving man weareth, so called (as I + suppose) for that it was delivered and taken from him at + pleasure."--_Spenser on Ireland._] + + + + +Replies. + + +MABILLON'S CHARGE AGAINST THE SPANISH CLERGY.--CAMPANELLA AND +ADAMI.--WILKES MSS. + +It may seem a little too late to notice a criticism nearly two years +old; but, though I had casually looked at "NOTES AND QUERIES," it is but +lately that I have, with very great pleasure, read through the volumes +which have appeared. I was therefore ignorant of some remarks relating +to myself, which from time to time have been made. Greatly as I am open +to the charge of too frequent inaccuracy in what I have published, I can +defend myself from some strictures of your correspondents. + +The first of these is contained in a letter signed CANTAB (Vol. i., p. +51.), and relates to a passage in my _History of the Middle Ages_, where +I have said, on the authority of Mabillon, "Not one priest in a thousand +in Spain, about the age of Charlemagne, could address a common letter of +salutation to another." CANTAB produces the passage in Mabillon, which +contains exactly what I have said; but assigns as a reason for it, that +the Christians, that is, the clergy, had wholly devoted themselves to +the study of Arabic and Hebrew books. And this excuse CANTAB accepts. +"They were devoting all their energies to Arabic and Chaldean science, +and in their pursuit of it neglected other literature. A similar remark +might be made respecting many distinguished members of the university to +which I belong." In order to make this a parallel case, it should be +asserted, not that many senior wranglers would be at a loss in a Greek +chorus, but that they cannot write a good English letter. CANTAB seems +to forget, that in the age of Charlemagne, all that was necessary +towards writing a Latin letter in Spain was to substitute regular +grammar for the corrupt _patois_, the _lingua Romana rustica_, which was +soon to become Castilian. The truth is, that the reasons assigned by +Mabillon's authority, whoever it might be, is wholly incredible. I am +not convinced that it was more than a sarcasm on the ignorance which it +affects to excuse. Does CANTAB believe that the whole body of the +Spanish clergy relinquished at once, not other literature, but the most +elementary knowledge, for the sake of studying Arabic and Chaldee books? +And this is not alleged to have been for the purpose of converting Moors +and Jews, but as a literary pastime. They are expressly said to have +neglected the Scriptures. The object that I had in view was to show the +general ignorance of various nations in those ages and this charge of +ignorance, as to what lay most open to the Spanish clergy, would hardly +be alleviated, even if it were true, that some of them had taken to the +study of Arabic. + +Another criticism in Vol. i., p. 435., relating to what I have said in +_Hist. of Literature_, vol. iii. p. 149. (1st edition), concerning +Campanella and Adami, is better founded, though your correspondent C. is +himself not wholly accurate. I have said of Tobias Adami, that he +"dedicated to the philosophers of Germany his own _Prodromus Philosophiae +Instaurandae_ (Instaur_atio_ is, of course, an error of the press), +prefixed to his edition of Campanella's _Compendium de Rerum Natura_, +published at Frankfort in 1617." C. says, "This _Prodromus_ is a +treatise of Campanella's, not, as Mr. Hallam says, of Adami. Adami +published the _Prodromus_ for Campanella, who was in prison; and he +wrote a preface, in which he gives a list of other writings of +Campanella, which he proposes to publish afterwards. What Mr. Hallam +calls an edition, was the first publication." + +The words _Prodromus Philosophiae Instaurandae_, which appear only on the +title-page, are of Adami himself, not of Campanella. The work of the +latter is called _Compendium de Rerum Natura_, and is printed, after the +preface, with this running title. The error into which I fell was to +refer the words _Prodromus Philosophiae Instaurandae_ to the preface of +Adami, and not to the entire work. It may be satisfactory to give the +title-page, and one or two extracts from the preface:-- + + "Prodromus Philosophiae Instaurandae, id est, Dissertationis de + Natura rerum Compendium, secundum sera principia, ex scriptis + Thomae Campanellae praemissum, cum praefatione ad philosophos + Germaniae. Francofurt. 1617." + +_Prodromus_, of course, means the _avant-courier_ of a new philosophy; +and this, I might think, was intended for Adami himself. But, on looking +again at the preface, I perceive that it refers to the _Compendium_, +which was to lead the way to ulterior publications. + + "Praemittere autem hoc saltem opusculum visum nobis est, quo brevis + [Greek: anakephalaiosis] physicorum philosophematum conjecta est, + ut judicia doctorum ex eo in Germania experiremur, + exercitaremusque. Cui si operae pretium videbitur, subjungemus + posthac autoris pleniorem et concinniorem Epilogismum Philosophiae + Naturalis, Moralis et Politicae, addito opusculo Civitatis Solis, + quo idea ingeniosissima reipublicae philosophiae secundum naturam + instituendae proponitur." + +I had at one time a doubt, suggested by the language of the title-page, +whether the _Compendium de Rerum Natura_ were not an abridgment of +Campanella, by Adami himself. But the style has too much vigour and +terseness to warrant this supposition. And the following passage in the +preface leads us to a different conclusion: + + "De stylo, si tam delicatae, ut nostratium nonnullae sunt, aures + reperiantur, quibus non ubique ita accuratus, _et ex scriptis + mendosis interdum depravatus videatur_, supervacuum puto excusare, + cum philosophus non loquatur, ut loquatur, sed ut intelligi + velit." + +Your correspondent observes also: "What Mr. Hallam calls an 'edition,' +was the first publication." Is not this rather hyper-critical? "First +edition" is a familiar phrase, and Adam was surely an editor. + +In Vol. iii., p. 241., it is said that "in 1811 these MSS. (viz. of +Wilkes) were, I presume, in the possession of Peter Elmsley, Principal +of St. Alban's Hall, as he submitted the Junius Correspondence, through +Mr. Hallam, to Serjeant Rough, who returned the letters to Mr. Hallam." +And it is asked, "Where now are the original Junius letters, and where +the other MSS.?" + +I have to answer to this, that I returned the Junius letters (I never +had any others of Wilkes) to Mr. Elmsley some years before his death in +1825. They are, in all probability, in the possession of his +representatives. + + HENRY HALLAM. + + +PRINTING. + +(Vol. iv., p. 148.) + +More than a few of your contributors have, I trust, concurred with me in +hoping, if not expecting, that something will be done to effect the +object presented to our notice through M.'s most judicious suggestion. +It will be admitted that now, for about thirty years, the study of the +history of early printing has been commonly neglected, frequently +despised. The extent of the advance or decline of any science in general +estimation can always be accurately computed by means of a comparative +view of the prices demanded at different periods for the works which +treat of it; and it is unquestionable, that books on bibliography, which +once were highly rated, have latterly become (at least to those who have +them already) provokingly cheap. In fact, unless some measures be +adopted to revive a taste for this important branch of learning, the +next generation will be involved in decrepitude and darkness with +respect to typographical antiquities. + +M. has incidentally asked, "Do _different books_ circulate under the +title of _Fasciculus Temporum_?" I should say, strictly speaking, +Certainly not. But there is a sense in which the supposition is +perfectly true; for we not only meet with the genuine _Fasciculus_ of +1474, by Wernerus Rolevinck de Laer, but have also to encounter the same +work as it was interpolated by Heinricus Wirezburg de Vach, and +published for the first time in 1481. Ratdolt's edition of 1484, which +M. used, does not contain the remarkable substituted passage in which +the author was compelled to record the _invention_, instead of the +_propagation_, of printing; and it would appear, therefore, that that +impression does not belong to the Wirezburgian class. I have been +surprised at finding that Pistorius and Struvius have reprinted the +sophisticated, and not the authentic, book; and it is curious to see the +introduction of an "&c." along with other alterations in the account +given of the death of Henry VII. from the reception of a poisoned Host. + +M. will instantly perceive that we cannot safely trust in a _Fasciculus +Temporum_ of, or after, the date 1481; but I can answer for the +agreement of the impression of Colon. 1479 with the _editio princeps_. +The citations respecting the Gutenberg Bible are not from the +_Fasciculus Temporum_, but from _Die Cronica van der hilliger Stadt van +Coellen_, A.D. 1499; the testimony of which (or rather of Ulric Zell +related therein) as to the origin of printing is very well known through +the Latin translation of it supplied by B. de Mallinckrot. (Clement, +vii. 221.; Meerman, ii. 105.; Marchand, _Hist. de l'Imp._, ii. 4. 104.; +Lambinet, 132.) + + R. G. + + +THE PENDULUM DEMONSTRATION, ETC. + +(Vol. iv., pp. 129. 177. 235.) + +It would have been more courteous in H. C. K. to have requested me to +exhibit my authority for the assertion that the pendulum phenomenon had +been latterly attributed to differences in the earth's superficial +velocity, than to have assumed that explanation as having originated +with myself. There is certainly nothing to justify H. C. K. in calling +it "A. E. B.'s theory;" on the contrary, my avowed object was to suggest +objections to it, and even my approval of it was limited to this, that, +providing certain difficulties in it could be removed, it would then +become the most reasonable explanation as yet offered of the alleged +phenomenon,--the only one, I might have added, that I had the slightest +hope of comprehending. + +I can understand what is meant by the parallelism of the earth's axis; +and, with the slight exceptions caused by precession and nutation, I +take _that_ to be the standard of _fixity of direction in space_. When, +therefore, I am told that the plane of a pendulum's oscillation is also +fixed in direction, and yet that it is continually changing its relative +position with respect to the other fixity, the axis of the earth, not +only does it not present to my mind a comprehensible idea, but it does +present to it a palpable contradiction of the commonest axiom of +philosophy. + +I am therefore in a disposition of mind the reverse of H. C. K.'s; that +which to him is only "hard enough to credit," to me is wholly +incomprehensible; while that which to him is "utterly impossible to +conceive," appears to me a rational hypothesis in which I can understand +at least the ground of assertion. + +H. C. K. asks me to "reduce to paper" the assertion of the difference of +velocity between two parallels of latitude ten feet apart. He is not +surely so unphilosophical as to imagine that a theory, to be true, must +necessarily be palpable to the senses. If the element of increase exist +at all, however minute and imperceptible it may be in a single +oscillation, repetition of effect must eventually render it observable. +But I shall even gratify H. C. K., and inform him that the difference in +linear circumference between two such parallels in the latitude of +London would be about fifty feet, so that the northern end of a ten-feet +rod, placed horizontally in the meridian, would travel less by that +number of feet in twenty-four hours than the southern end. This, so far +from being inadequate, is greatly _in excess_ of the alleged apparent +motion in the plane of a pendulum's vibration. + +In the remarks of another correspondent, E. H. Y. (Vol. iv., p. 177.), +there is but one point that seems to require observation from me; it is +his assertion that "there is no force by which a body unconnected with +the earth would have any tendency to rotate with it!" Is then the +rotation of forty miles of atmosphere, "and all that it inherit," due to +friction alone? And even so, can any object, immersed in that +atmosphere, be said to be "_unconnected with the earth_"? + + A. E. B. + + +WINIFREDA.