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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/38751-0.txt b/38751-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..349aa03 --- /dev/null +++ b/38751-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3170 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, +November 1864 + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, November 1864 + + + +Release Date: February 2, 2012 [Ebook #38751] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF‐8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, NOVEMBER 1864*** + + + + + + The Irish Ecclesiastical Record + + Volume 1. + + November, 1864 + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +The Holy See And The Liberty Of The Irish Church At The Beginning Of The +Present Century. + I. From Mgr. Brancadoro to Father Concanen, O.P., Agent at Rome for the + Irish Bishops. Dalla Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801. + II. From the same to the same. Dalla Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805. +A Recent Protestant View Of The Church Of The Middle Ages. +The Mss. Remains Of Professor O’Curry In The Catholic University. No. II. +The Destiny Of The Irish Race. +Liturgical Questions. (_From M. Bouix’s __“__Revue des Sciences +Ecclesiastiques__”_). +Documents. + I. Condemnation Of Dr. Froschammer’s Works. + II. Decree Of The Congregation Of Rites. +Notices Of Books. +Footnotes + + + + + + +THE HOLY SEE AND THE LIBERTY OF THE IRISH CHURCH AT THE BEGINNING OF THE +PRESENT CENTURY. + + +All students of Irish Catholic affairs must feel, at every moment, that we +are at a great loss for a collection of ecclesiastical documents connected +with our Church. The past misfortunes of Ireland explain the origin of +this want. During the persecutions of Elizabeth, of James the First, and +Cromwell, our ancient manuscripts, and the archives of our convents and +monasteries, were ruthlessly destroyed. At a later period, whilst the +penal laws were in full operation, it was dangerous to preserve official +ecclesiastical papers, lest they should be construed by the bigotry and +ignorance of our enemies into proofs of sedition or treason. Since liberty +began to dawn on our country, things have undergone a beneficial change, +and recently great efforts have been made to rescue and preserve from +destruction every remaining fragment of our ancient history, and every +document calculated to throw light on the annals of our Church. We are +anxious to coöperate in this good work, and we shall feel deeply grateful +to our friends if they forward to us any official ecclesiastical papers, +either ancient or modern, that it may be desirable to preserve. Receiving +such papers casually, we cannot insert them in the RECORD in chronological +order, but by aid of an Index, to be published at the end of each volume, +the future historian will be able to avail himself of them for his +purposes. + +To-day we insert in our columns two letters never published before, as far +as we can learn, in their original language. They were addressed, in the +beginning of this century, by the learned Archbishop of Myra, Monsignore +Brancadoro, Secretary of the Propaganda, to a distinguished Dominican, +Father Concanen, then agent of the Irish bishops, who was afterwards +promoted to the See of New York, and who died at Naples, in the year 1808, +before he could take possession of his diocese. + +The first letter, dated the 7th August, 1801, refers to certain +resolutions adopted by ten Irish prelates, in January, 1799, at a sad +period of our history, when Ireland was in a state of utter prostration, +and abandoned to the fury of an Orange faction. In such circumstances, we +are not to be surprised that the Catholics of Cork, Waterford, Wexford, +and many other parts of Ireland, in the hope of preserving their lives and +property, should have petitioned to be united to England; or that Catholic +prelates, anxious to gain protection for their flocks, should have +endeavoured to propitiate those who had the power of the government in +their hands, by taking into consideration the proposals then made—that the +state should provide for the maintenance of the clergy, and that a right +should be given to the state to inquire into the loyalty of such +ecclesiastics as might be proposed for the various sees of Ireland. + +The celebrated Dr. Milner, treating of the resolutions just referred to, +observes in his _Supplementary Memoirs_, p. 115, that they had nothing in +common with the veto which was afterwards proposed by government in 1805, +and several times in succeeding years, and adds, that the prelates +“stipulated for their own just influence, and also for the consent of the +Pope in this important business.” + +According to the wise determination of the prelates, the matters they had +agreed to were referred to the judgment of the Supreme Head of the Church. +A speedy answer, however, could not be obtained. At that time the great +Pontiff, Pius the Sixth, was a captive in the hands of the French +Republicans, and soon after died a martyr at Valence in France. The Holy +See was then vacant for several months, until, by the visible +interposition of Providence, Italy was freed from her invaders, and the +cardinals were enabled to assemble in conclave to elect a new Pope. Soon +after his promotion, Pius the Seventh occupied himself with the affairs of +our Church, and the secretary of the Propaganda received instructions to +communicate through Father Concanen to the Irish Prelates the wishes of +his Holiness. + +The substance of the official note of Monsignore Brancadoro is, 1. That +his Holiness is thankful to the British government for the relaxation of +the penal laws to which Catholics had been so long subjected, and for any +other acts of liberality or kindness conferred on them. 2. That the Irish +prelates, whilst manifesting their gratitude for the favours they had +received, should prove, by their conduct, that it was not through a +feeling of self-interest, or through hopes of temporal advantages, that +they inculcated on their flocks the necessity of obedience to the laws and +the conscientious fulfilment of the duties of good citizens; but that they +did so through a spirit of religion, and in conformity with the dictates +of the gospel. 3. That to prove how sincerely they were animated with +those feelings, the Irish prelates should refuse the proffered pension, +and continue to act and support themselves as they have done for the past, +thus giving an example of Christian perfection which would not fail to +give general edification. + +The second letter is also from the secretary of Propaganda to Father +Concanen, and is dated 25th of Sept., 1805, in which year Dr. Milner had +just brought under the notice of the Holy See some new projects of +government interference with the Catholic clergy, which had lately been +introduced into Parliament by Sir John Hippisley, at that time a supporter +of Emancipation, but who afterwards gave proofs of a great desire to +enslave the Catholic Church. + +In the second letter Monsignore Brancadoro states the apprehension felt by +the S. Congregation, lest the moment of the Catholic triumph should prove +the one most dangerous to the purity and stability of the Catholic +religion since the Reformation; that it would be no injustice to suspect +the British Government of being influenced by designs to that very effect; +that the Bishops should, therefore, as a general principle, renounce all +idea of advancing their own proper interests, or of securing any temporal +advantages, lest through human frailty they should inadvertently be +surprised into any concessions which in course of time might prove +injurious to the interests of religion. The Secretary then goes on to say +that the S. Congregation found serious difficulties, more or less, in all +the plans which, as Dr. Milner had reported, had been proposed by the +statesmen of the day in England. These plans were:—1. The pensioning of +the clergy. 2. State interference in the nomination of Bishops. 3. The +restoration of the Hierarchy in England. 4. The concession to the ministry +of the right to examine the communications which might pass between the +English and Irish Catholics and the Holy See. + +As to the plan of pensioning the clergy, Monsignore Brancadoro points out +the dangers to which its adoption would expose them. If they accept a +pension from government, the offerings of the faithful will be undoubtedly +withdrawn, and the priesthood will be left quite dependent on the caprice +of those in power. He recalls to Father Concanen’s memory, that in his +previous letter of the 7th of August, 1801, he had announced to him the +Pope’s wish that the Irish clergy should decline all pensions from the +government, and mentions that the Irish Bishops, in reply, had stated that +they willingly renounced all temporal advantages in order to preserve +religion uninjured. + +The secretary of the Propaganda next reminds his correspondent that Pius +VI., in a brief of 20th March, 1791, had condemned a decree of the +National Assembly of France, by which the clergy of that country were made +pensioners of the state; and he adds that the Holy See had resisted a +similar attempt of the English government in regard to the clergy of +Corsica, when that island had fallen into their hands. + +Examining the various vetoistical plans mentioned by Dr. Milner, +Monsignore Brancadoro quotes the authority of the great and learned +Pontiff, Benedict XIV., to show how decidedly opposed the Holy See has +always been to every project directed to vest Catholic ecclesiastical +appointments in the hands of a Protestant sovereign. This question is +discussed in a brief of that Pope addressed to the Bishop of Breslau on +the 15th of May, 1748, and his words are as follows: “There is not +recorded in the whole history of the Church a single example in which the +appointment of a bishop or abbot was conceded to a sovereign of a +different religion”. He adds “that he would not, and could not, introduce +a practice calculated to scandalize the Catholic world, and which, besides +bringing on him a dreadful judgment in another world, would render his +name odious and accursed during life, and much more so after death”. + +2. The learned writer then proceeds to examine the various plans of +granting to government certain powers in regard to the nomination of +bishops, and explodes them all as replete with danger to religion, and +well calculated to enslave the Church. + +The plans proposed to lessen the Pope’s unwillingness to grant to the +sovereign the right of nomination were the following:—Some thought that +the nomination should be limited to a certain class of persons who should +have been approved of by the episcopal body after an examination and +trial. Such a body might be the vicars-general, of whom two should be +appointed for each diocese. The government was to be bound to choose the +bishops out of this body. This plan was rejected, first, because it would +really amount to vesting the nomination of bishops in a non-Catholic +sovereign; and secondly, on account of difficulties created by the +circumstances of the time and place. + +Others proposed to give the government the right of excluding from the +episcopal charge those obnoxious to itself. Monsignore Brancadoro says of +this plan, that unless this right of exclusion were restricted by limits, +it would be equivalent to a real power of nomination. But even so, even +after due limitation, it was an absolute novelty in the Church, and no one +could tell what its consequences might be. Besides, it was uncalled for, +since the experience of so many centuries ought to have convinced the +government that the ecclesiastics appointed to govern dioceses were always +excellent citizens. Besides, it was the custom of the Holy See not to +appoint to a vacant diocese until it had received the recommendation of +the metropolitans and the diocesan clergy. This was a safeguard against +improper appointments. + +3. With respect to the restoration of the Hierarchy in England, Monsignore +Brancadoro blames the motive which induced the English nobles to petition +for such a change of church government, namely, the desire they felt to +have bishops less bound to the Holy See. He declares that, although +differing _quoad jus_, bishops and vicars-apostolic did not differ in +reality, and that the Holy See was equally well satisfied with the bishops +of Ireland, and the vicars-apostolic of England and Scotland. + +4. The Secretary condemns, as worst of all, the plan of giving to the +ministers the right to examine the communications that pass between the +Holy See and the British and Irish Catholics. Such a right has never been +allowed, even to a Catholic power, much less should it be allowed to a +Protestant government. The case of France was not to the point, for there +the right was limited to provisions of benefices alone. The government has +no reason to be afraid: the Holy See has expressly declared to bishops and +vicars-apostolic, that it does not desire any political information from +them. + +The two official notes we insert will be read in their original language +with great interest. They are noble monuments of the zeal of the holy +Pontiff, Pius VII., and of the vigilance with which the Holy See has +always endeavoured to uphold the rights and independence of our ancient +Church. Undoubtedly the wise instructions given in those letters had no +small share in arousing that spirit with which a few years later our +clergy and people resisted and defeated all the efforts of British +statesmen to deprive our Church of her liberties, and to reduce her to the +degraded condition of the Protestant establishment. The notes of the +secretary of Propaganda are a fine specimen of ecclesiastical writing, +illustrating the maxim _fortiter in re, suaviter in modo_. + + + + +I. From Mgr. Brancadoro to Father Concanen, O.P., Agent at Rome for the +Irish Bishops. Dalla Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801. + + +Informata la Santità di Nostro Signore del nuovo piano ideato de Governo +Brittannico in supposto vantaggio della ecclesiastica Gerarchia dei +cattolici d’Irlanda, non ha punto esitato a manifestare la più viva +reconoscenza verso la spontanea e generosa liberalità del prelodato +Governo, cui professerà sempre la massima gratitudine, per l’assistenze, e +favori, che accorda ai mentovati cattolici de’ suoi dominj. Tenendo poi la +Santità Sua per indubitato, che la sperimentata fedeltà di quel Clero +Cattolico Romano al legittimo suo Sovrano derivi interamente dalle massime +di nostra S. Religione, le quali non possono mai esser soggette a verun +cambiamento, desidera il suddetto Governo resti assicurato, che i +Metropolitani, i Vescovi e il Clero tutto della Irlanda conoscerà sempre +un tal suo stretto dovere, e lo adempirà esattamente in qualunque +incontro. Brama però ad un tempo vivissimamente il S. Padre, che +l’anzidetto Clero seguitando il plausibile sistema da lui osservato finora +si astenga scrupolosamente dall’ avere in mira qualunque suo proprio +temporale vantaggio, e che dimostrando sempre con parole, e con fatti la +sincera invariabilità del suo attacamento, riconoscenza, e sommissione al +Governo Brittanico, gli faccia vieppiù conoscere la realtà di sua +gratitudine alle offerte nuove beneficenze, dispensandosi dal profittarne, +e dando con ciò una luminosa prova di quel costantè disinteresse stimato +tanto conforme all’ Apostolico zelo dei ministri del Santuario, e tanto +giovevole, e decoroso alla stessa cattolico Religione, come quello che +concilia in singular modo la stima, e il respetto verso dei sagri +ministeri, e che li rende più venerabili, e più cari ai fedeli commessi +alla loro spirituale direzione. + +Tali sono i precisi sentimenti che la Santità di Nostro Signore ha +ordinate al Segretario di Propaganda di communicare alla Paternità Vostra +affinchè per di Lei mezzo giungano senza ritardo a notizie degli ottimi +Metropolitani, e Vescovi del regno d’Irlanda, nel quale spera fermamente +Sua Santità, che come ad onta dei più gravi pericoli si è già mantenuta in +passato, cosi manterassi pur anco in avvenire affatto illesa da ogni +benchè menoma macchia la nostra cattolica Religione. + +Lo scrivente pertanto nell’ eseguire i Pontificj comandi si rassegna nel +suo particolare colla più distinta stima ec. + + + + +II. From the same to the same. Dalla Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805. + + +REVERENDISSIMO P. MAESTRO CONCANEN, + +La lettera del degnissimo Monsig. Milner, Vicario Apostolico del distretto +medio d’Inghilterra, diretta a V. P., la cui traduzione ella, per ordine +del Prefetto stesso, ha communicata all Arcivescovo di Mira, Segretario di +Propaganda, ha fatto entrare la Sacra Congregazione nello stesso timore, +che manifesta l’ ottimo Prelato, che il momento della fortuna dei +cattolici nel Parlamento sia il più pericoloso alla purità, e stabilità +della nostra santa Religione, che sia mai avvenuto dopo la pretesa riforma +di quel regno, e non si farebbe ingiuria al Governo acattolico, se si +sospettassero appunto queste mire: E perciò dovranno i Vicarj Apostolici, +ed i Vescovi di quel dominio abbandonare ogni mira di proprio vantaggio, +ed interesse temporale, da cui, indebolito il loro cuore potrebbe +facilmente, senza avvedersene, essere sorpreso a condiscendere in qualche +cosa, che recherà, col tempo, del pregiudizio alla Religione. + +Questo spirito di disinteresse si scorge già luminosamente in Monsig. +Milner dal tenore della sua lettera: e perciò chiede egli saviamento della +S. C. delle istruzioni, colle quali regolarsi nella trattativa, in cui si +trova impegnato. Ma la S. C. trova delle difficoltà gravi, più o meno, in +tutti i progetti, ch’ egli narra, fatti da quei politici. + +Ed in primo luogo, riguardo al progetto di assegnarsi stabili pensioni sul +pubblico erario ai Vescovi, ed al Clero di quel dominio, la Santità di N. +S. espresse già i suoi sentimenti, per mezzo di un biglietto dell’ +Arcivescovo, che scrive, diretto a V. P, in data dei 7 Agosto 1801, il +quale essendo stato da lei comunicato ai metropolitani, e vescovi +d’Irlanda, essi risposero, che rinunziavano volentieri a qualunque +vantaggio temporale, per conservare illibata la cattolica Religione. Sarà +dunque opportuno di spedire a Mons. Milner la copia di quel Biglietto, che +si dà qui annessa. + +E per verità, accettandosi dal clero le pensioni, cesseranno immantinente +molti fondi di sussistenza, che ora ritrae dalla pietà de fedeli; +resteranno le pensioni per quasi unico mezzo di sostentamento. Ora chi non +vede a quali gravissime tentazioni non si esporrebbero gli ecclesiastici, +di condiscendere, in qualche cosa pregiudiziale alla s. Religione, alla +volontà di un Governo di religione diversa, che può in un punto ridurlo +allu mendicità col ritenere le pensioni? Per questa, ed altre ragioni, +essendosi adottata la massima di dare le pensioni al clero dell’ Assemblea +Nazionale di Francia nella Costituzione civile del clero, la Sa. Me. di +Pio VI. la riprovò nel suo breve dei 20 marzo 1791. pag. 61, e seg. Ed +avendo la stessa corte di Londra, quando entrò in possesso della Corsica, +fatto il medesimo progetto, vi si oppose la S. Sede, e quella Real corte +desistè dall’ impegno. + +Riguardo all’ influenza, che si vorrebbe, del potere civile nella nomina +de’ vescovi, cosi varj progetti, che si sono fatti, per regolare una tale +influenza, è in primo luogo da avvertirsi, che la nomina assolutamente non +potrà accordarsi al Sovrano, come acattolico. Al qual proposito basterà +riportare i sentimenti di Benedetto XIV. Questo gran Pontefice in una sua +lettera scritta al vescovo di Breslavia li 15 maggio 1748, si espresse ne’ +seguenti termini.—"Non ritrovasi in tutta la storia Ecclesiastica verun +indulto conceduto da Romani Pontefici ai Sovrani di altra comunione, il +nominare a Vescovadi, ed Abbadie—soggiungendo, che non voleva, ne poteva +introdurre un esempio, che scandalizzarebbe tutto il mondo cattolico, e +che, oltre la gravissima pena, la quale Iddio gli farebbe scontare nell’ +altro mondo, renderebbe il suo nome esoso, e maledetto in tutto il tempo +di sua vita, e molto più in quello che avrebbe a decorrere dopo la di lui +morte. La stessa difficoltà sussisterebbe ugualmente, ancorchè il diritto +di nomina fosse limitato tra una classe di persone, esaminata prima, e +previamente sperimentata, ed approvata dal corpo dei Vescovi, come quello +de’ Gran-Vicarj, da stabilirsene due in ogni Diocesi, e Distretto. Ma +oltre a questo, il progetto de’ Gran-Vicarj involve gravissime difficoltà +per le circostanze locali. Perciocchè, lasciando anche stare il pericolo +dell’ ambizione degli ecclesiastici presso de’ Vescovi, e Vicarj +Apostolici per essere dichiarati Gran-Vicarj, quando che ora, scegliendosi +i soggetti da promuoversi dal ceto degli operaj, s’ impegnano anche gli +ambiziosi a faticare a prò delle anime: é chiaro ancoro, che in tanta +penuria di ecclesiastici, ch’ è in tutto cotesto dominio, se si tolgono +due Gran-Vicarj per ogni Vicario Apostolico, o Vescovo, mancheranno +affatto gli ecclesiastici per la cura delle anime. + +Il semplice diritto di esclusiva involverebbe minori inconvenienti +intrinseci, purchè fosse limitato; giacchè altrimenti, a forza di +escludere si otterrebbe per indiretto una vera nomina. Ma questo diritto è +affatto nuovo; e l’ introdurlo per la prima volta, non si sa a quali +conseguenze potrebbe condurre. Ma siccome tutti questi progetti si fanno +per assicurare il Governo, che non sia promossa persona, che non gli sia +invisa, dovrebbe bastare l’ esperienza di tanti secoli, ad assicurare il +Governo, stesso della somma premura, che ha sempre avuta la S. Sede, che i +soggetti da lei promossi, non solo non siano invisi, ma siano anche +graditi del Governo stesso. Eo V. P. puó di fatto proprio attestare della +somma industria, attività, e segretezza usatasi, qualche tempo fa, della +S. Sede, per escludere persona, che sospettava potere riuscire men gradita +al Governo, benchè ape poggiata da forti raccomandazioni, ed includesse +altra persona, cha sicuramente fosse di sua soddisfazione. Oltre di che +essendo solitquesta S. C. di attendere per gli promovendi gli attestati, e +le postulazioni, o le informazioni de’ Metropolitani, o degli altri Vicarj +Apostolici, ed anche del clero della rispettiva Diocesi, prima di proporre +al S. P. i soggetti, da questi certamente sapra quali siano quelle +persone, che possano essere poco accette al Governo, per escluderle +sicuramente. + +Quanto al desiderio de’ Magnati, di avere vescovi, in vece di Vicarj +Apostolici, in se stesso considerato è santissimo, ed analogo alla +costituzione della Chiessa Cattolica; e se n’ è trattato altre volte in +Inghilterra. Dispiace solamente il fine, per cui si fa un tal progetto, +cioè per avere Prelati meno aderenti alla S. Sede. Ma la S. Sede nulla +avrebba a temere da siffata innovazione, sull’ esempio de’ vescovi d’ +Irlanda de quali è ugualmente contenta che de’ Vicarj Apostolici d’ +Inghilterra, e di Scozia. Senza che, la constante esperienza dimostra, che +quantunque in diritto sia diversa la condizione de’ Vicarj Apostolici de +quella de’ Vescovi; pure in fatti non porta effetti diversi. Solo devrebbe +rifflettersi alle circostanze de’ tempi, ed agl’ incovenienti che +potrebbero esercitare il cosi detto Club Cisalpino, per evitarsi al +possibile ogni innovazione. + +Più di tutti sarebbe fatale quel progretto, che per altro Monsig. Milner +dice essere di alcuni pochi, che ogni communicazione de’ cattolici colla +S. Sede debba soggiacere all’ esame de’ ministri di S. M. Questo diritto +non si è mai riconosciuto dalla S. Sede in alcun principe cattolico: e l’ +esempio che si cita, della Francia, era dai concordati limitato alle sole +ecclesiastiche proviste. Ma quanto sarebbe più pericoloso in un Governo +acattolico, con cui non è possibile di convenire nelle massime religiose. +Si spera per altro, che quei pochi, che propongono, un tal progretto, non +troveranno seguito: e che quel Governo, che si vanta di lasciare una piena +libertà ai suoi sudditi, non vorra imporre loro una catena negli effari +più delicati, che riguardano la coscienza, per gli quali soltanto i +cattolici, communicano colla S. Sede: giacchè la S. C. nel questionario +stampato, che manda a quei Vescovi, e Vicarj Apostolici per norma della +relazione delle loro chiese, nel primo articolo si protesta espressamente +che non vuole di loro alcuna nuova politica. + +Molto consolante è poi, riuscito alla S. Congr. la nuova, che sia +riuscito, allo stesso Monsig. Milner di ottenere un’ assai piú grande +libertà per gli soldati cattolici nell’ esercizio della S. Religione; e +che abbia ben dispositi gli animi, per fare riconoscere validi nella legge +civile i matrimonj contratti avanti un sacerdote cattolico. V. Paternità +gliene faccia i più vivi ringraziamenti, per parte di questa S. C. + +In fine l’ Arcivescovo, che scrive, con piena stima se le rassegna. + + + + + +A RECENT PROTESTANT VIEW OF THE CHURCH OF THE MIDDLE AGES. + + +The history of the Church in the middle ages has ever forced upon +Protestant minds a difficulty which they have met by many various methods +of solution. The middle age exhibits so much of precious side by side with +so much of base, so much of the beauty of holiness in the midst of +ungodliness, so much of what all Christians admit as truth with what +Protestants call fatal error, that the character of the whole cannot +readily be taken in at first sight from the Protestant point of view. Some +there are who dwell so long on the shadows that they close their eyes to +the light, and these declare the medieval Church to have been a scene of +unmitigated evil. To their minds the whole theology of the period is +useless, or worse than useless, harmful. They connect the middle ages with +wickedness as thoroughly as the Manicheans connected matter with the evil +principle. + +Others there are who honestly admit that these ages, especially their +earlier part, are not Protestant, but at the same time contend that +neither are they favourable to Roman doctrine. These believe that facts +abundantly prove that in the bosom of the Church which was then, the two +Churches were to be found, which afterwards disengaged themselves from one +another at the Reformation. This is the philosophy of medieval history +which, as we learn from the preface to his collection of _Sacred Latin +Poetry_,(1) has recommended itself to Dr. Trench, the present Protestant +Archbishop of Dublin. “In Romanism we have the residuum of the middle-age +Church and theology, the lees, after all, or well nigh all the wine was +drained away. But in the medieval Church we have the wine and lees +together—the truth and the error, the false observance and yet at the same +time the divine truth which should one day be fatal to it—side by side.” +For such thinkers the sum of all the history of that period amounts to +this: a long struggle between two Churches—one a Church of truth, the +other a Church of error—a struggle which, however, ended happily in the +triumph of the Church of truth by the Reformation, in which the truth was +purified from its contact with error. + +It is not without its advantages to know what views the occupant of an +Irish see so distinguished, is led to take, of the Church to which +seventy-seven out of every hundred Irishmen belong, with all the +convictions of their intellects, and all the love of their hearts. It +seems to us that his theory is not likely to satisfy any party; it goes +too far to please some, and stops short too soon to be agreeable to +others. But what strikes us most of all in it is the fatal inconsistency +of its parts. Of this the very book to which it serves as preface is proof +enough. Dr. Trench’s position is this. He tells his Protestant readers +that whereas in the medieval Church there was a good church, and an evil, +all the good has found its resting place in Protestantism, all the evil in +tyrannical Rome. Whatever of good, of holy, of pure, has ever been said or +done within the Church, Protestants are the rightful inheritors of it all. +From the treasury of the Church before the Reformation he proposes to +draw, and to collect in this work what his readers may live on and love, +and what he is confident will prove wholesome nourishment for their souls. +He would set before them the feelings of the Church during these thousand +years of her existence, and would summon from afar, from remote ages, +“voices in which they may utter and embody the deepest things of their +hearts”. Such, he assures them, are the voices of the writers whose poems +have found a place in his book. Now, if we are to understand that the two +ante-Reformation Churches stood out quite distinctly, one from the other, +in open antagonism, like Jerusalem and Babylon, each having its own +position more or less clearly defined, we should naturally expect to find +in Dr. Trench’s book the thoughts and words only of the Reformers before +the Reformation, of the men, that is, who never bent the knee to Baal, but +ever cherished in their hearts the true doctrine of salvation. If his own +theory be worth anything, he must have recourse for his present purposes, +to that one of the two Churches which alone has been perpetuated, +victorious after conflict, in Protestantism. Where else shall he find +sympathies that answer to those of Protestants? But he does not do so. For +in the beginning of his preface he tells us that he has not admitted each +and all of the works of the authors whose productions he inserts. He tells +us that he has carefully excluded from his collection “all hymns which in +any way imply the Romish doctrine of transubstantiation”, or, “which +involve any creature-worship, or speak of the Mother of our Lord in any +other language than that which Scripture has sanctioned, and our Church +adopted”, or which “ask of the suffrages of the Saints”? These certainly +are not the doctrines which have been perpetuated in Protestantism. + +His own practice, therefore, is inconsistent with his theory, if that +theory means to assert the existence of two Churches in the middle age, +distinctly antagonistic, one to the other. + +The only escape from this tangle is to reply, that Dr. Trench, although he +may find two Churches in the bosom of the middle-age Church, does not, +however, place between them a separation so sharp as to suppose the Church +of good absolutely without evil, nor the Church of evil altogether +destitute of good. In each there is good and some mixture of evil: error +relieved by a vein of truth. His favourite authors, by whose labours he +wishes to make his readers profit, are, in this last hypothesis, men who +are subject to the influence of both Churches; men who belong partly to +each in turn, whose doctrines are a pitiable admixture of truth with +falsehood—who, in one word, are visited both by “airs from Heaven and +blasts from Hell”. At times they say what all, even Protestants, may +treasure up in their hearts, to live on and love; at times, again, they +are made to utter what all should reject and condemn, as so many snares +for unwary feet. We shall say nothing of the difficulty the mind feels in +accepting such a description of the position of these writers, nor of the +task we have to persuade ourselves that those who teach belief in deadly +heresies to be essential to salvation, can be, at the same time, the +chosen tabernacles wherein the pure spirit of real piety can ever take up +its abode. Such was not the feeling of the ancient Church. We ask, +instead, who are the men upon whose writings Dr. Trench would sit in +judgment, “to sunder between the holy and profane”, to distinguish between +the errors and the truth, to decide what we are “to take warning from and +to shun, what to live upon and love”. With the exception of the two, Alard +and Buttmann, all are men highly honoured by the whole Catholic world, and +all, without exception, are praised for their excelling virtues by Dr. +Trench himself. Among the twenty-three names we read with reverence those +of Saint Ambrose, Saint Bonaventure, Venerable Bede, Saint Bernard, Saint +Peter Damian, Thomas a-Kempis, Peter the Venerable, Jacopone, and others +of great reputation for sanctity and learning. These are the men whose +writings Dr. Trench is to parcel out into two portions; this to be +venerated as sacred, that to be condemned as profane. It needs great faith +in the censor, to accept readily his decision in such a case. What test +does he undertake to apply? what criterion is to influence his choice? Why +does he cast away the poems which celebrate St. Peter as Prince of the +Apostles, and approve of those that extol St. Paul? Why should he style +Adam of St. Victor’s hymn on the Blessed Virgin an exaggeration, and quote +as edifying his _Laus S. Scripturae_? Why are St. Bonaventure’s pieces in +honour of Mary visited with censure, and his lines _In Passione Domini_ +made the theme of praise? Dr. Trench gives us his reasons very plainly. +“If our position mean anything”, says he (page x.), “we are bound to +believe that to us, having the Word and the Spirit, the power has been +given to distinguish things which differ.... It is our duty to believe +that to us, that to each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks, will +be given that enlightening spirit, by whose aid it shall be enabled to +read aright the past realizations of God’s divine idea in the wise and +historic Church of successive ages, and to distinguish the human +imperfections, blemishes, and errors, from the divine truth which they +obscured and overlaid, but which they could not destroy, being, one day, +rather to be destroyed by it”. That is to say, we, as Protestants, in +virtue of our position as such, are able by the light of the Holy Spirit +to discern true from false doctrine, the fruits of the good Church from +the fruits of the evil Church. This enlightening Spirit will be given to +each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks it. But, we ask, what are +we to believe concerning the working of the same enlightening Spirit in +the hearts of the holy men whose exquisitely devotional writings Dr. +Trench sets before us? Were they men of humility and earnestness? If they +were not, Dr. Trench’s book appears under false colours, and is not a book +of edification. And if they were, as they certainly were, who is Dr. +Trench that he should take it on himself to condemn those who enjoyed the +very same light which he claims for himself? And why should we not then +rather believe that as these holy men had, on his own showing, the spirit +of God, Dr. Trench, in condemning their doctrine does in truth condemn +what is the doctrine of the Church of the Holy Spirit. + +The theory is therefore as inconsistent as on historical grounds it is +false. Such as it is, however, the conclusions we may draw from it are of +great importance. + +1. Dr. Trench declares that, both by omitting and by thinning, he has +carefully removed from his selection, all doctrine implying +transubstantiation, the cultus of the Blessed Virgin, the invocation of +saints, and the veneration of the cross. Now, as the great bulk of the +poems he publishes belong to the middle ages, strictly so called, it +follows, on Dr. Trench’s authority, that these doctrines of the Roman +Catholic Church were held long before the Reformation, and that the Church +was already in possession when Luther came. + +2. Since he tells us (page vi) that he has counted inadmissible poems +which breathe a spirit foreign to that tone of piety which the English +Church desires to cherish in her children, it follows that the spirit of +piety in the Church of old is not the same as that in the present Church +of England. Now in such cases the presumption is against novelty. + +3. Dr. Trench (page vii) reminds his readers that it is unfair to try the +theological language of the middle ages by the greater strictness and +accuracy rendered necessary by the struggle, of the Reformation. A man who +holds a doctrine _implicitly_ and in a confused manner, is likely to use +words which he would correct if the doctrine were put before him in +accurate form. This is a sound principle, and one constantly employed by +Catholic theologians, when they have to deal with an objection urged by +Protestants from some obscure or equivocal passage of a Father. It is +satisfactory to be able for the future to claim for its use the high +authority of Dr. Trench. + +4. A special assistance of the Holy Spirit is claimed for all those who +humbly and earnestly invoke him. This assistance is to enable those +blessed with it to distinguish between error and divine truth. Is this +happy privilege to be exercised either independently, without the +direction of the ministers of the Church, or is it one of the graces +peculiar to the pastoral office? In the former case, every fanatical +sectary may judge in matters of religion as securely as if he had the +whole world on his side. In the latter case, it would be interesting to +know how much does this privilege differ from the infallibility claimed by +the Catholic Church. + +5. Finally, the contradictions inherent to the whole theory are most +clearly to be seen in the following passage about the noble lines which +Hildebert, Archbishop of Tours, in the beginning of the twelfth century, +places on the lip of the city of Rome: + + + “I have not inserted these lines”, says Dr. Trench, “in the body + of this collection, lest I might seem to claim for them that + entire sympathy which I am very far from doing. Yet, believing as + we may, and, to give any meaning to a large period of Church + history, we must, that Papal Rome of the middle ages had a work of + God to accomplish for the taming of a violent and brutal world, in + the midst of which she often lifted up the only voice which was + anywhere heard in behalf of righteousness and truth—all of which + we may believe, with the fullest sense that her dominion was an + unrighteous usurpation, however overruled for good to Christendom, + which could then take no higher blessing—believing this, we may + freely admire these lines, so nobly telling of that true strength + of spiritual power, which may be perfected in the utmost weakness + of all other power. It is the city of Rome which speaks: + + Dum simulacra mihi, dum numina vana placerent, + Militiâ, populo, moenibus alts fui: + At simul effigies, arasque superstitiosas + Dejiciens, uni sum famulata Deo; + Cesserunt arces, cecidere palatia divum, + Servivit populis, degeneravit eques. + Vix scio quae fuerim: vix Romae Roma recordor; + Vix sinit occasus vel meminisse mei. + Gratior haec jactura mihi successibus illis, + Major sum pauper divite, stante jacens. + Plus aquilis vexilla crucis, plus Caesare Petrus, + Plus cinctis ducibus vulgus inerme dedit. + Stans domui terras; infernum diruta pulso; + Corpora stans, animas fracta jacensque rego. + Tunc miserae plebi, nunc principibus tenebrarum + Impero; tunc urbes, nunc mea regna polus. + Quod ne Caesaribus videar debere vel armis, + Et species rerum meque meosque trahat, + Armorum vis illa perit, ruit alta Senatûs + Gloria, procumbunt templa, theatra jacent. + Rostra vacant, edicta silent, sua praemia desunt + Emeritis, populo jura, colonus agris. + Ista jacent, ne forte meus spem ponat in illis + Civis, et evacuet spemque bonumque crucis. + + + + + +THE MSS. REMAINS OF PROFESSOR O’CURRY IN THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY. NO. II. + + +_Prayer of St. Aireran the Wise, ob._. 664. + + + [In the first number of the RECORD we published from the + manuscripts of the late Professor O’Curry the Prayer of St. Colga + of Clonmacnoise. We now publish another beautiful devotional piece + from the same collection. + + Speaking of ancient Irish religious works now remaining, O’Curry + says (at page 378 of his great work): “The fifth class of these + religious remains consists of the prayers, invocations, and + litanies, which have came down to us”. The Prayer of St. Colga, + published in our last number, is placed by O’Curry in the second + place among these documents, which he sets down in chronological + order. + + “The first piece of this class (adopting the chronological order) + is the prayer of St. _Aireran_ the Wise (often called _Aileran_, + _Eleran_, and _Airenan_), who was a classical professor in the + great school of Clonard, and died of the plague in the year 664. + St. Aireran’s prayer or litany is addressed, respectively, to God + the Father, to God the Son, and to God the Holy Spirit, invoking + them for mercy by various titles indicative of their power, glory, + and attributes. The prayer consists of five invocations to the + Father, eighteen invocations to the Son, and five to the Holy + Spirit; and commences in Latin thus: ‘O Deus Pater, Omnipotens + Deus, exerci misericordiam nobis’. This is followed by the same + Invocation in the Gaedhlic; and the petitions to the end are + continued in the same language. The invocation of the Son begins + thus: ‘Have mercy on us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son Of + the living God! O Son, born twice! O only born of God the Father’. + The petition to the Holy Spirit begins: ‘Have mercy on us, O + Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit the noblest of all spirits!’ + (See original in APPENDIX, No. CXX.) + + “When I first discovered this prayer in the _Leabhar Buidhe + Lecain_ (or Yellow Book of _Lecain_), in the library of Trinity + College, many years ago, I had no means of ascertaining or fixing + its date; but in my subsequent readings in the same library, for + my collection of ancient glossaries, I met the word _Oirchis_ set + down with explanation and illustration, as follows: + + “ ‘_Oirchis_, id est, Mercy; as it is said in the prayers of + Arinan the Wise’:—Have mercy on us, O God the Father Almighty!” + See original in APPENDIX, No. CXXI. + + “I think it is unnecessary to say more on the identity of the + author of this prayer with the distinguished _Aireran_ of Clonard. + Nor is this the only specimen of his devout works that has come + down to us. Fleming, in his Collecta Sacra, has published a + fragment of a Latin tract discovered in the ancient monastery of + St. Gall in Switzerland, which is entitled ‘The Mystical + Interpretation of the Ancestry of our Lord Jesus Christ’. A + perfect copy of this curious tract, and one of high antiquity, + has, I believe, been lately discovered on the continent. + + “There was another _Airenan_, also called ‘the wise’, who was + abbot of _Tamhlacht_ [Tallaght] in the latter part of the ninth + century; but he has not been distinguished as an author, as far as + we know”. + + It seems to us that there are three things specially worthy of our + consideration in this beautiful prayer. + + In the first place, we find in it an explicit and most clear + declaration of the Catholic Faith regarding the Blessed Trinity, + especially the distinction of three persons, and the Divinity of + each of these Divine Persons. “O God the Father Almighty, O God of + Hosts, help us! Help us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! Help us, + O Almighty God, O Holy Spirit!” + + We are in the next place struck by the extraordinary familiarity + with the Holy Scripture which the writer evinces. There is + scarcely one of the epithets which is not found in the sacred + pages, almost in the precise words used by him, beginning with the + first words, addressed to the Eternal Father, “O God of Hosts”, + the _Deus Sabaoth_ of the Prophets, and going on to the last + invocation of the Holy Ghost, “Spirit of love”, which comprises in + itself the two inspired phrases: “_Spiritus est Deus_”, and “_Deus + Charitas est_”. We may also remark the coincidence between Saint + Aireran and the liturgical prayers of the Church, especially in + the invocations of the Holy Ghost found in the office of + Whitsuntide and in the administration of the Sacrament of + Confirmation, “_Tu septiformis munere: Digitus Paternae + dexterae_”. “O Finger of God! O Spirit of Seven Forms”. + + In fine, we find our Irish saint applying to the Son of God the + vision of the Prophet Ezechiel regarding the four mysterious + animals: “O true Man! O Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle!” The prophecy + is commonly interpreted of the Four Evangelists. Saint Augustine + and Saint Jerome are quoted as authorities for this + interpretation. But it is worthy of remark, that Saint Gregory the + Great, whilst giving the same interpretation, applies the + mysterious vision also to God the Son.(2) And Saint Aireran, by + adopting this opinion, seems to afford us another proof of the + great familiarity of our Irish scholars with the writings of the + great Pontiff and Father of the Church. And this familiarity is + rendered still more remarkable, and serves to give another proof + of the constant communication between Rome and Ireland, from the + close proximity of the times of our Saint and of Saint Gregory.] + + +O Deus Pater omnipotens Deus exerce tuam misericordiam nobis! + +O God the Father Almighty! O God of Hosts, help us. + +O illustrious God! O Lord of the world! O Creator of all creatures, help +us. + +O indescribable God! O Creator of all creatures, help us. + +O invisible God! O incorporeal God! O unseen God! O unimaginable God! O +patient God! O uncorrupted God! O unchangeable God! O eternal God! O +perfect God! O merciful God! O admirable God! O Golden Goodness! O +Heavenly Father, who art in Heaven, help us. + +Help us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son of the living God! O Son +twice born! O only begotten of the Father! O first-born of Mary the +Virgin! O Son of David! O Son of Abraham, beginning of all things! O End +of the World! O Word of God! O Jewel of the Heavenly Kingdom! O Life of +all (things)! O Eternal Truth! O Image, O Likeness, O Form of God the +Father! O Arm of God! O Hand of God! O Strength of God! O right (hand) of +God! O true Wisdom! O true Light, which enlightens all men! O Light-giver! +O Sun of Righteousness! O Star of the Morning! O Lustre of the Divinity! O +Sheen of the Eternal Light! O Fountain of immortal Life! O Pacificator +between God and Man! O Foretold of the Church! O Faithful Shepherd of the +flock! O Hope of the Faithful! O Angel of the Great Council! O True +Prophet! O True Apostle! O True Preacher! O Master! O Friend of Souls +(Spiritual Director)! O Thou of the shining hair! O Immortal Food! O Tree +of Life! O Righteous of Heaven! O Wand from the Stem of Moses! O King of +Israel! O Saviour! O Door of Life! O Splendid Flower of the Plain! O +Corner-stone! O Heavenly Zion! O Foundation of the Faith! O Spotless Lamb! +O Diadem! O Gentle Sheep! O Redeemer of mankind! O true God! O True Man! O +Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle! O Crucified Christ! O Judge of the Judgment +Day! help us. + +Help us, O Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit more noble than all +Spirits! O Finger of God! O Guardian of the Christians! O Protector of the +Distressed! O Co-partner of the True Wisdom! O Author of the Holy +Scripture! O Spirit of Righteousness! O Spirit of Seven Forms! O Spirit of +the Intellect! O Spirit of the Counsel! O Spirit of Fortitude! O Spirit of +Knowledge! O Spirit of Love! help us. + + + + + +THE DESTINY OF THE IRISH RACE.(3) + + +That God knows and governs all things—that whatever happens is either done +or permitted by him, and that he proposes to himself wise and beneficent +ends in all he does or permits—are truths which lie at the foundation of +all religion. The wicked may refuse to obey his commands, but they cannot +withdraw themselves from the reach of his power. While their wickedness is +entirely their own, _God_ makes them, however unwilling or unconscious, +instruments to work out his ends. + +It is thus that individuals and nations have each a peculiar destiny. Not +that there is a blind fate, such as Pagans imagined; but that an +all-seeing and all-governing God proposes to himself certain objects, +which he is determined to attain, despite the perversity of man. + +To learn the purposes of God in the development of human events, to trace +his hand in the complicated movements of society, to see him overruling +and directing all to his own great ends, is one of the most sublime +objects to which the study of history can be applied. Frequently, indeed, +we may be unable fully to comprehend the designs of his providence in the +moral, as in the physical world. Fancy, or pride, may easily have a great +part in suggesting our theories. But, if we confine ourselves to certain +facts and undoubted principles, we can often trace the design in both +orders, and admire in it the wisdom, the power, the goodness—all the +attributes of God. Nay, all these shine more brightly in the moral than in +the physical order. + +The history of his chosen people is an example of this. We find empires +rising and falling, at one time to punish, at another time to try, at +another to deliver his people. The good and the wicked, the weak and the +strong, become in turn his instruments. The whole history of that people +is but a record of the acts of his overruling providence, directing all +things to the accomplishment of the designs which he had announced. + +This is, indeed, so evident in this case that it may not be considered a +fair instance to prove my general position. For it is admitted that God’s +providence over the Jewish race was quite extraordinary. Still, it proves +that God does so intervene in human affairs, and it illustrates many of +the principles that must be kept in view in these investigations. It +shows, for example, that many, unconscious of the fact—nay, with quite +another object in view, acting perhaps from avarice, hatred, or ambition, +are yet instruments in the hand of God for the accomplishment of his wise +purposes. It shows how things, and persons, considered as of little or of +no value, according to human views, may, in reality, be the pivots on +which the destinies of vast empires turn, connected, as they may be, with +the accomplishment of purposes which weigh more in the scales of Heaven +than the mere temporal condition of all the empires of the Earth. + +It is in this view that many Christian writers assert that the Roman +empire obtained universal sway, that civilized nations being thus brought +closely together, an easier way might be prepared for the spread of the +Gospel. The generals and statesmen of Rome had no doubt a very low idea of +the poor fishermen of Galilee, and of the tentmaker of Tharsus. It may be +safely presumed that they did not even allow their names to divert their +thoughts, for a moment, from the grand projects of conquest and government +by which they were engrossed. Yet, in the designs of God, it was, most +probably, to prepare a way for the work of those fishermen, and of that +tentmaker, and their associates, that wisdom had been vouchsafed to their +counsels and victory to their arms. + +The endless invasions of the Roman empire by northern tribes is another +instance of whole races being used by God for his own purposes, without +their having any idea of the work in which they were employed. They came +to punish those who had revelled in the blood of the saints, and to supply +fresh material for the great work of the Church of God. + +Towards the close of the fifteenth century, an Italian sailor, led by some +astronomical observations and some half understood, or rather +misunderstood, tales of ancient travellers, to believe that there must be +another continent far away beyond the western waters, wandered from court +to court, in Europe, in search of means to fit up an expedition to +discover it, and he finally succeeded in making known a new world. It +requires little faith in divine Providence to believe that it was God who +was impelling him thus to open a new outlet for the energies of the +ancient world, which were then about being developed on a gigantic scale, +and, still more, to prepare a field for a more extensive spread of the +Gospel, in which the Church might repair the losses she was about to +sustain in the religious convulsions impending in Europe. + +Numberless similar instances might be quoted. These designs of God are +sometimes manifest, sometimes hidden; sometimes they are far-reaching, +sometimes limited. Ignorance and pride may mistake or pervert them. But +they always prevail; they are always worthy of their Author; and let me +add, that the salvation of men being the object most highly prized by God, +it is not only rightfully considered the most noble, but it is that to +which his other works may be justly accounted subordinate. + +It is under the light of these principles that I undertake an +investigation of the purposes of God regarding the Irish race. These +purposes seem to me no longer matter of speculation; they may be +pronounced manifest; for they are written in unmistakable characters in +the development of events. + +The history of Ireland is, in many respects, peculiar. Few nations +received the faith so readily, and no other preserved it amidst similar +struggles. St. Patrick first announced the Gospel to the assembled states +of the realm at Tara. He received permission to preach it, unmolested, +throughout the length and breadth of the land. By his indomitable zeal and +heroic virtue, he succeeded in winning over the natives so effectually, +that at his death few pagans remained in Ireland. Not a drop of blood was +shed when Christianity was first announced. Heroism was displayed only by +the exalted virtues of the Apostle and of the neophytes. Nowhere else did +the Gospel take root so quickly and so firmly, and produce fruits so +immediate and so abundant. Catholic Ireland soon became the home of the +saints and sages of the Christian world. To many of the nations of the +continent her apostles went forth, charged with the embassy of eternal +truth. In every realm of Europe her children established sanctuaries of +piety and learning; and to her own hospitable shores the natives of other +lands flocked to receive education, and even support, from her gratuitous +bounty. Homes of virtue dotted her hills and valleys; and thus were laid +deep the roots of that strong attachment to the faith, which, later, was +to be exposed to trials the most severe. + +We thus find God preparing Ireland for a future, then hidden to all but +Himself. For the day of trial came at last. She was reposing in peace, +under the shadow of the Gospel, when the barbaric invasion, that swept +before it every vestige of learning and religion in many parts of Europe, +reached her shores. Ireland was the only country that rolled back its +wave. But she did this at the cost of her life’s blood. For two centuries +the Dane trampled her sons under foot. His cruelties yet re-echo in the +national traditions. But the Irish race at last arose in its might, and +drove the barbarian from its shores. The churches of the country had been +pillaged, its monasteries plundered, its institutions of learning +destroyed—everything that the sword could smite, or fire consume, had +perished; but the Irish race came out of the ordeal preserving its own +integrity, and the jewel which it prized above all else—its glorious +faith. + +Not long after this deliverance, and before Ireland had succeeded in +obliterating the traces of Danish cruelty, another invader set his foot on +her shores. Availing himself of the discords naturally arising from the +disorganized state of society, he succeeded in gaining a foothold. By +fanning these discords, he kept possession and gained strength. The rule +of the Saxon became thus almost as severe a calamity as had been the +oppression of the Dane. To the hatred, which is generally greater in the +oppressor than in the oppressed, were added, in time, religious fanaticism +and the desire of plunder, which became its associate and assumed its +garb. The _mere_ Irishman, who was hated under any circumstances on +account of his race, was now hunted in his own country as if he were a +wild beast. The property of the Catholic people was confiscated, and most +stringent laws were enacted to prevent its renewed acquisitions. Priests, +wherever found, were put to death, and the severest penalties were +inflicted on those who would harbour any that escaped detection. +Extermination by fire and sword was ordered in so many words, and was +attempted. When this failed, a system of penal laws was established, which +were in full force until lately, and which a Protestant writer of +deservedly high repute (Burke) calls a “machine of wise and elaborate +contrivance, and as well fitted for the oppression, impoverishment, and +degradation of a people, and the debasement in them of human nature +itself, as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man”. Upon the +partial abandonment of this form of oppression, a system of proselytism +was adopted, and is yet in full vigour (for it has become an institution, +and the best supported institution in Ireland), which, by bribes to the +high and the low, appeals to every base instinct to draw men away from the +faith. + +Yet neither confiscation of property, nor famine, nor disgrace, nor death +in its most hideous forms, could make Ireland waver in that faith which +our forefathers received from St. Patrick. There were, of course, from +time to time, and there are, a few exceptions. Did not these occur, the +Irish must have been more than men. But, as a general rule, the places +that could not be procured or retained, except by apostacy, were resigned. +The rich allowed their property to be torn from them, and they willingly +became poor; the poor bore hunger and all other consequences of wretched +poverty; and though every Earthly good was arrayed temptingly before them, +they scorned to purchase comfort at the price of apostacy. During the four +years from 1846 to 1850, nearly two millions either perished from hunger +or its attendant pestilence, or were forced to leave their native land to +escape both. In the midst of the dead and the dying, proselytisers showed +themselves everywhere, well provided with food and money, and Bibles, and +every one of the sufferers felt, and was made to feel, that all his +sufferings might have been spared had he been willing to barter his faith +for bread. Yet the masses could bear hunger and face pestilence, or fly +from their native land; but they would not eat the bread of apostacy. They +died, or they fled; but they clung to their faith. + +In vain, I think, will history be searched for another example of such +vast numbers, generation after generation, calmly, silently facing an +unhonoured death, without any support on earth but the approving voice of +conscience. + +This fidelity can be predicated with truth of the whole Irish race, +notwithstanding the numbers of those in Ireland who are not Catholics. For +these, besides being a minority of the inhabitants, are but an exotic, +planted in Ireland by the sword. They were imported, being already, and +because they were, of another faith, for the purpose of supplanting that +of the inhabitants. Many of them adopted the faith of the old race, so +that the names that indicate their origin are not a certain test of their +religion. But so steadily has the old stock adhered to its faith, that an +Irish “O”, or “Mac”, or any other old Celtic name, is almost sure to +designate a Catholic. Indeed, such names are usually called “Catholic +names”. Whenever an exception is found, it is so rare an occurrence that +the party is considered a renegade from his race as well as from his +religion. + +It would, however, be not only unfounded to flatter ourselves that this +stability in the faith is the result of anything peculiar in the Irish +nature, but it would be, I may say, a blasphemy to assert it. God alone +can preserve any one in the paths of truth and virtue; how much more must +we attribute to Him the fidelity of a whole race, under the trying +circumstances here enumerated? + +Such grace may have been given, as many believe, in reward of the +readiness and the fulness with which our ancestors first received the +faith of the Gospel, and it is hoped that God will to the end grant the +same grace of fidelity to their descendants. Our great Apostle is said to +have asked this favour from God for the nation which so readily responded +to his call. Let us unite our prayers with his, and, like Solomon, ask for +our race not riches, nor power, but true wisdom, which is, above all and +before all, allegiance to the true faith. This was the prayer, no doubt, +which the millions of our martyred ancestors poured out. They themselves +sacrificed property and liberty; they gave up everything that man could +take away, that they might preserve this precious jewel. They believed +that in doing this they were following the dictates of true wisdom, and, +in their fondest love for their remotest posterity, they wished and prayed +that similar wisdom might be displayed by them. May their prayer be heard +to the end. + +This prayer has been heard, or at least this grace has been granted, up to +the present. When the sons of Ireland on this day return in thought to the +homes of their fathers, they may indeed look back upon a land inferior to +many in the elements of material greatness. They may behold her castles +and rich domains in the possession of the stranger. They may view the +masses of their race with scarcely a foothold in the land of their +fathers, liable to be ejected from the farm, and driven out on the public +highways, and from the highways into the crowded town, and from the hovels +of the crowded town into the poorhouse, and even at the poorhouse denied +the right of admission. But amidst all the miseries of those who yet dwell +in the old land—in spite of the wiles of unscrupulous governments, and +heartless and tyrannical landlords, and hypocritical proselytizers—in +spite of open violence and covert bribes, their undying attachment to the +faith remains unaltered, unshaken—a monument of national virtue more +honourable than any which wealth or power could erect, or flattery devise. + +But all this is a grace, a great grace of God. It reveals a purpose of +Heaven more bountiful in regard to this people than if he had raised them +to the highest place in material power amongst the nations of the Earth. + +Temporal prosperity, in its various forms, though a favour from God, is +not his most precious blessing. He himself selected the way of the Cross. +In abjection and suffering he came into the world; he lived in it despised +and persecuted, he died amidst excruciating torments. To those whom he +loved in a special manner, he says, “Can you drink the chalice which I am +to drink, and be baptized with the baptism with which I shall be +baptized?” and when they reply, they can, the promise that this shall be +fulfilled, his leading them to follow him in the way of the Cross, his +calling them to suffer for righteousness, is the best pledge of his +greatest love. + +This grace he has given to Ireland. Her children have received and +accepted the call; they have reaped the reward. Indeed, I have found the +opinion entertained by many clergymen of extensive experience, that there +is not probably a people on this Earth of whom more, in proportion to +their number, leave this world with well grounded hopes of a happy +eternity. They do not, it is true, display a boastful assurance that they +are about to ascend at once into Heaven. But vast masses serve God with +humble fidelity in life, and, at death, acknowledging and sorry for their +sins, doing all they can to comply with his requirements, they throw +themselves, with resignation to his will, into the arms of his mercy. + +Were nothing else apparent in the purposes of God, we might stop here. We +would find a great and worthy object for all that Ireland has suffered, +and cause to thank the Almighty Ruler for having given her the grace to +suffer in union with and for the sake of his Son. + +But God’s graces are often given for ulterior purposes; and it may be +asked whether the extraordinary preservation of this nation’s faith has +not another object in his wise and merciful counsels. + +It appears to me that this is now clear in the case of Ireland. But, to +understand it properly, we must reflect more closely on her connection +with England, and on the condition of this latter country. + +In the sixteenth century England abandoned the faith to which she had +adhered for a thousand years. Her apostacy, though consummated by degrees, +may be said to have become at last complete. The blood of her best sons +flowed at Tyburn. The priests that were not of the number were banished, +or forced to seek safety in hiding places. The same price was put on the +head of a priest as on that of a wolf. The property of Catholics was +confiscated, their children were taken from them, and educated in the +religion of the establishment. These and analogous measures produced their +effect at last. Were it not for these things, a great part of that nation, +if not a majority, would be Catholic to-day. Though they desired no share +in the plunder of the Church, and had no fancy for the new theories of the +Reformers, they were weak enough to yield to a pressure, under which +compromise first, and then apostacy, afforded the only means of escaping +confiscation and the loss of every social advantage, frequently the only +means of escaping death. The old faith stamped, indeed, its mark on the +institutions of the kingdom in a manner that could not be blotted out. It +left its memorials everywhere throughout the land. The noble universities, +the gorgeous cathedrals, and the splendid ruins scattered over the surface +of the country, are witnesses of its departed power; but it is itself +effectually blotted out from the hearts of the people. Though the most +noble kings and princes of the land had delighted in honouring +Catholicity, though England had sent her apostles and her saints into many +a clime, though her hills and valleys had re-echoed for centuries with the +sweet songs of Catholic devotion, her people now know nothing more hateful +than the faith under the auspices of which their fathers were civilized. +They nickname it “Popery”, and the name expresses that which is to them +most hateful. + +Yet this England, this Catholic-hating England, has become one of the +greatest nations of the Earth in the material order. Her fleets are +mirrored in every sea; her banner floats on every continent. It has been +truly said that the sound of her drums, calling her soldiers from slumber, +goes before and greets the rising sun in its circuit around the globe. + +But what is most remarkable, and certainly not without some great purpose +in the order of divine Providence, England has become in our day the great +hive from which colonies go out to people islands and continents in +distant parts of the world; lands which were before vast wastes, tenanted +only by the wild beast, or by the savage scarcely less ferocious. Indeed, +she is the only nation in our day that seems to have received such a +mission. + +And is it then to an apostate nation exclusively that God has given the +mission to fill up these wastes? Is it a corrupted faith only which is to +be borne to these savage nations, and to be planted in those vast regions, +which God has made known to civilized man in these latter days? Were this +the case, we might tremble, though we should adore it as one of the +inscrutable judgments of God, dealing with nations in his _great_ wrath. + +But is such the fact? It would indeed be the fact were it not for faithful +Ireland. But, united as England is with Ireland, the result is quite +otherwise. The very ambition and desire for gain which impel England to +extend her power and plant her colonies in the most distant countries of +the globe, become the instruments for carrying also the undying faith of +Ireland to the regions which England has conquered. + +Saul went to seek Samuel, thinking only of finding his father’s asses. God +was sending him to be anointed king over his people. England sends her +ships all over the world, thinking only of markets for the produce of her +forges and her looms. God is sending her that she may spread everywhere +the faith of the Irish people. + +Under the “Union Jack”, on which the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew +are blended, but so blended as to prevent any Christian symbol being +recognized (a fit emblem of the effect of the union of jarring sects, each +professing to proclaim Christianity, but between them only obscuring and +obstructing it)—the Irishman, too, is borne to the distant colony. He +goes, probably, before the mast or in the forecastle, but he bears with +him the true faith; and when he lands he hastens to raise its symbol. This +may be at first over a rude chapel. But it is a signal to other +way-farers, and they gather under its shade to offer up the sacred +mysteries. As soon as his means permit, even before he can build a good +dwelling for himself, he takes care that the house of God be, in every +possible degree, worthy of its sacred character. And so the Church creeps +on and grows, and regions that sat in darkness are now blessed by the +offering of the Adorable Sacrifice and the announcement of the true faith. + +The Irishman, generally speaking, did not leave home through ambition, or +for conquest. He departed with sorrow from the shade of that hawthorn +around which the dearest memories of childhood clustered. He would have +remained content with the humble lot of his father had he been allowed to +dwell there in peace. But the bailiff came, and, to make wider pastures +for sheep and bullocks, his humble cottage was levelled, and he himself +sent to wander through the world in search of a home. But in his +wanderings he carries his faith with him, and he becomes the means of +spreading everywhere the true Church of God. + +It is thus that the tempest, which seems but to destroy the flower, +catches up its seeds and scatters them far and near, and these seeds +produce other flowers as beautiful as that from which they were torn, so +that some fair spot of the prairie, when despoiled of its loveliness, but +affords the means of covering the vast expanse with new and variegated +beauties. + +It is thus that the famine, and the pestilence, and the inhuman evictions +of Irish landlords, have spread the faith of Christ far and near, and +planted it in new colonies, which, when they shall have grown out of their +tutelage, will look back to the departed power of England and the undying +faith of Ireland as, in the hands of Providence, the combined causes of +their greatness and their orthodoxy. Macaulay’s traveller from New +Zealand, who will, on some future day, “from a broken arch of London +Bridge, take a sketch of the ruins of St. Paul’s”, may be some Irish “O’” +or “Mac” on a pilgrimage to the Eternal City, who passes that way—having +first landed on the shores from which his ancestors were driven by the +“crowbar brigade”, and visited with reverence the hallowed graves under +whose humble sod lie the bones of his martyred forefathers. + +It is thus that the Catholic faith is being planted in the British +colonies of North America; it is thus it is carried to India, and to +Australia, and to the islands of the South Sea. Thus are laid the +foundations of flourishing churches, which promise, at no distant day, to +renew, and even to surpass, the work done by Ireland in the palmiest days +of faith, when her sons planted the Cross, and caused Christ to be adored, +as he wished to be adored, in the most distant regions of the earth. + +The magnitude of this work is not to be measured even by the importance of +these transplanted churches at the present moment. The countries to which +I have alluded are but in their infancy. We can see on this continent the +rapid strides of such infant colonies. Within three quarters of a century +this country has advanced in population from three to over thirty +millions, and in most other elements of greatness in still grander +proportions. If it continue to increase, as it has done regularly from the +beginning, at the end of this century, or soon after, it will have a +population of over one hundred millions—that is, as great as is now the +population of France, and Spain, and Italy, and Great Britain combined. If +this be expected in this country in forty years, what will the case be in +one or two hundred, in this and so many others similarly situated? + +Australia starts with all the advantages of this country, and some +peculiar to itself, and is following it with giant strides. It may +overtake it before long, if not outstrip it. But the position of +Catholicity there is very different from what it was at the commencement, +or even at an advanced period, in the United States. The Catholics in +Australia occupy a position of practical social equality with others. They +will grow with the growth and strengthen with the strength of their +adopted country, and have their fair share in its importance. + +England herself, from which the Catholic name was thought to have been +almost blotted out, has been deeply affected by this exodus of Irish +Catholics. In her cities, and towns, and hamlets, the Cross has been +raised from the dust. At the side of the ancient monuments which remind +England of her apostacy, humble spires rise in every part of the land, and +tell that nation that the faith which they thought destroyed still lives, +and is ready to admit them again to its wonted blessings. They stand +there, and betoken the unity and stability of that faith of which they are +the symbols—of that faith which reclaimed the fathers of that people from +barbarism, and continued to be the faith of the land for a thousand years, +and is yet a faith, and the only faith, in which men of every tongue and +every clime are united. The English people see its unity and stability, +while they are forced to witness the ever shifting and clashing forms of +the religion that was substituted for it. For, in the name of the one +Christ and the one Bible, altar is everywhere erected against altar, +pulpit thunders against pulpit, the teaching of to-day is contradicted in +the same pulpit on the morrow; yet each one proclaims his own device as +the plain teaching of Scripture. + +This confronting of unity with confusion, of steady adherence to truth +with the ever varying shifts of error, of the mild but bright glory of an +everlasting Church with the frivolities of the proudest inventions of men, +is a grace, and a great grace, which God grants. It is a grace for the use +of which that people will give strict account. And oh! may that use be, +that they will make it fructify to their salvation. For while we +appreciate the blessings granted to ourselves, we have no other feeling in +their regard than a wish that they, too, may share in these blessings, and +be like unto us in everything “except these chains”. + +But whether well used or abused, whether unto “the ruin” or “salvation” of +many in that country, this grace is given chiefly through the Irish +emigration. + +I am not unaware of, nor do I undervalue, the importance of the faithful +remnant that has in England steadfastly continued in the faith once +delivered to the saints, nor of the accession made to their numbers by the +conversion of so many noble souls, to whom God gave light and strength to +overcome the many difficulties that would have fain prevented their +following that light. But of both we might not inaptly ask, “What are +these amongst so many?” They are like those few tints that gild the skies +here and there, when the sun’s light has all but departed; or like those +stars that pierce at night the cumbered heavens—bright, indeed, and +beautiful—but only showing forth more clearly the dark outlines of the +heavy and murky clouds that shroud the horizon. They make us feel only +more sensibly, and keep fresh in our memory, the loss of the sun that has +set. + +It is the Irish emigration that has chiefly supplied the multitudes who +flock around English altars, that has made churches and schools spring up, +that has finally called for the restoration of a numerous hierarchy; and, +as if to mark this fact, and point out the great part that Ireland had in +restoring Catholic life to England, God has so arranged it that the first +head and brightest ornament of that new hierarchy should be the son of +Irish emigrants; for such is the great and illustrious Cardinal Wiseman. + +And even in these United States, let people say what they please, has not +the Irish race held the first place in planting the cross throughout the +length and breadth of the land? + +In this, and wherever else I speak of the Irish race, I do not, of course, +confine myself to those born in Ireland. The work which a race is called +to do is to be done by those who now live, and by their children and their +children’s children, wherever they happen to be born. Indeed, it would be +a contradiction in terms to consider the father and son, wherever born, as +belonging to different races. Be it for weal or for woe, be it unto honour +or unto shame, the fathers cannot disown the children nor the children the +fathers. If it depended on feeling or wishes, I, for one, would be very +glad to dissolve connection with any one who insists that he owes nothing +to the race that gave him a father or a mother. I would readily leave such +a one to his proud claim of owning no paternity but the land on which he +vegetates, and I only regret that he will scarcely bring to it much credit +or advantage. He who is unwilling to acknowledge the father that begot +him, or the mother that gave him suck, is not a prize worth contending +for. But whatever we or he may wish, whatever be the results to us or to +him, he is flesh of our flesh and bone of our bone. What God has united, +neither he nor we can put asunder. + +It is not that we should form separate classes or castes, or that we claim +other rights or privileges, or have other duties than those of other +races; but the one to which each man belongs has been fixed by the +Almighty Provider in the very act of giving him being, and he who would +fain conceal, or disown, or be ashamed of his race—that is, of the order +of Providence to which he owes his existence—could succeed in nothing else +but in proving himself unworthy the esteem of men of any race. + +I know and gratefully acknowledge the important services rendered to +Catholicity in the United States by persons of other races. There was, +first of all, the Maryland colony, with whose noble history that of few, +if any, of the other colonies can compare. By their justice and humanity +in treating with the native tribes, by similar justice and fair dealing +with other colonists, of every religion and every race, by their domestic +virtues and patriotic course, the men of that colony deserved and received +a high place in the esteem of their countrymen and of the world. + +But their number is small, too small—indeed. Would that they were more. +Were they all put together they would not form one average diocese of the +forty-six now existing in this country. + +God has sent us many illustrious men from France, and Belgium, and Italy, +who have occupied the foremost ranks in the ministry, whose heroic virtues +and zealous works are even now as beacon lights to all who labour for +God’s glory. But as to the people from these countries, they are not many +more than those from the Maryland stock. Germany has sent many of her +hardy sons to labour with the steadfastness of their countrymen in +building up the walls of the sanctuary. These are, indeed, a most +important element, and are destined to become more and more important +every day. They may yet exercise a greater influence on the destiny of the +Church in this country than the Irish race. But so far, I think, no one +will claim that they can be compared with it in numbers, or as to the +results hitherto obtained. Of the converts in this country we may say the +same thing as of those in England. + +Giving all, therefore, what belongs to them—for there is not, nor should +there be here, any room for jealousy—I think it will be admitted that it +is above all others to the sons of Ireland and to their children that the +spread of Catholicity is due in this land. No matter who ministered at the +altar (though there, too, the sons of Ireland have had their share), in +the body of the church you will find that, in the majority of places, they +constitute the bulk, and in many the whole of the congregation. Their hard +earned dollars were foremost in supplying means to buy the lot and raise +the building from which the Catholic faith is announced. The priest, no +matter what his own nationality, was nowhere more confident of finding +help and support than among the Irish emigrants or their children. +Wherever a railway, or a canal, or a hive of industry invited their sturdy +labour, the cross soon sprang up to bear witness to their generosity and +their faith. + +Even the old Maryland colony, though consisting chiefly of English +Catholics, seeking here a freedom of conscience denied them at home, had +its Irish element, and that not the least noble in deeds nor the least +conspicuous in virtue. + +When at the period of the Revolution the noblest men of this land stood +together, shoulder to shoulder, and issued that Declaration of +Independence to which they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their +sacred honours, it was a Catholic of the Irish race who affixed his +signature for Maryland. In doing this he pledged an honour as pure, and a +life as precious as any of the rest, but he staked a fortune equal to, if +not greater than, that of all the others put together. When he signed his +name, one standing by said, “There go some millions”. Another remarked, +“There are many Carrolls; he will not be known”. He overheard the remark, +and to avoid all misconception, wrote down in full, “_Charles Carroll, of +Carrollton_”. + +Yet this noble scion of the Irish race, for so many years the pride and +the ornament of his native state, while fulfilling all the duties of an +illustrious citizen, was not ashamed of the race from which he sprang. +Instead of selecting amongst French _villes_ or English _parks_ or _towns_ +a name for his princely estate, he stamped on it a title with the good old +Celtic ring. He called it after a property of one of his Irish ancestors, +_Doughoregan Manor_, thereby telling his posterity and his countrymen that +if they feel any pride in his name, they must associate him with a race +which so many affect to despise. + +Let all the sons, and the sons of the sons, of Ireland be, like him, +faithful to their duties as citizens, ready to sacrifice their all for +their country, whether that all be little, or as great as was his vast +wealth; just and respectful and charitable to men of all races and creeds, +not anxious either to conceal or obtrude their own, but rather to live +worthy of both; determined, in a word, faithfully to discharge all their +civil and Christian duties, let them be earnest in elevating the one by +greater fidelity to the other. Acting thus, they will imitate Charles +Carroll, of Carrollton, and fulfil all I would wish them to do out of +fidelity to their country, their religion, and their race. + +It was also one of the Maryland stock, but of this same Irish race—another +Carroll—who was chosen the first bishop, and the founder of the hierarchy, +of the young American Church; as if Providence here too wished to indicate +from which race the chief strength of Catholicity was to be derived in +this land. + +Would it be overstraining matters to say, that a hint of this was also +given by Providence in the Irish name of the future metropolitan see of +the United States—the first in time, and always to be the first in +dignity? The word _Baltimore_ is an Irish word, and, through the founder +of the colony, was derived from an Irish hamlet, which from the extreme +south-west coast of Ireland, is looking, as it were, over the waters of +the Atlantic to this continent for the full realization of its name. The +word, in the Irish language, means “the town of the great house”, and it +was beyond the Atlantic that Baltimore, in becoming the chief see of a +great church, has truly become “the town of the great house”, for the +church, or house at the head of which it stands, extends probably over a +wider surface than any other church or churches amongst which any one +bishop holds pre-eminence, excepting only the church governed by the Vicar +of Jesus Christ, to whom is committed the care of _all_ the sheep and +lambs of God’s fold, that is, the whole of Christ’s Church. In names, +which God has given, or permitted to be given, he has frequently +foreshadowed the destinies of individuals and races. Would it be +superstitious to suppose that in the Irish name of this American +ecclesiastical metropolis—the only important city in this country that has +an Irish name—Providence pointed, on the one hand, to its future position +in the Christian hierarchy, and on the other to the character of the chief +portion of the family of that house or church? + +But, be this as it may, it was a scion of the Irish race who was the +founder of the new American hierarchy. For some time he held the crozier +alone. The whole country was his diocese. But he did not depart until he +saw suffragans around him forming a regular hierarchy, that was destined +to multiply and, mainly on Irish shoulders, carry, everywhere, the ark +that would spread blessings throughout the land. + +The work that has thus been commenced is no doubt destined to prosper. It +is not without a motive that in this country the lines are drawn, and the +foundations laid by Providence for a noble church. Its beginnings (for we +may say it is yet in its infancy) bear many of the marks of the process by +which the work was effected, It is destined to grow, and may it grow, +particularly in the mild beauty of Christian virtue, and win, by love, the +homage of all the children of the land, that all may receive through it +the graces of Heaven, and even their Earthly prosperity be consolidated +and become the means of their acquiring higher blessings. + +But whatever be said of the United States, the Irish race is certainly +almost alone in the work of diffusing Catholicity in the various other +countries in which the English language is spoken. + +The sufferings of Ireland were, therefore, the means, and evidently +intended by God as the means to preserve her in the faith, to give her its +rewards in a high degree; and this preservation of her faith was as +evidently intended to make her and her sons instruments in spreading that +faith throughout the English-speaking world. This is, therefore, what I +claim to be, in the counsels of God, the DESTINY OF THE IRISH RACE. + +Did we endeavour to draw this conclusion by far-fetched arguments, we +might fear the delusions of fancy, but I think it is plainly written in +the facts to which I have alluded, when looked at with faith in an +overruling Providence. The diffusion of the true faith enters too closely, +and is too primary a thing in the designs of God, to suppose it for a +moment to be the work of accident. It is his work first of all. Where it +exists it exists because he so willed it. The instruments that effected it +must be those which he has chosen and placed to the work with this very +view. When, therefore, the results obtained, and those we see in the +certain future, and the means by which they are obtained, are a matter of +intuition, rather than of reasoning, the conclusion drawn seems to me to +have all the force of demonstration, and in no way liable to be considered +the product of fancy or of national pride. + +This interpretation of the facts of history will, by some, be considered a +complicated theory, and therefore unworthy of God. But the simplicity of +God’s operations by no means excludes multiplicity and combination of +agents in themselves most inadequate or discordant. Our inclination to +exclude these, though we imagine the very contrary, is the result of the +consciousness of our own weakness, which we would fain attribute to God. +_We_ may, indeed, be overwhelmed, or at least embarrassed, by many +instruments; and therefore we think it wise to avoid their use. But, it is +as easy for God to use and direct many as few, or to produce results by +his own immediate action. Nay, though sometimes he performs wonderful +works in a moment, he is more often pleased to act through numerous and +far-reaching instruments, which, at times, seem even to work in opposition +to his designs, and by overruling and directing them, to prove that he is +Ruler and Master over all things in action, as well as the Author of their +being. + +By one word he made the Earth produce “every green herb” and “every +fruit-tree yielding fruit according to its kind”; but he is now pleased to +make the fertility of the earth, and the various ingredients of the air, +and the heat and light of the sun, labour through a whole season to +produce the flower, that for a few days wastes its fragrance on the +meadow. At one time he sends his angel to strike down in one night myriads +of the enemies of his people; at another he is pleased “to hiss for the +fly, that is in the uttermost parts of the rivers of Egypt, and for the +bee that is in the land of Assyria” (_Is._, vii. 18), that they may come +and be the instruments of his vengeance. At one time he rains down bread +from Heaven to feed a whole multitude; at another, he sends his angel to +take the prophet by the hair of his head from Judea, even unto Babylon, +that he may supply food to his servant. + +It is not for us to prescribe ways to Providence, but to study His design +in the events which we witness, and to bow down and adore his Power, his +Wisdom, and his Goodness. + +To give power to an apostate and persecuting nation, and the grace of +fidelity to another; to use and even to create the material resources of +the first as the instrument of his design over the latter, may appear a +circuitous course, but it is only another instance of that unity of +purpose and multiplicity, variety and apparent incongruity of means, which +we witness in almost all his works. + +When the people of God were carried away into captivity, “the priests took +the fire from the altar, and hid it in a valley where there was a pit +without water”. There “they kept it safe”, while the Gentile hosts reigned +triumphant in the land. But “when many years had passed”, and the people +returned, they sought the fire, but found only “thick water”. This they +sprinkled on the new sacrifices that were prepared, and “when the sun +shone out, which before was in a cloud, there was a great fire kindled so +that all wondered”. (II. _Mach._, i. 19, 22). + +An analogous phenomenon, methinks, has been presented in Ireland. That +combination of frenzy and irreligion, which men have called “The +Reformation”, swept before it almost every vestige of faith from many of +the northern countries of Europe, and seemed in a special manner to have +enveloped in darkness the islands of the West. Men were like “raging waves +of the sea, foaming out their own confusion”, boasting of liberty and +light, but treating the faithful with savage cruelty, and showing their +own inability to hold fast any positive principles which they proclaimed +as truth. The ancient faith of these islands, overwhelmed in the waters of +tribulation, seemed hidden in the hearts of the Irish people, saddened by +persecution and sufferings of every kind. + +But the day has come for pouring forth this water on nations. By their +sufferings, the Irish race, driven into many lands, mingles with the +progeny of its oppressors. The sun of God’s grace, which seems under a +cloud, is now shining forth, and a great fire is enkindled and is +spreading its light and its heat far and near. The Church of God is +everywhere showing itself again in its pristine beauty. English-speaking +nations that were the ramparts of heresy, are beginning again to fall into +the ranks of Catholic unity, and, as happened once before, the light of +faith that took refuge in the most distant island of the West, is, from +that sacred spot, sending forth its beams and gladdening the Church by +giving her whole people as her children. + +So far we are led, I may say, by the mere logic of facts. Were we to +indulge in speculation, but in a speculation quite in conformity with the +beneficent designs of God, we might expect still more from these effects +of the steadfastness of Ireland. + +Notwithstanding all the faults of England, the Catholic heart throughout +the world has never lost its interest in that land, once so faithful. +Other nations, once as Catholic, have been lost, and they are almost +forgotten. The land where the Saviour Himself lived is, indeed, remembered +on account of the sacred spots which he trod; but no hopes are entertained +for the conversion of its people. The Churches planted by the Apostles +have been destroyed. We cherish the memory of the holy confessors and +martyrs who adorned them; but despair of their return to the truth is the +only feeling in their regard that we can discover in the Catholic world. + +But in one way or another the Catholic heart seems never to have despaired +of the return of England. Opinions and expectations which are, probably, +nothing more than an expression of the intensity of this feeling, are +everywhere to be met. They exist among the learned and the high, as well +as amongst the humble children of the Church, and are found to be +cherished in different lands. England, with her long catalogue of saints, +seems to be considered, not as an outcast, on whom the sentence of +spiritual death has been executed, but rather as the prodigal, who in a +moment of thoughtlessness demanded, what he called his own share, and +wandered from his father’s house. The father is looking out, expecting +every day to see the wayward one return, and is ever ready to kill the +fatted calf, and to call on his friends and neighbours to rejoice and be +merry, for “he that was dead is come to life again, and he that was lost +is found”. + +But, alas! there is much reason to fear that such joy is not to be +expected. We know of no instance of a whole nation once fully and +deliberately apostatising from the faith ever again returning. The grace +of faith, if lost by individuals by formal apostacy, is seldom recovered. +It has never yet been recovered by any nation that once enjoyed its full +light, and deliberately abandoned it. It is not for us, to be sure, to +place bounds to the mercies of God. Who knows but that in these latter +ages God may do a work which he never did before? and, now that the Church +has encircled the globe, and announced the Gospel to every nation under +the sun, God may send her back on another mission more glorious than the +first, showing forth his power in giving new life to fallen nations as he +did before in converting those who knew not his name. His first work might +be compared to that which he performed when he took the clay and breathed +into it the breath of life; this, to his raising up the dead already +mouldering in the tomb. But he has done both in the physical, and he may +do both in the moral order. + +Without having recourse, however, to this extraordinary dispensation, the +hope of which would be unwarranted by anything we have yet seen, may not +the hopes to which I have alluded, and which could scarcely have existed +without some influence of the divine Spouse of the Church, be realized in +the conversion of the children, rather than in that of the mother? May not +the expectations of the Catholic world be realized by a return of +English-speaking brethren in the various colonies which the mother country +has planted? May _they_ not receive the graces which the latter has cast +away, and thus more than compensate the Church for the loss of that one +island? + +Such results would be no anomaly in the experience of the Church. Several +nations first learned Christianity under a heterodox form, and some of the +most Catholic to-day are their descendants. Their errors were not their +own faults, _as nations_, and God had pity upon them. + +We may say the same thing of this, and of several other countries, where +great and independent peoples will be found one day as they now are here. +This nation has never apostatised from Catholic truth, simply because it +never possessed it _as a nation_. At its birth it was already entangled in +the meshes of heterodoxy, and it found the Catholic Church in its midst, +with few adherents. Yet, at its very birth, it struck off the shackles by +which she was bound. Several circumstances, it is true, aided this course +of justice. But, who will say that these existed otherwise than by God’s +Providence, and for the nation’s benefit, as well as for ours? This course +of justice, moreover, was adopted cordially and fully by the founders of +the country’s independence, and that at a time when the Church was so +treated by few even of those nations on whom she had the best claims. +Bigots, it is true, were not wanting, then, or since. But it is a great +fact, that this nation, _as a nation_ and as a Government, has always, +since its birth, treated God’s Church with justice. + +A cup of cold water, given in the name of Christ, shall not be without its +reward. Do we exaggerate in hoping that this mode of proceeding towards +his Church shall have its reward from her Heavenly Spouse—that it will +plead for this nation with the Divine Mercy, as the alms of Cornelius +obtained for him the knowledge of Gospel truth and a share in its +blessings? The grace of faith, with these blessings, is the greatest which +God gives to man, nor is it the less valuable because it is not now +appreciated or is even spurned. It is God’s grace that gives a hunger for +divine things, as it is by Him that the hungry are filled. + +Yes, I do not only desire, and send up the prayer, but I candidly avow the +hope, that the light of faith is yet destined to shine brightly here, even +amongst those who now look on it with contempt or hostility. In this I am +strengthened by the desire for a knowledge of truth, which, +notwithstanding the bigotry of many, is so widely spread. I am +strengthened by the growth of the Church itself, which bears the marks of +a higher purpose on the part of God than the mere preservation of those +who came Catholics to our shores. I am strengthened by the very losses +which the Church sustains in the falling away of many of her children. For +surely God did not permit them to be driven hither by persecution that +they might perish. He sent them forth to battle, in doing which, though +many may be lost, he will grant victory to his own cause. I am +strengthened by the very dangers by which we are surrounded; nor would my +hope be shaken even if storms should impend. For it is according to the +ways of God to reach his ends amidst contradictions. + +Let it not be said that the humble condition or the faults of many of the +children of the Church, forbid such a hope as this. God’s ways are not as +our ways. It is not by the great or by the mighty that his truth is +propagated. Flesh might otherwise glory in His sight, and men might say +that, by their wisdom and their efforts was His kingdom established. So +far from this being an objection, when other things inspire hope, the hope +is strengthened by the humble form in which the Church presents itself. +Our hope of its diffusion is better founded when we see it borne to our +shores by humble labourers, than if it had come recommended exclusively by +proud philosophers, cunning statesmen, or by men loaded with wealth. + +What we hope for this nation, we may hope with greater reason for the +other nations yet reposing in their infancy, or growing in giant +proportions under British rule. I say, with greater reason, because in +most of these the foundations of Catholicity are laid even more deeply +than they are here. While it would be a great thing for God’s honour and +glory, there is nothing to forbid the hope that these may one day be +united in the true fold of the everlasting Church. The blood of Ireland +and of England will mingle in their veins; and, while they will look back +with shame on the apostacy of the sixteenth century, as a disgraceful +chapter in the history of their forefathers, they will glory in the +recollections of the saints and the heroes of religion who, for a thousand +years, adorned both their mother countries. With feelings analogous to +those with which we look back to the tyrants of the first centuries and +their victims, they will set off the martyr heroes of one portion of their +ancestors to the apostacy of the other, and the apostasy itself will be, +in their history, but an episode proving how far human nature may stray, +while their own conversion will be a standing monument of the power of the +cross. + +If these hopes be realized, the Irish race and its sufferings will have +been the instruments in the hands of God by which the grand result will be +accomplished; but whether they be realized or not, the main point which I +have endeavoured to dwell upon seems to me to be established beyond +doubt—that is, that this race has been preserved by God in the true faith +in an extraordinary manner, for the purpose of spreading that faith +throughout the English-speaking nations which now exist, or which are +coming into being. + +As Ireland owes the preservation of her faith to her being destined as the +leaven of that mass, it is but assigning to God a purpose worthy of His +goodness to say, that England owes her power to her mission to spread that +leaven throughout so many vast regions. It will not, I presume, be +considered rash to say that God, permitting her to acquire power, proposed +to himself some higher object than that other nations should have cheap +cotton or woollen fabrics, or that they should learn how to travel forty +instead of four or ten miles an hour. In his goodness he designed that +power for some purpose worthy of Heaven; and this purpose may be +accomplished whether England herself will it or not, or even though she +desire the very contrary. I have said before, that most learned and grave +writers consider the Roman power to have been intended, in the counsels of +God, to prepare a way for the diffusion of the Gospel. The rulers of Rome +despised the Gospel and its heralds. Still Rome most probably owed to them +her greatness, and but for this mission, she might have remained what she +was in the beginning—an obscure village, a place of refuge for the thieves +of the surrounding country. England may despise the Irish Catholic. Like +Rome, she may look upon the professors of Catholicity as the great +plague-spot of her system. Yet, in the designs of God, she most probably +is indebted for her power to the part she is made to act in the diffusion +of their faith. It is certain, at least, that the highest use of that +power she has yet been allowed to make, is the carrying of frieze-coated +Papists to distant shores, and the clearing of the forests where they are +propagating, and are yet to propagate more extensively, the true faith. If +a higher design in her behalf exist in the arrangements of Providence, it +is yet to be made known. But for this she might have remained, as the poet +described her, “a naked fisher” on her rock, and when she shall have ended +her usefulness as an instrument for accomplishing this object, she may +return “to her hook”, still musing, perhaps, her senseless “No Popery”, +while the churches which she has unwillingly assisted to plant, will be +growing up in beauty and praising God in one harmonious voice with the +other children of his family throughout the world. + +The value and importance of this great mission cannot be overrated. It is +awful to think what would have been the condition of the English-speaking +races, in a religious point of view, if Ireland had shared in the English +apostacy. Scarcely a Catholic voice would be heard amongst those seventy +or eighty millions now using that language, who occupy so large a portion +of the Earth, and in another century, according to the ratio of their +growth, may become two or four hundred millions, or even more. The very +remnant that has continued faithful in England might have followed in the +wake of their predecessors, had not the influence of Ireland caused the +sword of persecution to be sheathed, and civil intolerance to cease at +last, and thus the temptation to be removed which had proved fatal to so +many. In that vast empire, or the empires that may rise out of its +fragments—for, in more than one place are foundations of empires laid +which would grow with giant growth, even though the power of the mother +country were paralysed to-morrow—the holy sacrifice would not be offered +up, and thus the prophecy not fulfilled, which foretold that a clean +oblation would be offered from the rising of the sun to the going down +thereof. That union of the Christian family for which the Saviour prayed +before he suffered, and which he left as a mark by which men would know +his followers, would not be exhibited to the world. Christianity would be +confounded with the products of these latter ages of so-called “light”, +and be thought, like the appliances of steam and the contrivances of +machinery, to owe its power to the genius of the Anglo-Saxon race, instead +of deriving it from Him who died on Calvary. For their Christianity, by +its very name, would proclaim that the work of Christ had failed, until +the press and the “march of light” had come to its aid. Religion, in a +word, instead of being a divine institution, would appear and be amongst +them but a brilliant work or invention of man, and, therefore, in the +supernatural order, but a brilliant delusion, not an institution which the +mercy of God transplanted from Heaven, and made to stand, and to grow, and +to bless, and produce fruit, in every age and in every form of society. + +But, in preserving the faith of the Irish race, God has provided a leaven +of truth for these masses. By the side of systems of religion which men +have devised, stands the everlasting Church—that Church which, as Macaulay +remarked, is the only connecting link between the civilization of the +ancient and modern worlds—the Church which taught the name of Christ to +every nation that knows him, even to those who afterwards fell from the +fullness of truth—the Church which Augustine brought to England, and +Patrick to Ireland—the Church that raised the dignity of the poor, and +humbled the pride of the high, placing all on the level of the Gospel—the +Church that claims no new inventions, but is itself an invention of God, +infinitely surpassing all inventions of man, holding out nothing to the +nineteenth, which it did not present to the first, to the tenth, and to +every other century, but presenting to all the faith and institutions of +God, able to save all, to elevate all, to bring all into one fold, that +all may be united in one happiness in Heaven. + +Is not this great result worth all the sufferings which Ireland has +endured? The ways of God appear often circuitous. But in their circuitous +course they are everywhere fraught with blessings. The children of Ireland +suffered; yet, even in their sufferings they were blessed. He himself +pronounced “blessed those who suffer persecution for justice’s sake”; for +in their trials they redeemed their own souls. But they were doubly +blessed, because they were preserving the ark of God, and carrying it +through the waters of tribulation to bless more amply unborn and numerous +generations. The ways of God are circuitous, and though, like the course +of the planets, they sometimes seem to us to retrograde, they are always +onward. The sufferings of Ireland at a time seemed without a purpose, or +even the very contrary to what we might have expected for so faithful a +people. But, who knows what might have been the result, if justice and +humanity had marked the course of the English nation towards Ireland? Who +knows but the temptation to the latter to be drawn into apostacy would +have been too powerful? Had Apostate England dealt generously or justly +with Catholic Ireland, who knows if, in the alliances that would have been +formed, she would have been equally steadfast in her faith? And though for +a long time confiscations, and plunder, and persecution, and slaughter, +and even now, harsh treatment condemning her sons to famine and +banishment, have been the effects of the English connection; if these have +been the means of creating a barrier that prevented the spread of heresy +amongst her sons, has too great a price been paid for the “pearl” that has +been bought? When, particularly, the cross borne by the children of +Ireland shall have been erected in the Western and Southern Hemispheres, +and flourishing Churches in Catholic unity established under its shade, +where, but for the fidelity of our fathers, heterodoxy alone would have +had sway, shall we not say that little indeed were their sufferings +compared to the value of such an Apostolate of Empires? + +What is any Earthly mission compared to this? What is even the spreading +of civilization with its highest privileges, compared to the spreading of +the saving institutions of the Gospel? Even in this world virtue is a +thing infinitely superior to mere physical power. The man who does God’s +will, whose soul is adorned with grace, is an object of complacency with +his Maker, and enjoys his esteem infinitely more, than he who can control +the hidden powers of nature, and make them subservient to his will, but +does not make his own will conform to the great law that should govern +it—subjection to the will of God. When Earth, and all that is of Earth, +shall have passed away, the proudest human achievements will be seen to +have been as nothing, while those who shall have caused God’s name to be +glorified, shall shine as bright stars “unto perpetual eternities”. + +This mission, however, has its duties as well as its dignity. What will it +avail us to be the sons of martyred sires who sacrificed all for God, if +we barter the faith for which they died, for some paltry bauble, or fail +to transmit it to those under our charge? Will not the constancy and +sufferings of our fathers be a reproach to us before God and man? Will +they not pronounce judgment upon us if, while we honour their heroic +deeds, we ourselves display nothing but pusillanimity? And even though we +preserve our faith, will not this be rather to our shame, if we do not +endeavour to practise the virtues which it teaches? When the salt has lost +its savour, it is good for nothing any more but to be cast out, and to be +trodden on by men. The higher the vocation of God, the lower will be the +degradation of those who fail to correspond. They will be despised, and +justly despised, by God and by men. + +We can see in the fate of other nations the consequences of infidelity to +a noble mission. Spain and Portugal were once great powers. They achieved +great things at home and abroad. The sails of their commerce whitened +every sea. The most distant lands acknowledged their might. They, too, +were missionary nations. They carried the faith to the East and to the +West, and in both hemispheres planted the cross on continents and islands +where Christ was before unknown. God may be said to have given them power +for this purpose. It was mainly through their agency that the missionary +work, which repaired the losses of the Church in Europe, was carried on +for two hundred years. + +But the rulers of these countries listened to wicked counsels. On _one and +the same_ dark day did Spain, on another did Portugal, command the most +strenuous heralds of the cross to be seized and bound in chains. The +galleons that were wont to bear over the deep the treasures of Asia and +America, and pour them into the laps of the mother countries, or to carry +their commands and the means of enforcing them to the most distant lands, +were now spreading their sails over every ocean and sea, in the inglorious +work of conveying to home prisons, or into exile, the truest missionaries +of the cross. On that day these nations renounced their noble mission, and +the power that was given to enable them to carry it out soon departed. + +The immediate agencies producing their downfall, as well as those that +gave rise to their power, may, indeed, be seen in operation before the +existence of the causes to which I have attributed them, but not before +these were known to God. Now, he frequently prepares, by a long process, +the instruments both of his rewards and his punishments, and holds them +ready to be conferred on the virtuous, or poured forth on the head of the +criminal, long before the fidelity of the one be tested, or the guilt of +the other be consummated. Spain and Portugal thus fell, if you will, by +immediate agencies long in operation, but by agencies over which God +ruled, and which He directed according to his own wise counsels. They +fell, and in their humbled condition, mocked by the remains of ancient +greatness, they teach all the important lesson, that the greater the high +calling given by God, the greater the punishment of those who prove +untrue. + +Were we also to prove faithless to the mission which God has assigned us, +we know not what punishment may await us, even in this world. The trials +through which our race has passed, and is passing, may seem severe; but, +they are trials permitted by a loving father. May we never deserve that he +should scourge us in his _great_ anger. We might then find, like the +Jewish people, that to suffer for righteousness’ sake from the hands of +men, is sweet, compared to the gall and wormwood mixed in the cup of those +who fall into the hands of an avenging God. + +On this day, when the Church calls on us to commemorate the heroic virtues +and the glorious deeds of our great Apostle, I would fain say to every son +of Ireland—to every one in whose veins Irish blood flows, no matter where +he himself was born: Let us live worthy of our ancestry, of an ancestry +which is the same for all, and is a noble one, noble in that which is the +noblest thing man can rejoice in—virtue and fidelity to God. We ourselves +are called in a special manner to do honour to our faith by spreading it +amongst nations that are destined to occupy the highest position in the +social scale. Let us be faithful to our calling. Let us show ourselves +worthy sons of the martyred dead. Let us make sure, like them, whatever +else we fail in, not to fail in transmitting the faith to those entrusted +to our charge, never exposing it to danger for any advantage, much less +for the trifling things that may be gained here by want of fidelity. +Transmit, carefully, the faith, first of all, but with faith spare no +effort that you yourselves, and those committed to your care, grow also in +every other virtue. Nay, endeavour so to live that _all men_ may learn to +love the faith which is the spring of your actions, and thus glorify and +love that God who is the “Author and Finisher” of that Faith. + + + + + +LITURGICAL QUESTIONS. (_FROM M. BOUIX’S __“__REVUE DES SCIENCES +ECCLESIASTIQUES__”_). + + +1. Is it lawful or obligatory to insert, at the letter N, in the collect +_A cunctis_, the name of the patron of the locality (if there be one) when +the titular of the church is the Blessed Virgin or a mystery of our +Saviour? + +2. Is it right to place on the corner of the altar the finger-towel, which +in some churches is fastened to the altar-cloth, from which it hangs +suspended? + +3. Is there any obligation to ring the bell at the Sanctus and at the +Elevation, even when there is no one at Mass? + +4. Is it lawful for a priest to use a cincture of the kind generally used +by bishops? + +1. The name of the titular of the church in which the Mass is said is that +which ought to be inserted at the letter N in the collect _A cunctis_. In +the application of this general rule various cases may occur; the title +may be a mystery of our Lord or of our Blessed Lady; or it may be a saint +already named in the collect—for example, Saint Peter or Saint Paul; or +Mass may be said in an oratory which has no titular saint. The following +are the rules to be observed in such cases: + +1o. That it is the name of the titular saint which is to be inserted at +the letter N is clear from the following decrees: + + + 1 DECREE. _Question._ “In missali romano praecipitur, ut post + nomina Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, in oratione _A cunctis_, etc., + dicatur nomen patroni praecipui illius ecclesiae, seu diocesis. In + Hispania est praecipuus illius regni patronus B. Jacobus apostolus + et ex concessione Apostolica in ecclesia dioecesi Guadicensi est + patronus specialis S. Torquatus, B. Jacobi apostoli discipulus, et + ejusdem ecclesiae et civitatis primus episcopus. Quaeritur: An in + praedicta oratione _A cunctis_ debeat dici nomen B. Jacobi + apostoli, an B. Torquati?” _Answer._ “In oratione _A cunctis_ post + nomina sanctorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli, nomen Torquati + tanquam Ecclesiae cathedralis Guadicensis Patroni dumtaxat + ponendum esse”. (Decree of 22 January, 1678, No. 2856, q. 8.) + + 2 DECREE. _Questions._ “... 