--"CHILDE HAROLD." + +(Vol. iii., pp. 27. 108. 155.; Vol. iv. p. 196.) + +I have not yet thanked LORD BRAYBROOKE for the obliging manner in which, +in reply to my inquiry, he furnished a list of the reputed authors of +"Winifreda." His recent note on the same subject gives me an occasion +for doing so, while expressing my concurrence in his view that G. A. +Stevens was not the author. In short, it may be taken now I think as an +established fact, that the author is unknown. + +Nevertheless, I do not believe that this poem was written in any part of +the seventeenth century. It appears to me to be the work of a true poet +in the most vicious age of English poetry, and infected with all its +faults. Weakened with epithets, and its language poor and artificial, it +rises to nature at the close, than which nothing of the kind can be much +better. In the following stanza I do not altogether like the +personification of Time:-- + + "And when with envy, Time transported, + Shall think to rob us of our joys, + You'll in your girls again be courted, + And I'll go wooing in my boys." + +A likely thought, truly, for a boy of sixteen! My own impression is, +that it did not long precede the age of "the little folks on Strawberry +Hill." + +Since writing the above I have referred to my copy of Steven's songs, +which I had not at hand before. It is the Oxford edition mentioned by +LORD BRAYBROOKE; and although it does not contain "Winifreda," a clue, +it appears to me, may be drawn from it as to Stevens's connexion with +this piece. In the first place, it is to be remarked that the title of +the book is, _Songs, Comic and Satyrical_, by George Alexander Stevens. +The motto is from the author's _Lecture on Heads_, "_I love fun!--keep +it up!_" These circumstances are important, as one would hardly expect +to find "Winifreda" in such a volume, though it were by the same author. +Yet, there is a song which, though written in a more lilting measure, is +quite as much out of place; and this song shows evidence, in my opinion, +of Stevens having known and admired "Winifreda." It is entitled "Rural +Felicity," and is to be found at page 71 of the volume. Compare the two +following stanzas with the last two of "Winifreda:"-- + + III. + + "He smiles on his babes, as some strive for his knee, + And some to their mother's neck cling, + While playful the prattlers for place disagree, + The roof with their shrill trebles ring. + + VI. + + "I remember the day of my falling in love, + How fearful I first came to woo; + I hope that these boys will as true-hearted prove, + And our lasses, my dear, look like you." + +"Rural Felicity," however, though in a purer style than "Winifreda," can +hardly be said to rise to poetry at all; and if the latter had been by +the same author, it is most improbable that he would have excluded it +from the volume containing the former. Looking at the two songs +together, one is an evident imitation; and the conclusion I should come +to with regard to the other is, that it was written by a man who _knew_ +the feeling he describes; by one of whom it could not be said, "He has +no children;" by one to whom that more than identity of interest that +centres in the-- + + "Unselfish self, the filial self of twain," + +was a familiar feeling. Stevens, perhaps, had repeated the poem, or made +a copy of it, and thus gained the credit of being its author. + +I am surprised that your correspondent T. W. should find any difficulty +in the passage he quotes from _Childe Harold_: + + "Thy waters wasted them while they were free, + And many a tyrant (_has wasted them_) since." + +This mode of expression is only faulty when ambiguous; but here of +ambiguity there is none. + + SAMUEL HICKSON. + + +THE THREE ESTATES OF THE REALM. + +(Vol. iv., pp. 115. 196.) + +As CANONICUS EBORACENSIS considers that I have "not exactly hit the +mark" in inferring that "the Lords, the Clergy _in Convocation_, and the +Commons" are the "Three Estates of England" named in the Gunpowder +Treason Service, I would claim, being not yet altogether convinced by +CANON. EBOR.'S arguments that such is the case, a share of your space +for discussing a question which must certainly be interesting to all who +uphold "our Constitution in Church and State." My apology for prolixity +must be, that having but just received "NOTES AND QUERIES" I have not +had time to study brevity. + +The passages, which contain the expressions referred to in the Service, +are as under:-- + + "We yield Thee our unfeigned thanks and praise for the wonderful + and mighty deliverance of our gracious Sovereign King James the + First, the Queen, the Prince, and all the royal branches, _with + the Nobility, Clergy, and Commons of England_, then assembled in + Parliament, by popish treachery appointed as sheep to the + slaughter, in a most barbarous and savage manner, beyond the + examples of former ages."--The First Collect at Morning Prayer. + + "By discovering and confounding their horrible and wicked + enterprise, plotted and intended this day to have been executed + against the King _and the whole State of England_, for the + subversion of the government and religion established among + us."--The Litany. + + "Acknowledging Thy power, wisdom, and goodness in preserving the + King, _and the Three Estates of the Realm of England_, assembled + in Parliament, from the destruction this day intended against + them."--The Communion Service. + + "Who on this day didst miraculously preserve _our Church and + State_ from the secret contrivance and hellish malice of popish + conspirators."--After the Prayer for the Church Militant. + +CANON. EBOR. asserts that these Three Estates (the word "estates" being +used of course in its second intention, as meaning the representatives, +and not the orders _en masse_) are "the Lords Spiritual," "the Lords +Temporal," and "the Commons," representing severally the clergy, the +nobility, and the commonality. As "the Lords Spiritual" are always +placed before "the Lords Temporal," he is obliged to rank _the clergy_ +before _the nobility_ in spite of the order of precedency observed in +the Collect. This seems to show that the clergy are not represented by +the bishops. And in the Coronation Oath they are separately specified: + + "And will you preserve unto _the bishops and clergy of the realm_, + and to the churches committed to them, all such rights and + privileges as by law do or shall appertain unto them or any of + them?" + +This in an older oath ran thus: + + "Et quil gardera le peas de seynt Eglise _et al clergie_ et al + people de bon accorde." + +From these quotations it does not seem very faulty to infer, that the +clergy as represented by Convocation are the second Estate of the realm; +and are not, as represented by "the Lords Spiritual," the first, which +is the Estate of the nobility represented by the Peers. + +Against this CANON. EBOR.'S arguments are two: first, "that the phrase +'assembled in Parliament' has no application to the Convocation;" and +next, that the "Convocation does not sit at Westminster." + +With regard to the first, I have to say that it was somewhat late in our +history that the point was settled that Convocation was not a part of +Parliament. In Mr. Palin's recently published _History of the Church of +England_, ch. x. p. 242., I read, with respect to the dissolution of the +Convocation of 1701,-- + + "With the presentation of this document the Convocation dispersed, + both the King and the Prolocutor being now dead; and in the act + that empowered the Parliament to sit after the king's + death, no provision was made to continue the Convocation. The Earl + of Rochester moved, in the House of Lords, that it might be + considered, _whether the Convocation was not a part of the + Parliament, and whether it was not continued in consequence of the + act that continued the Parliament_. But that was soon let fall; + for the judges were all of opinion that it was dissolved by the + king's death." + +In _A Reconciling Letter, &c._, a pamphlet published in 1702: + + "Pray inform me to which notion I may subscribe; whether to the + Convocation being a Parliamentary body, and _part of Parliament_, + as Dr. A. has made it? Or to the Convocation having a + Parliamentary relation, and such an origin and alliance," &c. + +On going back to an earlier date:--In Statutis 21 Richard II. c. 2., and +21 Richard II. c. 12. the preambles state that-- + + "These statutes were made by the assent _of the procurators of the + clergy, as well as_ of other constituent members _of parliament_." + +And we know that the _Procuratores Cleri_ occasionally sat in parliament +in the Lower House, as the Judges do now in the Upper: in a treatise +quoted by Coke (_De modo tenendi Parliamentum_)-- + + "It appeareth that the proctors of the clergy should appear, 'cum + praesentia eorum sit necessaria' (which proveth they were voiceless + assistants only), and having no voices, and so many learned + bishops having voices, their presence is not now holden + necessary."--4 Inst. 5. + +Perhaps they were not altogether voiceless, for we find that on Nov. 22, +1547, a petition was presented by the Lower House of Convocation to the +Upper, the second clause of which was-- + + "2dly. That the clergy of the lower house of Convocation may be + admitted _to sit in Parliament with the House of Commons_ + according to antient usage." + +In support of this, the clause _Praemunientes_ in the writ directing the +elections of Proctors was appealed to. This "Praemunitory Clause," which +at a later period of the history of Convocation was the cause of much +discussion, ran thus:-- + + "The Bishop was commanded to 'give notice to the (Prior or) Dean + and Chapter of his Cathedral Church, and to the Archdeacons and + all the clergy of his diocese, that the Prior, Deans, and + Archdeacons, in their own persons, the chapter by one, and the + clergy by two, proper proxies, sufficiently empowered by the said + chapter and clergy, _should by all means be present at the + Parliament with him_ to do and to consent to those things, which, + by the blessing of GOD, by their common advice happened to be + ordained in the matters aforesaid, and that the giving this notice + should by no means be omitted by him.'" + + "The clergy _thus summoned to Parliament_ by the King and + Diocesan, met for the choice of their proxies; for this purpose + the Dean or Prior held his chapter, and the Archdeacon his synod. + The representatives being chosen in these assemblies _were sent up + to Parliament_, with procuratorial letters from the chapter and + clergy to give them an authority to act in their names, and on the + behalf of their electors."--Collier's _Eccles. Hist._, Part II. + book iv. + +Also-- + + "All the members of both Houses of Convocation have the same + privileges for themselves and their servants as _the members of + parliament_ have, and that by statute."--Chamberlayn's _Mag. Brit. + Notitia_, p. 94. + +It may be reasonably doubted, whether a little research would not afford +further reasons for thinking that there was some ground for applying the +phrase "assembled in Parliament" to Convocation. + +With respect to the Convocations sitting at Westminster. The first +Convocation of 1283 sat "at the New Temple;" the next was summoned on +St. Matthew's day, 1294, to meet _at Westminster_. On April 22, 1523, a +National Synod of both Convocations was held _at Westminster_ by +Cardinal Wolsey, the Papal Legate. The Convocation sat _at Lambeth_ in +1555 and 1558. In 1586 and 1588, we find Convocation often sitting _at +Westminster_. In 1624 the Upper House sat _at Christ Church_, Oxford, +and the Lower _at Merton College_. On May 16, 1661, the Convocation met +in "the Collegiate Church _at Westminster_." The first Convocation of +William III. had its amended commission brought to it on the 4th of +December, while both Houses were sitting together _in Henry VII.'s +Chapel_. The last Convocation of the same king met on the 10th of +February, 1701, at St. Paul's, where they heard divine service, and then +went to the chapter-house, where they chose for their prolocutor Dr. +Hooper. On the 25th of February, the Lower House was sitting in Henry +VII.'s Chapel; and on the 6th of March they were both sitting _in the +Jerusalem Chamber: where_ twice in this present year it has sat. It is +true that the writ which summoned James I.'s first Convocation called +the clergy to appear before the archbishop "in our cathedral church of +St. Paul in London, the twentieth day of March then next ensuing, or +elsewhere, as he should have thought it most convenient;" and it seems +that they did assemble "at the time and place before-mentioned;" yet, +supposing they were not at Westminster then, they were in almost equal +danger from the Popish Plot, as it is not likely they would have +received any greater mercy at the hands of the conspirators. + +I have always imagined that it was still a moot-point as to whether all +the Estates ever _deliberated_ together in the presence of the +sovereign. It is not generally known, I think, that they all re-assemble +for the formal passing of every act: and with respect to the authority +of all three being recited in the preamble, I beg to point out to CANON. +EBOR. the following exceptions:--In the Act of Uniformity, the style of +"Lords Spiritual" is omitted throughout, as every one of the bishops +voted against it. It has also been ruled by the judges that the King +may hold a parliament without any Spiritual lords; and, in fact, the +first two parliaments of Charles II. were so holden. + +I will presume CANON. EBOR. intended to say that Prelates do not sit in +the Upper House as _Peers_, otherwise the charge of "mistake" will fall +upon Blackstone, _Comm._ book i. ch. 2.: + + "The next in order are the Spiritual lords. These consist of two + archbishops and twenty-four bishops; and at the dissolution of + monasteries by Henry VIII. consisted likewise of twenty-six mitred + abbots, and two priors: a very considerable body, and in those + times equal in number to the temporal nobility. All these hold, or + are supposed to hold, _certain ancient baronies_, under the king: + for William the Conqueror thought proper to change the spiritual + tenure of frank-almoign, or free alms, under which the bishops + held their lands during the Saxon government, into feodal or + Norman tenure _by barony_; which subjected their estates to all + civil charges and assessments from which they were before exempt: + and in right of succession to those baronies, which were + unalienable from their respective dignities, the bishops and + abbots were allowed their seats in the House of Lords." + +Sir Matthew Hale divides the king's extraordinary councils into two +kinds: 1. Secular or temporal councils; 2. Ecclesiastical or spiritual: +the king's extraordinary secular councils being the Houses of the Peers +and of the Commons; and the extraordinary ecclesiastical, the Upper and +Lower Houses of Convocation. + +Some illustration of this may be perhaps found in the following extract +from an appendix to _A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Lower House +of Convocation_, published by T. Bennet, London, 1701, in which +_Prelates_ are Spiritual Lords, whether Bishops or Abbots; and the +phrase "full Parliament" seems equivalent to the ones used in the +Gunpowder Treason Service:-- + + "When the several Estates were assembled in _full Parliament_, and + received the King's commands concerning the business which they + were to consider, and were adjourned by him to another day of + _full Parliament_, in which they were to meet, and give their + answer: the Clergy, and Lords, and Commons consulted in the mean + time separately, ... Instances of this are not necessary, but one + may be seen among the Records in the appendix to a late book + call'd _Essays concerning the Balance of Power_, &c., and 'tis + this: 6 Edw. III. Part 3. N. 1., on Tuesday in Full Parliament the + King charged the Prelates, Earls, Barons, and other Great Men, and + the Knights of the Shires, and the Commons, that having regard to + the honor and profit of his Realm, they should give him their + counsel. The which Prelates with the Clergy by themselves, and the + Earls and Barons by themselves, and the knights and others of the + counties and the Commons by themselves, treated and consulted till + Friday next, the day assigned for the next session, and there _in + full Parliament_, each by themselves and afterward all in common, + answered." + +The formation and development of Convocation, at least that of +Canterbury, presents a great analogy to the English Parliament; as that +of York does to the Scottish Parliament. + +We must remember that before the Norman times, the clergy were exempt +from all taxation; inasmuch as "they held in Frankalmoigne," that is, +held their lands, &c., on free alms "in liberam eleemosynam." Littleton +(lib. ii. c. 6. s. 135.) says: + + "And they which hold in Frankalmoigne are bound of right before + God to make orisons, prayers, masses, and other divine services + for the soul of their grantor or feoffer, and for the souls of + their heirs which are dead," &c. + +The king's succeeding William the Conqueror tried to make the clergy +contribute to the public exchequer, but were effectually resisted. In +order to surmount the difficulty, King John (A.D. 1206) summoned all the +priors and abbots _to parliament_, and obtained from them a vote of a +_thirteenth_: and then wrote to the archdeacons to get the same from the +clergy generally. Edward I. rendered this scheme for the taxation of the +clergy complete. He applied to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York to +assemble, by _their canonical authority_, the convocations of each +province; and these Metropolitans, moved by the King's writ (the same +practice is settled now), summoned these bishops and clergy. + +The earliest royal writ, summoning a provincial synod, is dated Nov. 24, +1282, and calling them to meet at _Northampton_: "Venire ... _coram +nobis_ apud Northampton." + +This Convocation assembled at Northampton; and we find another mandate +from the Archbishop to the dean of the province, directing him to summon +the bishops and clergy to a Convocation for the 9th of May, 1283, at the +_New Temple_ (now the Inner and Middle Temples), pursuant to a +resolution of the Convocation of Northampton. At this Convocation, the +proctors of the clergy refused to pay the tenth. Eleven years after, we +find Edward summoning the whole body of the bishops and clergy to +_Westminster_ on St. Matthew's day, 1294. His writ orders "The dean and +archdeacon to appear in their proper persons, the chapter by one, and +the clergy of the diocese by two procurators." The clergy objected to +this writ as uncanonical, and claimed to be convoked only by their +Metropolitans; as tending to abolish their provincial synods convened by +regular ecclesiastical authority, and to establish in their place a +parliamentary chamber under secular authority. The King, finding them so +opposed to his project of thus making them a part of the Third Estate, +reverted to the established practice, and addressed his writs to the +Archbishops; whereupon the Metropolitans issued their mandates, +Convocations met, and subsidies were voted. + +An important result followed this struggle (see 2 Lingard, p. 375.), +viz., that the procurators of the common clergy of each diocese (in +compliance with the direction on the Kings writ) were admitted as +_constituent members_ of these and all subsequent Convocations; the +archdeacons, before this time, being considered as their +representatives, who probably were furnished with letters of procuration +from them. + +The constitution of the English Convocation may be said to be finally +established in the reign of Edward I., and it has so continued to the +present day; except that in 1665 the clergy in Convocation gave up the +privilege of self-taxation, and received in return that of voting for +the House of Commons, losing thereby one distinctive sign of their being +"an Estate of the Realm." + + WILLIAM FRASER, B.C.L. + +P.S. The error which my former note was intended to correct was not +utterly a "cockney" one, as the following Proposition, condemned in +1683, by the University of Oxford, together with several others +contained in the books of the time, as "damnable and destructive," will +show:-- + + "The sovereignty of England is in _the Three Estates, viz. King, + Lords, and Commons_. The King has but a co-ordinate power, and may + be overruled by the other two." _Lex Rex. Hunter of a limited and + mixed Monarchy._ Baxter's _H. C. Polit. Catech._ See Collier's + _Eccl. Hist._, Part 2. Book ix. + + +MEANING OF WHIG AND TORY. + +(Vol. iv., p. 57.) + +The derivation of these terms, as applied to the two extreme parties in +politics, is a much vexed question, which will probably never be +satisfactorily settled. That staunch Tory, Roger North, in his _Examen_, +has referred the origin of the name of his party to their connexion with +the Duke of York and his popish allies. + + "It is easy (says North) to imagine how rampant these procurators + of power, the Exclusioners, were under such circumstances of + advantage as at that time prevailed; everywhere insulting and + menacing the royalists, as was done in all the terms of common + conversation, and the latter had the wind in their faces, the + votes of the house and the rabble into the bargain. This trade, + then not much opposed, naturally led to a common use of slighting + and opprobrious names, such as Yorkist. That served for mere + distinction, but did not scandalize or reflect enough. Then they + came to Tantivy, which implied riding post to Rome. Observe, all + the while