15. S. Jacobus est patronus + universalis regnorum Hispaniae, sancti vero martyres Stemeterius + et Caledonius fratres sunt patroni particulares ecclesiae + cathedralis, et totius dioecesis Santanderiensis rite electi, et + novissime approbati a S. R. C. Quaeritur igitur: Quis ex his + patronis debeat nominari ... in oratione _A cunctis_, quando in + missis haec oratio dicitur in ecclesia matrice et in caeteris + dioecesis? 16. In casu, quo ob dignitatis praestantiam nominari + debeat S. Jacobus, quaeritur an ... exprimi etiam possint nomina + SS. Stemeterii et Caledonii in praedicta oratione ..., praecipue + in ecclesia matrice ubi sacra eorum capita ... venerantur? Et si + negative, supplicatur pro gratia ad promovendum cultum qui ipsos + decet in ecclesia cathedrali ac tota dioecesi ratione sui + specialissimi patronatus”. _Answer._ “Ad 15. In qualibet ecclesia + nominandum esse patronum seu titularem proprium ejusdem ecclesiae. + Ad 16. Provisum in praecedenti”. (Decree of 23 January, 1793, No. + 4448, q. 15 and 16.) + + 3 DECREE. _Question._ “An patronus nominandus in oratione _A + cunctis_ intelligi debeat patronus principalis loci?” _Answer._ + “Nominandus titularis Ecclesiae”. (Decree of 12 November, 1831, + No. 4669, q. 31.) + + +2o. If the titular of the church has been already named in the collect _A +cunctis_, no name is to be inserted at the letter N. The same holds if the +Mass happens to be that of the same saint. This rule depends on the +following decision: + + + “Quis nominandus sit ad litteram N. si patronus vel titularis jam + nominatus sit in illa oratione, aut de eo celebrata sit missa?” + _Answer._ “Si jam fuerit nominatus omittenda nova nominatio”. + (Ibid.) + + +3_o_. If the oratory in which the Mass is said have no titular saint, the +name of the patron of the locality is to be inserted. This rule is proved +from a decree of 12th December, 1840, No. 4897, No. 2: + + + “Sacerdos celebrans in oratorio publico vel privato quod non habet + sanctum patronum vel titularem, an debeat in oratione _A cunctis_ + ad litteram N. nominare sanctum patronum vel titularem ecclesiae + parochialis intra cujus limites sita sunt oratoria, vel sanctum + patronum ecclesiae cui adscriptus est, vel potius omnem ulteriorem + nominationem omittere?” _Answer._ “Patronum civitatis, vel loci + nominandum esse”. + + +4o. If the titular of the church be a mystery of the life of our Lord, or +of our Lady, authors differ in opinion whether the name of the patron of +the locality is to be inserted at the letter N, or whether no addition +should be made. M. de Conny is for the latter opinion, and his authority +is a safe guide for us. The second rule we have laid down is sufficient to +show that no name is to be inserted in cases where the title of the church +is a mystery of the Blessed Virgin, seeing that the august Mother of God +is always named in the body of the prayer. The words of the conclusion are +enough perhaps to excuse from the obligation of naming the patron of the +locality in cases where the church is dedicated to a mystery of the life +of our Lord. + +2. The usage here alluded to is not only not becoming, but it is also +contrary to the Rubric of the Missal. (part i., tit. xx.): + + + “Ab eadem parte epistolae ... ampullae vitreae vini et aquae, cum + pelvicula et manutergio mundo in fenestella, seu in parva mensa ad + haec praeparata. Super altare nihil omnino ponatur, quod ad Missae + sacrificium vel ipsius altaris ornatum non pertineat”. + + +3. The sole reason for ringing a bell at Mass is to give a signal to the +faithful. “Ad excitandos circumstantes”, says Gavantus (t. i. part i., +tit. XX., l. c.), “ad laetitiam exprimendam et ad cultum sanctissimi +Sacramenti adhibetur campanula”. Other writers coincide with this opinion. +It seems but natural, therefore, not to ring the bell when there are no +assistants present, and when there is no need of any signal. Besides, it +is clearly the teaching of authors, and even of the Sacred Congregation of +Rites, that whenever a signal is not required, the bell is not to be rung. +Thus, the following decision forbids the bell to be rung during the +celebration of the divine office in the choir, at least in certain +circumstances: + + + “Exposito in S. R. C. ecclesiam collegiatam civitatis Senarum + habere chorum adeo subjectum oculis populi, et tali loco positum, + ut canonici dicto choro pro divinis celebrandis, et praecipue + Missae cantatae assistentibus, omnino altaria ejusdem coliegiatae + pernecesse inspiciantur, et exposito quoque tempore, quo canonici + choro ut supra assistunt, consuevisse in dictis altaribus + celebrari Missas privatas et sine scandalo prohiberi non posse: + ideo supplicatum fuit pro declaratione: an ipsi canonici in + elevationibus quae fiunt in Missis privatis, genuflectere + teneantur?” _Answer._ “Non esse genuflectendum, ne sacra, quibus + assistunt, per actum privatum interrumpantur, sed ad evitandum + scandalum, quod in populo et adstantibus causari possit ob non + genuflectionem esse omittendam pulsationem campanulae in + elevatione Sanctissimi, in dictis Missis privatis.” (Decret of 5 + March 1667, No. 2397.) + + +Nor, as a general rule, is the bell rung when the Blessed Sacrament is +exposed, for then it is unnecessary to summon the faithful to adore the +Eucharist. “During the private Masses”, says the _Instructio Clementina_, +“that are celebrated during the exposition, the bell is not to be rung”. +Cavalieri, commenting on this passage, says: “Ex rubricarum praescripto +... interdicuntur”. He is of opinion that this rule of the _Instructio_ +regards only low Masses, but Gardellini holds that it refers also to High +Masses: + + + “Non erat, cur instructio etiam Missas solemnes commemoraret, pro + quibus Rubrica, non jubet, ut in privatis, eadem pulsari ad finem + prefationis, et ad elevationem Sacramenti. Romae saltem in + majoribus ecclesiis obtinet mos etiam non pulsandi, praeterquam in + Missis solemnibus pro defunctis: gravis organorum sonitus supplet + vices tintinnabuli, et populi adstantis excitat attentionem”. + + +From all this it is clear that the bell is not to be rung whenever there +is no signal to be given. This is certainly the case when there is no one +to assist at Mass. + +4. The cincture for the use of a priest does not differ from that for the +use of a bishop. It may be made either of linen thread or silk, but it is +better that it should be of linen. It may be either white or of the colour +of the vestments. These rules are drawn from two decrees of the Sacred +Congregation: + + + 1 DECREE. _Question._ “An sacerdotes in sacrificio Missae uti + possint cingulo serico?” _Answer._ “Congruentius uti cingulo + lineo”. (22 Jan. 1701, No. 3575, q. 7.) + + 2 DECREE. _Question._ “An cingulum, tertium indumentum + sacerdotale, possit esse colons paramentorum; an necessario debeat + esse album?” _Answer._ “Posse uti cingulo colore paramentorum”—(8 + Jun. 1709, No. 3809, q. 4.) + + + + + +DOCUMENTS. + + + + +I. Condemnation Of Dr. Froschammer’s Works. + + +Venerabili Fratri Gregorio Archiepiscopo + +Monacensi Et Frisingensi + +Pius PP. IX. + +Venerabilis Frater, Salutem et Apostolicam Benedictionem. Gravissimas +inter acerbitates, quibus undique premimur, in hac tanta temporum +perturbatione et iniquitate vehementer dolemus, cum noscamus, in variis +Germaniae regionibus reperiri nonnullos catholicos etiam viros, qui sacram +theologiam ac philosophiam tradentes minime dubitant quamdam inauditam +adhuc in Ecclesia docendi scribendique libertatem inducere, novasque et +omnino improbandas opiniones palam publiceque profiteri, et in vulgus +disseminare. Hinc non levi moerore affecti fuimus, Venerabilis Frater ubi +tristissimus ad Nos venit nuntius, presbyterum Jacobum Frohschammer in +ista Monacensi Academia philosophiae doctorem hujusmodi docendi +scribendique licentiam proe ceteris adhibere, eumque suis operibus in +lucem editis perniciosissimos tueri errores. Nulla igitur interposita +mora, Nostrae Congregationi libris notandis praepositae mandavimus, ut +praecipua volumina, quae ejusdem presbyteri Frohschammer nomine +circumferuntur, cum maxima diligentia sedalo perpenderet, et omnia ad Nos +referret. Quae volumina germanice scripta titulum habent—_Introductio in +Philosophiam—De Libertate scientiae—Athenaeum_—quorum primum anno 1858, +alterum anno 1861, tertium vero vertente hoc anno 1862 istis Monacensibus +typis in lucem est editum. Itaque eadem Congregatio Nostris mandatis +diligenter obsequens summo studio accuratissimum examen instituit, +omnibusque sem el iterumque serio ac mature ex more discussis et perpensis +judicavit, auctorem in pluribus non recte sentire, ejusque doctrinam a +veritate catholica aberrare. Atque id ex duplici praesertim parte, et +primo quidem propterea quad auctor tales humanae rationi tribuat vires, +quae rationi ipsi minime competunt, secundo vero, quod eam omnia opinandi, +et quidquid semper audendi libertatem eidem rationi concedat, ut ipsius +Ecclesiae jura, officium, et auctoritas de media omnino tollantur. Namque +auctor imprimis edocet, philosophiam, si recta ejus habeatur notio, posse +non solum percipere et intelligere ea christina dogmata, quae naturalis +ratio cum fide habet communia (tamquam commune scilicet perceptionis +objectum) verum etiam ea, quae christianam religionem fidemque maxime et +proprie efficiunt, ipsumque scilicet supernaturalem hominis finem, et ea +omnia, quae ad ipsum spectant, atque sacratissimum Dominicae Incarnationis +mysterium ad humanae rationis et philosophiae provinciam pertinere, +rationemque, dato hoc objecto suis propriis principiis scienter ad ea +posse pervenire. Etsi vero aliquam inter haec et illa dogmata +distinctionem auctor inducat, et haec ultima minori jure rationi +attribuat, tamen clare aperteque docet, etiam haec contineri inter illa, +quae veram propriamque scientiae seu philosophiae materiam constituunt. +Quocirca ex ejusdem auctoris sententia concludi omnino possit ac debeat, +rationem in abditissimis etiam divinae Sapientiae ac Bonitatis, immo etiam +et liberae ejus voluntatis mysteriis, licet posito revelationis objecto +posse ex seipsa, non jam ex divinae auctoritatis principio sed ex +naturalibus suis principiis et viribus ad scientiam seu certitudinem +pervenire. Quae auctoris doctrina quam falsa sit et erronea nemo est, qui +christianae doctrinae rudimentis vel leviter imbutus non illico videat, +planeque sentiat. Namque si isti philosophiae cultores vera ac sola +rationis et philosophiae disciplinae tuerentur principia et jura, debitis +certe laudibus essent prosequendi. Siquidem vera ac sana philosophia +nobilissimum suum locum habet, cum ejusdem philosophiae sit, veritatem +diligenter inquirere, humanamque rationem licet primi hominis culpa +obtenebratam, nullo tamen modo extinctam recte ac sedulo excolere, +illustrare, ejusque cognitionis objectum, ac permultas veritates +percipere, bene intellegere, promovere, earumque plurimas, uti Dei +existentiam, naturam, attributa, quae etiam fides credenda proponit, per +argumenta ex suis principiis petita demonstrare, vindicare, defendere, +atque hoc modo viam munire ad haec dogmata fide rectius tenenda, et ad +illa etiam reconditiora dogmata, quae sola fide percipi primum possunt, ut +illa aliquo modo a ratione intelligantur. Haec quidem agere, atque in his +versari debet severa et pulcherrima verae philosophiae scientia. Ad quae +praestanda si viri docti in Germaniae Academiis enitantur pro singulari +inclytae illius nationis ad severiores gravioresque disciplinas excolendas +propensione, eorum studium a Nobis comprobatur et commendatur, cum in +sacrarum rerum utilitatem profectumque convertant, quae illi ad suos usus +invenerint. At vero in hoc gravissimo sane negotio tolerare numquam +possumus, ut omnia emere permisceantur, utque ratio illas etiam res, quae +ad fidem pertinent, occupet atque perturbet, cum certissimi, omnibusque +notissimi sint fines, ultra quos ratio numquam suo jure est progressa, vel +progredi potest. Atque ad hujusmodi dogmata ea omnia maxime et apertissime +spectant, quae supernaturalem hominis elevationem, ac supernaturale ejus +cum Deo commercium respiciunt atque ad hunc finem revelata noscuntur. Et +sane cum haec dogmata sint supra naturam, idcirco naturali ratione, ac +naturalibus principiis attingi non possunt. Numquam siquidem ratio suis +naturalibus principiis ad hujusmodi dogmata scienter tractanda effici +potest idonea. Quod si haec isti temere asseverare audeant sciant, se +certe non a quorumlibet doctorum opinione, sed a communi, et numquam +immutata Ecclesiae doctrina recedere. Ex divinis enim Litteris, et +sanctorum Patrum traditione constat. Dei quidem existentiam, multasque +alias veritates, ab iis etiam qui fidem nondum susceperunt, naturali +rationis lumine cognosci, sed illa reconditiora dogmata Deum solum +manifestasse dum notum facere voluit, _mysterium, quod absconditum fuit a +saeculis et generationibus_(_4_)_ et ita quidem, ut postquam multifariam +multisque modis olim locutus esset patribus in prophetis novissime Nobis +locutus est in Filio, per quem fecit et saecula_(_5_)_ ... Deum enim nemo +vidit umquam. Unigenitus Filius, qui est in sinu Paris ipse +ennarravit._(6) Quapropter Apostolus, qui gentes Deum per ea, quae facta +sunt cognovisse testatur, disserens de _gratia et veritate_(_7_)_ quae per +Jesum Christum facta est, loquimur, iniquit, Dei sapientiam in mysterio, +quae abscondita est ... quam nemo principum hujus saeculi cognovit ... +Nobis autem revelavit Deus per Spiritum Suum ... Spiritus enim omnia +scrutatur, etiam profunda Dei. Quis enim hominum scit quae sunt hominis, +nisi Spiritus hominis, qui in ipso est? Ita et quae Dei sunt nemo +cognovit, nisi Spiritus Dei._(8) Hisce aliisque fere innumeris divinis +eloquiis inhaerentes SS. Patres in Ecclesiae doctrina tradenda continenter +distinguere curarunt rerum divinarum notionem, quae naturalis +intelligentiae vi omnibus est communis ab illarum rerum notitia, quae per +Spiritum Sanctum fide suscipitur, et constanter docuerunt, per hanc ea +nobis in Christo revelari mysteria, quae non solam humanam philosophiam, +verum etiam Angelicam naturalem intelligentiam transcendunt, quaeque +etiamsi divina revelatione innotuerint, et ipsa fide fuerint suscepta, +tamen sacro ad hue ipsius fidei velo tecta et obscura caligine obvoluta +permanent, quamdiu in hac mortali vita peregrinamur a Domino.(9) Ex his +omnibus patet alienam omnino esse a catholicae Ecclesiae doctrina +sententiam, qua idem Frohschammer asserere non dubitat, omnia +indiscriminatim christianae religionis dogmata esse objectum naturalis +scientiae, seu philosophiae, et humanam rationem historice tantum +excultam, modo haec dogmata ipsi rationi tanquam objectum proposita +fuerint, posse ex suis naturalibus viribus et principio ad veram de +omnibus etiam reconditioribus dogmatibus scientiam pervenire. Nunc vero in +memoratis ejusdem auctoris scriptis alia domanitur sententia, quae +catholicae Ecciesiae doctrinae, ac sensui plane adversatur. Etenim eam +philosophiae tribuit libertatem, quae non scientiae libertas, sed omnio +reprobanda et intoleranda philosophiae licentia sit appellanda. Quadam +enim distinctione inter philosophum et philosophiam facta, tribuit +philosopho jus et officium se submittendi auctoritati, quam veram ipse +probaverit, sed utrumque philosophiae ita denegat, ut nulla doctrinae +revelatae ratione habita asserat, ipsam nunquam debere ac posse +Auctoritati se submittere. Quod esset toet crandum et forte admittendum, +si haec dicerentur de jure tantum, quod habit philosophia suis principiis, +seu methodo, ac suis conclusionibus, uti, sicut et aliae scientiae, ac si +ejus libertas consisteret in hoc suo jure utendo, ita ut nihil in sea +dmitteret, quod non fuerit ab ipsa suis conditionibus acquisitum, aut +fuerit ipsi alienum. Sed haec justa philosophiae libertas suos limites +noscere et experiri debet. Nunquam enim non solum philosopho, verum etiam +philosophiae licebit, aut aliquid contrarium dicere iis, quae divina +revelatio, et Ecclesia docet, aut aliquid ex eisdem in dubium vocare +propterea quod non intelligit, aut judicium non suscipere, quod Ecclesiae +auctoritas de aliqua philosophiae conclusione, quae hujusque libera erat, +proferre constituit. Accedit etiam, ut idem auctor philosophiae +libertatem, seu potius effrenatam licentiam tam acriter, tam temere +propugnet, ut minime vereatur asserere, Ecclesiam non solum non debere in +philosophiam unquam animadvertere, verum etiam debere ipsius philosophiae +tolerare erores, eique relinquere, ut ipsa se corrigat, ex quo evenit, ut +philosophi hanc philosophiae libertatem necessario participent, atque ita +etiam ipsi ab omni lege solvantur. Ecquis non videt quam vehementer sit +rejicienda, reprobanda, et omnini damnanda hujusmodi Frohschammer +sententia atque doctrina? Etenim Ecclesia ex divina sua institutione et +divinae fidei depositum integrum inviolatumque diligentissime custodire, +et animarum saluti summo studio debet continenter advigilare, ac summa +cura ea omnia amovere et eliminare, quae vel fidei adversari, vel animarum +salutem quovis modo in discrimen adducere possunt. Quocirca Ecclesia ex +potestate sibi a divino suo Auctore commissa non solum jus, sed officium +praesertim habet non tolerandi, sed pro scribendi ac damnandi omnes +erores, si ita fedei integritas, et animarum salus postulaverint, et omni +philosopho, qui Ecclesiae filius esse velit, ac etiam philosophiae +officium incumbit nihil unquam dicere contra ea, quae Ecclesia docet, et +ea retractare, de quibus eos Ecclesia monuerit. Sententiam autem, quae +contrarium edocet omnino erroneam, et ipsi fidei. Ecclesiae ejusque +auctoritati vel maxime injuriosam esse edicimus et declaramus. Quibus +omnibus accurate perpensis, de eorumdrm VV. FF. NN. S. R. E. Cardinalium +Congregationis libris notandis praepositae consilio, ac motu proprio, et +certa scientia matura deliberatione Nostra, deque Apostolicae Nostrae +potestatis plenitudine praedictos librus presbyteri Frohschammer tamquam +continentes propositiones et doctrinas respective falsas, erroneas, +Ecclesiae, ejusque actoritati ac juribus injuriosas reprobamus, damnamus, +ac pro reprobatis et damnatis ab omnibus haberi volumus, atque eidem +Congregationi mandamus, ut eosdem libros in indicem prohibitorum librorum +referat. Dum vero haec Tibi significamus, Venerabilis Frater, non possumus +non exprimere magnum animi Nostri Dolorem cum videamus hunc filium +eorumdem librorum auctorem, qui ceteroquin de Ecclesia benemereri +potuisset, infelici quodam cordis impete misere abreptum in vias abire, +quae ad salutem non ducunt, ac magis magisque a recto tramite aberrare. +Cum enim alius ejus liber de animarum origine prius fuisset damnatus non +solum se minime submisit, verum etiam non extimuit, eumdem errorem in his +etiam libridenuo docere, et Nostram Indicis Congregationem contumeliis +cumen lare, ac multa alia contra Ecclesiae agendi rationem temere +mendaciterque pronuntiare. Quae omnia talia sunt, ut iis merito atque +optimo jure indignare potuissemus. Sed nolumus adhuc paternae Nostrae +charitatis viscera erga illum deponere, et idcirco Te Venerabilis Frater, +excitamus, ut velis eidem manifestare cor Nostrum paternum, et +acerbiseimum dolorem, cujus ipse est causa, ac simul ipsum saluberrimis +monitis hortari et monere, ut Nostram, quae communis est omnium Patris +vocem audiat, ac resipiscat, quemadmodum catholicae Ecclesiae filium +decet, et ita nos omnes laetitia afficiat, ac tandem ipse felixiter +experiatur quam jucundum sit, non vana quadam et perniciosa libertate +gaudere, sed Domini, adhaerere, cugus jugum suave est, et onus leve, cujus +eloquo casta, igne examinata, cujus judicia vera, justificata in +semetipsa, et cujus universae viae misericordia et veritas. Denique hac +etiam occasione libentissime utimur, ut iterum testemur et confirmemus +praecipuam Nostram in Te benevolentiam. Cujus quoque pignus esse volumus +Apostolicam Benedictionem, quam intimo cordis affectu Tibi ipsi, +Venerabilis Frater, et gregi Tuae curae commisso paremanter impertimus. +Datum Romaae apud S. Petrum die 11 Decembris anno 1862, Pontificatus +Nostri anno decimo septimo. + +Pius PP. IX. + + + + +II. Decree Of The Congregation Of Rites. + + +The Roman ritual, speaking of the Blessed Eucharist, prescribes as +follows: “Lampades coram eo plures vel saltem una diu notucque colluceat”. +These lamps are to be fed with olive oil, which the Church has adopted for +mystic reasons in so many of her sacred rites. But in many countries the +difficulty of procuring olive oil is considerable, and the expense greater +than small churches can bear. Several prelates of France, moved by these +reasons, asked permission to burn in the lamps before the Blessed +Sacrament oils other than from olives. The following is the answer: + +_Decretum: Plurium Dioeceseum._ + +Nonnulli Reverendissimi Galliarum Antistites serio perpendentes in multis +suarum Dioeceseum Ecclesiis difficile admodum et nonnisi magnis sumptibus +comparari posse oleum olivarum ad nutriendam diu noctuque saltem unam +lampadam ante Sanctissimum Eucharistiae Sacramentum, ab Apostolica Sede +declarari petierunt utrum in casu, attentis difficultatibus et Ecclesiarum +paupertate, oleo, olivarum substitue possint alea olea quae ex vegetalibus +habentur, ipso non excluso petroleo. Sacra porro Rituum Congregatio, etsi +semper sollicita ut etiam in hac parte quod usque ab Ecclesiae primordiis +circa usum olei ex olivis inductum est, ob mysticas significationes +retineatur; attamen silentio praeterire minime censuit rationes ab iisdem +Episcopis prolatas; ac proinde exquisito prius Voto alterius ex +Apostolicarum Coeremoniarum Magistris, subscriptus Cardinalis Praefectus +ejusdem Sacrae Congregationis rem omnem proposuit in Ordinariis Commitiis +ad Vaticanum hodierna die habitis. Eminentissimi autem et Reverendissimi +Patres Sacris tuendis Ritibus praepositi, omnibus accurate perpensis ac +diligentissime examinatis, rescribendum censuerunt: Generatim utendum esse +oleo olevarum: _ubi vero haberi nequeatt remittendum prudentiae +Episcoporum ut lampades nutriantur ex aliis oleis quantum fieri possit +vegetabilibus_ die 9 Julii 1864. + +Facta postmodum de praemissis Sanctissimo Domino Nostro Pio Papae IX. per +infrascriptum Secretarium fideli relatione, Sanctitas Sua sententiam +Sacrae Congregationis ratam habuit et confirmavit. Die 14 iisdem mense et +anno. + +C. EPISCOPUS PORTUEN. ET S. RUFINAE CARD. PATRIZI S. R. C. PRAEF. LOCO ✠ +Signi _D. Bartolini S. R. C. Secretarius_. + + + + + +NOTICES OF BOOKS. + + + + +I. + + +_Martyrologium Dungallense, seu Calendarium Sanctorum Hiberniae._ +_Collegit et digessit_ Fr. Michael O’Clery, Ord. Fr. Min. Strictioris +Observantiae. Permissu et facultate Superiorum. 1630. + +_The Martyrology of Donegal: a Calendar of the Saints of Ireland_, +translated from the original Irish by the late John O’Donovan, LL.D., +M.R.I.A., Professor of Celtic Literature in the Queen’s College, Belfast. +Edited, with the Irish text, by James Henthorn Todd, D.D., M.R.I.A., +F.S.A., Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin; and by William Reeves, +D.D., M.R.I.A., Vicar of Lusk, etc. Dublin: printed for the Archaeological +Society. Thom, 1864, lv.-566 pp. + +_The Martyrology of Donegal_ was completed on the 19th of April, 1630, in +the Franciscan convent of Donegal. The compilers were Brother Michael +O’Clery, a lay brother of that convent, with three associates who with him +are so well known by the name of “The Four Masters”. Colgan (_Acta +Sanctorum Hiberniae_, tom. 1, p. 5 a.) thus speaks of it: “Martyrologium +quod Dungallense vocamus, nostris diebus ex diversis tum Martyrologiis, +tum annalibus patriis collectum est, partim operâ Authorum qui Annales +communes, de quibus infra, compilarunt in Conventu Dungallensi; partim +opera Patrum ejusdem Conventus qui sanctos, qui extra patriam vixerunt et +de quibus hystorici exteri scripserunt, addiderant”. The Donegal copy of +1630 was a more complete transcript of a first copy, made by Michael +O’Clery in the preceding year at Douay. Both copies are now extant in the +Burgundian Library at Brussels, but circumstances have not permitted Dr. +Todd to get the first copy also transcribed. Both copies are autographs of +Michael O’Clery. + +The first to discover the mine of Irish MSS. in Brussels was Mr. L. +Waldron, M.P., who, in 1844, at the request of Professor O’Curry, examined +the library there. By the influence of Lord Clarendon, then +lord-lieutenant of Ireland, with the government, Dr. Todd procured from +the Belgian government, in 1848, the loan of several MSS. of the greatest +importance, with the permission to have them transcribed. One of these was +the autograph MS. of the _Martyrology of Donegal_, prepared for the press +by the author, with the approbations of his ecclesiastical superiors. A +copy of it was executed by the late Professor O’Curry with the skill and +beauty of his unequalled penmanship; and this copy was collated with the +original, whilst it was still in Dr. Todd’s possession. From O’Curry’s +copy Dr. Reeves made another for his own use, and from this he made a +third transcript for the printers, and the translator, Dr. O’Donovan. This +translation was the last labour of Dr. O’Donovan’s life. + +The contents of the volume are distributed as follows: An introduction +(ix.-xxiv.) by Dr. Todd is followed by an appendix (xxiv.-xlix.) +containing “a number of memoranda, references to authorities, and +miscellaneous notes, which have been written by the author, and others, +through whose hands the MS. has passed, on the fly-leaves at the beginning +and end of each volume”. Many of them are of great interest. Then come the +_Testimonia et Approbationes_ (xlix.-lv.) of Flann Mac Egan, Conner +McBrody, Dr. Malachy O’Cadhla, Archbishop of Tuam; Dr. Boetius Mac Egan, +Bishop of Elphin; Dr. Thomas Fleming, Archbishop of Dublin; and Dr. Roth +Mac Geoghegan, Bishop of Kildare. The _Martyrology_ proper follows (1-351) +with the Irish text on one page and Dr. O’Donovan’s translation on the +other. The notes appended are but few, and serve merely to explain +obscurities in the text, to settle the reading, or to correct some obvious +mistake. For almost all the notes we are indebted to Dr. Todd himself. A +table of the _Martyrology_, compiled by the author, and translated by Dr. +Todd, occupies from page 354 to page 479, and is followed by three +indexes, compiled by Dr. Reeves, one of persons (485-528), another of +places (529-553), and a third of matters (544-566). These indexes, says +Dr. Todd, “possess a topographical and historical interest quite +independent of their connection with the present work, and are in +themselves a most important practical help to the study of Irish history”. + +What is the value of this work? What position does it occupy among Irish +Ecclesiastical documents? It cannot be regarded as an _original_ +authority. “It is confessedly a compilation, and of comparatively recent +date, having been completed, as we have seen, in the early part of the +seventeenth century. But it is a compilation made by a scholar peculiarly +well fitted for the task, who had access to all the original documents +then extant in the Irish language, the matter of which he has transferred +either in whole or in part into the present work, quoting in almost every +instance the sources from which he drew his information” (Introd., p. +xiii.). The bare enumeration of these sources will serve to show the value +of the book. I. _The Metrical Calendar, or Festilogium of Aengus Ceile +De_, commonly called the _Felire of Aengus_. Its author was a monk of +Tallaght, near Dublin, in the days when Saint Maolruain was abbot, about +the beginning of the ninth century. Dr. Kelly of Maynooth has published a +translation of a portion of this _Metrical Calendar_ in his _Calendar of +Irish Saints_. II. The _Martyrology of Tallaght_. This is a transcript of +a very ancient martyrology containing the names of the saints and martyrs +of the entire Church, with the Irish saints added under each day. It was +composed at the close of the ninth or very early in the tenth century. The +Brussels MS. is an abstract of the ancient copy at Saint Isidore’s at +Rome, but it contains the Irish saints alone, omitting altogether the +general martyrology. It was from a transcript of the Belgian MS. that Dr. +Kelly published in 1857 the calendar alluded to above. III. The _Calendar +of Cashel_, which is not now known to exist. According to Colgan, its +author flourished about the year 1030. IV. The _Martyrology of Maolmuire_ +(or _Marianus_) _O’Gorman_, written in Irish verse, in the times of +Gelasius, Archbishop of Armagh, about 1167. Its author was abbot of Knock, +near Louth, and the work is taken from the _Felire of Tallaght_, and is +not confined to Irish saints. V. _The Book of Hymns_, a portion of which +has already been published by the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society, +and of which a second portion is in the press, under the care of Dr. Todd. +VI. Poems, such as the _Poem of St. Cuimin of Condeire (Connor)_, of the +middle of the seventh century, published by Dr. Kelly, with a translation +by Professor O’Curry; the _Naoimhseanchus_, attributed by Colgan to +Selbach of the tenth century; the _Poem of St. Moling of Ferns_ (A.D. +675-695), and several minor poems. VII. Several of the great collections +or _Bibliothecae_, of which he names expressly the _Book of Lecan_, the +_Leabhar na Huidre_, and the _Book of Lismore_. VIII. The lives of saints +in Irish and Latin. Of these he quotes no less than thirty-one. From this +list it will be seen that almost all the literature of the early Irish +Church has helped to enrich the pages of the _Martyrology of Donegal_. And +since _norma orandi legem statuit credendi_, we could scarcely find a +nobler monument of the faith and practice of our forefathers. The Church +that places on her list of saints, bishops, and priests, and abbots, and +consecrated virgins, and hermits, possesses in that very calendar a mark +deep and broad enough to distinguish her from all the sects that belong to +modern Protestantism. + + + + +II. + + +_Lectures on Modern History, delivered at the Catholic University of +Ireland._ By Professor J. B. ROBERTSON; cr. 8vo, p.p. xvi., 528. Dublin: +W. B. Kelly, 1864. + +The lectures included in this volume were delivered in the Catholic +University of Ireland, on various occasions, in the years 1860 to 1864, +and their purport has been well expressed in the author’s own words. +Speaking in reference to all his literary labours, “I devoted”, says +Professor Robertson, “my feeble powers to the defence of God and His holy +Church against unbelief and misbelief; and of social order and liberty, +against the principles of revolution, which are but impiety in a political +form”. In these words we have the key-note of the entire work. The +“History of Spain in the Eighteenth Century” forms the subject of two +lectures. To these is added a supplement of more than fifty pages, in +which the late Mr. Buckle’s “Essay on Spain”, contained in his “History of +Civilization”, is severely but most deservedly criticised, and, we may +add, is refuted by solid and convincing arguments. + +In four lectures our author discusses the “life, writings, and times of M. +de Chateaubriand”, involving, much of the internal history of France, +especially as regards literature and religion under the first Napoleon and +the succeeding governments down to the Revolution in 1848. These lectures +are full of interest. But what must be considered as by far the most +important portion of this volume is that in which Professor Robertson +treats of the “Secret Societies of Modern Times”. In two lectures he +traces the origin and progress of the Freemasons, the Illuminati, the +Jacobins, the Carbonari, and the Socialists; and in an appendix adds a +“brief exposition of the principal heads of Papal legislation on Secret +Societies”. + +Such are the contents of the work. The style is agreeable and clear, the +diction felicitous, and above all, the sentiments just, equally +characterised by extensive information, political sagacity, and a profound +reverence for divine faith. The professor has happily avoided both the +tedious exhaustiveness of the German, and the brilliant flippancy which so +often charms us in the French. Nor has he been unmindful of the more +laborious students who would not shrink from the toil of research after +further information. For these he has provided such an array of +authorities, on each of his subjects, as must greatly facilitate the +progress of those who would engage in diligent historical investigation. +We know not where else there could be had so intelligible an account of +the secret societies which have been so active in all the political +convulsions of Europe, from 1789 to the present time. We need not advert +to the part which secret societies have had in producing the present +deplorable state of Italy. To the readers of the _Civiltà Cattolica_ such +reference would be unnecessary. To those who have not the advantage of +regularly reading that most instructive periodical we would recommend +Professor Robertson’s lectures, as containing, in a moderate sized volume, +a most perspicuous summary of what is requisite to be known concerning +those dark conspiracies and their objects. If it were only for this, the +volume would be a most welcome addition to our historical library. + +The book has been brought out with the utmost elegance of paper, type, and +printing. + + + + +III. + + +_La Roma Sotterrana Cristiana descritta ed illustrata_ dal Cav. G. B. de +Rossi. Publicata per ordine della Santità di N. S. Papa Pio IX. +Chromolithografia Ponteficia Roma, 1864. vol. 1. + +_Christian Subterranean Rome, described and illustrated_ by Cav. G. B. de +Rossi. Published by order of His Holiness Pope Pius IX., vol. 1. + +In 1861 Cavalier de Rossi published the first volume of his _Inscriptiones +Christianae Urbis Romae seculo VII. antiquiores_. On to-day we announce +the appearance of the first volume of his long expected work on +Subterranean Rome. In the introduction the author passes in review all +that has been done to explore the Catacombs, from the fourteenth century +to our day. Pomponius Laetus, Pauvinius, Ciacconius, and especially Bosio +and Bottari, claim his attention in turn. After a sketch of the results of +the labours undertaken in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Cav. de +Rossi shows what yet remains to be done, and what part of this he himself +proposes to accomplish. + +The second part of the volume is entitled “Remarks on ancient Christian +Cemeteries in general, and on those of Rome in particular”: the whole is +divided into three parts. Part I. on the Christian Cemeteries in general, +treats of their antiquity, their divisions into subterranean and +non-subterranean, and the respective marks of each class. The author here +proves that even in the third century, when Christianity was persecuted to +the death, the Christian Cemeteries had a legal existence recognized by +the Emperors. Part II. is devoted to the documents which illustrate the +history and topography of the Catacombs, and embraces contemporary +documents, historical and liturgical treatises later than the fourth +century, lives of Pontiffs, etc. Part III. contains a general history of +the Roman Cemeteries, arranged in four periods: beginning respectively, +with the apostolic times; the third century; the peace of Constantine +(312); and the fifth century, A.D. 410. In the second century the +catacombs were of slow growth; in the third, their extent became most +remarkable; after Constantine, they began to be abandoned as places of +sepulture; with the fifth century set in their decay, leading to the +removal of the relics of the saints to the churches within the walls, +whither the sacrilegious hands of Goths and Lombards, who periodically +pillaged the Campagna, could not reach; finally, after the ninth century, +they were almost forgotten. Part IV. contains the analytical description +of the Christian Cemeteries. The Cemetery of Callixtus, the most ancient +and most celebrated of all, is described at length. + + + + +IV. + + +_Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum Historiam Illustrantia; quae ex +Vaticani, Neapolis, ac Florentiae Tabularis depromsit, et Ordine +chronologico disposuit_ Augustinus Theiner, Presbyter Cong. Oratorii, +Tabulariorum Vaticanorum Praefectus, etc. Folio, Romae, Typis Vaticanis, +1864. One Volume folio, pages 624. + +The notice of the See of Ardagh in the sixteenth century, printed in our +opening number, has probably prepared our readers to estimate the value of +the important series of documents upon which it is founded. We purposed to +urge strongly upon the clergy of Ireland the duty of supporting generously +the distinguished scholar, who in his love of Ireland has undertaken the +costly and laborious work of publishing all the manuscript materials of +Irish history which are preserved in the archives of the Vatican, and has +already given in the opening volume an earnest of their extent, as well as +of their historical value. We are happy, however, to find that what we had +desired and intended, has already been put in a practical form, and that +an effort has been made to forward among the friends of Irish history the +sale of this most interesting collection. We cannot, therefore, we +believe, advance more effectually the object which we have at heart, than +by transferring to our pages the following notice, which has been printed +for private circulation:— + +“Monsignor Theiner’s Collection from the Secret Archives of the Vatican, +of Naples, and of Florence, is unquestionably the most important +contribution to the history of the Church in these countries since the +great historical movement of the seventeenth century. It comprises upwards +of a thousand original documents, Pontifical Bulls, Briefs, and Letters, +Consistorial Acts, Inquisitions, Reports, etc., ranging from the +pontificate of Honorius III., 1216, to that of Paul III., 1547. + +“These papers, in the main, relate to the history of Ireland and of +Scotland, especially of the former country. There is hardly a diocese in +Ireland of which they do not contain some notice, and in many cases, as, +for instance, that of Ardagh, already noticed by the learned editor of the +Essays of the lamented Dr. Matthew Kelly, but traced in detail in the +_Irish Ecclesiastical Record_, No. I., pp. 13-17, they serve to fill up +important breaks in the existing records, and to correct grave and vital +errors in the received histories. + +“But, in addition to the Irish and Scotch documents, the volume contains +many of wider and more general interest; among which it will be enough to +specify a single series—nearly a hundred unpublished letters of Henry +VIII., relating chiefly to the negociations regarding the divorce, which +they present in a light almost completely new. + +“This volume is printed entirely at the expense of the distinguished +editor. It is meant as an experiment; and, should the sale, for which he +must mainly rely upon the countries chiefly interested, suffice to cover +the bare cost of publication, it is his intention to continue the series +from the archives of the Vatican, down through the still more interesting, +and, for Irish history, more obscure, as well as more important, period of +Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, and James I. + +“Mgr. Theiner has requested his friend, Rev. Dr. Russell, President of St. +Patrick’s College, Maynooth, to receive and transmit to Rome any orders +far the volume with which he may be favoured.” + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + +_ 1 Sacred Latin Poetry_, selected and arranged by R. C. Trench, D.D., + Archbishop of Dublin, etc. Macmillan and Co., London and Cambridge. + 1864. + + 2 “Nihil obstat si etiam in his omnibus et Ipse (Redemptor noster) + signetur. Ipse enim Unigenitus Dei Filius _veraciter_ factus est + _homo_: ipse in sacrificio nostrae redemptionis dignatus est mori ut + _vitulus_: ipse per virtutem suae fortitudinis surrexit ut _leo_.... + Ipse etiam post resurrectionem suam ascendnes ad coelos, in + superioribus est elevatus ut _aquila_. Totum ergo simul nobis est, + qui et nascendo _homo_, et moriendo _vitulus_, et resurgendo _leo_, + et ad coelos ascendendo _aquila_ factus est”—_S. Greg. Magn., Hom._ + iv. _in Ezech._ + +_ 3 The Destiny of the Irish Race_: a lecture delivered at Philadelphia + on the 17th of March, 1864, by Rev. M. O’Connor, S. J. In order to + give to our readers the beautiful lecture of the ex-Bishop of + Pittsburgh, we have increased the number of pages in this month’s + RECORD.—ED. I. E. R. + + 4 Col. 1. v. 26. 1. + + 5 Hebr. 1, v. 1, 2. + + 6 Joan. 1, v. 18. + + 7 Joan 1, v. 17. + + 8 1 Corint. v. 2, 7, 8, 10, 11. + + 9 S. Joan. Chrys. hom. 7. in 1. Corinth. S. Ambros. de fide ad Grat. + S. Leo de Nativ. Dom. Serm. 9. S. Cyril. Alex. contr. Nestor. lib. + 3. in Joan, 1, 9. S. Joan, Dam. de fide orat. II, 1, 2, in 1, 2, in + 1 Cor. c. 2, S. Hier. in Galat. III, 2. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, NOVEMBER 1864*** + + + +CREDITS + + +February 2, 2012 + + Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1 + Produced by Bryan Ness, David King, and the Online Distributed + Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/38751-0.zip b/38751-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a56ba8e --- /dev/null +++ b/38751-0.zip diff --git a/38751-8.txt b/38751-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63d1849 --- /dev/null +++ b/38751-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3170 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, +November 1864 + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, November 1864 + + + +Release Date: February 2, 2012 [Ebook #38751] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, NOVEMBER 1864*** + + + + + + The Irish Ecclesiastical Record + + Volume 1. + + November, 1864 + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +The Holy See And The Liberty Of The Irish Church At The Beginning Of The +Present Century. + I. From Mgr. Brancadoro to Father Concanen, O.P., Agent at Rome for the + Irish Bishops. Dalla Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801. + II. From the same to the same. Dalla Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805. +A Recent Protestant View Of The Church Of The Middle Ages. +The Mss. Remains Of Professor O'Curry In The Catholic University. No. II. +The Destiny Of The Irish Race. +Liturgical Questions. (_From M. Bouix's __"__Revue des Sciences +Ecclesiastiques__"_). +Documents. + I. Condemnation Of Dr. Froschammer's Works. + II. Decree Of The Congregation Of Rites. +Notices Of Books. +Footnotes + + + + + + +THE HOLY SEE AND THE LIBERTY OF THE IRISH CHURCH AT THE BEGINNING OF THE +PRESENT CENTURY. + + +All students of Irish Catholic affairs must feel, at every moment, that we +are at a great loss for a collection of ecclesiastical documents connected +with our Church. The past misfortunes of Ireland explain the origin of +this want. During the persecutions of Elizabeth, of James the First, and +Cromwell, our ancient manuscripts, and the archives of our convents and +monasteries, were ruthlessly destroyed. At a later period, whilst the +penal laws were in full operation, it was dangerous to preserve official +ecclesiastical papers, lest they should be construed by the bigotry and +ignorance of our enemies into proofs of sedition or treason. Since liberty +began to dawn on our country, things have undergone a beneficial change, +and recently great efforts have been made to rescue and preserve from +destruction every remaining fragment of our ancient history, and every +document calculated to throw light on the annals of our Church. We are +anxious to coperate in this good work, and we shall feel deeply grateful +to our friends if they forward to us any official ecclesiastical papers, +either ancient or modern, that it may be desirable to preserve. Receiving +such papers casually, we cannot insert them in the RECORD in chronological +order, but by aid of an Index, to be published at the end of each volume, +the future historian will be able to avail himself of them for his +purposes. + +To-day we insert in our columns two letters never published before, as far +as we can learn, in their original language. They were addressed, in the +beginning of this century, by the learned Archbishop of Myra, Monsignore +Brancadoro, Secretary of the Propaganda, to a distinguished Dominican, +Father Concanen, then agent of the Irish bishops, who was afterwards +promoted to the See of New York, and who died at Naples, in the year 1808, +before he could take possession of his diocese. + +The first letter, dated the 7th August, 1801, refers to certain +resolutions adopted by ten Irish prelates, in January, 1799, at a sad +period of our history, when Ireland was in a state of utter prostration, +and abandoned to the fury of an Orange faction. In such circumstances, we +are not to be surprised that the Catholics of Cork, Waterford, Wexford, +and many other parts of Ireland, in the hope of preserving their lives and +property, should have petitioned to be united to England; or that Catholic +prelates, anxious to gain protection for their flocks, should have +endeavoured to propitiate those who had the power of the government in +their hands, by taking into consideration the proposals then made--that the +state should provide for the maintenance of the clergy, and that a right +should be given to the state to inquire into the loyalty of such +ecclesiastics as might be proposed for the various sees of Ireland. + +The celebrated Dr. Milner, treating of the resolutions just referred to, +observes in his _Supplementary Memoirs_, p. 115, that they had nothing in +common with the veto which was afterwards proposed by government in 1805, +and several times in succeeding years, and adds, that the prelates +"stipulated for their own just influence, and also for the consent of the +Pope in this important business." + +According to the wise determination of the prelates, the matters they had +agreed to were referred to the judgment of the Supreme Head of the Church. +A speedy answer, however, could not be obtained. At that time the great +Pontiff, Pius the Sixth, was a captive in the hands of the French +Republicans, and soon after died a martyr at Valence in France. The Holy +See was then vacant for several months, until, by the visible +interposition of Providence, Italy was freed from her invaders, and the +cardinals were enabled to assemble in conclave to elect a new Pope. Soon +after his promotion, Pius the Seventh occupied himself with the affairs of +our Church, and the secretary of the Propaganda received instructions to +communicate through Father Concanen to the Irish Prelates the wishes of +his Holiness. + +The substance of the official note of Monsignore Brancadoro is, 1. That +his Holiness is thankful to the British government for the relaxation of +the penal laws to which Catholics had been so long subjected, and for any +other acts of liberality or kindness conferred on them. 2. That the Irish +prelates, whilst manifesting their gratitude for the favours they had +received, should prove, by their conduct, that it was not through a +feeling of self-interest, or through hopes of temporal advantages, that +they inculcated on their flocks the necessity of obedience to the laws and +the conscientious fulfilment of the duties of good citizens; but that they +did so through a spirit of religion, and in conformity with the dictates +of the gospel. 3. That to prove how sincerely they were animated with +those feelings, the Irish prelates should refuse the proffered pension, +and continue to act and support themselves as they have done for the past, +thus giving an example of Christian perfection which would not fail to +give general edification. + +The second letter is also from the secretary of Propaganda to Father +Concanen, and is dated 25th of Sept., 1805, in which year Dr. Milner had +just brought under the notice of the Holy See some new projects of +government interference with the Catholic clergy, which had lately been +introduced into Parliament by Sir John Hippisley, at that time a supporter +of Emancipation, but who afterwards gave proofs of a great desire to +enslave the Catholic Church. + +In the second letter Monsignore Brancadoro states the apprehension felt by +the S. Congregation, lest the moment of the Catholic triumph should prove +the one most dangerous to the purity and stability of the Catholic +religion since the Reformation; that it would be no injustice to suspect +the British Government of being influenced by designs to that very effect; +that the Bishops should, therefore, as a general principle, renounce all +idea of advancing their own proper interests, or of securing any temporal +advantages, lest through human frailty they should inadvertently be +surprised into any concessions which in course of time might prove +injurious to the interests of religion. The Secretary then goes on to say +that the S. Congregation found serious difficulties, more or less, in all +the plans which, as Dr. Milner had reported, had been proposed by the +statesmen of the day in England. These plans were:--1. The pensioning of +the clergy. 2. State interference in the nomination of Bishops. 3. The +restoration of the Hierarchy in England. 4. The concession to the ministry +of the right to examine the communications which might pass between the +English and Irish Catholics and the Holy See. + +As to the plan of pensioning the clergy, Monsignore Brancadoro points out +the dangers to which its adoption would expose them. If they accept a +pension from government, the offerings of the faithful will be undoubtedly +withdrawn, and the priesthood will be left quite dependent on the caprice +of those in power. He recalls to Father Concanen's memory, that in his +previous letter of the 7th of August, 1801, he had announced to him the +Pope's wish that the Irish clergy should decline all pensions from the +government, and mentions that the Irish Bishops, in reply, had stated that +they willingly renounced all temporal advantages in order to preserve +religion uninjured. + +The secretary of the Propaganda next reminds his correspondent that Pius +VI., in a brief of 20th March, 1791, had condemned a decree of the +National Assembly of France, by which the clergy of that country were made +pensioners of the state; and he adds that the Holy See had resisted a +similar attempt of the English government in regard to the clergy of +Corsica, when that island had fallen into their hands. + +Examining the various vetoistical plans mentioned by Dr. Milner, +Monsignore Brancadoro quotes the authority of the great and learned +Pontiff, Benedict XIV., to show how decidedly opposed the Holy See has +always been to every project directed to vest Catholic ecclesiastical +appointments in the hands of a Protestant sovereign. This question is +discussed in a brief of that Pope addressed to the Bishop of Breslau on +the 15th of May, 1748, and his words are as follows: "There is not +recorded in the whole history of the Church a single example in which the +appointment of a bishop or abbot was conceded to a sovereign of a +different religion". He adds "that he would not, and could not, introduce +a practice calculated to scandalize the Catholic world, and which, besides +bringing on him a dreadful judgment in another world, would render his +name odious and accursed during life, and much more so after death". + +2. The learned writer then proceeds to examine the various plans of +granting to government certain powers in regard to the nomination of +bishops, and explodes them all as replete with danger to religion, and +well calculated to enslave the Church. + +The plans proposed to lessen the Pope's unwillingness to grant to the +sovereign the right of nomination were the following:--Some thought that +the nomination should be limited to a certain class of persons who should +have been approved of by the episcopal body after an examination and +trial. Such a body might be the vicars-general, of whom two should be +appointed for each diocese. The government was to be bound to choose the +bishops out of this body. This plan was rejected, first, because it would +really amount to vesting the nomination of bishops in a non-Catholic +sovereign; and secondly, on account of difficulties created by the +circumstances of the time and place. + +Others proposed to give the government the right of excluding from the +episcopal charge those obnoxious to itself. Monsignore Brancadoro says of +this plan, that unless this right of exclusion were restricted by limits, +it would be equivalent to a real power of nomination. But even so, even +after due limitation, it was an absolute novelty in the Church, and no one +could tell what its consequences might be. Besides, it was uncalled for, +since the experience of so many centuries ought to have convinced the +government that the ecclesiastics appointed to govern dioceses were always +excellent citizens. Besides, it was the custom of the Holy See not to +appoint to a vacant diocese until it had received the recommendation of +the metropolitans and the diocesan clergy. This was a safeguard against +improper appointments. + +3. With respect to the restoration of the Hierarchy in England, Monsignore +Brancadoro blames the motive which induced the English nobles to petition +for such a change of church government, namely, the desire they felt to +have bishops less bound to the Holy See. He declares that, although +differing _quoad jus_, bishops and vicars-apostolic did not differ in +reality, and that the Holy See was equally well satisfied with the bishops +of Ireland, and the vicars-apostolic of England and Scotland. + +4. The Secretary condemns, as worst of all, the plan of giving to the +ministers the right to examine the communications that pass between the +Holy See and the British and Irish Catholics. Such a right has never been +allowed, even to a Catholic power, much less should it be allowed to a +Protestant government. The case of France was not to the point, for there +the right was limited to provisions of benefices alone. The government has +no reason to be afraid: the Holy See has expressly declared to bishops and +vicars-apostolic, that it does not desire any political information from +them. + +The two official notes we insert will be read in their original language +with great interest. They are noble monuments of the zeal of the holy +Pontiff, Pius VII., and of the vigilance with which the Holy See has +always endeavoured to uphold the rights and independence of our ancient +Church. Undoubtedly the wise instructions given in those letters had no +small share in arousing that spirit with which a few years later our +clergy and people resisted and defeated all the efforts of British +statesmen to deprive our Church of her liberties, and to reduce her to the +degraded condition of the Protestant establishment. The notes of the +secretary of Propaganda are a fine specimen of ecclesiastical writing, +illustrating the maxim _fortiter in re, suaviter in modo_. + + + + +I. From Mgr. Brancadoro to Father Concanen, O.P., Agent at Rome for the +Irish Bishops. Dalla Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801. + + +Informata la Santit di Nostro Signore del nuovo piano ideato de Governo +Brittannico in supposto vantaggio della ecclesiastica Gerarchia dei +cattolici d'Irlanda, non ha punto esitato a manifestare la pi viva +reconoscenza verso la spontanea e generosa liberalit del prelodato +Governo, cui professer sempre la massima gratitudine, per l'assistenze, e +favori, che accorda ai mentovati cattolici de' suoi dominj. Tenendo poi la +Santit Sua per indubitato, che la sperimentata fedelt di quel Clero +Cattolico Romano al legittimo suo Sovrano derivi interamente dalle massime +di nostra S. Religione, le quali non possono mai esser soggette a verun +cambiamento, desidera il suddetto Governo resti assicurato, che i +Metropolitani, i Vescovi e il Clero tutto della Irlanda conoscer sempre +un tal suo stretto dovere, e lo adempir esattamente in qualunque +incontro. Brama per ad un tempo vivissimamente il S. Padre, che +l'anzidetto Clero seguitando il plausibile sistema da lui osservato finora +si astenga scrupolosamente dall' avere in mira qualunque suo proprio +temporale vantaggio, e che dimostrando sempre con parole, e con fatti la +sincera invariabilit del suo attacamento, riconoscenza, e sommissione al +Governo Brittanico, gli faccia vieppi conoscere la realt di sua +gratitudine alle offerte nuove beneficenze, dispensandosi dal profittarne, +e dando con ci una luminosa prova di quel costant disinteresse stimato +tanto conforme all' Apostolico zelo dei ministri del Santuario, e tanto +giovevole, e decoroso alla stessa cattolico Religione, come quello che +concilia in singular modo la stima, e il respetto verso dei sagri +ministeri, e che li rende pi venerabili, e pi cari ai fedeli commessi +alla loro spirituale direzione. + +Tali sono i precisi sentimenti che la Santit di Nostro Signore ha +ordinate al Segretario di Propaganda di communicare alla Paternit Vostra +affinch per di Lei mezzo giungano senza ritardo a notizie degli ottimi +Metropolitani, e Vescovi del regno d'Irlanda, nel quale spera fermamente +Sua Santit, che come ad onta dei pi gravi pericoli si gi mantenuta in +passato, cosi manterassi pur anco in avvenire affatto illesa da ogni +bench menoma macchia la nostra cattolica Religione. + +Lo scrivente pertanto nell' eseguire i Pontificj comandi si rassegna nel +suo particolare colla pi distinta stima ec. + + + + +II. From the same to the same. Dalla Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805. + + +REVERENDISSIMO P. MAESTRO CONCANEN, + +La lettera del degnissimo Monsig. Milner, Vicario Apostolico del distretto +medio d'Inghilterra, diretta a V. P., la cui traduzione ella, per ordine +del Prefetto stesso, ha communicata all Arcivescovo di Mira, Segretario di +Propaganda, ha fatto entrare la Sacra Congregazione nello stesso timore, +che manifesta l' ottimo Prelato, che il momento della fortuna dei +cattolici nel Parlamento sia il pi pericoloso alla purit, e stabilit +della nostra santa Religione, che sia mai avvenuto dopo la pretesa riforma +di quel regno, e non si farebbe ingiuria al Governo acattolico, se si +sospettassero appunto queste mire: E perci dovranno i Vicarj Apostolici, +ed i Vescovi di quel dominio abbandonare ogni mira di proprio vantaggio, +ed interesse temporale, da cui, indebolito il loro cuore potrebbe +facilmente, senza avvedersene, essere sorpreso a condiscendere in qualche +cosa, che recher, col tempo, del pregiudizio alla Religione. + +Questo spirito di disinteresse si scorge gi luminosamente in Monsig. +Milner dal tenore della sua lettera: e perci chiede egli saviamento della +S. C. delle istruzioni, colle quali regolarsi nella trattativa, in cui si +trova impegnato. Ma la S. C. trova delle difficolt gravi, pi o meno, in +tutti i progetti, ch' egli narra, fatti da quei politici. + +Ed in primo luogo, riguardo al progetto di assegnarsi stabili pensioni sul +pubblico erario ai Vescovi, ed al Clero di quel dominio, la Santit di N. +S. espresse gi i suoi sentimenti, per mezzo di un biglietto dell' +Arcivescovo, che scrive, diretto a V. P, in data dei 7 Agosto 1801, il +quale essendo stato da lei comunicato ai metropolitani, e vescovi +d'Irlanda, essi risposero, che rinunziavano volentieri a qualunque +vantaggio temporale, per conservare illibata la cattolica Religione. Sar +dunque opportuno di spedire a Mons. Milner la copia di quel Biglietto, che +si d qui annessa. + +E per verit, accettandosi dal clero le pensioni, cesseranno immantinente +molti fondi di sussistenza, che ora ritrae dalla piet de fedeli; +resteranno le pensioni per quasi unico mezzo di sostentamento. Ora chi non +vede a quali gravissime tentazioni non si esporrebbero gli ecclesiastici, +di condiscendere, in qualche cosa pregiudiziale alla s. Religione, alla +volont di un Governo di religione diversa, che pu in un punto ridurlo +allu mendicit col ritenere le pensioni? Per questa, ed altre ragioni, +essendosi adottata la massima di dare le pensioni al clero dell' Assemblea +Nazionale di Francia nella Costituzione civile del clero, la Sa. Me. di +Pio VI. la riprov nel suo breve dei 20 marzo 1791. pag. 61, e seg. Ed +avendo la stessa corte di Londra, quando entr in possesso della Corsica, +fatto il medesimo progetto, vi si oppose la S. Sede, e quella Real corte +desist dall' impegno. + +Riguardo all' influenza, che si vorrebbe, del potere civile nella nomina +de' vescovi, cosi varj progetti, che si sono fatti, per regolare una tale +influenza, in primo luogo da avvertirsi, che la nomina assolutamente non +potr accordarsi al Sovrano, come acattolico. Al qual proposito baster +riportare i sentimenti di Benedetto XIV. Questo gran Pontefice in una sua +lettera scritta al vescovo di Breslavia li 15 maggio 1748, si espresse ne' +seguenti termini.--"Non ritrovasi in tutta la storia Ecclesiastica verun +indulto conceduto da Romani Pontefici ai Sovrani di altra comunione, il +nominare a Vescovadi, ed Abbadie--soggiungendo, che non voleva, ne poteva +introdurre un esempio, che scandalizzarebbe tutto il mondo cattolico, e +che, oltre la gravissima pena, la quale Iddio gli farebbe scontare nell' +altro mondo, renderebbe il suo nome esoso, e maledetto in tutto il tempo +di sua vita, e molto pi in quello che avrebbe a decorrere dopo la di lui +morte. La stessa difficolt sussisterebbe ugualmente, ancorch il diritto +di nomina fosse limitato tra una classe di persone, esaminata prima, e +previamente sperimentata, ed approvata dal corpo dei Vescovi, come quello +de' Gran-Vicarj, da stabilirsene due in ogni Diocesi, e Distretto. Ma +oltre a questo, il progetto de' Gran-Vicarj involve gravissime difficolt +per le circostanze locali. Perciocch, lasciando anche stare il pericolo +dell' ambizione degli ecclesiastici presso de' Vescovi, e Vicarj +Apostolici per essere dichiarati Gran-Vicarj, quando che ora, scegliendosi +i soggetti da promuoversi dal ceto degli operaj, s' impegnano anche gli +ambiziosi a faticare a pr delle anime: chiaro ancoro, che in tanta +penuria di ecclesiastici, ch' in tutto cotesto dominio, se si tolgono +due Gran-Vicarj per ogni Vicario Apostolico, o Vescovo, mancheranno +affatto gli ecclesiastici per la cura delle anime. + +Il semplice diritto di esclusiva involverebbe minori inconvenienti +intrinseci, purch fosse limitato; giacch altrimenti, a forza di +escludere si otterrebbe per indiretto una vera nomina. Ma questo diritto +affatto nuovo; e l' introdurlo per la prima volta, non si sa a quali +conseguenze potrebbe condurre. Ma siccome tutti questi progetti si fanno +per assicurare il Governo, che non sia promossa persona, che non gli sia +invisa, dovrebbe bastare l' esperienza di tanti secoli, ad assicurare il +Governo, stesso della somma premura, che ha sempre avuta la S. Sede, che i +soggetti da lei promossi, non solo non siano invisi, ma siano anche +graditi del Governo stesso. Eo V. P. pu di fatto proprio attestare della +somma industria, attivit, e segretezza usatasi, qualche tempo fa, della +S. Sede, per escludere persona, che sospettava potere riuscire men gradita +al Governo, bench ape poggiata da forti raccomandazioni, ed includesse +altra persona, cha sicuramente fosse di sua soddisfazione. Oltre di che +essendo solitquesta S. C. di attendere per gli promovendi gli attestati, e +le postulazioni, o le informazioni de' Metropolitani, o degli altri Vicarj +Apostolici, ed anche del clero della rispettiva Diocesi, prima di proporre +al S. P. i soggetti, da questi certamente sapra quali siano quelle +persone, che possano essere poco accette al Governo, per escluderle +sicuramente. + +Quanto al desiderio de' Magnati, di avere vescovi, in vece di Vicarj +Apostolici, in se stesso considerato santissimo, ed analogo alla +costituzione della Chiessa Cattolica; e se n' trattato altre volte in +Inghilterra. Dispiace solamente il fine, per cui si fa un tal progetto, +cio per avere Prelati meno aderenti alla S. Sede. Ma la S. Sede nulla +avrebba a temere da siffata innovazione, sull' esempio de' vescovi d' +Irlanda de quali ugualmente contenta che de' Vicarj Apostolici d' +Inghilterra, e di Scozia. Senza che, la constante esperienza dimostra, che +quantunque in diritto sia diversa la condizione de' Vicarj Apostolici de +quella de' Vescovi; pure in fatti non porta effetti diversi. Solo devrebbe +rifflettersi alle circostanze de' tempi, ed agl' incovenienti che +potrebbero esercitare il cosi detto Club Cisalpino, per evitarsi al +possibile ogni innovazione. + +Pi di tutti sarebbe fatale quel progretto, che per altro Monsig. Milner +dice essere di alcuni pochi, che ogni communicazione de' cattolici colla +S. Sede debba soggiacere all' esame de' ministri di S. M. Questo diritto +non si mai riconosciuto dalla S. Sede in alcun principe cattolico: e l' +esempio che si cita, della Francia, era dai concordati limitato alle sole +ecclesiastiche proviste. Ma quanto sarebbe pi pericoloso in un Governo +acattolico, con cui non possibile di convenire nelle massime religiose. +Si spera per altro, che quei pochi, che propongono, un tal progretto, non +troveranno seguito: e che quel Governo, che si vanta di lasciare una piena +libert ai suoi sudditi, non vorra imporre loro una catena negli effari +pi delicati, che riguardano la coscienza, per gli quali soltanto i +cattolici, communicano colla S. Sede: giacch la S. C. nel questionario +stampato, che manda a quei Vescovi, e Vicarj Apostolici per norma della +relazione delle loro chiese, nel primo articolo si protesta espressamente +che non vuole di loro alcuna nuova politica. + +Molto consolante poi, riuscito alla S. Congr. la nuova, che sia +riuscito, allo stesso Monsig. Milner di ottenere un' assai pi grande +libert per gli soldati cattolici nell' esercizio della S. Religione; e +che abbia ben dispositi gli animi, per fare riconoscere validi nella legge +civile i matrimonj contratti avanti un sacerdote cattolico. V. Paternit +gliene faccia i pi vivi ringraziamenti, per parte di questa S. C. + +In fine l' Arcivescovo, che scrive, con piena stima se le rassegna. + + + + + +A RECENT PROTESTANT VIEW OF THE CHURCH OF THE MIDDLE AGES. + + +The history of the Church in the middle ages has ever forced upon +Protestant minds a difficulty which they have met by many various methods +of solution. The middle age exhibits so much of precious side by side with +so much of base, so much of the beauty of holiness in the midst of +ungodliness, so much of what all Christians admit as truth with what +Protestants call fatal error, that the character of the whole cannot +readily be taken in at first sight from the Protestant point of view. Some +there are who dwell so long on the shadows that they close their eyes to +the light, and these declare the medieval Church to have been a scene of +unmitigated evil. To their minds the whole theology of the period is +useless, or worse than useless, harmful. They connect the middle ages with +wickedness as thoroughly as the Manicheans connected matter with the evil +principle. + +Others there are who honestly admit that these ages, especially their +earlier part, are not Protestant, but at the same time contend that +neither are they favourable to Roman doctrine. These believe that facts +abundantly prove that in the bosom of the Church which was then, the two +Churches were to be found, which afterwards disengaged themselves from one +another at the Reformation. This is the philosophy of medieval history +which, as we learn from the preface to his collection of _Sacred Latin +Poetry_,(1) has recommended itself to Dr. Trench, the present Protestant +Archbishop of Dublin. "In Romanism we have the residuum of the middle-age +Church and theology, the lees, after all, or well nigh all the wine was +drained away. But in the medieval Church we have the wine and lees +together--the truth and the error, the false observance and yet at the same +time the divine truth which should one day be fatal to it--side by side." +For such thinkers the sum of all the history of that period amounts to +this: a long struggle between two Churches--one a Church of truth, the +other a Church of error--a struggle which, however, ended happily in the +triumph of the Church of truth by the Reformation, in which the truth was +purified from its contact with error. + +It is not without its advantages to know what views the occupant of an +Irish see so distinguished, is led to take, of the Church to which +seventy-seven out of every hundred Irishmen belong, with all the +convictions of their intellects, and all the love of their hearts. It +seems to us that his theory is not likely to satisfy any party; it goes +too far to please some, and stops short too soon to be agreeable to +others. But what strikes us most of all in it is the fatal inconsistency +of its parts. Of this the very book to which it serves as preface is proof +enough. Dr. Trench's position is this. He tells his Protestant readers +that whereas in the medieval Church there was a good church, and an evil, +all the good has found its resting place in Protestantism, all the evil in +tyrannical Rome. Whatever of good, of holy, of pure, has ever been said or +done within the Church, Protestants are the rightful inheritors of it all. +From the treasury of the Church before the Reformation he proposes to +draw, and to collect in this work what his readers may live on and love, +and what he is confident will prove wholesome nourishment for their souls. +He would set before them the feelings of the Church during these thousand +years of her existence, and would summon from afar, from remote ages, +"voices in which they may utter and embody the deepest things of their +hearts". Such, he assures them, are the voices of the writers whose poems +have found a place in his book. Now, if we are to understand that the two +ante-Reformation Churches stood out quite distinctly, one from the other, +in open antagonism, like Jerusalem and Babylon, each having its own +position more or less clearly defined, we should naturally expect to find +in Dr. Trench's book the thoughts and words only of the Reformers before +the Reformation, of the men, that is, who never bent the knee to Baal, but +ever cherished in their hearts the true doctrine of salvation. If his own +theory be worth anything, he must have recourse for his present purposes, +to that one of the two Churches which alone has been perpetuated, +victorious after conflict, in Protestantism. Where else shall he find +sympathies that answer to those of Protestants? But he does not do so. For +in the beginning of his preface he tells us that he has not admitted each +and all of the works of the authors whose productions he inserts. He tells +us that he has carefully excluded from his collection "all hymns which in +any way imply the Romish doctrine of transubstantiation", or, "which +involve any creature-worship, or speak of the Mother of our Lord in any +other language than that which Scripture has sanctioned, and our Church +adopted", or which "ask of the suffrages of the Saints"? These certainly +are not the doctrines which have been perpetuated in Protestantism. + +His own practice, therefore, is inconsistent with his theory, if that +theory means to assert the existence of two Churches in the middle age, +distinctly antagonistic, one to the other. + +The only escape from this tangle is to reply, that Dr. Trench, although he +may find two Churches in the bosom of the middle-age Church, does not, +however, place between them a separation so sharp as to suppose the Church +of good absolutely without evil, nor the Church of evil altogether +destitute of good. In each there is good and some mixture of evil: error +relieved by a vein of truth. His favourite authors, by whose labours he +wishes to make his readers profit, are, in this last hypothesis, men who +are subject to the influence of both Churches; men who belong partly to +each in turn, whose doctrines are a pitiable admixture of truth with +falsehood--who, in one word, are visited both by "airs from Heaven and +blasts from Hell". At times they say what all, even Protestants, may +treasure up in their hearts, to live on and love; at times, again, they +are made to utter what all should reject and condemn, as so many snares +for unwary feet. We shall say nothing of the difficulty the mind feels in +accepting such a description of the position of these writers, nor of the +task we have to persuade ourselves that those who teach belief in deadly +heresies to be essential to salvation, can be, at the same time, the +chosen tabernacles wherein the pure spirit of real piety can ever take up +its abode. Such was not the feeling of the ancient Church. We ask, +instead, who are the men upon whose writings Dr. Trench would sit in +judgment, "to sunder between the holy and profane", to distinguish between +the errors and the truth, to decide what we are "to take warning from and +to shun, what to live upon and love". With the exception of the two, Alard +and Buttmann, all are men highly honoured by the whole Catholic world, and +all, without exception, are praised for their excelling virtues by Dr. +Trench himself. Among the twenty-three names we read with reverence those +of Saint Ambrose, Saint Bonaventure, Venerable Bede, Saint Bernard, Saint +Peter Damian, Thomas a-Kempis, Peter the Venerable, Jacopone, and others +of great reputation for sanctity and learning. These are the men whose +writings Dr. Trench is to parcel out into two portions; this to be +venerated as sacred, that to be condemned as profane. It needs great faith +in the censor, to accept readily his decision in such a case. What test +does he undertake to apply? what criterion is to influence his choice? Why +does he cast away the poems which celebrate St. Peter as Prince of the +Apostles, and approve of those that extol St. Paul? Why should he style +Adam of St. Victor's hymn on the Blessed Virgin an exaggeration, and quote +as edifying his _Laus S. Scripturae_? Why are St. Bonaventure's pieces in +honour of Mary visited with censure, and his lines _In Passione Domini_ +made the theme of praise? Dr. Trench gives us his reasons very plainly. +"If our position mean anything", says he (page x.), "we are bound to +believe that to us, having the Word and the Spirit, the power has been +given to distinguish things which differ.... It is our duty to believe +that to us, that to each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks, will +be given that enlightening spirit, by whose aid it shall be enabled to +read aright the past realizations of God's divine idea in the wise and +historic Church of successive ages, and to distinguish the human +imperfections, blemishes, and errors, from the divine truth which they +obscured and overlaid, but which they could not destroy, being, one day, +rather to be destroyed by it". That is to say, we, as Protestants, in +virtue of our position as such, are able by the light of the Holy Spirit +to discern true from false doctrine, the fruits of the good Church from +the fruits of the evil Church. This enlightening Spirit will be given to +each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks it. But, we ask, what are +we to believe concerning the working of the same enlightening Spirit in +the hearts of the holy men whose exquisitely devotional writings Dr. +Trench sets before us? Were they men of humility and earnestness? If they +were not, Dr. Trench's book appears under false colours, and is not a book +of edification. And if they were, as they certainly were, who is Dr. +Trench that he should take it on himself to condemn those who enjoyed the +very same light which he claims for himself? And why should we not then +rather believe that as these holy men had, on his own showing, the spirit +of God, Dr. Trench, in condemning their doctrine does in truth condemn +what is the doctrine of the Church of the Holy Spirit. + +The theory is therefore as inconsistent as on historical grounds it is +false. Such as it is, however, the conclusions we may draw from it are of +great importance. + +1. Dr. Trench declares that, both by omitting and by thinning, he has +carefully removed from his selection, all doctrine implying +transubstantiation, the cultus of the Blessed Virgin, the invocation of +saints, and the veneration of the cross. Now, as the great bulk of the +poems he publishes belong to the middle ages, strictly so called, it +follows, on Dr. Trench's authority, that these doctrines of the Roman +Catholic Church were held long before the Reformation, and that the Church +was already in possession when Luther came. + +2. Since he tells us (page vi) that he has counted inadmissible poems +which breathe a spirit foreign to that tone of piety which the English +Church desires to cherish in her children, it follows that the spirit of +piety in the Church of old is not the same as that in the present Church +of England. Now in such cases the presumption is against novelty. + +3. Dr. Trench (page vii) reminds his readers that it is unfair to try the +theological language of the middle ages by the greater strictness and +accuracy rendered necessary by the struggle, of the Reformation. A man who +holds a doctrine _implicitly_ and in a confused manner, is likely to use +words which he would correct if the doctrine were put before him in +accurate form. This is a sound principle, and one constantly employed by +Catholic theologians, when they have to deal with an objection urged by +Protestants from some obscure or equivocal passage of a Father. It is +satisfactory to be able for the future to claim for its use the high +authority of Dr. Trench. + +4. A special assistance of the Holy Spirit is claimed for all those who +humbly and earnestly invoke him. This assistance is to enable those +blessed with it to distinguish between error and divine truth. Is this +happy privilege to be exercised either independently, without the +direction of the ministers of the Church, or is it one of the graces +peculiar to the pastoral office? In the former case, every fanatical +sectary may judge in matters of religion as securely as if he had the +whole world on his side. In the latter case, it would be interesting to +know how much does this privilege differ from the infallibility claimed by +the Catholic Church. + +5. Finally, the contradictions inherent to the whole theory are most +clearly to be seen in the following passage about the noble lines which +Hildebert, Archbishop of Tours, in the beginning of the twelfth century, +places on the lip of the city of Rome: + + + "I have not inserted these lines", says Dr. Trench, "in the body + of this collection, lest I might seem to claim for them that + entire sympathy which I am very far from doing. Yet, believing as + we may, and, to give any meaning to a large period of Church + history, we must, that Papal Rome of the middle ages had a work of + God to accomplish for the taming of a violent and brutal world, in + the midst of which she often lifted up the only voice which was + anywhere heard in behalf of righteousness and truth--all of which + we may believe, with the fullest sense that her dominion was an + unrighteous usurpation, however overruled for good to Christendom, + which could then take no higher blessing--believing this, we may + freely admire these lines, so nobly telling of that true strength + of spiritual power, which may be perfected in the utmost weakness + of all other power. It is the city of Rome which speaks: + + Dum simulacra mihi, dum numina vana placerent, + Militi, populo, moenibus alts fui: + At simul effigies, arasque superstitiosas + Dejiciens, uni sum famulata Deo; + Cesserunt arces, cecidere palatia divum, + Servivit populis, degeneravit eques. + Vix scio quae fuerim: vix Romae Roma recordor; + Vix sinit occasus vel meminisse mei. + Gratior haec jactura mihi successibus illis, + Major sum pauper divite, stante jacens. + Plus aquilis vexilla crucis, plus Caesare Petrus, + Plus cinctis ducibus vulgus inerme dedit. + Stans domui terras; infernum diruta pulso; + Corpora stans, animas fracta jacensque rego. + Tunc miserae plebi, nunc principibus tenebrarum + Impero; tunc urbes, nunc mea regna polus. + Quod ne Caesaribus videar debere vel armis, + Et species rerum meque meosque trahat, + Armorum vis illa perit, ruit alta Senats + Gloria, procumbunt templa, theatra jacent. + Rostra vacant, edicta silent, sua praemia desunt + Emeritis, populo jura, colonus agris. + Ista jacent, ne forte meus spem ponat in illis + Civis, et evacuet spemque bonumque crucis. + + + + + +THE MSS. REMAINS OF PROFESSOR O'CURRY IN THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY. NO. II. + + +_Prayer of St. Aireran the Wise, ob._. 664. + + + [In the first number of the RECORD we published from the + manuscripts of the late Professor O'Curry the Prayer of St. Colga + of Clonmacnoise. We now publish another beautiful devotional piece + from the same collection. + + Speaking of ancient Irish religious works now remaining, O'Curry + says (at page 378 of his great work): "The fifth class of these + religious remains consists of the prayers, invocations, and + litanies, which have came down to us". The Prayer of St. Colga, + published in our last number, is placed by O'Curry in the second + place among these documents, which he sets down in chronological + order. + + "The first piece of this class (adopting the chronological order) + is the prayer of St. _Aireran_ the Wise (often called _Aileran_, + _Eleran_, and _Airenan_), who was a classical professor in the + great school of Clonard, and died of the plague in the year 664. + St. Aireran's prayer or litany is addressed, respectively, to God + the Father, to God the Son, and to God the Holy Spirit, invoking + them for mercy by various titles indicative of their power, glory, + and attributes. The prayer consists of five invocations to the + Father, eighteen invocations to the Son, and five to the Holy + Spirit; and commences in Latin thus: 'O Deus Pater, Omnipotens + Deus, exerci misericordiam nobis'. This is followed by the same + Invocation in the Gaedhlic; and the petitions to the end are + continued in the same language. The invocation of the Son begins + thus: 'Have mercy on us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son Of + the living God! O Son, born twice! O only born of God the Father'. + The petition to the Holy Spirit begins: 'Have mercy on us, O + Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit the noblest of all spirits!' + (See original in APPENDIX, No. CXX.) + + "When I first discovered this prayer in the _Leabhar Buidhe + Lecain_ (or Yellow Book of _Lecain_), in the library of Trinity + College, many years ago, I had no means of ascertaining or fixing + its date; but in my subsequent readings in the same library, for + my collection of ancient glossaries, I met the word _Oirchis_ set + down with explanation and illustration, as follows: + + " '_Oirchis_, id est, Mercy; as it is said in the prayers of + Arinan the Wise':--Have mercy on us, O God the Father Almighty!" + See original in APPENDIX, No. CXXI. + + "I think it is unnecessary to say more on the identity of the + author of this prayer with the distinguished _Aireran_ of Clonard. + Nor is this the only specimen of his devout works that has come + down to us. Fleming, in his Collecta Sacra, has published a + fragment of a Latin tract discovered in the ancient monastery of + St. Gall in Switzerland, which is entitled 'The Mystical + Interpretation of the Ancestry of our Lord Jesus Christ'. A + perfect copy of this curious tract, and one of high antiquity, + has, I believe, been lately discovered on the continent. + + "There was another _Airenan_, also called 'the wise', who was + abbot of _Tamhlacht_ [Tallaght] in the latter part of the ninth + century; but he has not been distinguished as an author, as far as + we know". + + It seems to us that there are three things specially worthy of our + consideration in this beautiful prayer. + + In the first place, we find in it an explicit and most clear + declaration of the Catholic Faith regarding the Blessed Trinity, + especially the distinction of three persons, and the Divinity of + each of these Divine Persons. "O God the Father Almighty, O God of + Hosts, help us! Help us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! Help us, + O Almighty God, O Holy Spirit!" + + We are in the next place struck by the extraordinary familiarity + with the Holy Scripture which the writer evinces. There is + scarcely one of the epithets which is not found in the sacred + pages, almost in the precise words used by him, beginning with the + first words, addressed to the Eternal Father, "O God of Hosts", + the _Deus Sabaoth_ of the Prophets, and going on to the last + invocation of the Holy Ghost, "Spirit of love", which comprises in + itself the two inspired phrases: "_Spiritus est Deus_", and "_Deus + Charitas est_". We may also remark the coincidence between Saint + Aireran and the liturgical prayers of the Church, especially in + the invocations of the Holy Ghost found in the office of + Whitsuntide and in the administration of the Sacrament of + Confirmation, "_Tu septiformis munere: Digitus Paternae + dexterae_". "O Finger of God! O Spirit of Seven Forms". + + In fine, we find our Irish saint applying to the Son of God the + vision of the Prophet Ezechiel regarding the four mysterious + animals: "O true Man! O Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle!" The prophecy + is commonly interpreted of the Four Evangelists. Saint Augustine + and Saint Jerome are quoted as authorities for this + interpretation. But it is worthy of remark, that Saint Gregory the + Great, whilst giving the same interpretation, applies the + mysterious vision also to God the Son.(2) And Saint Aireran, by + adopting this opinion, seems to afford us another proof of the + great familiarity of our Irish scholars with the writings of the + great Pontiff and Father of the Church. And this familiarity is + rendered still more remarkable, and serves to give another proof + of the constant communication between Rome and Ireland, from the + close proximity of the times of our Saint and of Saint Gregory.] + + +O Deus Pater omnipotens Deus exerce tuam misericordiam nobis! + +O God the Father Almighty! O God of Hosts, help us. + +O illustrious God! O Lord of the world! O Creator of all creatures, help +us. + +O indescribable God! O Creator of all creatures, help us. + +O invisible God! O incorporeal God! O unseen God! O unimaginable God! O +patient God! O uncorrupted God! O unchangeable God! O eternal God! O +perfect God! O merciful God! O admirable God! O Golden Goodness! O +Heavenly Father, who art in Heaven, help us. + +Help us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son of the living God! O Son +twice born! O only begotten of the Father! O first-born of Mary the +Virgin! O Son of David! O Son of Abraham, beginning of all things! O End +of the World! O Word of God! O Jewel of the Heavenly Kingdom! O Life of +all (things)! O Eternal Truth! O Image, O Likeness, O Form of God the +Father! O Arm of God! O Hand of God! O Strength of God! O right (hand) of +God! O true Wisdom! O true Light, which enlightens all men! O Light-giver! +O Sun of Righteousness! O Star of the Morning! O Lustre of the Divinity! O +Sheen of the Eternal Light! O Fountain of immortal Life! O Pacificator +between God and Man! O Foretold of the Church! O Faithful Shepherd of the +flock! O Hope of the Faithful! O Angel of the Great Council! O True +Prophet! O True Apostle! O True Preacher! O Master! O Friend of Souls +(Spiritual Director)! O Thou of the shining hair! O Immortal Food! O Tree +of Life! O Righteous of Heaven! O Wand from the Stem of Moses! O King of +Israel! O Saviour! O Door of Life! O Splendid Flower of the Plain! O +Corner-stone! O Heavenly Zion! O Foundation of the Faith! O Spotless Lamb! +O Diadem! O Gentle Sheep! O Redeemer of mankind! O true God! O True Man! O +Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle! O Crucified Christ! O Judge of the Judgment +Day! help us. + +Help us, O Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit more noble than all +Spirits! O Finger of God! O Guardian of the Christians! O Protector of the +Distressed! O Co-partner of the True Wisdom! O Author of the Holy +Scripture! O Spirit of Righteousness! O Spirit of Seven Forms! O Spirit of +the Intellect! O Spirit of the Counsel! O Spirit of Fortitude! O Spirit of +Knowledge! O Spirit of Love! help us. + + + + + +THE DESTINY OF THE IRISH RACE.