the loyal church party were passive; the outrage lay + wholly on the other side. These observing that the Duke favoured + Irishmen, all his friends, or those accounted such by appearing + against the Exclusion, were straight become Irish; thence + bog-trotters, and in the copia of the factious language, the word + _Tory_ was entertained, which signified the most despicable + savages among the wild Irish; and being a vocal and clear sounding + word, readily pronounced, it kept its hold, and took possession of + the foul mouths of the faction." + +Burton, in vol. ii. of his _Parliamentary Diary_ on the state of +Ireland, under date of June 10, 1657, has the following passage: + + "Tory is said to be the Irish word _Toree_, that is, _Give me_, + which was the summons of surrender used by the banditti, to whom + the name was originally applied." + +In support of this assertion it may be as well to state that Tory or +Terry Island, on the coast of Donegal, is said to have taken its name +from the robbers by whom it was formerly infested. Dr. Johnson also +supports Burton's derivation of the word; he calls it a cant term, which +he supposed to be derived from an Irish word, signifying a savage. Mr. +G. O. Borrow (alias Lavengro), who has devoted much attention to the +Celtic dialect, in a paper which he contributed some years back to the +_Norfolk Chronicle_, suggested that the etymology of the word Tory might +be traced to the Irish adherents of Charles II. during the Cromwellian +era; the words _Tar-a-Ri_ (pronounced Tory, and meaning _Come, O King_), +having been so constantly in the mouths of the Royalists as to have +become a by-word to designate them. So much for the word _Tory_, which +from these premises is evidently of Irish origin. We now come to +consider the derivation of the term _Whig_, concerning which there is +not quite such a diversity of opinion. The first authority we will quote +shall be Burnet, who says: + + "The south-west counties of Scotland have seldom corn enough to + serve them round the year; and the northern parts producing more + than they need, those in the west come in the summer to buy at + Leith the stores that came from the north; and from a word, + Whiggam, used in driving their horses, all that drove were called + Whiggamors, and shorter, the Whiggs. Now, in that year (_i.e._ + 1648), after the news came down of Duke Hamilton's defeat, the + ministers animated their people to rise and march to Edinburgh; + and they came up marching on the head of their parishes with an + unheard-of fury, praying and preaching all the way as they came. + The Marquis of Argyle and his party came and bearded them, they + being about 6000. This was called the Whiggamors' inroad, and ever + after that, all that opposed the court came in contempt to be + called Whiggs; and from Scotland the word was brought into + England, where it is now one of our unhappy terms of + disunion."--Burnet's _History of his own Times_, vol. i. p. 43. + +Such is Burnet's account of the derivation of this word, in which he is +followed by Samuel Johnson, who has transcribed the above passage in his +_Dictionary_. Kirkton also, in his _History of the Church of Scotland_, +edited by C. K. Sharpe, Esq., in 1817, adheres to the same opinion: +under the year 1667, he says: + + "The poor people, who in contempt were called Whiggs, became + name-fathers to all that owned one honest interest in Britain, who + were called Whiggs after them, even at the court of England." + +That the term Whig was originally from Scotland, I believe is a +well-ascertained fact; but while some of our etymologists follow the +opinion of Burton, others, with (as I think) greater show of reason, +adhere to the opinion of Roger North and the historians Laing and +Lingard, all of whom were of opinion that the original Scotch Whigs were +called so, not, as Burnet supposes, from the word used by them in +driving their horses, but from the word Whig being vernacular in +Scotland for sour whey, which was a common drink with the people. + + DAVID STEVENS. + + Godalming. + + +THE RECOVERY OF THE LOST AUTHORS OF ANTIQUITY. + +(Vol. iii., pp. 161. 261. 340.) + + "[Greek: Pher', o, talaine cheiri tou trisathliou + orthos prosarmosomen eutonon te pan + som' exakribosomen, eis hoson para.]" + + _Eurip. Bacch. Supplement._ + + "With a wretched hand, + "Come let me this thrice wretched corse compose, + And careful as I can the limbs collect." + +The foregoing lines, from Burgess's able restoration of this splendid +scene in the _Bacchae_ of Euripides, published in the _Gentleman's +Magazine_ for Sept. 1832, and afterwards without the Greek text in the +_Literary Gazette_ for Oct. 11, 1845, form a fit motto for the +undertaking in which I am engaged, and of which I now present a sort of +report to literary men interested in such matters. + +No one, in my opinion, should endeavour to satisfy querists about a +design more than the original proposer of such design, and I am the +rather induced to make a few remarks, the subject having been passed +over with a silence rendered remarkable by the importance of my +proposal. Two correspondents, however, having come forward with +additional suggestions and remarks, I feel myself possessed of a pretext +to touch upon the subject once more. The following will show what common +steadiness and attention have been able to bring about. + +I have so far accomplished my purpose, as lately, while residing on the +continent, and also since my return, to establish in Russia, Siberia and +Tartary, Persia, and Eastern Europe, stations for the search after all +MSS. worth attention. I hope, therefore, to be enabled ere long, through +the co-operation of my friends abroad, to present the world with +something more solid than mere promises, and more satisfactory to +classical critics and lovers of antiquity like myself. Especially I +expect from my Tartary correspondent some interesting and valuable +Hebrew MSS., of which there are many to be obtained toward the frontier +of China and in that country. I unfortunately missed such a MS. some +years ago, which a sailor had offered to me, whom I am now unable to +find. I earnestly solicit every Oriental traveller to co-operate with +me. + +The proposal of Dr. Arnold, quoted by M. N. (Vol. iii., p. 261.), I did +not mention, although I was aware of it, as it is at present next to an +impossibility to carry it out in the disturbed state of Continental +Europe, useful as I allow it to be. + +Your correspondent J. M. (Vol. iii., p. 340.) asks what has been +accomplished at Herculaneum in the late investigations. Alas! a few thin +folios at my side contain all that the most unwearied exertion, and +ever-renewed patience, have been able to bring to light. A few tracts of +Epicuros, Philodemos, Colotos, Polystratos, Demetrios, and Carneiscos, +are the results of the labours at the "City of the Dead." It is much to +be desired that the investigations should be recommenced when the +troubled condition of the kingdom of Naples will admit of it. I refer J. +M. to M. Morgenstern's excellent article on the subject in the +_Classical Journal_, vol. vii. p. 272. _sqq._, and the _Herculanensium +Voluminum_, Oxonii, 1824-1825 (Press-mark, 604 f 15, British Museum), +and the splendid folios of Naples, 1793-1844 (Press-mark, 813 i 2.). + + KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE. + + +MS. NOTE IN A COPY OF LIBER SENTENTIARUM. + +(Vol. iv., p. 188.) + +_Peter Lombard, Gratian, and Comestor_ (Vol. iv., p. 188.).--Your +correspondent W. S. W. alludes to the above-mentioned worthies. I +extract from Bishop Jeremy Taylor a passage or two in support of the +story of their brotherhood: + + "It is reported of the mother of Peter Lombard, Gratian, and + Comestor, that she having had three sons begotten in unhallowed + embraces, upon her death-bed did omit the recitation of those + crimes to her confessor; adding this for apology, that her three + sons proved persons so eminent in the church, that their + excellency was abundant recompense for her demerit; and therefore + she could not grieve, because God had glorified Himself so much by + three instruments so excellent: and that although her _sin_ had + _abounded_, yet God's grace did super_abound_. Her confessor + replied, '_At dole saltem, quod dolere non possis_ (Grieve that + thou canst not grieve).'"--Sermon "On the Invalidity of a late or + death-bed Repentance." _Sermons_, p. 234. Lond. 1678. + +And again: + + "To repent because we cannot repent, and to grieve because we + cannot grieve, was a device invented to serve the turn of the + mother of Peter Gratian."--_Holy Dying_, "Practice of + Repentance in Sickness," Sect. vi. Rule 5. Lond. 1808. + + RT. + + Warmington. + +W. S. W. (Vol. iv., p. 188.) invites attention to a manuscript note in +his valuable copy of Peter Lombard's _Sentences_ (ed. Vien. 1477), by +which Lombard, Gratian, and Comestor are described as "_fratres +uterini_." + +Antoninus, Archbishop of Florence, wrote about A.D. 1445. His account, +therefore, of this clearly fabulous story must be somewhat earlier, as +it is (at least in one particular) more curiously circumstantial. His +words are (_Chronic. Op._, cap. vi. p. 65., ed. Lugd. 1586): + + "A quibusdam praedicatur in populis, quod fuerunt germani ex + adulterio nati. Quorum mater cum in extremis peccatum suum + confiteretur, et Confessor redargueret crimen perpetratum + adulterii, quia valde grave esset, et ideo multum deberet dolere, + et poenitentiam agere, respondit illa: '_Pater, scio quod + adulterium peccatum magnum est; sed, considerans quantum bonum + secutum est, cum isti filii sint lumina magna in Ecclesia, ego non + valeo poenitere._'" + +However, whilst he records this singular story, Antoninus confesses that +he gives little credit to it; for he presently adds: + + "Non enim reperitur authenticum; imo, nec fuerunt contemporanei, + etsi vicini tempore. Gratianus enim fuit ante alios duos." + +And not only were they not cotemporaries, but also it may be worth +observing, that they were not even fellow-countrymen. + + J. SANSOM. + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_Warnings to Scotland_ (Vol. iv., p. 233.).--Thomas Dutton, Guy Nutt, +and John Glover, who published the _Warnings to Scotland_, were three of +the French prophets who went as missionaries, first to Edinburgh and +afterwards to Dublin. I have a continuation in manuscript, in a very +thick 4to., of the printed book. They appear to have been succeeded at +Edinburgh by James Cunningham and Margaret Mackenzie. Cunningham was the +grandson of the murdered Archbishop of St. Andrews, and prophecied +himself into the Tolbooth, his warnings from which place, with the +autograph of the prophet, are contained in a volume entitled, _Warnings +of the Eternal Spirit pronounced by the Mouth of James Cunningham during +his Imprisonment in the Tolbooth of Edinburgh_, Lond. 1712, 12mo. pp. +547. 131. In the very curious and amusing account of the French prophets +given in Keimer's _Brand pluck'd from the burning, exemplify'd in the +unparall'd Case of Samuel Keimer_, Lond. printed by W. Boreman, 1718, +Dutton, Nutt, Glover, and Cunningham, are frequently mentioned. "Thomas +Dutton," he says, "was an eminent prophet, a sober ingenious man, by +profession a lawyer, who wrote a letter against John Lacy's taking E. +Gray." "Guy Nutt, a prophet, a formal whimsical man, who goes in plain +habit, but not owned by the people called Quakers." Of Glover he gives +an extraordinary account, p. 54., but which will scarcely admit of +quotation. He observes, p. 115., that Glover acted the Devil "under +agitations, five people standing upon him, as commanded by the spirit, +he all the while making grimaces mixt with a strange mocking, yanging +noise to the affrightment of the believers." Whether the prophet +produced an abiding impression at Edinburgh by these _yanging noises_ I +know not, but in England the sect continued for many years. I have a +collection of the manifestations of one of them, Hannah Wharton, +published in 1732, 12mo. She appears to have preached and prophecied at +Birmingham. I may here observe, that Keimer's tract above mentioned +contains a very interesting letter from Daniel Defoe, which has not been +noticed by his biographers. Keimer was one of the numerous publishers +for Defoe. He afterwards went to America, and we find him frequently +noticed in the autobiography of Dr. Franklin. + + JAS. CROSSLEY. + +_Fides Carbonaria_ (Vol. iv., p. 233.).--_Fides carbonarii_, as it ought +to be written, originated in an anecdote told with approbation by Dr. +Milner, or some controversial writer on the same side, and ridiculed by +Protestants. A coal porter being asked what he believed, replied "What +the church believes;" and being asked what the church believed, replied +"What I believe." He could give no further information. + + E. H. D. D. + +_Fire Unknown._ (Vol. iv., p. 209.).--In answer to C. W. G., I find that +Pickering, in his _Races of Man_, p 32., states that in Interior Oregon +his friends Messrs. Agate and Brackenridge observed "no marks of fire;" +and, p. 61., that in the Otafuan group the use of fire was apparently +absent; and that he does not remember to have seen any signs of fire at +the Disappointment Islands. Perhaps further inquiry, which he suggests, +might prove that fire is not really wanting among the inhabitants of +these islands. + + THEOPHYLACT. + +_Pope and Flatman_ (Vol. iv., p. 210.).--Flatman's _Poems_ were first +published in the year 1682--his death took place in 1688: these dates, +therefore, supply an answer to E. V., as far as regards the question of +borrowing. The edition now before me is that of 1686, being the +_fourth_, "with many additions and amendments." It is dedicated to "His +Grace the Duke of Ormond, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland," &c., and has +twenty-eight pages of recommendatory poems prefixed to it; one of which +bears the name of _Charles Cotton_, the adopted son of honest Izaak +Walton. + +Although Campbell speaks with great contempt of Flatman, and quotes +Granger, who says that "one of his heads (he painted portraits in +miniature) is worth a ream of his pindarics," I cannot but think he has +been unduly depreciated; there being many passages in his poems (brief +ones it is true) possessed of considerable beauty, and which I would +gladly extract in proof of my assertion, were your pages available for +such a purpose. + + T. C. S. + +_Pope's Translations or Imitations of Horace_ (Vol. i., p. 230.; Vol. +iv., pp. 58. 122. 139. 239.).--I am very much obliged to MR. CROSSLEY +for his information and obliging offer; but until he is able to find the +publication of the piece in question by Curll, and with the date of +1716, he will forgive my doubting whether his memory has not failed him +as to the date, as the fact is directly at variance with Pope's own +statement to Spence. MR. CROSSLEY is certainly mistaken in thinking that +"The two quarto volumes are the only collection of Pope's works that can +be called his own, and that Dodsley's edition of 1738 was a mere +bookseller's collection." There is abundant evidence that this edition +was Pope's own just as much as the quartos, as was also a prior edition +of the same small shape of 1736. + + C. + +_Lord Mayor not a Privy Councillor_ (Vol. iv., pp. 9. 137. 180. +236.).--The main question is, I think, settled; that there is no +pretence whatsoever for the supposition that the _Lord Mayor is a Privy +Councillor_; but your last correspondent DN. has fallen into a slight +error, which it may be as well to correct. He confounds a _summons to +the Privy Council_ with an invitation or notice which is sent (as he +truly states) from the Home Office to such noblemen and gentlemen as are +known to be at hand to attend at the _meeting_ for proclaiming the +sovereign; but which meeting any one may, and the majority do, attend +without any such notice. This is the notice that DN. received, and that +I myself have received at two accessions; and which no doubt the Lord +Mayor and Alderman, and city officers, also receive; but this has +nothing whatsoever to do with the _Privy Council_. + + C. + +_Herschel anticipated_ (Vol. iv., p. 233.).--Thomas Wright suspected the +motion of the sun in 1750; but I never heard that he was thought mad. +See _Phil. Mag._, April, 1848, where an account of Wright is given. + + M. + +_Sanford's Descensus_ (Vol. iv., p. 232.).--AEGROTUS will find the +following in the Bodleian: _De descensu Domini nostri Jesu Christi ad +Inferos, libri quatuor, ab Hugone Sanfordo inchoati, opera Rob. Parkeri +ad umbilicum perducti_, 4to. Amst. 1611. + + SAXONICUS. + +_Pope's "honest Factor"_ (Vol. iv., pp. 6. 244.).--In the _European +Magazine_ for September, 1791, under the head of "Anecdotes of the Pitt +Family," there is a memoir given of Governor Pitt, from which I extract +the following passages as illustrative of the Queries of your +correspondents J. SWAN and C.:-- + + "The most extraordinary incident in this gentleman's life was, his + obtaining and disposing of the celebrated diamond which is still + called by his name. It was purchased by him during the time he was + Governor of Fort St. George, for 48,000 pagodas, _i.e._ 20,400_l._ + sterling, instead of 200,000, which the seller first asked for it. + It was consigned to Sir Stephen Evance, Knt., in London, in the + ship Bedford, Captain John Hudson, Commander, by a bill of lading + dated March 8, 1701-2, and charged to the Captain at 6,500 pagodas + only. It was reckoned the largest jewel in Europe, and weighed one + hundred and twenty-seven carats. When polished it was as big as a + pullet's egg. The cuttings amounted to eight or ten thousand + pounds." + + "It appears, that the acquisition of this diamond occasioned many + reflections injurious to the honour of Governor Pitt; and Mr. Pope + has been thought to have had the insinuations, then floating in + the world, in his mind when he wrote the following lines: + + "'Asleep and naked as an Indian lay, + An honest factor stole a gem away: + He pledg'd it to the Knight; the Knight had wit; + So kept the di'mond, and the rogue was bit.' + + "These reports, however, never obtained much credit; though they + were loud enough to reach the ears of the person against whom they + were directed, who condescended to vindicate himself against the + aspersions thrown out upon him." + + T. C. S. + +"_A little Bird told me_" (Vol. iv., p. 232.).--C. W. might have +discovered the origin of this saying in an authority much older and much +more familiar to English readers than the Koran. Instead of going to +Mahomet in search for legends of King Solomon, if he had opened his +Bible, and turned to the Book of _Ecclesiastes_ x. 20., he would there +have found the wise monarch of Israel himself saying, + + "Curse not the king, no, not in thy thought; and curse not the + rich in thy bed-chamber: for a bird of the air shall carry the + voice, and that which hath wings shall tell the matter." + + TYRO. + + Dublin. + + [R. G., MACKENZIE WALCOTT, P. S. Q., ROVERT, H. T. E., A. H. B., + J. A. PICTON, and other friends, have kindly forwarded similar + replies.] + +_The Winchester Execution_ (Vol. iv., pp. 191. 243.).--The story, of +which a summary appears under this title in a recent Number, resembles +one I have repeatedly heard told in the city of Durham by those who had +personal recollection of the facts and persons; it occurred about +thirty years ago. A servant girl was capitally convicted of +administering poison to the household of a farmer, in a fit of passion +at some petty injury: a legal doubt raised in her behalf was submitted +for consideration in London, and some months elapsed in determining it. +During the interval, her character and conduct being good, she came to +be employed as a servant in the household of the governor of the gaol, +then situated in an old gatehouse at the entrance of the Bailey; and one +of my informants has seen her drawing water at the _pant_ in the market +place, two or three hundred yards from the gaol, in the heart of the +town. One morning the governor and all Durham were struck with horror at +the receipt of an order for her execution, within three days; the city +being then two days by coach from London, and an appeal for compassion +impossible. The execution, singularly, was attended with distressing +circumstances. The rope employed broke, another was not at hand: and the +wretched girl sat crying under the beam, until a man sent into the town +(in a field outside of which, on the Newcastle road, this scene +occurred) could return with another cord, with which he was seen +flogging his horse up to the gallows. So I have been told by grave and +trustworthy witnesses. + + F. + +_Stanzas in "Childe Harold"_ (Vol. iv., p. 223.).--Surely nothing can be +clearer than the construction in the lines quoted by our correspondent +T. W.: + + "Thy shores are empires, changed in all save thee-- + Assyria, Greece, Rome, Carthage, what are they? + Thy waters wasted them while they were free, + And many a tyrant since (has wasted them)." + +To add one word to confirm what is so transparent, would be merely +occupying your space without the slightest necessity. + + JAS. CROSSLEY. + + [J. G. R., H. C. K., J. MN., H. L., CHAS. PASLAM, J. A. PICTON, A. + E. B., G. S., C. B., SELEUCUS, EDW. S. JACKSON, H. M. A., and many + other friends, have kindly furnished similar replies to T. W.'s + Query, some at considerable length. We have therefore selected the + above, as one of the shortest and first that reached us.] + +_Gray and Virgil._--Your correspondent on Gray's plagiarisms (Vol. iii., +p. 445.) quotes Davenant and Prior as having both forestalled his idea +with regard to _sorrow_, that-- + + "Where ignorance is bliss, + 'Tis folly to be wise." + +I long since noted these lines as parallel to-- + + [Greek: Phrono d', ha pascho; kai tod' ou smikron kakon; + to me eidenai gar hedonen echei tina + nosounta; _kerdos d' en kakois agnosia_.] + + Euripid. _Frag. Antiop._ xiii. + +In the next page of "NOTES AND QUERIES," Q. E. D. reasonably defends the +expression "Thamesini _littoris_ hospes." The exact distinction between +_littus_ and _ripa_ is marked indeed by Ovid, where he says of the +rivers: + + "In mare perveniunt partim, campoque recepta + Liberioris aquae, _pro ripis littora pulsant_."--_Met._ i. 41. + +But this did not prevent his applying _littora_ to a lake: + + "Sint tibi Flaminius _Thrasymenaque littora_ testes." + + _Fast._ vi. 765. + +Both he and Virgil use _littus_, speaking of the same river: + + "_Littus adit Laurens_; ubi tectus arundine serpit + In freta flumineis vicina Numicius undis." + + _Met._ xiv. 598. + +Here, however, there might be a question from the context: not so, +however, in _AEn._ vii. 797.: + + "Qui saltus, Tiberiae, tuos, sacrumque Numici + _Littus_ arant." + +On the other hand we have _ripa_ for _littus_: + + "AEquoris nigri fremitum, et trementes + Verbere ripas." + + Hor. _Od._ III. xxvii. 