(3) + + +That God knows and governs all things--that whatever happens is either done +or permitted by him, and that he proposes to himself wise and beneficent +ends in all he does or permits--are truths which lie at the foundation of +all religion. The wicked may refuse to obey his commands, but they cannot +withdraw themselves from the reach of his power. While their wickedness is +entirely their own, _God_ makes them, however unwilling or unconscious, +instruments to work out his ends. + +It is thus that individuals and nations have each a peculiar destiny. Not +that there is a blind fate, such as Pagans imagined; but that an +all-seeing and all-governing God proposes to himself certain objects, +which he is determined to attain, despite the perversity of man. + +To learn the purposes of God in the development of human events, to trace +his hand in the complicated movements of society, to see him overruling +and directing all to his own great ends, is one of the most sublime +objects to which the study of history can be applied. Frequently, indeed, +we may be unable fully to comprehend the designs of his providence in the +moral, as in the physical world. Fancy, or pride, may easily have a great +part in suggesting our theories. But, if we confine ourselves to certain +facts and undoubted principles, we can often trace the design in both +orders, and admire in it the wisdom, the power, the goodness--all the +attributes of God. Nay, all these shine more brightly in the moral than in +the physical order. + +The history of his chosen people is an example of this. We find empires +rising and falling, at one time to punish, at another time to try, at +another to deliver his people. The good and the wicked, the weak and the +strong, become in turn his instruments. The whole history of that people +is but a record of the acts of his overruling providence, directing all +things to the accomplishment of the designs which he had announced. + +This is, indeed, so evident in this case that it may not be considered a +fair instance to prove my general position. For it is admitted that God's +providence over the Jewish race was quite extraordinary. Still, it proves +that God does so intervene in human affairs, and it illustrates many of +the principles that must be kept in view in these investigations. It +shows, for example, that many, unconscious of the fact--nay, with quite +another object in view, acting perhaps from avarice, hatred, or ambition, +are yet instruments in the hand of God for the accomplishment of his wise +purposes. It shows how things, and persons, considered as of little or of +no value, according to human views, may, in reality, be the pivots on +which the destinies of vast empires turn, connected, as they may be, with +the accomplishment of purposes which weigh more in the scales of Heaven +than the mere temporal condition of all the empires of the Earth. + +It is in this view that many Christian writers assert that the Roman +empire obtained universal sway, that civilized nations being thus brought +closely together, an easier way might be prepared for the spread of the +Gospel. The generals and statesmen of Rome had no doubt a very low idea of +the poor fishermen of Galilee, and of the tentmaker of Tharsus. It may be +safely presumed that they did not even allow their names to divert their +thoughts, for a moment, from the grand projects of conquest and government +by which they were engrossed. Yet, in the designs of God, it was, most +probably, to prepare a way for the work of those fishermen, and of that +tentmaker, and their associates, that wisdom had been vouchsafed to their +counsels and victory to their arms. + +The endless invasions of the Roman empire by northern tribes is another +instance of whole races being used by God for his own purposes, without +their having any idea of the work in which they were employed. They came +to punish those who had revelled in the blood of the saints, and to supply +fresh material for the great work of the Church of God. + +Towards the close of the fifteenth century, an Italian sailor, led by some +astronomical observations and some half understood, or rather +misunderstood, tales of ancient travellers, to believe that there must be +another continent far away beyond the western waters, wandered from court +to court, in Europe, in search of means to fit up an expedition to +discover it, and he finally succeeded in making known a new world. It +requires little faith in divine Providence to believe that it was God who +was impelling him thus to open a new outlet for the energies of the +ancient world, which were then about being developed on a gigantic scale, +and, still more, to prepare a field for a more extensive spread of the +Gospel, in which the Church might repair the losses she was about to +sustain in the religious convulsions impending in Europe. + +Numberless similar instances might be quoted. These designs of God are +sometimes manifest, sometimes hidden; sometimes they are far-reaching, +sometimes limited. Ignorance and pride may mistake or pervert them. But +they always prevail; they are always worthy of their Author; and let me +add, that the salvation of men being the object most highly prized by God, +it is not only rightfully considered the most noble, but it is that to +which his other works may be justly accounted subordinate. + +It is under the light of these principles that I undertake an +investigation of the purposes of God regarding the Irish race. These +purposes seem to me no longer matter of speculation; they may be +pronounced manifest; for they are written in unmistakable characters in +the development of events. + +The history of Ireland is, in many respects, peculiar. Few nations +received the faith so readily, and no other preserved it amidst similar +struggles. St. Patrick first announced the Gospel to the assembled states +of the realm at Tara. He received permission to preach it, unmolested, +throughout the length and breadth of the land. By his indomitable zeal and +heroic virtue, he succeeded in winning over the natives so effectually, +that at his death few pagans remained in Ireland. Not a drop of blood was +shed when Christianity was first announced. Heroism was displayed only by +the exalted virtues of the Apostle and of the neophytes. Nowhere else did +the Gospel take root so quickly and so firmly, and produce fruits so +immediate and so abundant. Catholic Ireland soon became the home of the +saints and sages of the Christian world. To many of the nations of the +continent her apostles went forth, charged with the embassy of eternal +truth. In every realm of Europe her children established sanctuaries of +piety and learning; and to her own hospitable shores the natives of other +lands flocked to receive education, and even support, from her gratuitous +bounty. Homes of virtue dotted her hills and valleys; and thus were laid +deep the roots of that strong attachment to the faith, which, later, was +to be exposed to trials the most severe. + +We thus find God preparing Ireland for a future, then hidden to all but +Himself. For the day of trial came at last. She was reposing in peace, +under the shadow of the Gospel, when the barbaric invasion, that swept +before it every vestige of learning and religion in many parts of Europe, +reached her shores. Ireland was the only country that rolled back its +wave. But she did this at the cost of her life's blood. For two centuries +the Dane trampled her sons under foot. His cruelties yet re-echo in the +national traditions. But the Irish race at last arose in its might, and +drove the barbarian from its shores. The churches of the country had been +pillaged, its monasteries plundered, its institutions of learning +destroyed--everything that the sword could smite, or fire consume, had +perished; but the Irish race came out of the ordeal preserving its own +integrity, and the jewel which it prized above all else--its glorious +faith. + +Not long after this deliverance, and before Ireland had succeeded in +obliterating the traces of Danish cruelty, another invader set his foot on +her shores. Availing himself of the discords naturally arising from the +disorganized state of society, he succeeded in gaining a foothold. By +fanning these discords, he kept possession and gained strength. The rule +of the Saxon became thus almost as severe a calamity as had been the +oppression of the Dane. To the hatred, which is generally greater in the +oppressor than in the oppressed, were added, in time, religious fanaticism +and the desire of plunder, which became its associate and assumed its +garb. The _mere_ Irishman, who was hated under any circumstances on +account of his race, was now hunted in his own country as if he were a +wild beast. The property of the Catholic people was confiscated, and most +stringent laws were enacted to prevent its renewed acquisitions. Priests, +wherever found, were put to death, and the severest penalties were +inflicted on those who would harbour any that escaped detection. +Extermination by fire and sword was ordered in so many words, and was +attempted. When this failed, a system of penal laws was established, which +were in full force until lately, and which a Protestant writer of +deservedly high repute (Burke) calls a "machine of wise and elaborate +contrivance, and as well fitted for the oppression, impoverishment, and +degradation of a people, and the debasement in them of human nature +itself, as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man". Upon the +partial abandonment of this form of oppression, a system of proselytism +was adopted, and is yet in full vigour (for it has become an institution, +and the best supported institution in Ireland), which, by bribes to the +high and the low, appeals to every base instinct to draw men away from the +faith. + +Yet neither confiscation of property, nor famine, nor disgrace, nor death +in its most hideous forms, could make Ireland waver in that faith which +our forefathers received from St. Patrick. There were, of course, from +time to time, and there are, a few exceptions. Did not these occur, the +Irish must have been more than men. But, as a general rule, the places +that could not be procured or retained, except by apostacy, were resigned. +The rich allowed their property to be torn from them, and they willingly +became poor; the poor bore hunger and all other consequences of wretched +poverty; and though every Earthly good was arrayed temptingly before them, +they scorned to purchase comfort at the price of apostacy. During the four +years from 1846 to 1850, nearly two millions either perished from hunger +or its attendant pestilence, or were forced to leave their native land to +escape both. In the midst of the dead and the dying, proselytisers showed +themselves everywhere, well provided with food and money, and Bibles, and +every one of the sufferers felt, and was made to feel, that all his +sufferings might have been spared had he been willing to barter his faith +for bread. Yet the masses could bear hunger and face pestilence, or fly +from their native land; but they would not eat the bread of apostacy. They +died, or they fled; but they clung to their faith. + +In vain, I think, will history be searched for another example of such +vast numbers, generation after generation, calmly, silently facing an +unhonoured death, without any support on earth but the approving voice of +conscience. + +This fidelity can be predicated with truth of the whole Irish race, +notwithstanding the numbers of those in Ireland who are not Catholics. For +these, besides being a minority of the inhabitants, are but an exotic, +planted in Ireland by the sword. They were imported, being already, and +because they were, of another faith, for the purpose of supplanting that +of the inhabitants. Many of them adopted the faith of the old race, so +that the names that indicate their origin are not a certain test of their +religion. But so steadily has the old stock adhered to its faith, that an +Irish "O", or "Mac", or any other old Celtic name, is almost sure to +designate a Catholic. Indeed, such names are usually called "Catholic +names". Whenever an exception is found, it is so rare an occurrence that +the party is considered a renegade from his race as well as from his +religion. + +It would, however, be not only unfounded to flatter ourselves that this +stability in the faith is the result of anything peculiar in the Irish +nature, but it would be, I may say, a blasphemy to assert it. God alone +can preserve any one in the paths of truth and virtue; how much more must +we attribute to Him the fidelity of a whole race, under the trying +circumstances here enumerated? + +Such grace may have been given, as many believe, in reward of the +readiness and the fulness with which our ancestors first received the +faith of the Gospel, and it is hoped that God will to the end grant the +same grace of fidelity to their descendants. Our great Apostle is said to +have asked this favour from God for the nation which so readily responded +to his call. Let us unite our prayers with his, and, like Solomon, ask for +our race not riches, nor power, but true wisdom, which is, above all and +before all, allegiance to the true faith. This was the prayer, no doubt, +which the millions of our martyred ancestors poured out. They themselves +sacrificed property and liberty; they gave up everything that man could +take away, that they might preserve this precious jewel. They believed +that in doing this they were following the dictates of true wisdom, and, +in their fondest love for their remotest posterity, they wished and prayed +that similar wisdom might be displayed by them. May their prayer be heard +to the end. + +This prayer has been heard, or at least this grace has been granted, up to +the present. When the sons of Ireland on this day return in thought to the +homes of their fathers, they may indeed look back upon a land inferior to +many in the elements of material greatness. They may behold her castles +and rich domains in the possession of the stranger. They may view the +masses of their race with scarcely a foothold in the land of their +fathers, liable to be ejected from the farm, and driven out on the public +highways, and from the highways into the crowded town, and from the hovels +of the crowded town into the poorhouse, and even at the poorhouse denied +the right of admission. But amidst all the miseries of those who yet dwell +in the old land--in spite of the wiles of unscrupulous governments, and +heartless and tyrannical landlords, and hypocritical proselytizers--in +spite of open violence and covert bribes, their undying attachment to the +faith remains unaltered, unshaken--a monument of national virtue more +honourable than any which wealth or power could erect, or flattery devise. + +But all this is a grace, a great grace of God. It reveals a purpose of +Heaven more bountiful in regard to this people than if he had raised them +to the highest place in material power amongst the nations of the Earth. + +Temporal prosperity, in its various forms, though a favour from God, is +not his most precious blessing. He himself selected the way of the Cross. +In abjection and suffering he came into the world; he lived in it despised +and persecuted, he died amidst excruciating torments. To those whom he +loved in a special manner, he says, "Can you drink the chalice which I am +to drink, and be baptized with the baptism with which I shall be +baptized?" and when they reply, they can, the promise that this shall be +fulfilled, his leading them to follow him in the way of the Cross, his +calling them to suffer for righteousness, is the best pledge of his +greatest love. + +This grace he has given to Ireland. Her children have received and +accepted the call; they have reaped the reward. Indeed, I have found the +opinion entertained by many clergymen of extensive experience, that there +is not probably a people on this Earth of whom more, in proportion to +their number, leave this world with well grounded hopes of a happy +eternity. They do not, it is true, display a boastful assurance that they +are about to ascend at once into Heaven. But vast masses serve God with +humble fidelity in life, and, at death, acknowledging and sorry for their +sins, doing all they can to comply with his requirements, they throw +themselves, with resignation to his will, into the arms of his mercy. + +Were nothing else apparent in the purposes of God, we might stop here. We +would find a great and worthy object for all that Ireland has suffered, +and cause to thank the Almighty Ruler for having given her the grace to +suffer in union with and for the sake of his Son. + +But God's graces are often given for ulterior purposes; and it may be +asked whether the extraordinary preservation of this nation's faith has +not another object in his wise and merciful counsels. + +It appears to me that this is now clear in the case of Ireland. But, to +understand it properly, we must reflect more closely on her connection +with England, and on the condition of this latter country. + +In the sixteenth century England abandoned the faith to which she had +adhered for a thousand years. Her apostacy, though consummated by degrees, +may be said to have become at last complete. The blood of her best sons +flowed at Tyburn. The priests that were not of the number were banished, +or forced to seek safety in hiding places. The same price was put on the +head of a priest as on that of a wolf. The property of Catholics was +confiscated, their children were taken from them, and educated in the +religion of the establishment. These and analogous measures produced their +effect at last. Were it not for these things, a great part of that nation, +if not a majority, would be Catholic to-day. Though they desired no share +in the plunder of the Church, and had no fancy for the new theories of the +Reformers, they were weak enough to yield to a pressure, under which +compromise first, and then apostacy, afforded the only means of escaping +confiscation and the loss of every social advantage, frequently the only +means of escaping death. The old faith stamped, indeed, its mark on the +institutions of the kingdom in a manner that could not be blotted out. It +left its memorials everywhere throughout the land. The noble universities, +the gorgeous cathedrals, and the splendid ruins scattered over the surface +of the country, are witnesses of its departed power; but it is itself +effectually blotted out from the hearts of the people. Though the most +noble kings and princes of the land had delighted in honouring +Catholicity, though England had sent her apostles and her saints into many +a clime, though her hills and valleys had re-echoed for centuries with the +sweet songs of Catholic devotion, her people now know nothing more hateful +than the faith under the auspices of which their fathers were civilized. +They nickname it "Popery", and the name expresses that which is to them +most hateful. + +Yet this England, this Catholic-hating England, has become one of the +greatest nations of the Earth in the material order. Her fleets are +mirrored in every sea; her banner floats on every continent. It has been +truly said that the sound of her drums, calling her soldiers from slumber, +goes before and greets the rising sun in its circuit around the globe. + +But what is most remarkable, and certainly not without some great purpose +in the order of divine Providence, England has become in our day the great +hive from which colonies go out to people islands and continents in +distant parts of the world; lands which were before vast wastes, tenanted +only by the wild beast, or by the savage scarcely less ferocious. Indeed, +she is the only nation in our day that seems to have received such a +mission. + +And is it then to an apostate nation exclusively that God has given the +mission to fill up these wastes? Is it a corrupted faith only which is to +be borne to these savage nations, and to be planted in those vast regions, +which God has made known to civilized man in these latter days? Were this +the case, we might tremble, though we should adore it as one of the +inscrutable judgments of God, dealing with nations in his _great_ wrath. + +But is such the fact? It would indeed be the fact were it not for faithful +Ireland. But, united as England is with Ireland, the result is quite +otherwise. The very ambition and desire for gain which impel England to +extend her power and plant her colonies in the most distant countries of +the globe, become the instruments for carrying also the undying faith of +Ireland to the regions which England has conquered. + +Saul went to seek Samuel, thinking only of finding his father's asses. God +was sending him to be anointed king over his people. England sends her +ships all over the world, thinking only of markets for the produce of her +forges and her looms. God is sending her that she may spread everywhere +the faith of the Irish people. + +Under the "Union Jack", on which the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew +are blended, but so blended as to prevent any Christian symbol being +recognized (a fit emblem of the effect of the union of jarring sects, each +professing to proclaim Christianity, but between them only obscuring and +obstructing it)--the Irishman, too, is borne to the distant colony. He +goes, probably, before the mast or in the forecastle, but he bears with +him the true faith; and when he lands he hastens to raise its symbol. This +may be at first over a rude chapel. But it is a signal to other +way-farers, and they gather under its shade to offer up the sacred +mysteries. As soon as his means permit, even before he can build a good +dwelling for himself, he takes care that the house of God be, in every +possible degree, worthy of its sacred character. And so the Church creeps +on and grows, and regions that sat in darkness are now blessed by the +offering of the Adorable Sacrifice and the announcement of the true faith. + +The Irishman, generally speaking, did not leave home through ambition, or +for conquest. He departed with sorrow from the shade of that hawthorn +around which the dearest memories of childhood clustered. He would have +remained content with the humble lot of his father had he been allowed to +dwell there in peace. But the bailiff came, and, to make wider pastures +for sheep and bullocks, his humble cottage was levelled, and he himself +sent to wander through the world in search of a home. But in his +wanderings he carries his faith with him, and he becomes the means of +spreading everywhere the true Church of God. + +It is thus that the tempest, which seems but to destroy the flower, +catches up its seeds and scatters them far and near, and these seeds +produce other flowers as beautiful as that from which they were torn, so +that some fair spot of the prairie, when despoiled of its loveliness, but +affords the means of covering the vast expanse with new and variegated +beauties. + +It is thus that the famine, and the pestilence, and the inhuman evictions +of Irish landlords, have spread the faith of Christ far and near, and +planted it in new colonies, which, when they shall have grown out of their +tutelage, will look back to the departed power of England and the undying +faith of Ireland as, in the hands of Providence, the combined causes of +their greatness and their orthodoxy. Macaulay's traveller from New +Zealand, who will, on some future day, "from a broken arch of London +Bridge, take a sketch of the ruins of St. Paul's", may be some Irish "O'" +or "Mac" on a pilgrimage to the Eternal City, who passes that way--having +first landed on the shores from which his ancestors were driven by the +"crowbar brigade", and visited with reverence the hallowed graves under +whose humble sod lie the bones of his martyred forefathers. + +It is thus that the Catholic faith is being planted in the British +colonies of North America; it is thus it is carried to India, and to +Australia, and to the islands of the South Sea. Thus are laid the +foundations of flourishing churches, which promise, at no distant day, to +renew, and even to surpass, the work done by Ireland in the palmiest days +of faith, when her sons planted the Cross, and caused Christ to be adored, +as he wished to be adored, in the most distant regions of the earth. + +The magnitude of this work is not to be measured even by the importance of +these transplanted churches at the present moment. The countries to which +I have alluded are but in their infancy. We can see on this continent the +rapid strides of such infant colonies. Within three quarters of a century +this country has advanced in population from three to over thirty +millions, and in most other elements of greatness in still grander +proportions. If it continue to increase, as it has done regularly from the +beginning, at the end of this century, or soon after, it will have a +population of over one hundred millions--that is, as great as is now the +population of France, and Spain, and Italy, and Great Britain combined. If +this be expected in this country in forty years, what will the case be in +one or two hundred, in this and so many others similarly situated? + +Australia starts with all the advantages of this country, and some +peculiar to itself, and is following it with giant strides. It may +overtake it before long, if not outstrip it. But the position of +Catholicity there is very different from what it was at the commencement, +or even at an advanced period, in the United States. The Catholics in +Australia occupy a position of practical social equality with others. They +will grow with the growth and strengthen with the strength of their +adopted country, and have their fair share in its importance. + +England herself, from which the Catholic name was thought to have been +almost blotted out, has been deeply affected by this exodus of Irish +Catholics. In her cities, and towns, and hamlets, the Cross has been +raised from the dust. At the side of the ancient monuments which remind +England of her apostacy, humble spires rise in every part of the land, and +tell that nation that the faith which they thought destroyed still lives, +and is ready to admit them again to its wonted blessings. They stand +there, and betoken the unity and stability of that faith of which they are +the symbols--of that faith which reclaimed the fathers of that people from +barbarism, and continued to be the faith of the land for a thousand years, +and is yet a faith, and the only faith, in which men of every tongue and +every clime are united. The English people see its unity and stability, +while they are forced to witness the ever shifting and clashing forms of +the religion that was substituted for it. For, in the name of the one +Christ and the one Bible, altar is everywhere erected against altar, +pulpit thunders against pulpit, the teaching of to-day is contradicted in +the same pulpit on the morrow; yet each one proclaims his own device as +the plain teaching of Scripture. + +This confronting of unity with confusion, of steady adherence to truth +with the ever varying shifts of error, of the mild but bright glory of an +everlasting Church with the frivolities of the proudest inventions of men, +is a grace, and a great grace, which God grants. It is a grace for the use +of which that people will give strict account. And oh! may that use be, +that they will make it fructify to their salvation. For while we +appreciate the blessings granted to ourselves, we have no other feeling in +their regard than a wish that they, too, may share in these blessings, and +be like unto us in everything "except these chains". + +But whether well used or abused, whether unto "the ruin" or "salvation" of +many in that country, this grace is given chiefly through the Irish +emigration. + +I am not unaware of, nor do I undervalue, the importance of the faithful +remnant that has in England steadfastly continued in the faith once +delivered to the saints, nor of the accession made to their numbers by the +conversion of so many noble souls, to whom God gave light and strength to +overcome the many difficulties that would have fain prevented their +following that light. But of both we might not inaptly ask, "What are +these amongst so many?" They are like those few tints that gild the skies +here and there, when the sun's light has all but departed; or like those +stars that pierce at night the cumbered heavens--bright, indeed, and +beautiful--but only showing forth more clearly the dark outlines of the +heavy and murky clouds that shroud the horizon. They make us feel only +more sensibly, and keep fresh in our memory, the loss of the sun that has +set. + +It is the Irish emigration that has chiefly supplied the multitudes who +flock around English altars, that has made churches and schools spring up, +that has finally called for the restoration of a numerous hierarchy; and, +as if to mark this fact, and point out the great part that Ireland had in +restoring Catholic life to England, God has so arranged it that the first +head and brightest ornament of that new hierarchy should be the son of +Irish emigrants; for such is the great and illustrious Cardinal Wiseman. + +And even in these United States, let people say what they please, has not +the Irish race held the first place in planting the cross throughout the +length and breadth of the land? + +In this, and wherever else I speak of the Irish race, I do not, of course, +confine myself to those born in Ireland. The work which a race is called +to do is to be done by those who now live, and by their children and their +children's children, wherever they happen to be born. Indeed, it would be +a contradiction in terms to consider the father and son, wherever born, as +belonging to different races. Be it for weal or for woe, be it unto honour +or unto shame, the fathers cannot disown the children nor the children the +fathers. If it depended on feeling or wishes, I, for one, would be very +glad to dissolve connection with any one who insists that he owes nothing +to the race that gave him a father or a mother. I would readily leave such +a one to his proud claim of owning no paternity but the land on which he +vegetates, and I only regret that he will scarcely bring to it much credit +or advantage. He who is unwilling to acknowledge the father that begot +him, or the mother that gave him suck, is not a prize worth contending +for. But whatever we or he may wish, whatever be the results to us or to +him, he is flesh of our flesh and bone of our bone. What God has united, +neither he nor we can put asunder. + +It is not that we should form separate classes or castes, or that we claim +other rights or privileges, or have other duties than those of other +races; but the one to which each man belongs has been fixed by the +Almighty Provider in the very act of giving him being, and he who would +fain conceal, or disown, or be ashamed of his race--that is, of the order +of Providence to which he owes his existence--could succeed in nothing else +but in proving himself unworthy the esteem of men of any race. + +I know and gratefully acknowledge the important services rendered to +Catholicity in the United States by persons of other races. There was, +first of all, the Maryland colony, with whose noble history that of few, +if any, of the other colonies can compare. By their justice and humanity +in treating with the native tribes, by similar justice and fair dealing +with other colonists, of every religion and every race, by their domestic +virtues and patriotic course, the men of that colony deserved and received +a high place in the esteem of their countrymen and of the world. + +But their number is small, too small--indeed. Would that they were more. +Were they all put together they would not form one average diocese of the +forty-six now existing in this country. + +God has sent us many illustrious men from France, and Belgium, and Italy, +who have occupied the foremost ranks in the ministry, whose heroic virtues +and zealous works are even now as beacon lights to all who labour for +God's glory. But as to the people from these countries, they are not many +more than those from the Maryland stock. Germany has sent many of her +hardy sons to labour with the steadfastness of their countrymen in +building up the walls of the sanctuary. These are, indeed, a most +important element, and are destined to become more and more important +every day. They may yet exercise a greater influence on the destiny of the +Church in this country than the Irish race. But so far, I think, no one +will claim that they can be compared with it in numbers, or as to the +results hitherto obtained. Of the converts in this country we may say the +same thing as of those in England. + +Giving all, therefore, what belongs to them--for there is not, nor should +there be here, any room for jealousy--I think it will be admitted that it +is above all others to the sons of Ireland and to their children that the +spread of Catholicity is due in this land. No matter who ministered at the +altar (though there, too, the sons of Ireland have had their share), in +the body of the church you will find that, in the majority of places, they +constitute the bulk, and in many the whole of the congregation. Their hard +earned dollars were foremost in supplying means to buy the lot and raise +the building from which the Catholic faith is announced. The priest, no +matter what his own nationality, was nowhere more confident of finding +help and support than among the Irish emigrants or their children. +Wherever a railway, or a canal, or a hive of industry invited their sturdy +labour, the cross soon sprang up to bear witness to their generosity and +their faith. + +Even the old Maryland colony, though consisting chiefly of English +Catholics, seeking here a freedom of conscience denied them at home, had +its Irish element, and that not the least noble in deeds nor the least +conspicuous in virtue. + +When at the period of the Revolution the noblest men of this land stood +together, shoulder to shoulder, and issued that Declaration of +Independence to which they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their +sacred honours, it was a Catholic of the Irish race who affixed his +signature for Maryland. In doing this he pledged an honour as pure, and a +life as precious as any of the rest, but he staked a fortune equal to, if +not greater than, that of all the others put together. When he signed his +name, one standing by said, "There go some millions". Another remarked, +"There are many Carrolls; he will not be known". He overheard the remark, +and to avoid all misconception, wrote down in full, "_Charles Carroll, of +Carrollton_". + +Yet this noble scion of the Irish race, for so many years the pride and +the ornament of his native state, while fulfilling all the duties of an +illustrious citizen, was not ashamed of the race from which he sprang. +Instead of selecting amongst French _villes_ or English _parks_ or _towns_ +a name for his princely estate, he stamped on it a title with the good old +Celtic ring. He called it after a property of one of his Irish ancestors, +_Doughoregan Manor_, thereby telling his posterity and his countrymen that +if they feel any pride in his name, they must associate him with a race +which so many affect to despise. + +Let all the sons, and the sons of the sons, of Ireland be, like him, +faithful to their duties as citizens, ready to sacrifice their all for +their country, whether that all be little, or as great as was his vast +wealth; just and respectful and charitable to men of all races and creeds, +not anxious either to conceal or obtrude their own, but rather to live +worthy of both; determined, in a word, faithfully to discharge all their +civil and Christian duties, let them be earnest in elevating the one by +greater fidelity to the other. Acting thus, they will imitate Charles +Carroll, of Carrollton, and fulfil all I would wish them to do out of +fidelity to their country, their religion, and their race. + +It was also one of the Maryland stock, but of this same Irish race--another +Carroll--who was chosen the first bishop, and the founder of the hierarchy, +of the young American Church; as if Providence here too wished to indicate +from which race the chief strength of Catholicity was to be derived in +this land. + +Would it be overstraining matters to say, that a hint of this was also +given by Providence in the Irish name of the future metropolitan see of +the United States--the first in time, and always to be the first in +dignity? The word _Baltimore_ is an Irish word, and, through the founder +of the colony, was derived from an Irish hamlet, which from the extreme +south-west coast of Ireland, is looking, as it were, over the waters of +the Atlantic to this continent for the full realization of its name. The +word, in the Irish language, means "the town of the great house", and it +was beyond the Atlantic that Baltimore, in becoming the chief see of a +great church, has truly become "the town of the great house", for the +church, or house at the head of which it stands, extends probably over a +wider surface than any other church or churches amongst which any one +bishop holds pre-eminence, excepting only the church governed by the Vicar +of Jesus Christ, to whom is committed the care of _all_ the sheep and +lambs of God's fold, that is, the whole of Christ's Church. In names, +which God has given, or permitted to be given, he has frequently +foreshadowed the destinies of individuals and races. Would it be +superstitious to suppose that in the Irish name of this American +ecclesiastical metropolis--the only important city in this country that has +an Irish name--Providence pointed, on the one hand, to its future position +in the Christian hierarchy, and on the other to the character of the chief +portion of the family of that house or church? + +But, be this as it may, it was a scion of the Irish race who was the +founder of the new American hierarchy. For some time he held the crozier +alone. The whole country was his diocese. But he did not depart until he +saw suffragans around him forming a regular hierarchy, that was destined +to multiply and, mainly on Irish shoulders, carry, everywhere, the ark +that would spread blessings throughout the land. + +The work that has thus been commenced is no doubt destined to prosper. It +is not without a motive that in this country the lines are drawn, and the +foundations laid by Providence for a noble church. Its beginnings (for we +may say it is yet in its infancy) bear many of the marks of the process by +which the work was effected, It is destined to grow, and may it grow, +particularly in the mild beauty of Christian virtue, and win, by love, the +homage of all the children of the land, that all may receive through it +the graces of Heaven, and even their Earthly prosperity be consolidated +and become the means of their acquiring higher blessings. + +But whatever be said of the United States, the Irish race is certainly +almost alone in the work of diffusing Catholicity in the various other +countries in which the English language is spoken. + +The sufferings of Ireland were, therefore, the means, and evidently +intended by God as the means to preserve her in the faith, to give her its +rewards in a high degree; and this preservation of her faith was as +evidently intended to make her and her sons instruments in spreading that +faith throughout the English-speaking world. This is, therefore, what I +claim to be, in the counsels of God, the DESTINY OF THE IRISH RACE. + +Did we endeavour to draw this conclusion by far-fetched arguments, we +might fear the delusions of fancy, but I think it is plainly written in +the facts to which I have alluded, when looked at with faith in an +overruling Providence. The diffusion of the true faith enters too closely, +and is too primary a thing in the designs of God, to suppose it for a +moment to be the work of accident. It is his work first of all. Where it +exists it exists because he so willed it. The instruments that effected it +must be those which he has chosen and placed to the work with this very +view. When, therefore, the results obtained, and those we see in the +certain future, and the means by which they are obtained, are a matter of +intuition, rather than of reasoning, the conclusion drawn seems to me to +have all the force of demonstration, and in no way liable to be considered +the product of fancy or of national pride. + +This interpretation of the facts of history will, by some, be considered a +complicated theory, and therefore unworthy of God. But the simplicity of +God's operations by no means excludes multiplicity and combination of +agents in themselves most inadequate or discordant. Our inclination to +exclude these, though we imagine the very contrary, is the result of the +consciousness of our own weakness, which we would fain attribute to God. +_We_ may, indeed, be overwhelmed, or at least embarrassed, by many +instruments; and therefore we think it wise to avoid their use. But, it is +as easy for God to use and direct many as few, or to produce results by +his own immediate action. Nay, though sometimes he performs wonderful +works in a moment, he is more often pleased to act through numerous and +far-reaching instruments, which, at times, seem even to work in opposition +to his designs, and by overruling and directing them, to prove that he is +Ruler and Master over all things in action, as well as the Author of their +being. + +By one word he made the Earth produce "every green herb" and "every +fruit-tree yielding fruit according to its kind"; but he is now pleased to +make the fertility of the earth, and the various ingredients of the air, +and the heat and light of the sun, labour through a whole season to +produce the flower, that for a few days wastes its fragrance on the +meadow. At one time he sends his angel to strike down in one night myriads +of the enemies of his people; at another he is pleased "to hiss for the +fly, that is in the uttermost parts of the rivers of Egypt, and for the +bee that is in the land of Assyria" (_Is._, vii. 18), that they may come +and be the instruments of his vengeance. At one time he rains down bread +from Heaven to feed a whole multitude; at another, he sends his angel to +take the prophet by the hair of his head from Judea, even unto Babylon, +that he may supply food to his servant. + +It is not for us to prescribe ways to Providence, but to study His design +in the events which we witness, and to bow down and adore his Power, his +Wisdom, and his Goodness. + +To give power to an apostate and persecuting nation, and the grace of +fidelity to another; to use and even to create the material resources of +the first as the instrument of his design over the latter, may appear a +circuitous course, but it is only another instance of that unity of +purpose and multiplicity, variety and apparent incongruity of means, which +we witness in almost all his works. + +When the people of God were carried away into captivity, "the priests took +the fire from the altar, and hid it in a valley where there was a pit +without water". There "they kept it safe", while the Gentile hosts reigned +triumphant in the land. But "when many years had passed", and the people +returned, they sought the fire, but found only "thick water". This they +sprinkled on the new sacrifices that were prepared, and "when the sun +shone out, which before was in a cloud, there was a great fire kindled so +that all wondered". (II. _Mach._, i. 19, 22). + +An analogous phenomenon, methinks, has been presented in Ireland. That +combination of frenzy and irreligion, which men have called "The +Reformation", swept before it almost every vestige of faith from many of +the northern countries of Europe, and seemed in a special manner to have +enveloped in darkness the islands of the West. Men were like "raging waves +of the sea, foaming out their own confusion", boasting of liberty and +light, but treating the faithful with savage cruelty, and showing their +own inability to hold fast any positive principles which they proclaimed +as truth. The ancient faith of these islands, overwhelmed in the waters of +tribulation, seemed hidden in the hearts of the Irish people, saddened by +persecution and sufferings of every kind. + +But the day has come for pouring forth this water on nations. By their +sufferings, the Irish race, driven into many lands, mingles with the +progeny of its oppressors. The sun of God's grace, which seems under a +cloud, is now shining forth, and a great fire is enkindled and is +spreading its light and its heat far and near. The Church of God is +everywhere showing itself again in its pristine beauty. English-speaking +nations that were the ramparts of heresy, are beginning again to fall into +the ranks of Catholic unity, and, as happened once before, the light of +faith that took refuge in the most distant island of the West, is, from +that sacred spot, sending forth its beams and gladdening the Church by +giving her whole people as her children. + +So far we are led, I may say, by the mere logic of facts. Were we to +indulge in speculation, but in a speculation quite in conformity with the +beneficent designs of God, we might expect still more from these effects +of the steadfastness of Ireland. + +Notwithstanding all the faults of England, the Catholic heart throughout +the world has never lost its interest in that land, once so faithful. +Other nations, once as Catholic, have been lost, and they are almost +forgotten. The land where the Saviour Himself lived is, indeed, remembered +on account of the sacred spots which he trod; but no hopes are entertained +for the conversion of its people. The Churches planted by the Apostles +have been destroyed. We cherish the memory of the holy confessors and +martyrs who adorned them; but despair of their return to the truth is the +only feeling in their regard that we can discover in the Catholic world. + +But in one way or another the Catholic heart seems never to have despaired +of the return of England. Opinions and expectations which are, probably, +nothing more than an expression of the intensity of this feeling, are +everywhere to be met. They exist among the learned and the high, as well +as amongst the humble children of the Church, and are found to be +cherished in different lands. England, with her long catalogue of saints, +seems to be considered, not as an outcast, on whom the sentence of +spiritual death has been executed, but rather as the prodigal, who in a +moment of thoughtlessness demanded, what he called his own share, and +wandered from his father's house. The father is looking out, expecting +every day to see the wayward one return, and is ever ready to kill the +fatted calf, and to call on his friends and neighbours to rejoice and be +merry, for "he that was dead is come to life again, and he that was lost +is found". + +But, alas! there is much reason to fear that such joy is not to be +expected. We know of no instance of a whole nation once fully and +deliberately apostatising from the faith ever again returning. The grace +of faith, if lost by individuals by formal apostacy, is seldom recovered. +It has never yet been recovered by any nation that once enjoyed its full +light, and deliberately abandoned it. It is not for us, to be sure, to +place bounds to the mercies of God. Who knows but that in these latter +ages God may do a work which he never did before? and, now that the Church +has encircled the globe, and announced the Gospel to every nation under +the sun, God may send her back on another mission more glorious than the +first, showing forth his power in giving new life to fallen nations as he +did before in converting those who knew not his name. His first work might +be compared to that which he performed when he took the clay and breathed +into it the breath of life; this, to his raising up the dead already +mouldering in the tomb. But he has done both in the physical, and he may +do both in the moral order. + +Without having recourse, however, to this extraordinary dispensation, the +hope of which would be unwarranted by anything we have yet seen, may not +the hopes to which I have alluded, and which could scarcely have existed +without some influence of the divine Spouse of the Church, be realized in +the conversion of the children, rather than in that of the mother? May not +the expectations of the Catholic world be realized by a return of +English-speaking brethren in the various colonies which the mother country +has planted? May _they_ not receive the graces which the latter has cast +away, and thus more than compensate the Church for the loss of that one +island? + +Such results would be no anomaly in the experience of the Church. Several +nations first learned Christianity under a heterodox form, and some of the +most Catholic to-day are their descendants. Their errors were not their +own faults, _as nations_, and God had pity upon them. + +We may say the same thing of this, and of several other countries, where +great and independent peoples will be found one day as they now are here. +This nation has never apostatised from Catholic truth, simply because it +never possessed it _as a nation_. At its birth it was already entangled in +the meshes of heterodoxy, and it found the Catholic Church in its midst, +with few adherents. Yet, at its very birth, it struck off the shackles by +which she was bound. Several circumstances, it is true, aided this course +of justice. But, who will say that these existed otherwise than by God's +Providence, and for the nation's benefit, as well as for ours? This course +of justice, moreover, was adopted cordially and fully by the founders of +the country's independence, and that at a time when the Church was so +treated by few even of those nations on whom she had the best claims. +Bigots, it is true, were not wanting, then, or since. But it is a great +fact, that this nation, _as a nation_ and as a Government, has always, +since its birth, treated God's Church with justice. + +A cup of cold water, given in the name of Christ, shall not be without its +reward. Do we exaggerate in hoping that this mode of proceeding towards +his Church shall have its reward from her Heavenly Spouse--that it will +plead for this nation with the Divine Mercy, as the alms of Cornelius +obtained for him the knowledge of Gospel truth and a share in its +blessings? The grace of faith, with these blessings, is the greatest which +God gives to man, nor is it the less valuable because it is not now +appreciated or is even spurned. It is God's grace that gives a hunger for +divine things, as it is by Him that the hungry are filled. + +Yes, I do not only desire, and send up the prayer, but I candidly avow the +hope, that the light of faith is yet destined to shine brightly here, even +amongst those who now look on it with contempt or hostility. In this I am +strengthened by the desire for a knowledge of truth, which, +notwithstanding the bigotry of many, is so widely spread. I am +strengthened by the growth of the Church itself, which bears the marks of +a higher purpose on the part of God than the mere preservation of those +who came Catholics to our shores. I am strengthened by the very losses +which the Church sustains in the falling away of many of her children. For +surely God did not permit them to be driven hither by persecution that +they might perish. He sent them forth to battle, in doing which, though +many may be lost, he will grant victory to his own cause. I am +strengthened by the very dangers by which we are surrounded; nor would my +hope be shaken even if storms should impend. For it is according to the +ways of God to reach his ends amidst contradictions. + +Let it not be said that the humble condition or the faults of many of the +children of the Church, forbid such a hope as this. God's ways are not as +our ways. It is not by the great or by the mighty that his truth is +propagated. Flesh might otherwise glory in His sight, and men might say +that, by their wisdom and their efforts was His kingdom established. So +far from this being an objection, when other things inspire hope, the hope +is strengthened by the humble form in which the Church presents itself. +Our hope of its diffusion is better founded when we see it borne to our +shores by humble labourers, than if it had come recommended exclusively by +proud philosophers, cunning statesmen, or by men loaded with wealth. + +What we hope for this nation, we may hope with greater reason for the +other nations yet reposing in their infancy, or growing in giant +proportions under British rule. I say, with greater reason, because in +most of these the foundations of Catholicity are laid even more deeply +than they are here. While it would be a great thing for God's honour and +glory, there is nothing to forbid the hope that these may one day be +united in the true fold of the everlasting Church. The blood of Ireland +and of England will mingle in their veins; and, while they will look back +with shame on the apostacy of the sixteenth century, as a disgraceful +chapter in the history of their forefathers, they will glory in the +recollections of the saints and the heroes of religion who, for a thousand +years, adorned both their mother countries. With feelings analogous to +those with which we look back to the tyrants of the first centuries and +their victims, they will set off the martyr heroes of one portion of their +ancestors to the apostacy of the other, and the apostasy itself will be, +in their history, but an episode proving how far human nature may stray, +while their own conversion will be a standing monument of the power of the +cross. + +If these hopes be realized, the Irish race and its sufferings will have +been the instruments in the hands of God by which the grand result will be +accomplished; but whether they be realized or not, the main point which I +have endeavoured to dwell upon seems to me to be established beyond +doubt--that is, that this race has been preserved by God in the true faith +in an extraordinary manner, for the purpose of spreading that faith +throughout the English-speaking nations which now exist, or which are +coming into being. + +As Ireland owes the preservation of her faith to her being destined as the +leaven of that mass, it is but assigning to God a purpose worthy of His +goodness to say, that England owes her power to her mission to spread that +leaven throughout so many vast regions. It will not, I presume, be +considered rash to say that God, permitting her to acquire power, proposed +to himself some higher object than that other nations should have cheap +cotton or woollen fabrics, or that they should learn how to travel forty +instead of four or ten miles an hour. In his goodness he designed that +power for some purpose worthy of Heaven; and this purpose may be +accomplished whether England herself will it or not, or even though she +desire the very contrary. I have said before, that most learned and grave +writers consider the Roman power to have been intended, in the counsels of +God, to prepare a way for the diffusion of the Gospel. The rulers of Rome +despised the Gospel and its heralds. Still Rome most probably owed to them +her greatness, and but for this mission, she might have remained what she +was in the beginning--an obscure village, a place of refuge for the thieves +of the surrounding country. England may despise the Irish Catholic. Like +Rome, she may look upon the professors of Catholicity as the great +plague-spot of her system. Yet, in the designs of God, she most probably +is indebted for her power to the part she is made to act in the diffusion +of their faith. It is certain, at least, that the highest use of that +power she has yet been allowed to make, is the carrying of frieze-coated +Papists to distant shores, and the clearing of the forests where they are +propagating, and are yet to propagate more extensively, the true faith. If +a higher design in her behalf exist in the arrangements of Providence, it +is yet to be made known. But for this she might have remained, as the poet +described her, "a naked fisher" on her rock, and when she shall have ended +her usefulness as an instrument for accomplishing this object, she may +return "to her hook", still musing, perhaps, her senseless "No Popery", +while the churches which she has unwillingly assisted to plant, will be +growing up in beauty and praising God in one harmonious voice with the +other children of his family throughout the world. + +The value and importance of this great mission cannot be overrated. It is +awful to think what would have been the condition of the English-speaking +races, in a religious point of view, if Ireland had shared in the English +apostacy. Scarcely a Catholic voice would be heard amongst those seventy +or eighty millions now using that language, who occupy so large a portion +of the Earth, and in another century, according to the ratio of their +growth, may become two or four hundred millions, or even more. The very +remnant that has continued faithful in England might have followed in the +wake of their predecessors, had not the influence of Ireland caused the +sword of persecution to be sheathed, and civil intolerance to cease at +last, and thus the temptation to be removed which had proved fatal to so +many. In that vast empire, or the empires that may rise out of its +fragments--for, in more than one place are foundations of empires laid +which would grow with giant growth, even though the power of the mother +country were paralysed to-morrow--the holy sacrifice would not be offered +up, and thus the prophecy not fulfilled, which foretold that a clean +oblation would be offered from the rising of the sun to the going down +thereof. That union of the Christian family for which the Saviour prayed +before he suffered, and which he left as a mark by which men would know +his followers, would not be exhibited to the world. Christianity would be +confounded with the products of these latter ages of so-called "light", +and be thought, like the appliances of steam and the contrivances of +machinery, to owe its power to the genius of the Anglo-Saxon race, instead +of deriving it from Him who died on Calvary. For their Christianity, by +its very name, would proclaim that the work of Christ had failed, until +the press and the "march of light" had come to its aid. Religion, in a +word, instead of being a divine institution, would appear and be amongst +them but a brilliant work or invention of man, and, therefore, in the +supernatural order, but a brilliant delusion, not an institution which the +mercy of God transplanted from Heaven, and made to stand, and to grow, and +to bless, and produce fruit, in every age and in every form of society. + +But, in preserving the faith of the Irish race, God has provided a leaven +of truth for these masses. By the side of systems of religion which men +have devised, stands the everlasting Church--that Church which, as Macaulay +remarked, is the only connecting link between the civilization of the +ancient and modern worlds--the Church which taught the name of Christ to +every nation that knows him, even to those who afterwards fell from the +fullness of truth--the Church which Augustine brought to England, and +Patrick to Ireland--the Church that raised the dignity of the poor, and +humbled the pride of the high, placing all on the level of the Gospel--the +Church that claims no new inventions, but is itself an invention of God, +infinitely surpassing all inventions of man, holding out nothing to the +nineteenth, which it did not present to the first, to the tenth, and to +every other century, but presenting to all the faith and institutions of +God, able to save all, to elevate all, to bring all into one fold, that +all may be united in one happiness in Heaven. + +Is not this great result worth all the sufferings which Ireland has +endured? The ways of God appear often circuitous. But in their circuitous +course they are everywhere fraught with blessings. The children of Ireland +suffered; yet, even in their sufferings they were blessed. He himself +pronounced "blessed those who suffer persecution for justice's sake"; for +in their trials they redeemed their own souls. But they were doubly +blessed, because they were preserving the ark of God, and carrying it +through the waters of tribulation to bless more amply unborn and numerous +generations. The ways of God are circuitous, and though, like the course +of the planets, they sometimes seem to us to retrograde, they are always +onward. The sufferings of Ireland at a time seemed without a purpose, or +even the very contrary to what we might have expected for so faithful a +people. But, who knows what might have been the result, if justice and +humanity had marked the course of the English nation towards Ireland? Who +knows but the temptation to the latter to be drawn into apostacy would +have been too powerful? Had Apostate England dealt generously or justly +with Catholic Ireland, who knows if, in the alliances that would have been +formed, she would have been equally steadfast in her faith? And though for +a long time confiscations, and plunder, and persecution, and slaughter, +and even now, harsh treatment condemning her sons to famine and +banishment, have been the effects of the English connection; if these have +been the means of creating a barrier that prevented the spread of heresy +amongst her sons, has too great a price been paid for the "pearl" that has +been bought? When, particularly, the cross borne by the children of +Ireland shall have been erected in the Western and Southern Hemispheres, +and flourishing Churches in Catholic unity established under its shade, +where, but for the fidelity of our fathers, heterodoxy alone would have +had sway, shall we not say that little indeed were their sufferings +compared to the value of such an Apostolate of Empires? + +What is any Earthly mission compared to this? What is even the spreading +of civilization with its highest privileges, compared to the spreading of +the saving institutions of the Gospel? Even in this world virtue is a +thing infinitely superior to mere physical power. The man who does God's +will, whose soul is adorned with grace, is an object of complacency with +his Maker, and enjoys his esteem infinitely more, than he who can control +the hidden powers of nature, and make them subservient to his will, but +does not make his own will conform to the great law that should govern +it--subjection to the will of God. When Earth, and all that is of Earth, +shall have passed away, the proudest human achievements will be seen to +have been as nothing, while those who shall have caused God's name to be +glorified, shall shine as bright stars "unto perpetual eternities". + +This mission, however, has its duties as well as its dignity. What will it +avail us to be the sons of martyred sires who sacrificed all for God, if +we barter the faith for which they died, for some paltry bauble, or fail +to transmit it to those under our charge? Will not the constancy and +sufferings of our fathers be a reproach to us before God and man? Will +they not pronounce judgment upon us if, while we honour their heroic +deeds, we ourselves display nothing but pusillanimity? And even though we +preserve our faith, will not this be rather to our shame, if we do not +endeavour to practise the virtues which it teaches? When the salt has lost +its savour, it is good for nothing any more but to be cast out, and to be +trodden on by men. The higher the vocation of God, the lower will be the +degradation of those who fail to correspond. They will be despised, and +justly despised, by God and by men. + +We can see in the fate of other nations the consequences of infidelity to +a noble mission. Spain and Portugal were once great powers. They achieved +great things at home and abroad. The sails of their commerce whitened +every sea. The most distant lands acknowledged their might. They, too, +were missionary nations. They carried the faith to the East and to the +West, and in both hemispheres planted the cross on continents and islands +where Christ was before unknown. God may be said to have given them power +for this purpose. It was mainly through their agency that the missionary +work, which repaired the losses of the Church in Europe, was carried on +for two hundred years. + +But the rulers of these countries listened to wicked counsels. On _one and +the same_ dark day did Spain, on another did Portugal, command the most +strenuous heralds of the cross to be seized and bound in chains. The +galleons that were wont to bear over the deep the treasures of Asia and +America, and pour them into the laps of the mother countries, or to carry +their commands and the means of enforcing them to the most distant lands, +were now spreading their sails over every ocean and sea, in the inglorious +work of conveying to home prisons, or into exile, the truest missionaries +of the cross. On that day these nations renounced their noble mission, and +the power that was given to enable them to carry it out soon departed. + +The immediate agencies producing their downfall, as well as those that +gave rise to their power, may, indeed, be seen in operation before the +existence of the causes to which I have attributed them, but not before +these were known to God. Now, he frequently prepares, by a long process, +the instruments both of his rewards and his punishments, and holds them +ready to be conferred on the virtuous, or poured forth on the head of the +criminal, long before the fidelity of the one be tested, or the guilt of +the other be consummated. Spain and Portugal thus fell, if you will, by +immediate agencies long in operation, but by agencies over which God +ruled, and which He directed according to his own wise counsels. They +fell, and in their humbled condition, mocked by the remains of ancient +greatness, they teach all the important lesson, that the greater the high +calling given by God, the greater the punishment of those who prove +untrue. + +Were we also to prove faithless to the mission which God has assigned us, +we know not what punishment may await us, even in this world. The trials +through which our race has passed, and is passing, may seem severe; but, +they are trials permitted by a loving father. May we never deserve that he +should scourge us in his _great_ anger. We might then find, like the +Jewish people, that to suffer for righteousness' sake from the hands of +men, is sweet, compared to the gall and wormwood mixed in the cup of those +who fall into the hands of an avenging God. + +On this day, when the Church calls on us to commemorate the heroic virtues +and the glorious deeds of our great Apostle, I would fain say to every son +of Ireland--to every one in whose veins Irish blood flows, no matter where +he himself was born: Let us live worthy of our ancestry, of an ancestry +which is the same for all, and is a noble one, noble in that which is the +noblest thing man can rejoice in--virtue and fidelity to God. We ourselves +are called in a special manner to do honour to our faith by spreading it +amongst nations that are destined to occupy the highest position in the +social scale. Let us be faithful to our calling. Let us show ourselves +worthy sons of the martyred dead. Let us make sure, like them, whatever +else we fail in, not to fail in transmitting the faith to those entrusted +to our charge, never exposing it to danger for any advantage, much less +for the trifling things that may be gained here by want of fidelity. +Transmit, carefully, the faith, first of all, but with faith spare no +effort that you yourselves, and those committed to your care, grow also in +every other virtue. Nay, endeavour so to live that _all men_ may learn to +love the faith which is the spring of your actions, and thus glorify and +love that God who is the "Author and Finisher" of that Faith. + + + + + +LITURGICAL QUESTIONS. (_FROM M. BOUIX'S __"__REVUE DES SCIENCES +ECCLESIASTIQUES__"_). + + +1. Is it lawful or obligatory to insert, at the letter N, in the collect +_A cunctis_, the name of the patron of the locality (if there be one) when +the titular of the church is the Blessed Virgin or a mystery of our +Saviour? + +2. Is it right to place on the corner of the altar the finger-towel, which +in some churches is fastened to the altar-cloth, from which it hangs +suspended? + +3. Is there any obligation to ring the bell at the Sanctus and at the +Elevation, even when there is no one at Mass? + +4. Is it lawful for a priest to use a cincture of the kind generally used +by bishops? + +1. The name of the titular of the church in which the Mass is said is that +which ought to be inserted at the letter N in the collect _A cunctis_. In +the application of this general rule various cases may occur; the title +may be a mystery of our Lord or of our Blessed Lady; or it may be a saint +already named in the collect--for example, Saint Peter or Saint Paul; or +Mass may be said in an oratory which has no titular saint. The following +are the rules to be observed in such cases: + +1o. That it is the name of the titular saint which is to be inserted at +the letter N is clear from the following decrees: + + + 1 DECREE. _Question._ "In missali romano praecipitur, ut post + nomina Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, in oratione _A cunctis_, etc., + dicatur nomen patroni praecipui illius ecclesiae, seu diocesis. In + Hispania est praecipuus illius regni patronus B. Jacobus apostolus + et ex concessione Apostolica in ecclesia dioecesi Guadicensi est + patronus specialis S. Torquatus, B. Jacobi apostoli discipulus, et + ejusdem ecclesiae et civitatis primus episcopus. Quaeritur: An in + praedicta oratione _A cunctis_ debeat dici nomen B. Jacobi + apostoli, an B. Torquati?" _Answer._ "In oratione _A cunctis_ post + nomina sanctorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli, nomen Torquati + tanquam Ecclesiae cathedralis Guadicensis Patroni dumtaxat + ponendum esse". (Decree of 22 January, 1678, No. 2856, q. 8.) + + 2 DECREE. _Questions._ "... 15. S. Jacobus est patronus + universalis regnorum Hispaniae, sancti vero martyres Stemeterius + et Caledonius fratres sunt patroni particulares ecclesiae + cathedralis, et totius dioecesis Santanderiensis rite electi, et + novissime approbati a S. R. C. Quaeritur igitur: Quis ex his + patronis debeat nominari ... in oratione _A cunctis_, quando in + missis haec oratio dicitur in ecclesia matrice et in caeteris + dioecesis? 16. In casu, quo ob dignitatis praestantiam nominari + debeat S. Jacobus, quaeritur an ... exprimi etiam possint nomina + SS. Stemeterii et Caledonii in praedicta oratione ..., praecipue + in ecclesia matrice ubi sacra eorum capita ... venerantur? Et si + negative, supplicatur pro gratia ad promovendum cultum qui ipsos + decet in ecclesia cathedrali ac tota dioecesi ratione sui + specialissimi patronatus". _Answer._ "Ad 15. In qualibet ecclesia + nominandum esse patronum seu titularem proprium ejusdem ecclesiae. + Ad 16. Provisum in praecedenti". (Decree of 23 January, 1793, No. + 4448, q. 15 and 16.) + + 3 DECREE. _Question._ "An patronus nominandus in oratione _A + cunctis_ intelligi debeat patronus principalis loci?" _Answer._ + "Nominandus titularis Ecclesiae". (Decree of 12 November, 1831, + No. 4669, q. 31.) + + +2o. If the titular of the church has been already named in the collect _A +cunctis_, no name is to be inserted at the letter N. The same holds if the +Mass happens to be that of the same saint. This rule depends on the +following decision: + + + "Quis nominandus sit ad litteram N. si patronus vel titularis jam + nominatus sit in illa oratione, aut de eo celebrata sit missa?" + _Answer._ "Si jam fuerit nominatus omittenda nova nominatio". + (Ibid.) + + +3_o_. If the oratory in which the Mass is said have no titular saint, the +name of the patron of the locality is to be inserted. This rule is proved +from a decree of 12th December, 1840, No. 4897, No. 2: + + + "Sacerdos celebrans in oratorio publico vel privato quod non habet + sanctum patronum vel titularem, an debeat in oratione _A cunctis_ + ad litteram N. nominare sanctum patronum vel titularem ecclesiae + parochialis intra cujus limites sita sunt oratoria, vel sanctum + patronum ecclesiae cui adscriptus est, vel potius omnem ulteriorem + nominationem omittere?" _Answer._ "Patronum civitatis, vel loci + nominandum esse". + + +4o. If the titular of the church be a mystery of the life of our Lord, or +of our Lady, authors differ in opinion whether the name of the patron of +the locality is to be inserted at the letter N, or whether no addition +should be made. M. de Conny is for the latter opinion, and his authority +is a safe guide for us. The second rule we have laid down is sufficient to +show that no name is to be inserted in cases where the title of the church +is a mystery of the Blessed Virgin, seeing that the august Mother of God +is always named in the body of the prayer. The words of the conclusion are +enough perhaps to excuse from the obligation of naming the patron of the +locality in cases where the church is dedicated to a mystery of the life +of our Lord. + +2. The usage here alluded to is not only not becoming, but it is also +contrary to the Rubric of the Missal. (part i., tit. xx.): + + + "Ab eadem parte epistolae ... ampullae vitreae vini et aquae, cum + pelvicula et manutergio mundo in fenestella, seu in parva mensa ad + haec praeparata. Super altare nihil omnino ponatur, quod ad Missae + sacrificium vel ipsius altaris ornatum non pertineat". + + +3. The sole reason for ringing a bell at Mass is to give a signal to the +faithful. "Ad excitandos circumstantes", says Gavantus (t. i. part i., +tit. XX., l. c.), "ad laetitiam exprimendam et ad cultum sanctissimi +Sacramenti adhibetur campanula". Other writers coincide with this opinion. +It seems but natural, therefore, not to ring the bell when there are no +assistants present, and when there is no need of any signal. Besides, it +is clearly the teaching of authors, and even of the Sacred Congregation of +Rites, that whenever a signal is not required, the bell is not to be rung. +Thus, the following decision forbids the bell to be rung during the +celebration of the divine office in the choir, at least in certain +circumstances: + + + "Exposito in S. R. C. ecclesiam collegiatam civitatis Senarum + habere chorum adeo subjectum oculis populi, et tali loco positum, + ut canonici dicto choro pro divinis celebrandis, et praecipue + Missae cantatae assistentibus, omnino altaria ejusdem coliegiatae + pernecesse inspiciantur, et exposito quoque tempore, quo canonici + choro ut supra assistunt, consuevisse in dictis altaribus + celebrari Missas privatas et sine scandalo prohiberi non posse: + ideo supplicatum fuit pro declaratione: an ipsi canonici in + elevationibus quae fiunt in Missis privatis, genuflectere + teneantur?" _Answer._ "Non esse genuflectendum, ne sacra, quibus + assistunt, per actum privatum interrumpantur, sed ad evitandum + scandalum, quod in populo et adstantibus causari possit ob non + genuflectionem esse omittendam pulsationem campanulae in + elevatione Sanctissimi, in dictis Missis privatis." (Decret of 5 + March 1667, No. 2397.) + + +Nor, as a general rule, is the bell rung when the Blessed Sacrament is +exposed, for then it is unnecessary to summon the faithful to adore the +Eucharist. "During the private Masses", says the _Instructio Clementina_, +"that are celebrated during the exposition, the bell is not to be rung". +Cavalieri, commenting on this passage, says: "Ex rubricarum praescripto +... interdicuntur". He is of opinion that this rule of the _Instructio_ +regards only low Masses, but Gardellini holds that it refers also to High +Masses: + + + "Non erat, cur instructio etiam Missas solemnes commemoraret, pro + quibus Rubrica, non jubet, ut in privatis, eadem pulsari ad finem + prefationis, et ad elevationem Sacramenti. Romae saltem in + majoribus ecclesiis obtinet mos etiam non pulsandi, praeterquam in + Missis solemnibus pro defunctis: gravis organorum sonitus supplet + vices tintinnabuli, et populi adstantis excitat attentionem". + + +From all this it is clear that the bell is not to be rung whenever there +is no signal to be given. This is certainly the case when there is no one +to assist at Mass. + +4. The cincture for the use of a priest does not differ from that for the +use of a bishop. It may be made either of linen thread or silk, but it is +better that it should be of linen. It may be either white or of the colour +of the vestments. These rules are drawn from two decrees of the Sacred +Congregation: + + + 1 DECREE. _Question._ "An sacerdotes in sacrificio Missae uti + possint cingulo serico?" _Answer._ "Congruentius uti cingulo + lineo". (22 Jan. 1701, No. 3575, q. 7.) + + 2 DECREE. _Question._ "An cingulum, tertium indumentum + sacerdotale, possit esse colons paramentorum; an necessario debeat + esse album?" _Answer._ "Posse uti cingulo colore paramentorum"--(8 + Jun. 1709, No. 3809, q. 4.) + + + + + +DOCUMENTS. + + + + +I. Condemnation Of Dr. Froschammer's Works. + + +Venerabili Fratri Gregorio Archiepiscopo + +Monacensi Et Frisingensi + +Pius PP. IX. + +Venerabilis Frater, Salutem et Apostolicam Benedictionem. Gravissimas +inter acerbitates, quibus undique premimur, in hac tanta temporum +perturbatione et iniquitate vehementer dolemus, cum noscamus, in variis +Germaniae regionibus reperiri nonnullos catholicos etiam viros, qui sacram +theologiam ac philosophiam tradentes minime dubitant quamdam inauditam +adhuc in Ecclesia docendi scribendique libertatem inducere, novasque et +omnino improbandas opiniones palam publiceque profiteri, et in vulgus +disseminare. Hinc non levi moerore affecti fuimus, Venerabilis Frater ubi +tristissimus ad Nos venit nuntius, presbyterum Jacobum Frohschammer in +ista Monacensi Academia philosophiae doctorem hujusmodi docendi +scribendique licentiam proe ceteris adhibere, eumque suis operibus in +lucem editis perniciosissimos tueri errores. Nulla igitur interposita +mora, Nostrae Congregationi libris notandis praepositae mandavimus, ut +praecipua volumina, quae ejusdem presbyteri Frohschammer nomine +circumferuntur, cum maxima diligentia sedalo perpenderet, et omnia ad Nos +referret. Quae volumina germanice scripta titulum habent--_Introductio in +Philosophiam--De Libertate scientiae--Athenaeum_--quorum primum anno 1858, +alterum anno 1861, tertium vero vertente hoc anno 1862 istis Monacensibus +typis in lucem est editum. Itaque eadem Congregatio Nostris mandatis +diligenter obsequens summo studio accuratissimum examen instituit, +omnibusque sem el iterumque serio ac mature ex more discussis et perpensis +judicavit, auctorem in pluribus non recte sentire, ejusque doctrinam a +veritate catholica aberrare. Atque id ex duplici praesertim parte, et +primo quidem propterea quad auctor tales humanae rationi tribuat vires, +quae rationi ipsi minime competunt, secundo vero, quod eam omnia opinandi, +et quidquid semper audendi libertatem eidem rationi concedat, ut ipsius +Ecclesiae jura, officium, et auctoritas de media omnino tollantur. Namque +auctor imprimis edocet, philosophiam, si recta ejus habeatur notio, posse +non solum percipere et intelligere ea christina dogmata, quae naturalis +ratio cum fide habet communia (tamquam commune scilicet perceptionis +objectum) verum etiam ea, quae christianam religionem fidemque maxime et +proprie efficiunt, ipsumque scilicet supernaturalem hominis finem, et ea +omnia, quae ad ipsum spectant, atque sacratissimum Dominicae Incarnationis +mysterium ad humanae rationis et philosophiae provinciam pertinere, +rationemque, dato hoc objecto suis propriis principiis scienter ad ea +posse pervenire. Etsi vero aliquam inter haec et illa dogmata +distinctionem auctor inducat, et haec ultima minori jure rationi +attribuat, tamen clare aperteque docet, etiam haec contineri inter illa, +quae veram propriamque scientiae seu philosophiae materiam constituunt. +Quocirca ex ejusdem auctoris sententia concludi omnino possit ac debeat, +rationem in abditissimis etiam divinae Sapientiae ac Bonitatis, immo etiam +et liberae ejus voluntatis mysteriis, licet posito revelationis objecto +posse ex seipsa, non jam ex divinae auctoritatis principio sed ex +naturalibus suis principiis et viribus ad scientiam seu certitudinem +pervenire. Quae auctoris doctrina quam falsa sit et erronea nemo est, qui +christianae doctrinae rudimentis vel leviter imbutus non illico videat, +planeque sentiat. Namque si isti philosophiae cultores vera ac sola +rationis et philosophiae disciplinae tuerentur principia et jura, debitis +certe laudibus essent prosequendi. Siquidem vera ac sana philosophia +nobilissimum suum locum habet, cum ejusdem philosophiae sit, veritatem +diligenter inquirere, humanamque rationem licet primi hominis culpa +obtenebratam, nullo tamen modo extinctam recte ac sedulo excolere, +illustrare, ejusque cognitionis objectum, ac permultas veritates +percipere, bene intellegere, promovere, earumque plurimas, uti Dei +existentiam, naturam, attributa, quae etiam fides credenda proponit, per +argumenta ex suis principiis petita demonstrare, vindicare, defendere, +atque hoc modo viam munire ad haec dogmata fide rectius tenenda, et ad +illa etiam reconditiora dogmata, quae sola fide percipi primum possunt, ut +illa aliquo modo a ratione intelligantur. Haec quidem agere, atque in his +versari debet severa et pulcherrima verae philosophiae scientia. Ad quae +praestanda si viri docti in Germaniae Academiis enitantur pro singulari +inclytae illius nationis ad severiores gravioresque disciplinas excolendas +propensione, eorum studium a Nobis comprobatur et commendatur, cum in +sacrarum rerum utilitatem profectumque convertant, quae illi ad suos usus +invenerint. At vero in hoc gravissimo sane negotio tolerare numquam +possumus, ut omnia emere permisceantur, utque ratio illas etiam res, quae +ad fidem pertinent, occupet atque perturbet, cum certissimi, omnibusque +notissimi sint fines, ultra quos ratio numquam suo jure est progressa, vel +progredi potest. Atque ad hujusmodi dogmata ea omnia maxime et apertissime +spectant, quae supernaturalem hominis elevationem, ac supernaturale ejus +cum Deo commercium respiciunt atque ad hunc finem revelata noscuntur. Et +sane cum haec dogmata sint supra naturam, idcirco naturali ratione, ac +naturalibus principiis attingi non possunt. Numquam siquidem ratio suis +naturalibus principiis ad hujusmodi dogmata scienter tractanda effici +potest idonea. Quod si haec isti temere asseverare audeant sciant, se +certe non a quorumlibet doctorum opinione, sed a communi, et numquam +immutata Ecclesiae doctrina recedere. Ex divinis enim Litteris, et +sanctorum Patrum traditione constat. Dei quidem existentiam, multasque +alias veritates, ab iis etiam qui fidem nondum susceperunt, naturali +rationis lumine cognosci, sed illa reconditiora dogmata Deum solum +manifestasse dum notum facere voluit, _mysterium, quod absconditum fuit a +saeculis et generationibus_(_4_)_ et ita quidem, ut postquam multifariam +multisque modis olim locutus esset patribus in prophetis novissime Nobis +locutus est in Filio, per quem fecit et saecula_(_5_)_ ... Deum enim nemo +vidit umquam. Unigenitus Filius, qui est in sinu Paris ipse +ennarravit._(6) Quapropter Apostolus, qui gentes Deum per ea, quae facta +sunt cognovisse testatur, disserens de _gratia et veritate_(_7_)_ quae per +Jesum Christum facta est, loquimur, iniquit, Dei sapientiam in mysterio, +quae abscondita est ... quam nemo principum hujus saeculi cognovit ... +Nobis autem revelavit Deus per Spiritum Suum ... Spiritus enim omnia +scrutatur, etiam profunda Dei. Quis enim hominum scit quae sunt hominis, +nisi Spiritus hominis, qui in ipso est? Ita et quae Dei sunt nemo +cognovit, nisi Spiritus Dei._(8) Hisce aliisque fere innumeris divinis +eloquiis inhaerentes SS. Patres in Ecclesiae doctrina tradenda continenter +distinguere curarunt rerum divinarum notionem, quae naturalis +intelligentiae vi omnibus est communis ab illarum rerum notitia, quae per +Spiritum Sanctum fide suscipitur, et constanter docuerunt, per hanc ea +nobis in Christo revelari mysteria, quae non solam humanam philosophiam, +verum etiam Angelicam naturalem intelligentiam transcendunt, quaeque +etiamsi divina revelatione innotuerint, et ipsa fide fuerint suscepta, +tamen sacro ad hue ipsius fidei velo tecta et obscura caligine obvoluta +permanent, quamdiu in hac mortali vita peregrinamur a Domino.(9) Ex his +omnibus patet alienam omnino esse a catholicae Ecclesiae doctrina +sententiam, qua idem Frohschammer asserere non dubitat, omnia +indiscriminatim christianae religionis dogmata esse objectum naturalis +scientiae, seu philosophiae, et humanam rationem historice tantum +excultam, modo haec dogmata ipsi rationi tanquam objectum proposita +fuerint, posse ex suis naturalibus viribus et principio ad veram de +omnibus etiam reconditioribus dogmatibus scientiam pervenire. Nunc vero in +memoratis ejusdem auctoris scriptis alia domanitur sententia, quae +catholicae Ecciesiae doctrinae, ac sensui plane adversatur. Etenim eam +philosophiae tribuit libertatem, quae non scientiae libertas, sed omnio +reprobanda et intoleranda philosophiae licentia sit appellanda. Quadam +enim distinctione inter philosophum et philosophiam facta, tribuit +philosopho jus et officium se submittendi auctoritati, quam veram ipse +probaverit, sed utrumque philosophiae ita denegat, ut nulla doctrinae +revelatae ratione habita asserat, ipsam nunquam debere ac posse +Auctoritati se submittere. Quod esset toet crandum et forte admittendum, +si haec dicerentur de jure tantum, quod habit philosophia suis principiis, +seu methodo, ac suis conclusionibus, uti, sicut et aliae scientiae, ac si +ejus libertas consisteret in hoc suo jure utendo, ita ut nihil in sea +dmitteret, quod non fuerit ab ipsa suis conditionibus acquisitum, aut +fuerit ipsi alienum. Sed haec justa philosophiae libertas suos limites +noscere et experiri debet. Nunquam enim non solum philosopho, verum etiam +philosophiae licebit, aut aliquid contrarium dicere iis, quae divina +revelatio, et Ecclesia docet, aut aliquid ex eisdem in dubium vocare +propterea quod non intelligit, aut judicium non suscipere, quod Ecclesiae +auctoritas de aliqua philosophiae conclusione, quae hujusque libera erat, +proferre constituit. Accedit etiam, ut idem auctor philosophiae +libertatem, seu potius effrenatam licentiam tam acriter, tam temere +propugnet, ut minime vereatur asserere, Ecclesiam non solum non debere in +philosophiam unquam animadvertere, verum etiam debere ipsius philosophiae +tolerare erores, eique relinquere, ut ipsa se corrigat, ex quo evenit, ut +philosophi hanc philosophiae libertatem necessario participent, atque ita +etiam ipsi ab omni lege solvantur. Ecquis non videt quam vehementer sit +rejicienda, reprobanda, et omnini damnanda hujusmodi Frohschammer +sententia atque doctrina? Etenim Ecclesia ex divina sua institutione et +divinae fidei depositum integrum inviolatumque diligentissime custodire, +et animarum saluti summo studio debet continenter advigilare, ac summa +cura ea omnia amovere et eliminare, quae vel fidei adversari, vel animarum +salutem quovis modo in discrimen adducere possunt. Quocirca Ecclesia ex +potestate sibi a divino suo Auctore commissa non solum jus, sed officium +praesertim habet non tolerandi, sed pro scribendi ac damnandi omnes +erores, si ita fedei integritas, et animarum salus postulaverint, et omni +philosopho, qui Ecclesiae filius esse velit, ac etiam philosophiae +officium incumbit nihil unquam dicere contra ea, quae Ecclesia docet, et +ea retractare, de quibus eos Ecclesia monuerit. Sententiam autem, quae +contrarium edocet omnino erroneam, et ipsi fidei. Ecclesiae ejusque +auctoritati vel maxime injuriosam esse edicimus et declaramus. Quibus +omnibus accurate perpensis, de eorumdrm VV. FF. NN. S. R. E. Cardinalium +Congregationis libris notandis praepositae consilio, ac motu proprio, et +certa scientia matura deliberatione Nostra, deque Apostolicae Nostrae +potestatis plenitudine praedictos librus presbyteri Frohschammer tamquam +continentes propositiones et doctrinas respective falsas, erroneas, +Ecclesiae, ejusque actoritati ac juribus injuriosas reprobamus, damnamus, +ac pro reprobatis et damnatis ab omnibus haberi volumus, atque eidem +Congregationi mandamus, ut eosdem libros in indicem prohibitorum librorum +referat. Dum vero haec Tibi significamus, Venerabilis Frater, non possumus +non exprimere magnum animi Nostri Dolorem cum videamus hunc filium +eorumdem librorum auctorem, qui ceteroquin de Ecclesia benemereri +potuisset, infelici quodam cordis impete misere abreptum in vias abire, +quae ad salutem non ducunt, ac magis magisque a recto tramite aberrare. +Cum enim alius ejus liber de animarum origine prius fuisset damnatus non +solum se minime submisit, verum etiam non extimuit, eumdem errorem in his +etiam libridenuo docere, et Nostram Indicis Congregationem contumeliis +cumen lare, ac multa alia contra Ecclesiae agendi rationem temere +mendaciterque pronuntiare. Quae omnia talia sunt, ut iis merito atque +optimo jure indignare potuissemus. Sed nolumus adhuc paternae Nostrae +charitatis viscera erga illum deponere, et idcirco Te Venerabilis Frater, +excitamus, ut velis eidem manifestare cor Nostrum paternum, et +acerbiseimum dolorem, cujus ipse est causa, ac simul ipsum saluberrimis +monitis hortari et monere, ut Nostram, quae communis est omnium Patris +vocem audiat, ac resipiscat, quemadmodum catholicae Ecclesiae filium +decet, et ita nos omnes laetitia afficiat, ac tandem ipse felixiter +experiatur quam jucundum sit, non vana quadam et perniciosa libertate +gaudere, sed Domini, adhaerere, cugus jugum suave est, et onus leve, cujus +eloquo casta, igne examinata, cujus judicia vera, justificata in +semetipsa, et cujus universae viae misericordia et veritas. Denique hac +etiam occasione libentissime utimur, ut iterum testemur et confirmemus +praecipuam Nostram in Te benevolentiam. Cujus quoque pignus esse volumus +Apostolicam Benedictionem, quam intimo cordis affectu Tibi ipsi, +Venerabilis Frater, et gregi Tuae curae commisso paremanter impertimus. +Datum Romaae apud S. Petrum die 11 Decembris anno 1862, Pontificatus +Nostri anno decimo septimo. + +Pius PP. IX. + + + + +II. Decree Of The Congregation Of Rites. + + +The Roman ritual, speaking of the Blessed Eucharist, prescribes as +follows: "Lampades coram eo plures vel saltem una diu notucque colluceat". +These lamps are to be fed with olive oil, which the Church has adopted for +mystic reasons in so many of her sacred rites. But in many countries the +difficulty of procuring olive oil is considerable, and the expense greater +than small churches can bear. Several prelates of France, moved by these +reasons, asked permission to burn in the lamps before the Blessed +Sacrament oils other than from olives. The following is the answer: + +_Decretum: Plurium Dioeceseum._ + +Nonnulli Reverendissimi Galliarum Antistites serio perpendentes in multis +suarum Dioeceseum Ecclesiis difficile admodum et nonnisi magnis sumptibus +comparari posse oleum olivarum ad nutriendam diu noctuque saltem unam +lampadam ante Sanctissimum Eucharistiae Sacramentum, ab Apostolica Sede +declarari petierunt utrum in casu, attentis difficultatibus et Ecclesiarum +paupertate, oleo, olivarum substitue possint alea olea quae ex vegetalibus +habentur, ipso non excluso petroleo. Sacra porro Rituum Congregatio, etsi +semper sollicita ut etiam in hac parte quod usque ab Ecclesiae primordiis +circa usum olei ex olivis inductum est, ob mysticas significationes +retineatur; attamen silentio praeterire minime censuit rationes ab iisdem +Episcopis prolatas; ac proinde exquisito prius Voto alterius ex +Apostolicarum Coeremoniarum Magistris, subscriptus Cardinalis Praefectus +ejusdem Sacrae Congregationis rem omnem proposuit in Ordinariis Commitiis +ad Vaticanum hodierna die habitis. Eminentissimi autem et Reverendissimi +Patres Sacris tuendis Ritibus praepositi, omnibus accurate perpensis ac +diligentissime examinatis, rescribendum censuerunt: Generatim utendum esse +oleo olevarum: _ubi vero haberi nequeatt remittendum prudentiae +Episcoporum ut lampades nutriantur ex aliis oleis quantum fieri possit +vegetabilibus_ die 9 Julii 1864. + +Facta postmodum de praemissis Sanctissimo Domino Nostro Pio Papae IX. per +infrascriptum Secretarium fideli relatione, Sanctitas Sua sententiam +Sacrae Congregationis ratam habuit et confirmavit. Die 14 iisdem mense et +anno. + +C. EPISCOPUS PORTUEN. ET S. RUFINAE CARD. PATRIZI S. R. C. PRAEF. LOCO {~MALTESE CROSS~} +Signi _D. Bartolini S. R. C. Secretarius_. + + + + + +NOTICES OF BOOKS. + + + + +I. + + +_Martyrologium Dungallense, seu Calendarium Sanctorum Hiberniae._ +_Collegit et digessit_ Fr. Michael O'Clery, Ord. Fr. Min. Strictioris +Observantiae. Permissu et facultate Superiorum. 1630. + +_The Martyrology of Donegal: a Calendar of the Saints of Ireland_, +translated from the original Irish by the late John O'Donovan, LL.D., +M.R.I.A., Professor of Celtic Literature in the Queen's College, Belfast. +Edited, with the Irish text, by James Henthorn Todd, D.D., M.R.I.A., +F.S.A., Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin; and by William Reeves, +D.D., M.R.I.A., Vicar of Lusk, etc. Dublin: printed for the Archaeological +Society. Thom, 1864, lv.-566 pp. + +_The Martyrology of Donegal_ was completed on the 19th of April, 1630, in +the Franciscan convent of Donegal. The compilers were Brother Michael +O'Clery, a lay brother of that convent, with three associates who with him +are so well known by the name of "The Four Masters". Colgan (_Acta +Sanctorum Hiberniae_, tom. 1, p. 5 a.) thus speaks of it: "Martyrologium +quod Dungallense vocamus, nostris diebus ex diversis tum Martyrologiis, +tum annalibus patriis collectum est, partim oper Authorum qui Annales +communes, de quibus infra, compilarunt in Conventu Dungallensi; partim +opera Patrum ejusdem Conventus qui sanctos, qui extra patriam vixerunt et +de quibus hystorici exteri scripserunt, addiderant". The Donegal copy of +1630 was a more complete transcript of a first copy, made by Michael +O'Clery in the preceding year at Douay. Both copies are now extant in the +Burgundian Library at Brussels, but circumstances have not permitted Dr. +Todd to get the first copy also transcribed. Both copies are autographs of +Michael O'Clery. + +The first to discover the mine of Irish MSS. in Brussels was Mr. L. +Waldron, M.P., who, in 1844, at the request of Professor O'Curry, examined +the library there. By the influence of Lord Clarendon, then +lord-lieutenant of Ireland, with the government, Dr. Todd procured from +the Belgian government, in 1848, the loan of several MSS. of the greatest +importance, with the permission to have them transcribed. One of these was +the autograph MS. of the _Martyrology of Donegal_, prepared for the press +by the author, with the approbations of his ecclesiastical superiors. A +copy of it was executed by the late Professor O'Curry with the skill and +beauty of his unequalled penmanship; and this copy was collated with the +original, whilst it was still in Dr. Todd's possession. From O'Curry's +copy Dr. Reeves made another for his own use, and from this he made a +third transcript for the printers, and the translator, Dr. O'Donovan. This +translation was the last labour of Dr. O'Donovan's life. + +The contents of the volume are distributed as follows: An introduction +(ix.-xxiv.) by Dr. Todd is followed by an appendix (xxiv.-xlix.) +containing "a number of memoranda, references to authorities, and +miscellaneous notes, which have been written by the author, and others, +through whose hands the MS. has passed, on the fly-leaves at the beginning +and end of each volume". Many of them are of great interest. Then come the +_Testimonia et Approbationes_ (xlix.-lv.) of Flann Mac Egan, Conner +McBrody, Dr. Malachy O'Cadhla, Archbishop of Tuam; Dr. Boetius Mac Egan, +Bishop of Elphin; Dr. Thomas Fleming, Archbishop of Dublin; and Dr. Roth +Mac Geoghegan, Bishop of Kildare. The _Martyrology_ proper follows (1-351) +with the Irish text on one page and Dr. O'Donovan's translation on the +other. The notes appended are but few, and serve merely to explain +obscurities in the text, to settle the reading, or to correct some obvious +mistake. For almost all the notes we are indebted to Dr. Todd himself. A +table of the _Martyrology_, compiled by the author, and translated by Dr. +Todd, occupies from page 354 to page 479, and is followed by three +indexes, compiled by Dr. Reeves, one of persons (485-528), another of +places (529-553), and a third of matters (544-566). These indexes, says +Dr. Todd, "possess a topographical and historical interest quite +independent of their connection with the present work, and are in +themselves a most important practical help to the study of Irish history". + +What is the value of this work? What position does it occupy among Irish +Ecclesiastical documents? It cannot be regarded as an _original_ +authority. "It is confessedly a compilation, and of comparatively recent +date, having been completed, as we have seen, in the early part of the +seventeenth century. But it is a compilation made by a scholar peculiarly +well fitted for the task, who had access to all the original documents +then extant in the Irish language, the matter of which he has transferred +either in whole or in part into the present work, quoting in almost every +instance the sources from which he drew his information" (Introd., p. +xiii.). The bare enumeration of these sources will serve to show the value +of the book. I. _The Metrical Calendar, or Festilogium of Aengus Ceile +De_, commonly called the _Felire of Aengus_. Its author was a monk of +Tallaght, near Dublin, in the days when Saint Maolruain was abbot, about +the beginning of the ninth century. Dr. Kelly of Maynooth has published a +translation of a portion of this _Metrical Calendar_ in his _Calendar of +Irish Saints_. II. The _Martyrology of Tallaght_. This is a transcript of +a very ancient martyrology containing the names of the saints and martyrs +of the entire Church, with the Irish saints added under each day. It was +composed at the close of the ninth or very early in the tenth century. The +Brussels MS. is an abstract of the ancient copy at Saint Isidore's at +Rome, but it contains the Irish saints alone, omitting altogether the +general martyrology. It was from a transcript of the Belgian MS. that Dr. +Kelly published in 1857 the calendar alluded to above. III. The _Calendar +of Cashel_, which is not now known to exist. According to Colgan, its +author flourished about the year 1030. IV. The _Martyrology of Maolmuire_ +(or _Marianus_) _O'Gorman_, written in Irish verse, in the times of +Gelasius, Archbishop of Armagh, about 1167. Its author was abbot of Knock, +near Louth, and the work is taken from the _Felire of Tallaght_, and is +not confined to Irish saints. V. _The Book of Hymns_, a portion of which +has already been published by the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society, +and of which a second portion is in the press, under the care of Dr. Todd. +VI. Poems, such as the _Poem of St. Cuimin of Condeire (Connor)_, of the +middle of the seventh century, published by Dr. Kelly, with a translation +by Professor O'Curry; the _Naoimhseanchus_, attributed by Colgan to +Selbach of the tenth century; the _Poem of St. Moling of Ferns_ (A.D. +675-695), and several minor poems. VII. Several of the great collections +or _Bibliothecae_, of which he names expressly the _Book of Lecan_, the +_Leabhar na Huidre_, and the _Book of Lismore_. VIII. The lives of saints +in Irish and Latin. Of these he quotes no less than thirty-one. From this +list it will be seen that almost all the literature of the early Irish +Church has helped to enrich the pages of the _Martyrology of Donegal_. And +since _norma orandi legem statuit credendi_, we could scarcely find a +nobler monument of the faith and practice of our forefathers. The Church +that places on her list of saints, bishops, and priests, and abbots, and +consecrated virgins, and hermits, possesses in that very calendar a mark +deep and broad enough to distinguish her from all the sects that belong to +modern Protestantism. + + + + +II. + + +_Lectures on Modern History, delivered at the Catholic University of +Ireland._ By Professor J. B. ROBERTSON; cr. 8vo, p.p. xvi., 528. Dublin: +W. B. Kelly, 1864. + +The lectures included in this volume were delivered in the Catholic +University of Ireland, on various occasions, in the years 1860 to 1864, +and their purport has been well expressed in the author's own words. +Speaking in reference to all his literary labours, "I devoted", says +Professor Robertson, "my feeble powers to the defence of God and His holy +Church against unbelief and misbelief; and of social order and liberty, +against the principles of revolution, which are but impiety in a political +form". In these words we have the key-note of the entire work. The +"History of Spain in the Eighteenth Century" forms the subject of two +lectures. To these is added a supplement of more than fifty pages, in +which the late Mr. Buckle's "Essay on Spain", contained in his "History of +Civilization", is severely but most deservedly criticised, and, we may +add, is refuted by solid and convincing arguments. + +In four lectures our author discusses the "life, writings, and times of M. +de Chateaubriand", involving, much of the internal history of France, +especially as regards literature and religion under the first Napoleon and +the succeeding governments down to the Revolution in 1848. These lectures +are full of interest. But what must be considered as by far the most +important portion of this volume is that in which Professor Robertson +treats of the "Secret Societies of Modern Times". In two lectures he +traces the origin and progress of the Freemasons, the Illuminati, the +Jacobins, the Carbonari, and the Socialists; and in an appendix adds a +"brief exposition of the principal heads of Papal legislation on Secret +Societies". + +Such are the contents of the work. The style is agreeable and clear, the +diction felicitous, and above all, the sentiments just, equally +characterised by extensive information, political sagacity, and a profound +reverence for divine faith. The professor has happily avoided both the +tedious exhaustiveness of the German, and the brilliant flippancy which so +often charms us in the French. Nor has he been unmindful of the more +laborious students who would not shrink from the toil of research after +further information. For these he has provided such an array of +authorities, on each of his subjects, as must greatly facilitate the +progress of those who would engage in diligent historical investigation. +We know not where else there could be had so intelligible an account of +the secret societies which have been so active in all the political +convulsions of Europe, from 1789 to the present time. We need not advert +to the part which secret societies have had in producing the present +deplorable state of Italy. To the readers of the _Civilt Cattolica_ such +reference would be unnecessary. To those who have not the advantage of +regularly reading that most instructive periodical we would recommend +Professor Robertson's lectures, as containing, in a moderate sized volume, +a most perspicuous summary of what is requisite to be known concerning +those dark conspiracies and their objects. If it were only for this, the +volume would be a most welcome addition to our historical library. + +The book has been brought out with the utmost elegance of paper, type, and +printing. + + + + +III. + + +_La Roma Sotterrana Cristiana descritta ed illustrata_ dal Cav. G. B. de +Rossi. Publicata per ordine della Santit di N. S. Papa Pio IX. +Chromolithografia Ponteficia Roma, 1864. vol. 1. + +_Christian Subterranean Rome, described and illustrated_ by Cav. G. B. de +Rossi. Published by order of His Holiness Pope Pius IX., vol. 1. + +In 1861 Cavalier de Rossi published the first volume of his _Inscriptiones +Christianae Urbis Romae seculo VII. antiquiores_. On to-day we announce +the appearance of the first volume of his long expected work on +Subterranean Rome. In the introduction the author passes in review all +that has been done to explore the Catacombs, from the fourteenth century +to our day. Pomponius Laetus, Pauvinius, Ciacconius, and especially Bosio +and Bottari, claim his attention in turn. After a sketch of the results of +the labours undertaken in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Cav. de +Rossi shows what yet remains to be done, and what part of this he himself +proposes to accomplish. + +The second part of the volume is entitled "Remarks on ancient Christian +Cemeteries in general, and on those of Rome in particular": the whole is +divided into three parts. Part I. on the Christian Cemeteries in general, +treats of their antiquity, their divisions into subterranean and +non-subterranean, and the respective marks of each class. The author here +proves that even in the third century, when Christianity was persecuted to +the death, the Christian Cemeteries had a legal existence recognized by +the Emperors. Part II. is devoted to the documents which illustrate the +history and topography of the Catacombs, and embraces contemporary +documents, historical and liturgical treatises later than the fourth +century, lives of Pontiffs, etc. Part III. contains a general history of +the Roman Cemeteries, arranged in four periods: beginning respectively, +with the apostolic times; the third century; the peace of Constantine +(312); and the fifth century, A.D. 410. In the second century the +catacombs were of slow growth; in the third, their extent became most +remarkable; after Constantine, they began to be abandoned as places of +sepulture; with the fifth century set in their decay, leading to the +removal of the relics of the saints to the churches within the walls, +whither the sacrilegious hands of Goths and Lombards, who periodically +pillaged the Campagna, could not reach; finally, after the ninth century, +they were almost forgotten. Part IV. contains the analytical description +of the Christian Cemeteries. The Cemetery of Callixtus, the most ancient +and most celebrated of all, is described at length. + + + + +IV. + + +_Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum Historiam Illustrantia; quae ex +Vaticani, Neapolis, ac Florentiae Tabularis depromsit, et Ordine +chronologico disposuit_ Augustinus Theiner, Presbyter Cong. Oratorii, +Tabulariorum Vaticanorum Praefectus, etc. Folio, Romae, Typis Vaticanis, +1864. One Volume folio, pages 624. + +The notice of the See of Ardagh in the sixteenth century, printed in our +opening number, has probably prepared our readers to estimate the value of +the important series of documents upon which it is founded. We purposed to +urge strongly upon the clergy of Ireland the duty of supporting generously +the distinguished scholar, who in his love of Ireland has undertaken the +costly and laborious work of publishing all the manuscript materials of +Irish history which are preserved in the archives of the Vatican, and has +already given in the opening volume an earnest of their extent, as well as +of their historical value. We are happy, however, to find that what we had +desired and intended, has already been put in a practical form, and that +an effort has been made to forward among the friends of Irish history the +sale of this most interesting collection. We cannot, therefore, we +believe, advance more effectually the object which we have at heart, than +by transferring to our pages the following notice, which has been printed +for private circulation:-- + +"Monsignor Theiner's Collection from the Secret Archives of the Vatican, +of Naples, and of Florence, is unquestionably the most important +contribution to the history of the Church in these countries since the +great historical movement of the seventeenth century. It comprises upwards +of a thousand original documents, Pontifical Bulls, Briefs, and Letters, +Consistorial Acts, Inquisitions, Reports, etc., ranging from the +pontificate of Honorius III., 1216, to that of Paul III., 1547. + +"These papers, in the main, relate to the history of Ireland and of +Scotland, especially of the former country. There is hardly a diocese in +Ireland of which they do not contain some notice, and in many cases, as, +for instance, that of Ardagh, already noticed by the learned editor of the +Essays of the lamented Dr. Matthew Kelly, but traced in detail in the +_Irish Ecclesiastical Record_, No. I., pp. 13-17, they serve to fill up +important breaks in the existing records, and to correct grave and vital +errors in the received histories. + +"But, in addition to the Irish and Scotch documents, the volume contains +many of wider and more general interest; among which it will be enough to +specify a single series--nearly a hundred unpublished letters of Henry +VIII., relating chiefly to the negociations regarding the divorce, which +they present in a light almost completely new. + +"This volume is printed entirely at the expense of the distinguished +editor. It is meant as an experiment; and, should the sale, for which he +must mainly rely upon the countries chiefly interested, suffice to cover +the bare cost of publication, it is his intention to continue the series +from the archives of the Vatican, down through the still more interesting, +and, for Irish history, more obscure, as well as more important, period of +Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, and James I. + +"Mgr. Theiner has requested his friend, Rev. Dr. Russell, President of St. +Patrick's College, Maynooth, to receive and transmit to Rome any orders +far the volume with which he may be favoured." + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + +_ 1 Sacred Latin Poetry_, selected and arranged by R. C. Trench, D.D., + Archbishop of Dublin, etc. Macmillan and Co., London and Cambridge. + 1864. + + 2 "Nihil obstat si etiam in his omnibus et Ipse (Redemptor noster) + signetur. Ipse enim Unigenitus Dei Filius _veraciter_ factus est + _homo_: ipse in sacrificio nostrae redemptionis dignatus est mori ut + _vitulus_: ipse per virtutem suae fortitudinis surrexit ut _leo_.... + Ipse etiam post resurrectionem suam ascendnes ad coelos, in + superioribus est elevatus ut _aquila_. Totum ergo simul nobis est, + qui et nascendo _homo_, et moriendo _vitulus_, et resurgendo _leo_, + et ad coelos ascendendo _aquila_ factus est"--_S. Greg. Magn., Hom._ + iv. _in Ezech._ + +_ 3 The Destiny of the Irish Race_: a lecture delivered at Philadelphia + on the 17th of March, 1864, by Rev. M. O'Connor, S. J. In order to + give to our readers the beautiful lecture of the ex-Bishop of + Pittsburgh, we have increased the number of pages in this month's + RECORD.--ED. I. E. R. + + 4 Col. 1. v. 26. 1. + + 5 Hebr. 1, v. 1, 2. + + 6 Joan. 1, v. 18. + + 7 Joan 1, v. 17. + + 8 1 Corint. v. 2, 7, 8, 10, 11. + + 9 S. Joan. Chrys. hom. 7. in 1. Corinth. S. Ambros. de fide ad Grat. + S. Leo de Nativ. Dom. Serm. 9. S. Cyril. Alex. contr. Nestor. lib. + 3. in Joan, 1, 9. S. Joan, Dam. de fide orat. II, 1, 2, in 1, 2, in + 1 Cor. c. 2, S. Hier. in Galat. III, 2. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, NOVEMBER 1864*** + + + +CREDITS + + +February 2, 2012 + + Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1 + Produced by Bryan Ness, David King, and the Online Distributed + Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +Title: The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, November 1864 + + + +Release Date: February 2, 2012 [Ebook #38751] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, NOVEMBER 1864*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">The Irish Ecclesiastical Record</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Volume 1.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">November, 1864</span></p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"> + <li><a href="#toc1">The Holy See And The Liberty Of The Irish + Church At The Beginning Of The Present Century.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc3">I. From Mgr. + Brancadoro to Father Concanen, O.P., Agent at Rome for the Irish + Bishops. Dalla Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc5">II. From the same to + the same. Dalla Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc7">A Recent Protestant View Of The Church Of The + Middle Ages.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc9">The Mss. Remains Of Professor O'Curry In The + Catholic University. No. II.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc11">The Destiny Of The Irish Race.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc13">Liturgical Questions. (<span style= + "font-style: italic">From M. Bouix's</span> <span style= + "font-style: italic">“</span><span style="font-style: italic">Revue + des Sciences Ecclesiastiques</span><span style= + "font-style: italic">”</span>).</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc15">Documents.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc17">I. Condemnation Of + Dr. Froschammer's Works.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc19">II. Decree Of The + Congregation Of Rites.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc21">Notices Of Books.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc23">Footnotes</a></li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" + id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">The Holy See And The Liberty Of The + Irish Church At The Beginning Of The Present Century.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All students of + Irish Catholic affairs must feel, at every moment, that we are at a + great loss for a collection of ecclesiastical documents connected + with our Church. The past misfortunes of Ireland explain the origin + of this want. During the persecutions of Elizabeth, of James the + First, and Cromwell, our ancient manuscripts, and the archives of our + convents and monasteries, were ruthlessly destroyed. At a later + period, whilst the penal laws were in full operation, it was + dangerous to preserve official ecclesiastical papers, lest they + should be construed by the bigotry and ignorance of our enemies into + proofs of sedition or treason. Since liberty began to dawn on our + country, things have undergone a beneficial change, and recently + great efforts have been made to rescue and preserve from destruction + every remaining fragment of our ancient history, and every document + calculated to throw light on the annals of our Church. We are anxious + to coöperate in this good work, and we shall feel deeply grateful to + our friends if they forward to us any official ecclesiastical papers, + either ancient or modern, that it may be desirable to preserve. + Receiving such papers casually, we cannot insert them in the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Record</span></span> in chronological + order, but by aid of an Index, to be published at the end of each + volume, the future historian will be able to avail himself of them + for his purposes.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg + 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To-day we insert + in our columns two letters never published before, as far as we can + learn, in their original language. They were addressed, in the + beginning of this century, by the learned Archbishop of Myra, + Monsignore Brancadoro, Secretary of the Propaganda, to a + distinguished Dominican, Father Concanen, then agent of the Irish + bishops, who was afterwards promoted to the See of New York, and who + died at Naples, in the year 1808, before he could take possession of + his diocese.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first letter, + dated the 7th August, 1801, refers to certain resolutions adopted by + ten Irish prelates, in January, 1799, at a sad period of our history, + when Ireland was in a state of utter prostration, and abandoned to + the fury of an Orange faction. In such circumstances, we are not to + be surprised that the Catholics of Cork, Waterford, Wexford, and many + other parts of Ireland, in the hope of preserving their lives and + property, should have petitioned to be united to England; or that + Catholic prelates, anxious to gain protection for their flocks, + should have endeavoured to propitiate those who had the power of the + government in their hands, by taking into consideration the proposals + then made—that the state should provide for the maintenance of the + clergy, and that a right should be given to the state to inquire into + the loyalty of such ecclesiastics as might be proposed for the + various sees of Ireland.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The celebrated Dr. + Milner, treating of the resolutions just referred to, observes in his + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Supplementary Memoirs</span></span>, p. 115, + that they had nothing in common with the veto which was afterwards + proposed by government in 1805, and several times in succeeding + years, and adds, that the prelates <span class= + "tei tei-q">“stipulated for their own just influence, and also for + the consent of the Pope in this important business.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to the + wise determination of the prelates, the matters they had agreed to + were referred to the judgment of the Supreme Head of the Church. A + speedy answer, however, could not be obtained. At that time the great + Pontiff, Pius the Sixth, was a captive in the hands of the French + Republicans, and soon after died a martyr at Valence in France. The + Holy See was then vacant for several months, until, by the visible + interposition of Providence, Italy was freed from her invaders, and + the cardinals were enabled to assemble in conclave to elect a new + Pope. Soon after his promotion, Pius the Seventh occupied himself + with the affairs of our Church, and the secretary of the Propaganda + received instructions to communicate through Father Concanen to the + Irish Prelates the wishes of his Holiness.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The substance of + the official note of Monsignore Brancadoro is, 1. That his Holiness + is thankful to the British government for the relaxation of the penal + laws to which Catholics had been so <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> long subjected, and for any other acts of + liberality or kindness conferred on them. 2. That the Irish prelates, + whilst manifesting their gratitude for the favours they had received, + should prove, by their conduct, that it was not through a feeling of + self-interest, or through hopes of temporal advantages, that they + inculcated on their flocks the necessity of obedience to the laws and + the conscientious fulfilment of the duties of good citizens; but that + they did so through a spirit of religion, and in conformity with the + dictates of the gospel. 3. That to prove how sincerely they were + animated with those feelings, the Irish prelates should refuse the + proffered pension, and continue to act and support themselves as they + have done for the past, thus giving an example of Christian + perfection which would not fail to give general edification.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second letter + is also from the secretary of Propaganda to Father Concanen, and is + dated 25th of Sept., 1805, in which year Dr. Milner had just brought + under the notice of the Holy See some new projects of government + interference with the Catholic clergy, which had lately been + introduced into Parliament by Sir John Hippisley, at that time a + supporter of Emancipation, but who afterwards gave proofs of a great + desire to enslave the Catholic Church.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the second + letter Monsignore Brancadoro states the apprehension felt by the S. + Congregation, lest the moment of the Catholic triumph should prove + the one most dangerous to the purity and stability of the Catholic + religion since the Reformation; that it would be no injustice to + suspect the British Government of being influenced by designs to that + very effect; that the Bishops should, therefore, as a general + principle, renounce all idea of advancing their own proper interests, + or of securing any temporal advantages, lest through human frailty + they should inadvertently be surprised into any concessions which in + course of time might prove injurious to the interests of religion. + The Secretary then goes on to say that the S. Congregation found + serious difficulties, more or less, in all the plans which, as Dr. + Milner had reported, had been proposed by the statesmen of the day in + England. These plans were:—1. The pensioning of the clergy. 2. State + interference in the nomination of Bishops. 3. The restoration of the + Hierarchy in England. 4. The concession to the ministry of the right + to examine the communications which might pass between the English + and Irish Catholics and the Holy See.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As to the plan of + pensioning the clergy, Monsignore Brancadoro points out the dangers + to which its adoption would expose them. If they accept a pension + from government, the offerings of the faithful will be undoubtedly + withdrawn, and the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg + 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + priesthood will be left quite dependent on the caprice of those in + power. He recalls to Father Concanen's memory, that in his previous + letter of the 7th of August, 1801, he had announced to him the Pope's + wish that the Irish clergy should decline all pensions from the + government, and mentions that the Irish Bishops, in reply, had stated + that they willingly renounced all temporal advantages in order to + preserve religion uninjured.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The secretary of + the Propaganda next reminds his correspondent that Pius VI., in a + brief of 20th March, 1791, had condemned a decree of the National + Assembly of France, by which the clergy of that country were made + pensioners of the state; and he adds that the Holy See had resisted a + similar attempt of the English government in regard to the clergy of + Corsica, when that island had fallen into their hands.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Examining the + various vetoistical plans mentioned by Dr. Milner, Monsignore + Brancadoro quotes the authority of the great and learned Pontiff, + Benedict XIV., to show how decidedly opposed the Holy See has always + been to every project directed to vest Catholic ecclesiastical + appointments in the hands of a Protestant sovereign. This question is + discussed in a brief of that Pope addressed to the Bishop of Breslau + on the 15th of May, 1748, and his words are as follows: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“There is not recorded in the whole history of the Church + a single example in which the appointment of a bishop or abbot was + conceded to a sovereign of a different religion”</span>. He adds + <span class="tei tei-q">“that he would not, and could not, introduce + a practice calculated to scandalize the Catholic world, and which, + besides bringing on him a dreadful judgment in another world, would + render his name odious and accursed during life, and much more so + after death”</span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">2. The learned + writer then proceeds to examine the various plans of granting to + government certain powers in regard to the nomination of bishops, and + explodes them all as replete with danger to religion, and well + calculated to enslave the Church.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The plans proposed + to lessen the Pope's unwillingness to grant to the sovereign the + right of nomination were the following:—Some thought that the + nomination should be limited to a certain class of persons who should + have been approved of by the episcopal body after an examination and + trial. Such a body might be the vicars-general, of whom two should be + appointed for each diocese. The government was to be bound to choose + the bishops out of this body. This plan was rejected, first, because + it would really amount to vesting the nomination of bishops in a + non-Catholic sovereign; and secondly, on account of difficulties + created by the circumstances of the time and place.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Others proposed to + give the government the right of excluding from the episcopal charge + those obnoxious to itself. Monsignore <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Brancadoro says of this plan, that unless this + right of exclusion were restricted by limits, it would be equivalent + to a real power of nomination. But even so, even after due + limitation, it was an absolute novelty in the Church, and no one + could tell what its consequences might be. Besides, it was uncalled + for, since the experience of so many centuries ought to have + convinced the government that the ecclesiastics appointed to govern + dioceses were always excellent citizens. Besides, it was the custom + of the Holy See not to appoint to a vacant diocese until it had + received the recommendation of the metropolitans and the diocesan + clergy. This was a safeguard against improper appointments.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">3. With respect to + the restoration of the Hierarchy in England, Monsignore Brancadoro + blames the motive which induced the English nobles to petition for + such a change of church government, namely, the desire they felt to + have bishops less bound to the Holy See. He declares that, although + differing <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">quoad jus</span></span>, + bishops and vicars-apostolic did not differ in reality, and that the + Holy See was equally well satisfied with the bishops of Ireland, and + the vicars-apostolic of England and Scotland.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">4. The Secretary + condemns, as worst of all, the plan of giving to the ministers the + right to examine the communications that pass between the Holy See + and the British and Irish Catholics. Such a right has never been + allowed, even to a Catholic power, much less should it be allowed to + a Protestant government. The case of France was not to the point, for + there the right was limited to provisions of benefices alone. The + government has no reason to be afraid: the Holy See has expressly + declared to bishops and vicars-apostolic, that it does not desire any + political information from them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The two official + notes we insert will be read in their original language with great + interest. They are noble monuments of the zeal of the holy Pontiff, + Pius VII., and of the vigilance with which the Holy See has always + endeavoured to uphold the rights and independence of our ancient + Church. Undoubtedly the wise instructions given in those letters had + no small share in arousing that spirit with which a few years later + our clergy and people resisted and defeated all the efforts of + British statesmen to deprive our Church of her liberties, and to + reduce her to the degraded condition of the Protestant establishment. + The notes of the secretary of Propaganda are a fine specimen of + ecclesiastical writing, illustrating the maxim <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fortiter in re, suaviter in + modo</span></span>.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg + 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">I. From Mgr. Brancadoro to Father + Concanen, O.P., Agent at Rome for the Irish Bishops. Dalla + Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Informata la + Santità di Nostro Signore del nuovo piano ideato de Governo + Brittannico in supposto vantaggio della ecclesiastica Gerarchia dei + cattolici d'Irlanda, non ha punto esitato a manifestare la più viva + reconoscenza verso la spontanea e generosa liberalità del prelodato + Governo, cui professerà sempre la massima gratitudine, per + l'assistenze, e favori, che accorda ai mentovati cattolici de' suoi + dominj. Tenendo poi la Santità Sua per indubitato, che la + sperimentata fedeltà di quel Clero Cattolico Romano al legittimo + suo Sovrano derivi interamente dalle massime di nostra S. + Religione, le quali non possono mai esser soggette a verun + cambiamento, desidera il suddetto Governo resti assicurato, che i + Metropolitani, i Vescovi e il Clero tutto della Irlanda conoscerà + sempre un tal suo stretto dovere, e lo adempirà esattamente in + qualunque incontro. Brama però ad un tempo vivissimamente il S. + Padre, che l'anzidetto Clero seguitando il plausibile sistema da + lui osservato finora si astenga scrupolosamente dall' avere in mira + qualunque suo proprio temporale vantaggio, e che dimostrando sempre + con parole, e con fatti la sincera invariabilità del suo + attacamento, riconoscenza, e sommissione al Governo Brittanico, gli + faccia vieppiù conoscere la realtà di sua gratitudine alle offerte + nuove beneficenze, dispensandosi dal profittarne, e dando con ciò + una luminosa prova di quel costantè disinteresse stimato tanto + conforme all' Apostolico zelo dei ministri del Santuario, e tanto + giovevole, e decoroso alla stessa cattolico Religione, come quello + che concilia in singular modo la stima, e il respetto verso dei + sagri ministeri, e che li rende più venerabili, e più cari ai + fedeli commessi alla loro spirituale direzione.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tali sono i + precisi sentimenti che la Santità di Nostro Signore ha ordinate al + Segretario di Propaganda di communicare alla Paternità Vostra + affinchè per di Lei mezzo giungano senza ritardo a notizie degli + ottimi Metropolitani, e Vescovi del regno d'Irlanda, nel quale + spera fermamente Sua Santità, che come ad onta dei più gravi + pericoli si è già mantenuta in passato, cosi manterassi pur anco in + avvenire affatto illesa da ogni benchè menoma macchia la nostra + cattolica Religione.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lo scrivente + pertanto nell' eseguire i Pontificj comandi si rassegna nel suo + particolare colla più distinta stima ec.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">II. From the same to the same. Dalla + Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reverendissimo + P. Maestro Concanen</span></span>,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">La lettera del + degnissimo Monsig. Milner, Vicario Apostolico del distretto medio + d'Inghilterra, diretta a V. P., la cui traduzione ella, per ordine + del Prefetto stesso, ha communicata all Arcivescovo di <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Mira, Segretario di Propaganda, ha + fatto entrare la Sacra Congregazione nello stesso timore, che + manifesta l' ottimo Prelato, che il momento della fortuna dei + cattolici nel Parlamento sia il più pericoloso alla purità, e + stabilità della nostra santa Religione, che sia mai avvenuto dopo + la pretesa riforma di quel regno, e non si farebbe ingiuria al + Governo acattolico, se si sospettassero appunto queste mire: E + perciò dovranno i Vicarj Apostolici, ed i Vescovi di quel dominio + abbandonare ogni mira di proprio vantaggio, ed interesse temporale, + da cui, indebolito il loro cuore potrebbe facilmente, senza + avvedersene, essere sorpreso a condiscendere in qualche cosa, che + recherà, col tempo, del pregiudizio alla Religione.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Questo spirito + di disinteresse si scorge già luminosamente in Monsig. Milner dal + tenore della sua lettera: e perciò chiede egli saviamento della S. + C. delle istruzioni, colle quali regolarsi nella trattativa, in cui + si trova impegnato. Ma la S. C. trova delle difficoltà gravi, più o + meno, in tutti i progetti, ch' egli narra, fatti da quei + politici.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ed in primo + luogo, riguardo al progetto di assegnarsi stabili pensioni sul + pubblico erario ai Vescovi, ed al Clero di quel dominio, la Santità + di N. S. espresse già i suoi sentimenti, per mezzo di un biglietto + dell' Arcivescovo, che scrive, diretto a V. P, in data dei 7 Agosto + 1801, il quale essendo stato da lei comunicato ai metropolitani, e + vescovi d'Irlanda, essi risposero, che rinunziavano volentieri a + qualunque vantaggio temporale, per conservare illibata la cattolica + Religione. Sarà dunque opportuno di spedire a Mons. Milner la copia + di quel Biglietto, che si dà qui annessa.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">E per verità, + accettandosi dal clero le pensioni, cesseranno immantinente molti + fondi di sussistenza, che ora ritrae dalla pietà de fedeli; + resteranno le pensioni per quasi unico mezzo di sostentamento. Ora + chi non vede a quali gravissime tentazioni non si esporrebbero gli + ecclesiastici, di condiscendere, in qualche cosa pregiudiziale alla + s. Religione, alla volontà di un Governo di religione diversa, che + può in un punto ridurlo allu mendicità col ritenere le pensioni? + Per questa, ed altre ragioni, essendosi adottata la massima di dare + le pensioni al clero dell' Assemblea Nazionale di Francia nella + Costituzione civile del clero, la Sa. Me. di Pio VI. la riprovò nel + suo breve dei 20 marzo 1791. pag. 61, e seg. Ed avendo la stessa + corte di Londra, quando entrò in possesso della Corsica, fatto il + medesimo progetto, vi si oppose la S. Sede, e quella Real corte + desistè dall' impegno.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Riguardo all' + influenza, che si vorrebbe, del potere civile nella nomina de' + vescovi, cosi varj progetti, che si sono fatti, per regolare una + tale influenza, è in primo luogo da avvertirsi, che la nomina + assolutamente non potrà accordarsi al Sovrano, come acattolico. Al + qual proposito basterà riportare i sentimenti di Benedetto XIV. + Questo gran Pontefice in una sua lettera scritta al vescovo di + Breslavia li 15 maggio 1748, si espresse ne' seguenti termini.—"Non + ritrovasi in tutta la storia Ecclesiastica verun indulto conceduto + da Romani Pontefici ai Sovrani di altra comunione, il nominare a + Vescovadi, ed Abbadie—soggiungendo, che non voleva, ne poteva + introdurre un <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg + 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + esempio, che scandalizzarebbe tutto il mondo cattolico, e che, + oltre la gravissima pena, la quale Iddio gli farebbe scontare nell' + altro mondo, renderebbe il suo nome esoso, e maledetto in tutto il + tempo di sua vita, e molto più in quello che avrebbe a decorrere + dopo la di lui morte. La stessa difficoltà sussisterebbe + ugualmente, ancorchè il diritto di nomina fosse limitato tra una + classe di persone, esaminata prima, e previamente sperimentata, ed + approvata dal corpo dei Vescovi, come quello de' Gran-Vicarj, da + stabilirsene due in ogni Diocesi, e Distretto. Ma oltre a questo, + il progetto de' Gran-Vicarj involve gravissime difficoltà per le + circostanze locali. Perciocchè, lasciando anche stare il pericolo + dell' ambizione degli ecclesiastici presso de' Vescovi, e Vicarj + Apostolici per essere dichiarati Gran-Vicarj, quando che ora, + scegliendosi i soggetti da promuoversi dal ceto degli operaj, s' + impegnano anche gli ambiziosi a faticare a prò delle anime: é + chiaro ancoro, che in tanta penuria di ecclesiastici, ch' è in + tutto cotesto dominio, se si tolgono due Gran-Vicarj per ogni + Vicario Apostolico, o Vescovo, mancheranno affatto gli + ecclesiastici per la cura delle anime.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Il semplice + diritto di esclusiva involverebbe minori inconvenienti intrinseci, + purchè fosse limitato; giacchè altrimenti, a forza di escludere si + otterrebbe per indiretto una vera nomina. Ma questo diritto è + affatto nuovo; e l' introdurlo per la prima volta, non si sa a + quali conseguenze potrebbe condurre. Ma siccome tutti questi + progetti si fanno per assicurare il Governo, che non sia promossa + persona, che non gli sia invisa, dovrebbe bastare l' esperienza di + tanti secoli, ad assicurare il Governo, stesso della somma premura, + che ha sempre avuta la S. Sede, che i soggetti da lei promossi, non + solo non siano invisi, ma siano anche graditi del Governo stesso. + Eo V. P. puó di fatto proprio attestare della somma industria, + attività, e segretezza usatasi, qualche tempo fa, della S. Sede, + per escludere persona, che sospettava potere riuscire men gradita + al Governo, benchè ape poggiata da forti raccomandazioni, ed + includesse altra persona, cha sicuramente fosse di sua + soddisfazione. Oltre di che essendo solitquesta S. C. di attendere + per gli promovendi gli attestati, e le postulazioni, o le + informazioni de' Metropolitani, o degli altri Vicarj Apostolici, ed + anche del clero della rispettiva Diocesi, prima di proporre al S. + P. i soggetti, da questi certamente sapra quali siano quelle + persone, che possano essere poco accette al Governo, per escluderle + sicuramente.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Quanto al + desiderio de' Magnati, di avere vescovi, in vece di Vicarj + Apostolici, in se stesso considerato è santissimo, ed analogo alla + costituzione della Chiessa Cattolica; e se n' è trattato altre + volte in Inghilterra. Dispiace solamente il fine, per cui si fa un + tal progetto, cioè per avere Prelati meno aderenti alla S. Sede. Ma + la S. Sede nulla avrebba a temere da siffata innovazione, sull' + esempio de' vescovi d' Irlanda de quali è ugualmente contenta che + de' Vicarj Apostolici d' Inghilterra, e di Scozia. Senza che, la + constante esperienza dimostra, che quantunque in diritto sia + diversa la condizione de' Vicarj Apostolici de quella de' Vescovi; + pure in fatti non porta <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg + 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + effetti diversi. Solo devrebbe rifflettersi alle circostanze de' + tempi, ed agl' incovenienti che potrebbero esercitare il cosi detto + Club Cisalpino, per evitarsi al possibile ogni innovazione.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Più di tutti + sarebbe fatale quel progretto, che per altro Monsig. Milner dice + essere di alcuni pochi, che ogni communicazione de' cattolici colla + S. Sede debba soggiacere all' esame de' ministri di S. M. Questo + diritto non si è mai riconosciuto dalla S. Sede in alcun principe + cattolico: e l' esempio che si cita, della Francia, era dai + concordati limitato alle sole ecclesiastiche proviste. Ma quanto + sarebbe più pericoloso in un Governo acattolico, con cui non è + possibile di convenire nelle massime religiose. Si spera per altro, + che quei pochi, che propongono, un tal progretto, non troveranno + seguito: e che quel Governo, che si vanta di lasciare una piena + libertà ai suoi sudditi, non vorra imporre loro una catena negli + effari più delicati, che riguardano la coscienza, per gli quali + soltanto i cattolici, communicano colla S. Sede: giacchè la S. C. + nel questionario stampato, che manda a quei Vescovi, e Vicarj + Apostolici per norma della relazione delle loro chiese, nel primo + articolo si protesta espressamente che non vuole di loro alcuna + nuova politica.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Molto consolante + è poi, riuscito alla S. Congr. la nuova, che sia riuscito, allo + stesso Monsig. Milner di ottenere un' assai piú grande libertà per + gli soldati cattolici nell' esercizio della S. Religione; e che + abbia ben dispositi gli animi, per fare riconoscere validi nella + legge civile i matrimonj contratti avanti un sacerdote cattolico. + V. Paternità gliene faccia i più vivi ringraziamenti, per parte di + questa S. C.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In fine l' + Arcivescovo, che scrive, con piena stima se le rassegna.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">A Recent Protestant View Of The Church + Of The Middle Ages.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The history of the + Church in the middle ages has ever forced upon Protestant minds a + difficulty which they have met by many various methods of solution. + The middle age exhibits so much of precious side by side with so much + of base, so much of the beauty of holiness in the midst of + ungodliness, so much of what all Christians admit as truth with what + Protestants call fatal error, that the character of the whole cannot + readily be taken in at first sight from the Protestant point of view. + Some there are who dwell so long on the shadows that they close their + eyes to the light, and these declare the medieval Church to have been + a scene of unmitigated evil. To their minds the whole theology of the + period is useless, or worse than useless, harmful. They connect the + middle ages with wickedness as thoroughly as the Manicheans connected + matter with the evil principle.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Others there are + who honestly admit that these ages, especially their earlier part, + are not Protestant, but at the same time contend that neither are + they favourable to Roman doctrine. These believe that facts + abundantly prove that in the bosom of the Church which was then, the + two Churches were to be found, which afterwards disengaged themselves + from one another at the Reformation. This is the philosophy of + medieval history which, as we learn from the preface to his + collection of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sacred Latin Poetry</span></span>,<a id= + "noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> has + recommended itself to Dr. Trench, the present Protestant Archbishop + of Dublin. <span class="tei tei-q">“In Romanism we have the residuum + of the middle-age Church and theology, the lees, after all, or well + nigh all the wine was drained away. But in the medieval Church we + have the wine and lees together—the truth and the error, the false + observance and yet at the same time the divine truth which should one + day be fatal to it—side by side.”</span> For such thinkers the sum of + all the history of that period amounts to this: a long struggle + between two Churches—one a Church of truth, the other a Church of + error—a struggle which, however, ended happily in the triumph of the + Church of truth by the Reformation, in which the truth was purified + from its contact with error.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not without + its advantages to know what views the occupant of an Irish see so + distinguished, is led to take, of the Church to which seventy-seven + out of every hundred Irishmen belong, with all the convictions of + their intellects, and all the love of their hearts. It seems to us + that his theory is not likely to satisfy any party; it goes too far + to please some, and stops short too soon to be agreeable to others. + But what strikes us most of all in it is the fatal inconsistency of + its parts. Of this the very book to which it serves as preface is + proof enough. Dr. Trench's position is this. He tells his Protestant + readers that whereas in the medieval Church there was a good church, + and an evil, all the good has found its resting place in + Protestantism, all the evil in tyrannical Rome. Whatever of good, of + holy, of pure, has ever been said or done within the Church, + Protestants are the rightful inheritors of it all. From the treasury + of the Church before the Reformation he proposes to draw, and to + collect in this work what his readers may live on and love, and what + he is confident will prove wholesome nourishment for their souls. He + would set before them the feelings of the Church during these + thousand years of her existence, and would summon from afar, from + remote ages, <span class="tei tei-q">“voices in which they may utter + and embody the deepest things of their hearts”</span>. Such, he + assures them, are the voices of the writers whose poems have found a + place in his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg + 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + book. Now, if we are to understand that the two ante-Reformation + Churches stood out quite distinctly, one from the other, in open + antagonism, like Jerusalem and Babylon, each having its own position + more or less clearly defined, we should naturally expect to find in + Dr. Trench's book the thoughts and words only of the Reformers before + the Reformation, of the men, that is, who never bent the knee to + Baal, but ever cherished in their hearts the true doctrine of + salvation. If his own theory be worth anything, he must have recourse + for his present purposes, to that one of the two Churches which alone + has been perpetuated, victorious after conflict, in Protestantism. + Where else shall he find sympathies that answer to those of + Protestants? But he does not do so. For in the beginning of his + preface he tells us that he has not admitted each and all of the + works of the authors whose productions he inserts. He tells us that + he has carefully excluded from his collection <span class= + "tei tei-q">“all hymns which in any way imply the Romish doctrine of + transubstantiation”</span>, or, <span class="tei tei-q">“which + involve any creature-worship, or speak of the Mother of our Lord in + any other language than that which Scripture has sanctioned, and our + Church adopted”</span>, or which <span class="tei tei-q">“ask of the + suffrages of the Saints”</span>? These certainly are not the + doctrines which have been perpetuated in Protestantism.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">His own practice, + therefore, is inconsistent with his theory, if that theory means to + assert the existence of two Churches in the middle age, distinctly + antagonistic, one to the other.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The only escape + from this tangle is to reply, that Dr. Trench, although he may find + two Churches in the bosom of the middle-age Church, does not, + however, place between them a separation so sharp as to suppose the + Church of good absolutely without evil, nor the Church of evil + altogether destitute of good. In each there is good and some mixture + of evil: error relieved by a vein of truth. His favourite authors, by + whose labours he wishes to make his readers profit, are, in this last + hypothesis, men who are subject to the influence of both Churches; + men who belong partly to each in turn, whose doctrines are a pitiable + admixture of truth with falsehood—who, in one word, are visited both + by <span class="tei tei-q">“airs from Heaven and blasts from + Hell”</span>. At times they say what all, even Protestants, may + treasure up in their hearts, to live on and love; at times, again, + they are made to utter what all should reject and condemn, as so many + snares for unwary feet. We shall say nothing of the difficulty the + mind feels in accepting such a description of the position of these + writers, nor of the task we have to persuade ourselves that those who + teach belief in deadly heresies to be essential to salvation, can be, + at the same time, the chosen tabernacles wherein the pure spirit of + real piety can ever take up its abode. Such was not <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the feeling of the ancient Church. We + ask, instead, who are the men upon whose writings Dr. Trench would + sit in judgment, <span class="tei tei-q">“to sunder between the holy + and profane”</span>, to distinguish between the errors and the truth, + to decide what we are <span class="tei tei-q">“to take warning from + and to shun, what to live upon and love”</span>. With the exception + of the two, Alard and Buttmann, all are men highly honoured by the + whole Catholic world, and all, without exception, are praised for + their excelling virtues by Dr. Trench himself. Among the twenty-three + names we read with reverence those of Saint Ambrose, Saint + Bonaventure, Venerable Bede, Saint Bernard, Saint Peter Damian, + Thomas a-Kempis, Peter the Venerable, Jacopone, and others of great + reputation for sanctity and learning. These are the men whose + writings Dr. Trench is to parcel out into two portions; this to be + venerated as sacred, that to be condemned as profane. It needs great + faith in the censor, to accept readily his decision in such a case. + What test does he undertake to apply? what criterion is to influence + his choice? Why does he cast away the poems which celebrate St. Peter + as Prince of the Apostles, and approve of those that extol St. Paul? + Why should he style Adam of St. Victor's hymn on the Blessed Virgin + an exaggeration, and quote as edifying his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laus S. + Scripturae</span></span>? Why are St. Bonaventure's pieces in honour + of Mary visited with censure, and his lines <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In Passione + Domini</span></span> made the theme of praise? Dr. Trench gives us + his reasons very plainly. <span class="tei tei-q">“If our position + mean anything”</span>, says he (page x.), <span class="tei tei-q">“we + are bound to believe that to us, having the Word and the Spirit, the + power has been given to distinguish things which differ.... It is our + duty to believe that to us, that to each generation which humbly and + earnestly seeks, will be given that enlightening spirit, by whose aid + it shall be enabled to read aright the past realizations of God's + divine idea in the wise and historic Church of successive ages, and + to distinguish the human imperfections, blemishes, and errors, from + the divine truth which they obscured and overlaid, but which they + could not destroy, being, one day, rather to be destroyed by + it”</span>. That is to say, we, as Protestants, in virtue of our + position as such, are able by the light of the Holy Spirit to discern + true from false doctrine, the fruits of the good Church from the + fruits of the evil Church. This enlightening Spirit will be given to + each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks it. But, we ask, + what are we to believe concerning the working of the same + enlightening Spirit in the hearts of the holy men whose exquisitely + devotional writings Dr. Trench sets before us? Were they men of + humility and earnestness? If they were not, Dr. Trench's book appears + under false colours, and is not a book of edification. And if they + were, as they certainly were, who is Dr. Trench <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that he should take it on himself to + condemn those who enjoyed the very same light which he claims for + himself? And why should we not then rather believe that as these holy + men had, on his own showing, the spirit of God, Dr. Trench, in + condemning their doctrine does in truth condemn what is the doctrine + of the Church of the Holy Spirit.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The theory is + therefore as inconsistent as on historical grounds it is false. Such + as it is, however, the conclusions we may draw from it are of great + importance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. Dr. Trench + declares that, both by omitting and by thinning, he has carefully + removed from his selection, all doctrine implying transubstantiation, + the cultus of the Blessed Virgin, the invocation of saints, and the + veneration of the cross. Now, as the great bulk of the poems he + publishes belong to the middle ages, strictly so called, it follows, + on Dr. Trench's authority, that these doctrines of the Roman Catholic + Church were held long before the Reformation, and that the Church was + already in possession when Luther came.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">2. Since he tells + us (page vi) that he has counted inadmissible poems which breathe a + spirit foreign to that tone of piety which the English Church desires + to cherish in her children, it follows that the spirit of piety in + the Church of old is not the same as that in the present Church of + England. Now in such cases the presumption is against novelty.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">3. Dr. Trench + (page vii) reminds his readers that it is unfair to try the + theological language of the middle ages by the greater strictness and + accuracy rendered necessary by the struggle, of the Reformation. A + man who holds a doctrine <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">implicitly</span></em> and in a confused manner, + is likely to use words which he would correct if the doctrine were + put before him in accurate form. This is a sound principle, and one + constantly employed by Catholic theologians, when they have to deal + with an objection urged by Protestants from some obscure or equivocal + passage of a Father. It is satisfactory to be able for the future to + claim for its use the high authority of Dr. Trench.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">4. A special + assistance of the Holy Spirit is claimed for all those who humbly and + earnestly invoke him. This assistance is to enable those blessed with + it to distinguish between error and divine truth. Is this happy + privilege to be exercised either independently, without the direction + of the ministers of the Church, or is it one of the graces peculiar + to the pastoral office? In the former case, every fanatical sectary + may judge in matters of religion as securely as if he had the whole + world on his side. In the latter case, it would be interesting to + know how much does this privilege differ from the infallibility + claimed by the Catholic Church.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">5. Finally, the + contradictions inherent to the whole theory are most clearly to be + seen in the following passage about the noble lines which Hildebert, + Archbishop of Tours, in the beginning of the twelfth century, places + on the lip of the city of Rome:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">I have not inserted these lines</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, says + Dr. Trench,</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">in the body of + this collection, lest I might seem to claim for them that entire + sympathy which I am very far from doing. Yet, believing as we may, + and, to give any meaning to a large period of Church history, we + must, that Papal Rome of the middle ages had a work of God to + accomplish for the taming of a violent and brutal world, in the midst + of which she often lifted up the only voice which was anywhere heard + in behalf of righteousness and truth—all of which we may believe, + with the fullest sense that her dominion was an unrighteous + usurpation, however overruled for good to Christendom, which could + then take no higher blessing—believing this, we may freely admire + these lines, so nobly telling of that true strength of spiritual + power, which may be perfected in the utmost weakness of all other + power. It is the city of Rome which speaks:</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Dum simulacra mihi, dum numina + vana placerent,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Militiâ, populo, moenibus alts + fui:</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">At simul effigies, arasque + superstitiosas</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Dejiciens, uni sum famulata + Deo;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Cesserunt arces, cecidere palatia + divum,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Servivit populis, degeneravit + eques.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Vix scio quae fuerim: vix Romae + Roma recordor;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Vix sinit occasus vel meminisse + mei.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Gratior haec jactura mihi + successibus illis,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Major sum pauper divite, stante + jacens.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Plus aquilis vexilla crucis, plus + Caesare Petrus,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Plus cinctis ducibus vulgus inerme + dedit.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Stans domui terras; infernum + diruta pulso;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Corpora stans, animas fracta + jacensque rego.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Tunc miserae plebi, nunc + principibus tenebrarum</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Impero; tunc urbes, nunc mea regna + polus.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Quod ne Caesaribus videar debere + vel armis,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Et species rerum meque meosque + trahat,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Armorum vis illa perit, ruit alta + Senatûs</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Gloria, procumbunt templa, theatra + jacent.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Rostra vacant, edicta silent, sua + praemia desunt</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Emeritis, populo jura, colonus + agris.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ista jacent, ne forte meus spem + ponat in illis</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Civis, et evacuet spemque bonumque + crucis.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name= + "Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">The Mss. Remains Of Professor O'Curry + In The Catholic University. No. II.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Prayer of St. Aireran + the Wise, ob.</span></span>. 664.</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">[In the first number of the</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps"> + Record</span></span> <span style="font-size: 90%">we published from + the manuscripts of the late Professor O'Curry the Prayer of St. + Colga of Clonmacnoise. We now publish another beautiful devotional + piece from the same collection.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Speaking of ancient Irish religious works now + remaining, O'Curry says (at page 378 of his great work):</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The fifth + class of these religious remains consists of the prayers, + invocations, and litanies, which have came down to + us</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">. The Prayer of St. Colga, published in our last + number, is placed by O'Curry in the second place among these + documents, which he sets down in chronological order.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The first piece of this class (adopting the + chronological order) is the prayer of St.</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aireran</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">the + Wise (often called</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aileran</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Eleran</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, + and</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Airenan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">), + who was a classical professor in the great school of Clonard, and + died of the plague in the year 664. St. Aireran's prayer or litany + is addressed, respectively, to God the Father, to God the Son, and + to God the Holy Spirit, invoking them for mercy by various titles + indicative of their power, glory, and attributes. The prayer + consists of five invocations to the Father, eighteen invocations to + the Son, and five to the Holy Spirit; and commences in Latin + thus:</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">O Deus Pater, + Omnipotens Deus, exerci misericordiam nobis</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. This + is followed by the same Invocation in the Gaedhlic; and the + petitions to the end are continued in the same language. The + invocation of the Son begins thus:</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Have mercy on us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! + O Son Of the living God! O Son, born twice! O only born of God the + Father</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. The + petition to the Holy Spirit begins:</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Have mercy on us, O Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O + Spirit the noblest of all spirits!</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span> <span style="font-size: 90%">(See + original in</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Appendix</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, + No. CXX.)</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">When I first discovered this prayer in the</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Leabhar Buidhe + Lecain</span></span> <span style="font-size: 90%">(or Yellow Book + of</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lecain</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">), + in the library of Trinity College, many years ago, I had no means + of ascertaining or fixing its date; but in my subsequent readings + in the same library, for my collection of ancient glossaries, I met + the word</span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oirchis</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">set down with explanation and + illustration, as follows:</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“ </span><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Oirchis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, + id est, Mercy; as it is said in the prayers of Arinan the + Wise</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">:—Have mercy on us, O God the Father + Almighty!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">See original in</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Appendix</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, + No. CXXI.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">I think it is unnecessary to say more on the + identity of the author of this prayer with the distinguished</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aireran</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">of Clonard. Nor is this the only + specimen of his devout works that has come down to us. Fleming, in + his Collecta Sacra, has published a fragment of a Latin tract + discovered in the ancient monastery of St. Gall in Switzerland, + which is entitled</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The Mystical + Interpretation of the Ancestry of our Lord Jesus + Christ</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. A + perfect copy of this curious tract, and one of high antiquity, has, + I believe, been lately discovered on the + continent.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">There was another</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Airenan</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, + also called</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">the + wise</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">, who was abbot of</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tamhlacht</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[Tallaght] in the latter part of the + ninth century; but he has not been distinguished as an author, as + far as we know</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">It seems to us that there are three things + specially worthy of our consideration in this beautiful + prayer.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">In the first place, we find in it an explicit and + most clear declaration of the Catholic Faith regarding the Blessed + Trinity, especially the distinction of three persons, and the + Divinity of each of these Divine Persons.</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">O God the Father Almighty, O God of Hosts, help + us! Help us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! Help us, O Almighty + God, O Holy Spirit!</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">We are in the next place struck by the + extraordinary familiarity with the Holy Scripture which the writer + evinces. There is scarcely one of the epithets which is not found + in the sacred pages, almost in the precise words used by him, + beginning with the first words, addressed to the Eternal + Father,</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">O God of + Hosts</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, + the</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Deus Sabaoth</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">of the Prophets, and going on to the + last invocation of the Holy Ghost,</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Spirit of love</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, + which comprises in itself the two inspired phrases:</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Spiritus est + Deus</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, + and</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Deus + Charitas est</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. We + may also remark the coincidence between Saint Aireran and the + liturgical prayers of the Church, especially in the invocations of + the Holy Ghost found in the office of Whitsuntide and in the + administration of the Sacrament of Confirmation,</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tu + septiformis munere: Digitus Paternae + dexterae</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">.</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">O Finger of + God! O Spirit of Seven Forms</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">In fine, we find our Irish saint applying to the + Son of God the vision of the Prophet Ezechiel regarding the four + mysterious animals:</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">O true Man! O + Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle!</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + prophecy is commonly interpreted of the Four Evangelists. Saint + Augustine and Saint Jerome are quoted as authorities for this + interpretation. But it is worthy of remark, that Saint Gregory the + Great, whilst giving the same interpretation, applies the + mysterious vision also to God the Son.</span><a id="noteref_2" + name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And Saint Aireran, by adopting this + opinion, seems to afford us another proof of the great familiarity + of our Irish scholars with the writings of the great Pontiff and + Father of the Church. And this familiarity is rendered still more + remarkable, and serves to give another proof of the constant + communication between Rome and Ireland, from the close proximity of + the times of our Saint and of Saint Gregory.]</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name= + "Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">O Deus Pater + omnipotens Deus exerce tuam misericordiam nobis!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">O God the Father + Almighty! O God of Hosts, help us.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">O illustrious God! + O Lord of the world! O Creator of all creatures, help us.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">O indescribable + God! O Creator of all creatures, help us.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">O invisible God! O + incorporeal God! O unseen God! O unimaginable God! O patient God! O + uncorrupted God! O unchangeable God! O eternal God! O perfect God! O + merciful God! O admirable God! O Golden Goodness! O Heavenly Father, + who art in Heaven, help us.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Help us, O + Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son of the living God! O Son twice + born! O only begotten of the Father! O first-born of Mary the Virgin! + O Son of David! O Son of Abraham, beginning of all things! O End of + the World! O Word of God! O Jewel of the Heavenly Kingdom! O Life of + all (things)! O Eternal Truth! O Image, O Likeness, O Form of God the + Father! O Arm of God! O Hand of God! O Strength of God! O right + (hand) of God! O true Wisdom! O true Light, which enlightens all men! + O Light-giver! O Sun of Righteousness! O Star of the Morning! O + Lustre of the Divinity! O Sheen of the Eternal Light! O Fountain of + immortal Life! O Pacificator between God and Man! O Foretold of the + Church! O Faithful Shepherd of the flock! O Hope of the Faithful! O + Angel of the Great Council! O True Prophet! O True Apostle! O True + Preacher! O Master! O Friend of Souls (Spiritual Director)! O Thou of + the shining hair! O Immortal Food! O Tree of Life! O Righteous of + Heaven! O Wand from the Stem of Moses! O King of Israel! O Saviour! O + Door of Life! O Splendid Flower of the Plain! O Corner-stone! O + Heavenly Zion! O Foundation of the Faith! O Spotless Lamb! O Diadem! + O Gentle Sheep! O Redeemer of mankind! O true God! O True Man! O + Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle! O Crucified Christ! O Judge of the + Judgment Day! help us.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Help us, O + Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit more noble than all Spirits! O + Finger of God! O Guardian of the Christians! O Protector of the + Distressed! O Co-partner of the True Wisdom! O Author of the Holy + Scripture! O Spirit of Righteousness! O Spirit of Seven Forms! O + Spirit of the Intellect! O Spirit of the Counsel! O Spirit of + Fortitude! O Spirit of Knowledge! O Spirit of Love! help us.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name= + "Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">The Destiny Of The Irish + Race.</span><a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href= + "#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That God knows and + governs all things—that whatever happens is either done or permitted + by him, and that he proposes to himself wise and beneficent ends in + all he does or permits—are truths which lie at the foundation of all + religion. The wicked may refuse to obey his commands, but they cannot + withdraw themselves from the reach of his power. While their + wickedness is entirely their own, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">God</span></em> makes + them, however unwilling or unconscious, instruments to work out his + ends.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is thus that + individuals and nations have each a peculiar destiny. Not that there + is a blind fate, such as Pagans imagined; but that an all-seeing and + all-governing God proposes to himself certain objects, which he is + determined to attain, despite the perversity of man.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To learn the + purposes of God in the development of human events, to trace his hand + in the complicated movements of society, to see him overruling and + directing all to his own great ends, is one of the most sublime + objects to which the study of history can be applied. Frequently, + indeed, we may be unable fully to comprehend the designs of his + providence in the moral, as in the physical world. Fancy, or pride, + may easily have a great part in suggesting our theories. But, if we + confine ourselves to certain facts and undoubted principles, we can + often trace the design in both orders, and admire in it the wisdom, + the power, the goodness—all the attributes of God. Nay, all these + shine more brightly in the moral than in the physical order.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The history of his + chosen people is an example of this. We find empires rising and + falling, at one time to punish, at another time to try, at another to + deliver his people. The good and the wicked, the weak and the strong, + become in turn his instruments. The whole history of that people is + but a record of the acts of his overruling providence, directing all + things to the accomplishment of the designs which he had + announced.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is, indeed, + so evident in this case that it may not be considered a fair instance + to prove my general position. For it is admitted that God's + providence over the Jewish race was quite extraordinary. Still, it + proves that God does so intervene in human affairs, and it + illustrates many of the principles that must be kept in view in these + investigations. It shows, for example, that many, unconscious of the + fact—nay, with quite another object <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> in view, acting perhaps from avarice, hatred, + or ambition, are yet instruments in the hand of God for the + accomplishment of his wise purposes. It shows how things, and + persons, considered as of little or of no value, according to human + views, may, in reality, be the pivots on which the destinies of vast + empires turn, connected, as they may be, with the accomplishment of + purposes which weigh more in the scales of Heaven than the mere + temporal condition of all the empires of the Earth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is in this view + that many Christian writers assert that the Roman empire obtained + universal sway, that civilized nations being thus brought closely + together, an easier way might be prepared for the spread of the + Gospel. The generals and statesmen of Rome had no doubt a very low + idea of the poor fishermen of Galilee, and of the tentmaker of + Tharsus. It may be safely presumed that they did not even allow their + names to divert their thoughts, for a moment, from the grand projects + of conquest and government by which they were engrossed. Yet, in the + designs of God, it was, most probably, to prepare a way for the work + of those fishermen, and of that tentmaker, and their associates, that + wisdom had been vouchsafed to their counsels and victory to their + arms.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The endless + invasions of the Roman empire by northern tribes is another instance + of whole races being used by God for his own purposes, without their + having any idea of the work in which they were employed. They came to + punish those who had revelled in the blood of the saints, and to + supply fresh material for the great work of the Church of God.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Towards the close + of the fifteenth century, an Italian sailor, led by some astronomical + observations and some half understood, or rather misunderstood, tales + of ancient travellers, to believe that there must be another + continent far away beyond the western waters, wandered from court to + court, in Europe, in search of means to fit up an expedition to + discover it, and he finally succeeded in making known a new world. It + requires little faith in divine Providence to believe that it was God + who was impelling him thus to open a new outlet for the energies of + the ancient world, which were then about being developed on a + gigantic scale, and, still more, to prepare a field for a more + extensive spread of the Gospel, in which the Church might repair the + losses she was about to sustain in the religious convulsions + impending in Europe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Numberless similar + instances might be quoted. These designs of God are sometimes + manifest, sometimes hidden; sometimes they are far-reaching, + sometimes limited. Ignorance and pride may mistake or pervert them. + But they always prevail; they are always worthy of their Author; and + let me add, that the salvation <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of men being the object most highly prized by + God, it is not only rightfully considered the most noble, but it is + that to which his other works may be justly accounted + subordinate.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is under the + light of these principles that I undertake an investigation of the + purposes of God regarding the Irish race. These purposes seem to me + no longer matter of speculation; they may be pronounced manifest; for + they are written in unmistakable characters in the development of + events.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The history of + Ireland is, in many respects, peculiar. Few nations received the + faith so readily, and no other preserved it amidst similar struggles. + St. Patrick first announced the Gospel to the assembled states of the + realm at Tara. He received permission to preach it, unmolested, + throughout the length and breadth of the land. By his indomitable + zeal and heroic virtue, he succeeded in winning over the natives so + effectually, that at his death few pagans remained in Ireland. Not a + drop of blood was shed when Christianity was first announced. Heroism + was displayed only by the exalted virtues of the Apostle and of the + neophytes. Nowhere else did the Gospel take root so quickly and so + firmly, and produce fruits so immediate and so abundant. Catholic + Ireland soon became the home of the saints and sages of the Christian + world. To many of the nations of the continent her apostles went + forth, charged with the embassy of eternal truth. In every realm of + Europe her children established sanctuaries of piety and learning; + and to her own hospitable shores the natives of other lands flocked + to receive education, and even support, from her gratuitous bounty. + Homes of virtue dotted her hills and valleys; and thus were laid deep + the roots of that strong attachment to the faith, which, later, was + to be exposed to trials the most severe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We thus find God + preparing Ireland for a future, then hidden to all but Himself. For + the day of trial came at last. She was reposing in peace, under the + shadow of the Gospel, when the barbaric invasion, that swept before + it every vestige of learning and religion in many parts of Europe, + reached her shores. Ireland was the only country that rolled back its + wave. But she did this at the cost of her life's blood. For two + centuries the Dane trampled her sons under foot. His cruelties yet + re-echo in the national traditions. But the Irish race at last arose + in its might, and drove the barbarian from its shores. The churches + of the country had been pillaged, its monasteries plundered, its + institutions of learning destroyed—everything that the sword could + smite, or fire consume, had perished; but the Irish race came out of + the ordeal preserving its own integrity, and the jewel which it + prized above all else—its glorious faith.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not long after + this deliverance, and before Ireland had succeeded <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in obliterating the traces of Danish + cruelty, another invader set his foot on her shores. Availing himself + of the discords naturally arising from the disorganized state of + society, he succeeded in gaining a foothold. By fanning these + discords, he kept possession and gained strength. The rule of the + Saxon became thus almost as severe a calamity as had been the + oppression of the Dane. To the hatred, which is generally greater in + the oppressor than in the oppressed, were added, in time, religious + fanaticism and the desire of plunder, which became its associate and + assumed its garb. The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mere</span></em> Irishman, who was hated under + any circumstances on account of his race, was now hunted in his own + country as if he were a wild beast. The property of the Catholic + people was confiscated, and most stringent laws were enacted to + prevent its renewed acquisitions. Priests, wherever found, were put + to death, and the severest penalties were inflicted on those who + would harbour any that escaped detection. Extermination by fire and + sword was ordered in so many words, and was attempted. When this + failed, a system of penal laws was established, which were in full + force until lately, and which a Protestant writer of deservedly high + repute (Burke) calls a <span class="tei tei-q">“machine of wise and + elaborate contrivance, and as well fitted for the oppression, + impoverishment, and degradation of a people, and the debasement in + them of human nature itself, as ever proceeded from the perverted + ingenuity of man”</span>. Upon the partial abandonment of this form + of oppression, a system of proselytism was adopted, and is yet in + full vigour (for it has become an institution, and the best supported + institution in Ireland), which, by bribes to the high and the low, + appeals to every base instinct to draw men away from the faith.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet neither + confiscation of property, nor famine, nor disgrace, nor death in its + most hideous forms, could make Ireland waver in that faith which our + forefathers received from St. Patrick. There were, of course, from + time to time, and there are, a few exceptions. Did not these occur, + the Irish must have been more than men. But, as a general rule, the + places that could not be procured or retained, except by apostacy, + were resigned. The rich allowed their property to be torn from them, + and they willingly became poor; the poor bore hunger and all other + consequences of wretched poverty; and though every Earthly good was + arrayed temptingly before them, they scorned to purchase comfort at + the price of apostacy. During the four years from 1846 to 1850, + nearly two millions either perished from hunger or its attendant + pestilence, or were forced to leave their native land to escape both. + In the midst of the dead and the dying, proselytisers showed + themselves everywhere, well provided with food and money, and Bibles, + and every one of the sufferers felt, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and was made to feel, that all his sufferings + might have been spared had he been willing to barter his faith for + bread. Yet the masses could bear hunger and face pestilence, or fly + from their native land; but they would not eat the bread of apostacy. + They died, or they fled; but they clung to their faith.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In vain, I think, + will history be searched for another example of such vast numbers, + generation after generation, calmly, silently facing an unhonoured + death, without any support on earth but the approving voice of + conscience.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This fidelity can + be predicated with truth of the whole Irish race, notwithstanding the + numbers of those in Ireland who are not Catholics. For these, besides + being a minority of the inhabitants, are but an exotic, planted in + Ireland by the sword. They were imported, being already, and because + they were, of another faith, for the purpose of supplanting that of + the inhabitants. Many of them adopted the faith of the old race, so + that the names that indicate their origin are not a certain test of + their religion. But so steadily has the old stock adhered to its + faith, that an Irish <span class="tei tei-q">“O”</span>, or + <span class="tei tei-q">“Mac”</span>, or any other old Celtic name, + is almost sure to designate a Catholic. Indeed, such names are + usually called <span class="tei tei-q">“Catholic names”</span>. + Whenever an exception is found, it is so rare an occurrence that the + party is considered a renegade from his race as well as from his + religion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would, however, + be not only unfounded to flatter ourselves that this stability in the + faith is the result of anything peculiar in the Irish nature, but it + would be, I may say, a blasphemy to assert it. God alone can preserve + any one in the paths of truth and virtue; how much more must we + attribute to Him the fidelity of a whole race, under the trying + circumstances here enumerated?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such grace may + have been given, as many believe, in reward of the readiness and the + fulness with which our ancestors first received the faith of the + Gospel, and it is hoped that God will to the end grant the same grace + of fidelity to their descendants. Our great Apostle is said to have + asked this favour from God for the nation which so readily responded + to his call. Let us unite our prayers with his, and, like Solomon, + ask for our race not riches, nor power, but true wisdom, which is, + above all and before all, allegiance to the true faith. This was the + prayer, no doubt, which the millions of our martyred ancestors poured + out. They themselves sacrificed property and liberty; they gave up + everything that man could take away, that they might preserve this + precious jewel. They believed that in doing this they were following + the dictates of true wisdom, and, in their fondest love for their + remotest posterity, they wished and prayed that similar wisdom might + be displayed by them. May their prayer be heard to the + end.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name= + "Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This prayer has + been heard, or at least this grace has been granted, up to the + present. When the sons of Ireland on this day return in thought to + the homes of their fathers, they may indeed look back upon a land + inferior to many in the elements of material greatness. They may + behold her castles and rich domains in the possession of the + stranger. They may view the masses of their race with scarcely a + foothold in the land of their fathers, liable to be ejected from the + farm, and driven out on the public highways, and from the highways + into the crowded town, and from the hovels of the crowded town into + the poorhouse, and even at the poorhouse denied the right of + admission. But amidst all the miseries of those who yet dwell in the + old land—in spite of the wiles of unscrupulous governments, and + heartless and tyrannical landlords, and hypocritical proselytizers—in + spite of open violence and covert bribes, their undying attachment to + the faith remains unaltered, unshaken—a monument of national virtue + more honourable than any which wealth or power could erect, or + flattery devise.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But all this is a + grace, a great grace of God. It reveals a purpose of Heaven more + bountiful in regard to this people than if he had raised them to the + highest place in material power amongst the nations of the Earth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Temporal + prosperity, in its various forms, though a favour from God, is not + his most precious blessing. He himself selected the way of the Cross. + In abjection and suffering he came into the world; he lived in it + despised and persecuted, he died amidst excruciating torments. To + those whom he loved in a special manner, he says, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Can you drink the chalice which I am to drink, and be + baptized with the baptism with which I shall be baptized?”</span> and + when they reply, they can, the promise that this shall be fulfilled, + his leading them to follow him in the way of the Cross, his calling + them to suffer for righteousness, is the best pledge of his greatest + love.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This grace he has + given to Ireland. Her children have received and accepted the call; + they have reaped the reward. Indeed, I have found the opinion + entertained by many clergymen of extensive experience, that there is + not probably a people on this Earth of whom more, in proportion to + their number, leave this world with well grounded hopes of a happy + eternity. They do not, it is true, display a boastful assurance that + they are about to ascend at once into Heaven. But vast masses serve + God with humble fidelity in life, and, at death, acknowledging and + sorry for their sins, doing all they can to comply with his + requirements, they throw themselves, with resignation to his will, + into the arms of his mercy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Were nothing else + apparent in the purposes of God, we might <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> stop here. We would find a great and worthy + object for all that Ireland has suffered, and cause to thank the + Almighty Ruler for having given her the grace to suffer in union with + and for the sake of his Son.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But God's graces + are often given for ulterior purposes; and it may be asked whether + the extraordinary preservation of this nation's faith has not another + object in his wise and merciful counsels.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It appears to me + that this is now clear in the case of Ireland. But, to understand it + properly, we must reflect more closely on her connection with + England, and on the condition of this latter country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the sixteenth + century England abandoned the faith to which she had adhered for a + thousand years. Her apostacy, though consummated by degrees, may be + said to have become at last complete. The blood of her best sons + flowed at Tyburn. The priests that were not of the number were + banished, or forced to seek safety in hiding places. The same price + was put on the head of a priest as on that of a wolf. The property of + Catholics was confiscated, their children were taken from them, and + educated in the religion of the establishment. These and analogous + measures produced their effect at last. Were it not for these things, + a great part of that nation, if not a majority, would be Catholic + to-day. Though they desired no share in the plunder of the Church, + and had no fancy for the new theories of the Reformers, they were + weak enough to yield to a pressure, under which compromise first, and + then apostacy, afforded the only means of escaping confiscation and + the loss of every social advantage, frequently the only means of + escaping death. The old faith stamped, indeed, its mark on the + institutions of the kingdom in a manner that could not be blotted + out. It left its memorials everywhere throughout the land. The noble + universities, the gorgeous cathedrals, and the splendid ruins + scattered over the surface of the country, are witnesses of its + departed power; but it is itself effectually blotted out from the + hearts of the people. Though the most noble kings and princes of the + land had delighted in honouring Catholicity, though England had sent + her apostles and her saints into many a clime, though her hills and + valleys had re-echoed for centuries with the sweet songs of Catholic + devotion, her people now know nothing more hateful than the faith + under the auspices of which their fathers were civilized. They + nickname it <span class="tei tei-q">“Popery”</span>, and the name + expresses that which is to them most hateful.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet this England, + this Catholic-hating England, has become one of the greatest nations + of the Earth in the material order. Her fleets are mirrored in every + sea; her banner floats on every <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> continent. It has been truly said that the + sound of her drums, calling her soldiers from slumber, goes before + and greets the rising sun in its circuit around the globe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But what is most + remarkable, and certainly not without some great purpose in the order + of divine Providence, England has become in our day the great hive + from which colonies go out to people islands and continents in + distant parts of the world; lands which were before vast wastes, + tenanted only by the wild beast, or by the savage scarcely less + ferocious. Indeed, she is the only nation in our day that seems to + have received such a mission.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And is it then to + an apostate nation exclusively that God has given the mission to fill + up these wastes? Is it a corrupted faith only which is to be borne to + these savage nations, and to be planted in those vast regions, which + God has made known to civilized man in these latter days? Were this + the case, we might tremble, though we should adore it as one of the + inscrutable judgments of God, dealing with nations in his <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">great</span></em> + wrath.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But is such the + fact? It would indeed be the fact were it not for faithful Ireland. + But, united as England is with Ireland, the result is quite + otherwise. The very ambition and desire for gain which impel England + to extend her power and plant her colonies in the most distant + countries of the globe, become the instruments for carrying also the + undying faith of Ireland to the regions which England has + conquered.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Saul went to seek + Samuel, thinking only of finding his father's asses. God was sending + him to be anointed king over his people. England sends her ships all + over the world, thinking only of markets for the produce of her + forges and her looms. God is sending her that she may spread + everywhere the faith of the Irish people.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under the + <span class="tei tei-q">“Union Jack”</span>, on which the crosses of + St. George and St. Andrew are blended, but so blended as to prevent + any Christian symbol being recognized (a fit emblem of the effect of + the union of jarring sects, each professing to proclaim Christianity, + but between them only obscuring and obstructing it)—the Irishman, + too, is borne to the distant colony. He goes, probably, before the + mast or in the forecastle, but he bears with him the true faith; and + when he lands he hastens to raise its symbol. This may be at first + over a rude chapel. But it is a signal to other way-farers, and they + gather under its shade to offer up the sacred mysteries. As soon as + his means permit, even before he can build a good dwelling for + himself, he takes care that the house of God be, in every possible + degree, worthy of its sacred character. And so the Church creeps on + and grows, and regions that sat in darkness are now blessed by the + offering of the Adorable Sacrifice and the announcement of the true + faith.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg + 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Irishman, + generally speaking, did not leave home through ambition, or for + conquest. He departed with sorrow from the shade of that hawthorn + around which the dearest memories of childhood clustered. He would + have remained content with the humble lot of his father had he been + allowed to dwell there in peace. But the bailiff came, and, to make + wider pastures for sheep and bullocks, his humble cottage was + levelled, and he himself sent to wander through the world in search + of a home. But in his wanderings he carries his faith with him, and + he becomes the means of spreading everywhere the true Church of + God.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is thus that + the tempest, which seems but to destroy the flower, catches up its + seeds and scatters them far and near, and these seeds produce other + flowers as beautiful as that from which they were torn, so that some + fair spot of the prairie, when despoiled of its loveliness, but + affords the means of covering the vast expanse with new and + variegated beauties.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is thus that + the famine, and the pestilence, and the inhuman evictions of Irish + landlords, have spread the faith of Christ far and near, and planted + it in new colonies, which, when they shall have grown out of their + tutelage, will look back to the departed power of England and the + undying faith of Ireland as, in the hands of Providence, the combined + causes of their greatness and their orthodoxy. Macaulay's traveller + from New Zealand, who will, on some future day, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“from a broken arch of London Bridge, take a sketch of + the ruins of St. Paul's”</span>, may be some Irish <span class= + "tei tei-q">“O'”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“Mac”</span> on a + pilgrimage to the Eternal City, who passes that way—having first + landed on the shores from which his ancestors were driven by the + <span class="tei tei-q">“crowbar brigade”</span>, and visited with + reverence the hallowed graves under whose humble sod lie the bones of + his martyred forefathers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is thus that + the Catholic faith is being planted in the British colonies of North + America; it is thus it is carried to India, and to Australia, and to + the islands of the South Sea. Thus are laid the foundations of + flourishing churches, which promise, at no distant day, to renew, and + even to surpass, the work done by Ireland in the palmiest days of + faith, when her sons planted the Cross, and caused Christ to be + adored, as he wished to be adored, in the most distant regions of the + earth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The magnitude of + this work is not to be measured even by the importance of these + transplanted churches at the present moment. The countries to which I + have alluded are but in their infancy. We can see on this continent + the rapid strides of such infant colonies. Within three quarters of a + century this country has advanced in population from three to over + thirty millions, and in most other elements of greatness in still + grander proportions. If it continue to increase, as it has done + regularly from <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg + 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + beginning, at the end of this century, or soon after, it will have a + population of over one hundred millions—that is, as great as is now + the population of France, and Spain, and Italy, and Great Britain + combined. If this be expected in this country in forty years, what + will the case be in one or two hundred, in this and so many others + similarly situated?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Australia starts + with all the advantages of this country, and some peculiar to itself, + and is following it with giant strides. It may overtake it before + long, if not outstrip it. But the position of Catholicity there is + very different from what it was at the commencement, or even at an + advanced period, in the United States. The Catholics in Australia + occupy a position of practical social equality with others. They will + grow with the growth and strengthen with the strength of their + adopted country, and have their fair share in its importance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">England herself, + from which the Catholic name was thought to have been almost blotted + out, has been deeply affected by this exodus of Irish Catholics. In + her cities, and towns, and hamlets, the Cross has been raised from + the dust. At the side of the ancient monuments which remind England + of her apostacy, humble spires rise in every part of the land, and + tell that nation that the faith which they thought destroyed still + lives, and is ready to admit them again to its wonted blessings. They + stand there, and betoken the unity and stability of that faith of + which they are the symbols—of that faith which reclaimed the fathers + of that people from barbarism, and continued to be the faith of the + land for a thousand years, and is yet a faith, and the only faith, in + which men of every tongue and every clime are united. The English + people see its unity and stability, while they are forced to witness + the ever shifting and clashing forms of the religion that was + substituted for it. For, in the name of the one Christ and the one + Bible, altar is everywhere erected against altar, pulpit thunders + against pulpit, the teaching of to-day is contradicted in the same + pulpit on the morrow; yet each one proclaims his own device as the + plain teaching of Scripture.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This confronting + of unity with confusion, of steady adherence to truth with the ever + varying shifts of error, of the mild but bright glory of an + everlasting Church with the frivolities of the proudest inventions of + men, is a grace, and a great grace, which God grants. It is a grace + for the use of which that people will give strict account. And oh! + may that use be, that they will make it fructify to their salvation. + For while we appreciate the blessings granted to ourselves, we have + no other feeling in their regard than a wish that they, too, may + share in these blessings, and be like unto us in everything + <span class="tei tei-q">“except these chains”</span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But whether well + used or abused, whether unto <span class="tei tei-q">“the + ruin”</span> or <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg + 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“salvation”</span> of many in that country, + this grace is given chiefly through the Irish emigration.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I am not unaware + of, nor do I undervalue, the importance of the faithful remnant that + has in England steadfastly continued in the faith once delivered to + the saints, nor of the accession made to their numbers by the + conversion of so many noble souls, to whom God gave light and + strength to overcome the many difficulties that would have fain + prevented their following that light. But of both we might not + inaptly ask, <span class="tei tei-q">“What are these amongst so + many?”</span> They are like those few tints that gild the skies here + and there, when the sun's light has all but departed; or like those + stars that pierce at night the cumbered heavens—bright, indeed, and + beautiful—but only showing forth more clearly the dark outlines of + the heavy and murky clouds that shroud the horizon. They make us feel + only more sensibly, and keep fresh in our memory, the loss of the sun + that has set.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is the Irish + emigration that has chiefly supplied the multitudes who flock around + English altars, that has made churches and schools spring up, that + has finally called for the restoration of a numerous hierarchy; and, + as if to mark this fact, and point out the great part that Ireland + had in restoring Catholic life to England, God has so arranged it + that the first head and brightest ornament of that new hierarchy + should be the son of Irish emigrants; for such is the great and + illustrious Cardinal Wiseman.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And even in these + United States, let people say what they please, has not the Irish + race held the first place in planting the cross throughout the length + and breadth of the land?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this, and + wherever else I speak of the Irish race, I do not, of course, confine + myself to those born in Ireland. The work which a race is called to + do is to be done by those who now live, and by their children and + their children's children, wherever they happen to be born. Indeed, + it would be a contradiction in terms to consider the father and son, + wherever born, as belonging to different races. Be it for weal or for + woe, be it unto honour or unto shame, the fathers cannot disown the + children nor the children the fathers. If it depended on feeling or + wishes, I, for one, would be very glad to dissolve connection with + any one who insists that he owes nothing to the race that gave him a + father or a mother. I would readily leave such a one to his proud + claim of owning no paternity but the land on which he vegetates, and + I only regret that he will scarcely bring to it much credit or + advantage. He who is unwilling to acknowledge the father that begot + him, or the mother that gave him suck, is not a prize worth + contending for. But whatever we or he may wish, whatever be the + results to us or to him, he is flesh of our flesh and bone of our + bone. What God has united, neither he nor we can put + asunder.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg + 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not that we + should form separate classes or castes, or that we claim other rights + or privileges, or have other duties than those of other races; but + the one to which each man belongs has been fixed by the Almighty + Provider in the very act of giving him being, and he who would fain + conceal, or disown, or be ashamed of his race—that is, of the order + of Providence to which he owes his existence—could succeed in nothing + else but in proving himself unworthy the esteem of men of any + race.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I know and + gratefully acknowledge the important services rendered to Catholicity + in the United States by persons of other races. There was, first of + all, the Maryland colony, with whose noble history that of few, if + any, of the other colonies can compare. By their justice and humanity + in treating with the native tribes, by similar justice and fair + dealing with other colonists, of every religion and every race, by + their domestic virtues and patriotic course, the men of that colony + deserved and received a high place in the esteem of their countrymen + and of the world.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But their number + is small, too small—indeed. Would that they were more. Were they all + put together they would not form one average diocese of the forty-six + now existing in this country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">God has sent us + many illustrious men from France, and Belgium, and Italy, who have + occupied the foremost ranks in the ministry, whose heroic virtues and + zealous works are even now as beacon lights to all who labour for + God's glory. But as to the people from these countries, they are not + many more than those from the Maryland stock. Germany has sent many + of her hardy sons to labour with the steadfastness of their + countrymen in building up the walls of the sanctuary. These are, + indeed, a most important element, and are destined to become more and + more important every day. They may yet exercise a greater influence + on the destiny of the Church in this country than the Irish race. But + so far, I think, no one will claim that they can be compared with it + in numbers, or as to the results hitherto obtained. Of the converts + in this country we may say the same thing as of those in England.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Giving all, + therefore, what belongs to them—for there is not, nor should there be + here, any room for jealousy—I think it will be admitted that it is + above all others to the sons of Ireland and to their children that + the spread of Catholicity is due in this land. No matter who + ministered at the altar (though there, too, the sons of Ireland have + had their share), in the body of the church you will find that, in + the majority of places, they constitute the bulk, and in many the + whole of the congregation. Their hard earned dollars were foremost in + supplying means to buy the lot and raise the building from which the + Catholic faith <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg + 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is + announced. The priest, no matter what his own nationality, was + nowhere more confident of finding help and support than among the + Irish emigrants or their children. Wherever a railway, or a canal, or + a hive of industry invited their sturdy labour, the cross soon sprang + up to bear witness to their generosity and their faith.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Even the old + Maryland colony, though consisting chiefly of English Catholics, + seeking here a freedom of conscience denied them at home, had its + Irish element, and that not the least noble in deeds nor the least + conspicuous in virtue.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When at the period + of the Revolution the noblest men of this land stood together, + shoulder to shoulder, and issued that Declaration of Independence to + which they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred + honours, it was a Catholic of the Irish race who affixed his + signature for Maryland. In doing this he pledged an honour as pure, + and a life as precious as any of the rest, but he staked a fortune + equal to, if not greater than, that of all the others put together. + When he signed his name, one standing by said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“There go some millions”</span>. Another remarked, + <span class="tei tei-q">“There are many Carrolls; he will not be + known”</span>. He overheard the remark, and to avoid all + misconception, wrote down in full, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Charles Carroll, of + Carrollton</span></span>”</span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet this noble + scion of the Irish race, for so many years the pride and the ornament + of his native state, while fulfilling all the duties of an + illustrious citizen, was not ashamed of the race from which he + sprang. Instead of selecting amongst French <span lang="fr" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">villes</span></span> or English <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">parks</span></em> or + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">towns</span></em> a name for his princely + estate, he stamped on it a title with the good old Celtic ring. He + called it after a property of one of his Irish ancestors, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Doughoregan + Manor</span></span>, thereby telling his posterity and his countrymen + that if they feel any pride in his name, they must associate him with + a race which so many affect to despise.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let all the sons, + and the sons of the sons, of Ireland be, like him, faithful to their + duties as citizens, ready to sacrifice their all for their country, + whether that all be little, or as great as was his vast wealth; just + and respectful and charitable to men of all races and creeds, not + anxious either to conceal or obtrude their own, but rather to live + worthy of both; determined, in a word, faithfully to discharge all + their civil and Christian duties, let them be earnest in elevating + the one by greater fidelity to the other. Acting thus, they will + imitate Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, and fulfil all I would wish + them to do out of fidelity to their country, their religion, and + their race.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was also one of + the Maryland stock, but of this same Irish race—another Carroll—who + was chosen the first bishop, and the founder of the hierarchy, of the + young American Church; as if <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Providence here too wished to indicate from + which race the chief strength of Catholicity was to be derived in + this land.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Would it be + overstraining matters to say, that a hint of this was also given by + Providence in the Irish name of the future metropolitan see of the + United States—the first in time, and always to be the first in + dignity? The word <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span> is an Irish word, and, + through the founder of the colony, was derived from an Irish hamlet, + which from the extreme south-west coast of Ireland, is looking, as it + were, over the waters of the Atlantic to this continent for the full + realization of its name. The word, in the Irish language, means + <span class="tei tei-q">“the town of the great house”</span>, and it + was beyond the Atlantic that Baltimore, in becoming the chief see of + a great church, has truly become <span class="tei tei-q">“the town of + the great house”</span>, for the church, or house at the head of + which it stands, extends probably over a wider surface than any other + church or churches amongst which any one bishop holds pre-eminence, + excepting only the church governed by the Vicar of Jesus Christ, to + whom is committed the care of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">all</span></em> the sheep and lambs of God's + fold, that is, the whole of Christ's Church. In names, which God has + given, or permitted to be given, he has frequently foreshadowed the + destinies of individuals and races. Would it be superstitious to + suppose that in the Irish name of this American ecclesiastical + metropolis—the only important city in this country that has an Irish + name—Providence pointed, on the one hand, to its future position in + the Christian hierarchy, and on the other to the character of the + chief portion of the family of that house or church?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But, be this as it + may, it was a scion of the Irish race who was the founder of the new + American hierarchy. For some time he held the crozier alone. The + whole country was his diocese. But he did not depart until he saw + suffragans around him forming a regular hierarchy, that was destined + to multiply and, mainly on Irish shoulders, carry, everywhere, the + ark that would spread blessings throughout the land.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The work that has + thus been commenced is no doubt destined to prosper. It is not + without a motive that in this country the lines are drawn, and the + foundations laid by Providence for a noble church. Its beginnings + (for we may say it is yet in its infancy) bear many of the marks of + the process by which the work was effected, It is destined to grow, + and may it grow, particularly in the mild beauty of Christian virtue, + and win, by love, the homage of all the children of the land, that + all may receive through it the graces of Heaven, and even their + Earthly prosperity be consolidated and become the means of their + acquiring higher blessings.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But whatever be + said of the United States, the Irish race is <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> certainly almost alone in the work of diffusing + Catholicity in the various other countries in which the English + language is spoken.