23. + + EFFIGIES. + + Stamford. + +_Aulus Gellius' Description of a Dimple_ (Vol. iv., p. 134.).--The +couplet quoted by your correspondent RT. is from Varro, and I think he +will find it given by Mad. Dacier in her edition of Anacreon, under Ode +xxviii., line 26.: + + "[Greek: trypherou d' eso geneiou]," &c. + + [Hebrew: A. T.] + +If your correspondent RT. will refer to Gray's _Works_, vol. ii. p. +164., edited by Mitford, and published by Pickering, 1836, he will find +the following note:-- + + "The fragment is not to be found in Aulus Gellius, but in Mori + Marcellus, under the word 'Mollitudo.'" + +Now what _Mori Marcellus_ means, I know not: perhaps some of your +correspondents may enlighten me on that point. + + HENRY DYKE. + + Gretworth, near Brackley, Aug. 25. 1851. + +This Mori Marcellus I take to be the same person as Marcellus Nonius, of +whom an account is to be found in Smith's _Dictionary of Greek and Roman +Biography, &c._, vol. ii. p. 937. + + F. BW. + + + + +Miscellaneous. + + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +There is one feature in Murray's _Reading for the Rail_, namely, that of +making the volumes not of one uniform price, but varying from One +Shilling and upwards, the advantages of which are shown very clearly by +the first two of the series which have appeared. For it would have been +a difficulty for the most Procrustean of editors to have compressed _The +Essays from The Times_ within the limits of that capital +shilling's worth, _The Chase_, by Nimrod. Well do we remember, that on +the appearance of that sparkling sketch in the _Quarterly_, in the same +way that many--who like Michael Cassio, + + "never set a squadron in the field, + Nor the division of a battle knew, + More than a spinster," + +have watched with the deepest interest the masterly strategy of +Marlborough, Napoleon, or that greater still, The Duke--hundreds who +never set foot in stirrup--who certainly never joined in a view hallo! +followed with the greatest interest and anxiety the adventures of Snob +and his little bay mare in the Quorn Country. If Mr. Murray does not +sell ten or twenty thousand copies of this amusing tractate, we shall be +greatly deceived. May he sell as many of its more important companion, +_The Essays from the Times_: for, as he well observes in his prefatory +notice to the volume in question, these brilliant Papers on Lord Nelson +and Lady Hamilton, Railway Novels, Louis Philippe, Southey, &c. exhibit +"literary merits and a moral tone well calculated to promote the +important national object" advocated by that powerful journal in the +article on the Literature of the Rail to which the present series owes +its origin. How many hundreds, nay thousands, must there be who, having +read these Essays and Reviews in _The Times_, where they were made to +point a moral most effectually, have especially desired to possess them +in a more permanent form; and who, having secured the present admirable +selection, will look anxiously for the period when Mr. Murray will be +enabled to give a second volume of them. + +Among the many works illustrative of the history of France--literary, +social, and monumental--for which the French are mainly indebted to the +enlightened administration of M. Guizot, when Minister of Public +Instruction, there is not one of greater value than the handsome quarto +published by M. Didron, the learned Secretary of the Comite des Arts et +Monuments, entitled _Iconographie Chretienne_. Of the importance and +utility of this volume, with its admirable illustrations, every journal +in this country devoted to art or archaeology has exhibited repeated +proofs: and of the many wonderfully cheap books which Mr. Bohn has from +time to time produced, there is not one to compare with the Translation +of this interesting volume, which he has just put forth under the title +of _Christian Iconography; or the History of Christian Art in the Middle +Ages. In Two Volumes. Vol. I comprising the History of the Nimbus, the +Aureole, and the Glory, the History of God the Father, the Son and the +Holy Ghost_. This first volume contains not only nearly the whole of M. +Didron's quarto; but also between 100 and 150 wood-cuts from the +original blocks. The subject is one almost new to the English public; +and the book therefore will be found of great interest to the general +reader, and of especial interest to the artist, the ecclesiologist, the +Antiquary, and the student of Church History. + +CATALOGUE RECEIVED.--Cole's (15. Great Turnstile) List No. 57 of Very +Cheap Books. + + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES + +WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +THE ANTIQUARY. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1816. Vols. I. and II. + +HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF TWICKENHAM, being the First Part of Parochial +Collections for the County of Middlesex, begun in 1780 by E. Ironside, +Esq., London, 1797. (This work forms 1 vol. of Miscell. Antiquities in +continuation of the Bib. Topographica, and is usually bound in the 10th +Volume.) + +RITSON'S ROBIN HOOD. 12mo. London, 1795. Vol. II. (10_s._ will be given +for a clean copy in _boards_, or 7_s._ 6_d._ for a clean copy _bound_.) + +DR. JOHNSON'S PRAYERS AND MEDITATIONS. + +ANNUAL OBITUARY AND BIOGRAPHY. Vol. XXXI. + +THEOPHILUS AND PHILODOXUS, or Several Conferences, &c., by Gilbert +Giles, D.D., Oxon, 1674; or the same work republished 1679, under the +title of a "Dialogue between a Protestant and a Papist." + +PECK'S COMPLETE CATALOGUE OF ALL THE DISCOURSES WRITTEN BOTH FOR AND +AGAINST PAPACY IN THE TIME OF KING JAMES II. 1735. 4to. + +NICHOLS' LEICESTERSHIRE. Wanted the Vol. containing the Guthlaxton +Hundred. + +HARLEIAN MANUSCRIPTS. Index to Vol. IV. + +REPORTS OF CHARITY COMMISSION. Vols. VI. VIII. IX. + +INDEX TO ADDITIONAL MSS. in the Museum. + +FEARNE'S ESSAY ON HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS, 4to. + +BISHOP KIDDER'S LIFE OF ANTHONY HORNECK. + +TIGHE'S LIFE OF LAW. + +MACROPEDII, HECASTUS FABULA. 8vo. Antwerp, 1539. + +OMNES GEORGII MACROPEDII FABULAE COMICAE. Utrecht, 1552. 2 Vols. 8vo. + +OTHONIS LEXICON RABBINICUM. + +[Star symbol] Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage +free_, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. +Fleet Street. + + +Notices To Correspondents. + +_We this week present our Readers with an extra half-sheet for the +purpose of making room for some of the many communications which have +long been waiting for insertion. By the end of the present month we +shall reduce the number of these very considerably, even if we fail in +our purpose of finding room for all of them._ + +J. E. (Homerton) _will find an account of Peter of Blois or Peter +Blesensis in any biographical dictionary; and very full particulars of +him and his work in Mr. Wright's_ Biographia Britannica Literaria +(_Anglo-Norman Period_). + +ALPHA BETA'S _Query would give rise to a discussion--which we believe +would be fruitless--and would certainly occupy more space than we could +afford to it. The omission is not general, and probably originated in +different places from very different causes._ + +LEICESTRIENSIS _is thanked for his friendly hint, which shall not be +lost sight of. Even he can hardly be aware of the difficulties we have +to contend with._ + +T. C. S. _The_ "Poetical Coincidence" _in our next_. + +C. H. B. _In our next if possible._ + +R. _will find the subject of_ "Beating the Bounds" _or_ "Parochial +Perambulations" _treated very fully in Brand's_ Popular Antiquities, +Vol. i. p. 191 (_ed. Ellis_) 1841. _For_ "Gospel Trees" _he is referred +to our_ 2nd Vol. pp. 407. 496. + +J. M. B. _Dr. Smith's_ Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology, and +Geography, _price one guinea, is the cheapest work upon the subject. Dr. +Smith's larger dictionaries contain more information; but they are, of +course, more expensive._ + +H. G. D. _Will our correspondent favour us with copies of the ballads to +which he refers?_ + +J. ALLASON _will find his Query respecting_ "Apres Moi le Deluge" +_discussed in our_ 3rd Vol. pp. 299. 397. + + REPLIES RECEIVED.--_Medical Use of Pigeons--Rasher--Herschel +Anticipated--Battle of Brunanburgh--Locust of New +Testament--Vermin--Discovering the drowned--Sir J. Davies--Island of +AEgina--Stanza in Childe Harold--Log Book--Winchester Execution--Suicides +buried in Cross Roads--Prophecies of Nostradamus--Anagrams--Gray's +Progress of Poetry--History of Hawick--Meaning of Mop--Archbishop of +Spalatro--Meaning of Log Ship--Parish Registers--Stickle--Marriage of +Ecclesiastics--Nightingale and Thorn--Borough-English--Praed's +Works--William III. at Exeter--Bourchier Family--Story referred to by +Jeremy Taylor--Linteamina and Surplices--Coins of Constantius +Gallus--Berlin Time--Defoe's House._ + +_Copies of our Prospectus, according to the suggestion of T. E. H., will +be forwarded to any correspondent willing to assist us by circulating +them._ + +VOLS. I., II., _and_ III., _with very copious Indices, may still be had, +price 9s. 6d. each, neatly bound in cloth._ + +NOTES AND QUERIES _is published at noon on Friday, so that our country +Subscribers may receive it on Saturday. The subscription for the Stamped +Edition is 10s. 2d. for Six Months, which may be paid by Post-office +Order drawn in favour of our Publisher,_ MR. GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet +Street; _to whose care all communications for the Editor should be +addressed._ + + + + +ALMANACKS FOR 1852. + + THE FAMILY ALMANACK AND EDUCATIONAL REGISTER will contain, in + addition to the more than usual contents of an Almanack for Family + Use, a List of the Universities of the United Kingdom, with the + Heads of Houses, Professors, &c. A List of the various Colleges + connected with the Church of England, Roman Catholics, and various + Dissenting bodies. Together with a complete List of all the + Foundation and Grammar Schools, with an Account of the + Scholarships and Exhibitions attached to them; to which is added + an Appendix, containing an Account of the Committee of Council on + Education, and of the various Training Institutions for Teachers; + mostly compiled from original sources. + + +WHITAKER'S CLERGYMAN'S DIARY AND ECCLESIASTICAL CALENDAR, will contain a +Diary, with Table of Lessons, Collects, &c., and full directions for +Public Worship for every day in the year, with blank spaces for +Memoranda; A List of all the Bishops and other Dignitaries of the +Church, arranged under the order of their respective Dioceses; Bishops +of the Scottish and American Churches; and particulars respecting the +Roman Catholic and Greek Churches; together with Statistics of the +various Religious Sects in England; Particulars of the Societies +connected with the Church; of the Universities, &c. Members of both +Houses of Convocation, of both Houses of Parliament, the Government, +Courts of Law, &c. With Instructions to Candidates for Holy Orders; and +a variety of information useful to all Clergymen. Forming a most +complete and convenient Pocket-book for Clergymen. + + JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford and London. + + +Now ready, Price 25_s._, Second Edition, revised and corrected. +Dedicated by Special Permission to + + THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. + + PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected + by the Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music + arranged for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, + including Chants for the Services, Responses to the Commandments, + and a Concise SYSTEM OF CHANTING, by J. B. SALE, Musical + Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco + cloth, price 25_s._ To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21. Holywell + Street, Millbank, Westminster, on the receipt of a Post Office + Order for that amount; and by order, of the principal Booksellers + and Music Warehouses. + + "A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with + our Church and Cathedral Service."--_Times._ + + "A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this + country."--_Literary Gazette._ + + "One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well + merits the distinguished patronage under which it + appears."--_Musical World._ + + "A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of + Chanting of a very superior character to any which has hitherto + appeared."--_John Bull._ + + London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + Also, lately published, J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and + CHANTS as performed at the Chapel Royal St. James, price 2_s._ + + C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street. + + +PLAIN SERMONS, addressed to a Country Congregation. By the late Rev. +EDWARD BLENCOWE, Curate of Teversal, and formerly Fellow of Oriel +College, Oxford. Fourth edition, foolscap 8vo. cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ + + A SECOND SERIES. New edition, foolscap 8vo. cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ + + A THIRD SERIES. Foolscap 8vo. cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ + + "The numerous possessors of Mr. Blencowe's former plain but + excellent volumes will be glad to receive the third series of his + 'Plain Sermons addressed to a Country Congregation,' similar in + character and texture to the two series which have preceded + it."--_Guardian._ + + "Their style is simple, the sentences are not artfully + constructed, and there is an utter absence of all attempt at + rhetoric. The language is plain Saxon language, from which 'the + men on the wall' can easily gather what it most concerns them to + know."--_Theologian._ + + GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + +PROVIDENT LIFE OFFICE, 50. REGENT STREET. CITY BRANCH: 2. ROYAL EXCHANGE +BUILDINGS. + + Established 1806. + Policy Holders' Capital, 1,192,818_l._ + Annual Income, 150,000_l._--Bonuses Declared, 743,000_l._ + Claims paid since the Establishment of the Office, 2,001,450_l._ + + _President._ + The Right Honourable EARL GREY. + + _Directors._ + The Rev. James Sherman, _Chairman_. + Henry Blencowe Churchill, Esq., _Deputy-Chairman_. + Henry B. Alexander, Esq. + George Dacre, Esq. + William Judd, Esq. + Sir Richard D. King, Bart. + The Hon. Arthur Kinnaird + Thomas Maugham, Esq. + William Ostler, Esq. + Apsley Pellatt, Esq. + George Round, Esq. + Frederick Squire, Esq. + William Henry Stone, Esq. + Capt. William John Williams. + + J. A. Beaumont, Esq., _Managing Director_. + + _Physician_--John Maclean, M.D. F.S.S., 29. Upper Montague + Street, Montague Square. + + NINETEEN-TWENTIETHS OF THE PROFITS ARE DIVIDED AMONG THE INSURED. + + Examples of the Extinction of Premiums by the Surrender of Bonuses. + + Date of Policy. 1806 + Sum Insured. L2500 + Original Premium. L79 10 10 Extinguished + Bonuses added subsequently, to be further interested annually. + L1222 2 0 + + Date of Policy. 1811 + Sum Insured. L1000 + Original Premium. L 33 19 2 Ditto [Extinguished] + Bonuses added subsequently, to be further interested annually. + L231 17 8 + + Date of Policy. 1818 + Sum Insured. L1000 + Original Premium. L 34 16 10 Ditto [Extinguished] + Bonuses added subsequently, to be further interested annually. + L114 18 10 + + Examples of Bonuses added to other Policies. + + Policy No. 521 + Date. 1807 + Sum Insured. L900 + Bonus added. L982 12 1 + Total with Additions to be further increased. L1882 12 1 + + Policy No. 1174 + Date. 1810 + Sum Insured. L1200 + Bonus added. L1160 5 6 + Total with Additions to be further increased. L2360 5 6 + + + Policy No. 3392 + Date. 1820 + Sum Insured. L5000 + Bonus added. L3558 17 8 + Total with Additions to be further increased. L8558 17 8 + + Prospectuses and full particulars may be obtained upon application + to the Agents of the Office, in all the principal Towns of the + United Kingdom, at the City Branch, and at the Head Office, No. + 50. Regent Street. + + +WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, + + 3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. + + FOUNDED A.D. 1842. + + _Directors._ + + H. Edgeworth Bicknell, Esq. + William Cabell, Esq. + T. Somers Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P. + G. Henry Drew, Esq. + William Evans, Esq. + William Freeman, Esq. + F. Fuller, Esq. + J. Henry Goodhart, Esq. + T. Grissell, Esq. + James Hunt, Esq. + J. Arscott Lethbridge, Esq. + E. Lucas, Esq. + James Lys Seager, Esq. + J. Basley White, Esq. + Joseph Carter Wood, Esq. + + _Trustees._ + + W. Whately, Esq., Q.C. + L. C. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C. + George Drew, Esq. + + _Consulting Counsel._--Sir William P. Wood, M.P., + Solicitor-General. + + _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D. + + _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. + + VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. + + POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through + temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given + upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to + the conditions detailed in the Prospectus. + + Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100_l._, with a Share + in three-fourths of the Profits:-- + + Age L _s._ _d._ + 17 1 14 4 + 22 1 18 8 + 27 2 4 5 + 32 2 10 8 + 37 2 18 6 + 42 3 8 2 + + ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. + + +Now ready, price 10_s._ 6_d._, Second Edition, with material additions, +INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION; being a TREATISE on BENEFIT +BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, +exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, +&c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life +Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life +Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London. + + +THE EDINBURGH REVIEW, No. CXCII., is published THIS DAY, the 11th inst. + + CONTENTS: + + I. COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY: BOPP. + II. DENNISTOUNS' DUKES OF URBINO. + III. SOURCES OF EXPRESSION IN ARCHITECTURE: RUSKIN. + IV. JUVENILE DELINQUENTS. + V. MIRABEAU'S CORRESPONDENCE. + VI. THE METAMORPHOSES OF APULEIUS. + VII. NEAPOLITAN JUSTICE. + VIII. THE ANGLO-CATHOLIC THEORY. + IX. THE CATALOGUE OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION. + NOTE TO ARTICLE VI. OF LAST NUMBER. + + London: LONGMAN and Co. Edinburgh: A. and C. BLACK. + + +Just published, in fcap. 8vo. with Wood Engravings, price 5_s._ bound in +cloth, + + INDIAN MISSIONS IN GUIANA. By the Rev. W. H. BRETT. + + "An interesting volume, well calculated for helping forward the + Church's Missions, by inducing persons to consider the subject who + would put aside mere Official Statement and Report. For Parochial + Libraries, and for furnishing materials for such Popular Lecture + Readings as we have advocated, this volume is admirably + adapted."--_English Churchman._ + + London: Published for the Society for the Propagation of the + Gospel, by GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + +Just published, fcap. 8vo. cloth, price 2_s._; gilt edges, 2_s._ 6_d._ + + VERSES FOR 1851. In Commemoration of the Third Jubilee of the + Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Edited by the Rev. + ERNEST HAWKINS. + + Also, fcap. 8vo. price 1_s._ 6_d._, with a new Map of the Bishop's + Route, + + JOURNAL OF THE BISHOP OF CAPETOWN'S VISITATION TOUR in 1850. + + The Journey herein recorded occupied nine months, and was + performed mostly in a waggon, or on foot, through the Karroo, the + Orange Sovereignty, Natal, Faker's Territory, British Kaffraria, + and the eastern province. + + The above, with the BISHOP'S JOURNAL of 1818, may be had in one + volume, cloth, price 3_s._ + + London: Published for the Society by GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet + Street; HATCHARD and SON, Piccadilly. + + +Just published, price 1_s._ + + DEVOUT MUSINGS ON THE BOOK OF PSALMS, Part IV., containing Psalms + CXI. to CL. (being a new Part of the DEVOTIONAL LIBRARY, edited by + Dr. HOOK.) + + [Star symbol] The complete book in 2 vols., price 5_s._ cloth. + + Leeds: RICHARD SLOCOMBE. London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + +ARNOLD'S DEMOSTHENES, WITH ENGLISH NOTES. + + In 12mo., price 4_s._ + + THE PHILIPPIC ORATIONS OF DEMOSTHENES, with ENGLISH NOTES, from + the best and most recent Sources. Edited by the Rev. THOMAS + KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M.A., Rector of Lyndon, and late Fellow of + Trinity College, Cambridge. + + Also, by the same Editor (uniformly printed), + + 1. THE ORATION OF DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 4_s._ 6_d._ + + 2. THE OLYNTHIAC ORATIONS OF DEMOSTHENES. 3_s._ + + RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place. + + +LONDON LIBRARY, 12. St. Jame's Square.--Patron--His Royal Highness +Prince ALBERT. + + This Institution now offers to its members a collection of 60,000 + volumes for which additions are constantly making, both in English + and foreign literature. A reading room is also open for use of the + members, supplied with the best English and foreign periodicals. + + Terms of admission--entrance fee, 6_l._; annual subscription, + 2_l._; or entrance fee and life subscription, 26_l._ + + By order of the Committee. + + September, 1851. + + J. G. COCHRANE, Secretary and Librarian. + + +THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, No. CLXXVIII., is published THIS DAY. + +CONTENTS: + + I. WIDOW BURNING IN INDIA. + II. LIFE OF BISHOP KEN. + III. PURITANISM IN THE HIGHLANDS. + IV. MIRABEAU AND COUNT DE LA MARCK. + V. SIR THOMAS BROWNE--WILKIN'S EDITION. + VI. THE LEXINGTON PAPERS. + VII. LYELL ON LIFE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT. + VIII. PAPAL PRETENSIONS. + IX. REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE--FRENCH AND ENGLISH. + + JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. + + +In a few days, royal 4to., half bound, 38 Plates, 1_l._ 11_s._ 6_d._, +Coloured 2_l._ 2_s._, + + ANTIQUARIAN GLEANINGS IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND; being examples of + Antique Furniture, Plate, Church Decorations, Objects of + Historical Interest, &c. Drawn and Etched by WILLIAM B. SCOTT, + Government School of Design, Newcastle, containing--Antiquities in + Jarrow Church--Swords of Cromwell, Lambert, Fairfax, &c.