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The sufferings of + Ireland were, therefore, the means, and evidently intended by God as + the means to preserve her in the faith, to give her its rewards in a + high degree; and this preservation of her faith was as evidently + intended to make her and her sons instruments in spreading that faith + throughout the English-speaking world. This is, therefore, what I + claim to be, in the counsels of God, the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">destiny of the + Irish Race</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Did we endeavour + to draw this conclusion by far-fetched arguments, we might fear the + delusions of fancy, but I think it is plainly written in the facts to + which I have alluded, when looked at with faith in an overruling + Providence. The diffusion of the true faith enters too closely, and + is too primary a thing in the designs of God, to suppose it for a + moment to be the work of accident. It is his work first of all. Where + it exists it exists because he so willed it. The instruments that + effected it must be those which he has chosen and placed to the work + with this very view. When, therefore, the results obtained, and those + we see in the certain future, and the means by which they are + obtained, are a matter of intuition, rather than of reasoning, the + conclusion drawn seems to me to have all the force of demonstration, + and in no way liable to be considered the product of fancy or of + national pride.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This + interpretation of the facts of history will, by some, be considered a + complicated theory, and therefore unworthy of God. But the simplicity + of God's operations by no means excludes multiplicity and combination + of agents in themselves most inadequate or discordant. Our + inclination to exclude these, though we imagine the very contrary, is + the result of the consciousness of our own weakness, which we would + fain attribute to God. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">We</span></em> may, indeed, be overwhelmed, or + at least embarrassed, by many instruments; and therefore we think it + wise to avoid their use. But, it is as easy for God to use and direct + many as few, or to produce results by his own immediate action. Nay, + though sometimes he performs wonderful works in a moment, he is more + often pleased to act through numerous and far-reaching instruments, + which, at times, seem even to work in opposition to his designs, and + by overruling and directing them, to prove that he is Ruler and + Master over all things in action, as well as the Author of their + being.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By one word he + made the Earth produce <span class="tei tei-q">“every green + herb”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“every fruit-tree yielding + fruit according to its kind”</span>; but he is now pleased to make + the fertility of the earth, and the various ingredients of the air, + and the heat and light of the sun, labour through a whole season to + produce the flower, that for a <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> few days wastes its fragrance on the meadow. At + one time he sends his angel to strike down in one night myriads of + the enemies of his people; at another he is pleased <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to hiss for the fly, that is in the uttermost parts of + the rivers of Egypt, and for the bee that is in the land of + Assyria”</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Is.</span></span>, vii. 18), that they may come + and be the instruments of his vengeance. At one time he rains down + bread from Heaven to feed a whole multitude; at another, he sends his + angel to take the prophet by the hair of his head from Judea, even + unto Babylon, that he may supply food to his servant.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not for us + to prescribe ways to Providence, but to study His design in the + events which we witness, and to bow down and adore his Power, his + Wisdom, and his Goodness.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To give power to + an apostate and persecuting nation, and the grace of fidelity to + another; to use and even to create the material resources of the + first as the instrument of his design over the latter, may appear a + circuitous course, but it is only another instance of that unity of + purpose and multiplicity, variety and apparent incongruity of means, + which we witness in almost all his works.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the people of + God were carried away into captivity, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + priests took the fire from the altar, and hid it in a valley where + there was a pit without water”</span>. There <span class= + "tei tei-q">“they kept it safe”</span>, while the Gentile hosts + reigned triumphant in the land. But <span class="tei tei-q">“when + many years had passed”</span>, and the people returned, they sought + the fire, but found only <span class="tei tei-q">“thick + water”</span>. This they sprinkled on the new sacrifices that were + prepared, and <span class="tei tei-q">“when the sun shone out, which + before was in a cloud, there was a great fire kindled so that all + wondered”</span>. (II. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mach.</span></span>, i. 19, 22).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An analogous + phenomenon, methinks, has been presented in Ireland. That combination + of frenzy and irreligion, which men have called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Reformation”</span>, swept before it almost every + vestige of faith from many of the northern countries of Europe, and + seemed in a special manner to have enveloped in darkness the islands + of the West. Men were like <span class="tei tei-q">“raging waves of + the sea, foaming out their own confusion”</span>, boasting of liberty + and light, but treating the faithful with savage cruelty, and showing + their own inability to hold fast any positive principles which they + proclaimed as truth. The ancient faith of these islands, overwhelmed + in the waters of tribulation, seemed hidden in the hearts of the + Irish people, saddened by persecution and sufferings of every + kind.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the day has + come for pouring forth this water on nations. By their sufferings, + the Irish race, driven into many lands, mingles with the progeny of + its oppressors. The sun of God's grace, which seems under a cloud, is + now shining forth, and a great <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page081">[pg 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> fire is enkindled and is spreading its light + and its heat far and near. The Church of God is everywhere showing + itself again in its pristine beauty. English-speaking nations that + were the ramparts of heresy, are beginning again to fall into the + ranks of Catholic unity, and, as happened once before, the light of + faith that took refuge in the most distant island of the West, is, + from that sacred spot, sending forth its beams and gladdening the + Church by giving her whole people as her children.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So far we are led, + I may say, by the mere logic of facts. Were we to indulge in + speculation, but in a speculation quite in conformity with the + beneficent designs of God, we might expect still more from these + effects of the steadfastness of Ireland.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding + all the faults of England, the Catholic heart throughout the world + has never lost its interest in that land, once so faithful. Other + nations, once as Catholic, have been lost, and they are almost + forgotten. The land where the Saviour Himself lived is, indeed, + remembered on account of the sacred spots which he trod; but no hopes + are entertained for the conversion of its people. The Churches + planted by the Apostles have been destroyed. We cherish the memory of + the holy confessors and martyrs who adorned them; but despair of + their return to the truth is the only feeling in their regard that we + can discover in the Catholic world.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But in one way or + another the Catholic heart seems never to have despaired of the + return of England. Opinions and expectations which are, probably, + nothing more than an expression of the intensity of this feeling, are + everywhere to be met. They exist among the learned and the high, as + well as amongst the humble children of the Church, and are found to + be cherished in different lands. England, with her long catalogue of + saints, seems to be considered, not as an outcast, on whom the + sentence of spiritual death has been executed, but rather as the + prodigal, who in a moment of thoughtlessness demanded, what he called + his own share, and wandered from his father's house. The father is + looking out, expecting every day to see the wayward one return, and + is ever ready to kill the fatted calf, and to call on his friends and + neighbours to rejoice and be merry, for <span class="tei tei-q">“he + that was dead is come to life again, and he that was lost is + found”</span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But, alas! there + is much reason to fear that such joy is not to be expected. We know + of no instance of a whole nation once fully and deliberately + apostatising from the faith ever again returning. The grace of faith, + if lost by individuals by formal apostacy, is seldom recovered. It + has never yet been recovered by any nation that once enjoyed its full + light, and deliberately abandoned it. It is not for us, to be sure, + to place bounds to the mercies of God. Who knows but that in these + latter ages God <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg + 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> may + do a work which he never did before? and, now that the Church has + encircled the globe, and announced the Gospel to every nation under + the sun, God may send her back on another mission more glorious than + the first, showing forth his power in giving new life to fallen + nations as he did before in converting those who knew not his name. + His first work might be compared to that which he performed when he + took the clay and breathed into it the breath of life; this, to his + raising up the dead already mouldering in the tomb. But he has done + both in the physical, and he may do both in the moral order.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Without having + recourse, however, to this extraordinary dispensation, the hope of + which would be unwarranted by anything we have yet seen, may not the + hopes to which I have alluded, and which could scarcely have existed + without some influence of the divine Spouse of the Church, be + realized in the conversion of the children, rather than in that of + the mother? May not the expectations of the Catholic world be + realized by a return of English-speaking brethren in the various + colonies which the mother country has planted? May <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">they</span></em> not + receive the graces which the latter has cast away, and thus more than + compensate the Church for the loss of that one island?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such results would + be no anomaly in the experience of the Church. Several nations first + learned Christianity under a heterodox form, and some of the most + Catholic to-day are their descendants. Their errors were not their + own faults, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">as nations</span></em>, and God had pity upon + them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may say the + same thing of this, and of several other countries, where great and + independent peoples will be found one day as they now are here. This + nation has never apostatised from Catholic truth, simply because it + never possessed it <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">as a nation</span></span>. At its birth it was + already entangled in the meshes of heterodoxy, and it found the + Catholic Church in its midst, with few adherents. Yet, at its very + birth, it struck off the shackles by which she was bound. Several + circumstances, it is true, aided this course of justice. But, who + will say that these existed otherwise than by God's Providence, and + for the nation's benefit, as well as for ours? This course of + justice, moreover, was adopted cordially and fully by the founders of + the country's independence, and that at a time when the Church was so + treated by few even of those nations on whom she had the best claims. + Bigots, it is true, were not wanting, then, or since. But it is a + great fact, that this nation, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">as a nation</span></em> and as a Government, has + always, since its birth, treated God's Church with justice.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A cup of cold + water, given in the name of Christ, shall not be without its reward. + Do we exaggerate in hoping that this mode of proceeding towards his + Church shall have its reward from her <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Heavenly Spouse—that it will plead for this + nation with the Divine Mercy, as the alms of Cornelius obtained for + him the knowledge of Gospel truth and a share in its blessings? The + grace of faith, with these blessings, is the greatest which God gives + to man, nor is it the less valuable because it is not now appreciated + or is even spurned. It is God's grace that gives a hunger for divine + things, as it is by Him that the hungry are filled.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yes, I do not only + desire, and send up the prayer, but I candidly avow the hope, that + the light of faith is yet destined to shine brightly here, even + amongst those who now look on it with contempt or hostility. In this + I am strengthened by the desire for a knowledge of truth, which, + notwithstanding the bigotry of many, is so widely spread. I am + strengthened by the growth of the Church itself, which bears the + marks of a higher purpose on the part of God than the mere + preservation of those who came Catholics to our shores. I am + strengthened by the very losses which the Church sustains in the + falling away of many of her children. For surely God did not permit + them to be driven hither by persecution that they might perish. He + sent them forth to battle, in doing which, though many may be lost, + he will grant victory to his own cause. I am strengthened by the very + dangers by which we are surrounded; nor would my hope be shaken even + if storms should impend. For it is according to the ways of God to + reach his ends amidst contradictions.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let it not be said + that the humble condition or the faults of many of the children of + the Church, forbid such a hope as this. God's ways are not as our + ways. It is not by the great or by the mighty that his truth is + propagated. Flesh might otherwise glory in His sight, and men might + say that, by their wisdom and their efforts was His kingdom + established. So far from this being an objection, when other things + inspire hope, the hope is strengthened by the humble form in which + the Church presents itself. Our hope of its diffusion is better + founded when we see it borne to our shores by humble labourers, than + if it had come recommended exclusively by proud philosophers, cunning + statesmen, or by men loaded with wealth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What we hope for + this nation, we may hope with greater reason for the other nations + yet reposing in their infancy, or growing in giant proportions under + British rule. I say, with greater reason, because in most of these + the foundations of Catholicity are laid even more deeply than they + are here. While it would be a great thing for God's honour and glory, + there is nothing to forbid the hope that these may one day be united + in the true fold of the everlasting Church. The blood of Ireland and + of England will mingle in their veins; and, while they will look back + with shame on the apostacy of the sixteenth century, as a disgraceful + chapter <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name= + "Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in the history of + their forefathers, they will glory in the recollections of the saints + and the heroes of religion who, for a thousand years, adorned both + their mother countries. With feelings analogous to those with which + we look back to the tyrants of the first centuries and their victims, + they will set off the martyr heroes of one portion of their ancestors + to the apostacy of the other, and the apostasy itself will be, in + their history, but an episode proving how far human nature may stray, + while their own conversion will be a standing monument of the power + of the cross.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If these hopes be + realized, the Irish race and its sufferings will have been the + instruments in the hands of God by which the grand result will be + accomplished; but whether they be realized or not, the main point + which I have endeavoured to dwell upon seems to me to be established + beyond doubt—that is, that this race has been preserved by God in the + true faith in an extraordinary manner, for the purpose of spreading + that faith throughout the English-speaking nations which now exist, + or which are coming into being.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As Ireland owes + the preservation of her faith to her being destined as the leaven of + that mass, it is but assigning to God a purpose worthy of His + goodness to say, that England owes her power to her mission to spread + that leaven throughout so many vast regions. It will not, I presume, + be considered rash to say that God, permitting her to acquire power, + proposed to himself some higher object than that other nations should + have cheap cotton or woollen fabrics, or that they should learn how + to travel forty instead of four or ten miles an hour. In his goodness + he designed that power for some purpose worthy of Heaven; and this + purpose may be accomplished whether England herself will it or not, + or even though she desire the very contrary. I have said before, that + most learned and grave writers consider the Roman power to have been + intended, in the counsels of God, to prepare a way for the diffusion + of the Gospel. The rulers of Rome despised the Gospel and its + heralds. Still Rome most probably owed to them her greatness, and but + for this mission, she might have remained what she was in the + beginning—an obscure village, a place of refuge for the thieves of + the surrounding country. England may despise the Irish Catholic. Like + Rome, she may look upon the professors of Catholicity as the great + plague-spot of her system. Yet, in the designs of God, she most + probably is indebted for her power to the part she is made to act in + the diffusion of their faith. It is certain, at least, that the + highest use of that power she has yet been allowed to make, is the + carrying of frieze-coated Papists to distant shores, and the clearing + of the forests where they are propagating, and are yet to propagate + more extensively, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg + 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + true faith. If a higher design in her behalf exist in the + arrangements of Providence, it is yet to be made known. But for this + she might have remained, as the poet described her, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“a naked fisher”</span> on her rock, and when she shall + have ended her usefulness as an instrument for accomplishing this + object, she may return <span class="tei tei-q">“to her hook”</span>, + still musing, perhaps, her senseless <span class="tei tei-q">“No + Popery”</span>, while the churches which she has unwillingly assisted + to plant, will be growing up in beauty and praising God in one + harmonious voice with the other children of his family throughout the + world.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The value and + importance of this great mission cannot be overrated. It is awful to + think what would have been the condition of the English-speaking + races, in a religious point of view, if Ireland had shared in the + English apostacy. Scarcely a Catholic voice would be heard amongst + those seventy or eighty millions now using that language, who occupy + so large a portion of the Earth, and in another century, according to + the ratio of their growth, may become two or four hundred millions, + or even more. The very remnant that has continued faithful in England + might have followed in the wake of their predecessors, had not the + influence of Ireland caused the sword of persecution to be sheathed, + and civil intolerance to cease at last, and thus the temptation to be + removed which had proved fatal to so many. In that vast empire, or + the empires that may rise out of its fragments—for, in more than one + place are foundations of empires laid which would grow with giant + growth, even though the power of the mother country were paralysed + to-morrow—the holy sacrifice would not be offered up, and thus the + prophecy not fulfilled, which foretold that a clean oblation would be + offered from the rising of the sun to the going down thereof. That + union of the Christian family for which the Saviour prayed before he + suffered, and which he left as a mark by which men would know his + followers, would not be exhibited to the world. Christianity would be + confounded with the products of these latter ages of so-called + <span class="tei tei-q">“light”</span>, and be thought, like the + appliances of steam and the contrivances of machinery, to owe its + power to the genius of the Anglo-Saxon race, instead of deriving it + from Him who died on Calvary. For their Christianity, by its very + name, would proclaim that the work of Christ had failed, until the + press and the <span class="tei tei-q">“march of light”</span> had + come to its aid. Religion, in a word, instead of being a divine + institution, would appear and be amongst them but a brilliant work or + invention of man, and, therefore, in the supernatural order, but a + brilliant delusion, not an institution which the mercy of God + transplanted from Heaven, and made to stand, and to grow, and to + bless, and produce fruit, in every age and in every form of + society.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg + 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But, in preserving + the faith of the Irish race, God has provided a leaven of truth for + these masses. By the side of systems of religion which men have + devised, stands the everlasting Church—that Church which, as Macaulay + remarked, is the only connecting link between the civilization of the + ancient and modern worlds—the Church which taught the name of Christ + to every nation that knows him, even to those who afterwards fell + from the fullness of truth—the Church which Augustine brought to + England, and Patrick to Ireland—the Church that raised the dignity of + the poor, and humbled the pride of the high, placing all on the level + of the Gospel—the Church that claims no new inventions, but is itself + an invention of God, infinitely surpassing all inventions of man, + holding out nothing to the nineteenth, which it did not present to + the first, to the tenth, and to every other century, but presenting + to all the faith and institutions of God, able to save all, to + elevate all, to bring all into one fold, that all may be united in + one happiness in Heaven.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Is not this great + result worth all the sufferings which Ireland has endured? The ways + of God appear often circuitous. But in their circuitous course they + are everywhere fraught with blessings. The children of Ireland + suffered; yet, even in their sufferings they were blessed. He himself + pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“blessed those who suffer + persecution for justice's sake”</span>; for in their trials they + redeemed their own souls. But they were doubly blessed, because they + were preserving the ark of God, and carrying it through the waters of + tribulation to bless more amply unborn and numerous generations. The + ways of God are circuitous, and though, like the course of the + planets, they sometimes seem to us to retrograde, they are always + onward. The sufferings of Ireland at a time seemed without a purpose, + or even the very contrary to what we might have expected for so + faithful a people. But, who knows what might have been the result, if + justice and humanity had marked the course of the English nation + towards Ireland? Who knows but the temptation to the latter to be + drawn into apostacy would have been too powerful? Had Apostate + England dealt generously or justly with Catholic Ireland, who knows + if, in the alliances that would have been formed, she would have been + equally steadfast in her faith? And though for a long time + confiscations, and plunder, and persecution, and slaughter, and even + now, harsh treatment condemning her sons to famine and banishment, + have been the effects of the English connection; if these have been + the means of creating a barrier that prevented the spread of heresy + amongst her sons, has too great a price been paid for the + <span class="tei tei-q">“pearl”</span> that has been bought? When, + particularly, the cross borne by the children of Ireland shall have + been erected in the Western and Southern <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Hemispheres, and flourishing Churches in + Catholic unity established under its shade, where, but for the + fidelity of our fathers, heterodoxy alone would have had sway, shall + we not say that little indeed were their sufferings compared to the + value of such an Apostolate of Empires?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What is any + Earthly mission compared to this? What is even the spreading of + civilization with its highest privileges, compared to the spreading + of the saving institutions of the Gospel? Even in this world virtue + is a thing infinitely superior to mere physical power. The man who + does God's will, whose soul is adorned with grace, is an object of + complacency with his Maker, and enjoys his esteem infinitely more, + than he who can control the hidden powers of nature, and make them + subservient to his will, but does not make his own will conform to + the great law that should govern it—subjection to the will of God. + When Earth, and all that is of Earth, shall have passed away, the + proudest human achievements will be seen to have been as nothing, + while those who shall have caused God's name to be glorified, shall + shine as bright stars <span class="tei tei-q">“unto perpetual + eternities”</span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This mission, + however, has its duties as well as its dignity. What will it avail us + to be the sons of martyred sires who sacrificed all for God, if we + barter the faith for which they died, for some paltry bauble, or fail + to transmit it to those under our charge? Will not the constancy and + sufferings of our fathers be a reproach to us before God and man? + Will they not pronounce judgment upon us if, while we honour their + heroic deeds, we ourselves display nothing but pusillanimity? And + even though we preserve our faith, will not this be rather to our + shame, if we do not endeavour to practise the virtues which it + teaches? When the salt has lost its savour, it is good for nothing + any more but to be cast out, and to be trodden on by men. The higher + the vocation of God, the lower will be the degradation of those who + fail to correspond. They will be despised, and justly despised, by + God and by men.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We can see in the + fate of other nations the consequences of infidelity to a noble + mission. Spain and Portugal were once great powers. They achieved + great things at home and abroad. The sails of their commerce whitened + every sea. The most distant lands acknowledged their might. They, + too, were missionary nations. They carried the faith to the East and + to the West, and in both hemispheres planted the cross on continents + and islands where Christ was before unknown. God may be said to have + given them power for this purpose. It was mainly through their agency + that the missionary work, which repaired the losses of the Church in + Europe, was carried on for two hundred years.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the rulers of + these countries listened to wicked counsels. On <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">one and the + same</span></em> dark day did Spain, on another did Portugal, command + the most strenuous heralds of the cross to be seized and bound in + chains. The galleons that were wont to bear over the deep the + treasures of Asia and America, and pour them into the laps of the + mother countries, or to carry their commands and the means of + enforcing them to the most distant lands, were now spreading their + sails over every ocean and sea, in the inglorious work of conveying + to home prisons, or into exile, the truest missionaries of the cross. + On that day these nations renounced their noble mission, and the + power that was given to enable them to carry it out soon + departed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The immediate + agencies producing their downfall, as well as those that gave rise to + their power, may, indeed, be seen in operation before the existence + of the causes to which I have attributed them, but not before these + were known to God. Now, he frequently prepares, by a long process, + the instruments both of his rewards and his punishments, and holds + them ready to be conferred on the virtuous, or poured forth on the + head of the criminal, long before the fidelity of the one be tested, + or the guilt of the other be consummated. Spain and Portugal thus + fell, if you will, by immediate agencies long in operation, but by + agencies over which God ruled, and which He directed according to his + own wise counsels. They fell, and in their humbled condition, mocked + by the remains of ancient greatness, they teach all the important + lesson, that the greater the high calling given by God, the greater + the punishment of those who prove untrue.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Were we also to + prove faithless to the mission which God has assigned us, we know not + what punishment may await us, even in this world. The trials through + which our race has passed, and is passing, may seem severe; but, they + are trials permitted by a loving father. May we never deserve that he + should scourge us in his <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">great</span></em> anger. We might then find, + like the Jewish people, that to suffer for righteousness' sake from + the hands of men, is sweet, compared to the gall and wormwood mixed + in the cup of those who fall into the hands of an avenging God.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On this day, when + the Church calls on us to commemorate the heroic virtues and the + glorious deeds of our great Apostle, I would fain say to every son of + Ireland—to every one in whose veins Irish blood flows, no matter + where he himself was born: Let us live worthy of our ancestry, of an + ancestry which is the same for all, and is a noble one, noble in that + which is the noblest thing man can rejoice in—virtue and fidelity to + God. We ourselves are called in a special manner to do honour to our + faith by spreading it amongst nations that are destined to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" + id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> occupy the highest position in + the social scale. Let us be faithful to our calling. Let us show + ourselves worthy sons of the martyred dead. Let us make sure, like + them, whatever else we fail in, not to fail in transmitting the faith + to those entrusted to our charge, never exposing it to danger for any + advantage, much less for the trifling things that may be gained here + by want of fidelity. Transmit, carefully, the faith, first of all, + but with faith spare no effort that you yourselves, and those + committed to your care, grow also in every other virtue. Nay, + endeavour so to live that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">all men</span></em> may learn to love the faith + which is the spring of your actions, and thus glorify and love that + God who is the <span class="tei tei-q">“Author and Finisher”</span> + of that Faith.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Liturgical Questions. + (</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 173%; font-style: italic">From + M. Bouix's</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 173%; font-style: italic">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 173%; font-style: italic">Revue des Sciences + Ecclesiastiques</span><span style= + "font-size: 173%; font-style: italic">”</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 173%">).</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. Is it lawful or + obligatory to insert, at the letter N, in the collect <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A + cunctis</span></span>, the name of the patron of the locality (if + there be one) when the titular of the church is the Blessed Virgin or + a mystery of our Saviour?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">2. Is it right to + place on the corner of the altar the finger-towel, which in some + churches is fastened to the altar-cloth, from which it hangs + suspended?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">3. Is there any + obligation to ring the bell at the Sanctus and at the Elevation, even + when there is no one at Mass?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">4. Is it lawful + for a priest to use a cincture of the kind generally used by + bishops?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. The name of the + titular of the church in which the Mass is said is that which ought + to be inserted at the letter N in the collect <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A + cunctis</span></span>. In the application of this general rule + various cases may occur; the title may be a mystery of our Lord or of + our Blessed Lady; or it may be a saint already named in the + collect—for example, Saint Peter or Saint Paul; or Mass may be said + in an oratory which has no titular saint. The following are the rules + to be observed in such cases:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">o</span></span>. + That it is the name of the titular saint which is to be inserted at + the letter N is clear from the following decrees:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">1</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Decree</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Question.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">In missali + romano praecipitur, ut post nomina Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, in + oratione</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">A + cunctis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, etc., dicatur + nomen patroni praecipui illius ecclesiae, seu diocesis. In Hispania + est praecipuus illius regni patronus B. Jacobus apostolus et ex + concessione Apostolica in ecclesia dioecesi Guadicensi est patronus + specialis S. Torquatus, B. Jacobi apostoli discipulus, et ejusdem + ecclesiae</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg + 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">et civitatis + primus episcopus. Quaeritur: An in praedicta oratione</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">A cunctis</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">debeat dici nomen B. Jacobi apostoli, + an B. Torquati?</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Answer.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">In + oratione</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">A cunctis</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">post nomina sanctorum apostolorum + Petri et Pauli, nomen Torquati tanquam Ecclesiae cathedralis + Guadicensis Patroni dumtaxat ponendum esse</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. + (Decree of 22 January, 1678, No. 2856, q. 8.)</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">2</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Decree</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Questions.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">... 15. S. + Jacobus est patronus universalis regnorum Hispaniae, sancti vero + martyres Stemeterius et Caledonius fratres sunt patroni + particulares ecclesiae cathedralis, et totius dioecesis + Santanderiensis rite electi, et novissime approbati a S. R. C. + Quaeritur igitur: Quis ex his patronis debeat nominari ... in + oratione</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">A + cunctis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, quando in + missis haec oratio dicitur in ecclesia matrice et in caeteris + dioecesis? 16. In casu, quo ob dignitatis praestantiam nominari + debeat S. Jacobus, quaeritur an ... exprimi etiam possint nomina + SS. Stemeterii et Caledonii in praedicta oratione ..., praecipue in + ecclesia matrice ubi sacra eorum capita ... venerantur? Et si + negative, supplicatur pro gratia ad promovendum cultum qui ipsos + decet in ecclesia cathedrali ac tota dioecesi ratione sui + specialissimi patronatus</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">.</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Answer.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Ad 15. In + qualibet ecclesia nominandum esse patronum seu titularem proprium + ejusdem ecclesiae. Ad 16. Provisum in + praecedenti</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. + (Decree of 23 January, 1793, No. 4448, q. 15 and 16.)</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">3</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Decree</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Question.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">An patronus + nominandus in oratione</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">A cunctis</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">intelligi debeat patronus principalis + loci?</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Answer.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Nominandus + titularis Ecclesiae</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. + (Decree of 12 November, 1831, No. 4669, q. 31.)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">2<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">o</span></span>. If + the titular of the church has been already named in the collect + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A + cunctis</span></span>, no name is to be inserted at the letter N. The + same holds if the Mass happens to be that of the same saint. This + rule depends on the following decision:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Quis nominandus sit ad litteram N. si patronus vel + titularis jam nominatus sit in illa oratione, aut de eo celebrata sit + missa?</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Answer.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Si jam fuerit + nominatus omittenda nova nominatio</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. + (Ibid.)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">3<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">o</span></span>. If the + oratory in which the Mass is said have no titular saint, the name of + the patron of the locality is to be inserted. This rule is proved + from a decree of 12th December, 1840, No. 4897, No. 2:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Sacerdos celebrans in oratorio publico vel privato + quod non habet sanctum patronum vel titularem, an debeat in + oratione</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">A cunctis</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ad litteram N. nominare sanctum patronum + vel titularem ecclesiae parochialis intra cujus limites sita sunt + oratoria, vel sanctum patronum ecclesiae cui adscriptus est, vel + potius omnem ulteriorem nominationem omittere?</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Answer.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Patronum + civitatis, vel loci nominandum esse</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">.</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">4<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">o</span></span>. If + the titular of the church be a mystery of the life of our Lord, or of + our Lady, authors differ in opinion whether the name of the patron of + the locality is to be inserted at the letter <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> N, or whether no addition should be made. M. de + Conny is for the latter opinion, and his authority is a safe guide + for us. The second rule we have laid down is sufficient to show that + no name is to be inserted in cases where the title of the church is a + mystery of the Blessed Virgin, seeing that the august Mother of God + is always named in the body of the prayer. The words of the + conclusion are enough perhaps to excuse from the obligation of naming + the patron of the locality in cases where the church is dedicated to + a mystery of the life of our Lord.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">2. The usage here + alluded to is not only not becoming, but it is also contrary to the + Rubric of the Missal. (part i., tit. xx.):</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Ab eadem parte + epistolae ... ampullae vitreae vini et aquae, cum pelvicula et + manutergio mundo in fenestella, seu in parva mensa ad haec + praeparata. Super altare nihil omnino ponatur, quod ad Missae + sacrificium vel ipsius altaris ornatum non + pertineat</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">3. The sole reason + for ringing a bell at Mass is to give a signal to the faithful. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ad excitandos circumstantes”</span>, says + Gavantus (t. i. part i., tit. XX., l. c.), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ad laetitiam exprimendam et ad cultum sanctissimi + Sacramenti adhibetur campanula”</span>. Other writers coincide with + this opinion. It seems but natural, therefore, not to ring the bell + when there are no assistants present, and when there is no need of + any signal. Besides, it is clearly the teaching of authors, and even + of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, that whenever a signal is not + required, the bell is not to be rung. Thus, the following decision + forbids the bell to be rung during the celebration of the divine + office in the choir, at least in certain circumstances:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Exposito in S. + R. C. ecclesiam collegiatam civitatis Senarum habere chorum adeo + subjectum oculis populi, et tali loco positum, ut canonici dicto + choro pro divinis celebrandis, et praecipue Missae cantatae + assistentibus, omnino altaria ejusdem coliegiatae pernecesse + inspiciantur, et exposito quoque tempore, quo canonici choro ut supra + assistunt, consuevisse in dictis altaribus celebrari Missas privatas + et sine scandalo prohiberi non posse: ideo supplicatum fuit pro + declaratione: an ipsi canonici in elevationibus quae fiunt in Missis + privatis, genuflectere teneantur?</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Answer.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Non esse + genuflectendum, ne sacra, quibus assistunt, per actum privatum + interrumpantur, sed ad evitandum scandalum, quod in populo et + adstantibus causari possit ob non genuflectionem esse omittendam + pulsationem campanulae in elevatione Sanctissimi, in dictis Missis + privatis.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(Decret of 5 March 1667, No. + 2397.)</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor, as a general + rule, is the bell rung when the Blessed Sacrament is exposed, for + then it is unnecessary to summon the faithful to adore the Eucharist. + <span class="tei tei-q">“During the private Masses”</span>, says the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Instructio + Clementina</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“that are + celebrated during the exposition, the bell is not to be rung”</span>. + Cavalieri, commenting on this passage, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Ex rubricarum + praescripto ... interdicuntur”</span>. He is of opinion that this + rule of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Instructio</span></span> regards only low + Masses, but Gardellini holds that it refers also to High Masses:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Non erat, cur + instructio etiam Missas solemnes commemoraret, pro quibus Rubrica, + non jubet, ut in privatis, eadem pulsari ad finem prefationis, et ad + elevationem Sacramenti. Romae saltem in majoribus ecclesiis obtinet + mos etiam non pulsandi, praeterquam in Missis solemnibus pro + defunctis: gravis organorum sonitus supplet vices tintinnabuli, et + populi adstantis excitat attentionem</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From all this it + is clear that the bell is not to be rung whenever there is no signal + to be given. This is certainly the case when there is no one to + assist at Mass.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">4. The cincture + for the use of a priest does not differ from that for the use of a + bishop. It may be made either of linen thread or silk, but it is + better that it should be of linen. It may be either white or of the + colour of the vestments. These rules are drawn from two decrees of + the Sacred Congregation:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">1</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Decree</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Question.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">An sacerdotes + in sacrificio Missae uti possint cingulo serico?</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Answer.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Congruentius + uti cingulo lineo</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. (22 + Jan. 1701, No. 3575, q. 7.)</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">2</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Decree</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Question.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">An cingulum, + tertium indumentum sacerdotale, possit esse colons paramentorum; an + necessario debeat esse album?</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Answer.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Posse uti + cingulo colore paramentorum</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—(8 + Jun. 1709, No. 3809, q. 4.)</span></p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name= + "Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Documents.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">I. Condemnation Of Dr. Froschammer's + Works.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Venerabili + Fratri Gregorio Archiepiscopo</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Monacensi Et + Frisingensi</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pius PP. IX.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Venerabilis + Frater, Salutem et Apostolicam Benedictionem. Gravissimas inter + acerbitates, quibus undique premimur, in hac tanta temporum + perturbatione et iniquitate vehementer dolemus, cum noscamus, in + variis Germaniae regionibus reperiri nonnullos catholicos etiam + viros, qui sacram theologiam ac philosophiam tradentes minime + dubitant quamdam inauditam adhuc in Ecclesia docendi scribendique + libertatem inducere, novasque et omnino improbandas opiniones palam + publiceque profiteri, et in vulgus disseminare. Hinc non levi + moerore affecti fuimus, Venerabilis Frater ubi tristissimus ad Nos + venit nuntius, presbyterum Jacobum Frohschammer in ista Monacensi + Academia philosophiae doctorem hujusmodi docendi scribendique + licentiam proe ceteris adhibere, eumque suis operibus in lucem + editis perniciosissimos tueri errores. Nulla igitur interposita + mora, Nostrae Congregationi libris notandis praepositae mandavimus, + ut praecipua volumina, quae ejusdem presbyteri Frohschammer nomine + circumferuntur, cum maxima diligentia sedalo perpenderet, et omnia + ad Nos referret. Quae volumina germanice scripta titulum + habent—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Introductio in Philosophiam—De Libertate + scientiae—Athenaeum</span></span>—quorum primum anno 1858, alterum + anno 1861, tertium vero vertente hoc anno 1862 istis Monacensibus + typis in lucem est editum. Itaque eadem Congregatio Nostris + mandatis diligenter obsequens summo studio accuratissimum examen + instituit, omnibusque sem el iterumque serio ac mature ex more + discussis et perpensis judicavit, auctorem in pluribus non recte + sentire, ejusque doctrinam a veritate catholica aberrare. Atque id + ex duplici praesertim parte, et primo quidem propterea quad auctor + tales humanae rationi tribuat vires, quae rationi ipsi minime + competunt, secundo vero, quod eam omnia opinandi, et quidquid + semper audendi libertatem eidem rationi concedat, ut ipsius + Ecclesiae jura, officium, et auctoritas de media omnino tollantur. + Namque auctor imprimis edocet, philosophiam, si recta ejus habeatur + notio, posse non solum percipere et intelligere ea christina + dogmata, quae naturalis ratio cum fide habet communia (tamquam + commune scilicet perceptionis objectum) verum etiam ea, quae + christianam religionem fidemque maxime et proprie efficiunt, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name= + "Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ipsumque scilicet + supernaturalem hominis finem, et ea omnia, quae ad ipsum spectant, + atque sacratissimum Dominicae Incarnationis mysterium ad humanae + rationis et philosophiae provinciam pertinere, rationemque, dato + hoc objecto suis propriis principiis scienter ad ea posse + pervenire. Etsi vero aliquam inter haec et illa dogmata + distinctionem auctor inducat, et haec ultima minori jure rationi + attribuat, tamen clare aperteque docet, etiam haec contineri inter + illa, quae veram propriamque scientiae seu philosophiae materiam + constituunt. Quocirca ex ejusdem auctoris sententia concludi omnino + possit ac debeat, rationem in abditissimis etiam divinae Sapientiae + ac Bonitatis, immo etiam et liberae ejus voluntatis mysteriis, + licet posito revelationis objecto posse ex seipsa, non jam ex + divinae auctoritatis principio sed ex naturalibus suis principiis + et viribus ad scientiam seu certitudinem pervenire. Quae auctoris + doctrina quam falsa sit et erronea nemo est, qui christianae + doctrinae rudimentis vel leviter imbutus non illico videat, + planeque sentiat. Namque si isti philosophiae cultores vera ac sola + rationis et philosophiae disciplinae tuerentur principia et jura, + debitis certe laudibus essent prosequendi. Siquidem vera ac sana + philosophia nobilissimum suum locum habet, cum ejusdem philosophiae + sit, veritatem diligenter inquirere, humanamque rationem licet + primi hominis culpa obtenebratam, nullo tamen modo extinctam recte + ac sedulo excolere, illustrare, ejusque cognitionis objectum, ac + permultas veritates percipere, bene intellegere, promovere, + earumque plurimas, uti Dei existentiam, naturam, attributa, quae + etiam fides credenda proponit, per argumenta ex suis principiis + petita demonstrare, vindicare, defendere, atque hoc modo viam + munire ad haec dogmata fide rectius tenenda, et ad illa etiam + reconditiora dogmata, quae sola fide percipi primum possunt, ut + illa aliquo modo a ratione intelligantur. Haec quidem agere, atque + in his versari debet severa et pulcherrima verae philosophiae + scientia. Ad quae praestanda si viri docti in Germaniae Academiis + enitantur pro singulari inclytae illius nationis ad severiores + gravioresque disciplinas excolendas propensione, eorum studium a + Nobis comprobatur et commendatur, cum in sacrarum rerum utilitatem + profectumque convertant, quae illi ad suos usus invenerint. At vero + in hoc gravissimo sane negotio tolerare numquam possumus, ut omnia + emere permisceantur, utque ratio illas etiam res, quae ad fidem + pertinent, occupet atque perturbet, cum certissimi, omnibusque + notissimi sint fines, ultra quos ratio numquam suo jure est + progressa, vel progredi potest. Atque ad hujusmodi dogmata ea omnia + maxime et apertissime spectant, quae supernaturalem hominis + elevationem, ac supernaturale ejus cum Deo commercium respiciunt + atque ad hunc finem revelata noscuntur. Et sane cum haec dogmata + sint supra naturam, idcirco naturali ratione, ac naturalibus + principiis attingi non possunt. Numquam siquidem ratio suis + naturalibus principiis ad hujusmodi dogmata scienter tractanda + effici potest idonea. Quod si haec isti temere asseverare audeant + sciant, se certe non a quorumlibet doctorum opinione, sed a + communi, et numquam immutata Ecclesiae doctrina recedere. Ex + divinis enim <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg + 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Litteris, et sanctorum Patrum traditione constat. Dei quidem + existentiam, multasque alias veritates, ab iis etiam qui fidem + nondum susceperunt, naturali rationis lumine cognosci, sed illa + reconditiora dogmata Deum solum manifestasse dum notum facere + voluit, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mysterium, quod absconditum fuit a saeculis et + generationibus</span><a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href= + "#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> + <span style="font-style: italic">et ita quidem, ut postquam + multifariam multisque modis olim locutus esset patribus in + prophetis novissime Nobis locutus est in Filio, per quem fecit et + saecula</span><a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href= + "#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a><span style="font-style: italic">... + Deum enim nemo vidit umquam. Unigenitus Filius, qui est in sinu + Paris ipse ennarravit.</span></span><a id="noteref_6" name= + "noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> + Quapropter Apostolus, qui gentes Deum per ea, quae facta sunt + cognovisse testatur, disserens de <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">gratia et + veritate</span><a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href= + "#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; font-style: italic; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> + <span style="font-style: italic">quae per Jesum Christum facta est, + loquimur, iniquit, Dei sapientiam in mysterio, quae abscondita est + ... quam nemo principum hujus saeculi cognovit ... Nobis autem + revelavit Deus per Spiritum Suum ... Spiritus enim omnia scrutatur, + etiam profunda Dei. Quis enim hominum scit quae sunt hominis, nisi + Spiritus hominis, qui in ipso est? Ita et quae Dei sunt nemo + cognovit, nisi Spiritus Dei.</span></span><a id="noteref_8" name= + "noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> Hisce + aliisque fere innumeris divinis eloquiis inhaerentes SS. Patres in + Ecclesiae doctrina tradenda continenter distinguere curarunt rerum + divinarum notionem, quae naturalis intelligentiae vi omnibus est + communis ab illarum rerum notitia, quae per Spiritum Sanctum fide + suscipitur, et constanter docuerunt, per hanc ea nobis in Christo + revelari mysteria, quae non solam humanam philosophiam, verum etiam + Angelicam naturalem intelligentiam transcendunt, quaeque etiamsi + divina revelatione innotuerint, et ipsa fide fuerint suscepta, + tamen sacro ad hue ipsius fidei velo tecta et obscura caligine + obvoluta permanent, quamdiu in hac mortali vita peregrinamur a + Domino.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href= + "#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> Ex his + omnibus patet alienam omnino esse a catholicae Ecclesiae doctrina + sententiam, qua idem Frohschammer asserere non dubitat, omnia + indiscriminatim christianae religionis dogmata esse objectum + naturalis scientiae, seu philosophiae, et humanam rationem + historice tantum excultam, modo haec dogmata ipsi rationi tanquam + objectum proposita fuerint, posse ex suis naturalibus viribus et + principio ad veram de omnibus etiam reconditioribus dogmatibus + scientiam pervenire. Nunc vero in memoratis ejusdem auctoris + scriptis alia domanitur sententia, quae catholicae Ecciesiae + doctrinae, ac sensui plane adversatur. Etenim eam philosophiae + tribuit libertatem, quae non scientiae libertas, sed omnio + reprobanda et intoleranda philosophiae licentia sit appellanda. + Quadam enim distinctione inter philosophum et philosophiam facta, + tribuit philosopho jus et officium se submittendi auctoritati, quam + veram ipse probaverit, sed utrumque philosophiae ita denegat, ut + nulla doctrinae revelatae ratione habita asserat, ipsam nunquam + debere ac posse Auctoritati se submittere. Quod esset toet crandum + et forte admittendum, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg + 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + si haec dicerentur de jure tantum, quod habit philosophia suis + principiis, seu methodo, ac suis conclusionibus, uti, sicut et + aliae scientiae, ac si ejus libertas consisteret in hoc suo jure + utendo, ita ut nihil in sea dmitteret, quod non fuerit ab ipsa suis + conditionibus acquisitum, aut fuerit ipsi alienum. Sed haec justa + philosophiae libertas suos limites noscere et experiri debet. + Nunquam enim non solum philosopho, verum etiam philosophiae + licebit, aut aliquid contrarium dicere iis, quae divina revelatio, + et Ecclesia docet, aut aliquid ex eisdem in dubium vocare propterea + quod non intelligit, aut judicium non suscipere, quod Ecclesiae + auctoritas de aliqua philosophiae conclusione, quae hujusque libera + erat, proferre constituit. Accedit etiam, ut idem auctor + philosophiae libertatem, seu potius effrenatam licentiam tam + acriter, tam temere propugnet, ut minime vereatur asserere, + Ecclesiam non solum non debere in philosophiam unquam + animadvertere, verum etiam debere ipsius philosophiae tolerare + erores, eique relinquere, ut ipsa se corrigat, ex quo evenit, ut + philosophi hanc philosophiae libertatem necessario participent, + atque ita etiam ipsi ab omni lege solvantur. Ecquis non videt quam + vehementer sit rejicienda, reprobanda, et omnini damnanda hujusmodi + Frohschammer sententia atque doctrina? Etenim Ecclesia ex divina + sua institutione et divinae fidei depositum integrum inviolatumque + diligentissime custodire, et animarum saluti summo studio debet + continenter advigilare, ac summa cura ea omnia amovere et + eliminare, quae vel fidei adversari, vel animarum salutem quovis + modo in discrimen adducere possunt. Quocirca Ecclesia ex potestate + sibi a divino suo Auctore commissa non solum jus, sed officium + praesertim habet non tolerandi, sed pro scribendi ac damnandi omnes + erores, si ita fedei integritas, et animarum salus postulaverint, + et omni philosopho, qui Ecclesiae filius esse velit, ac etiam + philosophiae officium incumbit nihil unquam dicere contra ea, quae + Ecclesia docet, et ea retractare, de quibus eos Ecclesia monuerit. + Sententiam autem, quae contrarium edocet omnino erroneam, et ipsi + fidei. Ecclesiae ejusque auctoritati vel maxime injuriosam esse + edicimus et declaramus. Quibus omnibus accurate perpensis, de + eorumdrm VV. FF. NN. S. R. E. Cardinalium Congregationis libris + notandis praepositae consilio, ac motu proprio, et certa scientia + matura deliberatione Nostra, deque Apostolicae Nostrae potestatis + plenitudine praedictos librus presbyteri Frohschammer tamquam + continentes propositiones et doctrinas respective falsas, erroneas, + Ecclesiae, ejusque actoritati ac juribus injuriosas reprobamus, + damnamus, ac pro reprobatis et damnatis ab omnibus haberi volumus, + atque eidem Congregationi mandamus, ut eosdem libros in indicem + prohibitorum librorum referat. Dum vero haec Tibi significamus, + Venerabilis Frater, non possumus non exprimere magnum animi Nostri + Dolorem cum videamus hunc filium eorumdem librorum auctorem, qui + ceteroquin de Ecclesia benemereri potuisset, infelici quodam cordis + impete misere abreptum in vias abire, quae ad salutem non ducunt, + ac magis magisque a recto tramite aberrare. Cum enim alius ejus + liber de animarum origine prius fuisset damnatus non solum se + minime submisit, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg + 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + verum etiam non extimuit, eumdem errorem in his etiam libridenuo + docere, et Nostram Indicis Congregationem contumeliis cumen lare, + ac multa alia contra Ecclesiae agendi rationem temere mendaciterque + pronuntiare. Quae omnia talia sunt, ut iis merito atque optimo jure + indignare potuissemus. Sed nolumus adhuc paternae Nostrae + charitatis viscera erga illum deponere, et idcirco Te Venerabilis + Frater, excitamus, ut velis eidem manifestare cor Nostrum paternum, + et acerbiseimum dolorem, cujus ipse est causa, ac simul ipsum + saluberrimis monitis hortari et monere, ut Nostram, quae communis + est omnium Patris vocem audiat, ac resipiscat, quemadmodum + catholicae Ecclesiae filium decet, et ita nos omnes laetitia + afficiat, ac tandem ipse felixiter experiatur quam jucundum sit, + non vana quadam et perniciosa libertate gaudere, sed Domini, + adhaerere, cugus jugum suave est, et onus leve, cujus eloquo casta, + igne examinata, cujus judicia vera, justificata in semetipsa, et + cujus universae viae misericordia et veritas. Denique hac etiam + occasione libentissime utimur, ut iterum testemur et confirmemus + praecipuam Nostram in Te benevolentiam. Cujus quoque pignus esse + volumus Apostolicam Benedictionem, quam intimo cordis affectu Tibi + ipsi, Venerabilis Frater, et gregi Tuae curae commisso paremanter + impertimus. Datum Romaae apud S. Petrum die 11 Decembris anno 1862, + Pontificatus Nostri anno decimo septimo.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pius PP. IX.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">II. Decree Of The Congregation Of + Rites.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Roman + ritual, speaking of the Blessed Eucharist, prescribes as follows: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Lampades coram eo plures vel saltem una + diu notucque colluceat”</span>. These lamps are to be fed with + olive oil, which the Church has adopted for mystic reasons in so + many of her sacred rites. But in many countries the difficulty of + procuring olive oil is considerable, and the expense greater than + small churches can bear. Several prelates of France, moved by these + reasons, asked permission to burn in the lamps before the Blessed + Sacrament oils other than from olives. The following is the + answer:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Decretum: Plurium + Dioeceseum.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nonnulli + Reverendissimi Galliarum Antistites serio perpendentes in multis + suarum Dioeceseum Ecclesiis difficile admodum et nonnisi magnis + sumptibus comparari posse oleum olivarum ad nutriendam diu noctuque + saltem unam lampadam ante Sanctissimum Eucharistiae Sacramentum, ab + Apostolica Sede declarari petierunt utrum in casu, attentis + difficultatibus et Ecclesiarum paupertate, oleo, olivarum substitue + possint alea olea quae ex vegetalibus habentur, ipso non excluso + petroleo. Sacra porro Rituum Congregatio, etsi semper sollicita ut + etiam in hac parte quod usque ab <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ecclesiae primordiis circa usum olei ex + olivis inductum est, ob mysticas significationes retineatur; + attamen silentio praeterire minime censuit rationes ab iisdem + Episcopis prolatas; ac proinde exquisito prius Voto alterius ex + Apostolicarum Coeremoniarum Magistris, subscriptus Cardinalis + Praefectus ejusdem Sacrae Congregationis rem omnem proposuit in + Ordinariis Commitiis ad Vaticanum hodierna die habitis. + Eminentissimi autem et Reverendissimi Patres Sacris tuendis Ritibus + praepositi, omnibus accurate perpensis ac diligentissime + examinatis, rescribendum censuerunt: Generatim utendum esse oleo + olevarum: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ubi vero haberi nequeatt remittendum + prudentiae Episcoporum ut lampades nutriantur ex aliis oleis + quantum fieri possit vegetabilibus</span></span> die 9 Julii + 1864.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Facta postmodum + de praemissis Sanctissimo Domino Nostro Pio Papae IX. per + infrascriptum Secretarium fideli relatione, Sanctitas Sua + sententiam Sacrae Congregationis ratam habuit et confirmavit. Die + 14 iisdem mense et anno.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">C. Episcopus + Portuen. et S. Rufinae Card. Patrizi S. R. C. Praef. + Loco</span></span> ✠ Signi <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">D. Bartolini S. R. C. + Secretarius</span></span>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Notices Of Books.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">I.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Martyrologium + Dungallense, seu Calendarium Sanctorum Hiberniae.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Collegit + et digessit</span></span> Fr. Michael O'Clery, Ord. Fr. Min. + Strictioris Observantiae. Permissu et facultate Superiorum. + 1630.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Martyrology of + Donegal: a Calendar of the Saints of Ireland</span></span>, + translated from the original Irish by the late John O'Donovan, + LL.D., M.R.I.A., Professor of Celtic Literature in the Queen's + College, Belfast. Edited, with the Irish text, by James Henthorn + Todd, D.D., M.R.I.A., F.S.A., Senior Fellow of Trinity College, + Dublin; and by William Reeves, D.D., M.R.I.A., Vicar of Lusk, etc. + Dublin: printed for the Archaeological Society. Thom, 1864, lv.-566 + pp.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Martyrology of + Donegal</span></span> was completed on the 19th of April, 1630, in + the Franciscan convent of Donegal. The compilers were Brother + Michael O'Clery, a lay brother of that convent, with three + associates who with him are so well known by the name of + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Four Masters”</span>. Colgan + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Acta + Sanctorum Hiberniae</span></span>, tom. 1, p. 5 a.) thus speaks of + it: <span class="tei tei-q">“Martyrologium quod Dungallense + vocamus, nostris diebus ex diversis tum Martyrologiis, tum + annalibus patriis collectum est, partim operâ Authorum qui Annales + communes, de <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg + 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + quibus infra, compilarunt in Conventu Dungallensi; partim opera + Patrum ejusdem Conventus qui sanctos, qui extra patriam vixerunt et + de quibus hystorici exteri scripserunt, addiderant”</span>. The + Donegal copy of 1630 was a more complete transcript of a first + copy, made by Michael O'Clery in the preceding year at Douay. Both + copies are now extant in the Burgundian Library at Brussels, but + circumstances have not permitted Dr. Todd to get the first copy + also transcribed. Both copies are autographs of Michael + O'Clery.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first to + discover the mine of Irish MSS. in Brussels was Mr. L. Waldron, + M.P., who, in 1844, at the request of Professor O'Curry, examined + the library there. By the influence of Lord Clarendon, then + lord-lieutenant of Ireland, with the government, Dr. Todd procured + from the Belgian government, in 1848, the loan of several MSS. of + the greatest importance, with the permission to have them + transcribed. One of these was the autograph MS. of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Martyrology of + Donegal</span></span>, prepared for the press by the author, with + the approbations of his ecclesiastical superiors. A copy of it was + executed by the late Professor O'Curry with the skill and beauty of + his unequalled penmanship; and this copy was collated with the + original, whilst it was still in Dr. Todd's possession. From + O'Curry's copy Dr. Reeves made another for his own use, and from + this he made a third transcript for the printers, and the + translator, Dr. O'Donovan. This translation was the last labour of + Dr. O'Donovan's life.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The contents of + the volume are distributed as follows: An introduction (ix.-xxiv.) + by Dr. Todd is followed by an appendix (xxiv.-xlix.) containing + <span class="tei tei-q">“a number of memoranda, references to + authorities, and miscellaneous notes, which have been written by + the author, and others, through whose hands the MS. has passed, on + the fly-leaves at the beginning and end of each volume”</span>. + Many of them are of great interest. Then come the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Testimonia et + Approbationes</span></span> (xlix.-lv.) of Flann Mac Egan, Conner + McBrody, Dr. Malachy O'Cadhla, Archbishop of Tuam; Dr. Boetius Mac + Egan, Bishop of Elphin; Dr. Thomas Fleming, Archbishop of Dublin; + and Dr. Roth Mac Geoghegan, Bishop of Kildare. The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Martyrology</span></span> proper follows + (1-351) with the Irish text on one page and Dr. O'Donovan's + translation on the other. The notes appended are but few, and serve + merely to explain obscurities in the text, to settle the reading, + or to correct some obvious mistake. For almost all the notes we are + indebted to Dr. Todd himself. A table of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Martyrology</span></span>, compiled by the + author, and translated by Dr. Todd, occupies from page 354 to page + 479, and is followed by three indexes, compiled by Dr. Reeves, one + of persons (485-528), another of places (529-553), and a third of + matters (544-566). These indexes, says Dr. Todd, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“possess a topographical and historical interest quite + independent of their connection with <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the present work, and are in themselves a + most important practical help to the study of Irish + history”</span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What is the + value of this work? What position does it occupy among Irish + Ecclesiastical documents? It cannot be regarded as an <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">original</span></em> authority. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is confessedly a compilation, and of comparatively + recent date, having been completed, as we have seen, in the early + part of the seventeenth century. But it is a compilation made by a + scholar peculiarly well fitted for the task, who had access to all + the original documents then extant in the Irish language, the + matter of which he has transferred either in whole or in part into + the present work, quoting in almost every instance the sources from + which he drew his information”</span> (Introd., p. xiii.). The bare + enumeration of these sources will serve to show the value of the + book. I. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Metrical Calendar, or Festilogium of + Aengus Ceile De</span></span>, commonly called the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Felire of + Aengus</span></span>. Its author was a monk of Tallaght, near + Dublin, in the days when Saint Maolruain was abbot, about the + beginning of the ninth century. Dr. Kelly of Maynooth has published + a translation of a portion of this <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Metrical + Calendar</span></span> in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Calendar of Irish Saints</span></span>. II. + The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Martyrology of Tallaght</span></span>. This is + a transcript of a very ancient martyrology containing the names of + the saints and martyrs of the entire Church, with the Irish saints + added under each day. It was composed at the close of the ninth or + very early in the tenth century. The Brussels MS. is an abstract of + the ancient copy at Saint Isidore's at Rome, but it contains the + Irish saints alone, omitting altogether the general martyrology. It + was from a transcript of the Belgian MS. that Dr. Kelly published + in 1857 the calendar alluded to above. III. The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calendar of + Cashel</span></span>, which is not now known to exist. According to + Colgan, its author flourished about the year 1030. IV. The + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Martyrology of Maolmuire</span></span> (or + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Marianus</span></span>) <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">O'Gorman</span></span>, written in Irish + verse, in the times of Gelasius, Archbishop of Armagh, about 1167. + Its author was abbot of Knock, near Louth, and the work is taken + from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Felire of Tallaght</span></span>, and is not + confined to Irish saints. V. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Book of Hymns</span></span>, a portion of + which has already been published by the Irish Archaeological and + Celtic Society, and of which a second portion is in the press, + under the care of Dr. Todd. VI. Poems, such as the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Poem of St. Cuimin of + Condeire (Connor)</span></span>, of the middle of the seventh + century, published by Dr. Kelly, with a translation by Professor + O'Curry; the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Naoimhseanchus</span></span>, attributed by + Colgan to Selbach of the tenth century; the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Poem of St. Moling of + Ferns</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 675-695), and several + minor poems. VII. Several of the great collections or <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliothecae</span></span>, of which he names + expressly the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Book of Lecan</span></span>, the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Leabhar na + Huidre</span></span>, and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Book of Lismore</span></span>. VIII. The lives + of saints in Irish and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg + 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Latin. Of these he quotes no less than thirty-one. From this list + it will be seen that almost all the literature of the early Irish + Church has helped to enrich the pages of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Martyrology of + Donegal</span></span>. And since <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">norma orandi legem statuit + credendi</span></span>, we could scarcely find a nobler monument of + the faith and practice of our forefathers. The Church that places + on her list of saints, bishops, and priests, and abbots, and + consecrated virgins, and hermits, possesses in that very calendar a + mark deep and broad enough to distinguish her from all the sects + that belong to modern Protestantism.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">II.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lectures on Modern + History, delivered at the Catholic University of + Ireland.</span></span> By Professor J. B. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Robertson</span></span>; cr. 8vo, p.p. + xvi., 528. Dublin: W. B. Kelly, 1864.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The lectures + included in this volume were delivered in the Catholic University + of Ireland, on various occasions, in the years 1860 to 1864, and + their purport has been well expressed in the author's own words. + Speaking in reference to all his literary labours, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I devoted”</span>, says Professor Robertson, + <span class="tei tei-q">“my feeble powers to the defence of God and + His holy Church against unbelief and misbelief; and of social order + and liberty, against the principles of revolution, which are but + impiety in a political form”</span>. In these words we have the + key-note of the entire work. The <span class="tei tei-q">“History + of Spain in the Eighteenth Century”</span> forms the subject of two + lectures. To these is added a supplement of more than fifty pages, + in which the late Mr. Buckle's <span class="tei tei-q">“Essay on + Spain”</span>, contained in his <span class="tei tei-q">“History of + Civilization”</span>, is severely but most deservedly criticised, + and, we may add, is refuted by solid and convincing arguments.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In four lectures + our author discusses the <span class="tei tei-q">“life, writings, + and times of M. de Chateaubriand”</span>, involving, much of the + internal history of France, especially as regards literature and + religion under the first Napoleon and the succeeding governments + down to the Revolution in 1848. These lectures are full of + interest. But what must be considered as by far the most important + portion of this volume is that in which Professor Robertson treats + of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Secret Societies of Modern + Times”</span>. In two lectures he traces the origin and progress of + the Freemasons, the Illuminati, the Jacobins, the Carbonari, and + the Socialists; and in an appendix adds a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“brief exposition of the principal heads of Papal + legislation on Secret Societies”</span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such are the + contents of the work. The style is agreeable and clear, the diction + felicitous, and above all, the sentiments just, equally + characterised by extensive information, political <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> sagacity, and a profound reverence for + divine faith. The professor has happily avoided both the tedious + exhaustiveness of the German, and the brilliant flippancy which so + often charms us in the French. Nor has he been unmindful of the + more laborious students who would not shrink from the toil of + research after further information. For these he has provided such + an array of authorities, on each of his subjects, as must greatly + facilitate the progress of those who would engage in diligent + historical investigation. We know not where else there could be had + so intelligible an account of the secret societies which have been + so active in all the political convulsions of Europe, from 1789 to + the present time. We need not advert to the part which secret + societies have had in producing the present deplorable state of + Italy. To the readers of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà Cattolica</span></span> such reference + would be unnecessary. To those who have not the advantage of + regularly reading that most instructive periodical we would + recommend Professor Robertson's lectures, as containing, in a + moderate sized volume, a most perspicuous summary of what is + requisite to be known concerning those dark conspiracies and their + objects. If it were only for this, the volume would be a most + welcome addition to our historical library.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The book has + been brought out with the utmost elegance of paper, type, and + printing.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">III.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Roma Sotterrana + Cristiana descritta ed illustrata</span></span> dal Cav. G. B. de + Rossi. Publicata per ordine della Santità di N. S. Papa Pio IX. + Chromolithografia Ponteficia Roma, 1864. vol. 1.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Christian + Subterranean Rome, described and illustrated</span></span> by Cav. + G. B. de Rossi. Published by order of His Holiness Pope Pius IX., + vol. 1.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1861 Cavalier + de Rossi published the first volume of his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inscriptiones + Christianae Urbis Romae seculo VII. antiquiores</span></span>. On + to-day we announce the appearance of the first volume of his long + expected work on Subterranean Rome. In the introduction the author + passes in review all that has been done to explore the Catacombs, + from the fourteenth century to our day. Pomponius Laetus, + Pauvinius, Ciacconius, and especially Bosio and Bottari, claim his + attention in turn. After a sketch of the results of the labours + undertaken in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Cav. de + Rossi shows what yet remains to be done, and what part of this he + himself proposes to accomplish.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second part + of the volume is entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“Remarks on + ancient Christian Cemeteries in general, and on those of Rome in + particular”</span>: <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg + 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the whole is divided into three parts. Part I. on the Christian + Cemeteries in general, treats of their antiquity, their divisions + into subterranean and non-subterranean, and the respective marks of + each class. The author here proves that even in the third century, + when Christianity was persecuted to the death, the Christian + Cemeteries had a legal existence recognized by the Emperors. Part + II. is devoted to the documents which illustrate the history and + topography of the Catacombs, and embraces contemporary documents, + historical and liturgical treatises later than the fourth century, + lives of Pontiffs, etc. Part III. contains a general history of the + Roman Cemeteries, arranged in four periods: beginning respectively, + with the apostolic times; the third century; the peace of + Constantine (312); and the fifth century, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 410. In the second + century the catacombs were of slow growth; in the third, their + extent became most remarkable; after Constantine, they began to be + abandoned as places of sepulture; with the fifth century set in + their decay, leading to the removal of the relics of the saints to + the churches within the walls, whither the sacrilegious hands of + Goths and Lombards, who periodically pillaged the Campagna, could + not reach; finally, after the ninth century, they were almost + forgotten. Part IV. contains the analytical description of the + Christian Cemeteries. The Cemetery of Callixtus, the most ancient + and most celebrated of all, is described at length.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">IV.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vetera Monumenta + Hibernorum et Scotorum Historiam Illustrantia; quae ex Vaticani, + Neapolis, ac Florentiae Tabularis depromsit, et Ordine chronologico + disposuit</span></span> Augustinus Theiner, Presbyter Cong. + Oratorii, Tabulariorum Vaticanorum Praefectus, etc. Folio, Romae, + Typis Vaticanis, 1864. One Volume folio, pages 624.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The notice of + the See of Ardagh in the sixteenth century, printed in our opening + number, has probably prepared our readers to estimate the value of + the important series of documents upon which it is founded. We + purposed to urge strongly upon the clergy of Ireland the duty of + supporting generously the distinguished scholar, who in his love of + Ireland has undertaken the costly and laborious work of publishing + all the manuscript materials of Irish history which are preserved + in the archives of the Vatican, and has already given in the + opening volume an earnest of their extent, as well as of their + historical value. We are happy, however, to find that what we had + desired and intended, has already been put in a practical form, and + that an effort has been made to forward among the friends of Irish + history <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg + 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the sale of this most interesting collection. We cannot, therefore, + we believe, advance more effectually the object which we have at + heart, than by transferring to our pages the following notice, + which has been printed for private circulation:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Monsignor Theiner's Collection from the Secret + Archives of the Vatican, of Naples, and of Florence, is + unquestionably the most important contribution to the history of + the Church in these countries since the great historical movement + of the seventeenth century. It comprises upwards of a thousand + original documents, Pontifical Bulls, Briefs, and Letters, + Consistorial Acts, Inquisitions, Reports, etc., ranging from the + pontificate of Honorius III., 1216, to that of Paul III., + 1547.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“These papers, in the main, relate to the history of + Ireland and of Scotland, especially of the former country. There is + hardly a diocese in Ireland of which they do not contain some + notice, and in many cases, as, for instance, that of Ardagh, + already noticed by the learned editor of the Essays of the lamented + Dr. Matthew Kelly, but traced in detail in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish Ecclesiastical + Record</span></span>, No. I., pp. 13-17, they serve to fill up + important breaks in the existing records, and to correct grave and + vital errors in the received histories.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“But, in addition to the Irish and Scotch documents, + the volume contains many of wider and more general interest; among + which it will be enough to specify a single series—nearly a hundred + unpublished letters of Henry VIII., relating chiefly to the + negociations regarding the divorce, which they present in a light + almost completely new.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“This volume is printed entirely at the expense of the + distinguished editor. It is meant as an experiment; and, should the + sale, for which he must mainly rely upon the countries chiefly + interested, suffice to cover the bare cost of publication, it is + his intention to continue the series from the archives of the + Vatican, down through the still more interesting, and, for Irish + history, more obscure, as well as more important, period of Edward + VI., Mary, Elizabeth, and James I.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Mgr. Theiner has requested his friend, Rev. Dr. + Russell, President of St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, to receive + and transmit to Rome any orders far the volume with which he may be + favoured.”</span></p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sacred Latin Poetry</span></span>, selected + and arranged by R. C. Trench, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin, etc. + Macmillan and Co., London and Cambridge. 1864.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href= + "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Nihil obstat + si etiam in his omnibus et Ipse (Redemptor noster) signetur. Ipse + enim Unigenitus Dei Filius <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">veraciter</span></em> factus est <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">homo</span></em>: + ipse in sacrificio nostrae redemptionis dignatus est mori ut + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vitulus</span></em>: ipse per virtutem suae + fortitudinis surrexit ut <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">leo</span></em>.... Ipse etiam post + resurrectionem suam ascendnes ad coelos, in superioribus est + elevatus ut <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">aquila</span></em>. Totum ergo simul nobis + est, qui et nascendo <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">homo</span></em>, et moriendo <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vitulus</span></em>, et resurgendo <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">leo</span></em>, et + ad coelos ascendendo <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">aquila</span></em> factus + est”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">S. Greg. Magn., Hom.</span></span> iv. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in + Ezech.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href= + "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Destiny of the Irish Race</span></span>: a + lecture delivered at Philadelphia on the 17th of March, 1864, by + Rev. M. O'Connor, S. J. In order to give to our readers the + beautiful lecture of the ex-Bishop of Pittsburgh, we have increased + the number of pages in this month's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Record</span></span>.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ed. I. E. + R.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href= + "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Col. 1. v. 26. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href= + "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hebr. 1, v. 1, 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href= + "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Joan. 1, v. 18.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href= + "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Joan 1, v. 17.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href= + "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">1 Corint. v. 2, 7, 8, 10, 11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href= + "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Joan. Chrys. hom. 7. in 1. Corinth. + S. Ambros. de fide ad Grat. S. Leo de Nativ. Dom. Serm. 9. S. + Cyril. Alex. contr. Nestor. lib. 3. in Joan, 1, 9. S. Joan, Dam. de + fide orat. II, 1, 2, in 1, 2, in 1 Cor. c. 2, S. Hier. in Galat. + III, 2.</dd> + </dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, NOVEMBER 1864*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader25" id="rightpageheader25"></a><a name= + "pgtoc26" id="pgtoc26"></a><a name="pdf27" id="pdf27"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">February 2, + 2012 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI + edition 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Produced by Bryan Ness, David King, + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at + <http://www.pgdp.net/>. 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"http://www.gutenberg.org/tei/marcello/0.4/dtd/pgtei.dtd" [ + +<!ENTITY u5 "http://www.tei-c.org/Lite/"> + +]> + +<TEI.2 lang="en"> +<teiHeader> + <fileDesc> + <titleStmt> + <title>The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, November 1864</title> + </titleStmt> + <editionStmt> + <edition n="1">Edition 1</edition> + </editionStmt> + <publicationStmt> + <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher> + <date>February 2, 2012</date> + <idno type="etext-no">38751</idno> + <availability> + <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and + with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it + away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg + License online at www.gutenberg.org/license</p> + </availability> + </publicationStmt> + <sourceDesc> + <bibl> + Created electronically. + </bibl> + </sourceDesc> + </fileDesc> + <encodingDesc> + </encodingDesc> + <profileDesc> + <langUsage> + <language id="en"></language> + <language id="la"></language> + <language id="fr"></language> + </langUsage> + </profileDesc> + <revisionDesc> + <change> + <date value="2012-02-02">February 2, 2012</date> + <respStmt> + <name> + Produced by Bryan Ness, David King, and the Online + Distributed Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. + (This file was produced from images generously + made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian + Libraries.) + </name> + </respStmt> + <item>Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</item> + </change> + </revisionDesc> +</teiHeader> + +<pgExtensions> + <pgStyleSheet> + .boxed { x-class: boxed } + .shaded { x-class: shaded } + .rules { x-class: rules; rules: all } + .indent { margin-left: 2 } + .bold { font-weight: bold } + .italic { font-style: italic } + .smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps } + </pgStyleSheet> + + <pgCharMap formats="txt.iso-8859-1"> + <char id="U0x2014"> + <charName>mdash</charName> + <desc>EM DASH</desc> + <mapping>--</mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2003"> + <charName>emsp</charName> + <desc>EM SPACE</desc> + <mapping> </mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2026"> + <charName>hellip</charName> + <desc>HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</desc> + <mapping>...</mapping> + </char> + </pgCharMap> +</pgExtensions> + +<text lang="en"> + <front> + <div> + <divGen type="pgheader" /> + </div> + <div> + <divGen type="encodingDesc" /> + </div> + + <div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">The Irish Ecclesiastical Record</p> + <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">Volume 1.</p> + <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">November, 1864</p> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <head>Contents</head> + <divGen type="toc" /> + </div> + + </front> +<body> + +<pb n='049'/><anchor id='Pg049'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>The Holy See And The Liberty Of The Irish +Church At The Beginning Of The Present +Century.</head> + +<p> +All students of Irish Catholic affairs must feel, at every moment, +that we are at a great loss for a collection of ecclesiastical +documents connected with our Church. The past misfortunes +of Ireland explain the origin of this want. During the persecutions +of Elizabeth, of James the First, and Cromwell, our ancient +manuscripts, and the archives of our convents and monasteries, +were ruthlessly destroyed. At a later period, whilst the +penal laws were in full operation, it was dangerous to preserve +official ecclesiastical papers, lest they should be construed by the +bigotry and ignorance of our enemies into proofs of sedition or +treason. Since liberty began to dawn on our country, things +have undergone a beneficial change, and recently great efforts +have been made to rescue and preserve from destruction every +remaining fragment of our ancient history, and every document +calculated to throw light on the annals of our Church. We are +anxious to coöperate in this good work, and we shall feel deeply +grateful to our friends if they forward to us any official ecclesiastical +papers, either ancient or modern, that it may be desirable +to preserve. Receiving such papers casually, we cannot insert +them in the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Record</hi> in chronological order, but by aid of an +Index, to be published at the end of each volume, the future +historian will be able to avail himself of them for his purposes. +</p> + +<pb n='050'/><anchor id='Pg050'/> + +<p> +To-day we insert in our columns two letters never published +before, as far as we can learn, in their original language. They +were addressed, in the beginning of this century, by the learned +Archbishop of Myra, Monsignore Brancadoro, Secretary of the +Propaganda, to a distinguished Dominican, Father Concanen, then +agent of the Irish bishops, who was afterwards promoted to the +See of New York, and who died at Naples, in the year 1808, +before he could take possession of his diocese. +</p> + +<p> +The first letter, dated the 7th August, 1801, refers to certain +resolutions adopted by ten Irish prelates, in January, 1799, at a +sad period of our history, when Ireland was in a state of utter +prostration, and abandoned to the fury of an Orange faction. In +such circumstances, we are not to be surprised that the Catholics +of Cork, Waterford, Wexford, and many other parts of Ireland, +in the hope of preserving their lives and property, should have +petitioned to be united to England; or that Catholic prelates, +anxious to gain protection for their flocks, should have endeavoured +to propitiate those who had the power of the government +in their hands, by taking into consideration the proposals then +made—that the state should provide for the maintenance of the +clergy, and that a right should be given to the state to inquire +into the loyalty of such ecclesiastics as might be proposed for the +various sees of Ireland. +</p> + +<p> +The celebrated Dr. Milner, treating of the resolutions just referred +to, observes in his <hi rend='italic'>Supplementary Memoirs</hi>, p. 115, that +they had nothing in common with the veto which was afterwards +proposed by government in 1805, and several times in succeeding +years, and adds, that the prelates <q>stipulated for their own +just influence, and also for the consent of the Pope in this important +business.</q> +</p> + +<p> +According to the wise determination of the prelates, the +matters they had agreed to were referred to the judgment of the +Supreme Head of the Church. A speedy answer, however, could +not be obtained. At that time the great Pontiff, Pius the Sixth, +was a captive in the hands of the French Republicans, and soon +after died a martyr at Valence in France. The Holy See was +then vacant for several months, until, by the visible interposition +of Providence, Italy was freed from her invaders, and the cardinals +were enabled to assemble in conclave to elect a new Pope. +Soon after his promotion, Pius the Seventh occupied himself with +the affairs of our Church, and the secretary of the Propaganda received +instructions to communicate through Father Concanen to +the Irish Prelates the wishes of his Holiness. +</p> + +<p> +The substance of the official note of Monsignore Brancadoro is, +1. That his Holiness is thankful to the British government for +the relaxation of the penal laws to which Catholics had been so +<pb n='051'/><anchor id='Pg051'/> +long subjected, and for any other acts of liberality or kindness +conferred on them. 2. That the Irish prelates, whilst manifesting +their gratitude for the favours they had received, should +prove, by their conduct, that it was not through a feeling of self-interest, +or through hopes of temporal advantages, that they inculcated +on their flocks the necessity of obedience to the laws +and the conscientious fulfilment of the duties of good citizens; but +that they did so through a spirit of religion, and in conformity +with the dictates of the gospel. 3. That to prove how sincerely +they were animated with those feelings, the Irish prelates should +refuse the proffered pension, and continue to act and support +themselves as they have done for the past, thus giving an example +of Christian perfection which would not fail to give +general edification. +</p> + +<p> +The second letter is also from the secretary of Propaganda to +Father Concanen, and is dated 25th of Sept., 1805, in which year +Dr. Milner had just brought under the notice of the Holy See +some new projects of government interference with the Catholic +clergy, which had lately been introduced into Parliament by Sir +John Hippisley, at that time a supporter of Emancipation, but +who afterwards gave proofs of a great desire to enslave the +Catholic Church. +</p> + +<p> +In the second letter Monsignore Brancadoro states the apprehension +felt by the S. Congregation, lest the moment of the +Catholic triumph should prove the one most dangerous to the +purity and stability of the Catholic religion since the Reformation; +that it would be no injustice to suspect the British Government +of being influenced by designs to that very effect; +that the Bishops should, therefore, as a general principle, renounce +all idea of advancing their own proper interests, or of securing +any temporal advantages, lest through human frailty they should +inadvertently be surprised into any concessions which in course +of time might prove injurious to the interests of religion. The +Secretary then goes on to say that the S. Congregation found +serious difficulties, more or less, in all the plans which, as Dr. +Milner had reported, had been proposed by the statesmen of the +day in England. These plans were:—1. The pensioning of the +clergy. 2. State interference in the nomination of Bishops. 3. +The restoration of the Hierarchy in England. 4. The concession +to the ministry of the right to examine the communications +which might pass between the English and Irish Catholics and +the Holy See. +</p> + +<p> +As to the plan of pensioning the clergy, Monsignore Brancadoro +points out the dangers to which its adoption would expose +them. If they accept a pension from government, the +offerings of the faithful will be undoubtedly withdrawn, and the +<pb n='052'/><anchor id='Pg052'/> +priesthood will be left quite dependent on the caprice of those +in power. He recalls to Father Concanen's memory, that in +his previous letter of the 7th of August, 1801, he had announced +to him the Pope's wish that the Irish clergy should decline all +pensions from the government, and mentions that the Irish +Bishops, in reply, had stated that they willingly renounced all +temporal advantages in order to preserve religion uninjured. +</p> + +<p> +The secretary of the Propaganda next reminds his correspondent +that Pius VI., in a brief of 20th March, 1791, had condemned +a decree of the National Assembly of France, by which +the clergy of that country were made pensioners of the state; and +he adds that the Holy See had resisted a similar attempt of the +English government in regard to the clergy of Corsica, when +that island had fallen into their hands. +</p> + +<p> +Examining the various vetoistical plans mentioned by Dr. +Milner, Monsignore Brancadoro quotes the authority of the +great and learned Pontiff, Benedict XIV., to show how decidedly +opposed the Holy See has always been to every project directed +to vest Catholic ecclesiastical appointments in the hands of a +Protestant sovereign. This question is discussed in a brief of +that Pope addressed to the Bishop of Breslau on the 15th of +May, 1748, and his words are as follows: <q>There is not recorded +in the whole history of the Church a single example in +which the appointment of a bishop or abbot was conceded to a +sovereign of a different religion</q>. He adds <q>that he would +not, and could not, introduce a practice calculated to scandalize +the Catholic world, and which, besides bringing on him a dreadful +judgment in another world, would render his name odious +and accursed during life, and much more so after death</q>. +</p> + +<p> +2. The learned writer then proceeds to examine the various +plans of granting to government certain powers in regard to the +nomination of bishops, and explodes them all as replete with +danger to religion, and well calculated to enslave the Church. +</p> + +<p> +The plans proposed to lessen the Pope's unwillingness to grant +to the sovereign the right of nomination were the following:—Some +thought that the nomination should be limited to a certain +class of persons who should have been approved of by the episcopal +body after an examination and trial. Such a body might +be the vicars-general, of whom two should be appointed for +each diocese. The government was to be bound to choose the +bishops out of this body. This plan was rejected, first, because it +would really amount to vesting the nomination of bishops in a +non-Catholic sovereign; and secondly, on account of difficulties +created by the circumstances of the time and place. +</p> + +<p> +Others proposed to give the government the right of excluding +from the episcopal charge those obnoxious to itself. Monsignore +<pb n='053'/><anchor id='Pg053'/> +Brancadoro says of this plan, that unless this right of +exclusion were restricted by limits, it would be equivalent to a +real power of nomination. But even so, even after due limitation, +it was an absolute novelty in the Church, and no one could +tell what its consequences might be. Besides, it was uncalled for, +since the experience of so many centuries ought to have convinced +the government that the ecclesiastics appointed to govern +dioceses were always excellent citizens. Besides, it was the custom +of the Holy See not to appoint to a vacant diocese until it +had received the recommendation of the metropolitans and the +diocesan clergy. This was a safeguard against improper appointments. +</p> + +<p> +3. With respect to the restoration of the Hierarchy in England, +Monsignore Brancadoro blames the motive which induced +the English nobles to petition for such a change of church government, +namely, the desire they felt to have bishops less bound to +the Holy See. He declares that, although differing <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>quoad jus</foreign>, +bishops and vicars-apostolic did not differ in reality, and that the +Holy See was equally well satisfied with the bishops of Ireland, +and the vicars-apostolic of England and Scotland. +</p> + +<p> +4. The Secretary condemns, as worst of all, the plan of giving +to the ministers the right to examine the communications that +pass between the Holy See and the British and Irish Catholics. +Such a right has never been allowed, even to a Catholic power, +much less should it be allowed to a Protestant government. The +case of France was not to the point, for there the right was limited +to provisions of benefices alone. The government has no reason +to be afraid: the Holy See has expressly declared to bishops and +vicars-apostolic, that it does not desire any political information +from them. +</p> + +<p> +The two official notes we insert will be read in their original +language with great interest. They are noble monuments of the +zeal of the holy Pontiff, Pius VII., and of the vigilance with +which the Holy See has always endeavoured to uphold the rights +and independence of our ancient Church. Undoubtedly the +wise instructions given in those letters had no small share in +arousing that spirit with which a few years later our clergy and +people resisted and defeated all the efforts of British statesmen to +deprive our Church of her liberties, and to reduce her to the degraded +condition of the Protestant establishment. The notes of +the secretary of Propaganda are a fine specimen of ecclesiastical +writing, illustrating the maxim <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>fortiter in re, suaviter in +modo</foreign>. +</p> + +<pb n='054'/><anchor id='Pg054'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>I. From Mgr. Brancadoro to Father Concanen, O.P., Agent at +Rome for the Irish Bishops. +Dalla Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801.</head> + +<p> +Informata la Santità di Nostro Signore del nuovo piano ideato de +Governo Brittannico in supposto vantaggio della ecclesiastica Gerarchia +dei cattolici d'Irlanda, non ha punto esitato a manifestare la +più viva reconoscenza verso la spontanea e generosa liberalità del +prelodato Governo, cui professerà sempre la massima gratitudine, +per l'assistenze, e favori, che accorda ai mentovati cattolici de' suoi +dominj. Tenendo poi la Santità Sua per indubitato, che la sperimentata +fedeltà di quel Clero Cattolico Romano al legittimo suo +Sovrano derivi interamente dalle massime di nostra S. Religione, le +quali non possono mai esser soggette a verun cambiamento, desidera +il suddetto Governo resti assicurato, che i Metropolitani, i Vescovi e +il Clero tutto della Irlanda conoscerà sempre un tal suo stretto dovere, +e lo adempirà esattamente in qualunque incontro. Brama però +ad un tempo vivissimamente il S. Padre, che l'anzidetto Clero seguitando +il plausibile sistema da lui osservato finora si astenga scrupolosamente +dall' avere in mira qualunque suo proprio temporale vantaggio, +e che dimostrando sempre con parole, e con fatti la sincera +invariabilità del suo attacamento, riconoscenza, e sommissione al Governo +Brittanico, gli faccia vieppiù conoscere la realtà di sua gratitudine +alle offerte nuove beneficenze, dispensandosi dal profittarne, e +dando con ciò una luminosa prova di quel costantè disinteresse stimato +tanto conforme all' Apostolico zelo dei ministri del Santuario, e +tanto giovevole, e decoroso alla stessa cattolico Religione, come +quello che concilia in singular modo la stima, e il respetto verso dei +sagri ministeri, e che li rende più venerabili, e più cari ai fedeli commessi +alla loro spirituale direzione. +</p> + +<p> +Tali sono i precisi sentimenti che la Santità di Nostro Signore ha +ordinate al Segretario di Propaganda di communicare alla Paternità +Vostra affinchè per di Lei mezzo giungano senza ritardo a notizie +degli ottimi Metropolitani, e Vescovi del regno d'Irlanda, nel quale +spera fermamente Sua Santità, che come ad onta dei più gravi pericoli +si è già mantenuta in passato, cosi manterassi pur anco in avvenire +affatto illesa da ogni benchè menoma macchia la nostra cattolica +Religione. +</p> + +<p> +Lo scrivente pertanto nell' eseguire i Pontificj comandi si rassegna +nel suo particolare colla più distinta stima ec. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>II. From the same to the same. +Dalla Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Reverendissimo P. Maestro Concanen</hi>, +</p> + +<p> +La lettera del degnissimo Monsig. Milner, Vicario Apostolico del +distretto medio d'Inghilterra, diretta a V. P., la cui traduzione ella, +per ordine del Prefetto stesso, ha communicata all Arcivescovo di +<pb n='055'/><anchor id='Pg055'/> +Mira, Segretario di Propaganda, ha fatto entrare la Sacra Congregazione +nello stesso timore, che manifesta l' ottimo Prelato, che il momento +della fortuna dei cattolici nel Parlamento sia il più pericoloso +alla purità, e stabilità della nostra santa Religione, che sia mai +avvenuto dopo la pretesa riforma di quel regno, e non si farebbe +ingiuria al Governo acattolico, se si sospettassero appunto queste mire: +E perciò dovranno i Vicarj Apostolici, ed i Vescovi di quel dominio +abbandonare ogni mira di proprio vantaggio, ed interesse temporale, +da cui, indebolito il loro cuore potrebbe facilmente, senza avvedersene, +essere sorpreso a condiscendere in qualche cosa, che recherà, col +tempo, del pregiudizio alla Religione. +</p> + +<p> +Questo spirito di disinteresse si scorge già luminosamente in Monsig. +Milner dal tenore della sua lettera: e perciò chiede egli saviamento +della S. C. delle istruzioni, colle quali regolarsi nella trattativa, +in cui si trova impegnato. Ma la S. C. trova delle difficoltà +gravi, più o meno, in tutti i progetti, ch' egli narra, fatti da quei +politici. +</p> + +<p> +Ed in primo luogo, riguardo al progetto di assegnarsi stabili pensioni +sul pubblico erario ai Vescovi, ed al Clero di quel dominio, la +Santità di N. S. espresse già i suoi sentimenti, per mezzo di un +biglietto dell' Arcivescovo, che scrive, diretto a V. P, in data dei 7 +Agosto 1801, il quale essendo stato da lei comunicato ai metropolitani, +e vescovi d'Irlanda, essi risposero, che rinunziavano volentieri +a qualunque vantaggio temporale, per conservare illibata la +cattolica Religione. Sarà dunque opportuno di spedire a Mons. +Milner la copia di quel Biglietto, che si dà qui annessa. +</p> + +<p> +E per verità, accettandosi dal clero le pensioni, cesseranno immantinente +molti fondi di sussistenza, che ora ritrae dalla pietà de fedeli; +resteranno le pensioni per quasi unico mezzo di sostentamento. Ora +chi non vede a quali gravissime tentazioni non si esporrebbero gli +ecclesiastici, di condiscendere, in qualche cosa pregiudiziale alla s. +Religione, alla volontà di un Governo di religione diversa, che può +in un punto ridurlo allu mendicità col ritenere le pensioni? Per +questa, ed altre ragioni, essendosi adottata la massima di dare le pensioni +al clero dell' Assemblea Nazionale di Francia nella Costituzione +civile del clero, la Sa. Me. di Pio VI. la riprovò nel suo breve dei 20 +marzo 1791. pag. 61, e seg. Ed avendo la stessa corte di Londra, +quando entrò in possesso della Corsica, fatto il medesimo progetto, vi +si oppose la S. Sede, e quella Real corte desistè dall' impegno. +</p> + +<p> +Riguardo all' influenza, che si vorrebbe, del potere civile nella +nomina de' vescovi, cosi varj progetti, che si sono fatti, per regolare +una tale influenza, è in primo luogo da avvertirsi, che la nomina assolutamente +non potrà accordarsi al Sovrano, come acattolico. Al +qual proposito basterà riportare i sentimenti di Benedetto XIV. +Questo gran Pontefice in una sua lettera scritta al vescovo di Breslavia +li 15 maggio 1748, si espresse ne' seguenti termini.—"Non ritrovasi +in tutta la storia Ecclesiastica verun indulto conceduto da Romani +Pontefici ai Sovrani di altra comunione, il nominare a Vescovadi, +ed Abbadie—soggiungendo, che non voleva, ne poteva introdurre un +<pb n='056'/><anchor id='Pg056'/> +esempio, che scandalizzarebbe tutto il mondo cattolico, e che, oltre la +gravissima pena, la quale Iddio gli farebbe scontare nell' altro mondo, +renderebbe il suo nome esoso, e maledetto in tutto il tempo di sua +vita, e molto più in quello che avrebbe a decorrere dopo la di lui morte. +La stessa difficoltà sussisterebbe ugualmente, ancorchè il diritto di +nomina fosse limitato tra una classe di persone, esaminata prima, +e previamente sperimentata, ed approvata dal corpo dei Vescovi, +come quello de' Gran-Vicarj, da stabilirsene due in ogni Diocesi, e +Distretto. Ma oltre a questo, il progetto de' Gran-Vicarj involve +gravissime difficoltà per le circostanze locali. Perciocchè, lasciando +anche stare il pericolo dell' ambizione degli ecclesiastici presso de' +Vescovi, e Vicarj Apostolici per essere dichiarati Gran-Vicarj, +quando che ora, scegliendosi i soggetti da promuoversi dal ceto degli +operaj, s' impegnano anche gli ambiziosi a faticare a prò delle anime: +é chiaro ancoro, che in tanta penuria di ecclesiastici, ch' è in +tutto cotesto dominio, se si tolgono due Gran-Vicarj per ogni +Vicario Apostolico, o Vescovo, mancheranno affatto gli ecclesiastici +per la cura delle anime. +</p> + +<p> +Il semplice diritto di esclusiva involverebbe minori inconvenienti +intrinseci, purchè fosse limitato; giacchè altrimenti, a forza di escludere +si otterrebbe per indiretto una vera nomina. Ma questo diritto +è affatto nuovo; e l' introdurlo per la prima volta, non si sa a quali +conseguenze potrebbe condurre. Ma siccome tutti questi progetti si +fanno per assicurare il Governo, che non sia promossa persona, che +non gli sia invisa, dovrebbe bastare l' esperienza di tanti secoli, ad +assicurare il Governo, stesso della somma premura, che ha sempre +avuta la S. Sede, che i soggetti da lei promossi, non solo non siano +invisi, ma siano anche graditi del Governo stesso. Eo V. P. puó di +fatto proprio attestare della somma industria, attività, e segretezza +usatasi, qualche tempo fa, della S. Sede, per escludere persona, +che sospettava potere riuscire men gradita al Governo, benchè ape +poggiata da forti raccomandazioni, ed includesse altra persona, cha +sicuramente fosse di sua soddisfazione. Oltre di che essendo solitquesta +S. C. di attendere per gli promovendi gli attestati, e le postulazioni, +o le informazioni de' Metropolitani, o degli altri Vicarj +Apostolici, ed anche del clero della rispettiva Diocesi, prima di proporre +al S. P. i soggetti, da questi certamente sapra quali siano quelle persone, +che possano essere poco accette al Governo, per escluderle sicuramente. +</p> + +<p> +Quanto al desiderio de' Magnati, di avere vescovi, in vece di +Vicarj Apostolici, in se stesso considerato è santissimo, ed analogo +alla costituzione della Chiessa Cattolica; e se n' è trattato altre volte +in Inghilterra. Dispiace solamente il fine, per cui si fa un tal progetto, +cioè per avere Prelati meno aderenti alla S. Sede. Ma la S. +Sede nulla avrebba a temere da siffata innovazione, sull' esempio de' +vescovi d' Irlanda de quali è ugualmente contenta che de' Vicarj +Apostolici d' Inghilterra, e di Scozia. Senza che, la constante esperienza +dimostra, che quantunque in diritto sia diversa la condizione +de' Vicarj Apostolici de quella de' Vescovi; pure in fatti non porta +<pb n='057'/><anchor id='Pg057'/> +effetti diversi. Solo devrebbe rifflettersi alle circostanze de' tempi, ed +agl' incovenienti che potrebbero esercitare il cosi detto Club Cisalpino, +per evitarsi al possibile ogni innovazione. +</p> + +<p> +Più di tutti sarebbe fatale quel progretto, che per altro Monsig. +Milner dice essere di alcuni pochi, che ogni communicazione de' cattolici +colla S. Sede debba soggiacere all' esame de' ministri di S. M. +Questo diritto non si è mai riconosciuto dalla S. Sede in alcun principe +cattolico: e l' esempio che si cita, della Francia, era dai concordati +limitato alle sole ecclesiastiche proviste. Ma quanto sarebbe più +pericoloso in un Governo acattolico, con cui non è possibile di convenire +nelle massime religiose. Si spera per altro, che quei pochi, che +propongono, un tal progretto, non troveranno seguito: e che quel +Governo, che si vanta di lasciare una piena libertà ai suoi sudditi, +non vorra imporre loro una catena negli effari più delicati, che riguardano +la coscienza, per gli quali soltanto i cattolici, communicano colla +S. Sede: giacchè la S. C. nel questionario stampato, che manda a quei +Vescovi, e Vicarj Apostolici per norma della relazione delle loro +chiese, nel primo articolo si protesta espressamente che non vuole di +loro alcuna nuova politica. +</p> + +<p> +Molto consolante è poi, riuscito alla S. Congr. la nuova, che sia +riuscito, allo stesso Monsig. Milner di ottenere un' assai piú grande +libertà per gli soldati cattolici nell' esercizio della S. Religione; e che +abbia ben dispositi gli animi, per fare riconoscere validi nella legge +civile i matrimonj contratti avanti un sacerdote cattolico. V. Paternità +gliene faccia i più vivi ringraziamenti, per parte di questa +S. C. +</p> + +<p> +In fine l' Arcivescovo, che scrive, con piena stima se le rassegna. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>A Recent Protestant View Of The Church +Of The Middle Ages.</head> + +<p> +The history of the Church in the middle ages has ever forced +upon Protestant minds a difficulty which they have met by many +various methods of solution. The middle age exhibits so much +of precious side by side with so much of base, so much of the +beauty of holiness in the midst of ungodliness, so much of what +all Christians admit as truth with what Protestants call fatal +error, that the character of the whole cannot readily be taken +in at first sight from the Protestant point of view. Some there +are who dwell so long on the shadows that they close their eyes +to the light, and these declare the medieval Church to have been +a scene of unmitigated evil. To their minds the whole theology +of the period is useless, or worse than useless, harmful. They +connect the middle ages with wickedness as thoroughly as the +Manicheans connected matter with the evil principle. +</p> + +<pb n='058'/><anchor id='Pg058'/> + +<p> +Others there are who honestly admit that these ages, especially +their earlier part, are not Protestant, but at the same time contend +that neither are they favourable to Roman doctrine. These +believe that facts abundantly prove that in the bosom of the +Church which was then, the two Churches were to be found, +which afterwards disengaged themselves from one another at the +Reformation. This is the philosophy of medieval history which, +as we learn from the preface to his collection of <hi rend='italic'>Sacred Latin +Poetry</hi>,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Sacred Latin Poetry</hi>, selected and arranged by R. C. Trench, D.D., Archbishop +of Dublin, etc. Macmillan and Co., London and Cambridge. 1864.</note> has recommended itself to Dr. Trench, the present +Protestant Archbishop of Dublin. <q>In Romanism we have the +residuum of the middle-age Church and theology, the lees, after +all, or well nigh all the wine was drained away. But in the +medieval Church we have the wine and lees together—the truth +and the error, the false observance and yet at the same time the +divine truth which should one day be fatal to it—side by side.</q> +For such thinkers the sum of all the history of that period +amounts to this: a long struggle between two Churches—one a +Church of truth, the other a Church of error—a struggle which, +however, ended happily in the triumph of the Church of truth +by the Reformation, in which the truth was purified from its +contact with error. +</p> + +<p> +It is not without its advantages to know what views the occupant +of an Irish see so distinguished, is led to take, of the Church +to which seventy-seven out of every hundred Irishmen belong, +with all the convictions of their intellects, and all the love of +their hearts. It seems to us that his theory is not likely to +satisfy any party; it goes too far to please some, and stops short +too soon to be agreeable to others. But what strikes us most of +all in it is the fatal inconsistency of its parts. Of this the very +book to which it serves as preface is proof enough. Dr. Trench's +position is this. He tells his Protestant readers that whereas in the +medieval Church there was a good church, and an evil, all the good +has found its resting place in Protestantism, all the evil in tyrannical +Rome. Whatever of good, of holy, of pure, has ever been +said or done within the Church, Protestants are the rightful inheritors +of it all. From the treasury of the Church before the +Reformation he proposes to draw, and to collect in this work +what his readers may live on and love, and what he is confident +will prove wholesome nourishment for their souls. He would +set before them the feelings of the Church during these thousand +years of her existence, and would summon from afar, from remote +ages, <q>voices in which they may utter and embody the +deepest things of their hearts</q>. Such, he assures them, are the +voices of the writers whose poems have found a place in his +<pb n='059'/><anchor id='Pg059'/> +book. Now, if we are to understand that the two ante-Reformation +Churches stood out quite distinctly, one from the other, in open +antagonism, like Jerusalem and Babylon, each having its own +position more or less clearly defined, we should naturally expect +to find in Dr. Trench's book the thoughts and words only of the +Reformers before the Reformation, of the men, that is, who never +bent the knee to Baal, but ever cherished in their hearts the true +doctrine of salvation. If his own theory be worth anything, he +must have recourse for his present purposes, to that one of the +two Churches which alone has been perpetuated, victorious after +conflict, in Protestantism. Where else shall he find sympathies +that answer to those of Protestants? But he does not do so. +For in the beginning of his preface he tells us that he has not +admitted each and all of the works of the authors whose productions +he inserts. He tells us that he has carefully excluded +from his collection <q>all hymns which in any way imply the +Romish doctrine of transubstantiation</q>, or, <q>which involve any +creature-worship, or speak of the Mother of our Lord in any other +language than that which Scripture has sanctioned, and our +Church adopted</q>, or which <q>ask of the suffrages of the Saints</q>? +These certainly are not the doctrines which have been perpetuated +in Protestantism. +</p> + +<p> +His own practice, therefore, is inconsistent with his theory, if +that theory means to assert the existence of two Churches in the +middle age, distinctly antagonistic, one to the other. +</p> + +<p> +The only escape from this tangle is to reply, that Dr. Trench, +although he may find two Churches in the bosom of the middle-age +Church, does not, however, place between them a separation +so sharp as to suppose the Church of good absolutely without +evil, nor the Church of evil altogether destitute of good. In +each there is good and some mixture of evil: error relieved by +a vein of truth. His favourite authors, by whose labours he +wishes to make his readers profit, are, in this last hypothesis, +men who are subject to the influence of both Churches; men +who belong partly to each in turn, whose doctrines are a pitiable +admixture of truth with falsehood—who, in one word, are visited +both by <q>airs from Heaven and blasts from Hell</q>. At times they +say what all, even Protestants, may treasure up in their hearts, +to live on and love; at times, again, they are made to utter what +all should reject and condemn, as so many snares for unwary +feet. We shall say nothing of the difficulty the mind feels in +accepting such a description of the position of these writers, nor +of the task we have to persuade ourselves that those who +teach belief in deadly heresies to be essential to salvation, can +be, at the same time, the chosen tabernacles wherein the pure +spirit of real piety can ever take up its abode. Such was not +<pb n='060'/><anchor id='Pg060'/> +the feeling of the ancient Church. We ask, instead, who are +the men upon whose writings Dr. Trench would sit in judgment, +<q>to sunder between the holy and profane</q>, to distinguish +between the errors and the truth, to decide what we are <q>to take +warning from and to shun, what to live upon and love</q>. +With the exception of the two, Alard and Buttmann, all are +men highly honoured by the whole Catholic world, and all, +without exception, are praised for their excelling virtues by Dr. +Trench himself. Among the twenty-three names we read with +reverence those of Saint Ambrose, Saint Bonaventure, Venerable +Bede, Saint Bernard, Saint Peter Damian, Thomas a-Kempis, +Peter the Venerable, Jacopone, and others of great reputation +for sanctity and learning. These are the men whose writings +Dr. Trench is to parcel out into two portions; this to be venerated +as sacred, that to be condemned as profane. It needs great +faith in the censor, to accept readily his decision in such a case. +What test does he undertake to apply? what criterion is to influence +his choice? Why does he cast away the poems which celebrate +St. Peter as Prince of the Apostles, and approve of those +that extol St. Paul? Why should he style Adam of St. +Victor's hymn on the Blessed Virgin an exaggeration, and quote +as edifying his <hi rend='italic'>Laus S. Scripturae</hi>? Why are St. Bonaventure's +pieces in honour of Mary visited with censure, and his lines <hi rend='italic'>In +Passione Domini</hi> made the theme of praise? Dr. Trench gives +us his reasons very plainly. <q>If our position mean anything</q>, +says he (page x.), <q>we are bound to believe that to us, having +the Word and the Spirit, the power has been given to distinguish +things which differ.... It is our duty to believe that +to us, that to each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks, +will be given that enlightening spirit, by whose aid it shall be +enabled to read aright the past realizations of God's divine idea in +the wise and historic Church of successive ages, and to distinguish +the human imperfections, blemishes, and errors, from the divine +truth which they obscured and overlaid, but which they could +not destroy, being, one day, rather to be destroyed by it</q>. That +is to say, we, as Protestants, in virtue of our position as such, +are able by the light of the Holy Spirit to discern true from false +doctrine, the fruits of the good Church from the fruits of the +evil Church. This enlightening Spirit will be given to each +generation which humbly and earnestly seeks it. But, we ask, +what are we to believe concerning the working of the same enlightening +Spirit in the hearts of the holy men whose exquisitely +devotional writings Dr. Trench sets before us? Were they men +of humility and earnestness? If they were not, Dr. Trench's +book appears under false colours, and is not a book of edification. +And if they were, as they certainly were, who is Dr. Trench +<pb n='061'/><anchor id='Pg061'/> +that he should take it on himself to condemn those who enjoyed +the very same light which he claims for himself? And why +should we not then rather believe that as these holy men had, on +his own showing, the spirit of God, Dr. Trench, in condemning +their doctrine does in truth condemn what is the doctrine of the +Church of the Holy Spirit. +</p> + +<p> +The theory is therefore as inconsistent as on historical grounds +it is false. Such as it is, however, the conclusions we may draw +from it are of great importance. +</p> + +<p> +1. Dr. Trench declares that, both by omitting and by thinning, +he has carefully removed from his selection, all doctrine implying +transubstantiation, the cultus of the Blessed Virgin, the invocation +of saints, and the veneration of the cross. Now, as the +great bulk of the poems he publishes belong to the middle ages, +strictly so called, it follows, on Dr. Trench's authority, that these +doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church were held long before +the Reformation, and that the Church was already in possession +when Luther came. +</p> + +<p> +2. Since he tells us (page vi) that he has counted inadmissible +poems which breathe a spirit foreign to that tone of piety which +the English Church desires to cherish in her children, it follows +that the spirit of piety in the Church of old is not the same as +that in the present Church of England. Now in such cases the +presumption is against novelty. +</p> + +<p> +3. Dr. Trench (page vii) reminds his readers that it is unfair +to try the theological language of the middle ages by the greater +strictness and accuracy rendered necessary by the struggle, of the +Reformation. A man who holds a doctrine <emph>implicitly</emph> and in a +confused manner, is likely to use words which he would correct +if the doctrine were put before him in accurate form. This is a +sound principle, and one constantly employed by Catholic theologians, +when they have to deal with an objection urged by Protestants +from some obscure or equivocal passage of a Father. It +is satisfactory to be able for the future to claim for its use the +high authority of Dr. Trench. +</p> + +<p> +4. A special assistance of the Holy Spirit is claimed for all +those who humbly and earnestly invoke him. This assistance is +to enable those blessed with it to distinguish between error and +divine truth. Is this happy privilege to be exercised either independently, +without the direction of the ministers of the Church, +or is it one of the graces peculiar to the pastoral office? In the +former case, every fanatical sectary may judge in matters of religion +as securely as if he had the whole world on his side. In +the latter case, it would be interesting to know how much does +this privilege differ from the infallibility claimed by the Catholic +Church. +</p> + +<pb n='062'/><anchor id='Pg062'/> + +<p> +5. Finally, the contradictions inherent to the whole theory +are most clearly to be seen in the following passage about the +noble lines which Hildebert, Archbishop of Tours, in the beginning +of the twelfth century, places on the lip of the city of +Rome: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<p> +<q>I have not inserted these lines</q>, says Dr. Trench, <q rend='pre'>in the body +of this collection, lest I might seem to claim for them that entire +sympathy which I am very far from doing. Yet, believing as we +may, and, to give any meaning to a large period of Church history, +we must, that Papal Rome of the middle ages had a work of God to +accomplish for the taming of a violent and brutal world, in the midst +of which she often lifted up the only voice which was anywhere +heard in behalf of righteousness and truth—all of which we may +believe, with the fullest sense that her dominion was an unrighteous +usurpation, however overruled for good to Christendom, which could +then take no higher blessing—believing this, we may freely admire +these lines, so nobly telling of that true strength of spiritual power, +which may be perfected in the utmost weakness of all other power. +It is the city of Rome which speaks:</q> +</p> + +<lg> +<l>Dum simulacra mihi, dum numina vana placerent,</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Militiâ, populo, moenibus alts fui:</l> +<l>At simul effigies, arasque superstitiosas</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Dejiciens, uni sum famulata Deo;</l> +<l>Cesserunt arces, cecidere palatia divum,</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Servivit populis, degeneravit eques.</l> +<l>Vix scio quae fuerim: vix Romae Roma recordor;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Vix sinit occasus vel meminisse mei.</l> +<l>Gratior haec jactura mihi successibus illis,</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Major sum pauper divite, stante jacens.</l> +<l>Plus aquilis vexilla crucis, plus Caesare Petrus,</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Plus cinctis ducibus vulgus inerme dedit.</l> +<l>Stans domui terras; infernum diruta pulso;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Corpora stans, animas fracta jacensque rego.</l> +<l>Tunc miserae plebi, nunc principibus tenebrarum</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Impero; tunc urbes, nunc mea regna polus.</l> +<l>Quod ne Caesaribus videar debere vel armis,</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Et species rerum meque meosque trahat,</l> +<l>Armorum vis illa perit, ruit alta Senatûs</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Gloria, procumbunt templa, theatra jacent.</l> +<l>Rostra vacant, edicta silent, sua praemia desunt</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Emeritis, populo jura, colonus agris.</l> +<l>Ista jacent, ne forte meus spem ponat in illis</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Civis, et evacuet spemque bonumque crucis.</l> +</lg> + +</quote> + +</div> + +<pb n='063'/><anchor id='Pg063'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>The Mss. Remains Of Professor O'Curry +In The Catholic University. +No. II.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Prayer of St. Aireran the Wise, ob.</hi>. 664. +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<p> +[In the first number of the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Record</hi> we published from the manuscripts of the late Professor +O'Curry the Prayer of St. Colga of Clonmacnoise. We now publish another beautiful devotional +piece from the same collection. +</p> + +<p> +Speaking of ancient Irish religious works now remaining, O'Curry says (at page 378 of his +great work): <q>The fifth class of these religious remains consists of the prayers, invocations, +and litanies, which have came down to us</q>. The Prayer of St. Colga, published in our last number, +is placed by O'Curry in the second place among these documents, which he sets down in +chronological order. +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The first piece of this class (adopting the chronological order) is the prayer of St. <hi rend='italic'>Aireran</hi> +the Wise (often called <hi rend='italic'>Aileran</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Eleran</hi>, and <hi rend='italic'>Airenan</hi>), who was a classical professor in the great +school of Clonard, and died of the plague in the year 664. St. Aireran's prayer or litany +is addressed, respectively, to God the Father, to God the Son, and to God the Holy Spirit, invoking +them for mercy by various titles indicative of their power, glory, and attributes. The prayer +consists of five invocations to the Father, eighteen invocations to the Son, and five to the Holy +Spirit; and commences in Latin thus: <q>O Deus Pater, Omnipotens Deus, exerci misericordiam +nobis</q>. This is followed by the same Invocation in the Gaedhlic; and the petitions to the end +are continued in the same language. The invocation of the Son begins thus: <q>Have mercy on +us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son Of the living God! O Son, born twice! O only born +of God the Father</q>. The petition to the Holy Spirit begins: <q>Have mercy on us, O Almighty +God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit the noblest of all spirits!</q> (See original in <hi rend='smallcaps'>Appendix</hi>, No. CXX.)</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>When I first discovered this prayer in the <hi rend='italic'>Leabhar Buidhe Lecain</hi> (or Yellow Book of <hi rend='italic'>Lecain</hi>), +in the library of Trinity College, many years ago, I had no means of ascertaining or fixing its +date; but in my subsequent readings in the same library, for my collection of ancient glossaries, +I met the word <foreign rend='italic'>Oirchis</foreign> set down with explanation and illustration, as follows:</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q><q><foreign rend='italic'>Oirchis</foreign>, id est, Mercy; as it is said in the prayers of Arinan the Wise</q>:—Have mercy on us, +O God the Father Almighty!</q> See original in <hi rend='smallcaps'>Appendix</hi>, No. CXXI. +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>I think it is unnecessary to say more on the identity of the author of this prayer with the +distinguished <hi rend='italic'>Aireran</hi> of Clonard. Nor is this the only specimen of his devout works that has +come down to us. Fleming, in his Collecta Sacra, has published a fragment of a Latin tract +discovered in the ancient monastery of St. Gall in Switzerland, which is entitled <q>The Mystical +Interpretation of the Ancestry of our Lord Jesus Christ</q>. A perfect copy of this curious tract, +and one of high antiquity, has, I believe, been lately discovered on the continent.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>There was another <hi rend='italic'>Airenan</hi>, also called <q>the wise</q>, who was abbot of <hi rend='italic'>Tamhlacht</hi> [Tallaght] +in the latter part of the ninth century; but he has not been distinguished as an author, as far +as we know</q>. +</p> + +<p> +It seems to us that there are three things specially worthy of our consideration in this beautiful +prayer. +</p> + +<p> +In the first place, we find in it an explicit and most clear declaration of the Catholic Faith +regarding the Blessed Trinity, especially the distinction of three persons, and the Divinity of +each of these Divine Persons. <q>O God the Father Almighty, O God of Hosts, help us! Help +us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! Help us, O Almighty God, O Holy Spirit!</q> +</p> + +<p> +We are in the next place struck by the extraordinary familiarity with the Holy Scripture +which the writer evinces. There is scarcely one of the epithets which is not found in the sacred +pages, almost in the precise words used by him, beginning with the first words, addressed to +the Eternal Father, <q>O God of Hosts</q>, the <hi rend='italic'>Deus Sabaoth</hi> of the Prophets, and going on to the +last invocation of the Holy Ghost, <q>Spirit of love</q>, which comprises in itself the two inspired +phrases: <q><foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>Spiritus est Deus</foreign></q>, and <q><foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>Deus Charitas est</foreign></q>. We may also remark the coincidence +between Saint Aireran and the liturgical prayers of the Church, especially in the invocations +of the Holy Ghost found in the office of Whitsuntide and in the administration of the Sacrament +of Confirmation, <q><foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>Tu septiformis munere: Digitus Paternae dexterae</foreign></q>. <q>O Finger of God! +O Spirit of Seven Forms</q>. +</p> + +<p> +In fine, we find our Irish saint applying to the Son of God the vision of the Prophet Ezechiel +regarding the four mysterious animals: <q>O true Man! O Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle!</q> +The prophecy is commonly interpreted of the Four Evangelists. Saint Augustine and Saint +Jerome are quoted as authorities for this interpretation. But it is worthy of remark, that Saint +Gregory the Great, whilst giving the same interpretation, applies the mysterious vision also to +God the Son.<note place='foot'><q>Nihil obstat si etiam in his omnibus et Ipse (Redemptor noster) signetur. Ipse enim +Unigenitus Dei Filius <emph>veraciter</emph> factus est <emph>homo</emph>: ipse in sacrificio nostrae redemptionis dignatus +est mori ut <emph>vitulus</emph>: ipse per virtutem suae fortitudinis surrexit ut <emph>leo</emph>.... Ipse +etiam post resurrectionem suam ascendnes ad coelos, in superioribus est elevatus ut <emph>aquila</emph>. +Totum ergo simul nobis est, qui et nascendo <emph>homo</emph>, et moriendo <emph>vitulus</emph>, et resurgendo <emph>leo</emph>, et ad +coelos ascendendo <emph>aquila</emph> factus est</q>—<hi rend='italic'>S. Greg. Magn., Hom.</hi> iv. <hi rend='italic'>in Ezech.</hi></note> And Saint Aireran, by adopting this opinion, seems to afford us another proof of +the great familiarity of our Irish scholars with the writings of the great Pontiff and Father of +the Church. And this familiarity is rendered still more remarkable, and serves to give another +proof of the constant communication between Rome and Ireland, from the close proximity of +the times of our Saint and of Saint Gregory.] +</p> + +</quote> + +<pb n='064'/><anchor id='Pg064'/> + +<p> +O Deus Pater omnipotens Deus exerce tuam misericordiam +nobis! +</p> + +<p> +O God the Father Almighty! O God of Hosts, help us. +</p> + +<p> +O illustrious God! O Lord of the world! O Creator of all creatures, +help us. +</p> + +<p> +O indescribable God! O Creator of all creatures, help us. +</p> + +<p> +O invisible God! O incorporeal God! O unseen God! O unimaginable +God! O patient God! O uncorrupted God! O unchangeable +God! O eternal God! O perfect God! O merciful +God! O admirable God! O Golden Goodness! O Heavenly +Father, who art in Heaven, help us. +</p> + +<p> +Help us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son of the +living God! O Son twice born! O only begotten of the Father! +O first-born of Mary the Virgin! O Son of David! O Son of +Abraham, beginning of all things! O End of the World! O +Word of God! O Jewel of the Heavenly Kingdom! O Life of +all (things)! O Eternal Truth! O Image, O Likeness, O Form of +God the Father! O Arm of God! O Hand of God! O Strength +of God! O right (hand) of God! O true Wisdom! O true Light, +which enlightens all men! O Light-giver! O Sun of Righteousness! +O Star of the Morning! O Lustre of the Divinity! O Sheen +of the Eternal Light! O Fountain of immortal Life! O Pacificator +between God and Man! O Foretold of the Church! O +Faithful Shepherd of the flock! O Hope of the Faithful! O +Angel of the Great Council! O True Prophet! O True Apostle! +O True Preacher! O Master! O Friend of Souls (Spiritual Director)! +O Thou of the shining hair! O Immortal Food! O Tree +of Life! O Righteous of Heaven! O Wand from the Stem of +Moses! O King of Israel! O Saviour! O Door of Life! O +Splendid Flower of the Plain! O Corner-stone! O Heavenly +Zion! O Foundation of the Faith! O Spotless Lamb! O Diadem! +O Gentle Sheep! O Redeemer of mankind! O true God! +O True Man! O Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle! O Crucified +Christ! O Judge of the Judgment Day! help us. +</p> + +<p> +Help us, O Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit more +noble than all Spirits! O Finger of God! O Guardian of the +Christians! O Protector of the Distressed! O Co-partner of the +True Wisdom! O Author of the Holy Scripture! O Spirit of +Righteousness! O Spirit of Seven Forms! O Spirit of the Intellect! +O Spirit of the Counsel! O Spirit of Fortitude! O Spirit +of Knowledge! O Spirit of Love! help us. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='065'/><anchor id='Pg065'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>The Destiny Of The Irish Race.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>The Destiny of the Irish Race</hi>: a lecture delivered at Philadelphia on the +17th of March, 1864, by Rev. M. O'Connor, S. J. In order to give to our readers +the beautiful lecture of the ex-Bishop of Pittsburgh, we have increased the number +of pages in this month's <hi rend='smallcaps'>Record</hi>.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed. I. E. R.</hi></note></head> + +<p> +That God knows and governs all things—that whatever +happens is either done or permitted by him, and that he proposes +to himself wise and beneficent ends in all he does or permits—are +truths which lie at the foundation of all religion. The +wicked may refuse to obey his commands, but they cannot withdraw +themselves from the reach of his power. While their +wickedness is entirely their own, <emph>God</emph> makes them, however +unwilling or unconscious, instruments to work out his ends. +</p> + +<p> +It is thus that individuals and nations have each a peculiar +destiny. Not that there is a blind fate, such as Pagans imagined; +but that an all-seeing and all-governing God proposes to himself +certain objects, which he is determined to attain, despite the +perversity of man. +</p> + +<p> +To learn the purposes of God in the development of human +events, to trace his hand in the complicated movements of society, +to see him overruling and directing all to his own great +ends, is one of the most sublime objects to which the study of +history can be applied. Frequently, indeed, we may be unable +fully to comprehend the designs of his providence in the moral, +as in the physical world. Fancy, or pride, may easily have +a great part in suggesting our theories. But, if we confine +ourselves to certain facts and undoubted principles, we can often +trace the design in both orders, and admire in it the wisdom, +the power, the goodness—all the attributes of God. Nay, +all these shine more brightly in the moral than in the physical +order. +</p> + +<p> +The history of his chosen people is an example of this. We +find empires rising and falling, at one time to punish, at another +time to try, at another to deliver his people. The good and the +wicked, the weak and the strong, become in turn his instruments. +The whole history of that people is but a record of the acts of +his overruling providence, directing all things to the accomplishment +of the designs which he had announced. +</p> + +<p> +This is, indeed, so evident in this case that it may not be +considered a fair instance to prove my general position. For it +is admitted that God's providence over the Jewish race was quite +extraordinary. Still, it proves that God does so intervene in +human affairs, and it illustrates many of the principles that must +be kept in view in these investigations. It shows, for example, +that many, unconscious of the fact—nay, with quite another object +<pb n='066'/><anchor id='Pg066'/> +in view, acting perhaps from avarice, hatred, or ambition, are yet +instruments in the hand of God for the accomplishment of his +wise purposes. It shows how things, and persons, considered as +of little or of no value, according to human views, may, in reality, +be the pivots on which the destinies of vast empires turn, connected, +as they may be, with the accomplishment of purposes +which weigh more in the scales of Heaven than the mere temporal +condition of all the empires of the Earth. +</p> + +<p> +It is in this view that many Christian writers assert that the +Roman empire obtained universal sway, that civilized nations +being thus brought closely together, an easier way might be +prepared for the spread of the Gospel. The generals and statesmen +of Rome had no doubt a very low idea of the poor fishermen +of Galilee, and of the tentmaker of Tharsus. It may be safely +presumed that they did not even allow their names to divert +their thoughts, for a moment, from the grand projects of conquest +and government by which they were engrossed. Yet, in +the designs of God, it was, most probably, to prepare a way for +the work of those fishermen, and of that tentmaker, and their +associates, that wisdom had been vouchsafed to their counsels +and victory to their arms. +</p> + +<p> +The endless invasions of the Roman empire by northern +tribes is another instance of whole races being used by God for +his own purposes, without their having any idea of the work in +which they were employed. They came to punish those who +had revelled in the blood of the saints, and to supply fresh material +for the great work of the Church of God. +</p> + +<p> +Towards the close of the fifteenth century, an Italian sailor, +led by some astronomical observations and some half understood, +or rather misunderstood, tales of ancient travellers, to believe that +there must be another continent far away beyond the western +waters, wandered from court to court, in Europe, in search of +means to fit up an expedition to discover it, and he finally succeeded +in making known a new world. It requires little faith +in divine Providence to believe that it was God who was impelling +him thus to open a new outlet for the energies of the +ancient world, which were then about being developed on a +gigantic scale, and, still more, to prepare a field for a more extensive +spread of the Gospel, in which the Church might repair +the losses she was about to sustain in the religious convulsions +impending in Europe. +</p> + +<p> +Numberless similar instances might be quoted. These designs +of God are sometimes manifest, sometimes hidden; sometimes +they are far-reaching, sometimes limited. Ignorance and pride +may mistake or pervert them. But they always prevail; they +are always worthy of their Author; and let me add, that the salvation +<pb n='067'/><anchor id='Pg067'/> +of men being the object most highly prized by God, it is +not only rightfully considered the most noble, but it is that to +which his other works may be justly accounted subordinate. +</p> + +<p> +It is under the light of these principles that I undertake an +investigation of the purposes of God regarding the Irish race. +These purposes seem to me no longer matter of speculation; +they may be pronounced manifest; for they are written in unmistakable +characters in the development of events. +</p> + +<p> +The history of Ireland is, in many respects, peculiar. Few +nations received the faith so readily, and no other preserved it +amidst similar struggles. St. Patrick first announced the Gospel +to the assembled states of the realm at Tara. He received permission +to preach it, unmolested, throughout the length and +breadth of the land. By his indomitable zeal and heroic virtue, +he succeeded in winning over the natives so effectually, that at +his death few pagans remained in Ireland. Not a drop of blood +was shed when Christianity was first announced. Heroism was +displayed only by the exalted virtues of the Apostle and of the +neophytes. Nowhere else did the Gospel take root so quickly +and so firmly, and produce fruits so immediate and so abundant. +Catholic Ireland soon became the home of the saints and sages +of the Christian world. To many of the nations of the continent +her apostles went forth, charged with the embassy of eternal +truth. In every realm of Europe her children established sanctuaries +of piety and learning; and to her own hospitable shores +the natives of other lands flocked to receive education, and even +support, from her gratuitous bounty. Homes of virtue dotted +her hills and valleys; and thus were laid deep the roots of that +strong attachment to the faith, which, later, was to be exposed to +trials the most severe. +</p> + +<p> +We thus find God preparing Ireland for a future, then hidden +to all but Himself. For the day of trial came at last. She was +reposing in peace, under the shadow of the Gospel, when the +barbaric invasion, that swept before it every vestige of learning +and religion in many parts of Europe, reached her shores. Ireland +was the only country that rolled back its wave. But she +did this at the cost of her life's blood. For two centuries the +Dane trampled her sons under foot. His cruelties yet re-echo in +the national traditions. But the Irish race at last arose in its +might, and drove the barbarian from its shores. The churches +of the country had been pillaged, its monasteries plundered, its +institutions of learning destroyed—everything that the sword +could smite, or fire consume, had perished; but the Irish race +came out of the ordeal preserving its own integrity, and the +jewel which it prized above all else—its glorious faith. +</p> + +<p> +Not long after this deliverance, and before Ireland had succeeded +<pb n='068'/><anchor id='Pg068'/> +in obliterating the traces of Danish cruelty, another invader +set his foot on her shores. Availing himself of the discords +naturally arising from the disorganized state of society, he succeeded +in gaining a foothold. By fanning these discords, he +kept possession and gained strength. The rule of the Saxon became +thus almost as severe a calamity as had been the oppression +of the Dane. To the hatred, which is generally greater in the oppressor +than in the oppressed, were added, in time, religious fanaticism +and the desire of plunder, which became its associate and assumed +its garb. The <emph>mere</emph> Irishman, who was hated under any circumstances +on account of his race, was now hunted in his own +country as if he were a wild beast. The property of the Catholic +people was confiscated, and most stringent laws were enacted to +prevent its renewed acquisitions. Priests, wherever found, were +put to death, and the severest penalties were inflicted on those +who would harbour any that escaped detection. Extermination +by fire and sword was ordered in so many words, and was attempted. +When this failed, a system of penal laws was established, +which were in full force until lately, and which a Protestant +writer of deservedly high repute (Burke) calls a <q>machine +of wise and elaborate contrivance, and as well fitted for the oppression, +impoverishment, and degradation of a people, and the debasement +in them of human nature itself, as ever proceeded from +the perverted ingenuity of man</q>. Upon the partial abandonment +of this form of oppression, a system of proselytism was adopted, +and is yet in full vigour (for it has become an institution, and +the best supported institution in Ireland), which, by bribes to +the high and the low, appeals to every base instinct to draw men +away from the faith. +</p> + +<p> +Yet neither confiscation of property, nor famine, nor disgrace, +nor death in its most hideous forms, could make Ireland waver +in that faith which our forefathers received from St. Patrick. +There were, of course, from time to time, and there are, a few +exceptions. Did not these occur, the Irish must have been more +than men. But, as a general rule, the places that could not be +procured or retained, except by apostacy, were resigned. The +rich allowed their property to be torn from them, and they willingly +became poor; the poor bore hunger and all other consequences +of wretched poverty; and though every Earthly good +was arrayed temptingly before them, they scorned to purchase +comfort at the price of apostacy. During the four years from +1846 to 1850, nearly two millions either perished from hunger +or its attendant pestilence, or were forced to leave their native +land to escape both. In the midst of the dead and the dying, +proselytisers showed themselves everywhere, well provided with +food and money, and Bibles, and every one of the sufferers felt, +<pb n='069'/><anchor id='Pg069'/> +and was made to feel, that all his sufferings might have been +spared had he been willing to barter his faith for bread. Yet +the masses could bear hunger and face pestilence, or fly from +their native land; but they would not eat the bread of apostacy. +They died, or they fled; but they clung to their faith. +</p> + +<p> +In vain, I think, will history be searched for another example +of such vast numbers, generation after generation, calmly, silently +facing an unhonoured death, without any support on earth but +the approving voice of conscience. +</p> + +<p> +This fidelity can be predicated with truth of the whole Irish +race, notwithstanding the numbers of those in Ireland who are not +Catholics. For these, besides being a minority of the inhabitants, +are but an exotic, planted in Ireland by the sword. They were +imported, being already, and because they were, of another faith, +for the purpose of supplanting that of the inhabitants. Many of +them adopted the faith of the old race, so that the names that +indicate their origin are not a certain test of their religion. But +so steadily has the old stock adhered to its faith, that an Irish +<q>O</q>, or <q>Mac</q>, or any other old Celtic name, is almost sure to +designate a Catholic. Indeed, such names are usually called +<q>Catholic names</q>. Whenever an exception is found, it is so +rare an occurrence that the party is considered a renegade from +his race as well as from his religion. +</p> + +<p> +It would, however, be not only unfounded to flatter ourselves +that this stability in the faith is the result of anything peculiar +in the Irish nature, but it would be, I may say, a blasphemy +to assert it. God alone can preserve any one in the paths of +truth and virtue; how much more must we attribute to Him +the fidelity of a whole race, under the trying circumstances here +enumerated? +</p> + +<p> +Such grace may have been given, as many believe, in reward +of the readiness and the fulness with which our ancestors first +received the faith of the Gospel, and it is hoped that God will +to the end grant the same grace of fidelity to their descendants. +Our great Apostle is said to have asked this favour from God +for the nation which so readily responded to his call. Let us +unite our prayers with his, and, like Solomon, ask for our race +not riches, nor power, but true wisdom, which is, above all and +before all, allegiance to the true faith. This was the prayer, no +doubt, which the millions of our martyred ancestors poured out. +They themselves sacrificed property and liberty; they gave up +everything that man could take away, that they might preserve +this precious jewel. They believed that in doing this they were +following the dictates of true wisdom, and, in their fondest love +for their remotest posterity, they wished and prayed that similar +wisdom might be displayed by them. May their prayer be +heard to the end. +</p> + +<pb n='070'/><anchor id='Pg070'/> + +<p> +This prayer has been heard, or at least this grace has been +granted, up to the present. When the sons of Ireland on this +day return in thought to the homes of their fathers, they may +indeed look back upon a land inferior to many in the elements +of material greatness. They may behold her castles and rich +domains in the possession of the stranger. They may view the +masses of their race with scarcely a foothold in the land of their +fathers, liable to be ejected from the farm, and driven out on the +public highways, and from the highways into the crowded town, +and from the hovels of the crowded town into the poorhouse, +and even at the poorhouse denied the right of admission. But +amidst all the miseries of those who yet dwell in the old land—in +spite of the wiles of unscrupulous governments, and heartless +and tyrannical landlords, and hypocritical proselytizers—in spite +of open violence and covert bribes, their undying attachment to +the faith remains unaltered, unshaken—a monument of national +virtue more honourable than any which wealth or power could +erect, or flattery devise. +</p> + +<p> +But all this is a grace, a great grace of God. It reveals a +purpose of Heaven more bountiful in regard to this people than +if he had raised them to the highest place in material power +amongst the nations of the Earth. +</p> + +<p> +Temporal prosperity, in its various forms, though a favour +from God, is not his most precious blessing. He himself selected +the way of the Cross. In abjection and suffering he came +into the world; he lived in it despised and persecuted, he died +amidst excruciating torments. To those whom he loved in a +special manner, he says, <q>Can you drink the chalice which I +am to drink, and be baptized with the baptism with which I +shall be baptized?</q> and when they reply, they can, the promise +that this shall be fulfilled, his leading them to follow him +in the way of the Cross, his calling them to suffer for righteousness, +is the best pledge of his greatest love. +</p> + +<p> +This grace he has given to Ireland. Her children have received +and accepted the call; they have reaped the reward. +Indeed, I have found the opinion entertained by many clergymen +of extensive experience, that there is not probably a people +on this Earth of whom more, in proportion to their number, leave +this world with well grounded hopes of a happy eternity. They +do not, it is true, display a boastful assurance that they are about +to ascend at once into Heaven. But vast masses serve God with +humble fidelity in life, and, at death, acknowledging and sorry +for their sins, doing all they can to comply with his requirements, +they throw themselves, with resignation to his will, into +the arms of his mercy. +</p> + +<p> +Were nothing else apparent in the purposes of God, we might +<pb n='071'/><anchor id='Pg071'/> +stop here. We would find a great and worthy object for all +that Ireland has suffered, and cause to thank the Almighty +Ruler for having given her the grace to suffer in union with and +for the sake of his Son. +</p> + +<p> +But God's graces are often given for ulterior purposes; and +it may be asked whether the extraordinary preservation of +this nation's faith has not another object in his wise and merciful +counsels. +</p> + +<p> +It appears to me that this is now clear in the case of Ireland. +But, to understand it properly, we must reflect more closely on +her connection with England, and on the condition of this +latter country. +</p> + +<p> +In the sixteenth century England abandoned the faith to +which she had adhered for a thousand years. Her apostacy, +though consummated by degrees, may be said to have become +at last complete. The blood of her best sons flowed at Tyburn. +The priests that were not of the number were banished, or forced +to seek safety in hiding places. The same price was put on the +head of a priest as on that of a wolf. The property of Catholics +was confiscated, their children were taken from them, and educated +in the religion of the establishment. These and analogous +measures produced their effect at last. Were it not for these +things, a great part of that nation, if not a majority, would be +Catholic to-day. Though they desired no share in the plunder +of the Church, and had no fancy for the new theories of the +Reformers, they were weak enough to yield to a pressure, under +which compromise first, and then apostacy, afforded the only +means of escaping confiscation and the loss of every social advantage, +frequently the only means of escaping death. The old +faith stamped, indeed, its mark on the institutions of the kingdom +in a manner that could not be blotted out. It left its +memorials everywhere throughout the land. The noble universities, +the gorgeous cathedrals, and the splendid ruins scattered +over the surface of the country, are witnesses of its departed +power; but it is itself effectually blotted out from the hearts of +the people. Though the most noble kings and princes of the +land had delighted in honouring Catholicity, though England +had sent her apostles and her saints into many a clime, though +her hills and valleys had re-echoed for centuries with the sweet +songs of Catholic devotion, her people now know nothing more +hateful than the faith under the auspices of which their fathers +were civilized. They nickname it <q>Popery</q>, and the name +expresses that which is to them most hateful. +</p> + +<p> +Yet this England, this Catholic-hating England, has become +one of the greatest nations of the Earth in the material order. +Her fleets are mirrored in every sea; her banner floats on every +<pb n='072'/><anchor id='Pg072'/> +continent. It has been truly said that the sound of her drums, +calling her soldiers from slumber, goes before and greets the +rising sun in its circuit around the globe. +</p> + +<p> +But what is most remarkable, and certainly not without some +great purpose in the order of divine Providence, England has +become in our day the great hive from which colonies go out to +people islands and continents in distant parts of the world; lands +which were before vast wastes, tenanted only by the wild beast, +or by the savage scarcely less ferocious. Indeed, she is the only +nation in our day that seems to have received such a mission. +</p> + +<p> +And is it then to an apostate nation exclusively that God has +given the mission to fill up these wastes? Is it a corrupted faith +only which is to be borne to these savage nations, and to be +planted in those vast regions, which God has made known to +civilized man in these latter days? Were this the case, we might +tremble, though we should adore it as one of the inscrutable +judgments of God, dealing with nations in his <emph>great</emph> wrath. +</p> + +<p> +But is such the fact? It would indeed be the fact were it not +for faithful Ireland. But, united as England is with Ireland, +the result is quite otherwise. The very ambition and desire for +gain which impel England to extend her power and plant her +colonies in the most distant countries of the globe, become the +instruments for carrying also the undying faith of Ireland to the +regions which England has conquered. +</p> + +<p> +Saul went to seek Samuel, thinking only of finding his father's +asses. God was sending him to be anointed king over his +people. England sends her ships all over the world, thinking +only of markets for the produce of her forges and her looms. +God is sending her that she may spread everywhere the faith of +the Irish people. +</p> + +<p> +Under the <q>Union Jack</q>, on which the crosses of St. George +and St. Andrew are blended, but so blended as to prevent any +Christian symbol being recognized (a fit emblem of the effect +of the union of jarring sects, each professing to proclaim Christianity, +but between them only obscuring and obstructing it)—the +Irishman, too, is borne to the distant colony. He goes, probably, +before the mast or in the forecastle, but he bears with +him the true faith; and when he lands he hastens to raise its +symbol. This may be at first over a rude chapel. But it is a +signal to other way-farers, and they gather under its shade to +offer up the sacred mysteries. As soon as his means permit, +even before he can build a good dwelling for himself, he takes +care that the house of God be, in every possible degree, worthy +of its sacred character. And so the Church creeps on and grows, +and regions that sat in darkness are now blessed by the offering +of the Adorable Sacrifice and the announcement of the true faith. +</p> + +<pb n='073'/><anchor id='Pg073'/> + +<p> +The Irishman, generally speaking, did not leave home through +ambition, or for conquest. He departed with sorrow from the +shade of that hawthorn around which the dearest memories of +childhood clustered. He would have remained content with the +humble lot of his father had he been allowed to dwell there in +peace. But the bailiff came, and, to make wider pastures for +sheep and bullocks, his humble cottage was levelled, and he himself +sent to wander through the world in search of a home. But +in his wanderings he carries his faith with him, and he becomes +the means of spreading everywhere the true Church of God. +</p> + +<p> +It is thus that the tempest, which seems but to destroy the +flower, catches up its seeds and scatters them far and near, and +these seeds produce other flowers as beautiful as that from which +they were torn, so that some fair spot of the prairie, when despoiled +of its loveliness, but affords the means of covering the vast +expanse with new and variegated beauties. +</p> + +<p> +It is thus that the famine, and the pestilence, and the inhuman +evictions of Irish landlords, have spread the faith of Christ far and +near, and planted it in new colonies, which, when they shall have +grown out of their tutelage, will look back to the departed power +of England and the undying faith of Ireland as, in the hands of +Providence, the combined causes of their greatness and their orthodoxy. +Macaulay's traveller from New Zealand, who will, +on some future day, <q>from a broken arch of London Bridge, +take a sketch of the ruins of St. Paul's</q>, may be some Irish <q>O'</q> +or <q>Mac</q> on a pilgrimage to the Eternal City, who passes that +way—having first landed on the shores from which his ancestors +were driven by the <q>crowbar brigade</q>, and visited with reverence +the hallowed graves under whose humble sod lie the bones +of his martyred forefathers. +</p> + +<p> +It is thus that the Catholic faith is being planted in the British +colonies of North America; it is thus it is carried to India, and +to Australia, and to the islands of the South Sea. Thus are laid +the foundations of flourishing churches, which promise, at no distant +day, to renew, and even to surpass, the work done by Ireland +in the palmiest days of faith, when her sons planted the Cross, +and caused Christ to be adored, as he wished to be adored, in the +most distant regions of the earth. +</p> + +<p> +The magnitude of this work is not to be measured even by the +importance of these transplanted churches at the present moment. +The countries to which I have alluded are but in their +infancy. We can see on this continent the rapid strides of such +infant colonies. Within three quarters of a century this country +has advanced in population from three to over thirty millions, +and in most other elements of greatness in still grander proportions. +If it continue to increase, as it has done regularly from +<pb n='074'/><anchor id='Pg074'/> +the beginning, at the end of this century, or soon after, it will +have a population of over one hundred millions—that is, as great +as is now the population of France, and Spain, and Italy, and +Great Britain combined. If this be expected in this country in +forty years, what will the case be in one or two hundred, in this +and so many others similarly situated? +</p> + +<p> +Australia starts with all the advantages of this country, and +some peculiar to itself, and is following it with giant strides. It +may overtake it before long, if not outstrip it. But the position +of Catholicity there is very different from what it was at the +commencement, or even at an advanced period, in the United +States. The Catholics in Australia occupy a position of practical +social equality with others. They will grow with the growth +and strengthen with the strength of their adopted country, and +have their fair share in its importance. +</p> + +<p> +England herself, from which the Catholic name was thought +to have been almost blotted out, has been deeply affected by this +exodus of Irish Catholics. In her cities, and towns, and hamlets, +the Cross has been raised from the dust. At the side of the ancient +monuments which remind England of her apostacy, humble +spires rise in every part of the land, and tell that nation that +the faith which they thought destroyed still lives, and is ready +to admit them again to its wonted blessings. They stand there, +and betoken the unity and stability of that faith of which they +are the symbols—of that faith which reclaimed the fathers of +that people from barbarism, and continued to be the faith of the +land for a thousand years, and is yet a faith, and the only faith, +in which men of every tongue and every clime are united. The +English people see its unity and stability, while they are forced +to witness the ever shifting and clashing forms of the religion +that was substituted for it. For, in the name of the one Christ +and the one Bible, altar is everywhere erected against altar, pulpit +thunders against pulpit, the teaching of to-day is contradicted +in the same pulpit on the morrow; yet each one proclaims his +own device as the plain teaching of Scripture. +</p> + +<p> +This confronting of unity with confusion, of steady adherence +to truth with the ever varying shifts of error, of the mild but +bright glory of an everlasting Church with the frivolities of the +proudest inventions of men, is a grace, and a great grace, which +God grants. It is a grace for the use of which that people will +give strict account. And oh! may that use be, that they will +make it fructify to their salvation. For while we appreciate the +blessings granted to ourselves, we have no other feeling in their +regard than a wish that they, too, may share in these blessings, +and be like unto us in everything <q>except these chains</q>. +</p> + +<p> +But whether well used or abused, whether unto <q>the ruin</q> or +<pb n='075'/><anchor id='Pg075'/> +<q>salvation</q> of many in that country, this grace is given chiefly +through the Irish emigration. +</p> + +<p> +I am not unaware of, nor do I undervalue, the importance of +the faithful remnant that has in England steadfastly continued in +the faith once delivered to the saints, nor of the accession made +to their numbers by the conversion of so many noble souls, to +whom God gave light and strength to overcome the many difficulties +that would have fain prevented their following that light. +But of both we might not inaptly ask, <q>What are these amongst +so many?</q> They are like those few tints that gild the skies here +and there, when the sun's light has all but departed; or like those +stars that pierce at night the cumbered heavens—bright, indeed, +and beautiful—but only showing forth more clearly the dark outlines +of the heavy and murky clouds that shroud the horizon. +They make us feel only more sensibly, and keep fresh in our +memory, the loss of the sun that has set. +</p> + +<p> +It is the Irish emigration that has chiefly supplied the multitudes +who flock around English altars, that has made churches +and schools spring up, that has finally called for the restoration +of a numerous hierarchy; and, as if to mark this fact, and point +out the great part that Ireland had in restoring Catholic life to +England, God has so arranged it that the first head and brightest +ornament of that new hierarchy should be the son of Irish emigrants; +for such is the great and illustrious Cardinal Wiseman. +</p> + +<p> +And even in these United States, let people say what they +please, has not the Irish race held the first place in planting the +cross throughout the length and breadth of the land? +</p> + +<p> +In this, and wherever else I speak of the Irish race, I do not, +of course, confine myself to those born in Ireland. The work +which a race is called to do is to be done by those who now live, +and by their children and their children's children, wherever +they happen to be born. Indeed, it would be a contradiction in +terms to consider the father and son, wherever born, as belonging +to different races. Be it for weal or for woe, be it unto honour +or unto shame, the fathers cannot disown the children nor the +children the fathers. If it depended on feeling or wishes, I, for +one, would be very glad to dissolve connection with any one who +insists that he owes nothing to the race that gave him a father or +a mother. I would readily leave such a one to his proud claim +of owning no paternity but the land on which he vegetates, and +I only regret that he will scarcely bring to it much credit or advantage. +He who is unwilling to acknowledge the father that +begot him, or the mother that gave him suck, is not a prize worth +contending for. But whatever we or he may wish, whatever be +the results to us or to him, he is flesh of our flesh and bone of our +bone. What God has united, neither he nor we can put asunder. +</p> + +<pb n='076'/><anchor id='Pg076'/> + +<p> +It is not that we should form separate classes or castes, or that +we claim other rights or privileges, or have other duties than +those of other races; but the one to which each man belongs has +been fixed by the Almighty Provider in the very act of giving +him being, and he who would fain conceal, or disown, or be +ashamed of his race—that is, of the order of Providence to which +he owes his existence—could succeed in nothing else but in proving +himself unworthy the esteem of men of any race. +</p> + +<p> +I know and gratefully acknowledge the important services +rendered to Catholicity in the United States by persons of other +races. There was, first of all, the Maryland colony, with whose +noble history that of few, if any, of the other colonies can compare. +By their justice and humanity in treating with the native +tribes, by similar justice and fair dealing with other colonists, of +every religion and every race, by their domestic virtues and patriotic +course, the men of that colony deserved and received a +high place in the esteem of their countrymen and of the world. +</p> + +<p> +But their number is small, too small—indeed. Would that +they were more. Were they all put together they would not +form one average diocese of the forty-six now existing in this +country. +</p> + +<p> +God has sent us many illustrious men from France, and Belgium, +and Italy, who have occupied the foremost ranks in the +ministry, whose heroic virtues and zealous works are even now +as beacon lights to all who labour for God's glory. But as to +the people from these countries, they are not many more than +those from the Maryland stock. Germany has sent many of her +hardy sons to labour with the steadfastness of their countrymen +in building up the walls of the sanctuary. These are, indeed, a +most important element, and are destined to become more and +more important every day. They may yet exercise a greater +influence on the destiny of the Church in this country than the +Irish race. But so far, I think, no one will claim that they can +be compared with it in numbers, or as to the results hitherto +obtained. Of the converts in this country we may say the same +thing as of those in England. +</p> + +<p> +Giving all, therefore, what belongs to them—for there is not, +nor should there be here, any room for jealousy—I think it will +be admitted that it is above all others to the sons of Ireland and +to their children that the spread of Catholicity is due in this +land. No matter who ministered at the altar (though there, +too, the sons of Ireland have had their share), in the body of the +church you will find that, in the majority of places, they constitute +the bulk, and in many the whole of the congregation. +Their hard earned dollars were foremost in supplying means to +buy the lot and raise the building from which the Catholic faith +<pb n='077'/><anchor id='Pg077'/> +is announced. The priest, no matter what his own nationality, +was nowhere more confident of finding help and support than +among the Irish emigrants or their children. Wherever a railway, +or a canal, or a hive of industry invited their sturdy labour, +the cross soon sprang up to bear witness to their generosity and +their faith. +</p> + +<p> +Even the old Maryland colony, though consisting chiefly of +English Catholics, seeking here a freedom of conscience denied +them at home, had its Irish element, and that not the least noble +in deeds nor the least conspicuous in virtue. +</p> + +<p> +When at the period of the Revolution the noblest men of this +land stood together, shoulder to shoulder, and issued that Declaration +of Independence to which they pledged their lives, their +fortunes, and their sacred honours, it was a Catholic of the Irish +race who affixed his signature for Maryland. In doing this he +pledged an honour as pure, and a life as precious as any of the +rest, but he staked a fortune equal to, if not greater than, that +of all the others put together. When he signed his name, one +standing by said, <q>There go some millions</q>. Another remarked, +<q>There are many Carrolls; he will not be known</q>. He overheard +the remark, and to avoid all misconception, wrote down +in full, <q><hi rend='italic'>Charles Carroll, of Carrollton</hi></q>. +</p> + +<p> +Yet this noble scion of the Irish race, for so many years the +pride and the ornament of his native state, while fulfilling all +the duties of an illustrious citizen, was not ashamed of the race +from which he sprang. Instead of selecting amongst French +<foreign lang='fr' rend='italic'>villes</foreign> or English <emph>parks</emph> or <emph>towns</emph> a name for his princely estate, +he stamped on it a title with the good old Celtic ring. He +called it after a property of one of his Irish ancestors, <hi rend='italic'>Doughoregan +Manor</hi>, thereby telling his posterity and his countrymen +that if they feel any pride in his name, they must associate him +with a race which so many affect to despise. +</p> + +<p> +Let all the sons, and the sons of the sons, of Ireland be, like +him, faithful to their duties as citizens, ready to sacrifice their +all for their country, whether that all be little, or as great as was +his vast wealth; just and respectful and charitable to men of all +races and creeds, not anxious either to conceal or obtrude their +own, but rather to live worthy of both; determined, in a word, +faithfully to discharge all their civil and Christian duties, let +them be earnest in elevating the one by greater fidelity to the +other. Acting thus, they will imitate Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, +and fulfil all I would wish them to do out of fidelity to +their country, their religion, and their race. +</p> + +<p> +It was also one of the Maryland stock, but of this same Irish +race—another Carroll—who was chosen the first bishop, and the +founder of the hierarchy, of the young American Church; as if +<pb n='078'/><anchor id='Pg078'/> +Providence here too wished to indicate from which race the +chief strength of Catholicity was to be derived in this land. +</p> + +<p> +Would it be overstraining matters to say, that a hint of this +was also given by Providence in the Irish name of the future +metropolitan see of the United States—the first in time, and +always to be the first in dignity? The word <hi rend='italic'>Baltimore</hi> is an +Irish word, and, through the founder of the colony, was derived +from an Irish hamlet, which from the extreme south-west coast +of Ireland, is looking, as it were, over the waters of the Atlantic +to this continent for the full realization of its name. The word, +in the Irish language, means <q>the town of the great house</q>, and +it was beyond the Atlantic that Baltimore, in becoming the +chief see of a great church, has truly become <q>the town of the +great house</q>, for the church, or house at the head of which it +stands, extends probably over a wider surface than any other +church or churches amongst which any one bishop holds pre-eminence, +excepting only the church governed by the Vicar of +Jesus Christ, to whom is committed the care of <emph>all</emph> the sheep +and lambs of God's fold, that is, the whole of Christ's Church. +In names, which God has given, or permitted to be given, he +has frequently foreshadowed the destinies of individuals and +races. Would it be superstitious to suppose that in the Irish +name of this American ecclesiastical metropolis—the only important +city in this country that has an Irish name—Providence +pointed, on the one hand, to its future position in the Christian +hierarchy, and on the other to the character of the chief portion +of the family of that house or church? +</p> + +<p> +But, be this as it may, it was a scion of the Irish race who +was the founder of the new American hierarchy. For some +time he held the crozier alone. The whole country was his +diocese. But he did not depart until he saw suffragans around +him forming a regular hierarchy, that was destined to multiply +and, mainly on Irish shoulders, carry, everywhere, the ark that +would spread blessings throughout the land. +</p> + +<p> +The work that has thus been commenced is no doubt destined +to prosper. It is not without a motive that in this country the +lines are drawn, and the foundations laid by Providence for a +noble church. Its beginnings (for we may say it is yet in its +infancy) bear many of the marks of the process by which the +work was effected, It is destined to grow, and may it grow, +particularly in the mild beauty of Christian virtue, and win, by +love, the homage of all the children of the land, that all may +receive through it the graces of Heaven, and even their Earthly +prosperity be consolidated and become the means of their acquiring +higher blessings. +</p> + +<p> +But whatever be said of the United States, the Irish race is +<pb n='079'/><anchor id='Pg079'/> +certainly almost alone in the work of diffusing Catholicity in the +various other countries in which the English language is spoken. +</p> + +<p> +The sufferings of Ireland were, therefore, the means, and evidently +intended by God as the means to preserve her in the faith, +to give her its rewards in a high degree; and this preservation of +her faith was as evidently intended to make her and her sons instruments +in spreading that faith throughout the English-speaking +world. This is, therefore, what I claim to be, in the counsels of +God, the <hi rend='smallcaps'>destiny of the Irish Race</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Did we endeavour to draw this conclusion by far-fetched arguments, +we might fear the delusions of fancy, but I think it is +plainly written in the facts to which I have alluded, when looked +at with faith in an overruling Providence. The diffusion of the +true faith enters too closely, and is too primary a thing in the +designs of God, to suppose it for a moment to be the work of +accident. It is his work first of all. Where it exists it exists +because he so willed it. The instruments that effected it must +be those which he has chosen and placed to the work with this +very view. When, therefore, the results obtained, and those we +see in the certain future, and the means by which they are obtained, +are a matter of intuition, rather than of reasoning, the conclusion +drawn seems to me to have all the force of demonstration, +and in no way liable to be considered the product of fancy or of +national pride. +</p> + +<p> +This interpretation of the facts of history will, by some, be +considered a complicated theory, and therefore unworthy of God. +But the simplicity of God's operations by no means excludes +multiplicity and combination of agents in themselves most inadequate +or discordant. Our inclination to exclude these, though +we imagine the very contrary, is the result of the consciousness +of our own weakness, which we would fain attribute to God. +<emph>We</emph> may, indeed, be overwhelmed, or at least embarrassed, by +many instruments; and therefore we think it wise to avoid their +use. But, it is as easy for God to use and direct many as few, or +to produce results by his own immediate action. Nay, though +sometimes he performs wonderful works in a moment, he is more +often pleased to act through numerous and far-reaching instruments, +which, at times, seem even to work in opposition to his +designs, and by overruling and directing them, to prove that he +is Ruler and Master over all things in action, as well as the +Author of their being. +</p> + +<p> +By one word he made the Earth produce <q>every green herb</q> +and <q>every fruit-tree yielding fruit according to its kind</q>; but +he is now pleased to make the fertility of the earth, and the +various ingredients of the air, and the heat and light of the sun, +labour through a whole season to produce the flower, that for a +<pb n='080'/><anchor id='Pg080'/> +few days wastes its fragrance on the meadow. At one time he +sends his angel to strike down in one night myriads of the enemies +of his people; at another he is pleased <q>to hiss for the fly, +that is in the uttermost parts of the rivers of Egypt, and for the +bee that is in the land of Assyria</q> (<hi rend='italic'>Is.</hi>, vii. 18), that they may +come and be the instruments of his vengeance. At one time he +rains down bread from Heaven to feed a whole multitude; at +another, he sends his angel to take the prophet by the hair of +his head from Judea, even unto Babylon, that he may supply +food to his servant. +</p> + +<p> +It is not for us to prescribe ways to Providence, but to study +His design in the events which we witness, and to bow down +and adore his Power, his Wisdom, and his Goodness. +</p> + +<p> +To give power to an apostate and persecuting nation, and the +grace of fidelity to another; to use and even to create the material +resources of the first as the instrument of his design over +the latter, may appear a circuitous course, but it is only another +instance of that unity of purpose and multiplicity, variety and +apparent incongruity of means, which we witness in almost all +his works. +</p> + +<p> +When the people of God were carried away into captivity, +<q>the priests took the fire from the altar, and hid it in a valley +where there was a pit without water</q>. There <q>they kept it +safe</q>, while the Gentile hosts reigned triumphant in the land. +But <q>when many years had passed</q>, and the people returned, +they sought the fire, but found only <q>thick water</q>. This they +sprinkled on the new sacrifices that were prepared, and <q>when +the sun shone out, which before was in a cloud, there was a great +fire kindled so that all wondered</q>. (II. <hi rend='italic'>Mach.</hi>, i. 19, 22). +</p> + +<p> +An analogous phenomenon, methinks, has been presented in +Ireland. That combination of frenzy and irreligion, which men +have called <q>The Reformation</q>, swept before it almost every +vestige of faith from many of the northern countries of Europe, +and seemed in a special manner to have enveloped in darkness +the islands of the West. Men were like <q>raging waves of the +sea, foaming out their own confusion</q>, boasting of liberty and +light, but treating the faithful with savage cruelty, and showing +their own inability to hold fast any positive principles which +they proclaimed as truth. The ancient faith of these islands, +overwhelmed in the waters of tribulation, seemed hidden in the +hearts of the Irish people, saddened by persecution and sufferings +of every kind. +</p> + +<p> +But the day has come for pouring forth this water on nations. +By their sufferings, the Irish race, driven into many lands, mingles +with the progeny of its oppressors. The sun of God's grace, +which seems under a cloud, is now shining forth, and a great +<pb n='081'/><anchor id='Pg081'/> +fire is enkindled and is spreading its light and its heat far and +near. The Church of God is everywhere showing itself again +in its pristine beauty. English-speaking nations that were the +ramparts of heresy, are beginning again to fall into the ranks of +Catholic unity, and, as happened once before, the light of faith +that took refuge in the most distant island of the West, is, from +that sacred spot, sending forth its beams and gladdening the +Church by giving her whole people as her children. +</p> + +<p> +So far we are led, I may say, by the mere logic of facts. Were +we to indulge in speculation, but in a speculation quite in conformity +with the beneficent designs of God, we might expect +still more from these effects of the steadfastness of Ireland. +</p> + +<p> +Notwithstanding all the faults of England, the Catholic heart +throughout the world has never lost its interest in that land, once +so faithful. Other nations, once as Catholic, have been lost, and +they are almost forgotten. The land where the Saviour Himself +lived is, indeed, remembered on account of the sacred spots which +he trod; but no hopes are entertained for the conversion of its +people. The Churches planted by the Apostles have been destroyed. +We cherish the memory of the holy confessors and martyrs +who adorned them; but despair of their return to the truth +is the only feeling in their regard that we can discover in the +Catholic world. +</p> + +<p> +But in one way or another the Catholic heart seems never to +have despaired of the return of England. Opinions and expectations +which are, probably, nothing more than an expression of +the intensity of this feeling, are everywhere to be met. They +exist among the learned and the high, as well as amongst the +humble children of the Church, and are found to be cherished +in different lands. England, with her long catalogue of saints, +seems to be considered, not as an outcast, on whom the sentence +of spiritual death has been executed, but rather as the prodigal, +who in a moment of thoughtlessness demanded, what he called +his own share, and wandered from his father's house. The father +is looking out, expecting every day to see the wayward one return, +and is ever ready to kill the fatted calf, and to call on his +friends and neighbours to rejoice and be merry, for <q>he that was +dead is come to life again, and he that was lost is found</q>. +</p> + +<p> +But, alas! there is much reason to fear that such joy is not to +be expected. We know of no instance of a whole nation once +fully and deliberately apostatising from the faith ever again returning. +The grace of faith, if lost by individuals by formal +apostacy, is seldom recovered. It has never yet been recovered +by any nation that once enjoyed its full light, and deliberately +abandoned it. It is not for us, to be sure, to place bounds to the +mercies of God. Who knows but that in these latter ages God +<pb n='082'/><anchor id='Pg082'/> +may do a work which he never did before? and, now that the +Church has encircled the globe, and announced the Gospel to +every nation under the sun, God may send her back on another +mission more glorious than the first, showing forth his power in +giving new life to fallen nations as he did before in converting +those who knew not his name. His first work might be compared +to that which he performed when he took the clay and +breathed into it the breath of life; this, to his raising up the +dead already mouldering in the tomb. But he has done both in +the physical, and he may do both in the moral order. +</p> + +<p> +Without having recourse, however, to this extraordinary dispensation, +the hope of which would be unwarranted by anything +we have yet seen, may not the hopes to which I have alluded, +and which could scarcely have existed without some influence +of the divine Spouse of the Church, be realized in the conversion +of the children, rather than in that of the mother? May +not the expectations of the Catholic world be realized by a return +of English-speaking brethren in the various colonies which +the mother country has planted? May <emph>they</emph> not receive the +graces which the latter has cast away, and thus more than compensate +the Church for the loss of that one island? +</p> + +<p> +Such results would be no anomaly in the experience of the +Church. Several nations first learned Christianity under a heterodox +form, and some of the most Catholic to-day are their descendants. +Their errors were not their own faults, <emph>as nations</emph>, +and God had pity upon them. +</p> + +<p> +We may say the same thing of this, and of several other countries, +where great and independent peoples will be found one +day as they now are here. This nation has never apostatised +from Catholic truth, simply because it never possessed it <hi rend='italic'>as a +nation</hi>. At its birth it was already entangled in the meshes of +heterodoxy, and it found the Catholic Church in its midst, with +few adherents. Yet, at its very birth, it struck off the shackles +by which she was bound. Several circumstances, it is true, +aided this course of justice. But, who will say that these existed +otherwise than by God's Providence, and for the nation's benefit, +as well as for ours? This course of justice, moreover, was +adopted cordially and fully by the founders of the country's independence, +and that at a time when the Church was so treated by +few even of those nations on whom she had the best claims. +Bigots, it is true, were not wanting, then, or since. But it is a +great fact, that this nation, <emph>as a nation</emph> and as a Government, +has always, since its birth, treated God's Church with justice. +</p> + +<p> +A cup of cold water, given in the name of Christ, shall not be +without its reward. Do we exaggerate in hoping that this mode +of proceeding towards his Church shall have its reward from her +<pb n='083'/><anchor id='Pg083'/> +Heavenly Spouse—that it will plead for this nation with the Divine +Mercy, as the alms of Cornelius obtained for him the knowledge +of Gospel truth and a share in its blessings? The grace +of faith, with these blessings, is the greatest which God gives to +man, nor is it the less valuable because it is not now appreciated +or is even spurned. It is God's grace that gives a hunger for divine +things, as it is by Him that the hungry are filled. +</p> + +<p> +Yes, I do not only desire, and send up the prayer, but I candidly +avow the hope, that the light of faith is yet destined to shine +brightly here, even amongst those who now look on it with contempt +or hostility. In this I am strengthened by the desire for +a knowledge of truth, which, notwithstanding the bigotry of +many, is so widely spread. I am strengthened by the growth of +the Church itself, which bears the marks of a higher purpose on +the part of God than the mere preservation of those who came +Catholics to our shores. I am strengthened by the very losses +which the Church sustains in the falling away of many of her +children. For surely God did not permit them to be driven +hither by persecution that they might perish. He sent them forth +to battle, in doing which, though many may be lost, he will grant +victory to his own cause. I am strengthened by the very dangers +by which we are surrounded; nor would my hope be shaken +even if storms should impend. For it is according to the ways of +God to reach his ends amidst contradictions. +</p> + +<p> +Let it not be said that the humble condition or the faults of +many of the children of the Church, forbid such a hope as this. +God's ways are not as our ways. It is not by the great or by the +mighty that his truth is propagated. Flesh might otherwise +glory in His sight, and men might say that, by their wisdom and +their efforts was His kingdom established. So far from this being +an objection, when other things inspire hope, the hope is strengthened +by the humble form in which the Church presents itself. +Our hope of its diffusion is better founded when we see it borne +to our shores by humble labourers, than if it had come recommended +exclusively by proud philosophers, cunning statesmen, +or by men loaded with wealth. +</p> + +<p> +What we hope for this nation, we may hope with greater reason +for the other nations yet reposing in their infancy, or growing +in giant proportions under British rule. I say, with greater reason, +because in most of these the foundations of Catholicity are +laid even more deeply than they are here. While it would be a +great thing for God's honour and glory, there is nothing to forbid +the hope that these may one day be united in the true fold of the +everlasting Church. The blood of Ireland and of England will +mingle in their veins; and, while they will look back with shame +on the apostacy of the sixteenth century, as a disgraceful chapter +<pb n='084'/><anchor id='Pg084'/> +in the history of their forefathers, they will glory in the recollections +of the saints and the heroes of religion who, for a thousand +years, adorned both their mother countries. With feelings analogous +to those with which we look back to the tyrants of the +first centuries and their victims, they will set off the martyr heroes +of one portion of their ancestors to the apostacy of the other, +and the apostasy itself will be, in their history, but an episode +proving how far human nature may stray, while their own conversion +will be a standing monument of the power of the cross. +</p> + +<p> +If these hopes be realized, the Irish race and its sufferings will +have been the instruments in the hands of God by which the +grand result will be accomplished; but whether they be realized +or not, the main point which I have endeavoured to dwell upon +seems to me to be established beyond doubt—that is, that this +race has been preserved by God in the true faith in an extraordinary +manner, for the purpose of spreading that faith throughout +the English-speaking nations which now exist, or which are +coming into being. +</p> + +<p> +As Ireland owes the preservation of her faith to her being +destined as the leaven of that mass, it is but assigning to God a +purpose worthy of His goodness to say, that England owes her +power to her mission to spread that leaven throughout so many +vast regions. It will not, I presume, be considered rash to say +that God, permitting her to acquire power, proposed to himself +some higher object than that other nations should have cheap +cotton or woollen fabrics, or that they should learn how to travel +forty instead of four or ten miles an hour. In his goodness he +designed that power for some purpose worthy of Heaven; and +this purpose may be accomplished whether England herself will +it or not, or even though she desire the very contrary. I have +said before, that most learned and grave writers consider the +Roman power to have been intended, in the counsels of God, to +prepare a way for the diffusion of the Gospel. The rulers of +Rome despised the Gospel and its heralds. Still Rome most +probably owed to them her greatness, and but for this mission, +she might have remained what she was in the beginning—an +obscure village, a place of refuge for the thieves of the surrounding +country. England may despise the Irish Catholic. +Like Rome, she may look upon the professors of Catholicity +as the great plague-spot of her system. Yet, in the designs +of God, she most probably is indebted for her power to the +part she is made to act in the diffusion of their faith. It +is certain, at least, that the highest use of that power she has +yet been allowed to make, is the carrying of frieze-coated Papists +to distant shores, and the clearing of the forests where they +are propagating, and are yet to propagate more extensively, +<pb n='085'/><anchor id='Pg085'/> +the true faith. If a higher design in her behalf exist in the arrangements +of Providence, it is yet to be made known. But for this +she might have remained, as the poet described her, <q>a naked +fisher</q> on her rock, and when she shall have ended her usefulness +as an instrument for accomplishing this object, she may return +<q>to her hook</q>, still musing, perhaps, her senseless <q>No +Popery</q>, while the churches which she has unwillingly assisted +to plant, will be growing up in beauty and praising God in one +harmonious voice with the other children of his family throughout +the world. +</p> + +<p> +The value and importance of this great mission cannot be +overrated. It is awful to think what would have been the condition +of the English-speaking races, in a religious point of view, +if Ireland had shared in the English apostacy. Scarcely a +Catholic voice would be heard amongst those seventy or eighty +millions now using that language, who occupy so large a portion +of the Earth, and in another century, according to the ratio of +their growth, may become two or four hundred millions, or even +more. The very remnant that has continued faithful in England +might have followed in the wake of their predecessors, had not +the influence of Ireland caused the sword of persecution to be +sheathed, and civil intolerance to cease at last, and thus the +temptation to be removed which had proved fatal to so many. +In that vast empire, or the empires that may rise out of its +fragments—for, in more than one place are foundations of empires +laid which would grow with giant growth, even though the power +of the mother country were paralysed to-morrow—the holy sacrifice +would not be offered up, and thus the prophecy not fulfilled, +which foretold that a clean oblation would be offered from the +rising of the sun to the going down thereof. That union of the +Christian family for which the Saviour prayed before he suffered, +and which he left as a mark by which men would know his followers, +would not be exhibited to the world. Christianity would +be confounded with the products of these latter ages of so-called +<q>light</q>, and be thought, like the appliances of steam and the contrivances +of machinery, to owe its power to the genius of the +Anglo-Saxon race, instead of deriving it from Him who died on +Calvary. For their Christianity, by its very name, would proclaim +that the work of Christ had failed, until the press and the +<q>march of light</q> had come to its aid. Religion, in a word, instead +of being a divine institution, would appear and be amongst +them but a brilliant work or invention of man, and, therefore, +in the supernatural order, but a brilliant delusion, not an institution +which the mercy of God transplanted from Heaven, and +made to stand, and to grow, and to bless, and produce fruit, in +every age and in every form of society. +</p> + +<pb n='086'/><anchor id='Pg086'/> + +<p> +But, in preserving the faith of the Irish race, God has provided +a leaven of truth for these masses. By the side of systems +of religion which men have devised, stands the everlasting +Church—that Church which, as Macaulay remarked, is the only +connecting link between the civilization of the ancient and modern +worlds—the Church which taught the name of Christ to +every nation that knows him, even to those who afterwards fell +from the fullness of truth—the Church which Augustine brought +to England, and Patrick to Ireland—the Church that raised the +dignity of the poor, and humbled the pride of the high, placing +all on the level of the Gospel—the Church that claims no new +inventions, but is itself an invention of God, infinitely surpassing +all inventions of man, holding out nothing to the nineteenth, +which it did not present to the first, to the tenth, and to every +other century, but presenting to all the faith and institutions of +God, able to save all, to elevate all, to bring all into one fold, that +all may be united in one happiness in Heaven. +</p> + +<p> +Is not this great result worth all the sufferings which Ireland +has endured? The ways of God appear often circuitous. But +in their circuitous course they are everywhere fraught with blessings. +The children of Ireland suffered; yet, even in their sufferings +they were blessed. He himself pronounced <q>blessed +those who suffer persecution for justice's sake</q>; for in their trials +they redeemed their own souls. But they were doubly blessed, +because they were preserving the ark of God, and carrying it +through the waters of tribulation to bless more amply unborn +and numerous generations. The ways of God are circuitous, +and though, like the course of the planets, they sometimes seem +to us to retrograde, they are always onward. The sufferings of +Ireland at a time seemed without a purpose, or even the very +contrary to what we might have expected for so faithful a people. +But, who knows what might have been the result, if justice and +humanity had marked the course of the English nation towards +Ireland? Who knows but the temptation to the latter to be +drawn into apostacy would have been too powerful? Had +Apostate England dealt generously or justly with Catholic +Ireland, who knows if, in the alliances that would have been +formed, she would have been equally steadfast in her faith? +And though for a long time confiscations, and plunder, and persecution, +and slaughter, and even now, harsh treatment condemning +her sons to famine and banishment, have been the effects of +the English connection; if these have been the means of creating +a barrier that prevented the spread of heresy amongst her +sons, has too great a price been paid for the <q>pearl</q> that has been +bought? When, particularly, the cross borne by the children +of Ireland shall have been erected in the Western and Southern +<pb n='087'/><anchor id='Pg087'/> +Hemispheres, and flourishing Churches in Catholic unity established +under its shade, where, but for the fidelity of our fathers, +heterodoxy alone would have had sway, shall we not say that +little indeed were their sufferings compared to the value of such +an Apostolate of Empires? +</p> + +<p> +What is any Earthly mission compared to this? What is even +the spreading of civilization with its highest privileges, compared +to the spreading of the saving institutions of the Gospel? +Even in this world virtue is a thing infinitely superior to mere +physical power. The man who does God's will, whose soul is +adorned with grace, is an object of complacency with his Maker, +and enjoys his esteem infinitely more, than he who can control +the hidden powers of nature, and make them subservient to his +will, but does not make his own will conform to the great law +that should govern it—subjection to the will of God. When +Earth, and all that is of Earth, shall have passed away, the +proudest human achievements will be seen to have been as +nothing, while those who shall have caused God's name to be +glorified, shall shine as bright stars <q>unto perpetual eternities</q>. +</p> + +<p> +This mission, however, has its duties as well as its dignity. +What will it avail us to be the sons of martyred sires who sacrificed +all for God, if we barter the faith for which they died, for +some paltry bauble, or fail to transmit it to those under our +charge? Will not the constancy and sufferings of our fathers +be a reproach to us before God and man? Will they not pronounce +judgment upon us if, while we honour their heroic deeds, +we ourselves display nothing but pusillanimity? And even +though we preserve our faith, will not this be rather to our shame, +if we do not endeavour to practise the virtues which it teaches? +When the salt has lost its savour, it is good for nothing any more +but to be cast out, and to be trodden on by men. The higher +the vocation of God, the lower will be the degradation of those +who fail to correspond. They will be despised, and justly despised, +by God and by men. +</p> + +<p> +We can see in the fate of other nations the consequences of +infidelity to a noble mission. Spain and Portugal were once +great powers. They achieved great things at home and abroad. +The sails of their commerce whitened every sea. The most +distant lands acknowledged their might. They, too, were missionary +nations. They carried the faith to the East and to the +West, and in both hemispheres planted the cross on continents +and islands where Christ was before unknown. God may be +said to have given them power for this purpose. It was mainly +through their agency that the missionary work, which repaired +the losses of the Church in Europe, was carried on for two hundred +years. +</p> + +<pb n='088'/><anchor id='Pg088'/> + +<p> +But the rulers of these countries listened to wicked counsels. +On <emph>one and the same</emph> dark day did Spain, on another did Portugal, +command the most strenuous heralds of the cross to be seized +and bound in chains. The galleons that were wont to bear over +the deep the treasures of Asia and America, and pour them into +the laps of the mother countries, or to carry their commands +and the means of enforcing them to the most distant lands, were +now spreading their sails over every ocean and sea, in the inglorious +work of conveying to home prisons, or into exile, the truest +missionaries of the cross. On that day these nations renounced +their noble mission, and the power that was given to enable them +to carry it out soon departed. +</p> + +<p> +The immediate agencies producing their downfall, as well as +those that gave rise to their power, may, indeed, be seen in operation +before the existence of the causes to which I have attributed +them, but not before these were known to God. Now, +he frequently prepares, by a long process, the instruments both +of his rewards and his punishments, and holds them ready to be +conferred on the virtuous, or poured forth on the head of the +criminal, long before the fidelity of the one be tested, or the +guilt of the other be consummated. Spain and Portugal thus +fell, if you will, by immediate agencies long in operation, but +by agencies over which God ruled, and which He directed according +to his own wise counsels. They fell, and in their humbled +condition, mocked by the remains of ancient greatness, they +teach all the important lesson, that the greater the high calling +given by God, the greater the punishment of those who prove +untrue. +</p> + +<p> +Were we also to prove faithless to the mission which God has +assigned us, we know not what punishment may await us, even +in this world. The trials through which our race has passed, +and is passing, may seem severe; but, they are trials permitted +by a loving father. May we never deserve that he should scourge +us in his <emph>great</emph> anger. We might then find, like the Jewish +people, that to suffer for righteousness' sake from the hands of +men, is sweet, compared to the gall and wormwood mixed in +the cup of those who fall into the hands of an avenging God. +</p> + +<p> +On this day, when the Church calls on us to commemorate +the heroic virtues and the glorious deeds of our great Apostle, +I would fain say to every son of Ireland—to every one in whose +veins Irish blood flows, no matter where he himself was born: +Let us live worthy of our ancestry, of an ancestry which is the +same for all, and is a noble one, noble in that which is the +noblest thing man can rejoice in—virtue and fidelity to +God. We ourselves are called in a special manner to do honour +to our faith by spreading it amongst nations that are destined to +<pb n='089'/><anchor id='Pg089'/> +occupy the highest position in the social scale. Let us be faithful +to our calling. Let us show ourselves worthy sons of the +martyred dead. Let us make sure, like them, whatever else we +fail in, not to fail in transmitting the faith to those entrusted to +our charge, never exposing it to danger for any advantage, much +less for the trifling things that may be gained here by want of +fidelity. Transmit, carefully, the faith, first of all, but with +faith spare no effort that you yourselves, and those committed to +your care, grow also in every other virtue. Nay, endeavour so to +live that <emph>all men</emph> may learn to love the faith which is the spring +of your actions, and thus glorify and love that God who is the +<q>Author and Finisher</q> of that Faith. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Liturgical Questions. +(<hi rend='italic'>From M. Bouix's <q>Revue des Sciences Ecclesiastiques</q></hi>).</head> + +<p> +1. Is it lawful or obligatory to insert, at the letter N, in the +collect <hi rend='italic'>A cunctis</hi>, the name of the patron of the locality (if there +be one) when the titular of the church is the Blessed Virgin or +a mystery of our Saviour? +</p> + +<p> +2. Is it right to place on the corner of the altar the finger-towel, +which in some churches is fastened to the altar-cloth, from +which it hangs suspended? +</p> + +<p> +3. Is there any obligation to ring the bell at the Sanctus and +at the Elevation, even when there is no one at Mass? +</p> + +<p> +4. Is it lawful for a priest to use a cincture of the kind generally +used by bishops? +</p> + +<p> +1. The name of the titular of the church in which the Mass +is said is that which ought to be inserted at the letter N in the +collect <hi rend='italic'>A cunctis</hi>. In the application of this general rule various +cases may occur; the title may be a mystery of our Lord or of +our Blessed Lady; or it may be a saint already named in the +collect—for example, Saint Peter or Saint Paul; or Mass may +be said in an oratory which has no titular saint. The following +are the rules to be observed in such cases: +</p> + +<p> +1<hi rend='vertical-align: super'>o</hi>. That it is the name of the titular saint which is to be inserted +at the letter N is clear from the following decrees: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<p> +1 <hi rend='smallcaps'>Decree</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Question.</hi> <q>In missali romano praecipitur, ut post nomina +Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, in oratione <hi rend='italic'>A cunctis</hi>, etc., dicatur +nomen patroni praecipui illius ecclesiae, seu diocesis. In Hispania +est praecipuus illius regni patronus B. Jacobus apostolus et ex concessione +Apostolica in ecclesia dioecesi Guadicensi est patronus specialis +S. Torquatus, B. Jacobi apostoli discipulus, et ejusdem ecclesiae +<pb n='090'/><anchor id='Pg090'/> +et civitatis primus episcopus. Quaeritur: An in praedicta oratione +<hi rend='italic'>A cunctis</hi> debeat dici nomen B. Jacobi apostoli, an B. Torquati?</q> +<hi rend='italic'>Answer.</hi> <q>In oratione <hi rend='italic'>A cunctis</hi> post nomina sanctorum apostolorum +Petri et Pauli, nomen Torquati tanquam Ecclesiae cathedralis Guadicensis +Patroni dumtaxat ponendum esse</q>. (Decree of 22 January, +1678, No. 2856, q. 8.) +</p> + +<p> +2 <hi rend='smallcaps'>Decree</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Questions.</hi> <q>... 15. S. Jacobus est patronus universalis +regnorum Hispaniae, sancti vero martyres Stemeterius et Caledonius +fratres sunt patroni particulares ecclesiae cathedralis, et totius dioecesis +Santanderiensis rite electi, et novissime approbati a S. R. C. +Quaeritur igitur: Quis ex his patronis debeat nominari ... in oratione +<hi rend='italic'>A cunctis</hi>, quando in missis haec oratio dicitur in ecclesia matrice et +in caeteris dioecesis? 16. In casu, quo ob dignitatis praestantiam +nominari debeat S. Jacobus, quaeritur an ... exprimi etiam possint +nomina SS. Stemeterii et Caledonii in praedicta oratione ..., praecipue +in ecclesia matrice ubi sacra eorum capita ... venerantur? Et si negative, +supplicatur pro gratia ad promovendum cultum qui ipsos +decet in ecclesia cathedrali ac tota dioecesi ratione sui specialissimi +patronatus</q>. <hi rend='italic'>Answer.</hi> <q>Ad 15. In qualibet ecclesia nominandum esse +patronum seu titularem proprium ejusdem ecclesiae. Ad 16. Provisum +in praecedenti</q>. (Decree of 23 January, 1793, No. 4448, q. 15 +and 16.) +</p> + +<p> +3 <hi rend='smallcaps'>Decree</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Question.</hi> <q>An patronus nominandus in oratione <hi rend='italic'>A +cunctis</hi> intelligi debeat patronus principalis loci?</q> <hi rend='italic'>Answer.</hi> <q>Nominandus +titularis Ecclesiae</q>. (Decree of 12 November, 1831, No. +4669, q. 31.) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +2<hi rend='vertical-align: super'>o</hi>. If the titular of the church has been already named in the +collect <hi rend='italic'>A cunctis</hi>, no name is to be inserted at the letter N. The +same holds if the Mass happens to be that of the same saint. +This rule depends on the following decision: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<p> +<q>Quis nominandus sit ad litteram N. si patronus vel titularis jam +nominatus sit in illa oratione, aut de eo celebrata sit missa?</q> +<hi rend='italic'>Answer.</hi> <q>Si jam fuerit nominatus omittenda nova nominatio</q>. +(Ibid.) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +3<hi rend='ertical-align: super'>o</hi>. If the oratory in which the Mass is said have no titular +saint, the name of the patron of the locality is to be inserted. This +rule is proved from a decree of 12th December, 1840, No. 4897, +No. 2: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<p> +<q>Sacerdos celebrans in oratorio publico vel privato quod non +habet sanctum patronum vel titularem, an debeat in oratione <hi rend='italic'>A +cunctis</hi> ad litteram N. nominare sanctum patronum vel titularem +ecclesiae parochialis intra cujus limites sita sunt oratoria, vel sanctum +patronum ecclesiae cui adscriptus est, vel potius omnem ulteriorem +nominationem omittere?</q> <hi rend='italic'>Answer.</hi> <q>Patronum civitatis, vel loci +nominandum esse</q>. +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +4<hi rend='vertical-align: super'>o</hi>. If the titular of the church be a mystery of the life of +our Lord, or of our Lady, authors differ in opinion whether the +name of the patron of the locality is to be inserted at the letter +<pb n='091'/><anchor id='Pg091'/> +N, or whether no addition should be made. M. de Conny is for +the latter opinion, and his authority is a safe guide for us. The +second rule we have laid down is sufficient to show that no +name is to be inserted in cases where the title of the church is a +mystery of the Blessed Virgin, seeing that the august Mother of +God is always named in the body of the prayer. The words of +the conclusion are enough perhaps to excuse from the obligation +of naming the patron of the locality in cases where the church is +dedicated to a mystery of the life of our Lord. +</p> + +<p> +2. The usage here alluded to is not only not becoming, but it +is also contrary to the Rubric of the Missal. (part i., tit. xx.): +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<q>Ab eadem parte epistolae ... ampullae vitreae vini et aquae, cum +pelvicula et manutergio mundo in fenestella, seu in parva mensa ad +haec praeparata. Super altare nihil omnino ponatur, quod ad Missae +sacrificium vel ipsius altaris ornatum non pertineat</q>. +</quote> + +<p> +3. The sole reason for ringing a bell at Mass is to give a +signal to the faithful. <q>Ad excitandos circumstantes</q>, says +Gavantus (t. i. part i., tit. XX., l. c.), <q>ad laetitiam exprimendam +et ad cultum sanctissimi Sacramenti adhibetur campanula</q>. +Other writers coincide with this opinion. It seems but natural, +therefore, not to ring the bell when there are no assistants present, +and when there is no need of any signal. Besides, it is +clearly the teaching of authors, and even of the Sacred Congregation +of Rites, that whenever a signal is not required, the bell +is not to be rung. Thus, the following decision forbids the bell +to be rung during the celebration of the divine office in the +choir, at least in certain circumstances: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<q>Exposito in S. R. C. ecclesiam collegiatam civitatis Senarum +habere chorum adeo subjectum oculis populi, et tali loco positum, ut +canonici dicto choro pro divinis celebrandis, et praecipue Missae cantatae +assistentibus, omnino altaria ejusdem coliegiatae pernecesse inspiciantur, +et exposito quoque tempore, quo canonici choro ut supra +assistunt, consuevisse in dictis altaribus celebrari Missas privatas et +sine scandalo prohiberi non posse: ideo supplicatum fuit pro declaratione: +an ipsi canonici in elevationibus quae fiunt in Missis privatis, +genuflectere teneantur?</q> <hi rend='italic'>Answer.</hi> <q>Non esse genuflectendum, ne +sacra, quibus assistunt, per actum privatum interrumpantur, sed ad +evitandum scandalum, quod in populo et adstantibus causari possit +ob non genuflectionem esse omittendam pulsationem campanulae in +elevatione Sanctissimi, in dictis Missis privatis.</q> (Decret of 5 March +1667, No. 2397.) +</quote> + +<p> +Nor, as a general rule, is the bell rung when the Blessed Sacrament +is exposed, for then it is unnecessary to summon the faithful +to adore the Eucharist. <q>During the private Masses</q>, says the +<hi rend='italic'>Instructio Clementina</hi>, <q>that are celebrated during the exposition, +the bell is not to be rung</q>. Cavalieri, commenting on this passage, +<pb n='092'/><anchor id='Pg092'/> +says: <q>Ex rubricarum praescripto ... interdicuntur</q>. He is +of opinion that this rule of the <hi rend='italic'>Instructio</hi> regards only low Masses, +but Gardellini holds that it refers also to High Masses: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<q>Non erat, cur instructio etiam Missas solemnes commemoraret, +pro quibus Rubrica, non jubet, ut in privatis, eadem pulsari ad +finem prefationis, et ad elevationem Sacramenti. Romae saltem in +majoribus ecclesiis obtinet mos etiam non pulsandi, praeterquam in +Missis solemnibus pro defunctis: gravis organorum sonitus supplet +vices tintinnabuli, et populi adstantis excitat attentionem</q>. +</quote> + +<p> +From all this it is clear that the bell is not to be rung whenever +there is no signal to be given. This is certainly the case +when there is no one to assist at Mass. +</p> + +<p> +4. The cincture for the use of a priest does not differ from +that for the use of a bishop. It may be made either of linen +thread or silk, but it is better that it should be of linen. It may +be either white or of the colour of the vestments. These rules +are drawn from two decrees of the Sacred Congregation: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<p> +1 <hi rend='smallcaps'>Decree</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Question.</hi> <q>An sacerdotes in sacrificio Missae uti possint +cingulo serico?</q> <hi rend='italic'>Answer.</hi> <q>Congruentius uti cingulo lineo</q>. +(22 Jan. 1701, No. 3575, q. 7.) +</p> + +<p> +2 <hi rend='smallcaps'>Decree</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Question.</hi> <q>An cingulum, tertium indumentum sacerdotale, +possit esse colons paramentorum; an necessario debeat esse +album?</q> <hi rend='italic'>Answer.</hi> <q>Posse uti cingulo colore paramentorum</q>—(8 +Jun. 1709, No. 3809, q. 4.) +</p> + +</quote> + +</div> + +<pb n='093'/><anchor id='Pg093'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Documents.</head> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>I. Condemnation Of Dr. Froschammer's +Works.</head> + +<p> +Venerabili Fratri Gregorio Archiepiscopo +</p> + +<p> +Monacensi Et Frisingensi +</p> + +<p> +Pius PP. IX. +</p> + +<p> +Venerabilis Frater, Salutem et Apostolicam Benedictionem. Gravissimas +inter acerbitates, quibus undique premimur, in hac tanta +temporum perturbatione et iniquitate vehementer dolemus, cum noscamus, +in variis Germaniae regionibus reperiri nonnullos catholicos +etiam viros, qui sacram theologiam ac philosophiam tradentes minime +dubitant quamdam inauditam adhuc in Ecclesia docendi scribendique +libertatem inducere, novasque et omnino improbandas opiniones +palam publiceque profiteri, et in vulgus disseminare. Hinc +non levi moerore affecti fuimus, Venerabilis Frater ubi tristissimus +ad Nos venit nuntius, presbyterum Jacobum Frohschammer in ista +Monacensi Academia philosophiae doctorem hujusmodi docendi scribendique +licentiam proe ceteris adhibere, eumque suis operibus in +lucem editis perniciosissimos tueri errores. Nulla igitur interposita +mora, Nostrae Congregationi libris notandis praepositae mandavimus, +ut praecipua volumina, quae ejusdem presbyteri Frohschammer +nomine circumferuntur, cum maxima diligentia sedalo perpenderet, +et omnia ad Nos referret. Quae volumina germanice scripta titulum +habent—<hi rend='italic'>Introductio in Philosophiam—De Libertate scientiae—Athenaeum</hi>—quorum +primum anno 1858, alterum anno 1861, tertium vero +vertente hoc anno 1862 istis Monacensibus typis in lucem est editum. +Itaque eadem Congregatio Nostris mandatis diligenter obsequens +summo studio accuratissimum examen instituit, omnibusque sem el +iterumque serio ac mature ex more discussis et perpensis judicavit, +auctorem in pluribus non recte sentire, ejusque doctrinam a veritate +catholica aberrare. Atque id ex duplici praesertim parte, et primo +quidem propterea quad auctor tales humanae rationi tribuat vires, +quae rationi ipsi minime competunt, secundo vero, quod eam omnia +opinandi, et quidquid semper audendi libertatem eidem rationi concedat, +ut ipsius Ecclesiae jura, officium, et auctoritas de media omnino +tollantur. Namque auctor imprimis edocet, philosophiam, si recta +ejus habeatur notio, posse non solum percipere et intelligere ea +christina dogmata, quae naturalis ratio cum fide habet communia +(tamquam commune scilicet perceptionis objectum) verum etiam +ea, quae christianam religionem fidemque maxime et proprie efficiunt, +<pb n='094'/><anchor id='Pg094'/> +ipsumque scilicet supernaturalem hominis finem, et ea omnia, quae +ad ipsum spectant, atque sacratissimum Dominicae Incarnationis +mysterium ad humanae rationis et philosophiae provinciam pertinere, +rationemque, dato hoc objecto suis propriis principiis scienter ad ea +posse pervenire. Etsi vero aliquam inter haec et illa dogmata distinctionem +auctor inducat, et haec ultima minori jure rationi attribuat, +tamen clare aperteque docet, etiam haec contineri inter illa, +quae veram propriamque scientiae seu philosophiae materiam constituunt. +Quocirca ex ejusdem auctoris sententia concludi omnino +possit ac debeat, rationem in abditissimis etiam divinae Sapientiae ac +Bonitatis, immo etiam et liberae ejus voluntatis mysteriis, licet posito +revelationis objecto posse ex seipsa, non jam ex divinae auctoritatis +principio sed ex naturalibus suis principiis et viribus ad scientiam +seu certitudinem pervenire. Quae auctoris doctrina quam falsa sit +et erronea nemo est, qui christianae doctrinae rudimentis vel leviter +imbutus non illico videat, planeque sentiat. Namque si isti philosophiae +cultores vera ac sola rationis et philosophiae disciplinae tuerentur +principia et jura, debitis certe laudibus essent prosequendi. +Siquidem vera ac sana philosophia nobilissimum suum locum habet, +cum ejusdem philosophiae sit, veritatem diligenter inquirere, humanamque +rationem licet primi hominis culpa obtenebratam, nullo +tamen modo extinctam recte ac sedulo excolere, illustrare, ejusque +cognitionis objectum, ac permultas veritates percipere, bene intellegere, +promovere, earumque plurimas, uti Dei existentiam, naturam, +attributa, quae etiam fides credenda proponit, per argumenta ex suis +principiis petita demonstrare, vindicare, defendere, atque hoc modo +viam munire ad haec dogmata fide rectius tenenda, et ad illa etiam +reconditiora dogmata, quae sola fide percipi primum possunt, ut illa +aliquo modo a ratione intelligantur. Haec quidem agere, atque +in his versari debet severa et pulcherrima verae philosophiae scientia. +Ad quae praestanda si viri docti in Germaniae Academiis enitantur +pro singulari inclytae illius nationis ad severiores gravioresque +disciplinas excolendas propensione, eorum studium a Nobis comprobatur +et commendatur, cum in sacrarum rerum utilitatem profectumque +convertant, quae illi ad suos usus invenerint. At vero in +hoc gravissimo sane negotio tolerare numquam possumus, ut omnia +emere permisceantur, utque ratio illas etiam res, quae ad fidem +pertinent, occupet atque perturbet, cum certissimi, omnibusque +notissimi sint fines, ultra quos ratio numquam suo jure est +progressa, vel progredi potest. Atque ad hujusmodi dogmata ea +omnia maxime et apertissime spectant, quae supernaturalem hominis +elevationem, ac supernaturale ejus cum Deo commercium respiciunt +atque ad hunc finem revelata noscuntur. Et sane cum +haec dogmata sint supra naturam, idcirco naturali ratione, ac naturalibus +principiis attingi non possunt. Numquam siquidem ratio +suis naturalibus principiis ad hujusmodi dogmata scienter tractanda +effici potest idonea. Quod si haec isti temere asseverare audeant +sciant, se certe non a quorumlibet doctorum opinione, sed a communi, +et numquam immutata Ecclesiae doctrina recedere. Ex divinis enim +<pb n='095'/><anchor id='Pg095'/> +Litteris, et sanctorum Patrum traditione constat. Dei quidem existentiam, +multasque alias veritates, ab iis etiam qui fidem nondum +susceperunt, naturali rationis lumine cognosci, sed illa reconditiora +dogmata Deum solum manifestasse dum notum facere voluit, <hi rend='italic'>mysterium, +quod absconditum fuit a saeculis et generationibus<note place='foot'>Col. 1. v. 26. 1.</note> et ita quidem, +ut postquam multifariam multisque modis olim locutus esset patribus in +prophetis novissime Nobis locutus est in Filio, per quem fecit et saecula<note place='foot'>Hebr. 1, v. 1, 2.</note> +... Deum enim nemo vidit umquam. Unigenitus Filius, qui est in +sinu Paris ipse ennarravit.</hi><note place='foot'>Joan. 1, v. 18.</note> Quapropter Apostolus, qui gentes +Deum per ea, quae facta sunt cognovisse testatur, disserens de <hi rend='italic'>gratia +et veritate<note place='foot'>Joan 1, v. 17.</note> quae per Jesum Christum facta est, loquimur, iniquit, Dei +sapientiam in mysterio, quae abscondita est ... quam nemo principum +hujus saeculi cognovit ... Nobis autem revelavit Deus per Spiritum +Suum ... Spiritus enim omnia scrutatur, etiam profunda Dei. Quis +enim hominum scit quae sunt hominis, nisi Spiritus hominis, qui in ipso est? +Ita et quae Dei sunt nemo cognovit, nisi Spiritus Dei.</hi><note place='foot'>1 Corint. v. 2, 7, 8, 10, 11.</note> Hisce aliisque +fere innumeris divinis eloquiis inhaerentes SS. Patres in Ecclesiae +doctrina tradenda continenter distinguere curarunt rerum divinarum +notionem, quae naturalis intelligentiae vi omnibus est communis +ab illarum rerum notitia, quae per Spiritum Sanctum fide suscipitur, +et constanter docuerunt, per hanc ea nobis in Christo revelari +mysteria, quae non solam humanam philosophiam, verum etiam +Angelicam naturalem intelligentiam transcendunt, quaeque etiamsi +divina revelatione innotuerint, et ipsa fide fuerint suscepta, +tamen sacro ad hue ipsius fidei velo tecta et obscura caligine +obvoluta permanent, quamdiu in hac mortali vita peregrinamur +a Domino.<note place='foot'>S. Joan. Chrys. hom. 7. in 1. Corinth. S. Ambros. de fide ad Grat. S. Leo de +Nativ. Dom. Serm. 9. S. Cyril. Alex. contr. Nestor. lib. 3. in Joan, 1, 9. S. Joan, +Dam. de fide orat. II, 1, 2, in 1, 2, in 1 Cor. c. 2, S. Hier. in Galat. III, 2.</note> Ex his omnibus patet alienam omnino esse a catholicae +Ecclesiae doctrina sententiam, qua idem Frohschammer +asserere non dubitat, omnia indiscriminatim christianae religionis +dogmata esse objectum naturalis scientiae, seu philosophiae, +et humanam rationem historice tantum excultam, modo haec dogmata +ipsi rationi tanquam objectum proposita fuerint, posse ex +suis naturalibus viribus et principio ad veram de omnibus etiam +reconditioribus dogmatibus scientiam pervenire. Nunc vero in +memoratis ejusdem auctoris scriptis alia domanitur sententia, +quae catholicae Ecciesiae doctrinae, ac sensui plane adversatur. +Etenim eam philosophiae tribuit libertatem, quae non scientiae +libertas, sed omnio reprobanda et intoleranda philosophiae +licentia sit appellanda. Quadam enim distinctione inter +philosophum et philosophiam facta, tribuit philosopho jus et officium +se submittendi auctoritati, quam veram ipse probaverit, sed +utrumque philosophiae ita denegat, ut nulla doctrinae revelatae +ratione habita asserat, ipsam nunquam debere ac posse Auctoritati +se submittere. Quod esset toet crandum et forte admittendum, +<pb n='096'/><anchor id='Pg096'/> +si haec dicerentur de jure tantum, quod habit philosophia suis +principiis, seu methodo, ac suis conclusionibus, uti, sicut et aliae +scientiae, ac si ejus libertas consisteret in hoc suo jure utendo, ita ut +nihil in sea dmitteret, quod non fuerit ab ipsa suis conditionibus acquisitum, +aut fuerit ipsi alienum. Sed haec justa philosophiae libertas +suos limites noscere et experiri debet. Nunquam enim non solum +philosopho, verum etiam philosophiae licebit, aut aliquid contrarium +dicere iis, quae divina revelatio, et Ecclesia docet, aut aliquid ex +eisdem in dubium vocare propterea quod non intelligit, aut judicium +non suscipere, quod Ecclesiae auctoritas de aliqua philosophiae conclusione, +quae hujusque libera erat, proferre constituit. Accedit +etiam, ut idem auctor philosophiae libertatem, seu potius effrenatam +licentiam tam acriter, tam temere propugnet, ut minime vereatur asserere, +Ecclesiam non solum non debere in philosophiam unquam +animadvertere, verum etiam debere ipsius philosophiae tolerare +erores, eique relinquere, ut ipsa se corrigat, ex quo evenit, ut philosophi +hanc philosophiae libertatem necessario participent, atque ita +etiam ipsi ab omni lege solvantur. Ecquis non videt quam vehementer +sit rejicienda, reprobanda, et omnini damnanda hujusmodi +Frohschammer sententia atque doctrina? Etenim Ecclesia ex divina +sua institutione et divinae fidei depositum integrum inviolatumque +diligentissime custodire, et animarum saluti summo studio debet continenter +advigilare, ac summa cura ea omnia amovere et eliminare, +quae vel fidei adversari, vel animarum salutem quovis modo in discrimen +adducere possunt. Quocirca Ecclesia ex potestate sibi a +divino suo Auctore commissa non solum jus, sed officium praesertim +habet non tolerandi, sed pro scribendi ac damnandi omnes erores, si +ita fedei integritas, et animarum salus postulaverint, et omni philosopho, +qui Ecclesiae filius esse velit, ac etiam philosophiae officium +incumbit nihil unquam dicere contra ea, quae Ecclesia docet, et ea +retractare, de quibus eos Ecclesia monuerit. Sententiam autem, quae +contrarium edocet omnino erroneam, et ipsi fidei. Ecclesiae ejusque +auctoritati vel maxime injuriosam esse edicimus et declaramus. +Quibus omnibus accurate perpensis, de eorumdrm VV. FF. NN. +S. R. E. Cardinalium Congregationis libris notandis praepositae +consilio, ac motu proprio, et certa scientia matura deliberatione +Nostra, deque Apostolicae Nostrae potestatis plenitudine praedictos +librus presbyteri Frohschammer tamquam continentes propositiones +et doctrinas respective falsas, erroneas, Ecclesiae, ejusque +actoritati ac juribus injuriosas reprobamus, damnamus, ac pro reprobatis +et damnatis ab omnibus haberi volumus, atque eidem +Congregationi mandamus, ut eosdem libros in indicem prohibitorum +librorum referat. Dum vero haec Tibi significamus, Venerabilis +Frater, non possumus non exprimere magnum animi Nostri Dolorem +cum videamus hunc filium eorumdem librorum auctorem, qui ceteroquin +de Ecclesia benemereri potuisset, infelici quodam cordis impete +misere abreptum in vias abire, quae ad salutem non ducunt, ac magis +magisque a recto tramite aberrare. Cum enim alius ejus liber de +animarum origine prius fuisset damnatus non solum se minime submisit, +<pb n='097'/><anchor id='Pg097'/> +verum etiam non extimuit, eumdem errorem in his etiam libridenuo +docere, et Nostram Indicis Congregationem contumeliis cumen +lare, ac multa alia contra Ecclesiae agendi rationem temere mendaciterque +pronuntiare. Quae omnia talia sunt, ut iis merito atque optimo +jure indignare potuissemus. Sed nolumus adhuc paternae +Nostrae charitatis viscera erga illum deponere, et idcirco Te +Venerabilis Frater, excitamus, ut velis eidem manifestare cor +Nostrum paternum, et acerbiseimum dolorem, cujus ipse est causa, +ac simul ipsum saluberrimis monitis hortari et monere, ut Nostram, +quae communis est omnium Patris vocem audiat, ac resipiscat, +quemadmodum catholicae Ecclesiae filium decet, et ita nos omnes +laetitia afficiat, ac tandem ipse felixiter experiatur quam jucundum +sit, non vana quadam et perniciosa libertate gaudere, sed Domini, +adhaerere, cugus jugum suave est, et onus leve, cujus eloquo +casta, igne examinata, cujus judicia vera, justificata in semetipsa, +et cujus universae viae misericordia et veritas. Denique hac etiam +occasione libentissime utimur, ut iterum testemur et confirmemus +praecipuam Nostram in Te benevolentiam. Cujus quoque pignus +esse volumus Apostolicam Benedictionem, quam intimo cordis affectu +Tibi ipsi, Venerabilis Frater, et gregi Tuae curae commisso paremanter +impertimus. Datum Romaae apud S. Petrum die 11 Decembris +anno 1862, Pontificatus Nostri anno decimo septimo. +</p> + +<p> +Pius PP. IX. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>II. Decree Of The Congregation Of Rites.</head> + +<p> +The Roman ritual, speaking of the Blessed Eucharist, prescribes +as follows: <q>Lampades coram eo plures vel saltem una +diu notucque colluceat</q>. These lamps are to be fed with olive +oil, which the Church has adopted for mystic reasons in so many +of her sacred rites. But in many countries the difficulty of +procuring olive oil is considerable, and the expense greater than +small churches can bear. Several prelates of France, moved by +these reasons, asked permission to burn in the lamps before the +Blessed Sacrament oils other than from olives. The following is +the answer: +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Decretum: Plurium Dioeceseum.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Nonnulli Reverendissimi Galliarum Antistites serio perpendentes +in multis suarum Dioeceseum Ecclesiis difficile admodum et +nonnisi magnis sumptibus comparari posse oleum olivarum ad +nutriendam diu noctuque saltem unam lampadam ante Sanctissimum +Eucharistiae Sacramentum, ab Apostolica Sede declarari +petierunt utrum in casu, attentis difficultatibus et Ecclesiarum paupertate, +oleo, olivarum substitue possint alea olea quae ex vegetalibus +habentur, ipso non excluso petroleo. Sacra porro Rituum +Congregatio, etsi semper sollicita ut etiam in hac parte quod usque ab +<pb n='098'/><anchor id='Pg098'/> +Ecclesiae primordiis circa usum olei ex olivis inductum est, +ob mysticas significationes retineatur; attamen silentio praeterire +minime censuit rationes ab iisdem Episcopis prolatas; ac proinde exquisito +prius Voto alterius ex Apostolicarum Coeremoniarum Magistris, +subscriptus Cardinalis Praefectus ejusdem Sacrae Congregationis +rem omnem proposuit in Ordinariis Commitiis ad Vaticanum hodierna +die habitis. Eminentissimi autem et Reverendissimi Patres Sacris +tuendis Ritibus praepositi, omnibus accurate perpensis ac diligentissime +examinatis, rescribendum censuerunt: Generatim utendum esse +oleo olevarum: <hi rend='italic'>ubi vero haberi nequeatt remittendum prudentiae Episcoporum +ut lampades nutriantur ex aliis oleis quantum fieri possit vegetabilibus</hi> +die 9 Julii 1864. +</p> + +<p> +Facta postmodum de praemissis Sanctissimo Domino Nostro Pio +Papae IX. per infrascriptum Secretarium fideli relatione, Sanctitas +Sua sententiam Sacrae Congregationis ratam habuit et confirmavit. +Die 14 iisdem mense et anno. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>C. Episcopus Portuen. et S. Rufinae Card. Patrizi S. R. C. Praef. +Loco</hi> ✠ Signi <hi rend='italic'>D. Bartolini S. R. C. Secretarius</hi>. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Notices Of Books.</head> + +<div> +<head>I.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Martyrologium Dungallense, seu Calendarium Sanctorum Hiberniae.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Collegit et digessit</hi> Fr. Michael O'Clery, Ord. Fr. +Min. Strictioris Observantiae. Permissu et facultate Superiorum. +1630. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>The Martyrology of Donegal: a Calendar of the Saints of Ireland</hi>, +translated from the original Irish by the late John O'Donovan, +LL.D., M.R.I.A., Professor of Celtic Literature +in the Queen's College, Belfast. Edited, with the Irish +text, by James Henthorn Todd, D.D., M.R.I.A., F.S.A., +Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin; and by William +Reeves, D.D., M.R.I.A., Vicar of Lusk, etc. Dublin: +printed for the Archaeological Society. Thom, 1864, lv.-566 +pp. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>The Martyrology of Donegal</hi> was completed on the 19th of April, +1630, in the Franciscan convent of Donegal. The compilers were +Brother Michael O'Clery, a lay brother of that convent, with three +associates who with him are so well known by the name of <q>The +Four Masters</q>. Colgan (<hi rend='italic'>Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae</hi>, tom. 1, p. 5 a.) +thus speaks of it: <q>Martyrologium quod Dungallense vocamus, +nostris diebus ex diversis tum Martyrologiis, tum annalibus patriis +collectum est, partim operâ Authorum qui Annales communes, de +<pb n='099'/><anchor id='Pg099'/> +quibus infra, compilarunt in Conventu Dungallensi; partim opera +Patrum ejusdem Conventus qui sanctos, qui extra patriam vixerunt +et de quibus hystorici exteri scripserunt, addiderant</q>. The Donegal +copy of 1630 was a more complete transcript of a first copy, made +by Michael O'Clery in the preceding year at Douay. Both copies +are now extant in the Burgundian Library at Brussels, but +circumstances have not permitted Dr. Todd to get the first copy +also transcribed. Both copies are autographs of Michael O'Clery. +</p> + +<p> +The first to discover the mine of Irish MSS. in Brussels +was Mr. L. Waldron, M.P., who, in 1844, at the request of Professor +O'Curry, examined the library there. By the influence of +Lord Clarendon, then lord-lieutenant of Ireland, with the government, +Dr. Todd procured from the Belgian government, in +1848, the loan of several MSS. of the greatest importance, with +the permission to have them transcribed. One of these was the +autograph MS. of the <hi rend='italic'>Martyrology of Donegal</hi>, prepared for the +press by the author, with the approbations of his ecclesiastical +superiors. A copy of it was executed by the late Professor +O'Curry with the skill and beauty of his unequalled penmanship; +and this copy was collated with the original, whilst it was still +in Dr. Todd's possession. From O'Curry's copy Dr. Reeves +made another for his own use, and from this he made a third +transcript for the printers, and the translator, Dr. O'Donovan. +This translation was the last labour of Dr. O'Donovan's life. +</p> + +<p> +The contents of the volume are distributed as follows: An +introduction (ix.-xxiv.) by Dr. Todd is followed by an appendix +(xxiv.-xlix.) containing <q>a number of memoranda, references to +authorities, and miscellaneous notes, which have been written by +the author, and others, through whose hands the MS. has passed, +on the fly-leaves at the beginning and end of each volume</q>. +Many of them are of great interest. Then come the <hi rend='italic'>Testimonia et +Approbationes</hi> (xlix.-lv.) of Flann Mac Egan, Conner McBrody, +Dr. Malachy O'Cadhla, Archbishop of Tuam; Dr. Boetius Mac +Egan, Bishop of Elphin; Dr. Thomas Fleming, Archbishop of +Dublin; and Dr. Roth Mac Geoghegan, Bishop of Kildare. +The <hi rend='italic'>Martyrology</hi> proper follows (1-351) with the Irish text on one +page and Dr. O'Donovan's translation on the other. The notes +appended are but few, and serve merely to explain obscurities in +the text, to settle the reading, or to correct some obvious mistake. +For almost all the notes we are indebted to Dr. Todd himself. +A table of the <hi rend='italic'>Martyrology</hi>, compiled by the author, and translated +by Dr. Todd, occupies from page 354 to page 479, and is +followed by three indexes, compiled by Dr. Reeves, one of persons +(485-528), another of places (529-553), and a third of matters (544-566). +These indexes, says Dr. Todd, <q>possess a topographical +and historical interest quite independent of their connection with +<pb n='100'/><anchor id='Pg100'/> +the present work, and are in themselves a most important practical +help to the study of Irish history</q>. +</p> + +<p> +What is the value of this work? What position does it occupy +among Irish Ecclesiastical documents? It cannot be +regarded as an <emph>original</emph> authority. <q>It is confessedly a compilation, +and of comparatively recent date, having been completed, +as we have seen, in the early part of the seventeenth century. +But it is a compilation made by a scholar peculiarly well fitted +for the task, who had access to all the original documents then +extant in the Irish language, the matter of which he has transferred +either in whole or in part into the present work, quoting +in almost every instance the sources from which he drew his information</q> +(Introd., p. xiii.). The bare enumeration of these +sources will serve to show the value of the book. I. <hi rend='italic'>The Metrical +Calendar, or Festilogium of Aengus Ceile De</hi>, commonly called +the <hi rend='italic'>Felire of Aengus</hi>. Its author was a monk of Tallaght, near +Dublin, in the days when Saint Maolruain was abbot, about the +beginning of the ninth century. Dr. Kelly of Maynooth has +published a translation of a portion of this <hi rend='italic'>Metrical Calendar</hi> in +his <hi rend='italic'>Calendar of Irish Saints</hi>. II. The <hi rend='italic'>Martyrology of Tallaght</hi>. +This is a transcript of a very ancient martyrology containing the +names of the saints and martyrs of the entire Church, with the +Irish saints added under each day. It was composed at the +close of the ninth or very early in the tenth century. The +Brussels MS. is an abstract of the ancient copy at Saint Isidore's +at Rome, but it contains the Irish saints alone, omitting altogether +the general martyrology. It was from a transcript of the Belgian +MS. that Dr. Kelly published in 1857 the calendar alluded to +above. III. The <hi rend='italic'>Calendar of Cashel</hi>, which is not now known +to exist. According to Colgan, its author flourished about the +year 1030. IV. The <hi rend='italic'>Martyrology of Maolmuire</hi> (or <hi rend='italic'>Marianus</hi>) +<hi rend='italic'>O'Gorman</hi>, written in Irish verse, in the times of Gelasius, +Archbishop of Armagh, about 1167. Its author was abbot of +Knock, near Louth, and the work is taken from the <hi rend='italic'>Felire of +Tallaght</hi>, and is not confined to Irish saints. V. <hi rend='italic'>The Book of +Hymns</hi>, a portion of which has already been published by the +Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society, and of which a second +portion is in the press, under the care of Dr. Todd. VI. +Poems, such as the <hi rend='italic'>Poem of St. Cuimin of Condeire (Connor)</hi>, +of the middle of the seventh century, published by Dr. Kelly, +with a translation by Professor O'Curry; the <hi rend='italic'>Naoimhseanchus</hi>, +attributed by Colgan to Selbach of the tenth century; the <hi rend='italic'>Poem +of St. Moling of Ferns</hi> (<hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> 675-695), and several minor poems. +VII. Several of the great collections or <hi rend='italic'>Bibliothecae</hi>, of which he +names expressly the <hi rend='italic'>Book of Lecan</hi>, the <hi rend='italic'>Leabhar na Huidre</hi>, and +the <hi rend='italic'>Book of Lismore</hi>. VIII. The lives of saints in Irish and +<pb n='101'/><anchor id='Pg101'/> +Latin. Of these he quotes no less than thirty-one. From this +list it will be seen that almost all the literature of the early Irish +Church has helped to enrich the pages of the <hi rend='italic'>Martyrology of +Donegal</hi>. And since <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>norma orandi legem statuit credendi</foreign>, we +could scarcely find a nobler monument of the faith and practice +of our forefathers. The Church that places on her list of saints, +bishops, and priests, and abbots, and consecrated virgins, and +hermits, possesses in that very calendar a mark deep and broad +enough to distinguish her from all the sects that belong to modern +Protestantism. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<head>II.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Lectures on Modern History, delivered at the Catholic University +of Ireland.</hi> By Professor J. B. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Robertson</hi>; cr. 8vo, p.p. +xvi., 528. Dublin: W. B. Kelly, 1864. +</p> + +<p> +The lectures included in this volume were delivered in the +Catholic University of Ireland, on various occasions, in the years +1860 to 1864, and their purport has been well expressed in the +author's own words. Speaking in reference to all his literary +labours, <q>I devoted</q>, says Professor Robertson, <q>my feeble +powers to the defence of God and His holy Church against unbelief +and misbelief; and of social order and liberty, against the +principles of revolution, which are but impiety in a political +form</q>. In these words we have the key-note of the entire work. +The <q>History of Spain in the Eighteenth Century</q> forms the +subject of two lectures. To these is added a supplement of +more than fifty pages, in which the late Mr. Buckle's <q>Essay +on Spain</q>, contained in his <q>History of Civilization</q>, is severely +but most deservedly criticised, and, we may add, is refuted by +solid and convincing arguments. +</p> + +<p> +In four lectures our author discusses the <q>life, writings, and +times of M. de Chateaubriand</q>, involving, much of the internal +history of France, especially as regards literature and religion +under the first Napoleon and the succeeding governments down +to the Revolution in 1848. These lectures are full of interest. +But what must be considered as by far the most important portion +of this volume is that in which Professor Robertson treats +of the <q>Secret Societies of Modern Times</q>. In two lectures he +traces the origin and progress of the Freemasons, the Illuminati, +the Jacobins, the Carbonari, and the Socialists; and in an appendix +adds a <q>brief exposition of the principal heads of Papal +legislation on Secret Societies</q>. +</p> + +<p> +Such are the contents of the work. The style is agreeable +and clear, the diction felicitous, and above all, the sentiments +just, equally characterised by extensive information, political +<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/> +sagacity, and a profound reverence for divine faith. The professor +has happily avoided both the tedious exhaustiveness of the +German, and the brilliant flippancy which so often charms us in +the French. Nor has he been unmindful of the more laborious +students who would not shrink from the toil of research after +further information. For these he has provided such an array of +authorities, on each of his subjects, as must greatly facilitate the +progress of those who would engage in diligent historical investigation. +We know not where else there could be had so intelligible +an account of the secret societies which have been so +active in all the political convulsions of Europe, from 1789 to the +present time. We need not advert to the part which secret +societies have had in producing the present deplorable state of +Italy. To the readers of the <hi rend='italic'>Civiltà Cattolica</hi> such reference +would be unnecessary. To those who have not the advantage of +regularly reading that most instructive periodical we would recommend +Professor Robertson's lectures, as containing, in a +moderate sized volume, a most perspicuous summary of what is +requisite to be known concerning those dark conspiracies and +their objects. If it were only for this, the volume would be a +most welcome addition to our historical library. +</p> + +<p> +The book has been brought out with the utmost elegance of +paper, type, and printing. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<head>III.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>La Roma Sotterrana Cristiana descritta ed illustrata</hi> dal Cav. +G. B. de Rossi. Publicata per ordine della Santità di N. +S. Papa Pio IX. Chromolithografia Ponteficia Roma, 1864. +vol. 1. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Christian Subterranean Rome, described and illustrated</hi> by Cav. +G. B. de Rossi. Published by order of His Holiness Pope +Pius IX., vol. 1. +</p> + +<p> +In 1861 Cavalier de Rossi published the first volume of his +<hi rend='italic'>Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romae seculo VII. antiquiores</hi>. On +to-day we announce the appearance of the first volume of his +long expected work on Subterranean Rome. In the introduction +the author passes in review all that has been done to explore +the Catacombs, from the fourteenth century to our day. Pomponius +Laetus, Pauvinius, Ciacconius, and especially Bosio and +Bottari, claim his attention in turn. After a sketch of the results +of the labours undertaken in the eighteenth and nineteenth +centuries, Cav. de Rossi shows what yet remains to be done, and +what part of this he himself proposes to accomplish. +</p> + +<p> +The second part of the volume is entitled <q>Remarks on ancient +Christian Cemeteries in general, and on those of Rome in particular</q>: +<pb n='103'/><anchor id='Pg103'/> +the whole is divided into three parts. Part I. on the Christian +Cemeteries in general, treats of their antiquity, their divisions into +subterranean and non-subterranean, and the respective marks of +each class. The author here proves that even in the third century, +when Christianity was persecuted to the death, the Christian Cemeteries +had a legal existence recognized by the Emperors. Part +II. is devoted to the documents which illustrate the history and +topography of the Catacombs, and embraces contemporary documents, +historical and liturgical treatises later than the fourth century, +lives of Pontiffs, etc. Part III. contains a general history +of the Roman Cemeteries, arranged in four periods: beginning +respectively, with the apostolic times; the third century; the +peace of Constantine (312); and the fifth century, <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> 410. +In the second century the catacombs were of slow growth; in +the third, their extent became most remarkable; after Constantine, +they began to be abandoned as places of sepulture; with +the fifth century set in their decay, leading to the removal of the +relics of the saints to the churches within the walls, whither the +sacrilegious hands of Goths and Lombards, who periodically pillaged +the Campagna, could not reach; finally, after the ninth +century, they were almost forgotten. Part IV. contains the +analytical description of the Christian Cemeteries. The Cemetery +of Callixtus, the most ancient and most celebrated of all, is +described at length. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<head>IV.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum Historiam Illustrantia; +quae ex Vaticani, Neapolis, ac Florentiae Tabularis +depromsit, et Ordine chronologico disposuit</hi> Augustinus +Theiner, Presbyter Cong. Oratorii, Tabulariorum Vaticanorum +Praefectus, etc. Folio, Romae, Typis Vaticanis, 1864. +One Volume folio, pages 624. +</p> + +<p> +The notice of the See of Ardagh in the sixteenth century, +printed in our opening number, has probably prepared our +readers to estimate the value of the important series of documents +upon which it is founded. We purposed to urge strongly +upon the clergy of Ireland the duty of supporting generously the +distinguished scholar, who in his love of Ireland has undertaken +the costly and laborious work of publishing all the manuscript +materials of Irish history which are preserved in the archives of +the Vatican, and has already given in the opening volume an +earnest of their extent, as well as of their historical value. We +are happy, however, to find that what we had desired and intended, +has already been put in a practical form, and that an +effort has been made to forward among the friends of Irish history +<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/> +the sale of this most interesting collection. We cannot, +therefore, we believe, advance more effectually the object which +we have at heart, than by transferring to our pages the following +notice, which has been printed for private circulation:— +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Monsignor Theiner's Collection from the Secret Archives of +the Vatican, of Naples, and of Florence, is unquestionably the +most important contribution to the history of the Church in these +countries since the great historical movement of the seventeenth +century. It comprises upwards of a thousand original documents, +Pontifical Bulls, Briefs, and Letters, Consistorial Acts, +Inquisitions, Reports, etc., ranging from the pontificate of Honorius +III., 1216, to that of Paul III., 1547.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>These papers, in the main, relate to the history of Ireland and +of Scotland, especially of the former country. There is hardly +a diocese in Ireland of which they do not contain some notice, +and in many cases, as, for instance, that of Ardagh, already +noticed by the learned editor of the Essays of the lamented Dr. +Matthew Kelly, but traced in detail in the <hi rend='italic'>Irish Ecclesiastical +Record</hi>, No. I., pp. 13-17, they serve to fill up important breaks +in the existing records, and to correct grave and vital errors in +the received histories.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>But, in addition to the Irish and Scotch documents, the volume +contains many of wider and more general interest; among which +it will be enough to specify a single series—nearly a hundred +unpublished letters of Henry VIII., relating chiefly to the negociations +regarding the divorce, which they present in a light +almost completely new.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>This volume is printed entirely at the expense of the distinguished +editor. It is meant as an experiment; and, should +the sale, for which he must mainly rely upon the countries +chiefly interested, suffice to cover the bare cost of publication, +it is his intention to continue the series from the archives of +the Vatican, down through the still more interesting, and, for +Irish history, more obscure, as well as more important, period of +Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, and James I.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Mgr. Theiner has requested his friend, Rev. Dr. Russell, +President of St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, to receive and +transmit to Rome any orders far the volume with which he may +be favoured.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +</body> +<back rend="page-break-before: right"> + <div id="footnotes"> + <index index="toc" /> + <index index="pdf" /> + <head>Footnotes</head> + <divGen type="footnotes"/> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: right"> + <divGen type="pgfooter" /> + </div> +</back> +</text> +</TEI.2> diff --git a/38751.txt b/38751.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..85679aa --- /dev/null +++ b/38751.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3170 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, +November 1864 + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, November 1864 + + + +Release Date: February 2, 2012 [Ebook #38751] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, NOVEMBER 1864*** + + + + + + The Irish Ecclesiastical Record + + Volume 1. + + November, 1864 + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +The Holy See And The Liberty Of The Irish Church At The Beginning Of The +Present Century. + I. From Mgr. Brancadoro to Father Concanen, O.P., Agent at Rome for the + Irish Bishops. Dalla Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801. + II. From the same to the same. Dalla Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805. +A Recent Protestant View Of The Church Of The Middle Ages. +The Mss. Remains Of Professor O'Curry In The Catholic University. No. II. +The Destiny Of The Irish Race. +Liturgical Questions. (_From M. Bouix's __"__Revue des Sciences +Ecclesiastiques__"_). +Documents. + I. Condemnation Of Dr. Froschammer's Works. + II. Decree Of The Congregation Of Rites. +Notices Of Books. +Footnotes + + + + + + +THE HOLY SEE AND THE LIBERTY OF THE IRISH CHURCH AT THE BEGINNING OF THE +PRESENT CENTURY. + + +All students of Irish Catholic affairs must feel, at every moment, that we +are at a great loss for a collection of ecclesiastical documents connected +with our Church. The past misfortunes of Ireland explain the origin of +this want. During the persecutions of Elizabeth, of James the First, and +Cromwell, our ancient manuscripts, and the archives of our convents and +monasteries, were ruthlessly destroyed. At a later period, whilst the +penal laws were in full operation, it was dangerous to preserve official +ecclesiastical papers, lest they should be construed by the bigotry and +ignorance of our enemies into proofs of sedition or treason. Since liberty +began to dawn on our country, things have undergone a beneficial change, +and recently great efforts have been made to rescue and preserve from +destruction every remaining fragment of our ancient history, and every +document calculated to throw light on the annals of our Church. We are +anxious to cooeperate in this good work, and we shall feel deeply grateful +to our friends if they forward to us any official ecclesiastical papers, +either ancient or modern, that it may be desirable to preserve. Receiving +such papers casually, we cannot insert them in the RECORD in chronological +order, but by aid of an Index, to be published at the end of each volume, +the future historian will be able to avail himself of them for his +purposes. + +To-day we insert in our columns two letters never published before, as far +as we can learn, in their original language. They were addressed, in the +beginning of this century, by the learned Archbishop of Myra, Monsignore +Brancadoro, Secretary of the Propaganda, to a distinguished Dominican, +Father Concanen, then agent of the Irish bishops, who was afterwards +promoted to the See of New York, and who died at Naples, in the year 1808, +before he could take possession of his diocese. + +The first letter, dated the 7th August, 1801, refers to certain +resolutions adopted by ten Irish prelates, in January, 1799, at a sad +period of our history, when Ireland was in a state of utter prostration, +and abandoned to the fury of an Orange faction. In such circumstances, we +are not to be surprised that the Catholics of Cork, Waterford, Wexford, +and many other parts of Ireland, in the hope of preserving their lives and +property, should have petitioned to be united to England; or that Catholic +prelates, anxious to gain protection for their flocks, should have +endeavoured to propitiate those who had the power of the government in +their hands, by taking into consideration the proposals then made--that the +state should provide for the maintenance of the clergy, and that a right +should be given to the state to inquire into the loyalty of such +ecclesiastics as might be proposed for the various sees of Ireland. + +The celebrated Dr. Milner, treating of the resolutions just referred to, +observes in his _Supplementary Memoirs_, p. 115, that they had nothing in +common with the veto which was afterwards proposed by government in 1805, +and several times in succeeding years, and adds, that the prelates +"stipulated for their own just influence, and also for the consent of the +Pope in this important business." + +According to the wise determination of the prelates, the matters they had +agreed to were referred to the judgment of the Supreme Head of the Church. +A speedy answer, however, could not be obtained. At that time the great +Pontiff, Pius the Sixth, was a captive in the hands of the French +Republicans, and soon after died a martyr at Valence in France. The Holy +See was then vacant for several months, until, by the visible +interposition of Providence, Italy was freed from her invaders, and the +cardinals were enabled to assemble in conclave to elect a new Pope. Soon +after his promotion, Pius the Seventh occupied himself with the affairs of +our Church, and the secretary of the Propaganda received instructions to +communicate through Father Concanen to the Irish Prelates the wishes of +his Holiness. + +The substance of the official note of Monsignore Brancadoro is, 1. That +his Holiness is thankful to the British government for the relaxation of +the penal laws to which Catholics had been so long subjected, and for any +other acts of liberality or kindness conferred on them. 2. That the Irish +prelates, whilst manifesting their gratitude for the favours they had +received, should prove, by their conduct, that it was not through a +feeling of self-interest, or through hopes of temporal advantages, that +they inculcated on their flocks the necessity of obedience to the laws and +the conscientious fulfilment of the duties of good citizens; but that they +did so through a spirit of religion, and in conformity with the dictates +of the gospel. 3. That to prove how sincerely they were animated with +those feelings, the Irish prelates should refuse the proffered pension, +and continue to act and support themselves as they have done for the past, +thus giving an example of Christian perfection which would not fail to +give general edification. + +The second letter is also from the secretary of Propaganda to Father +Concanen, and is dated 25th of Sept., 1805, in which year Dr. Milner had +just brought under the notice of the Holy See some new projects of +government interference with the Catholic clergy, which had lately been +introduced into Parliament by Sir John Hippisley, at that time a supporter +of Emancipation, but who afterwards gave proofs of a great desire to +enslave the Catholic Church. + +In the second letter Monsignore Brancadoro states the apprehension felt by +the S. Congregation, lest the moment of the Catholic triumph should prove +the one most dangerous to the purity and stability of the Catholic +religion since the Reformation; that it would be no injustice to suspect +the British Government of being influenced by designs to that very effect; +that the Bishops should, therefore, as a general principle, renounce all +idea of advancing their own proper interests, or of securing any temporal +advantages, lest through human frailty they should inadvertently be +surprised into any concessions which in course of time might prove +injurious to the interests of religion. The Secretary then goes on to say +that the S. Congregation found serious difficulties, more or less, in all +the plans which, as Dr. Milner had reported, had been proposed by the +statesmen of the day in England. These plans were:--1. The pensioning of +the clergy. 2. State interference in the nomination of Bishops. 3. The +restoration of the Hierarchy in England. 4. The concession to the ministry +of the right to examine the communications which might pass between the +English and Irish Catholics and the Holy See. + +As to the plan of pensioning the clergy, Monsignore Brancadoro points out +the dangers to which its adoption would expose them. If they accept a +pension from government, the offerings of the faithful will be undoubtedly +withdrawn, and the priesthood will be left quite dependent on the caprice +of those in power. He recalls to Father Concanen's memory, that in his +previous letter of the 7th of August, 1801, he had announced to him the +Pope's wish that the Irish clergy should decline all pensions from the +government, and mentions that the Irish Bishops, in reply, had stated that +they willingly renounced all temporal advantages in order to preserve +religion uninjured. + +The secretary of the Propaganda next reminds his correspondent that Pius +VI., in a brief of 20th March, 1791, had condemned a decree of the +National Assembly of France, by which the clergy of that country were made +pensioners of the state; and he adds that the Holy See had resisted a +similar attempt of the English government in regard to the clergy of +Corsica, when that island had fallen into their hands. + +Examining the various vetoistical plans mentioned by Dr. Milner, +Monsignore Brancadoro quotes the authority of the great and learned +Pontiff, Benedict XIV., to show how decidedly opposed the Holy See has +always been to every project directed to vest Catholic ecclesiastical +appointments in the hands of a Protestant sovereign. This question is +discussed in a brief of that Pope addressed to the Bishop of Breslau on +the 15th of May, 1748, and his words are as follows: "There is not +recorded in the whole history of the Church a single example in which the +appointment of a bishop or abbot was conceded to a sovereign of a +different religion". He adds "that he would not, and could not, introduce +a practice calculated to scandalize the Catholic world, and which, besides +bringing on him a dreadful judgment in another world, would render his +name odious and accursed during life, and much more so after death". + +2. The learned writer then proceeds to examine the various plans of +granting to government certain powers in regard to the nomination of +bishops, and explodes them all as replete with danger to religion, and +well calculated to enslave the Church. + +The plans proposed to lessen the Pope's unwillingness to grant to the +sovereign the right of nomination were the following:--Some thought that +the nomination should be limited to a certain class of persons who should +have been approved of by the episcopal body after an examination and +trial. Such a body might be the vicars-general, of whom two should be +appointed for each diocese. The government was to be bound to choose the +bishops out of this body. This plan was rejected, first, because it would +really amount to vesting the nomination of bishops in a non-Catholic +sovereign; and secondly, on account of difficulties created by the +circumstances of the time and place. + +Others proposed to give the government the right of excluding from the +episcopal charge those obnoxious to itself. Monsignore Brancadoro says of +this plan, that unless this right of exclusion were restricted by limits, +it would be equivalent to a real power of nomination. But even so, even +after due limitation, it was an absolute novelty in the Church, and no one +could tell what its consequences might be. Besides, it was uncalled for, +since the experience of so many centuries ought to have convinced the +government that the ecclesiastics appointed to govern dioceses were always +excellent citizens. Besides, it was the custom of the Holy See not to +appoint to a vacant diocese until it had received the recommendation of +the metropolitans and the diocesan clergy. This was a safeguard against +improper appointments. + +3. With respect to the restoration of the Hierarchy in England, Monsignore +Brancadoro blames the motive which induced the English nobles to petition +for such a change of church government, namely, the desire they felt to +have bishops less bound to the Holy See. He declares that, although +differing _quoad jus_, bishops and vicars-apostolic did not differ in +reality, and that the Holy See was equally well satisfied with the bishops +of Ireland, and the vicars-apostolic of England and Scotland. + +4. The Secretary condemns, as worst of all, the plan of giving to the +ministers the right to examine the communications that pass between the +Holy See and the British and Irish Catholics. Such a right has never been +allowed, even to a Catholic power, much less should it be allowed to a +Protestant government. The case of France was not to the point, for there +the right was limited to provisions of benefices alone. The government has +no reason to be afraid: the Holy See has expressly declared to bishops and +vicars-apostolic, that it does not desire any political information from +them. + +The two official notes we insert will be read in their original language +with great interest. They are noble monuments of the zeal of the holy +Pontiff, Pius VII., and of the vigilance with which the Holy See has +always endeavoured to uphold the rights and independence of our ancient +Church. Undoubtedly the wise instructions given in those letters had no +small share in arousing that spirit with which a few years later our +clergy and people resisted and defeated all the efforts of British +statesmen to deprive our Church of her liberties, and to reduce her to the +degraded condition of the Protestant establishment. The notes of the +secretary of Propaganda are a fine specimen of ecclesiastical writing, +illustrating the maxim _fortiter in re, suaviter in modo_. + + + + +I. From Mgr. Brancadoro to Father Concanen, O.P., Agent at Rome for the +Irish Bishops. Dalla Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801. + + +Informata la Santita di Nostro Signore del nuovo piano ideato de Governo +Brittannico in supposto vantaggio della ecclesiastica Gerarchia dei +cattolici d'Irlanda, non ha punto esitato a manifestare la piu viva +reconoscenza verso la spontanea e generosa liberalita del prelodato +Governo, cui professera sempre la massima gratitudine, per l'assistenze, e +favori, che accorda ai mentovati cattolici de' suoi dominj. Tenendo poi la +Santita Sua per indubitato, che la sperimentata fedelta di quel Clero +Cattolico Romano al legittimo suo Sovrano derivi interamente dalle massime +di nostra S. Religione, le quali non possono mai esser soggette a verun +cambiamento, desidera il suddetto Governo resti assicurato, che i +Metropolitani, i Vescovi e il Clero tutto della Irlanda conoscera sempre +un tal suo stretto dovere, e lo adempira esattamente in qualunque +incontro. Brama pero ad un tempo vivissimamente il S. Padre, che +l'anzidetto Clero seguitando il plausibile sistema da lui osservato finora +si astenga scrupolosamente dall' avere in mira qualunque suo proprio +temporale vantaggio, e che dimostrando sempre con parole, e con fatti la +sincera invariabilita del suo attacamento, riconoscenza, e sommissione al +Governo Brittanico, gli faccia vieppiu conoscere la realta di sua +gratitudine alle offerte nuove beneficenze, dispensandosi dal profittarne, +e dando con cio una luminosa prova di quel costante disinteresse stimato +tanto conforme all' Apostolico zelo dei ministri del Santuario, e tanto +giovevole, e decoroso alla stessa cattolico Religione, come quello che +concilia in singular modo la stima, e il respetto verso dei sagri +ministeri, e che li rende piu venerabili, e piu cari ai fedeli commessi +alla loro spirituale direzione. + +Tali sono i precisi sentimenti che la Santita di Nostro Signore ha +ordinate al Segretario di Propaganda di communicare alla Paternita Vostra +affinche per di Lei mezzo giungano senza ritardo a notizie degli ottimi +Metropolitani, e Vescovi del regno d'Irlanda, nel quale spera fermamente +Sua Santita, che come ad onta dei piu gravi pericoli si e gia mantenuta in +passato, cosi manterassi pur anco in avvenire affatto illesa da ogni +benche menoma macchia la nostra cattolica Religione. + +Lo scrivente pertanto nell' eseguire i Pontificj comandi si rassegna nel +suo particolare colla piu distinta stima ec. + + + + +II. From the same to the same. Dalla Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805. + + +REVERENDISSIMO P. MAESTRO CONCANEN, + +La lettera del degnissimo Monsig. Milner, Vicario Apostolico del distretto +medio d'Inghilterra, diretta a V. P., la cui traduzione ella, per ordine +del Prefetto stesso, ha communicata all Arcivescovo di Mira, Segretario di +Propaganda, ha fatto entrare la Sacra Congregazione nello stesso timore, +che manifesta l' ottimo Prelato, che il momento della fortuna dei +cattolici nel Parlamento sia il piu pericoloso alla purita, e stabilita +della nostra santa Religione, che sia mai avvenuto dopo la pretesa riforma +di quel regno, e non si farebbe ingiuria al Governo acattolico, se si +sospettassero appunto queste mire: E percio dovranno i Vicarj Apostolici, +ed i Vescovi di quel dominio abbandonare ogni mira di proprio vantaggio, +ed interesse temporale, da cui, indebolito il loro cuore potrebbe +facilmente, senza avvedersene, essere sorpreso a condiscendere in qualche +cosa, che rechera, col tempo, del pregiudizio alla Religione. + +Questo spirito di disinteresse si scorge gia luminosamente in Monsig. +Milner dal tenore della sua lettera: e percio chiede egli saviamento della +S. C. delle istruzioni, colle quali regolarsi nella trattativa, in cui si +trova impegnato. Ma la S. C. trova delle difficolta gravi, piu o meno, in +tutti i progetti, ch' egli narra, fatti da quei politici. + +Ed in primo luogo, riguardo al progetto di assegnarsi stabili pensioni sul +pubblico erario ai Vescovi, ed al Clero di quel dominio, la Santita di N. +S. espresse gia i suoi sentimenti, per mezzo di un biglietto dell' +Arcivescovo, che scrive, diretto a V. P, in data dei 7 Agosto 1801, il +quale essendo stato da lei comunicato ai metropolitani, e vescovi +d'Irlanda, essi risposero, che rinunziavano volentieri a qualunque +vantaggio temporale, per conservare illibata la cattolica Religione. Sara +dunque opportuno di spedire a Mons. Milner la copia di quel Biglietto, che +si da qui annessa. + +E per verita, accettandosi dal clero le pensioni, cesseranno immantinente +molti fondi di sussistenza, che ora ritrae dalla pieta de fedeli; +resteranno le pensioni per quasi unico mezzo di sostentamento. Ora chi non +vede a quali gravissime tentazioni non si esporrebbero gli ecclesiastici, +di condiscendere, in qualche cosa pregiudiziale alla s. Religione, alla +volonta di un Governo di religione diversa, che puo in un punto ridurlo +allu mendicita col ritenere le pensioni? Per questa, ed altre ragioni, +essendosi adottata la massima di dare le pensioni al clero dell' Assemblea +Nazionale di Francia nella Costituzione civile del clero, la Sa. Me. di +Pio VI. la riprovo nel suo breve dei 20 marzo 1791. pag. 61, e seg. Ed +avendo la stessa corte di Londra, quando entro in possesso della Corsica, +fatto il medesimo progetto, vi si oppose la S. Sede, e quella Real corte +desiste dall' impegno. + +Riguardo all' influenza, che si vorrebbe, del potere civile nella nomina +de' vescovi, cosi varj progetti, che si sono fatti, per regolare una tale +influenza, e in primo luogo da avvertirsi, che la nomina assolutamente non +potra accordarsi al Sovrano, come acattolico. Al qual proposito bastera +riportare i sentimenti di Benedetto XIV. Questo gran Pontefice in una sua +lettera scritta al vescovo di Breslavia li 15 maggio 1748, si espresse ne' +seguenti termini.--"Non ritrovasi in tutta la storia Ecclesiastica verun +indulto conceduto da Romani Pontefici ai Sovrani di altra comunione, il +nominare a Vescovadi, ed Abbadie--soggiungendo, che non voleva, ne poteva +introdurre un esempio, che scandalizzarebbe tutto il mondo cattolico, e +che, oltre la gravissima pena, la quale Iddio gli farebbe scontare nell' +altro mondo, renderebbe il suo nome esoso, e maledetto in tutto il tempo +di sua vita, e molto piu in quello che avrebbe a decorrere dopo la di lui +morte. La stessa difficolta sussisterebbe ugualmente, ancorche il diritto +di nomina fosse limitato tra una classe di persone, esaminata prima, e +previamente sperimentata, ed approvata dal corpo dei Vescovi, come quello +de' Gran-Vicarj, da stabilirsene due in ogni Diocesi, e Distretto. Ma +oltre a questo, il progetto de' Gran-Vicarj involve gravissime difficolta +per le circostanze locali. Perciocche, lasciando anche stare il pericolo +dell' ambizione degli ecclesiastici presso de' Vescovi, e Vicarj +Apostolici per essere dichiarati Gran-Vicarj, quando che ora, scegliendosi +i soggetti da promuoversi dal ceto degli operaj, s' impegnano anche gli +ambiziosi a faticare a pro delle anime: e chiaro ancoro, che in tanta +penuria di ecclesiastici, ch' e in tutto cotesto dominio, se si tolgono +due Gran-Vicarj per ogni Vicario Apostolico, o Vescovo, mancheranno +affatto gli ecclesiastici per la cura delle anime. + +Il semplice diritto di esclusiva involverebbe minori inconvenienti +intrinseci, purche fosse limitato; giacche altrimenti, a forza di +escludere si otterrebbe per indiretto una vera nomina. Ma questo diritto e +affatto nuovo; e l' introdurlo per la prima volta, non si sa a quali +conseguenze potrebbe condurre. Ma siccome tutti questi progetti si fanno +per assicurare il Governo, che non sia promossa persona, che non gli sia +invisa, dovrebbe bastare l' esperienza di tanti secoli, ad assicurare il +Governo, stesso della somma premura, che ha sempre avuta la S. Sede, che i +soggetti da lei promossi, non solo non siano invisi, ma siano anche +graditi del Governo stesso. Eo V. P. puo di fatto proprio attestare della +somma industria, attivita, e segretezza usatasi, qualche tempo fa, della +S. Sede, per escludere persona, che sospettava potere riuscire men gradita +al Governo, benche ape poggiata da forti raccomandazioni, ed includesse +altra persona, cha sicuramente fosse di sua soddisfazione. Oltre di che +essendo solitquesta S. C. di attendere per gli promovendi gli attestati, e +le postulazioni, o le informazioni de' Metropolitani, o degli altri Vicarj +Apostolici, ed anche del clero della rispettiva Diocesi, prima di proporre +al S. P. i soggetti, da questi certamente sapra quali siano quelle +persone, che possano essere poco accette al Governo, per escluderle +sicuramente. + +Quanto al desiderio de' Magnati, di avere vescovi, in vece di Vicarj +Apostolici, in se stesso considerato e santissimo, ed analogo alla +costituzione della Chiessa Cattolica; e se n' e trattato altre volte in +Inghilterra. Dispiace solamente il fine, per cui si fa un tal progetto, +cioe per avere Prelati meno aderenti alla S. Sede. Ma la S. Sede nulla +avrebba a temere da siffata innovazione, sull' esempio de' vescovi d' +Irlanda de quali e ugualmente contenta che de' Vicarj Apostolici d' +Inghilterra, e di Scozia. Senza che, la constante esperienza dimostra, che +quantunque in diritto sia diversa la condizione de' Vicarj Apostolici de +quella de' Vescovi; pure in fatti non porta effetti diversi. Solo devrebbe +rifflettersi alle circostanze de' tempi, ed agl' incovenienti che +potrebbero esercitare il cosi detto Club Cisalpino, per evitarsi al +possibile ogni innovazione. + +Piu di tutti sarebbe fatale quel progretto, che per altro Monsig. Milner +dice essere di alcuni pochi, che ogni communicazione de' cattolici colla +S. Sede debba soggiacere all' esame de' ministri di S. M. Questo diritto +non si e mai riconosciuto dalla S. Sede in alcun principe cattolico: e l' +esempio che si cita, della Francia, era dai concordati limitato alle sole +ecclesiastiche proviste. Ma quanto sarebbe piu pericoloso in un Governo +acattolico, con cui non e possibile di convenire nelle massime religiose. +Si spera per altro, che quei pochi, che propongono, un tal progretto, non +troveranno seguito: e che quel Governo, che si vanta di lasciare una piena +liberta ai suoi sudditi, non vorra imporre loro una catena negli effari +piu delicati, che riguardano la coscienza, per gli quali soltanto i +cattolici, communicano colla S. Sede: giacche la S. C. nel questionario +stampato, che manda a quei Vescovi, e Vicarj Apostolici per norma della +relazione delle loro chiese, nel primo articolo si protesta espressamente +che non vuole di loro alcuna nuova politica. + +Molto consolante e poi, riuscito alla S. Congr. la nuova, che sia +riuscito, allo stesso Monsig. Milner di ottenere un' assai piu grande +liberta per gli soldati cattolici nell' esercizio della S. Religione; e +che abbia ben dispositi gli animi, per fare riconoscere validi nella legge +civile i matrimonj contratti avanti un sacerdote cattolico. V. Paternita +gliene faccia i piu vivi ringraziamenti, per parte di questa S. C. + +In fine l' Arcivescovo, che scrive, con piena stima se le rassegna. + + + + + +A RECENT PROTESTANT VIEW OF THE CHURCH OF THE MIDDLE AGES. + + +The history of the Church in the middle ages has ever forced upon +Protestant minds a difficulty which they have met by many various methods +of solution. The middle age exhibits so much of precious side by side with +so much of base, so much of the beauty of holiness in the midst of +ungodliness, so much of what all Christians admit as truth with what +Protestants call fatal error, that the character of the whole cannot +readily be taken in at first sight from the Protestant point of view. Some +there are who dwell so long on the shadows that they close their eyes to +the light, and these declare the medieval Church to have been a scene of +unmitigated evil. To their minds the whole theology of the period is +useless, or worse than useless, harmful. They connect the middle ages with +wickedness as thoroughly as the Manicheans connected matter with the evil +principle. + +Others there are who honestly admit that these ages, especially their +earlier part, are not Protestant, but at the same time contend that +neither are they favourable to Roman doctrine. These believe that facts +abundantly prove that in the bosom of the Church which was then, the two +Churches were to be found, which afterwards disengaged themselves from one +another at the Reformation. This is the philosophy of medieval history +which, as we learn from the preface to his collection of _Sacred Latin +Poetry_,(1) has recommended itself to Dr. Trench, the present Protestant +Archbishop of Dublin. "In Romanism we have the residuum of the middle-age +Church and theology, the lees, after all, or well nigh all the wine was +drained away. But in the medieval Church we have the wine and lees +together--the truth and the error, the false observance and yet at the same +time the divine truth which should one day be fatal to it--side by side." +For such thinkers the sum of all the history of that period amounts to +this: a long struggle between two Churches--one a Church of truth, the +other a Church of error--a struggle which, however, ended happily in the +triumph of the Church of truth by the Reformation, in which the truth was +purified from its contact with error. + +It is not without its advantages to know what views the occupant of an +Irish see so distinguished, is led to take, of the Church to which +seventy-seven out of every hundred Irishmen belong, with all the +convictions of their intellects, and all the love of their hearts. It +seems to us that his theory is not likely to satisfy any party; it goes +too far to please some, and stops short too soon to be agreeable to +others. But what strikes us most of all in it is the fatal inconsistency +of its parts. Of this the very book to which it serves as preface is proof +enough. Dr. Trench's position is this. He tells his Protestant readers +that whereas in the medieval Church there was a good church, and an evil, +all the good has found its resting place in Protestantism, all the evil in +tyrannical Rome. Whatever of good, of holy, of pure, has ever been said or +done within the Church, Protestants are the rightful inheritors of it all. +From the treasury of the Church before the Reformation he proposes to +draw, and to collect in this work what his readers may live on and love, +and what he is confident will prove wholesome nourishment for their souls. +He would set before them the feelings of the Church during these thousand +years of her existence, and would summon from afar, from remote ages, +"voices in which they may utter and embody the deepest things of their +hearts". Such, he assures them, are the voices of the writers whose poems +have found a place in his book. Now, if we are to understand that the two +ante-Reformation Churches stood out quite distinctly, one from the other, +in open antagonism, like Jerusalem and Babylon, each having its own +position more or less clearly defined, we should naturally expect to find +in Dr. Trench's book the thoughts and words only of the Reformers before +the Reformation, of the men, that is, who never bent the knee to Baal, but +ever cherished in their hearts the true doctrine of salvation. If his own +theory be worth anything, he must have recourse for his present purposes, +to that one of the two Churches which alone has been perpetuated, +victorious after conflict, in Protestantism. Where else shall he find +sympathies that answer to those of Protestants? But he does not do so. For +in the beginning of his preface he tells us that he has not admitted each +and all of the works of the authors whose productions he inserts. He tells +us that he has carefully excluded from his collection "all hymns which in +any way imply the Romish doctrine of transubstantiation", or, "which +involve any creature-worship, or speak of the Mother of our Lord in any +other language than that which Scripture has sanctioned, and our Church +adopted", or which "ask of the suffrages of the Saints"? These certainly +are not the doctrines which have been perpetuated in Protestantism. + +His own practice, therefore, is inconsistent with his theory, if that +theory means to assert the existence of two Churches in the middle age, +distinctly antagonistic, one to the other. + +The only escape from this tangle is to reply, that Dr. Trench, although he +may find two Churches in the bosom of the middle-age Church, does not, +however, place between them a separation so sharp as to suppose the Church +of good absolutely without evil, nor the Church of evil altogether +destitute of good. In each there is good and some mixture of evil: error +relieved by a vein of truth. His favourite authors, by whose labours he +wishes to make his readers profit, are, in this last hypothesis, men who +are subject to the influence of both Churches; men who belong partly to +each in turn, whose doctrines are a pitiable admixture of truth with +falsehood--who, in one word, are visited both by "airs from Heaven and +blasts from Hell". At times they say what all, even Protestants, may +treasure up in their hearts, to live on and love; at times, again, they +are made to utter what all should reject and condemn, as so many snares +for unwary feet. We shall say nothing of the difficulty the mind feels in +accepting such a description of the position of these writers, nor of the +task we have to persuade ourselves that those who teach belief in deadly +heresies to be essential to salvation, can be, at the same time, the +chosen tabernacles wherein the pure spirit of real piety can ever take up +its abode. Such was not the feeling of the ancient Church. We ask, +instead, who are the men upon whose writings Dr. Trench would sit in +judgment, "to sunder between the holy and profane", to distinguish between +the errors and the truth, to decide what we are "to take warning from and +to shun, what to live upon and love". With the exception of the two, Alard +and Buttmann, all are men highly honoured by the whole Catholic world, and +all, without exception, are praised for their excelling virtues by Dr. +Trench himself. Among the twenty-three names we read with reverence those +of Saint Ambrose, Saint Bonaventure, Venerable Bede, Saint Bernard, Saint +Peter Damian, Thomas a-Kempis, Peter the Venerable, Jacopone, and others +of great reputation for sanctity and learning. These are the men whose +writings Dr. Trench is to parcel out into two portions; this to be +venerated as sacred, that to be condemned as profane. It needs great faith +in the censor, to accept readily his decision in such a case. What test +does he undertake to apply? what criterion is to influence his choice? Why +does he cast away the poems which celebrate St. Peter as Prince of the +Apostles, and approve of those that extol St. Paul? Why should he style +Adam of St. Victor's hymn on the Blessed Virgin an exaggeration, and quote +as edifying his _Laus S. Scripturae_? Why are St. Bonaventure's pieces in +honour of Mary visited with censure, and his lines _In Passione Domini_ +made the theme of praise? Dr. Trench gives us his reasons very plainly. +"If our position mean anything", says he (page x.), "we are bound to +believe that to us, having the Word and the Spirit, the power has been +given to distinguish things which differ.... It is our duty to believe +that to us, that to each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks, will +be given that enlightening spirit, by whose aid it shall be enabled to +read aright the past realizations of God's divine idea in the wise and +historic Church of successive ages, and to distinguish the human +imperfections, blemishes, and errors, from the divine truth which they +obscured and overlaid, but which they could not destroy, being, one day, +rather to be destroyed by it". That is to say, we, as Protestants, in +virtue of our position as such, are able by the light of the Holy Spirit +to discern true from false doctrine, the fruits of the good Church from +the fruits of the evil Church. This enlightening Spirit will be given to +each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks it. But, we ask, what are +we to believe concerning the working of the same enlightening Spirit in +the hearts of the holy men whose exquisitely devotional writings Dr. +Trench sets before us? Were they men of humility and earnestness? If they +were not, Dr. Trench's book appears under false colours, and is not a book +of edification. And if they were, as they certainly were, who is Dr. +Trench that he should take it on himself to condemn those who enjoyed the +very same light which he claims for himself? And why should we not then +rather believe that as these holy men had, on his own showing, the spirit +of God, Dr. Trench, in condemning their doctrine does in truth condemn +what is the doctrine of the Church of the Holy Spirit. + +The theory is therefore as inconsistent as on historical grounds it is +false. Such as it is, however, the conclusions we may draw from it are of +great importance. + +1. Dr. Trench declares that, both by omitting and by thinning, he has +carefully removed from his selection, all doctrine implying +transubstantiation, the cultus of the Blessed Virgin, the invocation of +saints, and the veneration of the cross. Now, as the great bulk of the +poems he publishes belong to the middle ages, strictly so called, it +follows, on Dr. Trench's authority, that these doctrines of the Roman +Catholic Church were held long before the Reformation, and that the Church +was already in possession when Luther came. + +2. Since he tells us (page vi) that he has counted inadmissible poems +which breathe a spirit foreign to that tone of piety which the English +Church desires to cherish in her children, it follows that the spirit of +piety in the Church of old is not the same as that in the present Church +of England. Now in such cases the presumption is against novelty. + +3. Dr. Trench (page vii) reminds his readers that it is unfair to try the +theological language of the middle ages by the greater strictness and +accuracy rendered necessary by the struggle, of the Reformation. A man who +holds a doctrine _implicitly_ and in a confused manner, is likely to use +words which he would correct if the doctrine were put before him in +accurate form. This is a sound principle, and one constantly employed by +Catholic theologians, when they have to deal with an objection urged by +Protestants from some obscure or equivocal passage of a Father. It is +satisfactory to be able for the future to claim for its use the high +authority of Dr. Trench. + +4. A special assistance of the Holy Spirit is claimed for all those who +humbly and earnestly invoke him. This assistance is to enable those +blessed with it to distinguish between error and divine truth. Is this +happy privilege to be exercised either independently, without the +direction of the ministers of the Church, or is it one of the graces +peculiar to the pastoral office? In the former case, every fanatical +sectary may judge in matters of religion as securely as if he had the +whole world on his side. In the latter case, it would be interesting to +know how much does this privilege differ from the infallibility claimed by +the Catholic Church. + +5. Finally, the contradictions inherent to the whole theory are most +clearly to be seen in the following passage about the noble lines which +Hildebert, Archbishop of Tours, in the beginning of the twelfth century, +places on the lip of the city of Rome: + + + "I have not inserted these lines", says Dr. Trench, "in the body + of this collection, lest I might seem to claim for them that + entire sympathy which I am very far from doing. Yet, believing as + we may, and, to give any meaning to a large period of Church + history, we must, that Papal Rome of the middle ages had a work of + God to accomplish for the taming of a violent and brutal world, in + the midst of which she often lifted up the only voice which was + anywhere heard in behalf of righteousness and truth--all of which + we may believe, with the fullest sense that her dominion was an + unrighteous usurpation, however overruled for good to Christendom, + which could then take no higher blessing--believing this, we may + freely admire these lines, so nobly telling of that true strength + of spiritual power, which may be perfected in the utmost weakness + of all other power. It is the city of Rome which speaks: + + Dum simulacra mihi, dum numina vana placerent, + Militia, populo, moenibus alts fui: + At simul effigies, arasque superstitiosas + Dejiciens, uni sum famulata Deo; + Cesserunt arces, cecidere palatia divum, + Servivit populis, degeneravit eques. + Vix scio quae fuerim: vix Romae Roma recordor; + Vix sinit occasus vel meminisse mei. + Gratior haec jactura mihi successibus illis, + Major sum pauper divite, stante jacens. + Plus aquilis vexilla crucis, plus Caesare Petrus, + Plus cinctis ducibus vulgus inerme dedit. + Stans domui terras; infernum diruta pulso; + Corpora stans, animas fracta jacensque rego. + Tunc miserae plebi, nunc principibus tenebrarum + Impero; tunc urbes, nunc mea regna polus. + Quod ne Caesaribus videar debere vel armis, + Et species rerum meque meosque trahat, + Armorum vis illa perit, ruit alta Senatus + Gloria, procumbunt templa, theatra jacent. + Rostra vacant, edicta silent, sua praemia desunt + Emeritis, populo jura, colonus agris. + Ista jacent, ne forte meus spem ponat in illis + Civis, et evacuet spemque bonumque crucis. + + + + + +THE MSS. REMAINS OF PROFESSOR O'CURRY IN THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY. NO. II. + + +_Prayer of St. Aireran the Wise, ob._. 664. + + + [In the first number of the RECORD we published from the + manuscripts of the late Professor O'Curry the Prayer of St. Colga + of Clonmacnoise. We now publish another beautiful devotional piece + from the same collection. + + Speaking of ancient Irish religious works now remaining, O'Curry + says (at page 378 of his great work): "The fifth class of these + religious remains consists of the prayers, invocations, and + litanies, which have came down to us". The Prayer of St. Colga, + published in our last number, is placed by O'Curry in the second + place among these documents, which he sets down in chronological + order. + + "The first piece of this class (adopting the chronological order) + is the prayer of St. _Aireran_ the Wise (often called _Aileran_, + _Eleran_, and _Airenan_), who was a classical professor in the + great school of Clonard, and died of the plague in the year 664. + St. Aireran's prayer or litany is addressed, respectively, to God + the Father, to God the Son, and to God the Holy Spirit, invoking + them for mercy by various titles indicative of their power, glory, + and attributes. The prayer consists of five invocations to the + Father, eighteen invocations to the Son, and five to the Holy + Spirit; and commences in Latin thus: 'O Deus Pater, Omnipotens + Deus, exerci misericordiam nobis'. This is followed by the same + Invocation in the Gaedhlic; and the petitions to the end are + continued in the same language. The invocation of the Son begins + thus: 'Have mercy on us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son Of + the living God! O Son, born twice! O only born of God the Father'. + The petition to the Holy Spirit begins: 'Have mercy on us, O + Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit the noblest of all spirits!' + (See original in APPENDIX, No. CXX.) + + "When I first discovered this prayer in the _Leabhar Buidhe + Lecain_ (or Yellow Book of _Lecain_), in the library of Trinity + College, many years ago, I had no means of ascertaining or fixing + its date; but in my subsequent readings in the same library, for + my collection of ancient glossaries, I met the word _Oirchis_ set + down with explanation and illustration, as follows: + + " '_Oirchis_, id est, Mercy; as it is said in the prayers of + Arinan the Wise':--Have mercy on us, O God the Father Almighty!" + See original in APPENDIX, No. CXXI. + + "I think it is unnecessary to say more on the identity of the + author of this prayer with the distinguished _Aireran_ of Clonard. + Nor is this the only specimen of his devout works that has come + down to us. Fleming, in his Collecta Sacra, has published a + fragment of a Latin tract discovered in the ancient monastery of + St. Gall in Switzerland, which is entitled 'The Mystical + Interpretation of the Ancestry of our Lord Jesus Christ'. A + perfect copy of this curious tract, and one of high antiquity, + has, I believe, been lately discovered on the continent. + + "There was another _Airenan_, also called 'the wise', who was + abbot of _Tamhlacht_ [Tallaght] in the latter part of the ninth + century; but he has not been distinguished as an author, as far as + we know". + + It seems to us that there are three things specially worthy of our + consideration in this beautiful prayer. + + In the first place, we find in it an explicit and most clear + declaration of the Catholic Faith regarding the Blessed Trinity, + especially the distinction of three persons, and the Divinity of + each of these Divine Persons. "O God the Father Almighty, O God of + Hosts, help us! Help us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! Help us, + O Almighty God, O Holy Spirit!" + + We are in the next place struck by the extraordinary familiarity + with the Holy Scripture which the writer evinces. There is + scarcely one of the epithets which is not found in the sacred + pages, almost in the precise words used by him, beginning with the + first words, addressed to the Eternal Father, "O God of Hosts", + the _Deus Sabaoth_ of the Prophets, and going on to the last + invocation of the Holy Ghost, "Spirit of love", which comprises in + itself the two inspired phrases: "_Spiritus est Deus_", and "_Deus + Charitas est_". We may also remark the coincidence between Saint + Aireran and the liturgical prayers of the Church, especially in + the invocations of the Holy Ghost found in the office of + Whitsuntide and in the administration of the Sacrament of + Confirmation, "_Tu septiformis munere: Digitus Paternae + dexterae_". "O Finger of God! O Spirit of Seven Forms". + + In fine, we find our Irish saint applying to the Son of God the + vision of the Prophet Ezechiel regarding the four mysterious + animals: "O true Man! O Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle!" The prophecy + is commonly interpreted of the Four Evangelists. Saint Augustine + and Saint Jerome are quoted as authorities for this + interpretation. But it is worthy of remark, that Saint Gregory the + Great, whilst giving the same interpretation, applies the + mysterious vision also to God the Son.(2) And Saint Aireran, by + adopting this opinion, seems to afford us another proof of the + great familiarity of our Irish scholars with the writings of the + great Pontiff and Father of the Church. And this familiarity is + rendered still more remarkable, and serves to give another proof + of the constant communication between Rome and Ireland, from the + close proximity of the times of our Saint and of Saint Gregory.] + + +O Deus Pater omnipotens Deus exerce tuam misericordiam nobis! + +O God the Father Almighty! O God of Hosts, help us. + +O illustrious God! O Lord of the world! O Creator of all creatures, help +us. + +O indescribable God! O Creator of all creatures, help us. + +O invisible God! O incorporeal God! O unseen God! O unimaginable God! O +patient God! O uncorrupted God! O unchangeable God! O eternal God! O +perfect God! O merciful God! O admirable God! O Golden Goodness! O +Heavenly Father, who art in Heaven, help us. + +Help us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son of the living God! O Son +twice born! O only begotten of the Father! O first-born of Mary the +Virgin! O Son of David! O Son of Abraham, beginning of all things! O End +of the World! O Word of God! O Jewel of the Heavenly Kingdom! O Life of +all (things)! O Eternal Truth! O Image, O Likeness, O Form of God the +Father! O Arm of God! O Hand of God! O Strength of God! O right (hand) of +God! O true Wisdom! O true Light, which enlightens all men! O Light-giver! +O Sun of Righteousness! O Star of the Morning! O Lustre of the Divinity! O +Sheen of the Eternal Light! O Fountain of immortal Life! O Pacificator +between God and Man! O Foretold of the Church! O Faithful Shepherd of the +flock! O Hope of the Faithful! O Angel of the Great Council! O True +Prophet! O True Apostle! O True Preacher! O Master! O Friend of Souls +(Spiritual Director)! O Thou of the shining hair! O Immortal Food! O Tree +of Life! O Righteous of Heaven! O Wand from the Stem of Moses! O King of +Israel! O Saviour! O Door of Life! O Splendid Flower of the Plain! O +Corner-stone! O Heavenly Zion! O Foundation of the Faith! O Spotless Lamb! +O Diadem! O Gentle Sheep! O Redeemer of mankind! O true God! O True Man! O +Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle! O Crucified Christ! O Judge of the Judgment +Day! help us. + +Help us, O Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit more noble than all +Spirits! O Finger of God! O Guardian of the Christians! O Protector of the +Distressed! O Co-partner of the True Wisdom! O Author of the Holy +Scripture! O Spirit of Righteousness! O Spirit of Seven Forms! O Spirit of +the Intellect! O Spirit of the Counsel! O Spirit of Fortitude! O Spirit of +Knowledge! O Spirit of Love! help us. + + + + + +THE DESTINY OF THE IRISH RACE.(3) + + +That God knows and governs all things--that whatever happens is either done +or permitted by him, and that he proposes to himself wise and beneficent +ends in all he does or permits--are truths which lie at the foundation of +all religion. The wicked may refuse to obey his commands, but they cannot +withdraw themselves from the reach of his power. While their wickedness is +entirely their own, _God_ makes them, however unwilling or unconscious, +instruments to work out his ends. + +It is thus that individuals and nations have each a peculiar destiny. Not +that there is a blind fate, such as Pagans imagined; but that an +all-seeing and all-governing God proposes to himself certain objects, +which he is determined to attain, despite the perversity of man. + +To learn the purposes of God in the development of human events, to trace +his hand in the complicated movements of society, to see him overruling +and directing all to his own great ends, is one of the most sublime +objects to which the study of history can be applied. Frequently, indeed, +we may be unable fully to comprehend the designs of his providence in the +moral, as in the physical world. Fancy, or pride, may easily have a great +part in suggesting our theories. But, if we confine ourselves to certain +facts and undoubted principles, we can often trace the design in both +orders, and admire in it the wisdom, the power, the goodness--all the +attributes of God. Nay, all these shine more brightly in the moral than in +the physical order. + +The history of his chosen people is an example of this. We find empires +rising and falling, at one time to punish, at another time to try, at +another to deliver his people. The good and the wicked, the weak and the +strong, become in turn his instruments. The whole history of that people +is but a record of the acts of his overruling providence, directing all +things to the accomplishment of the designs which he had announced. + +This is, indeed, so evident in this case that it may not be considered a +fair instance to prove my general position. For it is admitted that God's +providence over the Jewish race was quite extraordinary. Still, it proves +that God does so intervene in human affairs, and it illustrates many of +the principles that must be kept in view in these investigations. It +shows, for example, that many, unconscious of the fact--nay, with quite +another object in view, acting perhaps from avarice, hatred, or ambition, +are yet instruments in the hand of God for the accomplishment of his wise +purposes. It shows how things, and persons, considered as of little or of +no value, according to human views, may, in reality, be the pivots on +which the destinies of vast empires turn, connected, as they may be, with +the accomplishment of purposes which weigh more in the scales of Heaven +than the mere temporal condition of all the empires of the Earth. + +It is in this view that many Christian writers assert that the Roman +empire obtained universal sway, that civilized nations being thus brought +closely together, an easier way might be prepared for the spread of the +Gospel. The generals and statesmen of Rome had no doubt a very low idea of +the poor fishermen of Galilee, and of the tentmaker of Tharsus. It may be +safely presumed that they did not even allow their names to divert their +thoughts, for a moment, from the grand projects of conquest and government +by which they were engrossed. Yet, in the designs of God, it was, most +probably, to prepare a way for the work of those fishermen, and of that +tentmaker, and their associates, that wisdom had been vouchsafed to their +counsels and victory to their arms. + +The endless invasions of the Roman empire by northern tribes is another +instance of whole races being used by God for his own purposes, without +their having any idea of the work in which they were employed. They came +to punish those who had revelled in the blood of the saints, and to supply +fresh material for the great work of the Church of God. + +Towards the close of the fifteenth century, an Italian sailor, led by some +astronomical observations and some half understood, or rather +misunderstood, tales of ancient travellers, to believe that there must be +another continent far away beyond the western waters, wandered from court +to court, in Europe, in search of means to fit up an expedition to +discover it, and he finally succeeded in making known a new world. It +requires little faith in divine Providence to believe that it was God who +was impelling him thus to open a new outlet for the energies of the +ancient world, which were then about being developed on a gigantic scale, +and, still more, to prepare a field for a more extensive spread of the +Gospel, in which the Church might repair the losses she was about to +sustain in the religious convulsions impending in Europe. + +Numberless similar instances might be quoted. These designs of God are +sometimes manifest, sometimes hidden; sometimes they are far-reaching, +sometimes limited. Ignorance and pride may mistake or pervert them. But +they always prevail; they are always worthy of their Author; and let me +add, that the salvation of men being the object most highly prized by God, +it is not only rightfully considered the most noble, but it is that to +which his other works may be justly accounted subordinate. + +It is under the light of these principles that I undertake an +investigation of the purposes of God regarding the Irish race. These +purposes seem to me no longer matter of speculation; they may be +pronounced manifest; for they are written in unmistakable characters in +the development of events. + +The history of Ireland is, in many respects, peculiar. Few nations +received the faith so readily, and no other preserved it amidst similar +struggles. St. Patrick first announced the Gospel to the assembled states +of the realm at Tara. He received permission to preach it, unmolested, +throughout the length and breadth of the land. By his indomitable zeal and +heroic virtue, he succeeded in winning over the natives so effectually, +that at his death few pagans remained in Ireland. Not a drop of blood was +shed when Christianity was first announced. Heroism was displayed only by +the exalted virtues of the Apostle and of the neophytes. Nowhere else did +the Gospel take root so quickly and so firmly, and produce fruits so +immediate and so abundant. Catholic Ireland soon became the home of the +saints and sages of the Christian world. To many of the nations of the +continent her apostles went forth, charged with the embassy of eternal +truth. In every realm of Europe her children established sanctuaries of +piety and learning; and to her own hospitable shores the natives of other +lands flocked to receive education, and even support, from her gratuitous +bounty. Homes of virtue dotted her hills and valleys; and thus were laid +deep the roots of that strong attachment to the faith, which, later, was +to be exposed to trials the most severe. + +We thus find God preparing Ireland for a future, then hidden to all but +Himself. For the day of trial came at last. She was reposing in peace, +under the shadow of the Gospel, when the barbaric invasion, that swept +before it every vestige of learning and religion in many parts of Europe, +reached her shores. Ireland was the only country that rolled back its +wave. But she did this at the cost of her life's blood. For two centuries +the Dane trampled her sons under foot. His cruelties yet re-echo in the +national traditions. But the Irish race at last arose in its might, and +drove the barbarian from its shores. The churches of the country had been +pillaged, its monasteries plundered, its institutions of learning +destroyed--everything that the sword could smite, or fire consume, had +perished; but the Irish race came out of the ordeal preserving its own +integrity, and the jewel which it prized above all else--its glorious +faith. + +Not long after this deliverance, and before Ireland had succeeded in +obliterating the traces of Danish cruelty, another invader set his foot on +her shores. Availing himself of the discords naturally arising from the +disorganized state of society, he succeeded in gaining a foothold. By +fanning these discords, he kept possession and gained strength. The rule +of the Saxon became thus almost as severe a calamity as had been the +oppression of the Dane. To the hatred, which is generally greater in the +oppressor than in the oppressed, were added, in time, religious fanaticism +and the desire of plunder, which became its associate and assumed its +garb. The _mere_ Irishman, who was hated under any circumstances on +account of his race, was now hunted in his own country as if he were a +wild beast. The property of the Catholic people was confiscated, and most +stringent laws were enacted to prevent its renewed acquisitions. Priests, +wherever found, were put to death, and the severest penalties were +inflicted on those who would harbour any that escaped detection. +Extermination by fire and sword was ordered in so many words, and was +attempted. When this failed, a system of penal laws was established, which +were in full force until lately, and which a Protestant writer of +deservedly high repute (Burke) calls a "machine of wise and elaborate +contrivance, and as well fitted for the oppression, impoverishment, and +degradation of a people, and the debasement in them of human nature +itself, as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man". Upon the +partial abandonment of this form of oppression, a system of proselytism +was adopted, and is yet in full vigour (for it has become an institution, +and the best supported institution in Ireland), which, by bribes to the +high and the low, appeals to every base instinct to draw men away from the +faith. + +Yet neither confiscation of property, nor famine, nor disgrace, nor death +in its most hideous forms, could make Ireland waver in that faith which +our forefathers received from St. Patrick. There were, of course, from +time to time, and there are, a few exceptions. Did not these occur, the +Irish must have been more than men. But, as a general rule, the places +that could not be procured or retained, except by apostacy, were resigned. +The rich allowed their property to be torn from them, and they willingly +became poor; the poor bore hunger and all other consequences of wretched +poverty; and though every Earthly good was arrayed temptingly before them, +they scorned to purchase comfort at the price of apostacy. During the four +years from 1846 to 1850, nearly two millions either perished from hunger +or its attendant pestilence, or were forced to leave their native land to +escape both. In the midst of the dead and the dying, proselytisers showed +themselves everywhere, well provided with food and money, and Bibles, and +every one of the sufferers felt, and was made to feel, that all his +sufferings might have been spared had he been willing to barter his faith +for bread. Yet the masses could bear hunger and face pestilence, or fly +from their native land; but they would not eat the bread of apostacy. They +died, or they fled; but they clung to their faith. + +In vain, I think, will history be searched for another example of such +vast numbers, generation after generation, calmly, silently facing an +unhonoured death, without any support on earth but the approving voice of +conscience. + +This fidelity can be predicated with truth of the whole Irish race, +notwithstanding the numbers of those in Ireland who are not Catholics. For +these, besides being a minority of the inhabitants, are but an exotic, +planted in Ireland by the sword. They were imported, being already, and +because they were, of another faith, for the purpose of supplanting that +of the inhabitants. Many of them adopted the faith of the old race, so +that the names that indicate their origin are not a certain test of their +religion. But so steadily has the old stock adhered to its faith, that an +Irish "O", or "Mac", or any other old Celtic name, is almost sure to +designate a Catholic. Indeed, such names are usually called "Catholic +names". Whenever an exception is found, it is so rare an occurrence that +the party is considered a renegade from his race as well as from his +religion. + +It would, however, be not only unfounded to flatter ourselves that this +stability in the faith is the result of anything peculiar in the Irish +nature, but it would be, I may say, a blasphemy to assert it. God alone +can preserve any one in the paths of truth and virtue; how much more must +we attribute to Him the fidelity of a whole race, under the trying +circumstances here enumerated? + +Such grace may have been given, as many believe, in reward of the +readiness and the fulness with which our ancestors first received the +faith of the Gospel, and it is hoped that God will to the end grant the +same grace of fidelity to their descendants. Our great Apostle is said to +have asked this favour from God for the nation which so readily responded +to his call. Let us unite our prayers with his, and, like Solomon, ask for +our race not riches, nor power, but true wisdom, which is, above all and +before all, allegiance to the true faith. This was the prayer, no doubt, +which the millions of our martyred ancestors poured out. They themselves +sacrificed property and liberty; they gave up everything that man could +take away, that they might preserve this precious jewel. They believed +that in doing this they were following the dictates of true wisdom, and, +in their fondest love for their remotest posterity, they wished and prayed +that similar wisdom might be displayed by them. May their prayer be heard +to the end. + +This prayer has been heard, or at least this grace has been granted, up to +the present. When the sons of Ireland on this day return in thought to the +homes of their fathers, they may indeed look back upon a land inferior to +many in the elements of material greatness. They may behold her castles +and rich domains in the possession of the stranger. They may view the +masses of their race with scarcely a foothold in the land of their +fathers, liable to be ejected from the farm, and driven out on the public +highways, and from the highways into the crowded town, and from the hovels +of the crowded town into the poorhouse, and even at the poorhouse denied +the right of admission. But amidst all the miseries of those who yet dwell +in the old land--in spite of the wiles of unscrupulous governments, and +heartless and tyrannical landlords, and hypocritical proselytizers--in +spite of open violence and covert bribes, their undying attachment to the +faith remains unaltered, unshaken--a monument of national virtue more +honourable than any which wealth or power could erect, or flattery devise. + +But all this is a grace, a great grace of God. It reveals a purpose of +Heaven more bountiful in regard to this people than if he had raised them +to the highest place in material power amongst the nations of the Earth. + +Temporal prosperity, in its various forms, though a favour from God, is +not his most precious blessing. He himself selected the way of the Cross. +In abjection and suffering he came into the world; he lived in it despised +and persecuted, he died amidst excruciating torments. To those whom he +loved in a special manner, he says, "Can you drink the chalice which I am +to drink, and be baptized with the baptism with which I shall be +baptized?" and when they reply, they can, the promise that this shall be +fulfilled, his leading them to follow him in the way of the Cross, his +calling them to suffer for righteousness, is the best pledge of his +greatest love. + +This grace he has given to Ireland. Her children have received and +accepted the call; they have reaped the reward. Indeed, I have found the +opinion entertained by many clergymen of extensive experience, that there +is not probably a people on this Earth of whom more, in proportion to +their number, leave this world with well grounded hopes of a happy +eternity. They do not, it is true, display a boastful assurance that they +are about to ascend at once into Heaven. But vast masses serve God with +humble fidelity in life, and, at death, acknowledging and sorry for their +sins, doing all they can to comply with his requirements, they throw +themselves, with resignation to his will, into the arms of his mercy. + +Were nothing else apparent in the purposes of God, we might stop here. We +would find a great and worthy object for all that Ireland has suffered, +and cause to thank the Almighty Ruler for having given her the grace to +suffer in union with and for the sake of his Son. + +But God's graces are often given for ulterior purposes; and it may be +asked whether the extraordinary preservation of this nation's faith has +not another object in his wise and merciful counsels. + +It appears to me that this is now clear in the case of Ireland. But, to +understand it properly, we must reflect more closely on her connection +with England, and on the condition of this latter country. + +In the sixteenth century England abandoned the faith to which she had +adhered for a thousand years. Her apostacy, though consummated by degrees, +may be said to have become at last complete. The blood of her best sons +flowed at Tyburn. The priests that were not of the number were banished, +or forced to seek safety in hiding places. The same price was put on the +head of a priest as on that of a wolf. The property of Catholics was +confiscated, their children were taken from them, and educated in the +religion of the establishment. These and analogous measures produced their +effect at last. Were it not for these things, a great part of that nation, +if not a majority, would be Catholic to-day. Though they desired no share +in the plunder of the Church, and had no fancy for the new theories of the +Reformers, they were weak enough to yield to a pressure, under which +compromise first, and then apostacy, afforded the only means of escaping +confiscation and the loss of every social advantage, frequently the only +means of escaping death. The old faith stamped, indeed, its mark on the +institutions of the kingdom in a manner that could not be blotted out. It +left its memorials everywhere throughout the land. The noble universities, +the gorgeous cathedrals, and the splendid ruins scattered over the surface +of the country, are witnesses of its departed power; but it is itself +effectually blotted out from the hearts of the people. Though the most +noble kings and princes of the land had delighted in honouring +Catholicity, though England had sent her apostles and her saints into many +a clime, though her hills and valleys had re-echoed for centuries with the +sweet songs of Catholic devotion, her people now know nothing more hateful +than the faith under the auspices of which their fathers were civilized. +They nickname it "Popery", and the name expresses that which is to them +most hateful. + +Yet this England, this Catholic-hating England, has become one of the +greatest nations of the Earth in the material order. Her fleets are +mirrored in every sea; her banner floats on every continent. It has been +truly said that the sound of her drums, calling her soldiers from slumber, +goes before and greets the rising sun in its circuit around the globe. + +But what is most remarkable, and certainly not without some great purpose +in the order of divine Providence, England has become in our day the great +hive from which colonies go out to people islands and continents in +distant parts of the world; lands which were before vast wastes, tenanted +only by the wild beast, or by the savage scarcely less ferocious. Indeed, +she is the only nation in our day that seems to have received such a +mission. + +And is it then to an apostate nation exclusively that God has given the +mission to fill up these wastes? Is it a corrupted faith only which is to +be borne to these savage nations, and to be planted in those vast regions, +which God has made known to civilized man in these latter days? Were this +the case, we might tremble, though we should adore it as one of the +inscrutable judgments of God, dealing with nations in his _great_ wrath. + +But is such the fact? It would indeed be the fact were it not for faithful +Ireland. But, united as England is with Ireland, the result is quite +otherwise. The very ambition and desire for gain which impel England to +extend her power and plant her colonies in the most distant countries of +the globe, become the instruments for carrying also the undying faith of +Ireland to the regions which England has conquered. + +Saul went to seek Samuel, thinking only of finding his father's asses. God +was sending him to be anointed king over his people. England sends her +ships all over the world, thinking only of markets for the produce of her +forges and her looms. God is sending her that she may spread everywhere +the faith of the Irish people. + +Under the "Union Jack", on which the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew +are blended, but so blended as to prevent any Christian symbol being +recognized (a fit emblem of the effect of the union of jarring sects, each +professing to proclaim Christianity, but between them only obscuring and +obstructing it)--the Irishman, too, is borne to the distant colony. He +goes, probably, before the mast or in the forecastle, but he bears with +him the true faith; and when he lands he hastens to raise its symbol. This +may be at first over a rude chapel. But it is a signal to other +way-farers, and they gather under its shade to offer up the sacred +mysteries. As soon as his means permit, even before he can build a good +dwelling for himself, he takes care that the house of God be, in every +possible degree, worthy of its sacred character. And so the Church creeps +on and grows, and regions that sat in darkness are now blessed by the +offering of the Adorable Sacrifice and the announcement of the true faith. + +The Irishman, generally speaking, did not leave home through ambition, or +for conquest. He departed with sorrow from the shade of that hawthorn +around which the dearest memories of childhood clustered. He would have +remained content with the humble lot of his father had he been allowed to +dwell there in peace. But the bailiff came, and, to make wider pastures +for sheep and bullocks, his humble cottage was levelled, and he himself +sent to wander through the world in search of a home. But in his +wanderings he carries his faith with him, and he becomes the means of +spreading everywhere the true Church of God. + +It is thus that the tempest, which seems but to destroy the flower, +catches up its seeds and scatters them far and near, and these seeds +produce other flowers as beautiful as that from which they were torn, so +that some fair spot of the prairie, when despoiled of its loveliness, but +affords the means of covering the vast expanse with new and variegated +beauties. + +It is thus that the famine, and the pestilence, and the inhuman evictions +of Irish landlords, have spread the faith of Christ far and near, and +planted it in new colonies, which, when they shall have grown out of their +tutelage, will look back to the departed power of England and the undying +faith of Ireland as, in the hands of Providence, the combined causes of +their greatness and their orthodoxy. Macaulay's traveller from New +Zealand, who will, on some future day, "from a broken arch of London +Bridge, take a sketch of the ruins of St. Paul's", may be some Irish "O'" +or "Mac" on a pilgrimage to the Eternal City, who passes that way--having +first landed on the shores from which his ancestors were driven by the +"crowbar brigade", and visited with reverence the hallowed graves under +whose humble sod lie the bones of his martyred forefathers. + +It is thus that the Catholic faith is being planted in the British +colonies of North America; it is thus it is carried to India, and to +Australia, and to the islands of the South Sea. Thus are laid the +foundations of flourishing churches, which promise, at no distant day, to +renew, and even to surpass, the work done by Ireland in the palmiest days +of faith, when her sons planted the Cross, and caused Christ to be adored, +as he wished to be adored, in the most distant regions of the earth. + +The magnitude of this work is not to be measured even by the importance of +these transplanted churches at the present moment. The countries to which +I have alluded are but in their infancy. We can see on this continent the +rapid strides of such infant colonies. Within three quarters of a century +this country has advanced in population from three to over thirty +millions, and in most other elements of greatness in still grander +proportions. If it continue to increase, as it has done regularly from the +beginning, at the end of this century, or soon after, it will have a +population of over one hundred millions--that is, as great as is now the +population of France, and Spain, and Italy, and Great Britain combined. If +this be expected in this country in forty years, what will the case be in +one or two hundred, in this and so many others similarly situated? + +Australia starts with all the advantages of this country, and some +peculiar to itself, and is following it with giant strides. It may +overtake it before long, if not outstrip it. But the position of +Catholicity there is very different from what it was at the commencement, +or even at an advanced period, in the United States. The Catholics in +Australia occupy a position of practical social equality with others. They +will grow with the growth and strengthen with the strength of their +adopted country, and have their fair share in its importance. + +England herself, from which the Catholic name was thought to have been +almost blotted out, has been deeply affected by this exodus of Irish +Catholics. In her cities, and towns, and hamlets, the Cross has been +raised from the dust. At the side of the ancient monuments which remind +England of her apostacy, humble spires rise in every part of the land, and +tell that nation that the faith which they thought destroyed still lives, +and is ready to admit them again to its wonted blessings. They stand +there, and betoken the unity and stability of that faith of which they are +the symbols--of that faith which reclaimed the fathers of that people from +barbarism, and continued to be the faith of the land for a thousand years, +and is yet a faith, and the only faith, in which men of every tongue and +every clime are united. The English people see its unity and stability, +while they are forced to witness the ever shifting and clashing forms of +the religion that was substituted for it. For, in the name of the one +Christ and the one Bible, altar is everywhere erected against altar, +pulpit thunders against pulpit, the teaching of to-day is contradicted in +the same pulpit on the morrow; yet each one proclaims his own device as +the plain teaching of Scripture. + +This confronting of unity with confusion, of steady adherence to truth +with the ever varying shifts of error, of the mild but bright glory of an +everlasting Church with the frivolities of the proudest inventions of men, +is a grace, and a great grace, which God grants. It is a grace for the use +of which that people will give strict account. And oh! may that use be, +that they will make it fructify to their salvation. For while we +appreciate the blessings granted to ourselves, we have no other feeling in +their regard than a wish that they, too, may share in these blessings, and +be like unto us in everything "except these chains". + +But whether well used or abused, whether unto "the ruin" or "salvation" of +many in that country, this grace is given chiefly through the Irish +emigration. + +I am not unaware of, nor do I undervalue, the importance of the faithful +remnant that has in England steadfastly continued in the faith once +delivered to the saints, nor of the accession made to their numbers by the +conversion of so many noble souls, to whom God gave light and strength to +overcome the many difficulties that would have fain prevented their +following that light. But of both we might not inaptly ask, "What are +these amongst so many?" They are like those few tints that gild the skies +here and there, when the sun's light has all but departed; or like those +stars that pierce at night the cumbered heavens--bright, indeed, and +beautiful--but only showing forth more clearly the dark outlines of the +heavy and murky clouds that shroud the horizon. They make us feel only +more sensibly, and keep fresh in our memory, the loss of the sun that has +set. + +It is the Irish emigration that has chiefly supplied the multitudes who +flock around English altars, that has made churches and schools spring up, +that has finally called for the restoration of a numerous hierarchy; and, +as if to mark this fact, and point out the great part that Ireland had in +restoring Catholic life to England, God has so arranged it that the first +head and brightest ornament of that new hierarchy should be the son of +Irish emigrants; for such is the great and illustrious Cardinal Wiseman. + +And even in these United States, let people say what they please, has not +the Irish race held the first place in planting the cross throughout the +length and breadth of the land? + +In this, and wherever else I speak of the Irish race, I do not, of course, +confine myself to those born in Ireland. The work which a race is called +to do is to be done by those who now live, and by their children and their +children's children, wherever they happen to be born. Indeed, it would be +a contradiction in terms to consider the father and son, wherever born, as +belonging to different races. Be it for weal or for woe, be it unto honour +or unto shame, the fathers cannot disown the children nor the children the +fathers. If it depended on feeling or wishes, I, for one, would be very +glad to dissolve connection with any one who insists that he owes nothing +to the race that gave him a father or a mother. I would readily leave such +a one to his proud claim of owning no paternity but the land on which he +vegetates, and I only regret that he will scarcely bring to it much credit +or advantage. He who is unwilling to acknowledge the father that begot +him, or the mother that gave him suck, is not a prize worth contending +for. But whatever we or he may wish, whatever be the results to us or to +him, he is flesh of our flesh and bone of our bone. What God has united, +neither he nor we can put asunder. + +It is not that we should form separate classes or castes, or that we claim +other rights or privileges, or have other duties than those of other +races; but the one to which each man belongs has been fixed by the +Almighty Provider in the very act of giving him being, and he who would +fain conceal, or disown, or be ashamed of his race--that is, of the order +of Providence to which he owes his existence--could succeed in nothing else +but in proving himself unworthy the esteem of men of any race. + +I know and gratefully acknowledge the important services rendered to +Catholicity in the United States by persons of other races. There was, +first of all, the Maryland colony, with whose noble history that of few, +if any, of the other colonies can compare. By their justice and humanity +in treating with the native tribes, by similar justice and fair dealing +with other colonists, of every religion and every race, by their domestic +virtues and patriotic course, the men of that colony deserved and received +a high place in the esteem of their countrymen and of the world. + +But their number is small, too small--indeed. Would that they were more. +Were they all put together they would not form one average diocese of the +forty-six now existing in this country. + +God has sent us many illustrious men from France, and Belgium, and Italy, +who have occupied the foremost ranks in the ministry, whose heroic virtues +and zealous works are even now as beacon lights to all who labour for +God's glory. But as to the people from these countries, they are not many +more than those from the Maryland stock. Germany has sent many of her +hardy sons to labour with the steadfastness of their countrymen in +building up the walls of the sanctuary. These are, indeed, a most +important element, and are destined to become more and more important +every day. They may yet exercise a greater influence on the destiny of the +Church in this country than the Irish race. But so far, I think, no one +will claim that they can be compared with it in numbers, or as to the +results hitherto obtained. Of the converts in this country we may say the +same thing as of those in England. + +Giving all, therefore, what belongs to them--for there is not, nor should +there be here, any room for jealousy--I think it will be admitted that it +is above all others to the sons of Ireland and to their children that the +spread of Catholicity is due in this land. No matter who ministered at the +altar (though there, too, the sons of Ireland have had their share), in +the body of the church you will find that, in the majority of places, they +constitute the bulk, and in many the whole of the congregation. Their hard +earned dollars were foremost in supplying means to buy the lot and raise +the building from which the Catholic faith is announced. The priest, no +matter what his own nationality, was nowhere more confident of finding +help and support than among the Irish emigrants or their children. +Wherever a railway, or a canal, or a hive of industry invited their sturdy +labour, the cross soon sprang up to bear witness to their generosity and +their faith. + +Even the old Maryland colony, though consisting chiefly of English +Catholics, seeking here a freedom of conscience denied them at home, had +its Irish element, and that not the least noble in deeds nor the least +conspicuous in virtue. + +When at the period of the Revolution the noblest men of this land stood +together, shoulder to shoulder, and issued that Declaration of +Independence to which they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their +sacred honours, it was a Catholic of the Irish race who affixed his +signature for Maryland. In doing this he pledged an honour as pure, and a +life as precious as any of the rest, but he staked a fortune equal to, if +not greater than, that of all the others put together. When he signed his +name, one standing by said, "There go some millions". Another remarked, +"There are many Carrolls; he will not be known". He overheard the remark, +and to avoid all misconception, wrote down in full, "_Charles Carroll, of +Carrollton_". + +Yet this noble scion of the Irish race, for so many years the pride and +the ornament of his native state, while fulfilling all the duties of an +illustrious citizen, was not ashamed of the race from which he sprang. +Instead of selecting amongst French _villes_ or English _parks_ or _towns_ +a name for his princely estate, he stamped on it a title with the good old +Celtic ring. He called it after a property of one of his Irish ancestors, +_Doughoregan Manor_, thereby telling his posterity and his countrymen that +if they feel any pride in his name, they must associate him with a race +which so many affect to despise. + +Let all the sons, and the sons of the sons, of Ireland be, like him, +faithful to their duties as citizens, ready to sacrifice their all for +their country, whether that all be little, or as great as was his vast +wealth; just and respectful and charitable to men of all races and creeds, +not anxious either to conceal or obtrude their own, but rather to live +worthy of both; determined, in a word, faithfully to discharge all their +civil and Christian duties, let them be earnest in elevating the one by +greater fidelity to the other. Acting thus, they will imitate Charles +Carroll, of Carrollton, and fulfil all I would wish them to do out of +fidelity to their country, their religion, and their race. + +It was also one of the Maryland stock, but of this same Irish race--another +Carroll--who was chosen the first bishop, and the founder of the hierarchy, +of the young American Church; as if Providence here too wished to indicate +from which race the chief strength of Catholicity was to be derived in +this land. + +Would it be overstraining matters to say, that a hint of this was also +given by Providence in the Irish name of the future metropolitan see of +the United States--the first in time, and always to be the first in +dignity? The word _Baltimore_ is an Irish word, and, through the founder +of the colony, was derived from an Irish hamlet, which from the extreme +south-west coast of Ireland, is looking, as it were, over the waters of +the Atlantic to this continent for the full realization of its name. The +word, in the Irish language, means "the town of the great house", and it +was beyond the Atlantic that Baltimore, in becoming the chief see of a +great church, has truly become "the town of the great house", for the +church, or house at the head of which it stands, extends probably over a +wider surface than any other church or churches amongst which any one +bishop holds pre-eminence, excepting only the church governed by the Vicar +of Jesus Christ, to whom is committed the care of _all_ the sheep and +lambs of God's fold, that is, the whole of Christ's Church. In names, +which God has given, or permitted to be given, he has frequently +foreshadowed the destinies of individuals and races. Would it be +superstitious to suppose that in the Irish name of this American +ecclesiastical metropolis--the only important city in this country that has +an Irish name--Providence pointed, on the one hand, to its future position +in the Christian hierarchy, and on the other to the character of the chief +portion of the family of that house or church? + +But, be this as it may, it was a scion of the Irish race who was the +founder of the new American hierarchy. For some time he held the crozier +alone. The whole country was his diocese. But he did not depart until he +saw suffragans around him forming a regular hierarchy, that was destined +to multiply and, mainly on Irish shoulders, carry, everywhere, the ark +that would spread blessings throughout the land. + +The work that has thus been commenced is no doubt destined to prosper. It +is not without a motive that in this country the lines are drawn, and the +foundations laid by Providence for a noble church. Its beginnings (for we +may say it is yet in its infancy) bear many of the marks of the process by +which the work was effected, It is destined to grow, and may it grow, +particularly in the mild beauty of Christian virtue, and win, by love, the +homage of all the children of the land, that all may receive through it +the graces of Heaven, and even their Earthly prosperity be consolidated +and become the means of their acquiring higher blessings. + +But whatever be said of the United States, the Irish race is certainly +almost alone in the work of diffusing Catholicity in the various other +countries in which the English language is spoken. + +The sufferings of Ireland were, therefore, the means, and evidently +intended by God as the means to preserve her in the faith, to give her its +rewards in a high degree; and this preservation of her faith was as +evidently intended to make her and her sons instruments in spreading that +faith throughout the English-speaking world. This is, therefore, what I +claim to be, in the counsels of God, the DESTINY OF THE IRISH RACE. + +Did we endeavour to draw this conclusion by far-fetched arguments, we +might fear the delusions of fancy, but I think it is plainly written in +the facts to which I have alluded, when looked at with faith in an +overruling Providence. The diffusion of the true faith enters too closely, +and is too primary a thing in the designs of God, to suppose it for a +moment to be the work of accident. It is his work first of all. Where it +exists it exists because he so willed it. The instruments that effected it +must be those which he has chosen and placed to the work with this very +view. When, therefore, the results obtained, and those we see in the +certain future, and the means by which they are obtained, are a matter of +intuition, rather than of reasoning, the conclusion drawn seems to me to +have all the force of demonstration, and in no way liable to be considered +the product of fancy or of national pride. + +This interpretation of the facts of history will, by some, be considered a +complicated theory, and therefore unworthy of God. But the simplicity of +God's operations by no means excludes multiplicity and combination of +agents in themselves most inadequate or discordant. Our inclination to +exclude these, though we imagine the very contrary, is the result of the +consciousness of our own weakness, which we would fain attribute to God. +_We_ may, indeed, be overwhelmed, or at least embarrassed, by many +instruments; and therefore we think it wise to avoid their use. But, it is +as easy for God to use and direct many as few, or to produce results by +his own immediate action. Nay, though sometimes he performs wonderful +works in a moment, he is more often pleased to act through numerous and +far-reaching instruments, which, at times, seem even to work in opposition +to his designs, and by overruling and directing them, to prove that he is +Ruler and Master over all things in action, as well as the Author of their +being. + +By one word he made the Earth produce "every green herb" and "every +fruit-tree yielding fruit according to its kind"; but he is now pleased to +make the fertility of the earth, and the various ingredients of the air, +and the heat and light of the sun, labour through a whole season to +produce the flower, that for a few days wastes its fragrance on the +meadow. At one time he sends his angel to strike down in one night myriads +of the enemies of his people; at another he is pleased "to hiss for the +fly, that is in the uttermost parts of the rivers of Egypt, and for the +bee that is in the land of Assyria" (_Is._, vii. 18), that they may come +and be the instruments of his vengeance. At one time he rains down bread +from Heaven to feed a whole multitude; at another, he sends his angel to +take the prophet by the hair of his head from Judea, even unto Babylon, +that he may supply food to his servant. + +It is not for us to prescribe ways to Providence, but to study His design +in the events which we witness, and to bow down and adore his Power, his +Wisdom, and his Goodness. + +To give power to an apostate and persecuting nation, and the grace of +fidelity to another; to use and even to create the material resources of +the first as the instrument of his design over the latter, may appear a +circuitous course, but it is only another instance of that unity of +purpose and multiplicity, variety and apparent incongruity of means, which +we witness in almost all his works. + +When the people of God were carried away into captivity, "the priests took +the fire from the altar, and hid it in a valley where there was a pit +without water". There "they kept it safe", while the Gentile hosts reigned +triumphant in the land. But "when many years had passed", and the people +returned, they sought the fire, but found only "thick water". This they +sprinkled on the new sacrifices that were prepared, and "when the sun +shone out, which before was in a cloud, there was a great fire kindled so +that all wondered". (II. _Mach._, i. 19, 22). + +An analogous phenomenon, methinks, has been presented in Ireland. That +combination of frenzy and irreligion, which men have called "The +Reformation", swept before it almost every vestige of faith from many of +the northern countries of Europe, and seemed in a special manner to have +enveloped in darkness the islands of the West. Men were like "raging waves +of the sea, foaming out their own confusion", boasting of liberty and +light, but treating the faithful with savage cruelty, and showing their +own inability to hold fast any positive principles which they proclaimed +as truth. The ancient faith of these islands, overwhelmed in the waters of +tribulation, seemed hidden in the hearts of the Irish people, saddened by +persecution and sufferings of every kind. + +But the day has come for pouring forth this water on nations. By their +sufferings, the Irish race, driven into many lands, mingles with the +progeny of its oppressors. The sun of God's grace, which seems under a +cloud, is now shining forth, and a great fire is enkindled and is +spreading its light and its heat far and near. The Church of God is +everywhere showing itself again in its pristine beauty. English-speaking +nations that were the ramparts of heresy, are beginning again to fall into +the ranks of Catholic unity, and, as happened once before, the light of +faith that took refuge in the most distant island of the West, is, from +that sacred spot, sending forth its beams and gladdening the Church by +giving her whole people as her children. + +So far we are led, I may say, by the mere logic of facts. Were we to +indulge in speculation, but in a speculation quite in conformity with the +beneficent designs of God, we might expect still more from these effects +of the steadfastness of Ireland. + +Notwithstanding all the faults of England, the Catholic heart throughout +the world has never lost its interest in that land, once so faithful. +Other nations, once as Catholic, have been lost, and they are almost +forgotten. The land where the Saviour Himself lived is, indeed, remembered +on account of the sacred spots which he trod; but no hopes are entertained +for the conversion of its people. The Churches planted by the Apostles +have been destroyed. We cherish the memory of the holy confessors and +martyrs who adorned them; but despair of their return to the truth is the +only feeling in their regard that we can discover in the Catholic world. + +But in one way or another the Catholic heart seems never to have despaired +of the return of England. Opinions and expectations which are, probably, +nothing more than an expression of the intensity of this feeling, are +everywhere to be met. They exist among the learned and the high, as well +as amongst the humble children of the Church, and are found to be +cherished in different lands. England, with her long catalogue of saints, +seems to be considered, not as an outcast, on whom the sentence of +spiritual death has been executed, but rather as the prodigal, who in a +moment of thoughtlessness demanded, what he called his own share, and +wandered from his father's house. The father is looking out, expecting +every day to see the wayward one return, and is ever ready to kill the +fatted calf, and to call on his friends and neighbours to rejoice and be +merry, for "he that was dead is come to life again, and he that was lost +is found". + +But, alas! there is much reason to fear that such joy is not to be +expected. We know of no instance of a whole nation once fully and +deliberately apostatising from the faith ever again returning. The grace +of faith, if lost by individuals by formal apostacy, is seldom recovered. +It has never yet been recovered by any nation that once enjoyed its full +light, and deliberately abandoned it. It is not for us, to be sure, to +place bounds to the mercies of God. Who knows but that in these latter +ages God may do a work which he never did before? and, now that the Church +has encircled the globe, and announced the Gospel to every nation under +the sun, God may send her back on another mission more glorious than the +first, showing forth his power in giving new life to fallen nations as he +did before in converting those who knew not his name. His first work might +be compared to that which he performed when he took the clay and breathed +into it the breath of life; this, to his raising up the dead already +mouldering in the tomb. But he has done both in the physical, and he may +do both in the moral order. + +Without having recourse, however, to this extraordinary dispensation, the +hope of which would be unwarranted by anything we have yet seen, may not +the hopes to which I have alluded, and which could scarcely have existed +without some influence of the divine Spouse of the Church, be realized in +the conversion of the children, rather than in that of the mother? May not +the expectations of the Catholic world be realized by a return of +English-speaking brethren in the various colonies which the mother country +has planted? May _they_ not receive the graces which the latter has cast +away, and thus more than compensate the Church for the loss of that one +island? + +Such results would be no anomaly in the experience of the Church. Several +nations first learned Christianity under a heterodox form, and some of the +most Catholic to-day are their descendants. Their errors were not their +own faults, _as nations_, and God had pity upon them. + +We may say the same thing of this, and of several other countries, where +great and independent peoples will be found one day as they now are here. +This nation has never apostatised from Catholic truth, simply because it +never possessed it _as a nation_. At its birth it was already entangled in +the meshes of heterodoxy, and it found the Catholic Church in its midst, +with few adherents. Yet, at its very birth, it struck off the shackles by +which she was bound. Several circumstances, it is true, aided this course +of justice. But, who will say that these existed otherwise than by God's +Providence, and for the nation's benefit, as well as for ours? This course +of justice, moreover, was adopted cordially and fully by the founders of +the country's independence, and that at a time when the Church was so +treated by few even of those nations on whom she had the best claims. +Bigots, it is true, were not wanting, then, or since. But it is a great +fact, that this nation, _as a nation_ and as a Government, has always, +since its birth, treated God's Church with justice. + +A cup of cold water, given in the name of Christ, shall not be without its +reward. Do we exaggerate in hoping that this mode of proceeding towards +his Church shall have its reward from her Heavenly Spouse--that it will +plead for this nation with the Divine Mercy, as the alms of Cornelius +obtained for him the knowledge of Gospel truth and a share in its +blessings? The grace of faith, with these blessings, is the greatest which +God gives to man, nor is it the less valuable because it is not now +appreciated or is even spurned. It is God's grace that gives a hunger for +divine things, as it is by Him that the hungry are filled. + +Yes, I do not only desire, and send up the prayer, but I candidly avow the +hope, that the light of faith is yet destined to shine brightly here, even +amongst those who now look on it with contempt or hostility. In this I am +strengthened by the desire for a knowledge of truth, which, +notwithstanding the bigotry of many, is so widely spread. I am +strengthened by the growth of the Church itself, which bears the marks of +a higher purpose on the part of God than the mere preservation of those +who came Catholics to our shores. I am strengthened by the very losses +which the Church sustains in the falling away of many of her children. For +surely God did not permit them to be driven hither by persecution that +they might perish. He sent them forth to battle, in doing which, though +many may be lost, he will grant victory to his own cause. I am +strengthened by the very dangers by which we are surrounded; nor would my +hope be shaken even if storms should impend. For it is according to the +ways of God to reach his ends amidst contradictions. + +Let it not be said that the humble condition or the faults of many of the +children of the Church, forbid such a hope as this. God's ways are not as +our ways. It is not by the great or by the mighty that his truth is +propagated. Flesh might otherwise glory in His sight, and men might say +that, by their wisdom and their efforts was His kingdom established. So +far from this being an objection, when other things inspire hope, the hope +is strengthened by the humble form in which the Church presents itself. +Our hope of its diffusion is better founded when we see it borne to our +shores by humble labourers, than if it had come recommended exclusively by +proud philosophers, cunning statesmen, or by men loaded with wealth. + +What we hope for this nation, we may hope with greater reason for the +other nations yet reposing in their infancy, or growing in giant +proportions under British rule. I say, with greater reason, because in +most of these the foundations of Catholicity are laid even more deeply +than they are here. While it would be a great thing for God's honour and +glory, there is nothing to forbid the hope that these may one day be +united in the true fold of the everlasting Church. The blood of Ireland +and of England will mingle in their veins; and, while they will look back +with shame on the apostacy of the sixteenth century, as a disgraceful +chapter in the history of their forefathers, they will glory in the +recollections of the saints and the heroes of religion who, for a thousand +years, adorned both their mother countries. With feelings analogous to +those with which we look back to the tyrants of the first centuries and +their victims, they will set off the martyr heroes of one portion of their +ancestors to the apostacy of the other, and the apostasy itself will be, +in their history, but an episode proving how far human nature may stray, +while their own conversion will be a standing monument of the power of the +cross. + +If these hopes be realized, the Irish race and its sufferings will have +been the instruments in the hands of God by which the grand result will be +accomplished; but whether they be realized or not, the main point which I +have endeavoured to dwell upon seems to me to be established beyond +doubt--that is, that this race has been preserved by God in the true faith +in an extraordinary manner, for the purpose of spreading that faith +throughout the English-speaking nations which now exist, or which are +coming into being. + +As Ireland owes the preservation of her faith to her being destined as the +leaven of that mass, it is but assigning to God a purpose worthy of His +goodness to say, that England owes her power to her mission to spread that +leaven throughout so many vast regions. It will not, I presume, be +considered rash to say that God, permitting her to acquire power, proposed +to himself some higher object than that other nations should have cheap +cotton or woollen fabrics, or that they should learn how to travel forty +instead of four or ten miles an hour. In his goodness he designed that +power for some purpose worthy of Heaven; and this purpose may be +accomplished whether England herself will it or not, or even though she +desire the very contrary. I have said before, that most learned and grave +writers consider the Roman power to have been intended, in the counsels of +God, to prepare a way for the diffusion of the Gospel. The rulers of Rome +despised the Gospel and its heralds. Still Rome most probably owed to them +her greatness, and but for this mission, she might have remained what she +was in the beginning--an obscure village, a place of refuge for the thieves +of the surrounding country. England may despise the Irish Catholic. Like +Rome, she may look upon the professors of Catholicity as the great +plague-spot of her system. Yet, in the designs of God, she most probably +is indebted for her power to the part she is made to act in the diffusion +of their faith. It is certain, at least, that the highest use of that +power she has yet been allowed to make, is the carrying of frieze-coated +Papists to distant shores, and the clearing of the forests where they are +propagating, and are yet to propagate more extensively, the true faith. If +a higher design in her behalf exist in the arrangements of Providence, it +is yet to be made known. But for this she might have remained, as the poet +described her, "a naked fisher" on her rock, and when she shall have ended +her usefulness as an instrument for accomplishing this object, she may +return "to her hook", still musing, perhaps, her senseless "No Popery", +while the churches which she has unwillingly assisted to plant, will be +growing up in beauty and praising God in one harmonious voice with the +other children of his family throughout the world. + +The value and importance of this great mission cannot be overrated. It is +awful to think what would have been the condition of the English-speaking +races, in a religious point of view, if Ireland had shared in the English +apostacy. Scarcely a Catholic voice would be heard amongst those seventy +or eighty millions now using that language, who occupy so large a portion +of the Earth, and in another century, according to the ratio of their +growth, may become two or four hundred millions, or even more. The very +remnant that has continued faithful in England might have followed in the +wake of their predecessors, had not the influence of Ireland caused the +sword of persecution to be sheathed, and civil intolerance to cease at +last, and thus the temptation to be removed which had proved fatal to so +many. In that vast empire, or the empires that may rise out of its +fragments--for, in more than one place are foundations of empires laid +which would grow with giant growth, even though the power of the mother +country were paralysed to-morrow--the holy sacrifice would not be offered +up, and thus the prophecy not fulfilled, which foretold that a clean +oblation would be offered from the rising of the sun to the going down +thereof. That union of the Christian family for which the Saviour prayed +before he suffered, and which he left as a mark by which men would know +his followers, would not be exhibited to the world. Christianity would be +confounded with the products of these latter ages of so-called "light", +and be thought, like the appliances of steam and the contrivances of +machinery, to owe its power to the genius of the Anglo-Saxon race, instead +of deriving it from Him who died on Calvary. For their Christianity, by +its very name, would proclaim that the work of Christ had failed, until +the press and the "march of light" had come to its aid. Religion, in a +word, instead of being a divine institution, would appear and be amongst +them but a brilliant work or invention of man, and, therefore, in the +supernatural order, but a brilliant delusion, not an institution which the +mercy of God transplanted from Heaven, and made to stand, and to grow, and +to bless, and produce fruit, in every age and in every form of society. + +But, in preserving the faith of the Irish race, God has provided a leaven +of truth for these masses. By the side of systems of religion which men +have devised, stands the everlasting Church--that Church which, as Macaulay +remarked, is the only connecting link between the civilization of the +ancient and modern worlds--the Church which taught the name of Christ to +every nation that knows him, even to those who afterwards fell from the +fullness of truth--the Church which Augustine brought to England, and +Patrick to Ireland--the Church that raised the dignity of the poor, and +humbled the pride of the high, placing all on the level of the Gospel--the +Church that claims no new inventions, but is itself an invention of God, +infinitely surpassing all inventions of man, holding out nothing to the +nineteenth, which it did not present to the first, to the tenth, and to +every other century, but presenting to all the faith and institutions of +God, able to save all, to elevate all, to bring all into one fold, that +all may be united in one happiness in Heaven. + +Is not this great result worth all the sufferings which Ireland has +endured? The ways of God appear often circuitous. But in their circuitous +course they are everywhere fraught with blessings. The children of Ireland +suffered; yet, even in their sufferings they were blessed. He himself +pronounced "blessed those who suffer persecution for justice's sake"; for +in their trials they redeemed their own souls. But they were doubly +blessed, because they were preserving the ark of God, and carrying it +through the waters of tribulation to bless more amply unborn and numerous +generations. The ways of God are circuitous, and though, like the course +of the planets, they sometimes seem to us to retrograde, they are always +onward. The sufferings of Ireland at a time seemed without a purpose, or +even the very contrary to what we might have expected for so faithful a +people. But, who knows what might have been the result, if justice and +humanity had marked the course of the English nation towards Ireland? Who +knows but the temptation to the latter to be drawn into apostacy would +have been too powerful? Had Apostate England dealt generously or justly +with Catholic Ireland, who knows if, in the alliances that would have been +formed, she would have been equally steadfast in her faith? And though for +a long time confiscations, and plunder, and persecution, and slaughter, +and even now, harsh treatment condemning her sons to famine and +banishment, have been the effects of the English connection; if these have +been the means of creating a barrier that prevented the spread of heresy +amongst her sons, has too great a price been paid for the "pearl" that has +been bought? When, particularly, the cross borne by the children of +Ireland shall have been erected in the Western and Southern Hemispheres, +and flourishing Churches in Catholic unity established under its shade, +where, but for the fidelity of our fathers, heterodoxy alone would have +had sway, shall we not say that little indeed were their sufferings +compared to the value of such an Apostolate of Empires? + +What is any Earthly mission compared to this? What is even the spreading +of civilization with its highest privileges, compared to the spreading of +the saving institutions of the Gospel? Even in this world virtue is a +thing infinitely superior to mere physical power. The man who does God's +will, whose soul is adorned with grace, is an object of complacency with +his Maker, and enjoys his esteem infinitely more, than he who can control +the hidden powers of nature, and make them subservient to his will, but +does not make his own will conform to the great law that should govern +it--subjection to the will of God. When Earth, and all that is of Earth, +shall have passed away, the proudest human achievements will be seen to +have been as nothing, while those who shall have caused God's name to be +glorified, shall shine as bright stars "unto perpetual eternities". + +This mission, however, has its duties as well as its dignity. What will it +avail us to be the sons of martyred sires who sacrificed all for God, if +we barter the faith for which they died, for some paltry bauble, or fail +to transmit it to those under our charge? Will not the constancy and +sufferings of our fathers be a reproach to us before God and man? Will +they not pronounce judgment upon us if, while we honour their heroic +deeds, we ourselves display nothing but pusillanimity? And even though we +preserve our faith, will not this be rather to our shame, if we do not +endeavour to practise the virtues which it teaches? When the salt has lost +its savour, it is good for nothing any more but to be cast out, and to be +trodden on by men. The higher the vocation of God, the lower will be the +degradation of those who fail to correspond. They will be despised, and +justly despised, by God and by men. + +We can see in the fate of other nations the consequences of infidelity to +a noble mission. Spain and Portugal were once great powers. They achieved +great things at home and abroad. The sails of their commerce whitened +every sea. The most distant lands acknowledged their might. They, too, +were missionary nations. They carried the faith to the East and to the +West, and in both hemispheres planted the cross on continents and islands +where Christ was before unknown. God may be said to have given them power +for this purpose. It was mainly through their agency that the missionary +work, which repaired the losses of the Church in Europe, was carried on +for two hundred years. + +But the rulers of these countries listened to wicked counsels. On _one and +the same_ dark day did Spain, on another did Portugal, command the most +strenuous heralds of the cross to be seized and bound in chains. The +galleons that were wont to bear over the deep the treasures of Asia and +America, and pour them into the laps of the mother countries, or to carry +their commands and the means of enforcing them to the most distant lands, +were now spreading their sails over every ocean and sea, in the inglorious +work of conveying to home prisons, or into exile, the truest missionaries +of the cross. On that day these nations renounced their noble mission, and +the power that was given to enable them to carry it out soon departed. + +The immediate agencies producing their downfall, as well as those that +gave rise to their power, may, indeed, be seen in operation before the +existence of the causes to which I have attributed them, but not before +these were known to God. Now, he frequently prepares, by a long process, +the instruments both of his rewards and his punishments, and holds them +ready to be conferred on the virtuous, or poured forth on the head of the +criminal, long before the fidelity of the one be tested, or the guilt of +the other be consummated. Spain and Portugal thus fell, if you will, by +immediate agencies long in operation, but by agencies over which God +ruled, and which He directed according to his own wise counsels. They +fell, and in their humbled condition, mocked by the remains of ancient +greatness, they teach all the important lesson, that the greater the high +calling given by God, the greater the punishment of those who prove +untrue. + +Were we also to prove faithless to the mission which God has assigned us, +we know not what punishment may await us, even in this world. The trials +through which our race has passed, and is passing, may seem severe; but, +they are trials permitted by a loving father. May we never deserve that he +should scourge us in his _great_ anger. We might then find, like the +Jewish people, that to suffer for righteousness' sake from the hands of +men, is sweet, compared to the gall and wormwood mixed in the cup of those +who fall into the hands of an avenging God. + +On this day, when the Church calls on us to commemorate the heroic virtues +and the glorious deeds of our great Apostle, I would fain say to every son +of Ireland--to every one in whose veins Irish blood flows, no matter where +he himself was born: Let us live worthy of our ancestry, of an ancestry +which is the same for all, and is a noble one, noble in that which is the +noblest thing man can rejoice in--virtue and fidelity to God. We ourselves +are called in a special manner to do honour to our faith by spreading it +amongst nations that are destined to occupy the highest position in the +social scale. Let us be faithful to our calling. Let us show ourselves +worthy sons of the martyred dead. Let us make sure, like them, whatever +else we fail in, not to fail in transmitting the faith to those entrusted +to our charge, never exposing it to danger for any advantage, much less +for the trifling things that may be gained here by want of fidelity. +Transmit, carefully, the faith, first of all, but with faith spare no +effort that you yourselves, and those committed to your care, grow also in +every other virtue. Nay, endeavour so to live that _all men_ may learn to +love the faith which is the spring of your actions, and thus glorify and +love that God who is the "Author and Finisher" of that Faith. + + + + + +LITURGICAL QUESTIONS. (_FROM M. BOUIX'S __"__REVUE DES SCIENCES +ECCLESIASTIQUES__"_). + + +1. Is it lawful or obligatory to insert, at the letter N, in the collect +_A cunctis_, the name of the patron of the locality (if there be one) when +the titular of the church is the Blessed Virgin or a mystery of our +Saviour? + +2. Is it right to place on the corner of the altar the finger-towel, which +in some churches is fastened to the altar-cloth, from which it hangs +suspended? + +3. Is there any obligation to ring the bell at the Sanctus and at the +Elevation, even when there is no one at Mass? + +4. Is it lawful for a priest to use a cincture of the kind generally used +by bishops? + +1. The name of the titular of the church in which the Mass is said is that +which ought to be inserted at the letter N in the collect _A cunctis_. In +the application of this general rule various cases may occur; the title +may be a mystery of our Lord or of our Blessed Lady; or it may be a saint +already named in the collect--for example, Saint Peter or Saint Paul; or +Mass may be said in an oratory which has no titular saint. The following +are the rules to be observed in such cases: + +1o. That it is the name of the titular saint which is to be inserted at +the letter N is clear from the following decrees: + + + 1 DECREE. _Question._ "In missali romano praecipitur, ut post + nomina Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, in oratione _A cunctis_, etc., + dicatur nomen patroni praecipui illius ecclesiae, seu diocesis. In + Hispania est praecipuus illius regni patronus B. Jacobus apostolus + et ex concessione Apostolica in ecclesia dioecesi Guadicensi est + patronus specialis S. Torquatus, B. Jacobi apostoli discipulus, et + ejusdem ecclesiae et civitatis primus episcopus. Quaeritur: An in + praedicta oratione _A cunctis_ debeat dici nomen B. Jacobi + apostoli, an B. Torquati?" _Answer._ "In oratione _A cunctis_ post + nomina sanctorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli, nomen Torquati + tanquam Ecclesiae cathedralis Guadicensis Patroni dumtaxat + ponendum esse". (Decree of 22 January, 1678, No. 2856, q. 8.) + + 2 DECREE. _Questions._ "... 15. S. Jacobus est patronus + universalis regnorum Hispaniae, sancti vero martyres Stemeterius + et Caledonius fratres sunt patroni particulares ecclesiae + cathedralis, et totius dioecesis Santanderiensis rite electi, et + novissime approbati a S. R. C. Quaeritur igitur: Quis ex his + patronis debeat nominari ... in oratione _A cunctis_, quando in + missis haec oratio dicitur in ecclesia matrice et in caeteris + dioecesis? 16. In casu, quo ob dignitatis praestantiam nominari + debeat S. Jacobus, quaeritur an ... exprimi etiam possint nomina + SS. Stemeterii et Caledonii in praedicta oratione ..., praecipue + in ecclesia matrice ubi sacra eorum capita ... venerantur? Et si + negative, supplicatur pro gratia ad promovendum cultum qui ipsos + decet in ecclesia cathedrali ac tota dioecesi ratione sui + specialissimi patronatus". _Answer._ "Ad 15. In qualibet ecclesia + nominandum esse patronum seu titularem proprium ejusdem ecclesiae. + Ad 16. Provisum in praecedenti". (Decree of 23 January, 1793, No. + 4448, q. 15 and 16.) + + 3 DECREE. _Question._ "An patronus nominandus in oratione _A + cunctis_ intelligi debeat patronus principalis loci?" _Answer._ + "Nominandus titularis Ecclesiae". (Decree of 12 November, 1831, + No. 4669, q. 31.) + + +2o. If the titular of the church has been already named in the collect _A +cunctis_, no name is to be inserted at the letter N. The same holds if the +Mass happens to be that of the same saint. This rule depends on the +following decision: + + + "Quis nominandus sit ad litteram N. si patronus vel titularis jam + nominatus sit in illa oratione, aut de eo celebrata sit missa?" + _Answer._ "Si jam fuerit nominatus omittenda nova nominatio". + (Ibid.) + + +3_o_. If the oratory in which the Mass is said have no titular saint, the +name of the patron of the locality is to be inserted. This rule is proved +from a decree of 12th December, 1840, No. 4897, No. 2: + + + "Sacerdos celebrans in oratorio publico vel privato quod non habet + sanctum patronum vel titularem, an debeat in oratione _A cunctis_ + ad litteram N. nominare sanctum patronum vel titularem ecclesiae + parochialis intra cujus limites sita sunt oratoria, vel sanctum + patronum ecclesiae cui adscriptus est, vel potius omnem ulteriorem + nominationem omittere?" _Answer._ "Patronum civitatis, vel loci + nominandum esse". + + +4o. If the titular of the church be a mystery of the life of our Lord, or +of our Lady, authors differ in opinion whether the name of the patron of +the locality is to be inserted at the letter N, or whether no addition +should be made. M. de Conny is for the latter opinion, and his authority +is a safe guide for us. The second rule we have laid down is sufficient to +show that no name is to be inserted in cases where the title of the church +is a mystery of the Blessed Virgin, seeing that the august Mother of God +is always named in the body of the prayer. The words of the conclusion are +enough perhaps to excuse from the obligation of naming the patron of the +locality in cases where the church is dedicated to a mystery of the life +of our Lord. + +2. The usage here alluded to is not only not becoming, but it is also +contrary to the Rubric of the Missal. (part i., tit. xx.): + + + "Ab eadem parte epistolae ... ampullae vitreae vini et aquae, cum + pelvicula et manutergio mundo in fenestella, seu in parva mensa ad + haec praeparata. Super altare nihil omnino ponatur, quod ad Missae + sacrificium vel ipsius altaris ornatum non pertineat". + + +3. The sole reason for ringing a bell at Mass is to give a signal to the +faithful. "Ad excitandos circumstantes", says Gavantus (t. i. part i., +tit. XX., l. c.), "ad laetitiam exprimendam et ad cultum sanctissimi +Sacramenti adhibetur campanula". Other writers coincide with this opinion. +It seems but natural, therefore, not to ring the bell when there are no +assistants present, and when there is no need of any signal. Besides, it +is clearly the teaching of authors, and even of the Sacred Congregation of +Rites, that whenever a signal is not required, the bell is not to be rung. +Thus, the following decision forbids the bell to be rung during the +celebration of the divine office in the choir, at least in certain +circumstances: + + + "Exposito in S. R. C. ecclesiam collegiatam civitatis Senarum + habere chorum adeo subjectum oculis populi, et tali loco positum, + ut canonici dicto choro pro divinis celebrandis, et praecipue + Missae cantatae assistentibus, omnino altaria ejusdem coliegiatae + pernecesse inspiciantur, et exposito quoque tempore, quo canonici + choro ut supra assistunt, consuevisse in dictis altaribus + celebrari Missas privatas et sine scandalo prohiberi non posse: + ideo supplicatum fuit pro declaratione: an ipsi canonici in + elevationibus quae fiunt in Missis privatis, genuflectere + teneantur?" _Answer._ "Non esse genuflectendum, ne sacra, quibus + assistunt, per actum privatum interrumpantur, sed ad evitandum + scandalum, quod in populo et adstantibus causari possit ob non + genuflectionem esse omittendam pulsationem campanulae in + elevatione Sanctissimi, in dictis Missis privatis." (Decret of 5 + March 1667, No. 2397.) + + +Nor, as a general rule, is the bell rung when the Blessed Sacrament is +exposed, for then it is unnecessary to summon the faithful to adore the +Eucharist. "During the private Masses", says the _Instructio Clementina_, +"that are celebrated during the exposition, the bell is not to be rung". +Cavalieri, commenting on this passage, says: "Ex rubricarum praescripto +... interdicuntur". He is of opinion that this rule of the _Instructio_ +regards only low Masses, but Gardellini holds that it refers also to High +Masses: + + + "Non erat, cur instructio etiam Missas solemnes commemoraret, pro + quibus Rubrica, non jubet, ut in privatis, eadem pulsari ad finem + prefationis, et ad elevationem Sacramenti. Romae saltem in + majoribus ecclesiis obtinet mos etiam non pulsandi, praeterquam in + Missis solemnibus pro defunctis: gravis organorum sonitus supplet + vices tintinnabuli, et populi adstantis excitat attentionem". + + +From all this it is clear that the bell is not to be rung whenever there +is no signal to be given. This is certainly the case when there is no one +to assist at Mass. + +4. The cincture for the use of a priest does not differ from that for the +use of a bishop. It may be made either of linen thread or silk, but it is +better that it should be of linen. It may be either white or of the colour +of the vestments. These rules are drawn from two decrees of the Sacred +Congregation: + + + 1 DECREE. _Question._ "An sacerdotes in sacrificio Missae uti + possint cingulo serico?" _Answer._ "Congruentius uti cingulo + lineo". (22 Jan. 1701, No. 3575, q. 7.) + + 2 DECREE. _Question._ "An cingulum, tertium indumentum + sacerdotale, possit esse colons paramentorum; an necessario debeat + esse album?" _Answer._ "Posse uti cingulo colore paramentorum"--(8 + Jun. 1709, No. 3809, q. 4.) + + + + + +DOCUMENTS. + + + + +I. Condemnation Of Dr. Froschammer's Works. + + +Venerabili Fratri Gregorio Archiepiscopo + +Monacensi Et Frisingensi + +Pius PP. IX. + +Venerabilis Frater, Salutem et Apostolicam Benedictionem. Gravissimas +inter acerbitates, quibus undique premimur, in hac tanta temporum +perturbatione et iniquitate vehementer dolemus, cum noscamus, in variis +Germaniae regionibus reperiri nonnullos catholicos etiam viros, qui sacram +theologiam ac philosophiam tradentes minime dubitant quamdam inauditam +adhuc in Ecclesia docendi scribendique libertatem inducere, novasque et +omnino improbandas opiniones palam publiceque profiteri, et in vulgus +disseminare. Hinc non levi moerore affecti fuimus, Venerabilis Frater ubi +tristissimus ad Nos venit nuntius, presbyterum Jacobum Frohschammer in +ista Monacensi Academia philosophiae doctorem hujusmodi docendi +scribendique licentiam proe ceteris adhibere, eumque suis operibus in +lucem editis perniciosissimos tueri errores. Nulla igitur interposita +mora, Nostrae Congregationi libris notandis praepositae mandavimus, ut +praecipua volumina, quae ejusdem presbyteri Frohschammer nomine +circumferuntur, cum maxima diligentia sedalo perpenderet, et omnia ad Nos +referret. Quae volumina germanice scripta titulum habent--_Introductio in +Philosophiam--De Libertate scientiae--Athenaeum_--quorum primum anno 1858, +alterum anno 1861, tertium vero vertente hoc anno 1862 istis Monacensibus +typis in lucem est editum. Itaque eadem Congregatio Nostris mandatis +diligenter obsequens summo studio accuratissimum examen instituit, +omnibusque sem el iterumque serio ac mature ex more discussis et perpensis +judicavit, auctorem in pluribus non recte sentire, ejusque doctrinam a +veritate catholica aberrare. Atque id ex duplici praesertim parte, et +primo quidem propterea quad auctor tales humanae rationi tribuat vires, +quae rationi ipsi minime competunt, secundo vero, quod eam omnia opinandi, +et quidquid semper audendi libertatem eidem rationi concedat, ut ipsius +Ecclesiae jura, officium, et auctoritas de media omnino tollantur. Namque +auctor imprimis edocet, philosophiam, si recta ejus habeatur notio, posse +non solum percipere et intelligere ea christina dogmata, quae naturalis +ratio cum fide habet communia (tamquam commune scilicet perceptionis +objectum) verum etiam ea, quae christianam religionem fidemque maxime et +proprie efficiunt, ipsumque scilicet supernaturalem hominis finem, et ea +omnia, quae ad ipsum spectant, atque sacratissimum Dominicae Incarnationis +mysterium ad humanae rationis et philosophiae provinciam pertinere, +rationemque, dato hoc objecto suis propriis principiis scienter ad ea +posse pervenire. Etsi vero aliquam inter haec et illa dogmata +distinctionem auctor inducat, et haec ultima minori jure rationi +attribuat, tamen clare aperteque docet, etiam haec contineri inter illa, +quae veram propriamque scientiae seu philosophiae materiam constituunt. +Quocirca ex ejusdem auctoris sententia concludi omnino possit ac debeat, +rationem in abditissimis etiam divinae Sapientiae ac Bonitatis, immo etiam +et liberae ejus voluntatis mysteriis, licet posito revelationis objecto +posse ex seipsa, non jam ex divinae auctoritatis principio sed ex +naturalibus suis principiis et viribus ad scientiam seu certitudinem +pervenire. Quae auctoris doctrina quam falsa sit et erronea nemo est, qui +christianae doctrinae rudimentis vel leviter imbutus non illico videat, +planeque sentiat. Namque si isti philosophiae cultores vera ac sola +rationis et philosophiae disciplinae tuerentur principia et jura, debitis +certe laudibus essent prosequendi. Siquidem vera ac sana philosophia +nobilissimum suum locum habet, cum ejusdem philosophiae sit, veritatem +diligenter inquirere, humanamque rationem licet primi hominis culpa +obtenebratam, nullo tamen modo extinctam recte ac sedulo excolere, +illustrare, ejusque cognitionis objectum, ac permultas veritates +percipere, bene intellegere, promovere, earumque plurimas, uti Dei +existentiam, naturam, attributa, quae etiam fides credenda proponit, per +argumenta ex suis principiis petita demonstrare, vindicare, defendere, +atque hoc modo viam munire ad haec dogmata fide rectius tenenda, et ad +illa etiam reconditiora dogmata, quae sola fide percipi primum possunt, ut +illa aliquo modo a ratione intelligantur. Haec quidem agere, atque in his +versari debet severa et pulcherrima verae philosophiae scientia. Ad quae +praestanda si viri docti in Germaniae Academiis enitantur pro singulari +inclytae illius nationis ad severiores gravioresque disciplinas excolendas +propensione, eorum studium a Nobis comprobatur et commendatur, cum in +sacrarum rerum utilitatem profectumque convertant, quae illi ad suos usus +invenerint. At vero in hoc gravissimo sane negotio tolerare numquam +possumus, ut omnia emere permisceantur, utque ratio illas etiam res, quae +ad fidem pertinent, occupet atque perturbet, cum certissimi, omnibusque +notissimi sint fines, ultra quos ratio numquam suo jure est progressa, vel +progredi potest. Atque ad hujusmodi dogmata ea omnia maxime et apertissime +spectant, quae supernaturalem hominis elevationem, ac supernaturale ejus +cum Deo commercium respiciunt atque ad hunc finem revelata noscuntur. Et +sane cum haec dogmata sint supra naturam, idcirco naturali ratione, ac +naturalibus principiis attingi non possunt. Numquam siquidem ratio suis +naturalibus principiis ad hujusmodi dogmata scienter tractanda effici +potest idonea. Quod si haec isti temere asseverare audeant sciant, se +certe non a quorumlibet doctorum opinione, sed a communi, et numquam +immutata Ecclesiae doctrina recedere. Ex divinis enim Litteris, et +sanctorum Patrum traditione constat. Dei quidem existentiam, multasque +alias veritates, ab iis etiam qui fidem nondum susceperunt, naturali +rationis lumine cognosci, sed illa reconditiora dogmata Deum solum +manifestasse dum notum facere voluit, _mysterium, quod absconditum fuit a +saeculis et generationibus_(_4_)_ et ita quidem, ut postquam multifariam +multisque modis olim locutus esset patribus in prophetis novissime Nobis +locutus est in Filio, per quem fecit et saecula_(_5_)_ ... Deum enim nemo +vidit umquam. Unigenitus Filius, qui est in sinu Paris ipse +ennarravit._(6) Quapropter Apostolus, qui gentes Deum per ea, quae facta +sunt cognovisse testatur, disserens de _gratia et veritate_(_7_)_ quae per +Jesum Christum facta est, loquimur, iniquit, Dei sapientiam in mysterio, +quae abscondita est ... quam nemo principum hujus saeculi cognovit ... +Nobis autem revelavit Deus per Spiritum Suum ... Spiritus enim omnia +scrutatur, etiam profunda Dei. Quis enim hominum scit quae sunt hominis, +nisi Spiritus hominis, qui in ipso est? Ita et quae Dei sunt nemo +cognovit, nisi Spiritus Dei._(8) Hisce aliisque fere innumeris divinis +eloquiis inhaerentes SS. Patres in Ecclesiae doctrina tradenda continenter +distinguere curarunt rerum divinarum notionem, quae naturalis +intelligentiae vi omnibus est communis ab illarum rerum notitia, quae per +Spiritum Sanctum fide suscipitur, et constanter docuerunt, per hanc ea +nobis in Christo revelari mysteria, quae non solam humanam philosophiam, +verum etiam Angelicam naturalem intelligentiam transcendunt, quaeque +etiamsi divina revelatione innotuerint, et ipsa fide fuerint suscepta, +tamen sacro ad hue ipsius fidei velo tecta et obscura caligine obvoluta +permanent, quamdiu in hac mortali vita peregrinamur a Domino.(9) Ex his +omnibus patet alienam omnino esse a catholicae Ecclesiae doctrina +sententiam, qua idem Frohschammer asserere non dubitat, omnia +indiscriminatim christianae religionis dogmata esse objectum naturalis +scientiae, seu philosophiae, et humanam rationem historice tantum +excultam, modo haec dogmata ipsi rationi tanquam objectum proposita +fuerint, posse ex suis naturalibus viribus et principio ad veram de +omnibus etiam reconditioribus dogmatibus scientiam pervenire. Nunc vero in +memoratis ejusdem auctoris scriptis alia domanitur sententia, quae +catholicae Ecciesiae doctrinae, ac sensui plane adversatur. Etenim eam +philosophiae tribuit libertatem, quae non scientiae libertas, sed omnio +reprobanda et intoleranda philosophiae licentia sit appellanda. Quadam +enim distinctione inter philosophum et philosophiam facta, tribuit +philosopho jus et officium se submittendi auctoritati, quam veram ipse +probaverit, sed utrumque philosophiae ita denegat, ut nulla doctrinae +revelatae ratione habita asserat, ipsam nunquam debere ac posse +Auctoritati se submittere. Quod esset toet crandum et forte admittendum, +si haec dicerentur de jure tantum, quod habit philosophia suis principiis, +seu methodo, ac suis conclusionibus, uti, sicut et aliae scientiae, ac si +ejus libertas consisteret in hoc suo jure utendo, ita ut nihil in sea +dmitteret, quod non fuerit ab ipsa suis conditionibus acquisitum, aut +fuerit ipsi alienum. Sed haec justa philosophiae libertas suos limites +noscere et experiri debet. Nunquam enim non solum philosopho, verum etiam +philosophiae licebit, aut aliquid contrarium dicere iis, quae divina +revelatio, et Ecclesia docet, aut aliquid ex eisdem in dubium vocare +propterea quod non intelligit, aut judicium non suscipere, quod Ecclesiae +auctoritas de aliqua philosophiae conclusione, quae hujusque libera erat, +proferre constituit. Accedit etiam, ut idem auctor philosophiae +libertatem, seu potius effrenatam licentiam tam acriter, tam temere +propugnet, ut minime vereatur asserere, Ecclesiam non solum non debere in +philosophiam unquam animadvertere, verum etiam debere ipsius philosophiae +tolerare erores, eique relinquere, ut ipsa se corrigat, ex quo evenit, ut +philosophi hanc philosophiae libertatem necessario participent, atque ita +etiam ipsi ab omni lege solvantur. Ecquis non videt quam vehementer sit +rejicienda, reprobanda, et omnini damnanda hujusmodi Frohschammer +sententia atque doctrina? Etenim Ecclesia ex divina sua institutione et +divinae fidei depositum integrum inviolatumque diligentissime custodire, +et animarum saluti summo studio debet continenter advigilare, ac summa +cura ea omnia amovere et eliminare, quae vel fidei adversari, vel animarum +salutem quovis modo in discrimen adducere possunt. Quocirca Ecclesia ex +potestate sibi a divino suo Auctore commissa non solum jus, sed officium +praesertim habet non tolerandi, sed pro scribendi ac damnandi omnes +erores, si ita fedei integritas, et animarum salus postulaverint, et omni +philosopho, qui Ecclesiae filius esse velit, ac etiam philosophiae +officium incumbit nihil unquam dicere contra ea, quae Ecclesia docet, et +ea retractare, de quibus eos Ecclesia monuerit. Sententiam autem, quae +contrarium edocet omnino erroneam, et ipsi fidei. Ecclesiae ejusque +auctoritati vel maxime injuriosam esse edicimus et declaramus. Quibus +omnibus accurate perpensis, de eorumdrm VV. FF. NN. S. R. E. Cardinalium +Congregationis libris notandis praepositae consilio, ac motu proprio, et +certa scientia matura deliberatione Nostra, deque Apostolicae Nostrae +potestatis plenitudine praedictos librus presbyteri Frohschammer tamquam +continentes propositiones et doctrinas respective falsas, erroneas, +Ecclesiae, ejusque actoritati ac juribus injuriosas reprobamus, damnamus, +ac pro reprobatis et damnatis ab omnibus haberi volumus, atque eidem +Congregationi mandamus, ut eosdem libros in indicem prohibitorum librorum +referat. Dum vero haec Tibi significamus, Venerabilis Frater, non possumus +non exprimere magnum animi Nostri Dolorem cum videamus hunc filium +eorumdem librorum auctorem, qui ceteroquin de Ecclesia benemereri +potuisset, infelici quodam cordis impete misere abreptum in vias abire, +quae ad salutem non ducunt, ac magis magisque a recto tramite aberrare. +Cum enim alius ejus liber de animarum origine prius fuisset damnatus non +solum se minime submisit, verum etiam non extimuit, eumdem errorem in his +etiam libridenuo docere, et Nostram Indicis Congregationem contumeliis +cumen lare, ac multa alia contra Ecclesiae agendi rationem temere +mendaciterque pronuntiare. Quae omnia talia sunt, ut iis merito atque +optimo jure indignare potuissemus. Sed nolumus adhuc paternae Nostrae +charitatis viscera erga illum deponere, et idcirco Te Venerabilis Frater, +excitamus, ut velis eidem manifestare cor Nostrum paternum, et +acerbiseimum dolorem, cujus ipse est causa, ac simul ipsum saluberrimis +monitis hortari et monere, ut Nostram, quae communis est omnium Patris +vocem audiat, ac resipiscat, quemadmodum catholicae Ecclesiae filium +decet, et ita nos omnes laetitia afficiat, ac tandem ipse felixiter +experiatur quam jucundum sit, non vana quadam et perniciosa libertate +gaudere, sed Domini, adhaerere, cugus jugum suave est, et onus leve, cujus +eloquo casta, igne examinata, cujus judicia vera, justificata in +semetipsa, et cujus universae viae misericordia et veritas. Denique hac +etiam occasione libentissime utimur, ut iterum testemur et confirmemus +praecipuam Nostram in Te benevolentiam. Cujus quoque pignus esse volumus +Apostolicam Benedictionem, quam intimo cordis affectu Tibi ipsi, +Venerabilis Frater, et gregi Tuae curae commisso paremanter impertimus. +Datum Romaae apud S. Petrum die 11 Decembris anno 1862, Pontificatus +Nostri anno decimo septimo. + +Pius PP. IX. + + + + +II. Decree Of The Congregation Of Rites. + + +The Roman ritual, speaking of the Blessed Eucharist, prescribes as +follows: "Lampades coram eo plures vel saltem una diu notucque colluceat". +These lamps are to be fed with olive oil, which the Church has adopted for +mystic reasons in so many of her sacred rites. But in many countries the +difficulty of procuring olive oil is considerable, and the expense greater +than small churches can bear. Several prelates of France, moved by these +reasons, asked permission to burn in the lamps before the Blessed +Sacrament oils other than from olives. The following is the answer: + +_Decretum: Plurium Dioeceseum._ + +Nonnulli Reverendissimi Galliarum Antistites serio perpendentes in multis +suarum Dioeceseum Ecclesiis difficile admodum et nonnisi magnis sumptibus +comparari posse oleum olivarum ad nutriendam diu noctuque saltem unam +lampadam ante Sanctissimum Eucharistiae Sacramentum, ab Apostolica Sede +declarari petierunt utrum in casu, attentis difficultatibus et Ecclesiarum +paupertate, oleo, olivarum substitue possint alea olea quae ex vegetalibus +habentur, ipso non excluso petroleo. Sacra porro Rituum Congregatio, etsi +semper sollicita ut etiam in hac parte quod usque ab Ecclesiae primordiis +circa usum olei ex olivis inductum est, ob mysticas significationes +retineatur; attamen silentio praeterire minime censuit rationes ab iisdem +Episcopis prolatas; ac proinde exquisito prius Voto alterius ex +Apostolicarum Coeremoniarum Magistris, subscriptus Cardinalis Praefectus +ejusdem Sacrae Congregationis rem omnem proposuit in Ordinariis Commitiis +ad Vaticanum hodierna die habitis. Eminentissimi autem et Reverendissimi +Patres Sacris tuendis Ritibus praepositi, omnibus accurate perpensis ac +diligentissime examinatis, rescribendum censuerunt: Generatim utendum esse +oleo olevarum: _ubi vero haberi nequeatt remittendum prudentiae +Episcoporum ut lampades nutriantur ex aliis oleis quantum fieri possit +vegetabilibus_ die 9 Julii 1864. + +Facta postmodum de praemissis Sanctissimo Domino Nostro Pio Papae IX. per +infrascriptum Secretarium fideli relatione, Sanctitas Sua sententiam +Sacrae Congregationis ratam habuit et confirmavit. Die 14 iisdem mense et +anno. + +C. EPISCOPUS PORTUEN. ET S. RUFINAE CARD. PATRIZI S. R. C. PRAEF. LOCO {~MALTESE CROSS~} +Signi _D. Bartolini S. R. C. Secretarius_. + + + + + +NOTICES OF BOOKS. + + + + +I. + + +_Martyrologium Dungallense, seu Calendarium Sanctorum Hiberniae._ +_Collegit et digessit_ Fr. Michael O'Clery, Ord. Fr. Min. Strictioris +Observantiae. Permissu et facultate Superiorum. 1630. + +_The Martyrology of Donegal: a Calendar of the Saints of Ireland_, +translated from the original Irish by the late John O'Donovan, LL.D., +M.R.I.A., Professor of Celtic Literature in the Queen's College, Belfast. +Edited, with the Irish text, by James Henthorn Todd, D.D., M.R.I.A., +F.S.A., Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin; and by William Reeves, +D.D., M.R.I.A., Vicar of Lusk, etc. Dublin: printed for the Archaeological +Society. Thom, 1864, lv.-566 pp. + +_The Martyrology of Donegal_ was completed on the 19th of April, 1630, in +the Franciscan convent of Donegal. The compilers were Brother Michael +O'Clery, a lay brother of that convent, with three associates who with him +are so well known by the name of "The Four Masters". Colgan (_Acta +Sanctorum Hiberniae_, tom. 1, p. 5 a.) thus speaks of it: "Martyrologium +quod Dungallense vocamus, nostris diebus ex diversis tum Martyrologiis, +tum annalibus patriis collectum est, partim opera Authorum qui Annales +communes, de quibus infra, compilarunt in Conventu Dungallensi; partim +opera Patrum ejusdem Conventus qui sanctos, qui extra patriam vixerunt et +de quibus hystorici exteri scripserunt, addiderant". The Donegal copy of +1630 was a more complete transcript of a first copy, made by Michael +O'Clery in the preceding year at Douay. Both copies are now extant in the +Burgundian Library at Brussels, but circumstances have not permitted Dr. +Todd to get the first copy also transcribed. Both copies are autographs of +Michael O'Clery. + +The first to discover the mine of Irish MSS. in Brussels was Mr. L. +Waldron, M.P., who, in 1844, at the request of Professor O'Curry, examined +the library there. By the influence of Lord Clarendon, then +lord-lieutenant of Ireland, with the government, Dr. Todd procured from +the Belgian government, in 1848, the loan of several MSS. of the greatest +importance, with the permission to have them transcribed. One of these was +the autograph MS. of the _Martyrology of Donegal_, prepared for the press +by the author, with the approbations of his ecclesiastical superiors. A +copy of it was executed by the late Professor O'Curry with the skill and +beauty of his unequalled penmanship; and this copy was collated with the +original, whilst it was still in Dr. Todd's possession. From O'Curry's +copy Dr. Reeves made another for his own use, and from this he made a +third transcript for the printers, and the translator, Dr. O'Donovan. This +translation was the last labour of Dr. O'Donovan's life. + +The contents of the volume are distributed as follows: An introduction +(ix.-xxiv.) by Dr. Todd is followed by an appendix (xxiv.-xlix.) +containing "a number of memoranda, references to authorities, and +miscellaneous notes, which have been written by the author, and others, +through whose hands the MS. has passed, on the fly-leaves at the beginning +and end of each volume". Many of them are of great interest. Then come the +_Testimonia et Approbationes_ (xlix.-lv.) of Flann Mac Egan, Conner +McBrody, Dr. Malachy O'Cadhla, Archbishop of Tuam; Dr. Boetius Mac Egan, +Bishop of Elphin; Dr. Thomas Fleming, Archbishop of Dublin; and Dr. Roth +Mac Geoghegan, Bishop of Kildare. The _Martyrology_ proper follows (1-351) +with the Irish text on one page and Dr. O'Donovan's translation on the +other. The notes appended are but few, and serve merely to explain +obscurities in the text, to settle the reading, or to correct some obvious +mistake. For almost all the notes we are indebted to Dr. Todd himself. A +table of the _Martyrology_, compiled by the author, and translated by Dr. +Todd, occupies from page 354 to page 479, and is followed by three +indexes, compiled by Dr. Reeves, one of persons (485-528), another of +places (529-553), and a third of matters (544-566). These indexes, says +Dr. Todd, "possess a topographical and historical interest quite +independent of their connection with the present work, and are in +themselves a most important practical help to the study of Irish history". + +What is the value of this work? What position does it occupy among Irish +Ecclesiastical documents? It cannot be regarded as an _original_ +authority. "It is confessedly a compilation, and of comparatively recent +date, having been completed, as we have seen, in the early part of the +seventeenth century. But it is a compilation made by a scholar peculiarly +well fitted for the task, who had access to all the original documents +then extant in the Irish language, the matter of which he has transferred +either in whole or in part into the present work, quoting in almost every +instance the sources from which he drew his information" (Introd., p. +xiii.). The bare enumeration of these sources will serve to show the value +of the book. I. _The Metrical Calendar, or Festilogium of Aengus Ceile +De_, commonly called the _Felire of Aengus_. Its author was a monk of +Tallaght, near Dublin, in the days when Saint Maolruain was abbot, about +the beginning of the ninth century. Dr. Kelly of Maynooth has published a +translation of a portion of this _Metrical Calendar_ in his _Calendar of +Irish Saints_. II. The _Martyrology of Tallaght_. This is a transcript of +a very ancient martyrology containing the names of the saints and martyrs +of the entire Church, with the Irish saints added under each day. It was +composed at the close of the ninth or very early in the tenth century. The +Brussels MS. is an abstract of the ancient copy at Saint Isidore's at +Rome, but it contains the Irish saints alone, omitting altogether the +general martyrology. It was from a transcript of the Belgian MS. that Dr. +Kelly published in 1857 the calendar alluded to above. III. The _Calendar +of Cashel_, which is not now known to exist. According to Colgan, its +author flourished about the year 1030. IV. The _Martyrology of Maolmuire_ +(or _Marianus_) _O'Gorman_, written in Irish verse, in the times of +Gelasius, Archbishop of Armagh, about 1167. Its author was abbot of Knock, +near Louth, and the work is taken from the _Felire of Tallaght_, and is +not confined to Irish saints. V. _The Book of Hymns_, a portion of which +has already been published by the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society, +and of which a second portion is in the press, under the care of Dr. Todd. +VI. Poems, such as the _Poem of St. Cuimin of Condeire (Connor)_, of the +middle of the seventh century, published by Dr. Kelly, with a translation +by Professor O'Curry; the _Naoimhseanchus_, attributed by Colgan to +Selbach of the tenth century; the _Poem of St. Moling of Ferns_ (A.D. +675-695), and several minor poems. VII. Several of the great collections +or _Bibliothecae_, of which he names expressly the _Book of Lecan_, the +_Leabhar na Huidre_, and the _Book of Lismore_. VIII. The lives of saints +in Irish and Latin. Of these he quotes no less than thirty-one. From this +list it will be seen that almost all the literature of the early Irish +Church has helped to enrich the pages of the _Martyrology of Donegal_. And +since _norma orandi legem statuit credendi_, we could scarcely find a +nobler monument of the faith and practice of our forefathers. The Church +that places on her list of saints, bishops, and priests, and abbots, and +consecrated virgins, and hermits, possesses in that very calendar a mark +deep and broad enough to distinguish her from all the sects that belong to +modern Protestantism. + + + + +II. + + +_Lectures on Modern History, delivered at the Catholic University of +Ireland._ By Professor J. B. ROBERTSON; cr. 8vo, p.p. xvi., 528. Dublin: +W. B. Kelly, 1864. + +The lectures included in this volume were delivered in the Catholic +University of Ireland, on various occasions, in the years 1860 to 1864, +and their purport has been well expressed in the author's own words. +Speaking in reference to all his literary labours, "I devoted", says +Professor Robertson, "my feeble powers to the defence of God and His holy +Church against unbelief and misbelief; and of social order and liberty, +against the principles of revolution, which are but impiety in a political +form". In these words we have the key-note of the entire work. The +"History of Spain in the Eighteenth Century" forms the subject of two +lectures. To these is added a supplement of more than fifty pages, in +which the late Mr. Buckle's "Essay on Spain", contained in his "History of +Civilization", is severely but most deservedly criticised, and, we may +add, is refuted by solid and convincing arguments. + +In four lectures our author discusses the "life, writings, and times of M. +de Chateaubriand", involving, much of the internal history of France, +especially as regards literature and religion under the first Napoleon and +the succeeding governments down to the Revolution in 1848. These lectures +are full of interest. But what must be considered as by far the most +important portion of this volume is that in which Professor Robertson +treats of the "Secret Societies of Modern Times". In two lectures he +traces the origin and progress of the Freemasons, the Illuminati, the +Jacobins, the Carbonari, and the Socialists; and in an appendix adds a +"brief exposition of the principal heads of Papal legislation on Secret +Societies". + +Such are the contents of the work. The style is agreeable and clear, the +diction felicitous, and above all, the sentiments just, equally +characterised by extensive information, political sagacity, and a profound +reverence for divine faith. The professor has happily avoided both the +tedious exhaustiveness of the German, and the brilliant flippancy which so +often charms us in the French. Nor has he been unmindful of the more +laborious students who would not shrink from the toil of research after +further information. For these he has provided such an array of +authorities, on each of his subjects, as must greatly facilitate the +progress of those who would engage in diligent historical investigation. +We know not where else there could be had so intelligible an account of +the secret societies which have been so active in all the political +convulsions of Europe, from 1789 to the present time. We need not advert +to the part which secret societies have had in producing the present +deplorable state of Italy. To the readers of the _Civilta Cattolica_ such +reference would be unnecessary. To those who have not the advantage of +regularly reading that most instructive periodical we would recommend +Professor Robertson's lectures, as containing, in a moderate sized volume, +a most perspicuous summary of what is requisite to be known concerning +those dark conspiracies and their objects. If it were only for this, the +volume would be a most welcome addition to our historical library. + +The book has been brought out with the utmost elegance of paper, type, and +printing. + + + + +III. + + +_La Roma Sotterrana Cristiana descritta ed illustrata_ dal Cav. G. B. de +Rossi. Publicata per ordine della Santita di N. S. Papa Pio IX. +Chromolithografia Ponteficia Roma, 1864. vol. 1. + +_Christian Subterranean Rome, described and illustrated_ by Cav. G. B. de +Rossi. Published by order of His Holiness Pope Pius IX., vol. 1. + +In 1861 Cavalier de Rossi published the first volume of his _Inscriptiones +Christianae Urbis Romae seculo VII. antiquiores_. On to-day we announce +the appearance of the first volume of his long expected work on +Subterranean Rome. In the introduction the author passes in review all +that has been done to explore the Catacombs, from the fourteenth century +to our day. Pomponius Laetus, Pauvinius, Ciacconius, and especially Bosio +and Bottari, claim his attention in turn. After a sketch of the results of +the labours undertaken in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Cav. de +Rossi shows what yet remains to be done, and what part of this he himself +proposes to accomplish. + +The second part of the volume is entitled "Remarks on ancient Christian +Cemeteries in general, and on those of Rome in particular": the whole is +divided into three parts. Part I. on the Christian Cemeteries in general, +treats of their antiquity, their divisions into subterranean and +non-subterranean, and the respective marks of each class. The author here +proves that even in the third century, when Christianity was persecuted to +the death, the Christian Cemeteries had a legal existence recognized by +the Emperors. Part II. is devoted to the documents which illustrate the +history and topography of the Catacombs, and embraces contemporary +documents, historical and liturgical treatises later than the fourth +century, lives of Pontiffs, etc. Part III. contains a general history of +the Roman Cemeteries, arranged in four periods: beginning respectively, +with the apostolic times; the third century; the peace of Constantine +(312); and the fifth century, A.D. 410. In the second century the +catacombs were of slow growth; in the third, their extent became most +remarkable; after Constantine, they began to be abandoned as places of +sepulture; with the fifth century set in their decay, leading to the +removal of the relics of the saints to the churches within the walls, +whither the sacrilegious hands of Goths and Lombards, who periodically +pillaged the Campagna, could not reach; finally, after the ninth century, +they were almost forgotten. Part IV. contains the analytical description +of the Christian Cemeteries. The Cemetery of Callixtus, the most ancient +and most celebrated of all, is described at length. + + + + +IV. + + +_Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum Historiam Illustrantia; quae ex +Vaticani, Neapolis, ac Florentiae Tabularis depromsit, et Ordine +chronologico disposuit_ Augustinus Theiner, Presbyter Cong. Oratorii, +Tabulariorum Vaticanorum Praefectus, etc. Folio, Romae, Typis Vaticanis, +1864. One Volume folio, pages 624. + +The notice of the See of Ardagh in the sixteenth century, printed in our +opening number, has probably prepared our readers to estimate the value of +the important series of documents upon which it is founded. We purposed to +urge strongly upon the clergy of Ireland the duty of supporting generously +the distinguished scholar, who in his love of Ireland has undertaken the +costly and laborious work of publishing all the manuscript materials of +Irish history which are preserved in the archives of the Vatican, and has +already given in the opening volume an earnest of their extent, as well as +of their historical value. We are happy, however, to find that what we had +desired and intended, has already been put in a practical form, and that +an effort has been made to forward among the friends of Irish history the +sale of this most interesting collection. We cannot, therefore, we +believe, advance more effectually the object which we have at heart, than +by transferring to our pages the following notice, which has been printed +for private circulation:-- + +"Monsignor Theiner's Collection from the Secret Archives of the Vatican, +of Naples, and of Florence, is unquestionably the most important +contribution to the history of the Church in these countries since the +great historical movement of the seventeenth century. It comprises upwards +of a thousand original documents, Pontifical Bulls, Briefs, and Letters, +Consistorial Acts, Inquisitions, Reports, etc., ranging from the +pontificate of Honorius III., 1216, to that of Paul III., 1547. + +"These papers, in the main, relate to the history of Ireland and of +Scotland, especially of the former country. There is hardly a diocese in +Ireland of which they do not contain some notice, and in many cases, as, +for instance, that of Ardagh, already noticed by the learned editor of the +Essays of the lamented Dr. Matthew Kelly, but traced in detail in the +_Irish Ecclesiastical Record_, No. I., pp. 13-17, they serve to fill up +important breaks in the existing records, and to correct grave and vital +errors in the received histories. + +"But, in addition to the Irish and Scotch documents, the volume contains +many of wider and more general interest; among which it will be enough to +specify a single series--nearly a hundred unpublished letters of Henry +VIII., relating chiefly to the negociations regarding the divorce, which +they present in a light almost completely new. + +"This volume is printed entirely at the expense of the distinguished +editor. It is meant as an experiment; and, should the sale, for which he +must mainly rely upon the countries chiefly interested, suffice to cover +the bare cost of publication, it is his intention to continue the series +from the archives of the Vatican, down through the still more interesting, +and, for Irish history, more obscure, as well as more important, period of +Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, and James I. + +"Mgr. Theiner has requested his friend, Rev. Dr. Russell, President of St. +Patrick's College, Maynooth, to receive and transmit to Rome any orders +far the volume with which he may be favoured." + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + +_ 1 Sacred Latin Poetry_, selected and arranged by R. C. Trench, D.D., + Archbishop of Dublin, etc. Macmillan and Co., London and Cambridge. + 1864. + + 2 "Nihil obstat si etiam in his omnibus et Ipse (Redemptor noster) + signetur. Ipse enim Unigenitus Dei Filius _veraciter_ factus est + _homo_: ipse in sacrificio nostrae redemptionis dignatus est mori ut + _vitulus_: ipse per virtutem suae fortitudinis surrexit ut _leo_.... + Ipse etiam post resurrectionem suam ascendnes ad coelos, in + superioribus est elevatus ut _aquila_. Totum ergo simul nobis est, + qui et nascendo _homo_, et moriendo _vitulus_, et resurgendo _leo_, + et ad coelos ascendendo _aquila_ factus est"--_S. Greg. Magn., Hom._ + iv. _in Ezech._ + +_ 3 The Destiny of the Irish Race_: a lecture delivered at Philadelphia + on the 17th of March, 1864, by Rev. M. O'Connor, S. J. In order to + give to our readers the beautiful lecture of the ex-Bishop of + Pittsburgh, we have increased the number of pages in this month's + RECORD.--ED. I. E. R. + + 4 Col. 1. v. 26. 1. + + 5 Hebr. 1, v. 1, 2. + + 6 Joan. 1, v. 18. + + 7 Joan 1, v. 17. + + 8 1 Corint. v. 2, 7, 8, 10, 11. + + 9 S. Joan. Chrys. hom. 7. in 1. Corinth. S. Ambros. de fide ad Grat. + S. Leo de Nativ. Dom. Serm. 9. S. Cyril. Alex. contr. Nestor. lib. + 3. in Joan, 1, 9. S. Joan, Dam. de fide orat. II, 1, 2, in 1, 2, in + 1 Cor. c. 2, S. Hier. in Galat. III, 2. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, NOVEMBER 1864*** + + + +CREDITS + + +February 2, 2012 + + Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1 + Produced by Bryan Ness, David King, and the Online Distributed + Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. 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