--Norman + Wall Paintings--Antiquities in York Minster--Rosary of Mary Queen + of Scots--Antiquities at Hexham--Stained Glass, &c. in Wetheral + Church--Figures of the Apostles in Carlisle Cathedral--Drinking + Vessels, Carvings, &c. + + "A collection of Antiquarian Relics, chiefly in the decorative + branch of art, preserved in the Northern Counties, portrayed by a + very competent hand. Many of the objects possess considerable + interest: such as the chair of the Venerable Bede, Cromwell's + sword and watch and the grace-cup of Thomas a Becket. All are + drawn with that distinctness which makes them available for the + antiquarian, for the artist who is studying costume, and for the + study of decorative art."--_Spectator._ + + Parts 3 and 4 may be had to complete Sets; price together, 10_s._ + Plain, 15_s._ Coloured. + + London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + +ANGLO-SAXON. + + 1. ETTMUELLERI LEXICON ANGLO-SAXONICUM. Vorda Vealhstod Engla and + Seaxna, cum Synopsi Grammatica. 838 pp. 8vo. 1851. 13_s._ 6_d._ + + 2. ETTMUELLERI ANGLO-SAXONUM POETAE ATQUE SCRIPTORES PROSAICI + quorum partim integra opera partim loca selecta. 328. pp. 8vo. + 1851. 5_s._ + + 3. CAEDMON'S BIBLISCHE DICHTUNGEN, herausg. von Dr. BOUTERWECK. + Text complete. 8vo. 1819. 4_s._ + + 4. KOENIG AELFRED u. seine Stelle in der Geschichte Englands, von + Dr. R. PAULI. 8vo. 6_s._ + + WILLIAMS & NORGATE, 14. Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. + + +THE PRIMAEVAL ANTIQUITIES OF ENGLAND ILLUSTRATED BY THOSE OF DENMARK. + + THE PRIMAEVAL ANTIQUITIES OF DENMARK. By J. J. A. WORSAAE, Member + of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Copenhagen. Translated and + applied to the illustration of similar Remains in England, by + WILLIAM J. THOMS, F.S.A., Secretary of the Camden Society. With + numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ + + "The best antiquarian handbook we have ever met with--so clear is + its arrangement, and so well and so plainly is each subject + illustrated by well-executed engravings.... It is the joint + production of two men who have already distinguished themselves as + authors and antiquarians."--_Morning Herald._ + + "A book of remarkable interest and ability.... Mr. Worsaae's book + is in all ways a valuable addition to our literature.... Mr. Thoms + has executed the translation in flowing and idiomatic English, and + has appended many curious and interesting notes and observations + of his own."--_Guardian._ + + "The work, which we desire to commend to the attention of our + readers, is signally interesting to the British antiquary. Highly + interesting and important work."--_Archaeological Journal._ + + See also the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for February 1850. + + Oxford: JOHN HENRY PARKER, and 337. Strand, London. + + +NOTICE.--The Volume of PROCEEDINGS of the ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE at +SALISBURY will be ready in a few days, uniform with the former volumes. +Price to Subscribers 16_s._ All who wish to have the volume are +requested to send their names at once to the Publisher, Mr. BELL, 186. +FLEET STREET. + + [Star symbol] The price will be raised on the day of publication. + + + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, October 11. 1851. + + + + + [List of volumes and pages in "Notes and Queries", Vol. I-IV] + + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Notes and Queries Vol. I. | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 1 | November 3, 1849 | 1 - 17 | PG # 8603 | + | Vol. I No. 2 | November 10, 1849 | 18 - 32 | PG # 11265 | + | Vol. I No. 3 | November 17, 1849 | 33 - 46 | PG # 11577 | + | Vol. I No. 4 | November 24, 1849 | 49 - 63 | PG # 13513 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 5 | December 1, 1849 | 65 - 80 | PG # 11636 | + | Vol. I No. 6 | December 8, 1849 | 81 - 95 | PG # 13550 | + | Vol. I No. 7 | December 15, 1849 | 97 - 112 | PG # 11651 | + | Vol. I No. 8 | December 22, 1849 | 113 - 128 | PG # 11652 | + | Vol. I No. 9 | December 29, 1849 | 130 - 144 | PG # 13521 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 10 | January 5, 1850 | 145 - 160 | PG # | + | Vol. I No. 11 | January 12, 1850 | 161 - 176 | PG # 11653 | + | Vol. I No. 12 | January 19, 1850 | 177 - 192 | PG # 11575 | + | Vol. I No. 13 | January 26, 1850 | 193 - 208 | PG # 11707 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 14 | February 2, 1850 | 209 - 224 | PG # 13558 | + | Vol. I No. 15 | February 9, 1850 | 225 - 238 | PG # 11929 | + | Vol. I No. 16 | February 16, 1850 | 241 - 256 | PG # 16193 | + | Vol. I No. 17 | February 23, 1850 | 257 - 271 | PG # 12018 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 18 | March 2, 1850 | 273 - 288 | PG # 13544 | + | Vol. I No. 19 | March 9, 1850 | 289 - 309 | PG # 13638 | + | Vol. I No. 20 | March 16, 1850 | 313 - 328 | PG # 16409 | + | Vol. I No. 21 | March 23, 1850 | 329 - 343 | PG # 11958 | + | Vol. I No. 22 | March 30, 1850 | 345 - 359 | PG # 12198 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 23 | April 6, 1850 | 361 - 376 | PG # 12505 | + | Vol. I No. 24 | April 13, 1850 | 377 - 392 | PG # 13925 | + | Vol. I No. 25 | April 20, 1850 | 393 - 408 | PG # 13747 | + | Vol. I No. 26 | April 27, 1850 | 409 - 423 | PG # 13822 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 27 | May 4, 1850 | 425 - 447 | PG # 13712 | + | Vol. I No. 28 | May 11, 1850 | 449 - 463 | PG # 13684 | + | Vol. I No. 29 | May 18, 1850 | 465 - 479 | PG # 15197 | + | Vol. I No. 30 | May 25, 1850 | 481 - 495 | PG # 13713 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Notes and Queries Vol. II. | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 31 | June 1, 1850 | 1- 15 | PG # 12589 | + | Vol. II No. 32 | June 8, 1850 | 17- 32 | PG # 15996 | + | Vol. II No. 33 | June 15, 1850 | 33- 48 | PG # 26121 | + | Vol. II No. 34 | June 22, 1850 | 49- 64 | PG # 22127 | + | Vol. II No. 35 | June 29, 1850 | 65- 79 | PG # 22126 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 36 | July 6, 1850 | 81- 96 | PG # 13361 | + | Vol. II No. 37 | July 13, 1850 | 97-112 | PG # 13729 | + | Vol. II No. 38 | July 20, 1850 | 113-128 | PG # 13362 | + | Vol. II No. 39 | July 27, 1850 | 129-143 | PG # 13736 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 40 | August 3, 1850 | 145-159 | PG # 13389 | + | Vol. II No. 41 | August 10, 1850 | 161-176 | PG # 13393 | + | Vol. II No. 42 | August 17, 1850 | 177-191 | PG # 13411 | + | Vol. II No. 43 | August 24, 1850 | 193-207 | PG # 13406 | + | Vol. II No. 44 | August 31, 1850 | 209-223 | PG # 13426 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 45 | September 7, 1850 | 225-240 | PG # 13427 | + | Vol. II No. 46 | September 14, 1850 | 241-256 | PG # 13462 | + | Vol. II No. 47 | September 21, 1850 | 257-272 | PG # 13936 | + | Vol. II No. 48 | September 28, 1850 | 273-288 | PG # 13463 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 49 | October 5, 1850 | 289-304 | PG # 13480 | + | Vol. II No. 50 | October 12, 1850 | 305-320 | PG # 13551 | + | Vol. II No. 51 | October 19, 1850 | 321-351 | PG # 15232 | + | Vol. II No. 52 | October 26, 1850 | 353-367 | PG # 22624 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 53 | November 2, 1850 | 369-383 | PG # 13540 | + | Vol. II No. 54 | November 9, 1850 | 385-399 | PG # 22138 | + | Vol. II No. 55 | November 16, 1850 | 401-415 | PG # 15216 | + | Vol. II No. 56 | November 23, 1850 | 417-431 | PG # 15354 | + | Vol. II No. 57 | November 30, 1850 | 433-454 | PG # 15405 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 58 | December 7, 1850 | 457-470 | PG # 21503 | + | Vol. II No. 59 | December 14, 1850 | 473-486 | PG # 15427 | + | Vol. II No. 60 | December 21, 1850 | 489-502 | PG # 24803 | + | Vol. II No. 61 | December 28, 1850 | 505-524 | PG # 16404 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Notes and Queries Vol. III. | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 62 | January 4, 1851 | 1- 15 | PG # 15638 | + | Vol. III No. 63 | January 11, 1851 | 17- 31 | PG # 15639 | + | Vol. III No. 64 | January 18, 1851 | 33- 47 | PG # 15640 | + | Vol. III No. 65 | January 25, 1851 | 49- 78 | PG # 15641 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 66 | February 1, 1851 | 81- 95 | PG # 22339 | + | Vol. III No. 67 | February 8, 1851 | 97-111 | PG # 22625 | + | Vol. III No. 68 | February 15, 1851 | 113-127 | PG # 22639 | + | Vol. III No. 69 | February 22, 1851 | 129-159 | PG # 23027 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 70 | March 1, 1851 | 161-174 | PG # 23204 | + | Vol. III No. 71 | March 8, 1851 | 177-200 | PG # 23205 | + | Vol. III No. 72 | March 15, 1851 | 201-215 | PG # 23212 | + | Vol. III No. 73 | March 22, 1851 | 217-231 | PG # 23225 | + | Vol. III No. 74 | March 29, 1851 | 233-255 | PG # 23282 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 75 | April 5, 1851 | 257-271 | PG # 23402 | + | Vol. III No. 76 | April 12, 1851 | 273-294 | PG # 26896 | + | Vol. III No. 77 | April 19, 1851 | 297-311 | PG # 26897 | + | Vol. III No. 78 | April 26, 1851 | 313-342 | PG # 26898 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 79 | May 3, 1851 | 345-359 | PG # 26899 | + | Vol. III No. 80 | May 10, 1851 | 361-382 | PG # 32495 | + | Vol. III No. 81 | May 17, 1851 | 385-399 | PG # 29318 | + | Vol. III No. 82 | May 24, 1851 | 401-415 | PG # 28311 | + | Vol. III No. 83 | May 31, 1851 | 417-440 | PG # 36835 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 84 | June 7, 1851 | 441-472 | PG # 37379 | + | Vol. III No. 85 | June 14, 1851 | 473-488 | PG # 37403 | + | Vol. III No. 86 | June 21, 1851 | 489-511 | PG # 37496 | + | Vol. III No. 87 | June 28, 1851 | 513-528 | PG # 37516 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Notes and Queries Vol. IV. | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol. IV No. 88 | July 5, 1851 | 1- 15 | PG # 37548 | + | Vol. IV No. 89 | July 12, 1851 | 17- 31 | PG # 37568 | + | Vol. IV No. 90 | July 19, 1851 | 33- 47 | PG # 37593 | + | Vol. IV No. 91 | July 26, 1851 | 49- 79 | PG # 37778 | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol. IV No. 92 | August 2, 1851 | 81- 94 | PG # 38324 | + | Vol. IV No. 93 | August 9, 1851 | 97-112 | PG # 38337 | + | Vol. IV No. 94 | August 16, 1851 | 113-127 | PG # 38350 | + | Vol. IV No. 95 | August 23, 1851 | 129-144 | PG # 38386 | + | Vol. IV No. 96 | August 30, 1851 | 145-167 | PG # 38405 | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol. IV No. 97 | Sept. 6, 1851 | 169-183 | PG # 38433 | + | Vol. IV No. 98 | Sept. 13, 1851 | 185-200 | PG # 38491 | + | Vol. IV No. 99 | Sept. 20, 1851 | 201-216 | PG # 38574 | + | Vol. IV No. 100 | Sept. 27, 1851 | 217-246 | PG # 38656 | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol. IV No. 101 | Oct. 4, 1851 | 249-264 | PG # 38701 | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol I. Index. [Nov. 1849-May 1850] | PG # 13536 | + | INDEX TO THE SECOND VOLUME. MAY-DEC., 1850 | PG # 13571 | + | INDEX TO THE THIRD VOLUME. JAN.-JUNE, 1851 | PG # 26770 | + +------------------------------------------------+------------+ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, Number +102, October 11, 1851, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, OCTOBER 11, 1851 *** + +***** This file should be named 38773.txt or 38773.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/7/7/38773/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Library of Early Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |